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+{"token": "An Eigenfilter-Based Approach to the Design of Time-Frequency Localization Optimized Two-Channel Linear Phase Biorthogonal Filter Banks. We present a novel eigenfilter-based approach to the design of time-frequency optimized, linear-phase, biorthogonal FIR filter banks. We first design a linear-phase, low-pass analysis filter, followed by a complementary linear-phase, low-pass synthesis filter. The optimality criterion used is uncertainty-based time-frequency localization, where the objective function is a convex combination of time variance and frequency variance of the respective filters. The objective function to be minimized is formulated in a convex-quadratic form and the perfect reconstruction (PR) and vanishing moment (VM) conditions are imposed in the eigen design of filters as a set of linear equality constraints. The PR and VM conditions are expressed in the time domain matrix formulation, so that these can directly be incorporated into the eigenfilter design. Using the Rayleigh principle, the optimal filter is obtained as an eigenvector corresponding to the minimum eigenvalue of the real symmetric positive-definite matrix associated with the optimization criterion. Thus, our formulation reduces the design problem of time-frequency optimal filter banks to an eigenfilter-based problem. Furthermore, the filter banks designed in this manner are found to be regular and are valid candidates for wavelet filter banks, allowing for the construction of linear phase wavelets. We present a few examples to show that the smooth wavelets can be constructed using the proposed method.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Effects of imperfections on the buckling response of compression-loaded composite shells. The results of an experimental and analytical study of the effects of initial imperfections on the buckling and postbuckling response of three unstiffened thin-walled compression-loaded graphite-epoxy cylindrical shells with different orthotropic and quasi-isotropic shell-wall laminates are presented. The results identify the effects of traditional and non-traditional initial imperfections on the non-linear response and buckling loads of the shells. The traditional imperfections include the geometric shell-wall mid-surface imperfections that are commonly discussed in the literature on thin shell buckling, The non-traditional imperfections include shell-wall thickness variations, local shell-wall ply-gaps associated with the fabrication process, shell-end geometric imperfections, non-uniform applied end loads, and variations in the boundary conditions including the effects of elastic boundary conditions. A high-fidelity non-linear shell analysis procedure that accurately accounts for the effects of these traditional and non-traditional imperfections on the non-linear responses and buckling loads of the shells is described. The analysis procedure includes a non-linear static analysis that predicts stable response characteristics of the shells and a non-linear transient analysis that predicts unstable response characteristics. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "Structure based design, synthesis and activity studies of small hybrid molecules as HDAC and G9a dual inhibitors. Aberrant enzymatic activities or expression profiles of epigenetic regulations are therapeutic targets for cancers. Among these, histone 3 lysine 9 methylation (H3K9Me2) and global de-acetylation on histone proteins are associated with multiple cancer phenotypes including leukemia, prostatic carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma and pulmonary carcinoma. Here, we report the discovery of the first small molecule capable of acting as a dual inhibitor targeting both G9a and HDAC. Our structure based design, synthesis, and screening for the dual activity of the small molecules led to the discovery of compound 14 which displays promising inhibition of both G9a and HDAC in low micro-molar range in cell based assays.", "label": [2, 4, 21, 39]}
+{"token": "Living on the Edge: Life-History of Olive Baboons at Gashaka-Gumti National Park, Nigeria. Baboons are the most successful and ubiquitous African primates, renowned for their behavioral and reproductive flexibility, which enable them to inhabit a wide variety of habitat types. Owing to a number of long-term field studies, comparative behavioral, developmental, demographic, and life-history data are available from several populations, but study sites show a heavy bias toward South and East African savannahs, with little research in West or Central Africa. Life-history data from such areas are important if we are fully to understand the nature of the environmental factors that limit baboon distribution. Here, we present demographic data for olive baboons at Gashaka-Gumti National Park (GGNP), Nigeria, collected from December 2000-February 2006, and use these data to test comparative models of baboon life-history. The GGNP habitat, which includes large areas of rainforest, is an environment in which baboons are little studied, and rainfall is much higher than at previous study sites. GGNP troop size data are presented from censuses, as well as life-history data for two troops, one of which is within the park and wild-feeding (Kwano troop), whereas the other dwells at the park edge, and supplements its diet by crop-raiding (Gamgam troop). Troop sizes at GGNP are small compared with other field sites, but fit Within previously suggested ranges for baboons under these climatic conditions. Inter-birth intervals in Kwano troop were long compared with most studied populations, and values were not as predicted by comparative models. Consistent with known effects of food enhancement, Gamgam troop experienced shorter inter-birth intervals and lower infant mortality than Kwano troop. We indicate some possible factors that exclude baboons from true rainforest, and suggest that the clearing of forests in Central and West Africa for agricultural land may allow baboons to extend their range into regions from which they are currently excluded. Am. J. Primatol. 71:293-304, 2009. (C), 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Dissolution behavior of elemental tellurium and tellurium dioxide in alkaline cyanide solutions. Elemental tellurium and tellurium dioxide are related to the hydrometallurgy of precious metal tellurides in two ways: (1) both species are products of precious metals tellurides cyanidation; and (2) tellurium dioxide is a byproduct of the roasting of tellurides to produce metallic gold/silver prior to cyanidation. An investigation to elucidate the dissolution behavior of elemental tellurium and tellurium dioxide at 1250 mg/L CN-, pH 10.9, and 25 degrees C was carried out. For this purpose, batch test, thermodynamic simulation, and voltametric techniques were employed. The results showed that 8% of elemental tellurium was dissolved due to the inability of dissolved atmospheric oxygen to oxidize it. However, according to the potential-pH diagram, tellurium dissolution should continue to produce TeO2(OH)(2)(2-). Cyclic voltammetry for tellurium showed an oxidation pathway to form TeO32- and TeO42- at 240 and 982 mV, although an oxidation process indicating the slight dissolution of elemental tellurium was observed at -75 mV. Tellurium dissolution form tellurium dioxide reached 82% but it could be enhanced by increasing the pH beyond 11.5. The tellurium dioxide hydrolysis in alkaline media produced TeO2(OH)(2)(2-) but the pH of the system tends to decrease; if pH in not adjusted, H2TeO3 will form, hindering the tellurium dissolution.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Educator challenges in the development and delivery of constructivist active and experiential entrepreneurship classrooms in Chinese vocational higher education. Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the perceived challenges that Chinese vocational college educators face in developing and delivering constructivist active and experiential entrepreneurship education. Design/methodology/approach Qualitative data were collected from 24 focus groups of educators who had been tasked with embedding constructivist entrepreneurship education into their teaching and curriculum, at four different vocational colleges situated in four different provinces in China. The data were coded and analysed for emerging themes using a process of bottom-up thematic analysis. Findings A range of concerns were identified from the focus groups and these could be divided into five main challenges, which were the role of the educator in the constructivist learning process and their ability to control the process; the educators perceived student reaction to the process and their engagement with it; the time and technology required to deliver the process; the link between the learning and industry; and the educators' perception of the requirements to meet internal expectations. Research limitations/implications - This research explores the educators' perceptions of the challenges they face in developing and delivering active and experiential constructivist entrepreneurship education. Whilst these concerns may impact how the educators' approach the task, these concerns are only perceived, as the educators' have not yet implemented the introduction of constructivist entrepreneurship education when other challenges may become evident. Originality/value Encouragement by the Chinese Government to develop and deliver constructivist active and experiential entrepreneurship education has resulted in a number of tensions and challenges. Entrepreneurship education in China is still relatively young and under researched and this research contributes to the literature by exploring the challenges that educators face in developing and delivering constructivist entrepreneurship education in Chinese vocational colleges.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "Influence of environmental and genetic factors on allergen-specific immunoglobulin-E levels in sera from Lipizzan horses. Investigations for a possible association between Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class I antigens and specific IgE levels were carried out. The most consistent significant association was found between the equine leucocyte antigen (ELA) A8 and undetectable IgE titres against rAsp f 7 and rAsp f S. Significant ELA associations were also demonstrated between ELA Al and higher specific IgE levels, between ELA A14 and lower IgE levels against the mould extracts and in one studfarm between ELA Be27 and lower Aspergillus-specific IgE levels.To investigate whether allergen-specific IgE production is influenced by environmental and genetic factors, IgE levels against 2 mould extracts (Alternaria alternata [Alt a] and Aspergillus fumigatus [Asp f]) and against recombinant (r) rAIt a 1, rAsp f 7 and rAsp f 8 were determined by ELISA in sera from 448 Lipizzan horses living in 6 studfarms.Statistical evaluation showed a significant effect of studfarm-specific environment on IgE levels against the different allergens, but genetic factors also influenced allergen-specific IgE production: an heritability of 0.33 was found for IgE levels against the 2 mould extracts and of 0.21 for rAsp f 8-specific IgE. Heritability estimates for rAlt a 1- rAsp f 7-specific IgE were negligible.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "BITEF Before and After 1989: Representation to Deconstruction of Social and Cultural Paradigms. Ivan Medenica here analyzes the cultural shift that the Belgrade International Theatre Festival (BITEF) experienced after 1989. From its beginnings in the late 1960s until the end of the 1980s, BITEF was a representation of the dominant multicultural, modernist, and progressive paradigm of Yugoslavia's cultural policy. This was not an unambiguous position. On the one hand, modernist values were imposed by Tito's authoritarian regime and, on the other, they were confronted with the conservative tendencies both in politics and the arts. As a multicultural and progressive platform, BITEF was one of the biggest victims in the field of the arts of Slobodan Milosevic's nationalist regime in the 1990s and the wars in former Yugoslavia. After the fall of Milosevic in 2000, a complex period of tension started between the 'reborn' urge for democratization and internationalization, on the one hand, and persistent nationalism and conservatism, on the other. Due to its tradition, reinforced artistic ambitions, and international reputation, BITEF regained its fame. Its position today, however, is quite paradoxical. It is an anti-traditionalist and multicultural festival - within a culture and society that are becoming traditional and rather claustrophobic. Ivan Medenica is a Professor of Theatre at the University of the Arts in Belgrade in Serbia and has received the national award for theatre criticism six times. His publications include The Tragedy of Initiation, or the Inconstant Prince: The Classics and Their Masks. Medenica is also the artistic director of BITEF.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Managing Organizational Change and Innovation II. Reengineering - A Method of Approaching Change. Reengineering is the answer to the profound changes which mark our society. This implies the rethinking and fundamental reengineering of business processes of the companies with the purpose of radically improving their performance. Reengineering can not be applied to people, but the activity and their way of work can be reengineered, thus resulting new organizational structures which allow the optimal fulfillment of new processes. The method of improving the way in which people work must be evolutionary, not radical. The paper presents the concepts of flexcompany and virtual organization.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "Opening the 'black box' of informed consent appointments for genome sequencing: a multisite observational study. Methods: Twenty-one genome sequencing consent appointments were audio recorded and analyzed. Participants were 35 individuals being invited to participate in the 100,000 Genomes Project (14 participants with rare diseases, 21 relatives), and 10 health-care professionals (\\\\'consenters\\\\').Conclusion: Health-care professionals need to be prepared to answer patients' questions about genetics to facilitate genome sequencing consent. Health-care professionals' education also needs to address how to effectively listen and elicit each patient's questions and views, and how to discuss uncertainty around the disease risks associated with secondary findings.Results: Two-thirds of participants' questions were substantive (e.g., genetics and inheritance); one-third administrative (e.g., filling in the consent form). Consenters usually (19/21) emphasized participant choice about secondary findings, but less often (13/21) emphasized the uncertainty about associated disease risks. Consenters primarily used passive statements and closed-ended, rather than open-ended, questions to invite participants' questions and concerns. In two appointments, one parent expressed negative or uncertain views about secondary findings, but after discussion with the other parent opted to receive them.Purpose: Little is known about how health-care professionals communicate with patients about consenting to genome sequencing. We therefore examined what topics health-care professionals covered and what questions patients asked during consent conversations.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "COSMOS: Computational Shaping and Modeling of Musical Structures. This position paper makes the case for an innovative, multi-disciplinary methodological approach to advance knowledge on the nature and work of music performance, driven by a novel experiential perspective, that also benefits analysis of electrocardiographic sequences. Music performance is considered by many to be one of the most breathtaking feats of human intelligence. It is well accepted that music performance is a creative act, but the nature of its work remains elusive. Taking the view of performance as an act of creative problem solving, ideas in citizen science and data science, optimization, and computational thinking provide means through which to deconstruct the process of music performance in scalable ways. The method tackles music expression's lack of notation-based data by leveraging listeners' perception and experience of the structures elicited by the performer, with implications for data collection and processing. The tools offer ways to parse a musical sequence into coherent structures, to design a performance, and to explore the space of possible interpretations of the musical sequence. These ideas and tools can be applied to other music-like sequences such as electrocardiographic recordings of arrhythmias (abnormal heart rhythms). Leveraging musical thinking and computational approaches to performance analysis, variations in expressions of cardiac arrhythmias can be more finely characterized, with implications for tailoring therapies and stratifying heart rhythm disorders.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Validation of SO2 retrievals from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument over NE China. The Dutch-Finnish Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) launched on the NASA Aura satellite in July 2004 offers unprecedented spatial resolution, coupled with contiguous daily global coverage, for space-based UV measurements of sulfur dioxide (SO2). We present a first validation of the OMI SO2 data with in situ aircraft measurements in NE China in April 2005. The study demonstrates that OMI can distinguish between background SO2 conditions and heavy pollution on a daily basis. The noise (expressed as the standard deviation, sigma) is similar to 1.5 DU (Dobson units; 1 DU = 2.69 . 10(16) molecules/cm(2)) for instantaneous field of view boundary layer (PBL) SO2 data. Temporal and spatial averaging can reduce the noise to sigma similar to 0.3 DU over a remote region of the South Pacific; the long-term average over this remote location was within 0.1 DU of zero. Under polluted conditions collection 2 OMI data are higher than aircraft measurements by a factor of two. Improved calibrations of the radiance and irradiance data ( collection 3) result in better agreement with aircraft measurements on polluted days. The air mass-corrected collection 3 data still show positive bias and sensitivity to UV absorbing aerosols. The difference between the in situ data and the OMI SO2 measurements within 30 km of the aircraft profiles was about 1 DU, equivalent to similar to 5 ppb from 0 to 3000 m altitude. Quantifying the SO2 and aerosol profiles and spectral dependence of aerosol absorption between 310 and 330 nm are critical for an accurate estimate of SO2 from satellite UV measurements.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "A new method to determine basic probability assignment from training data. The Dempster-Shafer evidence theory (D-S theory) is one of the primary tools for knowledge representation and uncertain reasoning, and has been widely used in many information fusion systems. However, how to determine the basic probability assignment (EPA), which is the main and first step in D-S theory, is still an open issue. In this paper, based on the normal distribution, a method to obtain BPA is proposed. The training data are used to build a normal distribution-based model for each attribute of the data. Then, a nested structure BPA function can be constructed, using the relationship between the test data and the normal distribution model. A normality test and normality transformation are integrated into the proposed method to handle non-normal data. The missing attribute values in datasets are addressed as ignorance in the framework of the evidence theory. Several benchmark pattern classification problems are used to demonstrate the proposed method and to compare against existing methods. Experiments provide encouraging results in terms of classification accuracy, and the proposed method is seen to perform well without a large amount of training data. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Drainage and demineralisation of model cheeses made from reverse osmosis concentrates. The impact of reducing concentrate pH, curd washing and use of trisodium citrate (TSC) to promote drainage and demineralisation in full-fat cheeses made from reverse osmosis (RO) concentrates and ultrafiltration (UF) concentrates were compared in model cheeses. Cheeses made from RO concentrate showed higher yields, mainly due to their higher lactose content. Curd washing with water decreased fat recovery and reduced cheese yields. Curd washing with TSC decreased protein and fat recovery, also negatively impacting cheese yield. Dry salting with TSC decreased protein recovery but increased fat recovery. Reducing the pH of RO concentrates decreased the total calcium content of the model cheese, and increased curd drainage, moisture adjusted cheese yield and fat recovery. Lowering the pH of both UF and RO concentrates improved their cheesemaking properties by reducing the mineral content of the casein network and increasing curd drainage and fat recovery. Crown Copyright (C) 2019 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "EFFECTS INVITRO OF 2 MARINE SUBSTANCES, CHLOROLISSOCLIMIDE AND DICHLOROLISSOCLIMIDE, ON A NON-SMALL-CELL BRONCHOPULMONARY CARCINOMA LINE (NSCLC-N6). The antiproliferative activity of two nitrogenous labdane cytotoxic substances from Lissoclinum voeltzkowi Michaelson (Urochordata), dichlorolissoclimide (P2) and chlorolissoclimide (P1), was studied in vitro on a continuous human non-small-cell bronchopulmonary carcinoma line (NSCLC-N6) at the cell cycle level. This antiproliferative effect resulted from a blockade of G1 phase cells. Mortality occurred, regardless of the degree of cell ploidy, with cell transition to an out-of-cycle situation characteristic of a G1D terminal maturation state.", "label": [2, 4, 17, 21, 39]}
+{"token": "Partisanship, national identity and constitutional preferences: an exploration of voting in the Scottish devolution referendum of 1997. The Scottish devolution referendum of September 1997 was a rare event in British politics. The question of Scotland's constitutional position has been a salient issue in Scottish politics for some time, however, and survey evidence shows that electors' preferences on the issue are strongly related to their partisanship and sense of national identity. Electors' participation in the referendum was influenced by the same sorts of factors that affect turnout in general elections but also varied according to the strength of their feelings on the devolution issue. Partisanship and national identity also appear to be the key variables underlying voters' decisions on both referendum questions. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Computation Offloading Cost Estimation in Mobile Cloud Application Models. Mobile cloud computing requires specialized application development models that can facilitate development of cloud-enabled applications. This paper presents a mathematical model to calculate the computation offloading cost (time and energy consumption) of mobile cloud application models to facilitate in the development of mobile cloud computing simulators. It demonstrates the usage of the proposed model, and shows the impact of the cost incurring parameters on the overall computational time and energy consumption of the applications. The proposed model can assist cloud-powered applications to make context-aware offloading decisions and facilitate the development of mobile cloud computing simulators, which unfortunately, does not exist to date.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Intuitions and objects in Allais's manifest reality. Manifest reality is easily one of the best books in a long time on Kant's transcendental idealism. So there is a great deal in Allais's discussion to celebrate. But I want to focus here on two aspects of her views that I am not yet sure about: First, Allais's understanding of the relationship between concepts and intuitions. And second, her characterization of the manner in which intuitions are object-dependent. I'll close by making some general remarks about the significance of this for Allais's understanding of the metaphysics of transcendental idealism.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Capacity and fairness in multiuser diversity systems with opportunistic feedback. An opportunistic feedback protocol is proposed for multiuser diversity systems with proportional fair scheduling and maximum-throughput scheduling. The uplink feedback period is divided into two subperiods and users randomly access the feedback minislots according to their scheduling metric. An integrated analytical model is developed for evaluating the proposed feedback protocol.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Effects of scripting on dialogues, motivation and learning outcomes in serious games. Practitioner NotesThe effectiveness of learning from a serious game was investigated for a conflict script that stimulated players to adopt opposing roles.What this paper addsResearch on serious games shows that complementary design measures are often needed to increase effectiveness. The present study investigated the role of scripted collaboration. In such a collaboration, players are assigned roles or given specific tasks to stimulate them to communicate more about essential game aspects (eg, arguing why a move should be made versus merely suggesting a move), and thereby raise learning. A risk of scripted collaboration is that it can constrain communication so much that motivation drops. An experiment with eighth-grade students is reported in which a scripted and non-scripted condition were compared for their effects on the level of dialogic acts, motivation and learning outcomes. In the scripted condition, players were assigned opposing roles in a game that revolved around making smart choices by considering each perspective. The findings supported the prediction that scripting would raise the level of the dialogues. Scripting led to significantly more dialogic acts about deeper level game features. In addition, players in the scripted condition achieved a significantly higher mean score on a knowledge posttest. An exploratory analysis showed that higher level dialogic acts correlated with higher posttest scores. Motivation was the same in both conditions.The conflict script did not affect the amount of talking.Gaming-the-game expressions predominantly coincided with relevant observations about game content.Scripted collaboration increased the level of the dialogic acts, and raised learning. Higher levels of dialogic acts were also positively related with higher learning outcomes.Implications for practice and/or policyCollaborative game-play helps raise the effectiveness only moderately.Without complementary support, serious games may yield low learning effects.Collaboration scripts can contribute substantially to game-based learning. They have the advantage that they can be constructed by educators.What is already known about this topicThe design of a collaboration script requires careful balancing the need to stimulate certain kinds of game communications and avoiding imposing too much constraints on these communications.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "A comparison of methods for evaluating the performance of a trained sensory panel. Cluster analysis, consonance analysis, principal component analysis (PCA) and the GRAPES program (Schlich 1994) were compared for the evaluation of panel performance. Ten judges evaluated 25 Merlot wines for 24 color, aroma and flavor attributes. Cluster analysis grouped similar judges. PCA identified judges according to their attribute use. Consonance analysis determined a numerical index for attribute agreement and the GRAPES program compared judges in their use of the scale, reliability, discrimination and disagreement. Three of the four techniques provided a graphical representation of similarities and differences between judges. Methodologies were best used in conjunction with one another. Ultimately the application of these tools will serve to improve the quality of sensory evaluations.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "From the madhouse to the assistance specialized in hospitals. The case of Merida (Badajoz). Method:This article gives a brief description of the historical development that has led to the attention to people with mental pathology from closed and total hospitalization centers to the specialized care in hospitalization units in general hospitals focusing on the city of Merida ( Badajoz) by reviewing bibliographical sources related to the topic.Objective: To know how has been the historical evolution of psychiatric care to people with mental pathology in the city of Merida (Badajoz).Development of the theme: The journey from life-long internments in psychiatric hospitals to general and community hospitals has been long, with non-compliance with deadlines, with comings and goings, and with unfinished roads. Legislation that has influenced the future of thousands of people. Rules that have been dictated by some and fulfilled by others. The modification of the form of assistance to people with mental pathology has been temporarily marked by an attempt to open up to society those institutions of neglect and forgetfulness that were psychiatric and that Michael Foucault at the time called heterotopias.Conclusions: Compliance with laws and regulations is still incomplete, as enforcement is still used as a means of social control and above all behavioral control. The social norm imposed on the norm of behavior.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Design, simulation and testing of an EHV metal-enclosed disconnector. The initial work concentrated on defining the design parameters in order to minimize the risk of arc breakout. Computer analysis using 2D and 3D modeling of the contact configuration was carried out. As a following step, before building the disconnector, the results of the computations were validated by a static test where the electrode arrangement was set manually at different gap distances and discharges between contacts were monitored. From the computational and test data a final contact design was optimized and a disconnector prototype was built.One of the most demanding design issues in the development of metal-clad disconnectors for application at 500 kV and over, is to ensure the switching capabilities of the device.This paper presents the issues and processes involved from the initial design through to final testing of a 550 kV disconnector.Finally the capabilities for bus-charging current switching were tested in accordance with the EEC 1259 standard. The results of these tests include measurement and comparison with EMTP simulations of the fast transient over voltages generated by disconnector operations.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Relational memory in the early stage of psychotic bipolar disorder. Relational memory is impaired in psychotic disorders. In non-affective psychotic disorders, relational memory deficits are present in the early stage of illness and become more pronounced in the chronic stage. Previous studies have demonstrated cognitive deficits in early-stage psychotic bipolar disorder, but it is unclear whether relational memory is impaired. We examined relational memory using a face-scene binding task in early-stage psychotic bipolar disorder patients (n = 33) and compared their performance with healthy control (n = 40) and early-stage non-affective psychosis participants (n = 40). During training, participants learned to associate faces with background scenes. During testing, participants viewed a scene overlaid by three faces and were asked to recall the matching face. Relational memory was assessed indirectly using eye movements and explicitly using forced-choice recognition. Preferential viewing of the matching face, as captured by overall proportion of viewing and viewing across time, was significantly lower in psychotic bipolar disorder than in the healthy control group. However, preferential viewing of the matching face in psychotic bipolar disorder was significantly better than in non-affective psychosis. These findings provide novel evidence that relational memory in patients with early-stage psychotic bipolar disorder is intermediate between healthy control and early-stage non-affective psychosis subjects.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Peculiarities in the formation of complex organic compounds in a nitrogen-methane atmosphere during hypervelocity impacts. Results of the experiments on model impact vaporization of peridotite, a mineral analogue of stony asteroids, in a nitrogen-methane atmosphere are presented. Nd-glass laser (gamma = 1.06 A mu m) was used for simulation. Pulse energy was similar to 600-700 J, pulse duration similar to 10(-3) s, vaporization tempereature similar to 4000-5000 K. The gaseous medium (96% vol. of N-2 and 4% vol. of CH4, P = 1 atm) was a possible analogue of early atmospheres of terrestrial planets and corresponded to the present-day atmosphere composition of Titan, a satellite of Saturn. By means of pyrolytic gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, it is shown that solid condensates obtained in laser experiments contain relatively complex lowand high-molecular weight (kerogen-like) organic compounds. The main products of condensate pyrolysis were benzene and alkyl benzenes (including long-chain ones), unbranched aliphatic hydrocarbons, and various nitrogen-containing compounds (aliphatic and aromatic nitriles and pyrrol). It is shown that the nitrogen-methane atmosphere favors the formation of complex organic compounds upon hypervelocity impacts with the participation of stony bodies even with a small methane content in it. In this process, falling bodies may not contain carbon, hydrogen, and other chemical elements necessary for the formation of the organic matter. In such conditions, a noticeable contribution to the impact-induced synthesis of complex organic substances is probably made by heterogeneous catalytic reactions, in particular, Fischer-Tropsch type reactions.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "DISTRIBUTION OF MODULATORY INPUTS TO THE STOMATOGASTRIC GANGLION OF THE CRAB, CANCER-BOREALIS. The pyloric and gastric mill neural networks in the crustacean stomatogastric ganglion receive modulatory inputs from more anteriorly located ganglia via the stomatogastric nerve. In this study we employed biocytin backfilling and immunostaining, as well as electron microscopy, to.determine the origin of these inputs in the crab, Cancer borealis. Fiber counts from electron micrographs of sections through the stomatogastric nerve showed that this nerve contains 55-60 medium to large diameter fibers (1-13 mum). These fibers were individually wrapped by several layers of membrane, presumably glial in origin. There was also a single cluster of jointly wrapped, small diameter (< 1 mum) fibers that may originate from peripheral sensory somata. Biocytin backfills revealed that approximately two thirds of the individually wrapped fibers in this nerve originate from somata in the other three ganglia of the stomatogastric nervous system, including the paired commissural ganglia and the single oesophageal ganglion. There were approximately 20 biocytin-labeled somata in each commissural ganglion and 3 somata in the oesophageal ganglion. An additional ten somata were localized to the stomatogastric ganglion itself. This accounts for nearly all of the medium to large diameter fibers in the stomatogastric nerve. We used double-labeling with backfills and immunocytochemistry to determine that there are two proctolin-immunoreactive neurons and four FMRFamide-like immunoreactive neurons among the biocytin-labeled neurons in each commissural ganglion. Both peptides modulate neural network activity in the stomatogastric ganglion. Thus, our results demonstrate that most inputs to the stomatogastric ganglion originate from somata in the commissural ganglia, and that at least one third of these neurons contain a peptide known to modulate network activity in the stomatogastric ganglion.", "label": [2, 4, 17, 43]}
+{"token": "Mating behaviour and spermatophore morphology: A comparative test of the female-choice hypothesis. Complex, species-specific morphology of genitalia or ''paragenitalia'' such as spermatophores is traditionally considered an adaptation to prevent heterospecific matings. Eberhard argued against this lock-and-key hypothesis and suggested that elaborate male genitalia evolve through female preference for increased tactile stimulation. He found support for this argument in a cross-taxon comparison of spermatophore complexity among species with different degrees of contact between the sexes during spermatophore transfer. After expanding Eberhard's list of species, we tested the female-choice hypothesis with appropriate controls for phylogeny and using naive human subjects to rank spermatophore complexity. Our results uphold Eberhard's conclusion that the lock-and-key hypothesis does not explain the distribution of spermatophore complexity among taxa; however, they do not clearly support female choice as an alternative explanation. Other factors that may influence spermatophore complexity include environmental stress and whether spermatophores are deposited on a substrate. Because we seldom know what parts of a spermatophore are touched by females, or whether there are spermatophore-associated pheromones, human visual assessment may not always allow accurate judgement of realized spermatophore complexity.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Mathematical modelling ef a non-Newtonian viscous flow through a thin filter. We consider a non-Newtonian flow, like a polymer in fusion or a solution, pushed through a thin periodic filter with period and thickness epsilon << 1. Starting from the Stokes system with a nonlinear viscosity obeying the Carreau's law (with a high rate viscosity or without it), we study the asymptotic behavior of the Bow as epsilon --> 0. The main goal of this paper is to study the global convergence of the pressure in the whole domain and not separately in the upper and in the lower part as in [1], [2] and [3]. (C) Academie des Sciences/Elsevier, Paris.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "History, ruin and sacrament: the breaking of images and the breaking of the bread. The current renewed interest in the phenomenon of iconoclasm (a form of ruination) is a symptom of the re-thinking of the image in a medium-aware milieu. When the medium is attacked in iconoclastic acts, images endure and circulate more vigorously. In this article the focus is on the ambiguous historical moment of destruction; on the impending blow; on the hammer or sword in mid-swing on the breaking of images as a moment of the dissemination and endurance of historical meaning. The metaphorical power of the ruin to evoke not only loss, but also completion or fulfilment, is exploited here to intimate a systematic distinction between allegory and symbol. Through the performative interpretation of a number of art works which stage ruination, destruction, deterioration or violence, the historical processes of the emancipation, transformation, translation and re-mediation of images is related to conflicted understandings of the meaning of history. I endeavour to show how diverse beliefs about the mystery of the meaning of history are related to the ways in which the world is made to signify in nuanced artistic ways, either allegorically or symbolically.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Sensitivity of the ViroSeq HIV-1 genotyping system for detection of the K103N resistance mutation in HIV-1 subtypes A, C, and D. The US Food and Drug Administration-cleared ViroSeq HIV-1 Genotyping System (ViroSeq) and other population sequencing-based human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) genotyping methods detect antiretroviral drug resistance mutations present in the major viral population of a test sample. These assays also detect some mutations in viral variants that are present as mixtures. We compared detection of the K103N nevirapine resistance mutation using ViroSeq and a sensitive, quantitative point mutation assay, LigAmp. The LigAmp assay measured the percentage of K103N-containing variants in the viral population (percentage of K103N). We analyzed 305 samples with HIV-1 subtypes A, C, and D collected from African women after nevirapine administration. ViroSeq detected K103N in 100% of samples with > 20% K103N, 77.8% of samples with 10 to 20% K103N, 71.4% of samples with 5 to 10% K103N, and 16.9% of samples with 1 to 5% K103N. The sensitivity of ViroSeq for detection of K103N was similar for subtypes A, C, and D. These data indicate that the ViroSeq system reliably detects the K103N mutation at levels above 20% and frequently detects the mutation at lower levels. Further studies are needed to compare the sensitivity of different assays for detection of HIV-1 drug resistance mutations and to determine the clinical relevance of HIV-1 minority variants.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "Effect of different homogenisation methods and UHT processing on the stability of pea protein emulsion. Pea protein is a very popular source of edible plant-based protein among legumes. In this study, the stability of ultra high temperature (UHT) processed pea protein emulsion prepared from 0.5 and 1.0% (w/v) pea protein concentrate (PPC) by two different homogenisation methods of microfluidisation (500 Bar) and ultrasonication (ultrasonicated for 1, 3 and 5 min) was investigated. In addition, the emulsion properties (particle and droplet size, flocculation, coalescence, zeta potential, hydrophobicity and creaming index) of PPC emulsions before and after UHT treatment were measured. The overall heat transfer coefficient (OHTC) versus time graphs were stable during UHT processing for both microfluidised and ultrasonicated PPC emulsions that indicates no fouling and good stability under the thermal treatment condition. Freshly prepared emulsion using 0.5 and 1.0% PPC and ultrasonicated for 5 min showed creaming index of 5.73 and 8.39%, particle size of 0.96 and 1.53 mu m respectively. In addition, the fat droplet size for the above samples measured 1.05 and 1.85 mu m for larger fat droplets and 0.51 and 0.72 mu m for smaller fat droplets, respectively. However, after UHT treatment this emulsion de-stabilised due to protein aggregation as indicated by the high flocculation index (13.22 and 103.35%), particle size (1.59 and 3.23 mu m) and droplet size (1.30 and 2.53 mu m, for large fat droplets and 0.90 and 1.22 mu m, for small fat droplets). After UHT treatment the microfluidised PPC emulsion using 0.5 and 1.0% PPC were the most stable with small particle size (2.85 and 0.36 mu m), high zeta potential (-56.36 and - 27.30) and low creaming index (3.87% and 4.97%), respectively as compared to ultrasonicated samples. Overall, this study revealed that UHT treatment improved emulsion properties of the microfluidised PPC emulsion compared to the ultrasonicated PPC emulsion.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Industrial and Chinese: Exhibiting Mao's China at the Leipzig Trade Fairs. Between 1951 and 1965, the People's Republic of China regularly exhibited at the international trade fairs in the East German city of Leipzig. One of the major attractions of the fairs, China's grand pavilion was second in size only to the pavilion of the Soviet Union. This article examines the planning and execution of China's exhibitions, illustrating how the young communist regime displayed its products and political system abroad and how citizens of other socialist and capitalist countries experienced China through objects, materials, images and narratives. Because the People's Republic of China was a new revolutionary state of enormous political and economic significance and yet also a state that other socialist regimes deemed too poorly developed to transition to socialism, these exhibitions were the site of constant negotiations and tension between Chinese and East German organizers and other local decision-makers and participants. As such, the People's Republic of China's engagement with the fairs sheds further light on its international activities after 1949 and on the local history of the Sino-Soviet split. It is also a case study that calls attention to the historical significance of materiality that underpinned China's interactions with the wider world, from minute quotidian things to grand gifts and major export goods.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Relationships between loess and the Silk Road reflected by environmental change and its implications for human societies in the area of ancient Panjikent, central Asia. Rich ancient societies of central Asia developed on the basis of trade between East and West; their existence was dependent on natural resources that favoured agriculture. The branches of the Silk Road in central Asia clearly coincide with loess areas, where many settlements were erected based on the presence of fertile loess soil and water. The aim of the study was to analyse the environmental factors that led to the growth and decline of one of the most important Silk Road loess towns, ancient Panjikent, as an example of human and climatic impacts on landscape changes. The town, established in the fifth century, quickly became one of the most important cities of Sogdiana. Local loess material was used for the production of the sun-dried bricks. Rapid population growth led to deforestation and consequently increased the intensity of erosion rates and reductions in cultivation area. A period of drought near the end of the first millennium AD influenced the final abandonment of the ancient town and its relocation to the lower terrace of the Zarafshan River. A decline in natural and agricultural resources and subsequently climatic forces caused a decline in the number of cities in semiarid regions of central Asia.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Steady reconnection during intervals of northward IMF: Implications for magnetosheath properties. This study examines the location of the reconnection site on the magnetopause for conditions of northward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and its implications for properties of the magnetosheath. Ion distribution functions from the Toroidal Imaging Mass Angle Spectrometer (TIMAS) instrument on board the Polar spacecraft during passes through the dayside cusp region when the IMF was steady and northward are used. Cutoff velocities are determined from these distributions and the distance from the Polar spacecraft to the site of reconnection is estimated. A magnetospheric magnetic field model is used to map these determined distances to a location on the magnetopause where reconnection is believed to have occurred. Nearly all of these reconnection sites lie in places where the magnetosheath flow is estimated to be super-Alfvenic (using hydrodynamic theory and an analytic magnetosheath magnetic field model). However, there exist strict constraints on the speed of the ambient magnetosheath flow at the reconnection site, in order for this particular type of particle distribution to have been observed by TIMAS. Different physical models are discussed, including the possibility of nonstationary reconnection sites and the existence of a plasma depletion layer which significantly increases the magnetosheath Alfven speed close to the magnetopause. From the observations and mapped reconnection locations, we estimate statistically how much the average ion density must decrease (and the magnetic field must increase) in the plasma depletion layer to be consistent with the cusp region observations. The resulting range of values is consistent with the theoretical estimates of Zwan and Wolf [1976] (k greater than or equal to 2).", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "The relationship between linear type traits and stayability of Czech Fleckvieh cows. The relationship between linear type traits and stayability was analyzed in 34 492 Czech Fleckvieh cows. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated between linear type traits and stayability of cows. The observed correlations were r = -0.04 for stature, r = -0.08 for muscularity, r = -0.14 for rump angle, r = -0.03 for rump width, r = -0.01 for rear legs set and r = -0.18 for foot angle. The following correlations were found for udder traits: r = 0.18 for fore udder, r = 0.12 for rear udder, r = 0.16 for central ligament, r = -0.06 for teat placement, r = 0.06 for teat length and r = 0.18 for udder depth. Udder traits can be used for predicting the longevity of cows.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Situated rationalities and management control change - an empirical note on key actors, situated rationalities and generalised practices. Purpose - This paper aims to offer an incremental contribution, augmenting the notion of situated rationality as proposed by terBogt and Scapens (2019). Through insights from empirical data, the authors explore the role of situated rationalities of key individual actors in processes of management control change.Findings - The findings present the important role of key individual actors in bringing about a new situated rationality in a homing department. External austerity forces combined with actors' experience rationalities acted as a stimulus to change existing management control practices in the management of public services.Originality/value - The paper conceptualises \\\\'experience\\\\' rationality, capturing the experiences of a key actor, including elements of leadership style. Drawing on a story of a complex process of management control change, this paper thus reveals interactions between generalised practices and situated rationalities which were not highlighted by the extended framework of terBogt and Scapens.Design/methodology/approach - A qualitative research approach was adopted with qualitative data collected in a single public service organisation through face-to-face interviews, organisation documentation and observations.", "label": [5, 44, 46]}
+{"token": "A VERY SMALL AND SUPER STRONG ZEBRA PATTERN BURST AT THE BEGINNING OF A SOLAR FLARE. Microwave emission with spectral zebra pattern structures (ZPs) is frequently observed in solar flares and the Crab pulsar. The previous observations show that ZP is a structure only overlapped on the underlying broadband continuum with slight increments and decrements. This work reports an unusually strong ZP burst occurring at the beginning of a solar flare observed simultaneously by two radio telescopes located in China and the Czech Republic and by the EUV telescope on board NASA's satellite Solar Dynamics Observatory on 2013 April 11. It is a very short and super strong explosion whose intensity exceeds several times that of the underlying flaring broadband continuum emission, lasting for just 18 s. EUV images show that the flare starts from several small flare bursting points (FBPs). There is a sudden EUV flash with extra enhancement in one of these FBPs during the ZP burst. Analysis indicates that the ZP burst accompanying an EUV flash is an unusual explosion revealing a strong coherent process with rapid particle acceleration, violent energy release, and fast plasma heating simultaneously in a small region with a short duration just at the beginning of the flare.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Deformations of a clamped-clamped elastica inside a circular channel with clearance. In this paper, we study the planar deformations of an elastica inside a circular channel with clearance. One end of the elastica is fully clamped, while the other end is partially clamped in the lateral direction and is subject to a pushing force longitudinally. In the experiment we first observe various deformation patterns after pushing the elastica through the partial clamp. Both symmetric and asymmetric deformations are recorded. Special attention is focused on the contact conditions between the elastica and the circular channel. In order to analyze the elastica deformation theoretically, we first divide the elastica into several elementary sub-domains depending on the contact condition between the elastica and the circular channel. In each sub-domain the elastica is either loaded only at the ends or in full contact with the outer wall. Armed with these basic equilibrium analyses, we proceed to calculate and classify the loaded elastica into several deformation patterns. Finally, we present the load-deflection curves, both theoretically and experimentally, which relate the longitudinal forces at both ends to the elastica length increase inside the channel. The branching phenomena predicted theoretically agree fairly well quantitatively with the experimental measurements. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "Russian Issue at the Paris Peace Conference in January - February 1919. According to our hypothesis, in early 1919, it was possible to reach an agreement between the Allied and Associated Powers, on the one hand, and the Russian Bolshevik government, on the other. Namely, due to Prinkipo proposal, promoted by British and American governments. Though French and Italian governments had different views on Bolsheviks, they did not oppose the proposal. In January-February 1919 they actually sought to elaborate and pursue a joint policy towards Russia.This paper explores the Great Powers' policy towards Russia at the beginning of the Paris Peace Conference to test our hypothesis. The methodology is based on a detailed study of historical sources (proceedings of the Council of Ten and the Supreme War Council, diplomatic correspondence, speeches and works of Powers' leaders and diplomats) to describe discussions of Russian question at the beginning of the Conference, in January-February 1919. The author reconstructs Entente's and the U.S. leaders' point of view, to reveal their motives and arguments, and to explain their decisions. The paper argues that the agreement failed not because of Great Powers' anti-Bolshevik stance and the refusal of other Russian and national parties to participate in the Prinkipo conference, but because of the Bolshevik government's policies. It failed to comply with the only condition for participating in the conference, namely, ceasefire. Instead, Red Army led massive attacks at the fronts and expanded the Bolshevik rule to new territories, including Ukraine. Besides, the Soviet government did not stop the revolutionary propaganda and used its peaceful proposals addressed to Principal Powers for the purposes of world revolution.Among the most important discussions at the 1919 Paris Peace Conference was the Russian question, which was addressed in several interconnected aspects. The most important of them was winning states' policy choice towards Russian Bolshevik government. Soviet historians argued that the hostile attitude of Western nations to Bolsheviks was their only policy possible, aimed at overthrowing Lenin's government and destroying Bolshevik's power. Those arguments have not been reconsidered by Ukrainian scholars yet.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Sex Differences in Use of Smoking Cessation Services and Resources: A Real-World Study. Objectives: Smoking cessation interventions with sex considerations have been found to effectively increase cessation rates. However, evidence is limited and weak. This study examined sex differences in the use of smoking cessation services or resources among Ontario adults. Methods: Data are from the Smokers' Panel, an ongoing online survey of Ontario adult smokers and recent quitters. The analysis included 1009 male and 1765 female participants. Bivariate analysis was used to examine differences in sociodemographic characteristics and smoking-related variables by use of cessation services/resources. Logistic regression was then used to identify sociodemographic characteristics and smoking-related variables associated with the use of cessation services/resources. Results: The analysis shows that there were significant sex differences in the use of individual interventions. Female participants were more likely to use nicotine patch (63% vs 58%; adjusted odds ratio, AOR: 1.39, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.16-1.67), varenicline (29% vs 24%; AOR: 1.37, 95% CI: 1.13-1.66), Smokers' Helpline phone (14% vs 10%; AOR: 1.39, 95% CI: 1.07-1.79), Smokers' Helpline online (27% vs 21%; AOR 1.43, 95% CI: 1.18-1.74), self-help materials (23% vs 16%; AOR: 1.81 95% CI: 1.46-2.26), and alternative methods (23% vs 19%; AOR: 1.40, 95% CI: 1.14-1.73) compared with male participants, after adjusting for covariates. Conclusion: Consistent with other findings, the study shows sex differences in the use of smoking cessation services or resources among adult smokers. Women are more likely to use recommended cessation resources such as nicotine patch, varenicline, and Smokers' Helpline than men. Health professionals should use this increased willingness to help female smokers quit. However, men may be underserved and more men-specific interventions need to be developed and evaluated.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Disjointly productive players and the Shapley value. Central to this note is the concept of disjointly productive players. Two players are disjointly productive if there is no synergy effect if one of these players joins a coalition containing the other. Our first new axiom states that the payoff to a player does not change when another player, disjointly productive in relation to that player, leaves the game. The second new axiom implies that if a player splits into two disjointly productive players who together contribute the same to the game as the original player, the payoff to another player does not change. These two axioms, along with efficiency, characterize the Shapley value. (C) 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "The whiteness of white-collar crime in the United States: Examining the role of race in a culture of elite white-collar offending. While the role of race has been heavily scrutinized in terms of minority involvement in crime, it has remained largely invisible for Whites despite indications that Whites are overrepresented as offenders in elite white-collar crimes. We propose a theoretical model detailing how \\\\'whiteness\\\\' encourages cultural adaptations conducive to elite white-collar crime in contemporary US society. Many middle- and upper-class US Whites live in environments of relative social isolation, both geographically (in terms of schools and neighborhoods) and culturally (as mainstream media largely reflect the lived realities of middle- and upper-class Whites). When this social isolation is combined with financial advantage, it serves to block the development of empathy toward outgroups and increases feelings of individual entitlement, which leads to the formation of crime-specific cultural frames that include neutralizations and justifications for elite white-collar crime. We argue that whiteness plays a role that is independent from (but exacerbated by) socioeconomic status, and is an important contributor to the generative worlds from which many white-collar criminals emanate.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Inverse Problems for Degenerate Fractional Integro-Differential Equations. This paper deals with inverse problems related to degenerate fractional integro-differential equations in Banach spaces. We study existence, uniqueness and regularity of solutions to the problem, claiming to extend well known studies for the case of non-fractional equations. Our method is based on transforming the inverse problem to a direct problem and identifying the conditions under which this direct problem has a unique solution. The conditions under which the unique strict solution can be compared with the case of a mild solution, obtained in previous studies under quite restrictive requirements, are on the underlying functions. Applications from partial differential equations are given to illustrate our abstract results.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Optimal Mechanism for Selling Two Goods. We solve for the optimal mechanism for selling two goods when the buyer's demand characteristics are unobservable. In the case of substitutable goods, the seller has an incentive to offer lotteries over goods in order to charge the buyers with large differences in the valuations a higher price for obtaining their desired good with certainty. However, the seller also has a countervailing incentive to make the allocation of the goods among the participating buyers more efficient in order to increase the overall demand. In the case when the buyer can consume both goods, the seller has an incentive to underprovide one of the goods in order to charge the buyers with large valuations a higher price for the bundle of both goods. As in the case of substitutable goods, the seller also has a countervailing incentive to lower the price of the bundle in order to increase the overall demand.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Physicochemical properties of the flour and starch from three Nigeria rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties. Three varieties of Nigerian rice grains: CISA-DANE, OS6 and NERICA 19 were processed to obtain flours and starches. They were evaluated for their proximate composition and physicochemical properties. The grain physical dimension measurements showed that the CISADANE was slender while OS6 and NERICA 19 were bold and thick. The 1,000 grain weight was highest for CISADANE rice followed by OS6 and NERICA 19. CISADANE had the highest protein and amylose contents. Protein contents in samples ranged as follows: 5.6-6.7, 5.2-6.9 and 0.2-0.9 % in brown rice, milled rice and the rice starches, respectively. The amylose content of CISA-DANE (27.7-36.5 %) and OS6 (19.9-25.6 %) were high compared with NERICA 19 with negligible amylose. Swelling power and solubility generally increased with increasing temperatures (60-90 degrees C) for all the samples. Cooked CISADANE grain was hardest and OS6 (Faro 11) rice was softest while the stickiness was highest in OS6.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Surveying the Seventies: Something's Still Happening. 6", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "CATECHESIS AND RELIGIOUS EDUCATION IN CANADIAN CATHOLIC SCHOOLS. A key concept in contemporary Catholic educational discourse makes a distinction between religious education and catechesis. This distinction is based on the assumptions of faith commitment on the part of catechesis and the focus on cognitive outcomes on the part of religious education. Many official documents on Canadian Catholic school education, however, reflect an understanding that closely associated catechesis with religious education or fail to sufficiently distinguish between the two. The article argues that changes in contemporary culture make catechetical models of religious education problematic and that Catholic schools in Canada would be well served by an approach that emphasizes the educational goals of religious education. This is not to say that catechesis has no place in religious education but this is best achieved by making use of cognitive and effective outcomes in lesson planning and realizing that the school as a whole has many opportunities to foster catechesis.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Health service utilization by the 60-year-old and older population in Mexico.. Objective. To describe the sociodemographic characteristics and determinants of health services utilization by the Mexican population of 60 years of age or more. Material and methods. Information obtained from the National Health Survey II (ENSA-II) allowed analysis of 4 628 elderly people. Prevalence of chronic diseases was analyzed and the determinants of individuals who had used the health services in the two weeks prior to the interview. Results. The chronic diseases most frequently reported were: hypertension, diabetes and heart disease. The utilization and hospitalization rates of that age group were 11.4 and 5.5%, respectively. The services most frequently used were: the private physician, social security (IMSS, ISSSTE) welfare services (Ministry of Health -SSA- and IMSS-Solidaridad). Interestingly, 25 to 45% of social security insurance holders did not use the services, instead they consulted a private physician. The most important explanatory variables for health services utilization were: the perceived illness, not having worked for the previous week and being a social security insurance holder. Gender, area of residence and level of education were not significant in the explanation of health services utilization. Conclusions. This study demonstrates the need to strengthen preventive and support programs for the elderly population, since they only demand health services when they feel sick.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Approaching Questions of Text Reuse in Ancient Greek Using Computational Syntactic Stylometry. We are investigating methods by which data from dependency syntax treebanks of ancient Greek can be applied to questions of authorship in ancient Greek historiography. From the Ancient Greek Dependency Treebank were constructed syntax words (sWords) by tracing the shortest path from each leaf node to the root for each sentence tree. This paper presents the results of a preliminary test of the usefulness of the sWord as a stylometric discriminator. The sWord data was subjected to clustering analysis. The resultant groupings were in accord with traditional classifications. The use of sWords also allows a more fine-grained heuristic exploration of difficult questions of text reuse. A comparison of relative frequencies of sWords in the directly transmitted Polybius book 1 and the excerpted books 9-10 indicate that the measurements of the two texts are generally very close, but when frequencies do vary, the differences are surprisingly large. These differences reveal that a certain syntactic simplification is a salient characteristic of Polybius' excerptor, who leaves conspicuous syntactic indicators of his modifications.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Qualitative management accounting research: rationale, pitfalls and potential A comment on Vaivio (2008). Purpose - This paper's purpose is to provide a commentary on \\\\'Qualitative management accounting research: rationale, pitfalls and potential,\\\\' a paper by Juhani Vaivio.Originality/value - The paper stresses the value of pluralism and inclusiveness in both methodological and method choices.Findings - The paper endorses many of the prescriptions in Vaivio but expands the definition and discussion of qualitative research in management accounting to recognize the blurred boundaries with field research more generally, and to be more inclusive of qualitative field research from a positivist/functionalist perspective. Similarly, the need for qualitative research to challenge textbook, economics and consulting representations of management accounting is acknowledged, but the range of catalysts is expanded to highlight the potential for qualitative research building on both qualitative and quantitative extant research. This paper also seeks to broaden the discussion of legitimate study design characteristics and data collection methods, and to stress the importance of matching research design with research question.Design/methodology/approach - The approach is to draw on alternative research paradigms to expand the definition and discussion of qualitative research in management accounting.", "label": [5, 44, 46]}
+{"token": "Administrative Capacity as a Constraint to Fiscal Decentralization The Case of Romania and Poland. This paper considers the problem of administrative capacity as one of the main requirements that the accession countries seeking EU membership had to meet, and as a prerequisite to the decentralization of their public sectors and public finances. The selected decentralization problems are analyzed using the cases of two countries: Romania and Poland. The results of a theoretical and practical evaluation of administrative capacity as a likely obstacle to fiscal decentralization are presented taking account of the different levels of decentralization in Poland and Romania. A comparative analysis of Romania and Poland shows that administrative capacity can be a constraint for fiscal decentralization. In Poland, the main problem is that the local authorities have not yet been granted powers over taxes that are more complicated to administer in legal and financial terms. Romania has the problem of the incomplete devolution of powers and the limited financial independence of local governments, which basically means that the principle of subsidiarity is insufficiently implemented.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Race/ethnicity modifies the association between school prevalence of e-cigarette use and student-level use: Results from the 2014 US National Youth Tobacco Survey. This study assessed racial/ethnic moderation of the association between school prevalence of lifetime e-cigarette use and students' use. Using multilevel regression methods and data from the 2014 US National Youth Tobacco Survey, we found attending schools with high rates of e-cigarette use was positively associated with students' lifetime use of e-cigarettes, especially for white students. A cross-level interaction term indicated a weaker association between non-Hispanic black race and attending high-use schools (odds ratio [OR] =0.61, 95% confidence interval [CI] =0.39, 0.95). Results implicate race/ethnicity as an important effect modifier in the link between school contexts and teenage e-cigarette use.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Polynomial configurations in subsets of random and pseudo-random sets. gamma + (gamma - beta)/(2(k+1) -3) > 1.We prove transference results for sparse random and pseudo-random subsets of Z(N), which are analogous to the quantitative version of the well-known Furstenberg-Sarkozy theorem due to Balog, Pintz, Steiger and Szemeredi.In the dense case, Balog et al. showed that there is a constant C > 0 such that for all integer k >= 2 any subset of the first N integers of density at least C(log N)(-1/4 log log log log N) contains a configuration of the form {x,x+d(k)} for some integer d > 0. Let [Z(N)](p) denote the random set obtained by choosing each element from Z(N) with probability p independently. Our first result shows that for p > N-1/k+0(1) asymptotically almost surely any subset A subset of [Z(N)](p) (N prime) of density vertical bar A vertical bar/p(N) >= (log N)(- /5 log log log log N) contains the polynomial configuration {x, x+d(k)}, 0 < d <= N-1/k. This improves on a result of Nguyen in the setting of Z(N).For instance, for squares, i.e., k = 2, and assuming the best possible pseudo-randomness beta = gamma/2 our result applies as soon as gamma > 10/11. (C) 2016 Published by Elsevier Inc.Let Gamma subset of Z(N) (N prime) be a set of size at least N-gamma and linear bias at most N-beta. Then our second result implies that every A subset of Gamma with positive relative density contains the polynomial configuration {x, x dk}, 0 < d <= N-1/k,Moreover, let k >= 2 be an integer and let gamma > beta > 0 be real numbers satisfying", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Image Denoising Games. Based on the observation that every small window in a natural image has many similar windows in the same image, the nonlocal denoising methods perform denoising by weighted averaging all the pixels in a nonlocal window and have achieved very promising denoising results. However, the use of fixed parameters greatly limits the denoising performance. Therefore, an important issue in pixel-domain image denoising algorithms is how to adaptively choose optimal parameters. While the Stein's principle is shown to be able to estimate the true mean square error (MSE) for determining the optimal parameters, there exists a tradeoff between the accuracy of the estimate and the minimum of the true MSE. In this paper, we study the impact of such a tradeoff and formulate the image denoising problem as a coalition formation game. In this game, every pixel/block is treated as a player, who tries to seek partners to form a coalition to achieve better denoising results. By forming a coalition, every player in the coalition can obtain certain gains by improving the accuracy of the Stein's estimate, while incurring some costs by increasing the minimum of the true MSE. Moreover, we show that the traditional approaches using same parameters for the whole image are special cases of the proposed game theoretic framework by choosing the utility function without a cost term. Finally, experimental results demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed game theoretic method.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "RoboPol: the optical polarization of gamma-ray-loud and gamma-ray-quiet blazars. We present average R-band optopolarimetric data, as well as variability parameters, from the first and second RoboPol observing season. We investigate whether gamma-ray-loud and gamma-ray-quiet blazars exhibit systematic differences in their optical polarization properties. We find that gamma-ray-loud blazars have a systematically higher polarization fraction (0.092) than gamma-ray-quiet blazars (0.031), with the hypothesis of the two samples being drawn from the same distribution of polarization fractions being rejected at the 3 sigma level. We have not found any evidence that this discrepancy is related to differences in the redshift distribution, rest-frame R-band luminosity density, or the source classification. The median polarization fraction versus synchrotron-peak-frequency plot shows an envelope implying that high-synchrotron-peaked sources have a smaller range of median polarization fractions concentrated around lower values. Our gamma-ray-quiet sources showsimilarmedian polarization fractions although they are all low-synchrotron-peaked. We also find that the randomness of the polarization angle depends on the synchrotron peak frequency. For high-synchrotron-peaked sources, it tends to concentrate around preferred directions while for low-synchrotron-peaked sources, it is more variable and less likely to have a preferred direction. We propose a scenario which mediates efficient particle acceleration in shocks and increases the helical B-field component immediately downstream of the shock.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Characterizing the Business Skills of the Public Health Workforce: Practical Implications From the Public Health Workforce Interests and Needs Survey (PH WINS). Results: The workforce reported high levels of proficiency in applying quality improvement concepts and managing change (67.5% and 69.2%, respectively). Half of the respondents reported proficiency in budget skills (49.3%). Participants who were proficient in applying quality improvement concepts were significantly more likely to report job satisfaction (OR = 1.27). A supportive training environment was significantly associated with business competencies (range of OR = 1.08-1.11). Managing change ( = .15) and budget skill proficiency ( = .37) were significantly associated with increased yearly compensation.Conclusions: Public health workers who self-report proficiency with business skills report increased job satisfaction, higher annual salary, and a supportive training environment. These findings support the need for the development of appropriately designed business skill training opportunities to increase competencies in this critical domain.Main Outcome Measure: Self-reported proficiency in business skills, job satisfaction, opportunities for training, and annual salary.Setting and Participants: A total of 10 246 state health agency staff completed a Web-based survey.Design: A cross-sectional survey, the Public Health Workforce Interests and Needs Survey (PH WINS), of state health agency central office employees was conducted in 2014. Multivariable logistic regression analyses, controlling for job classification, supervisory status, years of public health practice, annual compensation, educational attainment, geographic region, and sociodemographic status, were used to assess the relationship between business skills and training environment and job satisfaction. Linear regression was used to correlate business skills and annual compensation.Objective: To characterize business skills among state health agency employees and examine self-reported skill levels and their association with job satisfaction, worksite training and development opportunities, and annual salary.Context: Public health financial competencies are often overlooked or underrepresented in public health training programs. These skills are important for public health workforce members who are involved in managing resources and strategic planning and have been defined as key competencies by several national entities.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Improved anti-biofouling performance of polyamide reverse osmosis membranes modified with a polyampholyte with effective carboxyl anion and quaternary ammonium cation ratio. Biofouling is a serious problem in reverse osmosis (RO) membrane processes. In this paper, a polyamide RO membrane was modified with a polyampholyte composed of anionic 2-carboxyethyl acrylate (CAA) and cationic [2-(acryloyloxy)ethyl] trimethyl ammonium chloride (TMA) by surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization, in order to improve its anti-biofouling properties. The anti-biofouling properties of membranes with different CAA/TMA surface ratios were evaluated by protein adsorption, static bacterial attachment, and long-term dynamic biofouling filtration experiments. It was found that an electrostatic attraction resulted in a severe biofouling, even if the water contact angle was 5-20 degrees and the membrane hydrophilicity was sufficiently high. However, the RO membrane with CAA/TMA surface ratio of 1:1, fabricated from a mixed monomer solution with 3:1 CAA/TMA ratio showed an excellent anti-biofouling performance even in long-term dynamic biofouling filtration experiments. These good anti-biofouling properties derive from the high hydrophilicity of the membrane surface, resulting from its large content of ionic groups, and the almost complete lack of electrostatic attractions with charged bacteria, because the net surface charge is close to zero.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 33]}
+{"token": "Innovation in wine SMEs: the Douro Boys informal network. Globalisation needs to be perceived by wine small and medium enterprises (SMEs) located in wine regions characterised by a terroir model as a challenge and an opportunity to innovate. The aim of this paper is to present a business strategy that can be adopted by wine SMEs located in regions with high production costs and where tradition and innovation are relevant factors to be introduced in the decision process. To achieve this goal, the case of fi ve small wine producers (Douro Boys), located in the Portuguese conservative Douro Demarcated Region (DDR), that are adopting an informal horizontal network is presented. The conducted analysis allows us to conclude that Douro Boys is a very simple and informal structure of prospectors, with a high culture of innovation, searching for niches in international wine markets.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "The effect of tool material grain size on the machining process in ball end milling. Cutting tool material has a significant effect on the temperature of the tool during machining that determines the tool life and machining performance. The objective of this study is to analyze the effect of reducing the grain size of tool material on tool life and cutting performance in terms of tool temperature and cutting forces during ball end milling of tool steel AISI H13. Tool material was prepared from three different sizes of tungsten carbide (WC) powder mixed with cobalt binder and sintered to fabricate ball end mills. The thermo-mechanical properties of the tool material were determined to investigate the effect of grain size. Machining tests were conducted to evaluate the performance of the tool in terms of tool temperature, cutting forces, and tool wear. Results showing a decrease in tooltip temperature with the reduction in grain size of the tool are the main and novel findings of this paper. The same trend was followed in the case of cutting forces and wear.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Feedback regulation of TORC1 by its downstream effectors Npr1 and Par32. TORC1 (target of rapamycin complex) integrates complex nutrient signals to generate and fine-tune a growth and metabolic response. Npr1 (nitrogen permease reactivator) is a downstream effector kinase of TORC1 that regulates the stability, activity, and trafficking of various nutrient permeases including the ammonium permeases Mep1, Mep2, and Mep3 and the general amino acid permease Gap1. Npr1 exerts its regulatory effects on Mep1 and Mep3 via Par32 (phosphorylated after rapamycin). Activation of Npr1 leads to phosphorylation of Par32, resulting in changes in its subcellular localization and function. Here we demonstrate that Par32 is a positive regulator of TORC1 activity. Loss of Par32 renders cells unable to recover from exposure to rapamycin and reverses the resistance to rapamycin of.npr1 cells. The sensitivity to rapamycin of cells lacking Par32 is dependent on Mep1 and Mep3 and the presence of ammonium, linking ammonium metabolism to TORC1 activity. Par32 function requires its conserved repeated glycine-rich motifs to be intact but, surprisingly, does not require its localization to the plasma membrane. In all, this work elucidates a novel mechanism by which Npr1 and Par32 exert regulatory feedback on TORC1.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Variation in the Acid-Base Parameters of Automorphic Loamy Soils in the Taiga and Tundra Zones of the Komi Republic. A database for the main genetic horizons of loamy automorphic soddy-podzolic, typical podzolic, gley-podzolic, and surface-gley tundra soils of the Komi Republic was developed on the basis of the available archive and literature data and unpublished results of the authors. The database included the following parameters: the pH(water) and pH(KCl), the exchangeable and total acidity, and the degree of SEC saturation. All the parameters were characterized by normal distribution types. The variation coefficients V for the pHwater and pHKCl were < 10%. For the exchangeable and total acidities and the degree of SEC saturation, the V values varied among the soils and horizons in the range of 10-50%. The greatest differences in the acid-base properties of all the soils were revealed between the groups of organic horizons, the eluvial horizons, and the B horizon by the cluster analysis. Between the separate subtypes of podzolic soils, the maximum differences were observed in the organic and, to a lesser extent, eluvial horizons; the B horizons of the different soils in the taiga and tundra zones did not significantly differ in these terms. For the entire profiles, the highest similarity was found between the typical podzolic and gley-podzolic soils, which were more similar to the automorphic soils of the tundra zone than to soddy-podzolic soils.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Global well-posedness, Gevrey class regularity and large time asymptotics for the dissipative quasi-geostrophic equation in Fourier-Besov spaces. In this article, we consider the Cauchy problem of the dissipative quasi-geostrophic equation in critical Fourier-Besov spaces. Using the bilinear-type fixed point theory, we obtain the global well-posedness results and we prove the existence and uniqueness of analytic solutions with small initial data belonging to the critical Fourier-Besov spaces FBp,q1-2 alpha+2p' . In addition, we show the stability of global solutions.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Informality, tariffs and wealth. This article analyzes the interaction between changes in tariff protection, informality, inequality and aggregate income. First, we describe some new empirical evidence on informality, the formal/informal wage gap and trade openness in Latin American countries. Then we present a simple model characterized by three (empirically based) assumptions: (1) agents consume both formal and informal goods; (2) the government uses tariff revenues to purchase formal goods; (3) informality is a voluntary phenomenon. The model predicts that tariff reduction increases informality and wage inequality and that the maximization of income requires a positive level of tariff protection. The model's results are shown to be consistent with the empirical evidence concerning Latin American countries.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Metaphors of Mind: camera obscura and user illusion. The mind, source of knowledge (and error), has been investigated by philosophers to reveal its structure and mechanisms. Incognoscible, and for the fact that it is itself a knowledge-making forum, the mind was endowed in epistemological discourse with a ghostly reality, especially through metaphors. Two of these have attracted my attention: first, the metaphor of the camera obscura, present from Kepler, Descartes, Malebranche to Locke, I regard it as an emblem for how the mind was understood in modern epistemology (up to Kant); the second, metaphor of the user illusion, is present at Tor Norretranders and Daniel Dennett, an emblem for the way the mind is understood today in naturalized philosophy. The goals of this research are: first, understanding the structure of the mind models behind the two metaphors; secondly, highlighting the consequences which the two metaphors have had on the issues regarding knowledge and structure of interiority; thirdly, emphasizing that the mind and consciousness will be able to overcome metaphorical problems only as problems of science.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Transport and Deposition of Non-Metallic Inclusions in Steel Flows- A Comparison of Different Model Predictions to Pilot Plant Experiment Data. Inclusion behavior during a ladle teeming process is investigated. A Lagrangian method is used to track different-size inclusions and to compare their behaviors in steel flows, solved by the realizable k-epsilon model with SWF (Standard Wall Function), realizable k-epsilon model with EWT (Enhanced Wall Treatment), and RSM (Reynolds Stress Model). The results show that inclusion tracking based on the realizable k-epsilon model with SWF to predict the steel flow does not agree with the data fromplant experiments. The predicted number of inclusions touching the wall shows almost no dependence on inclusion size. This is due to that the boundary layer is not resolved. The inclusion deposition predicted using the realizable k-epsilon model with EWT and the RSM model to predict the steel flow generally agrees with the experimental observations. However, the large size inclusion deposition is over-predicted when using the realizable k-epsilon model with EWT. More specifically, the prediction for 20 mu m inclusions is three times larger than that with the RSM. This is due to that this model cannot calculate the anisotropic turbulence fluctuations. In summary, the turbulence properties in the near-wall boundary layer are found to be very important for a good prediction on inclusion deposition.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Comparative study of the selectivity of a kinetic-catalytic method: The determination of Cr(VI) by oxidation of the o-dianisidine by hydrogen peroxide.. Selectivity studies for the determination of Cr(VI) using the catalytic oxidation of the o-dianisidine by hydrogen peroxide showed two distincts situations. In the first, when interferents were studied by a univariate procedure, Cr(III) and Cu(II) cause serious interferences even at the 2:1 proportion, relative to Cr(VI), while Fe(III) interfered at the 15:1 ratio and EDTA at the 10:1 ratio, On the other hand, when a multivariate investigation was performed, Cr(III) did not present any significant principal effects and its significant interaction effects were negative, in contrast to EDTA, that presented positive interaction effects although, like Cr(III), did not show significant interaction effects, In view of the interferent's action it become necessary to separate Cr(VI) by extraction with methylisobutylketone in a chloridric acid medium before its determination in vegetals and in wastewater from a cellulose industry samples. Using this procedure, the method precision is +/-0,5% at the 10 ng/mL Cr(VI) concentration level. The detection and quantification limits, calculated by means of absorbance measurements of ten replicates of blank reagents were 1,1 and 3,2 ng/mL, respectively. The results obtained with real samples showed a relative standard deviation between 1,2% and 3,0% relative to their reference values.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Administrative Forbearance. This Article investigates the normative and constitutional case for a particular form of congressional delegation that is of increasing practical importance: delegations that give agencies the power to deprive statutory provisions of legal force and effect, a power this Article calls \\\\'administrative forbearance authority.\\\\' Although legal scholars have recently noted the rise of administrative forbearance authority, they have largely ignored how exactly such a power might operate in the hands of the agency and the various governance functions it performs. Without such knowledge, the case for administrative forbearance authority is necessarily incomplete.To defenders of delegation generally, this Article posits that there is no special reason to be wary of administrative forbearance authority and that forbearance can be used as a governance device in previously underappreciated ways. To critics who urge a stronger nondelegation doctrine than the one we have today, I argue that there may be reasons to actually support administrative forbearance in a world where delegations of the traditional type are unlikely to go anywhere anytime soon.This Article thus makes two principal contributions to the literature. First, it describes the variety of functions that administrative forbearance authority serves at the agency level, drawing on the previously unexplored histories of various agencies' experience with such authority. Second, it uses the descriptive account both to develop a fuller normative and constitutional case for administrative forbearance authority and to illuminate the various circumstances in which forbearance can be beneficially employed as a policy tool.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Energy efficient signaling in deep-submicron technology. The experimental results show that the VIJIM algorithm inserts fewer buffers into non-critical nets than does the existing buffer-insertion algorithms. In a 0.25 mm CMOS process, the experimental results show that energy savings of over 60% can be achived if the supply voltage is reduced from 2.5 to 1.5 V.In this paper, a scheme has been proposed for combating crosstalk noise and reducing power consumption while driving the global wire at an optimal delay. This scheme is based on reduced voltage-swing signaling combined with buffer-insertion and resizing. The buffers are inserted and resized to compensate for the speed degradation caused by scaling the supply voltage and eradicating the crosstalk noise. A new buffer insertion algorithm called VIJIM has been described here, along with accurate delay and crosstalk-noise estimation algorithms for distributed RLC wires.In deep-submicron technology, global interconnect capacitances have started reaching several orders of magnitude greater than the intrinsic capacitances of the CMOS gates. The dynamic power consumption of a CMOS gate driving a global wire is the sum of the power dissipated due to (dis)charging (i) the intrinsic capacitance of the gate, and (ii) the wire capacitance. The latter is referred to as on-chip signaling power consumption.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Natural hybridization between Dall's porpoises (Phocoenoides dalli) and harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena). Natural hybridization occurs rarely in mammals compared with other taxonomic groups of animals. Cetaceans appear unique among mammals in exhibiting striking karyological uniformity, which suggests that they have the potential to produce hybrid offspring more readily than other mammals. However, the detection and accurate identification of wild mammalian hybrids is difficult, and molecular evidence for wild cetacean hybrids is extremely limited. Here, we present molecular and morphological evidence of frequent hybridization between free-ranging Dall's, Phocoenoides dalli (True, 1885), and harbour, Phocoena phocoena (L., 1758), porpoises. The study describes a temporally and geographically concentrated case of natural hybridization in large mammals. Molecular analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA revealed the species identity, sex, and direction of cross of several hybrid individuals. In concert with morphological and behavioural observations, these data confirmed the hybrid status of putative crosses in the field, including reproductive females. All crosses examined had Dall's porpoise as the maternal parent. This directionality may reflect the indiscriminate pursuit of female porpoises by male harbour porpoises. Our finding of extensive localized hybridization, despite apparently strong isolation elsewhere in their range, suggests that ecological influences on mating behaviour may be of primary importance in the reproductive isolation of these, and possibly other, cetacean species.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Nitrogen gas affects the quality and the phenolic profile of must obtained from vacuum-pressed white grapes. White grapes (Chardonnay, Grechetto and Orvieto) were vacuum-pressed (up to 0.99.10(5) Pa) using two different 250-hL membrane presses (with or without nitrogen as a blanketing gas). Nitrogen gas increased the total phenolic content of the musts by 21% (Folin index) and 16% (HPLC method). The fraction of oxidized phenolics was inversely correlated with the total phenolic (Folin) index (R = -0.803, P = 0.0002). The strongest protective effect of nitrogen on phenolics was observed in Chardonnay and Grechetto musts, whose mean fraction of browned phenolics decreased by 87% and 10%, respectively, with respect to normal conditions. Total browning of the musts was significantly positively correlated with catechin (R = 0.590, P = 0.016) and gallic acid (R = 0.505, P = 0.046) only in the case of normal atmosphere. GRP was a marker of must oxidation only in the case of normal atmosphere (R = 0.737, P = 0.001), but was uncorrelated with total browning when the vacuum press tank was filled with nitrogen. Quercetin glucoside showed opposite correlations with respect to GRP. Nitrogen gas is therefore particularly recommended not only in positive pressure, but also for vacuum-pressing of white grapes containing high levels of catechin or gallic acid due to early harvest or peculiar varietal composition. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Electro- and magnetostatic fields in media with a nonuniform velocity. A motion-induced magnetic or electric field is calculated by the integral method in the first order of smallness in the ratio of the motion velocity to the speed of light for homogenous media with an arbitrary stationary velocity distribution that are placed in static electric or magnetic fields. For the case of rotation of a sphere, the validity of the results is corroborated by comparing with a solution obtained by joining the fields in the moving and quiescent parts of the medium. Estimates suggest the feasibility of experimentally observing this effect of continuum electrodynamics. (c) 2005 Pleiades Publishing, Inc.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Mental health services during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe: Results from the EPA Ambassadors Survey and implications for clinical practice. Background The COVID-19 pandemic caused an unprecedented worldwide crisis affecting several sectors, including health, social care, economy and society at large. The World Health Organisation has emphasized that mental health care should be considered as one of the core sectors within the overall COVID-19 health response. By March 2020, recommendations for the organization of mental health services across Europe have been developed by several national and international mental health professional associations. Methods The European Psychiatric Association (EPA) surveyed a large European sample of psychiatrists, namely the \\\\'EPA Ambassadors\\\\', on their clinical experience of the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the treatment of psychiatric patients during the month of April 2020 in order to: a) identify and report the views and experiences of European psychiatrists; and b) represent and share these results with mental health policy makers at European level. Based on the recommendations issued by national psychiatric associations and on the results of our survey, we identified important organisational aspects of mental health care during the peak of the first wave of the COVID-19. Results While most of the recommendations followed the same principles, significant differences between countries emerged in service delivery, mainly relating to referrals to outpatients and for inpatient admission, assessments and treatment for people with mental disorders. Compared to previous months, the mean number of patients treated by psychiatrists in outpatient settings halved in April 2020. In the same period, the number of mentally ill patients tested for, or developing, COVID-19 was low. In most of countries, traditional face-to-face visits were replaced by online remote consultations. Conclusions Based on our findings we recommend: 1) to implement professional guidelines into practice and harmonize psychiatric clinical practice across Europe; 2) to monitor the treatment outcomes of patients with COVID-19 and pre-existing mental disorders; 3) to keep psychiatric services active by using all available options (for example telepsychiatry); 4) to increase communication and cooperation between different health care providers.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE ORGANIZATION OF ANTITUBERCULOUS MEASURES IN THE POLTAVA REGION IN 2007 - 2011 YEARS. To study the effectiveness of the organization of treatment of TB patients in the Poltava region in 2007 - 2011 years, we performed an analysis of statistical data on tuberculosis in the area during this period. The study showed that despite some improvement in the situation of TB in the Poltava region remains difficult. By the priority issues include lack of funding for the construction of in-patient department of the regional TB dispensary, which does not create separate departments for different group of patients with tuberculosis. Among other issues need to provide a dramatic increase in the number of patients with chemoresistant and HIV / AIDS-associated tuberculosis.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "Effects of various anesthetic agents on laryngeal motion during laryngoscopy in normal dogs. Methods-Each dog was randomly assigned to a different injectable anesthetic protocol once weekly for 6 weeks, then in the 7th week all dogs were anesthetized with isoflurane. Videolaryngoscopy was performed and recorded starting immediately after induction until dogs could no longer be safely restrained for endoscopy. Video was digitized and 3 still images of maximal inspiration and expiration from the first 15 seconds (induction) and the last 15 seconds (recovery) were captured and imported into an image analysis software program. The height and area of the laryngeal ostium were measured in pixels. Normalization of the glottal gap area was performed using the formula (normalized glottal gap area (NGGA)=area in pixels/height(2)). ANOVA was performed on the NGGA of images collected at inspiration and expiration during induction and recovery. Fischer's exact test was performed when significance (P<.05) was found.Results-Within each protocol, laryngeal motion (defined as change in NGGA) at induction was not significantly different from laryngeal motion measured at recovery. Additionally, no significant differences were found in arytenoid motion immediately after induction when anesthetic protocols were compared. Arytenoid motion before recovery was significantly greater with thiopental when compared with propofol (P=.046), ketamine+diazepam (P=.0098), acepromazine+thiopental (P=.0021), and acepromazine+propofol (P=.0065). No significant difference in arytenoid motion was seen immediately after induction or before recovery when acepromazine+butorphanol+isoflurane and thiopental were compared.Animals-Six large breed healthy dogs with no previous history of respiratory dysfunction.Study Design-Experimental study.Clinical Relevance-Misdiagnosis of laryngeal paralysis during laryngoscopy can be avoided by selecting the anesthetic regimens with the least effect on arytenoid motion. (C) Copyright 2004 by The American College of Veterinary Surgeons.Objective-To evaluate the effects of various drugs and drug combinations conventionally used for anesthesia on arytenoid cartilage motion during laryngoscopy in normal dogs.Conclusion-We concluded that intravenous thiopental given to effect is the best choice for assessing laryngeal function in dogs. Dogs premedicated with acepromazine with or without opioids that require further anesthetic restraint for laryngoscopy should be anesthetized with isoflurane administered by mask.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Energy embodiment in Brazilian agriculture: an overview of 23 crops. The amount of energy required to produce a commodity or to supply a service varies from one production system to another and consequently giving rise to differing levels of environmental efficiency. Moreover, since energy prices have been continuously increasing over time, this energy amount may be a factor that has economic worth. Biomass production has a variety of end-products such as food, energy, and fiber; thus, taking into account the similarity in end-product of different crops (e.g.: sunflower, peanuts, or soybean for oil) it is possible to evaluate which crops require less energy per functional unit, such as starch, oil, and protein. This information can be used in decision-making about policies for food safety or bioenergy. In this study, 23 crops were evaluated allowing for a comparison in terms of energy embodied per functional unit. Crops were grouped as follows: starch, oil, horticultural, perennial and fiber, to provide for a deeper analysis of alternatives for the groups, and subsidize further studies comparing conventional and alternative production systems such as organic or genetically modified organisms, in terms of energy. The best energy balance observed was whole sugarcane (juice, bagasse and straw) with a surplus of 268 GJ ha(-1) yr(-1); palm shows the highest energy return on investment with a ratio of approximately 30:1. For carbohydrates and protein production, cassava and soybean, respectively, emerged as the crops offering the greatest energy savings in the production of these functional foods.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Pains of Perseverance: Agent-Centred Prerogatives, Burdens and the Limits of Human Motivation. An important question in recent work in political philosophy concerns whether facts about individuals' motivational deficiencies are facts to which principles of justice are sensitive. In this context, David Estlund has recently argued that the difficulties individuals' face in motivating themselves to act do not affect the content of normative principles that apply to them. Against Estlund, the paper argues that in principle the motivational difficulties individuals face can affect the content of normative principles that apply to them. This argument is made with reference to so-called Agent-Centred Prerogatives. The paper argues that because the limits on human motivational capacities can affect the extent to which it is burdensome to do something, those limits also impact on the nature of justified Agent-Centred Prerogatives. If Agent-Centred Prerogatives to depart from a putative normative principle depend on the burdensomeness of complying with that requirement, human motivational capacities can affect which normative principles apply.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "The role of Hox genes in axial patterning in hydra. Hox genes in bilaterians specify distinct regions along the anterior-posterior axis. A question of interest is when in metazoan evolution did this class of genes take on this function. Hox genes have been isolated from a number of cnidarian species including hydra. The expression patterns of two of them, Cnox-3 and Cnox-2 have been examined in adult hydra. Cnox-3, a labial homologue, plays a role in oral/anterior patterning, while Cnox-2, a Deformed homologue or a Gsx homologue of the ParaHox cluster appears to repress anterior patterning in the body column. The two genes play a role in axial patterning that is consistent with the tissue dynamics of an adult hydra.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "The Ryutin Affair and the 'Terrorism' Narrative of The Purges. Described by one prominent Russian historian as \\\\'the only genuine conspiracy against Stalin,\\\\' and by another as \\\\'the process that would lead to the Terror,\\\\' the Ryutin Affair of the 1930s is inextricably tied to the events that surround the consolidation of Stalin's dictatorship. It serves as a common thread linking Stalin's repudiation of the NEP in 1928, the internal party resistance of the Right Opposition, the destruction of intra-party dialogue on important policy questions, the systematic elimination of Stalin's perceived rivals within the leadership, and the public show trials that punctuated the Terror. And yet, detailed accounts of the Ryutin Platform and the political affair that followed are largely absent from the English-language historiography of the period. Rather, the Ryutin Affair, despite its key role in the story of Stalin's consolidation of power and radical turn to the Left after 1928, has gone largely underspecified in the literature.This paper seeks to contribute to a remedy by tracing the impact of the Ryutin Affair - predicated as it was on a 194-page philosophical denunciation of Stalin and his policies written and circulated within party circles by Moscow party official Martem'ian Ryutin - in the events surrounding Stalin's key claim during the period of the purges that leading figures of the Bolshevik leadership (Zinoviev, Kamenev, Bukharin, Tomsky, Rykov and others) were engaged in a terrorist conspiracy against Stalin and his inner leadership. As one after another of Stalin's rivals are eliminated, and as one after another of the key protagonists in these events admit to terroristic plans against \\\\' Stalin and his clique,\\\\' Ryutin steadfastly denied terroristic intent and refused to be a willing participant in the denunciations that were part and parcel of the purge trials. The paper reveals Stalin's determination to defend his \\\\'terrorism\\\\' narrative - a narrative rejected by the Politburo in 1932 when Stalin initially sought Ryutin's execution but resurrected successfully in 1936 as the basis of the Show Trials.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "The role of optimism in the process of schema-focused cognitive therapy of personality problems. The aim of this study was to examine the determinants and effects of optimism in the process of schemafocused cognitive therapy of personality problems. The sample consisted of 35 patients with panic disorder and/or agoraphobia and DSM-IV Cluster C personality traits who participated in an 11-week residential program with one symptom-focused and one personality-focused phase. This study examines the role played by optimism during the individual sessions of the second phase, using a time series approach. Decreased patient's belief in his/her primary Early Maladaptive Schema and increased patient-experienced empathy from the therapist in a session predicted increased patient-rated optimism before the subsequent session. Increased patient-rated optimism in turn predicted decreased schema belief and distress and increased insight, empathy, and therapist-rated optimism. The slope of optimism across sessions was related to change in most of the overall outcome measures. There appears to be a positive feedback in the process of schemafocused cognitive therapy between decreased schema belief and increased optimism. In addition, optimism appears to mediate the effects of schema belief and therapist empathy on overall improvement, and to serve as an antecedent to decreased distress and to increased empathy, insight, and therapist's optimism. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Mathematical Content Knowledge on Polygons of Peruvian Prospective Teachers. In this paper we analyze the geometrical content knowledge related to polygons of a group of Peruvian prospective teachers. This knowledge is described in terms of capacities that theses teachers demonstrate. We had access to these capacities considering the Van Hiele model of reasoning together with other considerations on geometric learning. The general results of the group of students are presented as well as the analysis of two cases.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Converging epidemics of sexually transmitted infections and bacterial vaginosis in southern African female adolescents at risk of HIV. Adolescents in Africa are at high risk for HIV infection, other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and bacterial vaginosis (BV). Since behavior and burden of STIs/BV may influence HIV risk, behavioral risk factors and prevalence of STIs/BV were compared in HIV-seronegative adolescent females (n=298; 16-22 years) from two South African communities (Soweto and Cape Town). STIs (Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Trichomonas vaginalis, Mycoplasma genitalium, herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1, HSV-2, Treponema pallidum, and Haemophilus ducreyi) were detected by multiplex polymerase chain reaction, human papillomavirus (HPV) by Roche Linear Array, and BV by Nugent scoring. Rates of BV (Nugent 7; 46.6%) and HPV (66.8%) were high in both communities. Prevalence of C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae were >2-fold higher in Cape Town than Soweto (Chlamydia: 42% [62/149] versus 18% [26/148], p<0.0001; gonorrhoea 11% [17/149] versus 5% [7/148], p=0.05). Only 24% of adolescents with vaginal discharge-causing STIs or BV were symptomatic. In South African adolescents, clinical symptoms compatible with vaginal discharge syndrome had a sensitivity of 23% and specificity of 85% for the diagnosis of discharge-causing STI or BV. In a region with high HIV prevalence and incidence, >70% of young women with treatable conditions that could enhance HIV risk would have been missed because they lacked symptoms associated with syndromic management.", "label": [2, 17, 24]}
+{"token": "Realising the benefits of investment in project management training Evidence supporting the need for a more strategic approach. Practical implications - The paper argues that a more strategic approach to PM people development is required, involving a move away from traditional classroom-based interventions at the level of the individual to a paradigm where the same individuals are able to immerse themselves in active team-based learning as part of their day-job.Research limitations/implications - The study's validity, particularly in respect of generalisability, should not be overstated. Organisational maturity plays a part in shaping the approach to individual learning and these aspects were not assessed.Findings - The research results confirmed some of the benefits associated with classroom-based PM education (learning the language, tools & techniques) and identified key barriers to the application of learning in the workplace.Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to identify the barriers experienced as \\\\'apprentice practitioners\\\\' transitioned from a course of project management (PM) education into a project-centric work place, in order to improve understanding of the limitations of classroom-based education at the level of the individual.Originality/value - The findings of this study resonate with those of earlier work and set the PM situation into the context of other disciplines.Design/methodology/approach - The paper describes a longitudinal study over two years, during which data were collected from a series of on-line surveys and one-to-one interviews with a data set that comprised 78 military students.", "label": [5, 44, 46]}
+{"token": "Pseudosymmetry software for studying the pseudosymmetry of crystal atomic structures. Possibilities for studying the pseudosymmetric features of crystal atomic structures in Pseudo-Symmetry software are described.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "LEONARD NELSON AND METAPHYSICAL KNOWLEDGE AGAINST THE NEO-KANTIAN BACKGROUND. Leonard Nelson is known primarily as a critic of epistemology in the Neo-Kantian meaning of the term. The aim of this paper is to investigate the presuppositions and consequences of his critique. I claim that what has rarely been discussed in this context is the problem of the possibility of metaphysics. By the impossibility of epistemology Nelson means the possibility of metaphysical knowledge. I intend to devote this paper to the analysis of this problem in relation to the Neo- Kantian background.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Sex disparities in the association between acute myocardial infarction and colon cancer risk. Background Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and colon cancer share similar risk factors. Studies have suggested an association between AMI and colon cancer; however, evidence is conflicting. Whether sex disparities exist in this association in the real world remains unknown. Methods In this population-based retrospective cohort study, 94,780 and 97,987 male patients and 38,697 and 72,007 female patients with and without new-onset AMI, respectively, from January 1, 2001, to December 31, 2012, were enrolled from Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database. Inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) was used to balance covariates across study groups. The primary outcome was a new diagnosis of colon cancer. Results The incidence rate of colon cancer was 1.54 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.46-1.62) and 1.40 (95% CI = 1.32-1.48) per 1000 person-years in the male patients and 1.62 (95% CI = 1.50-1.74) and 1.22 (95% CI = 1.13-1.32) in the female patients, in the AMI and non-AMI groups, respectively. AMI was associated with a significantly higher risk of colon cancer in the female patients (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.06-1.61) but not in the male patients (HR = 1.09, 95% CI = 0.95-1.26). In the subgroup analysis, the association between AMI and colon cancer in the female patients was stronger in those aged >= 65 years (HR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.13-1.44). Conclusions An increased risk of colon cancer was observed only in the female patients with AMI. The association between AMI and colon cancer in the female patients was the most evident in those aged >= 65 years.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "The fake approximation of anacoluthia. The fake approximation of anacoluthia Anacoluthia is described as a non sequential syntactic construction in which the latter part of the sentence does not fit the earlier. In order to focus on the various enunciative points of view anacoluthia rearranges, we first show how the syntactic and semantic discontinuity are repaired by considering not the phrase but the text or context, and then that although anacoluthia exhibits discontinuity it gives a right representation of what the enonciator means.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "The application of leader character to building cultures of equity, diversity, and inclusion. Many organizations in the public, private, and nonprofit sectors have begun to take action to address the systemic racism entrenched in their processes, systems, and structures. This has included commitments to elevate initiatives for equity, diversity, and inclusion. Data indicate that such good-faith efforts are often not as successful as leaders and organizations had envisioned. Our assertion is that if we really want to address systemic racism in organizations, we must first attend to the people who work there. This is because their individual and collective character, revealed through behavior, drives and determines organizational processes, systems, structures, and culture. The purpose of this article is to connect character to the creation and sustainment of organizational cultures of equity, diversity, and inclusion with a specific focus on anti-Black racism. Character is not a subjective, amorphous entity but manifests as a set of observable behaviors. We explain that character equips people with consciousness and the conduct to embrace and cultivate equity, diversity, and inclusion in their organizations and in their lives. We provide concrete examples of the dimensions of character in action using brief illustrations.(c) 2021 Kelley School of Business, Indiana University. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "Moabite women, Transjordanian women, and incest and exogamy: The gendered dimensions of boundaries in the Hebrew Bible. Building on the work of David Jobling (who suggests there is a structural coding of the Cisjordan as male and the Transjordan as female) and Rachel Havrelock (who suggests the Transjordan and Moab are places of gender deviancy), this article explores issues of geographical, ethnic, and gender identity in stories of Moabite and Transjordanian women. Particular attention is given to the twin tropes of incest and exogamy and how this relates to the pattern of anxiety and lost identity in the Transjordan. Analysis begins with the story of Lot's daughters, who serve as archetypal and paradigmatic Moabite women, and moves on to include the Moabite women in Numbers 25, Zelophehad's daughters, Jephthah's daughter, and Ruth.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Inhibition of cross-bridge binding to actin by caldesmon fragments in skinned skeletal muscle fibers. Several regions within the 35-kDa COOH-terminal portion of caldesmon have been implicated in the ability of caldesmon to inhibit actin-activated myosin ATPase activity, To further define the functional regions of caldesmon, we have studied the effects of three chymotryptic fragments, one fragment produced by CNBr digestion and two fragments produced by digestion with submaxillaris arginase C protease, on the relaxed stiffness and active force of rabbit psoas fibers. Each of the regions of caldesmon studied had either direct or indirect effects on single-fiber mechanics, The 35-kDa and 20-kDa fragments of caldesmon, like intact caldesmon, were effective inhibitors of fiber stiffness, a measure of cross-bridge attachment. The 7,3-kDa and 10-kDa fragments, which constitute the NH2 and COOH halves of the 20-kDa fragment, inhibited both relaxed fiber stiffness and active force production, but with a reduced efficacy compared to the 20-kDa fragment. These results suggest that several regions within the 35-kDa COOH-terminal region of caldesmon are required for optimum function of caldesmon and that function includes inhibition of weak cross-bridge attachment and force production.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Development and optimisation of curing temperature of energy-efficient geopolymer bricks. Present study focuses on development of a sustainable geopolymer brick in which the use of fly ash is maximised and the concentration of an alkaline solution without cement is reduced, in order to reduce environmental burden and carbon emissions. The geopolymer bricks were developed using the Class F fly ash with 2 to 4 Molar alkaline solution. The bricks were cured for one hour at temperatures ranging from 100 to 600 degrees C. The compressive strength of such bricks amounts to 10.2 MPa and was achieved in the 4-Molar alkaline solution at the curing temperature of 400 degrees C. The geopolymer bricks exhibit crystalline structure and good thermal insulation properties.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Shadow education in the context of early tracking: between-track differences in the Czech Republic. Previous research on the implications of early-tracking education systems has not specifically focused on how studying in academic and non-academic tracks shapes the features and characteristics of shadow education (private tutoring) that students are involved in. The study compares the scale and features of private tutoring and the underlying factors of its reception among lower-secondary students in the two tracks. Analysing a representative sample of 1,280 senior grade students, the study found significant differences in scale, subjects and reasons for tutoring during their lower-secondary studies, which may partly explain the prevailing gaps in between-track student achievements. Early tracking is likely to contribute to increasing the overall scale of PT by introducing selective entrance examinations, which nurture the demand for PT. While parental education, books at home, city size and educational aspirations were significant predictors of private tutoring for regular-track students, they were insignificant for academic-track students.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Inhibition of autophagy delays motoneuron degeneration and extends lifespan in a mouse model of spinal muscular atrophy. Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a recessive autosomal neuromuscular disease, due to homozygous mutations or deletions in the telomeric survival motoneuron gene 1 (SMN1). SMA is characterized by motor impairment, muscle atrophy, and premature death following motor neuron (MN) degeneration. Emerging evidence suggests that dysregulation of autophagy contributes to MN degeneration. We here investigated the role of autophagy in the SMNdelta7 mouse model of SMA II (intermediate form of the disease) which leads to motor impairment by postnatal day 5 (P5) and to death by P13. We first showed by immunoblots that Beclin 1 and LC3-II expression levels increased in the lumbar spinal cord of the SMA pups. Electron microscopy and immunofluorescence studies confirmed that autophagic markers were enhanced in the ventral horn of SMA pups. To clarify the role of autophagy, we administered intracerebroventricularly (at P3) either an autophagy inhibitor (3-methyladenine, 3-MA), or an autophagy inducer (rapamycin) in SMA pups. Motor behavior was assessed daily with different tests: tail suspension, righting reflex, and hindlimb suspension tests. 3-MA significantly improved motor performance, extended the lifespan, and delayed MN death in lumbar spinal cord (10372.36 +/- 2716 MNs) compared to control-group (5148.38 +/- 94 MNs). Inhibition of autophagy by 3-MA suppressed autophagosome formation, reduced the apoptotic activation (cleaved caspase-3 and Bcl2) and the appearance of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL)-positive neurons, underlining that apoptosis and autophagy pathways are intricately intertwined. Therefore, autophagy is likely involved in MN death in SMA II, suggesting that it might represent a promising target for delaying the progression of SMA in humans as well.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "ARE FINANCIAL VARIABLES USEFUL TO ANTICIPATE ECONOMIC GROWTH? SOME ECONOMETRIC EVIDENCES. In the recent econometric literature, the role of financial variables in predicting macroeconomic fluctuations is ambiguous. Empirical results depend on the kind of variables, econometric models or sample size. However, some stylized facts clearly appear. In this paper, various financial variables are discussed, the main econometric models are briefly presented and a summary of recent results is put forward.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "One man, one bid. We compare two mechanisms to implement a simple binary choice, e.g. adopt one of two proposals. We show that when neither alternative is ex ante preferred, simple majority voting cannot implement the first best outcome. We introduce a simple bidding mechanism where votes can be bought at a quadratic cost and voters receive rebates equal to the average of others' payments. This mechanism is budget-balanced, individually rational, and fully efficient in the limit. Moreover, the mechanism redistributes from those that gain from the outcome to those that lose and everyone is better off under bidding compared to voting. We test the two mechanisms in the lab using an environment with \\\\'moderate\\\\' and \\\\'extremist\\\\' voters. The observed efficiency losses under voting are close to theoretical predictions and significantly larger than under bidding. Because of redistribution, the efficiency gain from bidding benefits mostly the moderate voters. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "HOW TO IMPROVE THE UNDERSTANDING, AGREEING AND COLLABORATION OF CHILDREN WITH LEARNING DISABILITIES?. The quality of teaching depends on student behaviour in the same way that student behaviour is determined by the teaching activities and methods applied. The problem of insufficiently developed social competences of children with learning disabilities represented a tremendous obstacle in the authoress's teaching practice. The award and punishment method to establish discipline proved to be an inadequate strategy. Instead, developing interpersonal relations, appreciating student needs and capabilities, and working on the development of mutual trust have greatly contributed to creating a positive environment in the classroom. The learning processes and the results achieved under such conditions have also secured significant changes in student behaviour. The authoress has accomplished quality changes in her professional practice by continued and systematic professional training and collaborations with experts in various fields of study, and particularly by conducting action research.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Surface modification - A step forward to overcome the current challenges in orthopedic industry and to obtain an improved osseointegration and antimicrobial properties. The bone tissue is the most dynamic structure in the human body, being capable of self-regeneration after an injury, an accident or even when is affected by a disease. However, its potential to fully regenerate is constrained by some limitations and the need of a medical device becomes vital. Many biomaterials have been used to develop such products and now they are successfully used by physicians. Thus, most of them present some shortcomings which might eventually lead to device malfunction or even failure. In the orthopedic field, implants for long term use should be able to provide a successful restauration of the affected joint.Even if Titanium (Ti), together with stainless steel or Cobalt Chrome-based alloys are materials of a choice in implants industry, they are still subjected to some limitations when inserted in the host such as: wear debris, corrosion, bacterial attachment, improper interactions with the biological environment etc., most of them leading to second surgical interventions and ultimately to implant failure. In order to provide a proper fixation and to avoid implant collapse, surface modification is one of the most promising approaches in this direction.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "So delicate yet so strong and versatile - the use of paper in objects conservation. O papel atende a todos os criterios da pratica moderna da conservacAo, incluindo reversibilidade, resistencia, inercia, estabilidade a longo prazo, mudancas minimas de cor durante o tempo, e compatibilidade com a obra de arte original. Caracteristicas adicionais fazem do papel material muito atrativo para conservadores de objetos, a citar: a sua leveza, e hidrofilico, adaptavel as superficies, nAo e toxico, e nAo e susceptivel a solventes tipicamente usados nesse trabalho. Ainda, o custo do papel e variavel, mas nAo excessivamente alto. Finalmente, tem a opcAo do uso em folha, fibra ou em po - seco ou umido - permitindo aplicacoes ainda mais amplas. Esse artigo e um levantamento da ampla gama de utilizacoes de papel no campo de conservacAo de objetos. Seu uso no tratamento de conservacAo pode ter duas funcoes muito distintas. Ele pode servir como um material para restauracAo, permanecendo como parte da obra de arte depois do tratamento ser concluido, e tambem pode funcionar como uma ferramenta durante o tratamento, nesse caso nAo permanecendo na obra apos o seu termino. Traduzido por Sandra Baruki. RESUMENUna gran variedad de papeles asiaticos y occidentales libres de acido ofrecen a los conservadores de objetos numerosas aplicaciones en su trabajo. Los conservadores de objetos no solo tomaron prestado este extraordinario material - papel - del campo de la conservacion de papel, sino que tambien los conservadores de objetos han adoptado muchos de los metodos y tecnicas bien desarrollados para manejarlo y manipularlo en sus tratamientos de conservacion tridimensionales. El papel cumple con todos los criterios materiales en la practica de la conservacion moderna, incluida la reversibilidad, la resistencia, la inercia, la estabilidad a largo plazo, el cambio minimo en el color a lo largo del tiempo y la compatibilidad con la obra de arte original. Las caracteristicas adicionales que hacen que el papel sea atractivo para los conservadores de objetos es que es liviano, es hidrofilo, se adapta bien a las superficies, no es toxico y no se ve afectado por los solventes que se usan habitualmente en este trabajo. Ademas, el costo del papel varia, pero no es excesivamente alto. Finalmente, tener la opcion de usar el papel en forma de hoja, fibra o polvo, ya sea en estado seco o humedo, permite aplicaciones que son aun mas amplias. Este articulo es un estudio de la amplia gama de aplicaciones del papel en el campo de la conservacion de objetos. Su uso en tratamientos de conservacion puede tener dos funciones muy diferentes. Puede servir como material de restauracion, permaneciendo asi con la obra de arte despues de completar el tratamiento, y tambien puede funcionar como una herramienta durante el tratamiento, por lo que no se quedara con la obra de arte una vez que se complete el tratamiento. Traducido por Amparo Rueda.A large variety of acid-free Asian and Western papers offer objects conservators numerous applications in their work. Not only have objects conservators borrowed this extraordinary material - paper - from the field of paper conservation but they have also adopted many of the well-developed methods and techniques of handling and manipulating it in their 3-D treatments. Paper meets all material criteria in modern conservation practice, including reversibility, strength, inertness, long-term stability, minimal change in color over time, and compatibility with the original artwork. Additional attractive characteristics are that it is light weight, non-toxic, hydrophilic, it conforms well to surfaces, and is not affected by the solvents typically used. Also, the cost of paper varies but is not excessively high. Finally, having the option of using paper in sheet, fiber or powder form - either in a dry or wet state - allows for even wider applications. This article is a survey of the wide range of applications of paper in objects conservation. Its use can have two very different functions. It can serve as a restoration material, thereby remaining with the artwork after the treatment is complete, and as a tool during treatment, thereby not remaining with the artwork after the treatment is complete. RESUMEUne grande variete de papiers orientaux et occidentaux sans acide offrent de nombreuses possibilites d'applications aux restaurateurs d'objets. Ceux-ci ont non seulement emprunte du domaine de la restauration de papier ce materiau extraordinaire qu'est le papier, ils ont egalement adopte plusieurs methodes et techniques bien developpees pour sa manutention et sa manipulation dans leurs traitements de restauration 3-D. Le papier repond a tous les criteres materiels de la pratique moderne de la conservation, incluant la reversibilite, la force, l'inertie chimique, la stabilite a long terme, un changement minimal de couleur au fil du temps et la compatibilite avec l'OEuvre d'art originale. Des caracteristiques supplementaires qui rendent le papier attrayant pour les restaurateurs d'objets sont qu'il est leger, qu'il est hydrophile, qu'il epouse bien les surfaces, qu'il est non toxique et qu'il n'est pas affecte par les solvants utilises habituellement dans leur travail. Aussi, le cout du papier varie, mais il n'est pas excessivement eleve. Finalement, le fait d'avoir la possibilite d'utiliser le papier sous forme de feuille, de fibre ou de poudre, que ce soit a l'etat sec ou humide, offre une gamme d'applications encore plus large. Cet article presente une large gamme d'applications du papier dans le domaine de la restauration des objets. Son utilisation dans les traitements de restauration peut avoir deux differentes fonctions : il peut servir de materiau de restauration et rester ainsi avec l'OEuvre d'art apres le traitement, et il peut aussi servir d'outil durant le traitement et ainsi ne pas demeurer avec l'OEuvre une fois que le traitement a ete complete. Traduit par Mireille Brulotte, et Isabelle Cloutier. RESUMOUma grande variedade de papeis livres de acido asiaticos e ocidentais oferecem inumeras possibilidades de aplicacAo no trabalho dos conservadores de objetos. Estes especialistas nAo apenas emprestaram esse extraordinario material - o papel - do campo de conservacAo de papel, como tem adotado muitos dos seus bem sucedidos metodos e tecnicas de manuseio e utilizacAo nos tratamentos em objetos tridimensionais.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Effect of Brown Seaweed (Macrocystis pyrifera) Addition on Nutritional and Quality Characteristics of Yellow, Blue, and Red Maize Tortillas. The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of incorporating Macrocystis pyrifera into yellow, blue, and red maize masa and tortillas. The nutritional composition and mineral content of tortillas was determined, and the color, texture, total phenolic compounds (TPC), and antioxidant capacity of masas and tortillas were measured. The addition of seaweed led to a significant decrease in moisture and a significant increase in ash, protein, and fiber, while no differences were observed in the lipid and carbohydrate content. There was a significant increase in all analyzed minerals (Na, Ca, P, K, and Mg). Tortillas weighed 24.54 +/- 1.02 g, had a diameter of 11.00 +/- 0.79 cm, and a thickness of 0.32 +/- 0.09 cm. All color parameters were significantly affected by seaweed concentration. The hardness of the masas was 2.18-22.32 N, and the values of the perforation test of the tortillas were 1.40-4.55 N. The TPC of the masas and tortillas was measured in water and methanol:water extracts. Results were higher in the water extracts (1141.59-23,323.48 mg GAE/100 g masa and 838.06-2142.34 mg GAE/100 g tortilla). Antioxidant capacity (ORAC) was higher for methanol:water extracts (14,051.96-44,928.75 mu mol TE/100 g masa and 14,631.47-47,327.69 mu mol TE/100 g tortilla).", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "The Late Medieval Greek Poetry: Language, Metre and Discourse (University of Ghent, 2015). In this contribution, I offer a summary of my 2015 Ph.D. dissertation from the University of Ghent on the language and metre of Late Medieval Greek poetry as they pertain to information structure.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Identifying combinatorial valuations from aggregate demand. We study identification of combinatorial valuations from aggregate demand. Each utility function takes as arguments subsets or, alternatively, quantities of the multiple goods. We exploit mathematical insights from auction theory to generically identify the distribution of utility functions. In our setting, aggregate demand for each item is observable while demand for bundles is not. Nevertheless, our identification result allows us to recover the latter. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "A Critique of the Prison Reentry Discourse: Futurity, Presence, and Commonsense. This study raises basic questions about reentry programs in the United States and the discourses of reentry that currently frame policy, research, and programs. We compare Nordic discourses with those in the United States and illustrate how the latter curtail a more complex understanding of the presence of loved ones in the life of an incarcerated father. We found that U.S. reentry discourses in general are future-oriented and convey hopelessness about the capacity of loved ones separated by prison to be positively presentphysically and imaginativelyto each other. We conclude the study with implications for a humanizing curriculum.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Human resource development in construction organisations An example of a 'chaordic' learning organisation?. Purpose - The concept of the learning organisation (LO) is associated with an advanced approach to human resource development (HRD) characterised by an ethos of self-responsibility and self-development. The learning climate that this engenders is supported by temporary organisational structures responsive to environmental change. The purpose of his paper is to present case study research of the HRD strategy, policy and practice of a large UK-based construction contractor in relation to the concept of LO.Design/methodology/approach - Empirical data for the examination of the \\\\'chaordic\\\\'LO were drawn from recent doctoral research that investigated a large UK-based construction contractor's strategic human resource management practices.Findings - The analysis suggests that the organisational project-based structure and informal culture combine to form a \\\\'chaordic LO\\\\'. A \\\\'chaordic enterprise\\\\'comprises a complex organisation that operates in a non-linear dynamic environment. However, it appears that this approach has evolved unintentionally rather than as a result of targeted strategic human resource management (SHRM) policies, which in turn reflects a genuine commitment to advanced HRD.Originality/value - The findings render previous assertions that the industry fails to invest in its employees highly questionable. They suggest a need for further research to reveal how such approaches can be captured in replicate in the future.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "Functional delta-method for the bootstrap of quasi-Hadamard differentiable functionals. The functional delta-method provides a convenient tool for deriving the asymptotic distribution of a plug-in estimator of a statistical functional from the asymptotic distribution of the respective empirical process. Moreover, it provides a tool to derive bootstrap consistency for plug-in estimators from bootstrap consistency of empirical processes. It has recently been shown that the range of applications of the functional delta-method for the asymptotic distribution can be considerably enlarged by employing the notion of quasi-Hadamard differentiability. Here we show in a general setting that this enlargement carries over to the bootstrap. That is, for quasi-Hadamard differentiable functionals bootstrap consistency of the plug-in estimator follows from bootstrap consistency of the respective empirical process. This enlargement often requires convergence in distribution of the bootstrapped empirical process w.r.t. a nonuniform sup-norm. The latter is not problematic as will be illustrated by means of examples.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Feasibility study for marker-based VMAT plan optimization toward tumor tracking. This work investigates the incorporation of fiducial marker-based visibility parameters into the optimization of volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) plans. We propose that via this incorporation, one may produce treatment plans that aid real-time tumor tracking approaches employing exit imaging of the therapeutic beam (e.g., via EPID), in addition to satisfying purely dosimetric requirements. We investigated the feasibility of this approach for a thorax and prostate site using optimization software (MonArc). For a thorax phantom and a lung patient, three fiducial markers were inserted around the tumor and VMAT plans were created with two partial arcs and prescription dose of 48 Gy (4 fractions). For a prostate patient with three markers in the prostate organ, a VMAT plan was created with two partial arcs and prescription dose 72.8 Gy (28 fractions). We modifiedMonArcto include marker-based visibility constraints (\\\\'hard\\\\'and \\\\'soft\\\\'). A hard constraint (HC) imposes full visibility for all markers, while a soft constraint (SC) penalizes visibility for specific markers in the beams-eye-view. Dose distributions from constrained plans (HC and SC) were compared to the reference nonconstrained (NC) plan using metrics including conformity index (CI), homogeneity index (HI), gradient measure (GM), and dose to 95% of planning target volume (PTV) and organs at risk (OARs). The NC plan produced the best target conformity and the least doses to the OARs for the entire dataset, followed by the SC and HC plans. Using SC plans provided acceptable dosimetric tolerances for both the target and OARs. However, OAR doses may be increased or decreased based on the constrained marker location and number of trackable markers. In conclusion, we demonstrate that visibility constraints can be incorporated into the optimization together with dosimetric objectives to produce treatment plans satisfying both objectives. This approach should ensure greater clinical success when applying real-time tracking algorithms, using VMAT delivery.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Neuropsychiatric Inventory workshop: Behavioral and psychologic symptoms of dementia in Asia. The Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) was introduced in 1994 and has since become a standard instrument for clinical trials and other types of behavioral research in dementing disorders. Its reliability and validity have been confirmed. The NPI was the subject of a workshop in Asia in conjunction with the International Workgroup on Dementia Drug Guidelines (IWG). Investigators using the NPI from 4 Asian areas-Taiwan, Hong Kong, Japan, Thailand-presented conclusions from their research. A high prevalence of behavioral disturbances across Asian countries was found and the rates are similar to those observed in Western countries. Apathy is more difficult to detect and characterize in Asian populations. Neurobiologic studies show an excess of some serotonin receptor gene polymorphisms in patients without behavioral disturbances and positron emission tomography reveals reductions in frontal lobe metabolism in patients manifesting depression as measured by the NPI. Studies in Thailand show relationships among verbal fluency, activities of daily living, and neuropsychiatric symptoms particularly agitation, apathy, and disinhibition. This suggests a triad of symptoms of behavioral abnormalities, executive dysfunction, and abnormalities of activities of daily living that impugn frontal lobe function. The NPI is a reliable and useful instrument to characterize behavioral changes in Asian and Western populations.", "label": [2, 17, 21]}
+{"token": "Mediating effect of innovation with market orientation and performance relationship. Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of market orientation on performance and to figure out the mediator effect of incremental innovation on this relationship with an implementation on Indian small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Design/methodology/approach Following a survey among 333 owners/managers of SMEs in Indian, six research propositions were framed. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and regression analysis was used for the purpose of data analysis. Findings The outcome of the study demonstrates a significant effect of market orientation on SMEs performance. In addition, the mediating effect of innovation between market orientation and business performance was not supported in the context. Research limitations/implications - This study uses cross-sectional research, which limits the ability to test the causality; hence, such studies should be replicated in other settings also to get more evidences about the relationship. Practical implications - The research will help managers especially in manufacturing SMEs of developing countries to understand benefits of being market-oriented to improve performance. Originality/value The study attempts to enrich the market orientation literature especially in developing economies. It identifies the significant effect of interfunctional coordination on performance of small and medium enterprises working in more volatile environment. Further, the study also examines mediating role of innovation between market orientation and performance linkage.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "The EPOCH Project I. Periodic variable stars in the EROS-2 LMC database. The EPOCH (EROS-2 periodic variable star classification using machine learning) project aims to detect periodic variable stars in the EROS-2 light curve database. In this paper, we present the first result of the classification of periodic variable stars in the EROS-2 LMC database. To classify these variables, we first built a training set by compiling known variables in the Large Magellanic Cloud area from the OGLE and MACHO surveys. We crossmatched these variables with the EROS-2 sources and extracted 22 variability features from 28 392 light curves of the corresponding EROS-2 sources. We then used the random forest method to classify the EROS-2 sources in the training set. We designed the model to separate not only delta Scuti stars, RR Lyraes, Cepheids, eclipsing binaries, and long-period variables, the superclasses, but also their subclasses, such as RRab, RRc, RRd, and RRe for RR Lyraes, and similarly for the other variable types. The model trained using only the superclasses shows 99% recall and precision, while the model trained on all subclasses shows 87% recall and precision. We applied the trained model to the entire EROS-2 LMC database, which contains about 29 million sources, and found 117 234 periodic variable candidates. Out of these 117 234 periodic variables, 55 285 have not been discovered by either OGLE or MACHO variability studies. This set comprises 1906 delta Scuti stars, 6607 RR Lyraes, 638 Cepheids, 178 Type II Cepheids, 34 562 eclipsing binaries, and 11 394 long-period variables.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "USING RETROSPECTIVE SURVEYS FOR ESTIMATING THE EFFECTS OF BREAST-FEEDING AND CHILDSPACING ON INFANT AND CHILD-MORTALITY. Recent contributions to our knowledge about the effects of breastfeeding and pace of childbearing on early child mortality have originated in the analysis of birth histories elicited from retrospective interviews.  The validity of these findings has been questioned on the ground that when the timing of events is systematically distorted, estimates of effects will be affected by serious biases.  In addition, it has been argued that the results obtained are highly sensitive to the models used and the techniques of estimation applied to calculate estimates of effects.  In this paper we review the most important criticisms levelled against recent findings and interpretations and show that they rest on propositions of questionable validity.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Slave women and reproduction in Jamaica, c.1776-1834. This article explains the failure of the Jamaica slaves to reproduce naturally in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. It argues that the explanation for the failure stemmed from dietary inadequacies and the harsh working routines Of sugar cultivation, which compounded epidemiological and whatever social, cultural and political factors may have motivated Jamaican slave women concerning their own reproductive capabilities.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Referrals among VCs and the length of due diligence: The effect of relational embeddedness. Venture capital is a socially embedded business where VCs refer investment opportunities to one another. While we know that these referrals increase the chances of a start-up passing the initial screening process, we investigate to what extent the intensity of relational embeddedness between referrer and referee relates to the length of the due diligence process of the start-up being referred. Extending information processing theory by social network theory arguments, we argue that referees have access to more and better information during the due diligence as relational embeddedness increases. This will lead to a more in-depth and rigorous evaluation. Moreover, the referee will be subject to social obligations to invest additional resources in the assessment, the more so, the stronger the relational embeddedness. Both factors lead to a prolongation of the due diligence process. Furthermore, we find that the individual investment manager's current performance and experience moderate this relationship.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "Effects of wheat bran extracts on seedling growth of plants. The effects of wheat bran extracts were examined on root and shoot growth of five plant spp. (rape, garden cress, lettuce, cockscomb, and sesame) to identify the strongest growth inhibition or promotion and the most sensitive species. The 90 % water [MeOH:H2O = 10:90 (v/v)] extracts were most inhibitory to root and shoot growth of rape, garden cress, lettuce and sesame, followed by methanol and acetone extracts. The inhibition was concentration-dependent. The 90 % water extracts considerably stimulated the shoot growth of cockscomb, followed by acetone and methanol extracts. The 90 % water extracts from 3 to 30 g eq./l concentrations increased the growth, but higher concentrations were inhibitory. Thus, wheat bran contains water-soluble allelochemicals that exhibit plant selectivity. The extract concentrations required for 50 % inhibition were smaller for root growth than for shoot growth, with the exception of acetone extracts for garden cress and cockscomb. Thus, wheat bran or its water extracts can be important tool for weed suppression or crop promotion in agroecosystems.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "Residual heat during laser ablation of metals with bursts of ultra-short pulses. The usage of pulse bursts allows increasing the throughput, which still represents a key factor for machining with ultra-short pulsed lasers. The influence of the number of pulses within a burst on the specific removal rate is investigated for copper and stainless steel. Furthermore, calorimetric measurements were performed to estimate the residual energy coefficient as well as the absorptance of machined surfaces for copper to explain the reduced specific removal rate for a 2-pulse burst and the similar or even higher rate for a 3-pulse burst compared to single pulse ablation. Based on the measurements, a description of the process using single pulses and pulse bursts with up to three pulses is presented.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Self-reported health and associated factors among the immigrant populations in Norway. Aim The immigrant population continues to increase in Norway, and Somali immigrants and their descendants are presently the largest non-Western group. We have limited knowledge about the health status in this population. The aim of this study was to assess self-perceived health status among Somalis in Norway. Method We used data from a study assessing risk factors for lifestyle diseases among Somali immigrants in Oslo, which was conducted between December 2015 and October 2016, among men and women aged 20-73 who were living in the Sagene borough in Oslo. Results The study population included 221 participants (112 females and 110 males). Overall, 78% of the participants (70% of females and 86% males) rated their health status as good or very good. Women had poorer self-reported health (p = 0.003) than men. Being unemployed and having diabetes, stress, and sleeping problems were associated with poor self-reported health, but time lived in Norway, education level, Norwegian language proficiency, and high BMI were not significantly associated. Around 2/3 of the participants reported being physically inactive, while around half reported walking or moving more than 30 min per day. Self-reported chronic diseases such as diabetes and hypertension were 5% and 9% respectively. Conclusion This study has shown the different patterns of self-reported health status among Somali immigrants in Norway, as associated with gender, age, psychosocial conditions, and employment status. Further research is needed to explain why Somali women in Norway have poorer self-reported health than men. The findings from this study should provide direction to healthcare providers for improving health among immigrants, for example through implementing a community-driven and culturally appropriate lifestyle intervention program.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Achaemenid Understanding of Law and Justice in Darius I's Tomb Inscriptions: Are There Any Connections with Hebrew Bible Pentateuchal Conceptions?. Sections of the so-called Furstenspiegel (DNb), an inscription on the rock face of Darius I's tomb at Naqs i-Rustam, are seen by scholars as a clear expression of royal Achaemenid legal and ethical understanding. An area which is still under-investigated in biblical scholarship is whether this imperial understanding, which undoubtedly was well-disseminated in other parts of the empire, also had an influence on the formulation of legal and ethical traditions in the Hebrew Bible, particularly in the Pentateuch. This paper will be an attempt to establish first steps for theorizing this connection, mainly with reference to the so-called Holiness Legislation.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "If a Man wants to do Violence to his Neighbor...' Observations on the Sahidic-Coptic Translation of 4Maccabees. The coptic sahidic version of the Fourth Book of Maccabees was discovered by Enzo Lucchesi in the nineteen eighties and published by Ivan Miroshnikov in 2014, who observed that the Coptic version is sometimes significantly different from the Greek one. This article examines the peculiarities of this translation and tries to show that the Sahidic version has an own paraenetic aim which is quite different from that one of the Greek text.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Benchmarking across Borders: Electoral Accountability and the Necessity of Comparison. When the economy in a single country contracts, voters often punish the government. When many economies contract, voters turn against their governments much less frequently. This suggests that the international context matters for the domestic vote, yet most research on electoral accountability assumes that voters treat their national economies as autarkic. We decompose two key economic aggregates-growth in real gross domestic product and unemployment-into their international and domestic components and demonstrate that voters hold incumbents more electorally accountable for the domestic than for the international component of growth. Voters in a wide variety of democracies benchmark national economic growth against that abroad, punishing (rewarding) incumbents for national outcomes that underperform (outperform) an international comparison. Tests suggest that this effect arises not from highly informed voters making direct comparisons but from \\\\'pre-benchmarking\\\\' by the media when reporting on the economy. The effect of benchmarked growth exceeds that of aggregate national growth by up to a factor of two and outstrips the international component of growth by an even larger margin, implying that previous research may have underestimated the strength of the economy on the vote.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "A new species of Xestophrys Redtenbacher, 1891 (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae; Conocephalinae; Copiphorini) from India. In the present paper a new species, Xestophrys namtseringa Kumar & Chandra sp. nov. is described and illustrated from Indian Himalaya. Key to all the known species of Xestophrys Redtenbacher, 1891 is also provided. [Zoobank URL: urn: lsid:zoobank.org:act:C18B59A4-30F8-4753-8739-6482D7F5A6B2]", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Electrostatic mirror objective with eliminated spherical and axial chromatic aberrations. Computational formulae for the coefficients of the third-order spherical aberration and the second-order axial chromatic aberration are presented for an axially symmetric electrostatic electron mirror. A technique for eliminating the high-order derivatives of the potential axial distribution in mirror systems from the integrands is described. Conditions for elimination of spherical and axial chromatic aberrations, either separately or simultaneously, are found for a three-electrode axially symmetric mirror composed of coaxial cylinders of the same diameter. A principal scheme of the transmission electron microscope, where an electrostatic electron mirror serves as its objective, is presented.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Size and ternary mixed crystal effects on interband absorption in wurtzite ZnO/MgxZn1-xO quantum wells. Adopting a numerical method of solving self-consistently the Schrodinger equation and Poisson equation, the eigen-states and eigenenergies of electrons (holes) in a two-dimensional electron-hole gas are obtained for wurtzite asymmetric ZnO/MgxZn1-xO single quantum wells (QWs). In our computation, a realistic heterostructure potential is used, in which the influences from energy band bending, material doping and the built-in electric field induced by spontaneous and piezoelectric polarizations are taken into account. Furthermore, based on the Fermi's golden rule, the optical absorptions of electronic interband transitions in QWs, and their size and ternary mixed crystal effects are discussed. The results indicate that the increase of the Mg component in MgxZn1-xO enhances the build-in electric field, which forces electrons (holes) to approach to the left (right) barrier. This causes the interband transition absorption peak to decrease exponentially and to be blue-shifted. For different widths of QWs, the calculated results show that absorption peak decreases and transition energy shows a red shift with the increase of well width. The above conclusions are expected to give a theoretical guidance for improving the opto-electronic properties of materials and devices made of heterostructures with suitable optical absorption spectra and wave lengths.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "POSSIBLE ROLE OF PROTEIN-KINASE C-EPSILON ISOENZYME IN INHIBITION OF INTERLEUKIN-1-BETA INDUCTION OF NITRIC-OXIDE SYNTHASE IN RAT RENAL MESANGIAL CELLS. In cultured glomerular mesangial cells, interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 beta) has been shown to induce a dose- and time-dependent accumulation of nitrite, a stable metabolite of nitric oxide (NO). In parallel, increased levels of mRNA of an inducible macrophage-type of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were observed after incubating mesangial cells with IL-1 beta. Here we report that addition of the biologically active phorbol esters, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu), dose-dependently inhibited the IL-1 beta-stimulated increase in iNOS mRNA levels and nitrite production. In contrast, the biologically inactive phorbol ester 4 alpha-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate, had no effect on cytokine induction of iNOS and nitrite formation. Incubation of mesangial cells with PMA or PDBu alone, in the absence of IL-1 beta, did not trigger any iNOS expression. Time-course studies indicated that phorbol ester needs to be added for only 1 h in order to maximally inhibit cytokine-induced nitrite production. Down-regulation of protein kinase C (PKC)-alpha and -delta isoenzymes by 8 h PMA-or PDBu treatment before stimulation with IL-1 beta still resulted in full inhibition of iNOS induction. In contrast, a 24 h treatment of mesangial cells with PMA or PDBu, a regimen that also causes depletion of PKC-epsilon, abolished inhibition of IL-1 beta-induced iNOS expression and nitrite production. In addition, the selective PKC inhibitor calphostin C potentiated IL-1 beta induction of iNOS activity. In summary these data suggest that IL-1 beta induction of iNOS expression is tonically suppressed by PKC and the epsilon-isoenzyme is the most likely candidate mediating this effect.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "The impact of knowledge management on knowledge worker productivity. Purpose The productivity of knowledge workers is crucial not only for organizational innovation and competitiveness but also for sustainable development. In the context of knowledge-intensive firms, implementation of knowledge management is likely to increase knowledge worker productivity. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to examine the influence of knowledge management on knowledge worker productivity. Design/methodology/approach A research framework on the effects of knowledge management processes on knowledge worker productivity is established and empirically tested with data from 336 knowledge workers at five mobile network operator companies in Pakistan. Findings The results indicate that knowledge creation and knowledge utilization impact knowledge worker productivity positively and statistically significantly. However, knowledge sharing does not have statistically significant impact on knowledge worker productivity. Demographic factors (gender, managerial position and formal education level) do not moderate the relationship between knowledge management and knowledge worker productivity statistically significantly. Research limitations/implications The key limitations are the cross-sectional nature of the data and the geographic limitation to telecom companies in Pakistan. Practical implications Irrespective of gender, education and managerial position, implementation of knowledge management can increase knowledge worker productivity. Therefore, knowledge management practices should be implemented to enhance the knowledge worker productivity via fostering the knowledge worker's engagement in and propensity to knowledge management processes. Originality/value This study is among the first to examine the likely influence of knowledge management on the productivity of knowledge workers conclusively while controlling for three individual demographic factors. This study also addresses the effectiveness of knowledge management in the little-explored cultural context of Pakistan.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "Sewing Speed Control Software in Conditions of Operator-Machine Interaction. The functionality of the programmable drive control system of a sewing machine with open cycle technology was tested, built according to the author's earlier work. It was found that the feeding mechanism of the sewing machine is sensitive to the textiles and to the machine's rotation speed. The application of the sewing speed programmable control system created conditions for proper reflection of parameters for the technological tasks proposed. Creating a programming algorithm and machine learning of the operator based on sewing speed control software is, as studies have shown, an important step in building a new generation of sewing machines.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "Immigration Detention as Punishment. Courts and commentators have long assumed, without significant analysis, that immigration detention is a form of civil confinement merely because the immigration proceedings of which it is part are deemed civil. This Article challenges that deeply held assumption. It harnesses the U.S. Supreme Court's instruction that detention's civil or penal character turns on legislative intent and, buttressed by theoretical understandings of punishment, contends that immigration detention apart from the deportation that often results itself constitutes penal incarceration. In particular, legislation enacted over roughly fifteen years in the 1980s and 1990s indicates a palpable desire to wield immigration detention as a tool in fighting the nation's burgeoning war on drugs by penalizing and stigmatizing criminal behavior. Indeed, the modern immigration detention system has accomplished the U.S. Congress's punitive goal: Immigration detention is a severely unpleasant experience and immigration detainees are viewed as dangerous. In order to remain true to the Court's guidance to draw formal boundaries between civil and penal confinement, the current immigration detention regime should be conceptualized as punishment. This Article contends that the constitutional limitations imposed by criminal procedure are ill-equipped to address immigration detention. Instead, policymakers should learn from the nation's failed experience with mass penal incarceration and step back from immigration detention's punitive origins to create a truly civil immigration detention system.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "A threshold for low-protein-diet-induced elevations in parathyroid hormone. Background: We reported previously that lowering dietary protein intake in young healthy women to 0.7 g/kg depressed intestinal calcium absorption and was accompanied by elevations in parathyroid hormone (PTH). Moderate amounts of dietary protein (1.0 g/kg) did not appear to perturb calcium homeostasis.Conclusions: Our data suggest that in young healthy women consuming a well-balanced diet, the current recommended dietary allowance for protein (0.8 g/kg) results in short-term perturbations in calcium homeostasis.Results: Elevations in PTH developed by day 4 of the diets containing 0.7 and 0.8 g protein/kg but not during the diets containing 0.9 or 1.0 g protein/kg. By day 4 of the 0.7- and 0.8-g/kg diets, midmolecule PTH, calcitriol, and nephrogenous cyclic adenosine monophosphate were 1.5-3.5-fold higher than on day 0. Calcitropic hormones on day 4 of the diets containing 0.8 and 0.9 g protein/kg were within the normal range and 23-57% lower than values observed with the 0.7- and 0.8-g/kg diets (P < 0.005). Mean 24-h urinary calcium was 3.29 +/- 0.35 mmol with the diet containing 0.7 g protein/kg and 3.54 +/- 0.46 mmol with the diet containing 1.0 g protein/kg.Design: The experiment consisted of 2 wk of a well-balanced diet containing moderate amounts of calcium, sodium, and protein followed by 4 d of an experimental diet containing 1 of 4 amounts of protein. Eight young healthy women received the 4 amounts of protein in random order. The average age of the subjects was 23.1 +/- 2.3 y, their weight was 64 +/- 3 kg, and their body mass index (in kg/m(2)) was 24.3 +/- 0.9.Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of graded intakes of dietary protein (0.7, 0.8, 0.9, and 1.0 g/kg) on calcium homeostasis.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Recovering 3D particle size distributions from 2D sections. We discuss different ways to convert observed, apparent particle size distributions from 2D sections (thin sections, SEM maps on planar surfaces, etc.) into true 3D particle size distributions. We give a simple, flexible, and practical method to do this; show which of these techniques gives the most faithful conversions; and provide (online) short computer codes to calculate both 2D-3D recoveries and simulations of 2D observations by random sectioning. The most important systematic bias of 2D sectioning, from the standpoint of most chondrite studies, is an overestimate of the abundance of the larger particles. We show that fairly good recoveries can be achieved from observed size distributions containing 100300 individual measurements of apparent particle diameter.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Criminal Records and Rehabilitation in Australia. Resettlement of former offenders and their ongoing desistance from further offending should be a priority for any community, but in many countries criminal records are increasingly accessed in employment and other decision making. The criminal record then becomes an indelible brand, undermining rehabilitation and making reoffending more likely. Common law-based countries such as the UK and Australia demonstrate this phenomenon more clearly than some mainland European countries, and political and cultural factors are clearly relevant. This paper addresses the scope in Australia for rehabilitation processes that might contribute to the desistance process.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Integrating the multi-domainal and multi-dimensional nature of animal movement into ecological modelling. Prevailing quantitative techniques however, tend to predict animal movement in 2D. This tendency provides the implicit assumption that animals move over flat planes. In reality, real-world ecosystems are rarely that simplistic. Thus, analytical reduction of landscape complexity to 2D represents a considerable, and largely unnoticed, source of bias in the ecological modelling of animal movement data.The movement of animals is restricted to the aerial, aquatic, subterranean, and terrestrial spatial domains to which they are evolutionarily adapted. Within each spatial domain, animals can move among landscapes comprised of fractals exceeding two dimensions (i.e., 2D+).We present this nuanced description of animal movement across multiple spatial domains and multiple dimensions and discuss the implications of the biases that are inherent to much of the prevailing ecological modelling of animal spatial ecology.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Retrieving Husserl's Phenomenology: Hopkins on Philosophy's Last Stand. Burt Hopkins provides a reading of the development of Husserl's phenomenology, framing it with an account of its relation to Platonic and Aristotelian theories of unity-in-multiplicity, on the one hand, and the criticisms of Husserl found in Heidegger and Derrida, on the other. Here I introduce a further approach to the problem of unity-in-multiplicity - one based on normative ideality, drawing on Plato's Idea of the Good -- and investigate three crucial aspects of phenomenological philosophy as Hopkins presents it: the method of reflection, the nature of absolute consciousness, and the status of the ego. I take issue with Husserl's idea that consciousness can be the sufficient ground of that \\\\'meaning\\\\' which, for both Hopkins and for me, is the specific topic of phenomenology.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Identification of a novel structural interaction in Columnea latent viroid. Pairwise sequence comparisons suggest that Columnea latent viroid (CLVd) may have originated from a recombination event involving Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) and Hop stunt viroid (HSVd). To examine the role of specific structural features in determining the host range of CLVd, we constructed a series of interspecific chimeras by replacing increasing portions of its terminal left and pathogenicity domains with the corresponding portions of PSTVd. Exchanges involving the left side of the pathogenicity domain led to lower rates of progeny accumulation in tomato, but one of the resulting chimeras was still able to replicate in cucumber. Exchanges involving the right side of the pathogenicity domain severely inhibited replication in tomato and appeared to abolish replication in cucumber. To identify potential interactions between nucleotides comprising the right side of the pathogenicity domain and other portions of CLVd, melting behaviors of circularized CLVd and PSTVd RNA transcripts were compared using a combination of temperature gradient gel electrophoresis and structural calculations. These analyses revealed an unexpected complementarity between the upper portion of the pathogenicity and terminal right domains of CLVd that facilitates breakdown of the rod-like native structure and formation of secondary hairpin II. Unlike secondary hairpin II, CLVd hairpin IV appears likely to act within the context of the genomic RNA. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Unsettling Gender, Sexuality, and Race: 'Crossing' the Collecting, Classifying, and Spectacularising Mechanisms of the Museum. Quantitative measures of relative representations of gender and minoritised persons provide stark evidence of the continuing inequalities in museums. Understanding and opposing such inequalities requires an account of museums that recognises their role in inscribing hierarchies associated with the modern nation state and its concept of citizenship. Benedict Anderson's identification of the museum as one of the technologies of nation building inImagined Communities(1983) is combined with M. Jacqui Alexander's account of gender, sexuality, race, and the modern state inPedagogies of Crossing(2005) to generate an understanding of the museum as a structure for establishing gender, sexual, and racial norms associated with modernity. This function is expressed in the museum's work of collecting, classifying, and exhibiting or spectacularising objects. The potential for disrupting these structures is explored in two recent examples of museum practice in the UK: artist Sonia Boyce's Manchester Art GalleryTakeoverin 2018 and the Museum of Transology, 2017-present. The roles of museum staff and visitors are considered also in relation to the classifying and ordering activities of the museum and the possibility that disordering such structures will enable the museum to become a producer of more equal social relations.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Hadamard matrices and the spectrum of quadratic symmetric polynomials over finite fields. In this article, we present a beautiful connection between Hadamard matrices and exponential sums of quadratic symmetric polynomials over Galois fields. This connection appears when the recursive nature of these sequences is analyzed. We calculate the spectrum for the Hadamard matrices that dominate these recurrences. The eigenvalues depend on the Legendre symbol and the quadratic Gauss sum over finite field extensions. In particular, these formulas allow us to calculate closed formulas for the exponential sums over Galois field of quadratic symmetric polynomials. Finally, in the particular case of finite extensions of the binary field, we show that the corresponding Hadamard matrix is a permutation away from a classical construction of these matrices. (C) 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Time-varying seismic wavelet estimation from nonstationary seismic data. Seismic wavelet estimation is an important part of seismic data processing and interpretation, whose reliability is directly related to the accuracy of deconvolution and inversion. The methods for seismic wavelet estimation can be classified into two basic types: deterministic and statistical. By combining the two types of the methods, using the spectral coherence method in the deterministic method and the skewness attribute method in the statistical method, the amplitude and phase of the time-varying wavelets are estimated separately. There is no assumption on the wavelet's time-independent nature or the phase characteristic. The advantage of this method is the ability to estimate time-varying phase. Phase-only corrections can then be applied by means of a time-varying phase rotation. Alternatively, amplitude and phase deconvolution can be achieved to enhance the resolution and support the fine reservoir prediction and description. We test this method on both synthetic and real data examples. Synthetic examples prove its feasibility while the real data example demonstrates its ability to estimate the time-varying characteristics of wavelets.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Early transient creep of single crystal SnAgCu solder joints. Assessments of solder fatigue life require knowledge of inelastic deformation and damage properties. Previous work showed common constitutive relations for SnAgCu solder joints to be extremely misleading for the kind of joints formed in area array assemblies. At the relatively low stresses in most thermal cycling, room temperature creep rates varied linearly with the stress, rather than with the stress to a power of 4-5 or more as commonly assumed. This is characteristic of creep dominated by diffusion of individual atoms rather than by dislocation motion. The present effort extends this to higher temperatures and the much shorter loading times typical in accelerated thermal cycling testing. It also considers the mobility of dislocations of relevance to recrystallization and damage evolution. The temperature, coarsening of the Ag3Sn precipitates, and the time of loading all affect the 'cross-over' stress below which inelastic deformation rates are dominated by diffusion. However, the evolution of stresses in cycling is shown to remain totally dominated by diffusion.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 32, 11]}
+{"token": "Decentralized matching: The role of commitment. The two-sided matching literature has focused on static and centralized games. However, in many markets, the matching is determined in decentralized fashion and continues to change. This paper considers infinitely-repeated matching games, where firms whose positions become vacant make offers to workers, who then decide which offers to accept and the game continues. We study how the stationary-equilibrium outcome depends on whether players commit to their employment relationships. We show that, without commitment from either side of the market (i.e., each contract expires in a period), the equilibrium matching is stable in all periods. With one-sided commitment (where firms offer tenured jobs) or two-sided commitment, the final matching may be unstable. With one-sided commitment, the final matching may be one where all workers are worse off and all firms are better off than in every stable matching, implying that the workers are made worse off by job protection. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Penny-shaped crack in a piezoelectric cylinder under electro-mechanical loads. The fracture behavior of a penny-shaped crack in a axisymmetrical piezoelectric ceramic cylinder of finite radius under mechanical and electrical loads is analyzed under electric continuous boundary conditions on the crack surface. The potential theory and Hankel transform are used to obtain a system of dual integral equations, which is then expressed as a Fredholm integral equation. Singular mechanical and electrical fields and field intensity factors of mode I are obtained. The numerical values of various field intensity factors for PZT-6B piezoelectric ceramics are graphically shown for a uniform load and a ring-shaped load, respectively. The effects of the radius of the cylinder on the field intensity factors are investigated.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "The psychometric properties of the Cognitive-Somatic Anxiety Questionnaire in Chinese undergraduate students and clinical patients. Background: The present study was conducted to develop a Chinese version of the 14-item Cognitive-Somatic Anxiety Questionnaire (CSAQ) and examine its psychometric properties.Results: The two-factor model (cognitive and somatic) of the CSAQ was confirmed, and the scale showed an adequate model fit in the student and clinical samples. The CSAQ showed adequate internal consistency (student sample: Cronbach's alpha = 0.82, mean inter-item correlation coefficient = 0.25; clinical sample: Cronbach's alpha = 0.81, mean inter-item correlation coefficient = 0.23) and good stability (2-week test-retest reliability in student sample, 0.84). The coefficient of correlation between CSAQ and overall anxious symptoms MASQ scores among students was 0.64.Methods: The original English version of the CSAQ was first translated into Chinese and then backtranslated and modified until cross-language equivalence was established. This version was then completed by 2168 undergraduate students and 289 clinical patients with mental disorder in China. The Mood and Anxiety Symptoms Questionnaire (MASQ) was also administered to students. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed to examine the two-factor construct, and the CSAQ's internal consistency, test retest reliability, and concurrent and discriminant validity were also evaluated.Conclusions: The Chinese version of the CSAQ is a promising instrument for reliable and valid measurement of anxiety in Chinese populations. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "The media and economic voting in Israel. The premise of the economic voting hypothesis is that citizens vote for the government if the national economy is doing well; otherwise, they vote against it. The causal chain of effects in the economic voting hypothesis starts from the objective economic indicators, moves on to voter perceptions of the economy, and then to the vote. Under the competence hypothesis that is analyzed here, this causal chain is slightly modified, with the objective economy as the first step, voter perceptions of the economic competence of the government as the second step, and then the vote. It is argued that citizens learn about the state of the national economy mainly from the media. Yet, only few studies of economic voting include empirical analyses of the medias role in it. The findings support the competence hypothesis and the important role of the media in it. They underline the valuable contribution of media effects theories, and especially media framing and priming, to our understanding of economic voting.", "label": [5, 47, 49]}
+{"token": "Spermatogenesis of Haplopharynx rostratus (Platyhelminthes, Haplopharyngida). During spermatogenesis, nuclei of spermatids are at first large with an irregular outline, containing chromatin granules; then condense to become round containing dense chromatin; then elongate containing loose fibrillar chromatin. Golgi bodies produce dense granules. Immature sperm in the testis are amoeboid, aflagellate, with numerous peripheral microtubules. Mature sperm in the sperm duct have a nucleated part with a narrow layer of cytoplasm drawn out into two flanges, and a thicker non-nucleated part. Peripheral microtubules and dense thickenings of the plasma membrane are present in both parts. Two symmetrically arranged blunt bristle-like structures, apparently modified large granules that do not reach the surface, are located in the nucleated part. Sperm structure supports the view that Haplopharyngida and Macrostomida are closely related.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Locating' the nation: Football game day and American dreams in central Ohio. This article suggests how abstract ideas like \\\\'nation\\\\' are lived and situated by examining recurring features of American football as it is experienced by spectators in central Ohio. Football-an institutionalized drama formed by its inventors to address questions of national identity and social relations-is embedded within the generically complex event known as \\\\'game day\\\\' and is framed by ongoing social practices that stem from the sport's competitive structure. As a multifaceted event grounded in both historical contexts and live performances, this spectator sport provides an ideal case for highlighting connections among form, ideology, and identity. This article argues that as a celebratory complex, Ohio State University football enacts aspects of national identity (including tropes of competitive opportunity, mechanized teamwork, and homeland defense) in terms of shared experiences and expressions grounded in local affiliations. In particular, the much anticipated and ritually structured performances of the OS U Marching Band guide fans in endorsing \\\\'America\\\\' and its attendant ideologies while simultaneously emphasizing local difference.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "To treat or not to treat; the clinical dilemma of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US). Objective. Management of patients diagnosed on cervical smears with twice consecutively atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US) remains a clinical dilemma. We describe a follow-up of aggressive vs. less aggressive colposcopic treatment in order to determine which treatment is preferable. Design. Retrospective cohort study with a follow-up of 10 years. Setting. Two hospitals in The Netherlands. Population. Women referred for primary colposcopy with two consecutive ASC-US smears (n=230) to either one of the two hospitals. Methods. In one hospital, patients underwent direct loop excision of all colposcopically detected abnormalities, even if not suspected for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN; aggressive strategy; n=118). In the other hospital, a less aggressive policy was followed when low-grade CIN lesions were suspected at colposcopy (less aggressive strategy; n=112). Main Outcome Measures. The number of loop excisions, detection of CIN lesions and cytological follow-up of both groups. Results. Less aggressive management resulted in less loop excisions (p<0.001). At initial colposcopy, the aggressive group showed a 10-fold incidence of histologically detected CIN lesions compared with the less aggressive group (1.8 vs. 19.5%). During 10 years of follow-up, both groups showed the same percentages of CIN lesions (8.1 vs. 8.4%). Aggressive management resulted in faster normalization of cervical smears (p<0.001). However, at final follow-up, there was no statistical difference in the percentage of normalization of cervical smears between both groups. Conclusions. Aggressive and less aggressive colposcopic strategies are equally safe and show good clinical outcomes. Treatment decisions, however, must be adjusted to women's individual demands.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Point-of-sale cigarette pricing strategies and young adult smokers' intention to purchase cigarettes: an online experiment. Background Point-of-sale tobacco marketing has been shown to be related to tobacco use behaviours; however, specific influences of cigarette price discounts, price tiers and pack/carton availability on cigarette purchasing intention are less understood by the tobacco control community. Methods We conducted discrete choice experiments among an online sample of US young adult smokers (aged 18-30 years; n=1823). Participants were presented scenarios depicting their presence at a tobacco retail outlet with varying availability of cigarette price discounts, price tiers and pack/carton. At each scenario, participants were asked whether they would purchase cigarettes. Generalised linear regression models were used to examine the associations between of cigarette price discounts, price tiers and pack/carton with intention to purchase cigarettes overall and stratified by educational attainment. Results Participants chose to purchase cigarettes in 70.9% of the scenarios. Offering price discounts were associated with higher odds of choosing to purchase cigarettes. Reducing the number of cigarette price tiers available in the store was associated with lower odds of choosing to purchase cigarettes. Stratified analysis showed that offering discounts on high-tier cigarette packs increased odds of choosing to purchase cigarettes among young adult smokers with at least some college education, while offering discounts on medium-tier cigarette packs increased odds of choosing to purchase cigarettes among those with some college education or less (eg, with a 10% discount, adjusted odds ratio [AOR](some college)=1.62, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.21 to 2.16; AOR(<= high school)=1.44, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.93). Conclusions Availability of cigarette price discounts, price tiers and pack/carton could potentially influence cigarette purchasing behaviours among young adult smokers. Regulating these marketing strategies may, therefore, reduce education-related smoking disparities.", "label": [2, 21, 23]}
+{"token": "Characterization and resuscitation of 'non-culturable' cells of Legionella pneumophila. Conclusion: These new media could be used to reduce the risk of underestimation of counts of virulent of L. pneumophila cells in environmental samples.Results: We used quantitative microscopic analysis, to investigate this \\\\'resuscitation\\\\' phenomenon in L. pneumophila in a model involving amending solid plating media with ROS scavengers (pyruvate or glutamate), and co-culture with amoebae. Our results suggest that the restoration observed in the presence of pyruvate and glutamate may be mostly due to the capacity of these molecules to help the injured cells to recover after a stress. We report evidence that this extracellular signal leads to a transition from a not-culturable form to a culturable form of L. pneumophila, providing a technique for recovering virulent and previously uncultivated forms of L. pneumophila.Background: Legionella pneumophila is a waterborne pathogen responsible for Legionnaires' disease, an infection which can lead to potentially fatal pneumonia. After disinfection, L. pneumophila has been detected, like many other bacteria, in a \\\\'viable but non culturable\\\\' state (VBNC). The physiological significance of the VBNC state is unclear and controversial: it could be an adaptive response favoring long-term survival; or the consequence of cellular deterioration which, despite maintenance of certain features of viable cells, leads to death; or an injured state leading to an artificial loss of culturability during the plating procedure. VBNC cells have been found to be resuscitated by contact with amoebae.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "The petroleum age. Norwegian security politics in the Post-Cold War era. In the Post-Cold War era, the threat to Norwegian security has changed from a one-dimensional Soviet threat to a multidimensional terrorist threat. The article discusses how Norwegian security has been affected by the country's role as a major exporter of gas and oil. Germany, France and Belgium have now become strategically dependent upon Norwegian gas supplies, which makes closing down Norwegian production in a crisis an unrealistic policy. The article analyses how this dependency exposes Norway to threats from actors who wish to influence large importers of Norwegian energy, arguing that the Norwegian defence needs sufficient resources to avoid being the weakest link in German and French energy supplies. The article advocates that Norwegian defence planning should actively engage states that are dependent upon Norwegian energy supplies on a bilateral basis, using their self-interest in defending the highly vulnerable installations in the North Sea.", "label": [5, 47, 49]}
+{"token": "Soil hydrology and vegetation as impacted by goat grazing in Vertisols and Regosols in semi-arid shrublands of northern Mexico. Shrubland ecosystems are less studied than grasslands regarding the role of domestic grazing on ecosystem degradation in the world, but particularly in Mexico. Of special concern is the paucity of research on soil hydrological responses to the impact of livestock. Here, we assessed the role that specific soil and surface characteristics play in soil hydrology as a response to goat grazing intensity in two different soil types, Regosol and Vertisol, in the Tamaulipan thornscrub of north-eastern Mexico. At each soil unit, a set of grazing regimes was identified, including heavy grazing (HG), moderate grazing (MG) and a no-grazing (NG) reference area, and selected soil properties and plant cover were evaluated. In Regosol sites, soil organic matter varied among all grazing regimes (4.6% higher on NG and 2.1% higher on MG with respect HG) and no dissimilarities on bulk density were recorded. For Vertisol sites, soil bulk density increased with grazing intensity (16% higher on MG and37% higher on HG with respect to NG) whereas plant cover linearly decreased from 86% in NG to 29% in MG and 9% in HG sites. Soil organic matter content for Regosol, and plant cover and soil bulk density for Vertisol appeared as the best indicators of water infiltration and moisture retention for the grazing conditions assessed. Differences in those key driving variables may help explain surface hydrology responses to goat grazing in rangeland soils of Tamaulipan thornscrub ecosystems and possibly on similar rangelands around the world. Clear signs of vegetation degradation were also observed, manifested by a loss in species diversity and plant cover, especially under heavy grazing. This reflects unsustainable livestock management practices that should be avoided. This study contributes to improve our understanding of rangeland degradation processes and justifies devising more sustainable grazing management schemes.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "The development of self-other overlap from childhood to adolescence. This study aimed to clarify the developmental course of self-other overlap from mid-childhood to late adolescence. Results showed that the development of self-other overlap varied across relationship type: whereas self-stranger overlap increased, overlap with mother, father, friend, and classmate all decreased, with that for parents decreasing most.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "ORTHOGONALITY AND LINEAR MAPPINGS IN BANACH MODULES. Using the fixed point method, we prove the Hyers-Ulam stability of linear mappings in Banach modules over a unital C*-algebra and in non-Archimedean Banach modules over a unital C*-algebra associated with the orthogonally Cauchy Jensen additive functional equation.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "SEQUENCE-ANALYSIS OF A GENE-CLUSTER INVOLVED IN METABOLISM OF 2,4,5-TRICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID BY BURKHOLDERIA-CEPACIA AC1100. Burkholderia cepacia AC1100 utilizes 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) as a sole source of carbon and energy. PT88 is a chromosomal deletion mutant of B. cepacia AC1100 and is unable to grow on 2,4,5-T. The nucleotide sequence of a 5.5-kb chromosomal fragment from B. cepacia AC1100 which complemented PT88 for growth on 2,4,5-T was determined. The sequence revealed the presence of six open reading frames, designated ORF1 to ORF6. Five polypeptides were produced when this DNA region was under control of the T7 promoter in Escherichia coli; however, no polypeptide was produced from the fourth open reading frame, ORF4. Homology searches of protein sequence databases were performed to determine if the proteins involved in 2,4,5-T metabolism were similar to other biodegradative enzymes, in addition, complementation studies were used to determine which genes were essential for the metabolism of 2,4,5-T. The first gene of the cluster, ORF1, encoded a 37-kDa polypeptide which was essential for complementation of PT88 and showed significant homology to putative trans-chlorodienelactone isomerases. The next gene, ORF2, was necessary for complementation and encoded a 47-kDa protein which showed homology to glutathione reductases. ORF3 was not essential for complementation; however, both the 23-kDa protein encoded by ORF3 and the predicted amino acid sequence of ORF4 shower homology to glutathione S-transferases. ORF5, which encoded an 11-kDa polypeptide, was essential for growth on 2,4,5-T, but the amino acid sequence did not show homology to those of any known proteins. The last gene of the cluster, ORF6, was necessary for complementation of PT88, and the 32-kDa protein encoded by this gene showed homology to catechol and chlorocatechol-1,2 dioxygenases.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 40]}
+{"token": "Study of bending of laminated composite shells. Part II: shells with a cutout. The bending behaviour of axisymmetric laminated composite shells with a cutout has been investigated using the finite element method based on a higher-order shear deformation theory. The governing equations and the finite element formulation are presented in Part I. Results are presented showing the distributions of deflection and stresses in orthotropic and laminated symmetric/anti-symmetric axisymmetric spherical shells with a central circular cutout with simply supported and clamped boundary conditions subjected to uniform normal pressure. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 11, 12]}
+{"token": "Retinal ganglion cell survival and axon regeneration in Wld(S) transgenic rats after optic nerve crush and lens injury. Results: As previously reported we found that the Wld(S) mutation does not protect RGC bodies after optic nerve crush alone. Surprisingly, we found that Wld(S) transgenic rats did not exhibit the enhanced RGC survival response after combined optic nerve crush and lens injury that was observed in wildtype rats. RGC axon regeneration past the optic nerve lesion site was, however, similar in Wld(S) and wildtypes. Furthermore, activation of retinal glia, previously shown to be associated with enhanced RGC survival and axon regeneration after optic nerve crush and lens injury, was unaffected in Wld(S) transgenic rats.Background: We have previously shown that the slow Wallerian degeneration mutation, whilst delaying axonal degeneration after optic nerve crush, does not protect retinal ganglion cell (RGC) bodies in adult rats. To test the effects of a combination approach protecting both axons and cell bodies we performed combined optic nerve crush and lens injury, which results in both enhanced RGC survival as well as axon regeneration past the lesion site in wildtype animals.Conclusions: RGC axon regeneration is similar between Wld(S) transgenic and wildtype rats, but Wld(S) transgenic rats do not exhibit enhanced RGC survival after combined optic nerve crush and lens injury suggesting that the neuroprotective effects of lens injury on RGC survival may be limited by the Wld(S) protein.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "Current account sustainability in G7 and BRICS: Evidence from a long-memory model with structural breaks. In this paper, we extend the existing literature on current account sustainability by examining the relevance of long memory and structural breaks in modelling the dynamics of current account to gross domestic product (GDP) ratios in G7 and BRICS. Unlike standard unit root tests, which have low power, especially in cases where the series is characterized by a fractional process, the long-memory approach provides an exact measure of the degree of persistence. However, long-memory models are known to overestimate the degree of persistence of the series in the presence of structural breaks. We show that regime changes do exist in both the mean and trend of the current account to GDP ratios. Thus, we test persistence allowing for both smooth and sharp breaks. Our methodology also allows any number of sharp breaks, whereas standard unit root tests only permit either one or two breaks. Hence, our approach is more general and more robust to misspecifications caused by the omission of breaks than standard methods. We show that current accounts are sustainable in both groups of countries, with the G7 and South Africa displaying long-memory behaviour.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Solar Energetic Electron Events Associated with Hard X-Ray Flares. We investigate 16 solar energetic electron (SEE) events measured by WIND/3DP with a double-power-law spectrum and the associated western hard X-ray (HXR) flares measured by RHESSI with good count statistics, from 2002 February to 2016 December. In all the 16 cases, the presence of an SEE power-law spectrum extending down to <= 5 keV at 1 au implies that the SEE source would be high in the corona, at a heliocentric distance of >= 1.3 solar radii, while the footpoint or footpoint-like emissions shown in HXR images suggest that the observed HXRs are likely produced mainly by HXR-producing electrons via thick-target bremsstrahlung processes very low in the corona. We find that for all the 16 cases, the estimated power-law spectral index of HXR-producing electrons is no less than the observed high-energy spectral index of SEEs, and it shows a positive correlation with the high-energy spectral index of SEEs. In addition, the estimated number of SEEs is only similar to 10(-4)-10(-2) of the estimated number of HXR-producing electrons at energies above 30 keV, but with a positive correlation between the two numbers. These results suggest that in these cases, SEEs are likely formed by upward-traveling electrons from an acceleration source high in the corona, while their downward-traveling counterparts may undergo a secondary acceleration before producing HXRs via thick-target bremsstrahlung processes. In addition, the associated He-3/He-4 ratio is positively correlated with the observed high-energy spectral index of SEEs, indicating a possible relation of the He-3 ion acceleration with high-energy SEEs.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Comprehension of degree modifiers by pre-school children: What does it mean to be 'a bit cold'?. Although even young infants were shown to have some understanding of (adjectival) scalarity, studies of children's spontaneous speech suggest that the acquisition of scalar semantics may not yet be completed by the time children enter primary school. In the present study, this hypothesis is tested by investigating the comprehension of diminishers ('a bit') and consequential degree modifiers ('too') modifying relative adjectives (long, warm) in a group of 5-year-old Dutch-speaking children. Based on earlier production studies, it is hypothesized that by age 6 children are adult-like in their comprehension of 'too' and not yet target-like in the comprehension of 'a bit' modifying relative adjectives. The results of the comprehension experiment demonstrate that some children have already acquired the semantics of both 'too' and 'a bit', whereas others still have trouble understanding combinations of relative adjectives with each of these degree adverbs. Furthermore, poor comprehenders need more time to process sentences with 'a bit' compared to the same sentences with 'too', presumably revealing a greater conceptual complexity of diminishers. These findings are consistent with the idea that the acquisition of scalarity has a protracted time course.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Opening Up Open Marxist Theories of the State: A Historical Materialist Critique. Since the late 1980s, Open Marxism has focused on the conceptualisation of the relationship between global capital, the international system and the state-therein lies its original contribution to knowledge. This essay offers a sympathetic reflection on Open Marxist approaches to the state, which emphasises the strength of the definition 'organisation of subjection', yet argues that its validity is undermined by inadvertent structural-functionalist applications, by a tendency to view organisations of subjection as unitary 'political forms' and by assertions that the emergence of the international system is necessarily correlated to the historical globalisation of capital. The article offers a more nuanced alternative as fluid, contradictory organisation of subjection: as a social relation constituting and constituted by broader production relations, the state is a terrain of systematic intra-elite and class struggles.", "label": [5, 47, 49]}
+{"token": "An optical spectroscopic survey of the 3CR sample of radio galaxies with z < 0.3 I. Presentation of the data. We present a homogeneous and 92% complete dataset of optical nuclear spectra for the 113 3CR radio sources with redshifts < 0.3, obtained with the Telescopio Nazionale Galileo. For these sources we could obtain uniform and uninterrupted coverage of the key spectroscopic optical diagnostics. The observed sample, including powerful classical FR II radio-galaxies and FR I, together spanning four orders of magnitude in radio-luminosity, provides a broad representation of the spectroscopic properties of radio galaxies. In this first paper we present an atlas of the spectra obtained, provide measurements of the diagnostic emission line ratios, and identify active nuclei with broad line emission. These data will be used in follow-up papers to address the connection between the optical spectral characteristics and the multiwavelength properties of the sample.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "EMOTIONAL PROCESSING, INTERACTION PROCESS, AND OUTCOME IN CLARIFICATION-ORIENTED PSYCHOTHERAPY FOR PERSONALITY DISORDERS: A PROCESS-OUTCOME ANALYSIS. It is important to understand the change processes involved in psychotherapies for patients with personality disorders (PDs). One patient process that promises to be useful in relation to the outcome of psychotherapy is emotional processing. In the present process outcome analysis, we examine this question by using a sequential model of emotional processing and by additionally taking into account a therapist's appropriate responsiveness to a patient's presentation in clarification-oriented psychotherapy (COP), a humanistic experiential form of therapy. The present study involved 39 patients with a range of PDs undergoing COP. Session 25 was assessed as part of the working phase of each therapy by external raters in terms of emotional processing using the Classification of Affective-Meaning States (CAMS) and in terms of the overall quality of therapist-patient interaction using the Process-Content-Relationship Scale (BIBS). Treatment outcome was assessed pre- and post-therapy using the Global Severity Index (GSI) of the SCL-90-R and the BDI. Results indicate that the good outcome cases showed more self-compassion, more rejecting anger, and a higher quality of therapist-patient interaction compared to poorer outcome cases. For good outcome cases, emotional processing predicted 18% of symptom change at the end of treatment, which was not found for poor outcome cases. These results are discussed within the framework of an integrative understanding of emotional processing as an underlying mechanism of change in COP, and perhaps in other effective therapy approaches for PDs.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Why does society describe itself as global? Re-examining the relation between globalization and the states from a second-order perspective. The article uses the second-order perspective developed by Niklas Luhmann to re-examine the relation between globalization and sovereign states. From a second-order perspective, globalization is redefined as a self-description of society supported by the practice of comparing sovereign states with other sovereign states for the purpose of determining what is global at the present moment in time. The article develops a genealogy in order to account for this particular practice of comparing states with each other in historical terms. The genealogy proceeds by treating the states as spatial units within spatial divisions, while four distinct types of spatial division are discussed and aligned in one sequence: stratified, heterogeneous, homogeneous and meta-division. In some cases, not all spatial units are states. Accordingly, states are not always or not only compared with other states. In this way, the genealogy shows that the practice of comparing states in action behind globalization as a self-description of society is linked with the last two forms of spatial division specifically.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Proposal for an instrument for teacher evaluation at UNAN-Managua. This article describes the procedures applied to the proposal of an evaluation instrument at the National University of Nicaragua, in response to the recently approved curricular changes; and presents the results of the Confirmatory Factor Analysis as applied to the questionnaire, using a scale of four adjectives of ordinal metering. There is a sample of 773 students to analyse the reliability and structural validity through a CFA. Results show that the three-factor model proposed presents high quality indexes of adjustment. The CFA of this model confirms that this questionnaire meets the technical requirements to be applied as an evaluation instrument.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Navigating a complex policy system-Explaining local divergences in Swedish fish stocking policy. Swedish fish stocking policy constitutes an example of the disparate challenges associated with adaptive management theory and the realization thereof. The vast substantial and institutional uncertainties of the policy subsystem have previously been identified as variables that complicate the realization of adaptive policy making. The aim of this paper is to address and tentatively explain differences in regards to how these uncertainties are handled. What regional variances in Swedish fish stocking policy can be distinguished and how can these variations be explained? The empirical analysis shows that Swedish fish stocking policy consists of a wide array of different regional policies. These regional variations are explained by differences in existing implementation resources, policy beliefs and readings of formal regulations. Policy makers can decrease these divergences in two ways; they can either change formal regulations or influence available implementation resources. Both management approaches might have positive as well as negative effects on the subsystem's adaptability. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Pedigree data analysis with crossover interference. We propose a new method for calculating probabilities for pedigree genetic data that incorporates crossover interference using the chi-square models. Applications include relationship inference, genetic map construction, and linkage analysis. The method is based on importance sampling of unobserved inheritance patterns conditional on the observed genotype data and takes advantage of fast algorithms for no-interference models while using reweighting to allow for interference. We show that the method is effective for arbitrarily many markers with small pedigrees.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "MCRO-ECP: Mutation Chemical Reaction Optimization based Energy Efficient Clustering Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks. Wireless sensor networks encounter energy saving as a major issue as the sensor nodes having no rechargeable batteries and also the resources are limited. Clustering of sensors play a pivotal role in energy saving of the deployed sensor nodes. However, in the cluster based wireless sensor network, the cluster heads tend to consume more energy for additional functions such as reception of data, aggregation and transmission of the received data to the base station. So, careful selection of cluster head and formation of cluster plays vital role in energy conservation and enhancement of lifetime of the wireless sensor networks. This study proposes a new mutation chemical reaction optimization (MCRO) which is an algorithm based energy efficient clustering protocol termed as MCRO-ECP, for wireless sensor networks. The proposed protocol is extensively developed with effective methods such as potential energy function and molecular structure encoding for cluster head selection and cluster formation. While developing potential functions for energy conservation, the following parameters are taken into account: neighbor node distance, base station distance, ratio of energy, intra-cluster distance, and CH node degree to make the MCRO-ECP protocol to be potential energy conserver. The proposed protocol is studied extensively and tested elaborately on NS2.35 Simulator under various senarios like varying the number of sensor nodes and CHs. A comparative study between the simulation results derived from the proposed MCRO-ECP protocol and the results of the already existing protocol, shows that MCRO-ECP protocol produces significantly better results in energy conservation, increase network life time, packets received by the BS and the convergence rate.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 37]}
+{"token": "Peircean Faith: Perception, Trust, and Religious Belief in the Conduct of Life. Recent work on Peirce's religious writings has examined his defense of the rational acceptability of religious belief. This essay supplements that discussion with an examination of Peirce's account of faith. Within Peirce's defense of \\\\'A Neglected Argument for the Reality of God\\\\' (1908) in a letter to Lady Welby, he offers a distinctive account of faith as trust. Peirce argues that faith arises from perception and leads to religious belief. What is distinctive about Peirce's view is that it includes the idea that faith arises prior to any properly 'conscious' belief that approaches knowledge. I contend that Peirce offers a non-doxastic account of faith according to which faith precedes and is separable from particular religious beliefs. Following an examination of Peirce's conception of perception, faith, and belief, I discuss a pressing objection to non-doxastic accounts, viz. the fictionalist objection. I conclude by arguing that a Peircean conception of faith copes with the objection and, in turn, provides a promising position from which to defend non-doxastic accounts generally.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Assessment of acquired immune response to Rhipicephalus appendiculatus tick infestation in different goat breeds. Changes in serum gamma globulin levels, numbers of replete female ticks and engorged tick mass were used as parameters to monitor the acquired immune response (antibody mediated immune response) elicited by Rhipicephalus appendiculatus adult tick infestations. Three consecutive Rhipicephalus appendiculatus adult tick infestations were applied to South African Indigenous goats (Nguni), Saanen goats and cross-bred goats (Saanen goats crossed with South African Indigenous goats [Nguni]) under laboratory conditions. During the three consecutive Rhipicephalus appendiculatus adult tick infestations the serum gamma globulin levels increased in all three breeds, whilst the mean replete female tick numbers and engorged tick mass decreased. Even though all three goat breeds exhibited an acquired immune response, the South African Indigenous goats (Nguni) response was significantly higher than that of the Saanen and cross-bred goats. However, the acquired immune response elicited by Saanen goats was significantly lower when compared with cross-bred goats.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Holocene alluvial stratigraphy and response to climate change in the Roaring River valley, Front Range, Colorado, USA. Stratigraphic analyses and radiocarbon geochronology of alluvial deposits exposed along the Roaring River, Colorado, lead to three principal conclusions: (1) the opinion that stream channels in the higher parts of the Front Range are relics of the Pleistocene and nonalluvial under the present climate, as argued in a water-rights trial USA v. Colorado, is untenable, (2) beds of clast-supported gravel alternate in vertical succession with beds of fine-grained sediment (sand, mud, and peat) in response to centennial-scale changes in snowmelt-driven peak discharges, and (3) alluvial strata provide information about Holocene climate history that complements the history provided by cirque moraines, periglacial deposits, and paleontological data. Most alluvial strata are of late Holocene age and record. among other things, that: (1) the largest peak flows since the end of the Pleistocene occurred during the late Holocene; (2) the occurrence of a mid- to late Holocene interval (similar to 2450-1630(?) cal yr BP) of warmer climate, which is not clearly identified in palynological records; and (3) the Little Ice Age climate seems to have had little impact on stream channels, except perhaps for minor (similar to 1 m) incision. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of University of Washington.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "JUDICIAL RESTRAINT IN THE PURSUIT OF JUSTICE. This article examines the reasons in favour of judicial restraint in human- rights adjudication. It seeks to address the worry that a strategy of restraint may lead judges to refrain from protecting rights, or, at least, to refrain from protecting them to an optimal degree. Beyond this, it considers the way in which the concern to protect the reputation of the courts can give rise to judicial restraint. Finally, it explores the possibility that complete honesty may not be the best judicial policy when judges come to justify and explain their reasoning. Judges may have to be restrained about expressing their reasons for restraint.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Role of genomic architecture in the expression dynamics of long noncoding RNAs during differentiation of human neuroblastoma cells. Conclusions: This is the first report detailing dynamical changes of multiple lncRNAs during RA-induced neuroblastoma differentiation. Integration of genomic and transcriptomic levels of information allowed us to demonstrate specific behavior of lncRNAs organized in different genomic architectures. This study also provides a list of lncRNAs with possible roles in neuroblastoma.Background: Mammalian genomes are extensively transcribed producing thousands of long non-protein-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). The biological significance and function of the vast majority of lncRNAs remain unclear. Recent studies have implicated several lncRNAs as playing important roles in embryonic development and cancer progression. LncRNAs are characterized with different genomic architectures in relationship with their associated protein-coding genes. Our study aimed at bridging lncRNA architecture with dynamical patterns of their expression using differentiating human neuroblastoma cells model.Results: LncRNA expression was studied in a 120-hours timecourse of differentiation of human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells into neurons upon treatment with retinoic acid (RA), the compound used for the treatment of neuroblastoma. A custom microarray chip was utilized to interrogate expression levels of 9,267 lncRNAs in the course of differentiation. We categorized lncRNAs into 19 architecture classes according to their position relatively to protein-coding genes. For each architecture class, dynamics of expression of lncRNAs was studied in association with their protein-coding partners. It allowed us to demonstrate positive correlation of lncRNAs with their associated protein-coding genes at bidirectional promoters and for sense-antisense transcript pairs. In contrast, lncRNAs located in the introns and downstream of the protein-coding genes were characterized with negative correlation modes. We further classified the lncRNAs by the temporal patterns of their expression dynamics. We found that intronic and bidirectional promoter architectures are associated with rapid RA-dependent induction or repression of the corresponding lncRNAs, followed by their constant expression. At the same time, lncRNAs expressed downstream of protein-coding genes are characterized by rapid induction, followed by transcriptional repression. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis confirmed the discovered functional modes for several selected lncRNAs associated with proteins involved in cancer and embryonic development.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Family-focussed interventions to reduce harm from smoking in primary school-aged children: A systematic review of evaluative studies. Children living in families where adults smoke are exposed to harmful effects of tobacco smoke and risk a predisposition to smoking initiation. Interventions to support families to reduce risk of harm from smoking have been developed and tested. The purpose of this review is to identify effective family-based interventions used to promote smoke-free home environments in families with primary school age children (aged 5-12 years). A systematic search of MEDLINE, Cochrane and CINAHL electronic databases was conducted. Narrative synthesis of included articles was completed. Guidelines for reporting behaviour change interventions were used to summarise and compare intervention timing, content, intensity and delivery. Quality of included studies was critiqued using United States Preventative Services Taskforce (USPST) procedures for internal and external validity. Narrative synthesis was based on methods described by Popay and colleagues. Nineteen articles that evaluated 14 intervention studies focussed on child smoking prevention (n = 5), parent smoking cessation (n = 4) and environmental tobacco smoke reduction (n = 6). Interventions and outcomes were heterogeneous, and were rarely informed by theoretical frameworks relating to family, parenting or child development. Family based interventions may be an important strategy to reduce the effects of smoking for children. There is a need for interventions to be informed by theory relevant to children, parenting and families. (C) 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Corruption and the shadow economy. This article develops a simple framework for analyzing the links between corruption and the unofficial economy and their implications for the official economy. In a model of self-selection with heterogeneous entrepreneurs, we show that the entrepreneurs' option to flee to the underground economy constrains a corrupt official's ability to introduce distortions to the economy for private gains. The unofficial economy thus mitigates government-induced distortions and, as a result, leads to enhanced economic activities in the official sector. In this sense, the presence of the unofficial sector acts as a complement to the official economy instead of as a substitute.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Shearing characteristics of sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum L.) stalks as a function of the rate of the applied force. This research was carried out to determine the effect of loading rate and internode position on shearing characteristics of sugar cane stalk. The experiments were conducted at three loading rates of 5, 10, and 15 mm min(-1) and at ten internode positions down from the flower. Based on the result obtained, loading rate had significant effect on the shear strength and specific shearing energy of the stalk. With increasing loading rate, the shear strength and specific shearing energy increased. Therefore, lower rates of blades are recommended for reducing energy requirement during harvesting and processing sugar cane stalks. In addition, the internode position had a significant effect on the specific shearing energy, while it did not have significant effect on the shear strength. The specific shearing energy increased towards the lower internodes. The average shear strength was obtained as 3.64 MPa varying from 3.03 to 4.43 MPa. The average specific shearing energy was calculated as 51.41 mJ mm(-2) ranging from 37.42 to 64.25 mJ mm(-2). The results of this study are useful for designing and optimizing equipment associated with harvesting, threshing, and processing", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "A transcriptome-wide association study of 229,000 women identifies new candidate susceptibility genes for breast cancer. The breast cancer risk variants identified in genome-wide association studies explain only a small fraction of the familial relative risk, and the genes responsible for these associations remain largely unknown. To identify novel risk loci and likely causal genes, we performed a transcriptome-wide association study evaluating associations of genetically predicted gene expression with breast cancer risk in 122,977 cases and 105,974 controls of European ancestry. We used data from the Genotype-Tissue Expression Project to establish genetic models to predict gene expression in breast tissue and evaluated model performance using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas. Of the 8,597 genes evaluated, significant associations were identified for 48 at a Bonferroni-corrected threshold of P < 5.82 x 10(-6), including 14 genes at loci not yet reported for breast cancer. We silenced 13 genes and showed an effect for 11 on cell proliferation and/or colony-forming efficiency. Our study provides new insights into breast cancer genetics and biology.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Millisecond pulsars as probes of mass segregation in the Galactic center. We propose a simple test for the existence of a cluster of black hole remnants around Sgr A* that is based on a small sample of any type of Galactic center objects, provided they are substantially less massive than the black holes and constitute part of an old (greater than or similar to 1 Gyr) population. The test relies on the fact that, in the presence of such a cluster of heavy remnants and because of energy equipartition, lower mass objects would be expelled from the central regions and settle into a distribution very different from the cusp expected to be induced by the supermassive black hole alone. We show that with a sample of just 50 objects and using only their angular positions on the sky relative to Sgr A*, it is possible to clearly differentiate between a distribution consistent with the presence of the cluster of black holes and a power-law cusp distribution. We argue that millisecond pulsars might currently be the best candidate to perform this test, because of the large uncertainties involved in the age determination of less exotic objects. In addition, by measuring their first and second period derivatives, millisecond pulsars offer the rare opportunity to determine the complete phase-space information of the objects. We show that this extra information improves the detection of mass segregation by about 30%", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Changes of Soil Moisture from Multiple Sources during 1988-2010 in the Yellow River Basin, China. Soil moisture is a key variable in terrestrial water cycle, playing a key role in the exchange of water and energy in the land-atmosphere interface. The spatiotemporal variations of soil moisture from multiple sources during 1988-2010 are evaluated against in situ observations in the Yellow River basin, China, including the Essential Climate Variable satellite's passive microwave product (SMECV), ERA-Interim reanalysis (SMERA), the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/Department of Energy's Reanalysis-2 (SMNCEP), and the Variable Infiltration Capacity model products (SMVIC). The seasonal soil moisture dynamics of SMECV and SMVIC appear to be consistent with SMin situ , with significant soil drying in spring and wetting in summer. SMERA and SMNCEP, however, fail to capture the soil drying before rainy seasons. Remarkably, SMECV, shows large agreement with SMin situ in terms of the interannual variations and the long-term drying trends. SMVIC captures the interannual variations but fails to have the long-term trends in SMin situ. As for SMERA and SMNCEP, they fail to capture both the interannual variations and the long-term soil drying trends in SMin situ.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "In-farm diversity stabilizes return on capital in Argentine agro-ecosystems. Agricultural production faces risks of various kinds caused by weather, pests, markets, and policy changes. Minimizing these risks is an ongoing objective of farmers. The diversification of activities and the selection of the most stable activities are frequently mentioned as potential stabilizing factors. The aim of this study is to determine the impact of diversification and selection of activities on economic stability over time in a set of farms located in the southwest of the Pampa Region, Argentina. We use the coefficient of variation of return on capital as indicator of economic stability. These farms routinely evaluate their economic performance through a shared methodology. We compiled a data set that included 366 annual productive and economic results for 82 farms in 7 years between 2000 and 2008. We analyzed the economic and yield results of these farms and of a set of simulated farms that differentially combined various activities. We found that a greater diversification of activities was associated with an increase of stability, measured by a reduction of the coefficient of variation of return on capital as diversification increased. This effect resulted from a significant increase of mean return on capital without changing the standard deviation as diversification increased. We also found significant differences in this indicator of economic stability of individual activities as a result of different combinations of variability in yields, prices and costs. Birth to slaughter livestock operation was much more economically stable than either cow-calf or fattening operations. Wheat was the most stable crop, corn was the least stable crop, and sunflower and soybean showed intermediate stability. Overall, livestock activities were more stable than agricultural crops. Simulated farms showed that more diversified combinations were economically more stable. The stability of the average real farm was very similar to the most stable farm simulation. This suggests that farmers in the study area have found in the diversification and selection of activities useful tools to reduce the economic risks they face. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "EXPLORING THE EXTENSION OF CONSUMER ETHNOCENTRISM ON ETHNOCENTRIC BUSINESS ORIENTATION OF YOUNG ADULTS FROM TWO COUNTRIES. Many consumer studies have confirmed that in different international settings ethnocentric consumers mostly prefer domestic products. Consequently, consumer ethnocentrism has been considered as a prominent informal barrier for international trade. Even though an ethnocentrism as a personal trait has been a subject of international management studies, ethnocentrism was rarely observed within a context of managers' or owners' decisions that affect business orientations. The purpose of this study was to explore a link among consumer ethnocentrism and ethnocentric business orientations of graduate students as future managers and business owners. The main goal was to and derive implications relevant for consumer and organizational marketing in international environment. The main motivation behind the study was to explore potential extension of consumer ethnocentrism on managerial ethnocentric decision making, and consequently, on ethnocentric business orientation. Research was conducted on a convenience sample of 219 business economics graduates from the University of Rijeka, Croatia and from the University of Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Multi-Group Structural Equation Modeling has been employed to explore a linkage among observed concepts. Empirical results indicated a differences among sub-samples from two countries in level of consumer ethnocentrism and its impacts on preferences towards domestic products. However, significant positive relation has been found between consumer ethnocentrism and ethnocentric business orientation in case of both observed groups. Consumer ethnocentrism has been confirmed as predictor of ethnocentric tendencies towards domestic products as well as predictor of ethnocentric business orientations of youth as a future managers and business owners. Research results confirmed that consumer ethnocentrism can be extended from consumer preferences and orientation towards domestic products to managers' ethnocentric decision making, providing ethnocentric business orientation.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "Low-temperature time-resolved vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy of self-trapped excitons in KH2PO4 crystals. A complex investigation of the dynamics of electronic excitations in potassium dihydrophosphate (KDP) crystals is performed by low-temperature time-resolved vacuum ultraviolet optical luminescence spectroscopy with subnanosecond time resolution and with selective photoexcitation by synchrotron radiation. For KDP crystals, data on the kinetics of the photoluminescence (PL) decay, time-resolved PL spectra (2-6.2 eV), and time-resolved excitation PL spectra (4-24 eV) at 10 K were obtained for the first time. The intrinsic character of the PL of KDP in the vicinity of 5.2 eV, which is caused by the radiative annihilation of self-trapped excitons (STEs), is ascertained; sigma and pi bands in the luminescence spectra of the STEs, which are due to singlet and triplet radiative transitions, are resolved; and the shift of the sigma band with respect to the pi band in the spectra of the STEs is explained. (C) 2003 MAIK \\\\'Nauka/Interperiodica\\\\'.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Risks scenarios frameworks in the context of an oil refinery installation at Pernambuco State. The magnitude of the environmental and social problems due to urbanization, industrialization and exhaustion of natural resources has shown an increase in the impact on health and environment. Paradoxically, the consumption patterns demand for the expansion in the industrial production based on the exploitation of the non-renewable resources, which technological risks, especially from the petrochemical industry, have put difficulties on the risk control and health surveillance. The petroleum refining is an activity potentially damageable to the environment and human health, particularly to workers. The main objective of this study was to characterize the scenarios of risk to environmental health due to an oil refinery installation in the Metropolitan Region of Recife (Pernambuco). Based on secondary data and literature review, a Social Reproduction Matrix was made contextualizing the problems in the biological, consciousness and conduct, economic, policy and ecological dimensions, enabling to presume the risks to support the health surveillance development and organization in the state, with intersectoriality, social participation, and able to intervene on risks and prevent diseases among the workers and people in the territory.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Increase in Legionnaires' disease cases associated with travel to Dubai among travellers from the United Kingdom, Sweden and the Netherlands, October 2016 to end August 2017. Between 1 October 2016 and 31 August 2017, 51 Legionnaires' disease (LD) cases from the United Kingdom, Sweden and the Netherlands were identified with associated travel to Dubai. Cases did not all stay in the same accommodation, indicating that no single accommodation could be the source for all these infections. While local investigations continue into other potential sources, clinicians should remain alert to the possibility of LD among travellers returning from Dubai with respiratory illness.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Inhibition from blinked category labels: Combining the attentional blink and the semantic priming paradigm. In the present experiment we combined the attentional blink and the semantic priming paradigm. We used category labels as primes and category exemplars as targets. The prime stimuli were embedded into a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) stream and presented at varying positions after a to-be-identified stimulus, albeit the stimulus-onset asynchrony between primes and targets remained constant throughout the experiment. As a result, participants' prime awareness was reduced in some trials although the prime duration was always at levels usually considered to elicit awareness (60 ms). After each RSVP there was a forced choice discrimination test to assess participants' prime awareness. When subjects could not identify the prime stimuli we observed slower responses to related as compared to unrelated targets. This result confirms results found with repeated masked primes. However, whereas former studies assessed unawareness rather coarsely at the level of individual participants, here unawareness was tested on a trial-by-trial basis.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "The foraging ecology of the gray rat snake (Elaphe obsoleta spiloides). III. Searching for different prey types in structurally varied habitats. Dietary generalists foraging for prey inhabiting different microhabitats may encounter different levels of structural complexity. We examined the effect of variation in prey type on the predation success and behaviors of the semi-arboreal gray rat snake (Elaphe obsoleta spiloides) foraging in structurally varied habitats. Individual snakes searched for contents of arboreal birds' nests or for small rodents in enclosures that simulated a bottomland hardwood forest habitat with one of five levels of vegetation density. Latency to prey capture was lower when the snakes were searching for small rodents than when they were searching for birds' nests, and lower for male snakes than for females. Generally, snakes were most successful when searching for prey in enclosures with low levels of structural complexity, and experienced decreased predation success in barren or highly complex habitats. Habitats with low levels of structural complexity may offer the snakes concealment from predation while not obscuring their perception or pursuit of prey. Of behavior durations measured in the trials, over 95% concerned 6 of the 20 behaviors described, and 3 of these occurred more often than the others, regardless of variation in the structural complexity of the habitat. Foraging gray rat snakes exhibited behaviors characteristic of active and ambush foraging strategies that increased their predation success on different prey types in the varied environments.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Sediment distribution pattern of the South Caspian Sea: possible hydroclimatic implications. The south Caspian subbasin extends from the foot of the Alborz Mountains to the deepest part of Caspian Sea. The lithological background and tectonic setting of the study area primarily control the deposition of thick sedimentary sequences of the basin, while hydroclimatic processes exert secondary impacts on the sediment distribution pattern. To evaluate past hydroclimatic changes, short sediment cores were retrieved from the continental shelf and upper slope of the south Caspian Sea and were treated for basic sedimentological properties and mineralogy. The results show that the sediments are composed of terrigenous, biogenic, and chemical components. The chemical component has a significant signature in the internal structure of the sediment, which reflects degradation of organic material due to a succession of aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Aerobic conditions reflect the extreme climatic conditions that lead to formation of well-oxygenated deep water in lowstands and extremely cold winters, when dense oxygenated water is allowed to touch the bottom sediments. The sediment distribution pattern demonstrates three distinctive areas in the southern continental margin with different organic matter and carbonate content. Fluvial inputs and wave hydrodynamics control the sediment properties and their distribution pattern in the upper shelf, while in deeper parts, the dynamics of water stratification and its temporal and long-term variations, relating to climate and water level changes, determine sediment composition. Overall, the sedimentary distribution pattern is a result of their sources in the catchment basin and the hydroclimate of the Caspian Sea.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Attenuation of a Pathogenic Mycoplasma Strain by Modification of the obg Gene by Using Synthetic Biology Approaches. IMPORTANCE Animal diseases due to mycoplasmas are a major cause of morbidity and mortality associated with economic losses for farmers all over the world. Currently used mycoplasma vaccines exhibit several drawbacks, including low efficacy, short time of protection, adverse reactions, and difficulty in differentiating infected from vaccinated animals. Therefore, there is a need for improved vaccines to control animal mycoplasmoses. Here, we used genome engineering tools derived from synthetic biology approaches to produce targeted mutations in the essential GTPase-encoding obg gene of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri. Some of the resulting mutants exhibited a marked temperature-sensitive phenotype. The virulence of one of the obg mutants was evaluated in a caprine septicemia model and found to be strongly reduced. Although the obg mutant reverted to a virulent phenotype in one infected animal, we believe that these results contribute to a strategy that should help in building new vaccines against animal mycoplasmoses.Mycoplasma species are responsible for several economically significant livestock diseases for which there is a need for new and improved vaccines. Most of the existing mycoplasma vaccines are attenuated strains that have been empirically obtained by serial passages or by chemical mutagenesis. The recent development of synthetic biology approaches has opened the way for the engineering of live mycoplasma vaccines. Using these tools, the essential GTPase-encoding gene obg was modified directly on the Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri genome cloned in yeast, reproducing mutations suspected to induce a temperature-sensitive (TS+) phenotype. After transplantation of modified genomes into a recipient cell, the phenotype of the resulting M. mycoides subsp. capri mutants was characterized. Single-point obg mutations did not result in a strong TS+ phenotype in M. mycoides subsp. capri, but a clone presenting three obg mutations was shown to grow with difficulty at temperatures of >= 40 degrees C. This particular mutant was then tested in a caprine septicemia model of M. mycoides subsp. capri infection. Five out of eight goats infected with the parental strain had to be euthanized, in contrast to one out of eight goats infected with the obg mutant, demonstrating an attenuation of virulence in the mutant. Moreover, the strain isolated from the euthanized animal in the group infected with the obg mutant was shown to carry a reversion in the obg gene associated with the loss of the TS+ phenotype. This study demonstrates the feasibility of building attenuated strains of mycoplasma that could contribute to the design of novel vaccines with improved safety.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "The dual isotopes of deep nitrate as a constraint on the cycle and budget of oceanic fixed nitrogen. We compare the output of an 18-box geochemical model of the ocean with measurements to investigate the controls on both the mean values and variation of nitrate delta N-15 and delta O-18 in the ocean interior. The delta O-18 of nitrate is our focus because it has been explored less in previous work. Denitrification raises the delta N-15 and delta O-18 of mean ocean nitrate by equal amounts above their input values for N-2 fixation (for delta N-15) and nitrification (for delta O-18), generating parallel gradients in the delta N-15 and delta O-18 of deep ocean nitrate. Partial nitrate assimilation in the photic zone also causes equivalent increases in the delta N-15 and delta O-18 of the residual nitrate that can be transported into the interior. However, the regeneration and nitrification of sinking N can be said to decouple the N and O isotopes of deep ocean nitrate, especially when the sinking N is produced in a low latitude region, where nitrate consumption is effectively complete. The delta N-15 of the regenerated nitrate is equivalent to that originally consumed, whereas the regeneration replaces nitrate previously elevated in delta O-18 due to denitrification or nitrate assimilation with nitrate having the delta O-18 of nitrification. This lowers the delta O-18 of mean ocean nitrate and weakens nitrate delta O-18 gradients in the interior relative to those in delta N-15. This decoupling is characterized and quantified in the box model, and agreement with data shows its clear importance in the real ocean. At the same time, the model appears to generate overly strong gradients in both delta O-18 and delta N-15 within the ocean interior and a mean ocean nitrate delta O-18 that is higher than measured. This may be due to, in the model, too strong an impact of partial nitrate assimilation in the Southern Ocean on the delta N-15 and delta O-18 of preformed nitrate and/or too little cycling of intermediate-depth nitrate through the low latitude photic zone. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Two obesity susceptibility loci in LYPLAL1 and ETV5 independently associated with childhood hypertension in Chinese population. Methods: Nineteen candidate SNPs were genotyped using Sequenom MassARRAY platform among Chinese children (N = 2954, 514 hypertension and 2440 controls, aged 7-17 years). Dietary behaviors were assessed through face to face investigations.Results: Of the nineteen obese related SNPs, ten SNPs were found to be associated with systolic blood pressure (SBP) or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in Chinese children. After adjusting for age, sex and WHtR, rs2605100 in LYPLAL1 was found to be associated with high blood pressure (HBP) under dominant model (P = 0.024) with the OR of 1.274 (95% CI = 1.033-1.572, effect genotype = GG). The distribution of genotype of rs7647305 in ETV5 showed significant difference between HBP and non-HBP subjects under dominant model (P = 0.011) with the OR of 0.654 (95% CI = 0.471-0.909, effect genotype = CC). Using rs2605100 and rs7647305, the genetic risk score (GRS) analysis showed that, after adjusted for age, sex and WHtR, subjects carrying one or two risk alleles had the risks of hypertension with the ORs 1.797 (95% CI, 1.168-2.765), 2.149 (95% CI, 1.375-3.357) comparing with the subjects with non-risk-allele.Conclusions: Genetic variations of obesity-associated loci, LYPLAL1 rs2605100 and ETV5 rs7647305 independently associate with the risk of childhood hypertension in China.Aims: Genome-wide association studies have identified novel obesity-associated susceptibility loci. Associations of these variants with childhood obesity have been studied in our previous research. The purpose of this study is to investigate if these loci are associated with hypertension being independent of obesity in Chinese children and adolescents.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Quality and Quantity of Diffuse and Focal White Matter Disease and Cognitive Disability of Patients with Multiple Sclerosis. Twenty-four patients and 24 healthy volunteers (age, sex, and years of education-matched) underwent a 3.0 Tesla (3T) scan and evaluation of depression, fatigue, and CI using the Minimal Assessment of Cognitive Function in MS (MACFIMS) battery.In this clinically relatively well-preserved cohort of patients (median score on the Expanded Disability Status Scale = 1.5), CI was detected on Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT), California Verbal Learning Test-II (CVLT-II), and Controlled Oral Word Association Test. MT data were available in 19 pairs on whom correlation analyses were performed. Associations were seen between SDMT and normalized NAWM volume (P = .034, r = .502), CVLT-II long delay and normalized NAWM volume (P = .012, r = .563), WM-LV (P = .024, r = .514), and BPF (P = .002, r = .666).RESULTSCONCLUSIONSUsing high-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we investigated the relationships between white matter (WM) lesion volume (LV), normal-appearing WM (NAWM) normalized volume, WM-lesion and NAWM magnetization transfer ratios (MTRs), brain parenchyma fraction (BPF), and cognitive impairment (CI) in multiple sclerosis (MS).METHODSThe use of 3T MRI in a sample of clinically stable MS patients shows the importance of WM disease in hampering processing speed and word retrieval.BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE", "label": [2, 17, 21]}
+{"token": "Environmental and Physiological Variables During the Catching of Broilers. The objective of this study was to determine the critical points of the operation of broiler catching for transport to the processing plant from animal and operational perspectives. During catching, chickens, environmental variables (temperature and relative humidity) were constantly monitored to determine the Enthalpy Comfort Index (IEC). Also, the physiological variable rectal temperature (RT) was monitored as an indicator of stress suffered by the birds during this handling procedure. Bird welfare were evaluated by analyzing their behavior. The bag method was effective to prevent the struggling of birds while being taken from the broiler house to the transport truck, reducing physical injuries and losses during catching.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Burden of lower respiratory infections in the Eastern Mediterranean Region between 1990 and 2015: findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study. We used data from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study (GBD) to calculate the burden of lower respiratory infections (LRIs) in the 22 countries of the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) from 1990 to 2015.Our findings call for public health strategies to reduce the level of risk factors in each age group, especially vulnerable child and elderly populations.We conducted a systematic analysis of mortality and morbidity data for LRI and its specific etiologic factors, including pneumococcus, Haemophilus influenzae type b, Respiratory syncytial virus, and influenza virus. We used modeling methods to estimate incidence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). We calculated burden attributable to known risk factors for LRI.In 2015, LRIs were the fourth-leading cause of DALYs, causing 11,098,243 (95% UI 9,857,095-12,396,566) DALYs and 191,114 (95% UI 170,934-210,705) deaths. The LRI DALY rates were higher than global estimates in 2015. The highest and lowest age-standardized rates of DALYs were observed in Somalia and Lebanon, respectively. Undernutrition in childhood and ambient particulate matter air pollution in the elderly were the main risk factors.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Exploring Antipredator Mechanisms: New Findings in Ceratophryid Tadpoles. Previous studies found that two larvae of the family Ceratophryidae, Ceratophrys ornata (Ornate Horned Frogs) and Ceratophrys cranwelli (Cranwell's Horned Frogs), are able to produce underwater sounds as an antipredator strategy. Here, we determined whether tadpoles of another ceratophryid, Lepidobatrachus llanensis (Llanos Frogs), also produce underwater sounds in similar contexts of intraspecific interactions. Moreover, to compare the mechanism displayed by Ceratophrys spp. with related species, we tested the existence of an antipredator mechanism (= behavior) in L. llanensis tadpoles that diminishes the frequency of predation between conspecifics in the presence of heterospecific prey. Lepidobatrachus llanensis tadpoles exhibited an antipredator mechanism that is displayed on intraspecific interactions. Extensive trials failed to reveal sound production (in the 20 hertz [Hz]-20 kilohertz [kHz] range) in L. llanensis, contrasting our observations on Ceratophrys spp. Nevertheless, L. llanensis tadpoles recognized conspecifics because they consistently avoided each other. Under the experimental conditions described, we found L. llanensis tadpoles first eat all heterospecific prey and only then switch to cannibalism. Tadpoles began eating conspecifics only when prey were scarce and after a period of hunger. Moreover, cannibalistic events increased at higher predator-prey proportions. When comparing the number of events of cannibalism recorded for L. llanensis and the related C. cranwelli, under the same experimental conditions, we concluded that L. llanensis cannibalize 1.5 times more often. The genus Lepidobatrachus has distinctive and unique morphological characters that are divergent from its relatives (Ceratophrys, Chacophrys). The antipredator mechanism in L. llanensis contrasts those of Ceratophrys spp. and may be yet another differing characteristic of this group.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Trade Competition and Worker Compensation: Why Do Some Receive More than Others?. Dealing with the distributional consequences of trade liberalization has become one of the key challenges facing developed democracies. Governments have created compensation programs to ease labor market adjustment, but these resources tend to be distributed highly unevenly. What accounts for the variation? Looking at the largest trade adjustment program in existence, the US' Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA), we argue that petitions for compensation are largely driven by legislative attitudes. When legislators express negative views of TAA, individuals in their districts become less likely to petition for, and receive, compensation. This effect is especially pronounced in Republican districts. An underprovision of TAA, in turn, renders individuals more likely to demand other forms of government support, like in-kind medical benefits. We use roll-call votes, bill sponsorships, and floor speeches to measure elite attitudes, and we proxy for the demand for trade adjustment using economic shocks from Chinese import competition. In sum, we show how the individual beliefs of political elites can be self-fulfilling.", "label": [5, 47, 49]}
+{"token": "The cinema applied to university teaching. Proposed sequence of learning for Sociology of Work. Currently the application and use of new technologies has become widespread in different areas of our life, extending beyond leisure and entertainment and becoming a tool for work and knowledge. Audiovisual culture is not limited to fun but replaces/complements other more traditional forms of knowledge transmission. In this context, new tools appear feasible to become didactic resources for use in the teaching environment. Within this framework the idea of using cinema as a pedagogical resource arises. In itself this possibility is not new since there are proposals, actions, and experiences made with different educational objectives at all levels of education. This research, therefore, proposes not so much to present the cinema as a valid didactic resource but to find a sequence of learning that distances or minimizes the risk of the activity being a mere entertainment and reaches the maximum of knowledge. The objective of this practical work is to frame the viewing of a film as a didactic resource complementary to others, within a concrete sequence of learning. Thus, an initiative was implemented to address the change of a productive model and its consequences within the scope of Sociology of Work using a previously selected filmography. The experience showed that this activity had the enthusiasm of students, favored the reading of specialized articles on the subject, and led to the individual reflection on the concepts exposed in the classroom.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Changes in headspace volatile attributes of apple cider resulting from thermal processing and storage. One attribute that frequently reflects a product's organoleptic impact is its aroma. In research presented here, a Fox-3000 Electronic Nose was used to determine and compare the aromatic profiles of samples of apple cider subjected to various thermal treatments. Initial results have indicated that exposure to temperatures of up to 90 degreesC for approximately 28 s acts to stabilize the aromatic properties of apple cider over a 7-day period. In contrast, there are significant changes in the aromatic profiles of fresh apple cider having no such thermal treatment over the same time period. A comparison of samples thermally treated at 60, 70, and 80 degreesC to non-processed cider showed minimal statistical difference on the basis of similarity indices obtained after 24-h of storage of the samples at 4 degreesC. Treatment at 90 degreesC showed significant differences from the unprocessed samples in the same test sequence. After storage for 7-days, samples that were thermally treated exhibited minimal differences from each other, however, were quite different from the non-processed sample on the basis of similarity index analysis. GC analysis was done to confirm potential differences between the samples measured using the electronic nose. Sensory testing is required to determine whether these differences affect the overall quality perception by consumers. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Lock-free reference counting. Assuming the existence of garbage collection makes it easier to design implementations of dynamic-sized concurrent data structures. However, this assumption limits their applicability. We present a methodology that, for a significant class of data structures, allows designers to first tackle the easier problem of designing a garbage-collection-dependent implementation, and then apply our methodology to achieve a garbage-collection-independent one. Our methodology is based on the well-known reference counting technique, and employs the double compare-and-swap operation.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Gone with the wind: sequencing its type species supports inclusion of Cryptolechia in Gyalecta (Ostropales: Gyalectaceae). Cryptolechia carneolutea is the type species of the genus Cryptolechia, a rare taxon classified as endangered in the UK, now largely confined to ancient Fraxinus trees. The only tree with abundant growth of the species in one of its strongholds, the Slapton Ley National Nature Reserve in Devon, was blown over in a storm in April 2017, making it possible to collect material for molecular studies and transplant specimens to other Fraxinus trees in the area. The results of the phylogenetic analysis revealed C. carneolutea to be nested within the genus Gyalecta (Gyalectaceae). This further supports a broad circumscription of Gyalecta, after also including species previously placed in Belonia and Pachyphiale as proposed in other recent studies. It might be possible to introduce an alternative genus concept in Gyalectaceae, not schematically based on ascoma type and ascospore number, but presently not enough data are available to proceed with such a novel classification. A review of the taxonomic concept of Cryptolechia demonstrates that this name was used inconsistently in the past, and its possible inclusion in Gyalecta was anticipated by other authors. As the majority of species presently classified in Cryptolechia had been placed in Gyalecta before, only five new combinations are required to provide formal inclusion of all taxa in the latter genus: Gyalecta bicellulata (Kalb) D. Hawksw. & Lucking comb. nov., G. caudata (Kalb) D. Hawksw. & Lucking comb. nov., G. pittieriana (Kalb et al.) D. Hawksw. & Lucking comb. nov., G. saxatilis (Vezda) D. Hawksw. & Lucking comb. nov. and G. stellaris (Mull. Arg.) D. Hawksw. & Lucking comb. nov. We also supersede the previous lectotypification of Parmelia carneolutea Turner with the discovery of the holotype specimen in BM.", "label": [4, 0, 39, 9]}
+{"token": "Review of Glaphyrosoma (Orthoptera: Stenopelmatoidea: Anostostomatidae), including new species and biological information. We describe four new Glaphyrosoma species: G. brevivaginalis n. sp., G. huasteca n. sp., G. paragracile n. sp. and G. unumtympana n. sp. We redescribe and provide new distributional data for G. gracile, G. mexicanum and G. stephanosoltis. The subfamily status to tribe Glaphyrosomatini is proposed and a key to identify the genera is provided. The key to Glaphyrosoma species is updated to include the species here described. Finally, we present karyotype data and drumming information for selected species.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "To What Extent Do Public Authorities Verify the Cost-Effectiveness of Guarantees for Credit to SMEs?. SMEs access to finance is facilitated through publicly supported guarantee arrangements for credit extended by banks to SMEs. The need for evaluating the performance of such arrangements has been recognised, but the results from an OECD/EC survey on actual evaluation practices suggest that there is considerable discrepancy in several countries between actual practices and what might be considered \\\\'good practices\\\\' in assessing the performance of these arrangements. Policy makers in these countries appear to trust in the net economic benefits of such interventions to such an extent that they do not feel obliged to produce robust \\\\'hard evidence\\\\' supporting this view.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Animal-level factors associated with the achievement of desirable specifications in Irish beef carcasses graded using the EUROP classification system. Beef carcasses in Europe are classified on measures of carcass weight, conformation, and fat cover. These measurements provide the basis for payment to producers, with financial penalties for carcasses that do not conform to desirable characteristics. The objective of the present study was to identify animal-level factors associated with the achievement of a desirable carcass weight, conformation score, fat score, and age at harvest, as stipulated by Irish beef processors in accordance with the EUROP carcass classification system. The stipulated specifications were a EUROP conformation score >= O=, a carcass weight between 270 and 380 kg, a EUROP fat score between 2+ and 4=, and an age at harvest <= 30 mo. In the present study, 59% of cattle failed to achieve at least one of these desired specifications. The logit of the probability of achieving the desired specifications was estimated using multivariable logistic regression and carcass data from 4,717,989 cattle finished and harvested in Ireland between the years 2003 and 2017. In comparison to beef-origin carcasses and after accounting for breed differences, the likelihood of dairy-origin carcasses achieving the desired age, conformation, fat, and weight specifications was 0.97, 0.88,1.14, and 1.05, respectively. In comparison to heifer carcasses, the odds ratio (OR) of bull and steer carcasses simultaneously achieving all of the desired specifications (i.e. the overall specification) was 0.35 and 0.95, respectively. Additionally, after accounting for breed differences, heifers from the dairy herd were half as likely as heifers from the beef herd to achieve the overall specification, whereas the odds of dairy-origin bulls (OR = 3.46) and steers (OR = 2.41) achieving the overall specification was greater than that of their respective beef-origin counterparts. Finally, cattle with a greater breed proportion of Angus were most likely to achieve the overall specification. Results from the present study could provide a deeper understanding as to why animals fail to achieve desirable carcass specifications and could be implemented into the management decisions made on farm to ensure that the supply of beef carcasses that achieve the desired metrics is maximized.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Antecedents and consequence of Korean and Japanese new product advantage. From plasma flat-screen TVs to hybrid gas-electric cars, a wide range of new products are being introduced by South Korean and Japanese companies to eager buyers around the world. These new products are often perceived as more innovative, unique, and satisfying compared to competitive offerings, i.e. as advantageous. To understand how Korean and Japanese firms are injecting advantage into new products, and whether this quality leads to higher product performance, we conducted a survey of nearly 260 innovation managers in the two countries. Customer orientation, cross-functional integration, and new product team proficiency were identified as antecedents of, or contributors to, new product advantage, though the effects were not uniform across Korea and Japan. Importantly as well, higher new product performance was a significant consequence of new product advantage in both countries. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "Examination of Dosing of Antipsychotic Drugs for Relapse Prevention in Patients With Stable Schizophrenia A Meta-analysis. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guideline, all parameters in duplicate were extracted and frequentist dose-response random-effects meta-analyses were conducted.IMPORTANCE The doses of antipsychotic drugs needed for relapse prevention in schizophrenia is a debated issue.OBJECTIVE To examine dose-response findings in ameta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.DATA SOURCES Studies were identified through the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group's Study-Based Register of Trials (March 9, 2020), PubMed (January 1, 2021), and previous reviews. First authors and/or pharmaceutical companies were contacted for additional information.STUDY SELECTION Two reviewers independently selected randomized clinical trials that compared fixed doses of a second-generation antipsychotic, haloperidol, or fluphenazine for relapse prevention in patients with stable schizophrenia.MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Study-defined relapse (primary outcome), rehospitalization, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale or Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale total score reduction from baseline, all-cause discontinuation, and dropouts due to adverse events.RESULTS Evidence from 72 dose arms from 26 studies with 4776 participants was analyzed. The efficacy-related dose-response curves had a hyperbolic shape meaning that the probability to relapse decreased rapidly with doses of up to 5-mg/d risperidone equivalent (relative relapse risk, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.31-0.57; standardized mean difference for Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale total score reduction, -0.55; 95% CI, -0.68 to -0.41), but flattened thereafter. In contrast, dropouts due to adverse events continued to increase beyond this dose (relative risk at 5mg/d, 1.38; 95% CI, 0.87-2.55; relative risk at 15mg/d, 2.68; 95% CI, 1.49-4.62). In a subgroup analysis of patients in remission, a plateau was reached earlier, at approximately 2.5-mg/d risperidone equivalent.CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The findings of this meta-analysis suggest that doses higher than approximately 5-mg/d risperidone equivalent may provide limited additional benefit for relapse prevention but more adverse events. For patients in remission or who are receiving high-potency first-generation antipsychotics, doses as low as 2.5-mg/d risperidone equivalent may be sufficient. However, caution is needed at this low dose end when further decreases of dose may be accompanied by a disproportionally higher relapse risk. Moreover, the observations are averages, and factors such as slow or rapid metabolism, age, illness stage, comorbidities, and drug-drug interactions suggest that individual patients will often need higher or lower doses.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Controlling Voltage Reversal in Microbial Fuel Cells. Microbial fuel cell (MFC) systems have been developed for potential use as power sources, along with several other applications, with bacteria as the prime factor enabling electrocatalytic activity. Limited voltage and current production from unit cells limit their practical applicability, so stacking multiple MFCs has been proposed as a way to increase power production. Special attention is paid to voltage reversal (VR), a common occurrence in stacked MFCs, and to identifying the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon. We also proposed realistic perspectives on stacked MFCs in an effort to control and suppress VR by balancing the kinetics in the system, such as using enriched electroactive microorganisms or altering the circuitry mode.", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "Assessment of the magnetospheric contribution to the suprathermal ions in Saturn's foreshock region. [1] Nineteen months of Cassini Plasma Spectrometer measurements are surveyed for episodes of suprathermal ions upstream from Saturn's bow shock. A total of 45 hours of mass-resolved observations are obtained. Suprathermal ions ( between 3 and 50 keV/q) in Saturn's foreshock are found to be dominantly comprised of H+ and ions with m/q = 2, presumably solar wind He++, with no detectable contribution from magnetospheric water group ions. In light of the dominant contribution of water group ions to the hot plasma of the outer magnetosphere, it thus appears that magnetospheric leakage is not a significant source of upstream ions in this energy range. One implication is that the more energetic O+ ions reported recently most likely originate from direct leakage of already-energized magnetospheric particles, rather than from their upstream acceleration by bow shock-related processes.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Graphene milling dynamics during helium ion beam irradiation. We explore the potential of the Helium Ion Microscope (HIM) as a tool for direct-write patterning of graphene and describe the underlying processes of graphene milling with image data processing. Controlled helium ion irradiation of suspended graphene conducted while monitoring the mill in-situ revealed the localized formation of nanopores, their growth, and coalescence. We also explore the effects of defects on the milling dynamics, and show that pre-exposed membranes rupture by cracking and rapid crack propagation at the edges of the growing defects. The mechanism for the rupturing process is described by local defect formation by excessive irradiation of helium ions, dictated by the scanning direction of the beam. These findings enrich fundamental understanding of the graphene milling process with a helium ion beam that, is necessary for high-resolution and high throughput patterning of graphene with nanoscale precision. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 1, 33, 11]}
+{"token": "Use of phytotoxic rice crop residues for weed management. There is a general perception among Cambodian rice (Oryza sativa) farmers that, after harvesting, rice crop residues that are incorporated into the field benefit the growth of the subsequent rice crop. However, the effect of this action upon weed establishment and growth has not yet been considered. A series of pot and field trials were conducted to determine whether such action could inhibit weed establishment and/or growth. The pot studies first evaluated the response of the test plant (rice line ST-3) and three weed species, barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli), small umbrella sedge (Cyperus difformis), and water primrose (Ludwigia octovalves), to the residue of 16 rice lines and the field trials were later conducted to evaluate the response of the same test plants to the residue of seven putatively allelopathic rice lines and one non-allelopathic rice line. The residue of all the studied rice lines, depending on how long they had been incorporated into the soil, reduced the establishment and growth of all three weed species, as well as the rice crop. However, if the residue's incorporation was delayed by 2 weeks or only a proportion of the residue was incorporated, the rice crop could withstand the growth-inhibiting effect, while the inhibition of the establishment and growth of the three weed species was retained. These responses of rice and the weeds to rice crop residues might provide a basis for a weed management strategy, particularly in the resource-poor rice-production systems of Cambodia.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Negative Moods as the Only Possible Locus of Ontological Experience. In this article, I set out to defend the position that ontological experience is possible and central to the human existence. This view rests on the Heideggerian notion of the affective grounds of all thinking, the attunement of any experience by moods. I will argue that: 1) any thinking is attuned by moods; 2) ontological experience (i.e. experiencing something wholly distinct from beings) occurs in certain negative moods. 3) ontological experience is possible only through failure, a malfunction in the fulfilment of meaning; 4) ontological experience is possible in art rather than in science (or in some rigorous philosophy).This article is a Heideggerian inquiry into the possibility of ontological experience, that is, the possibility of experiencing the ontological difference, something wholly distinct from beings. Heidegger, as we know, articulated this as the question of Being. It is a paradoxical question that cannot, at first sight, be answered phenomenologically (in the Husserlian style): if any conscious experience presupposes the constitution of an intentional object in the act of experience, there must be something in any experience.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Do important inventions benefit from knowledge originating in other technological domains?. A frequently made claim in the innovation literature is that important inventions involve the transfer of new knowledge from one technological domain to another. This study uses U.S. patents granted from 1976 to 2006 to identify the role of knowledge acquired from outside each patent's technological domain. Our results do not seem to support the claim above. Increasing citations to external prior art is a significantly less important predictor of forward citation frequency than citing prior art that is technologically closer. This result is robust across several model specifications and ways of defining whether each flow of knowledge is external. The result is even stronger in the most highly cited technology categories. We discuss possible explanations for this apparently negative impact of external knowledge including both measurement issues and challenges associated with assimilating disparate knowledge. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "Study of two cosmid libraries specific for human chromosome 13. We characterized two cosmid libraries constructed from flow-sorted chromosome 13 at the Imperial Cancer Research Fund (ICRF), UK (13 000 clones) and Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), USA (17 000 clones). After storage for two years; clones showed high viability (95%) and structural stability. EcoR I and Hind III restriction patterns were studied in more than 500 ICRF and 200 LANL cosmids. The average size of inserts was shown to be 35-37 kb in both the libraries. Most cosmids (83% and 93% of ICRF and LANL libraries, respectively) exceed the lower size limit of DNA fragments that can be packaged and represent a good source for physical mapping of chromosome 13. Total length of inserts is four and five genome equivalents in the ICRF and LANL libraries, respectively. ICRF cosmids showed hybridization to 22 of 24 unique probes tested, which corresponds to a 90% probability of having any DNA fragment represented in the library. More than 1 Mb of chromosome 13 is overlapped by 90 cosmids of 22 groups revealed. A chromosomal region of more than 150 kb, containing the ATP1AL1 gene for alpha-1 peptide of Na+,K+-ATPase, is covered by 12 cosmids forming a contig. The results of restriction and hybridization analyses are stored in a CLONE database. These data and all the cosmids described are publicly available.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Phase field modeling of fracture in fiber reinforced composite laminate. A new phase method for predicting crack propagation path and mechanical response of fiber reinforced composite laminate is proposed. A new three-dimensional (3D) crack surface density function considering material anisotropy is proposed for composite laminates. The explicit relationship between the model penalty parameter (MPP) in a standard anisotropic phase field method and the material properties is solved analytically. This relationship is then used to construct a new expression of driving force in phase field model to account for longitudinal, transverse normal and transverse shear cracks in composite laminates. The proposed method is implemented into the commercial software ABAQUS through user subroutine user defined element (UEL). Numerical methods on both two-dimensional (2D) lamina and 3D angle ply laminate are provided. The present predictions are in good agreement with the experimental and other numerical results.", "label": [1, 15, 12]}
+{"token": "Charge evolution of swift-heavy-ion beams explored by matrix method. The approach to charge equilibrium of a beam of swift ions can be expressed by a matrix with rows and columns expressing the initial and instantaneous charge state, respectively. We have explored the capability of this matrix formalism in comparison with the standard method, i.e., numerical solution of linear rate equations as implemented in the ETACHA code. The matrix method is computationally more efficient, and the acceptable numerical error can be pre-defined. The agreement with predictions based on ETACHA is generally good. Significant discrepancies are primarily due to differences in the applied cross sections for electron capture and loss. Comparisons have been made also with experimental results for sulphur in carbon. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 32]}
+{"token": "A study of tension fabric membrane structures under in-plane loading: Nonlinear finite element analysis and validation. Analysis of tension fabric structures exhibits severe nonlinearities because of the large deformation of the fabric membrane and its peculiar material behavior. At this moment, there is limited literature on analysis and design of this kind of structures. A realistic numerical simulation can serve as a driving force in the development of these structures. This article presents a nonlinear finite element analysis of a tension fabric membrane structure used in foldable architectural applications. Geometrical and material nonlinearities are considered in the finite element model which is implemented in the ABAQUS/standard software. The numerical results are validated with the experimental data obtained from digital image correlation (DIC) technique. Good agreement between the simulation and the experiments is achieved. Moreover, the case study considered in this work can be used as a benchmark for numerical simulations in the research field. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 11, 12]}
+{"token": "Biomechanical analysis of canine medial patellar luxation with femoral varus deformity using a computer model. Background Femoral varus deformities complicating the realignment of the quadriceps muscles are frequently associated with medial patellar luxation (MPL) in dogs. Therefore, distal femoral osteotomy (DFO) is recommended in dogs affected with severe MPL and a distal femoral varus deformity. The presence of an anatomic lateral distal femoral angle (aLDFA) of >= 102 degrees has been anecdotally recommended as an indication for performing corrective DFO in large-breed dogs. However, the effect of a femoral varus deformity on MPL has not been scientifically evaluated. We aimed to evaluate the influence of a femoral varus deformity on MPL using a finite element method based computer model. Three-dimensionally reconstructed computed tomographic images of a normal femur from a Beagle dog were deformed using meshing software to create distal varus deformities. A total of thirteen aLDFAs, including 95 degrees, 98 degrees and 100 degrees-110 degrees, were simulated. The patellar positions and reaction force between the patella and trochlear grooves were calculated for all finite element models under constant rectus femoris muscle activation. Results The patella was displaced medially from the trochlear groove at an aLDFA of >= 103 degrees. With an aLDFA of 103 degrees to 110 degrees, the reaction force was equal to zero and then decreased to negative values during the simulation, while other models with aLDFAs of 95 degrees, 98 degrees, and 100 degrees-102 degrees had positive reaction force values. The patella began to luxate at 24.90 seconds (sec) with an aLDFA of 103 degrees, 19.80 sec with an aLDFA of 104 degrees, 21.40 sec with an aLDFA of 105 degrees, 20.10 sec with an aLDFA of 106 degrees, 18.60 sec with an aLDFA of 107 degrees, 15.30 sec with an aLDFA of 108 degrees, 16.60 sec with an aLDFA of 109 degrees, and 11.90 sec with an aLDFA of 110 degrees. Conclusion Severe distal femoral varus with an aLDFA of >= 103 degrees caused MPL when other anatomical factors were controlled. Thissimplified computer model provides complementary information to anecdotal cutoffs for DFO, hence it should be applied to clinical patients with caution.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Spectral pattern similarity analysis: Tutorial and application in developmental cognitive neuroscience. The human brain encodes information in neural activation patterns. While standard approaches to analyzing neural data focus on brain (de-)activation (e.g., regarding the location, timing, or magnitude of neural responses), multivariate neural pattern similarity analyses target the informational content represented by neural activity. In adults, a number of representational properties have been identified that are linked to cognitive performance, in particular the stability, distinctiveness, and specificity of neural patterns. However, although growing cognitive abilities across childhood suggest advancements in representational quality, developmental studies still rarely utilize information-based pattern similarity approaches, especially in electroencephalography (EEG) research. Here, we provide a comprehensive methodological introduction and step-by-step tutorial for pattern similarity analysis of spectral (frequency-resolved) EEG data including a publicly available pipeline and sample dataset with data from children and adults. We discuss computation of single-subject pattern similarities and their statistical comparison at the within-person to the between-group level as well as the illustration and interpretation of the results. This tutorial targets both novice and more experienced EEG researchers and aims to facilitate the usage of spectral pattern similarity analyses, making these methodologies more readily accessible for (developmental) cognitive neuroscientists.", "label": [2, 5, 17, 50]}
+{"token": "A new unenlagiine (Theropoda, Dromaeosauridae) from the Upper Cretaceous of Brazil. The record of unenlagiines in Brazil, except for one dorsal vertebra, is still under debate based on isolated teeth. Here, we describe Ypupiara lopai gen. et sp. nov., the first dromaeosaurid species from Brazil, from the Maastrichtian of the Bauru Group, Parana Basin. The specimen consists of a partial right maxilla (with three teeth in loci) and a right dentary. Ypupiara is characterized by a restricted number of neurovascular foramina on the lateral surface of the maxilla, a rectangular and anteroposteriorly expanded interdental plate, and a labiolingual compression of the teeth, which have a labiolingual diameter more than 3/5 of the rostrocaudal diameter. Our phylogenetic analysis recovers Ypupiara as an unenlagiine based on the fluted teeth and places it as the sister taxon of Austroraptor due to the ratio of the labiolingual and mesiodistal diameters of the teeth being more than 3/5. We also erect the new group Unenlagiinia, which includes Unenlagiinae and Halszkaraptorinae. Ypupiara nests within Unenlagiinia based on the widely spaced teeth and the lack of mesial and distal carinae in the maxillary teeth. The morphology of the teeth is similar to Buitreraptor, although the proportions are markedly distinct. The teeth and comparisons with other Unenlagiinia also support fish being part of the diet for Ypupiara. We also performed a parsimony analysis of endemicity, which suggested that the presence of unenlagiines in Brazilian Upper Cretaceous outcrops is explained by dispersion or extinction events. The new species provides new information on the evolution of Gondwanan dromaeosaurids, and its preserved teeth provide new data to enable the assignment of isolated dromaeosaurid teeth from the Bauru Group.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Scanning Mutagenesis of Human Cytomegalovirus Glycoprotein gH/gL. The core, conserved function of the herpesvirus gH/gL is to promote gB-mediated membrane fusion during entry, although the mechanism is poorly understood. The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) gH/gL can exist as either the gH/gL/gO trimer or the gH/gL/UL128/UL130/UL131 (gH/gL/UL128-131) pentamer. One model suggests that gH/gL/gO provides the core fusion role during entry into all cells within the broad tropism of HCMV, whereas gH/gL/UL128-131 acts at an earlier stage, by a distinct receptor-binding mechanism to enhance infection of select cell types, such as epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and monocytes/macrophages. To further study the distinct functions of these complexes, mutants with individual charged cluster-to-alanine (CCTA) mutations of gH and gL were combined to generate a library of 80 mutant gH/gL heterodimers. The majority of the mutant gH/gL complexes were unable to facilitate gB-mediated membrane fusion in transient-expression cell-cell fusion experiments. In contrast, these mutants supported the formation of gH/gL/UL128-131 complexes that could block HCMV infection in receptor interference experiments. These results suggest that receptor interactions with gH/gL/UL128-131 involve surfaces contained on the UL128-131 proteins but not on gH/gL. gH/gL/UL128-131 receptor interference could be blocked with anti-gH antibodies, suggesting that interference is a cell surface phenomenon and that anti-gH antibodies can block gH/gL/UL128-131 in a manner that is distinct from that for gH/gL/gO.IMPORTANCEInterest in the gH/gL complexes of HCMV (especially gH/gL/UL128-131) as vaccine targets has far outpaced our understanding of the mechanism by which they facilitate entry and contribute to broad cellular tropism. For Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), gH/gL and gH/gL/gp42 are both capable of promoting gB fusion for entry into epithelial cells and B cells, respectively. In contrast, HCMV gH/gL/gO appears to be the sole fusion cofactor that promotes gB fusion activity, whereas gH/gL/UL128-131 expands cell tropism through a distinct yet unknown mechanism. This study suggests that the surfaces of HCMV gH/gL are critical for promoting gB fusion but are dispensable for gH/gL/UL128-131 receptor interaction. This underscores the importance of gH/gL/gO in HCMV entry into all cell types and reaffirms the complex as a candidate target for vaccine development. The two functionally distinct forms of gH/gL present in HCMV make for a useful model with which to study the fundamental mechanisms by which herpesvirus gH/gL regulates gB fusion.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Several classes of (2(m)-1, w, 2) optical orthogonal codes. Optical orthogonal codes have applications in optical code-division multiple access communication systems and other wide band code-division multiple environments. They can also be used to construct protocol sequences for multiuser collision channel without feedback, and constant weight codes for error detection and correction. In this paper, we construct four classes of (2(m) - 1, w, 2) cyclotomic optical orthogonal codes, where w is an element of {5, 9} or w greater than or equal to 11 is any prime having primitive root 2, and therefore the corresponding classes of binary constant-weight cyclic codes. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "CONTRACT MANUFACTURING IN LATE INDUSTRIALIZATION. Contract manufacturing is the catalyst shaping the world economy under globalization. Affirming the dominance of the open network in organizing worldwide value chains, it transformed Japan and US into trade partners rather than rivals. It allows firms like Apple, Nokia and Sony to outsource production tasks to People's Republic of China, which serves as the world's workplace, and provides a niche for Singapore and Taiwan in late industrialization. Tapping into the economy of scope from the pooling of capacity and information, contract manufacturers like Foxconn and Flextronics provide durable and significant benefit for their economies of domicile, hence a novel niche in late industrialization.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Dispersal limitation inferred from an experimental translocation of Lomatium (Apiaceae) species outside their geographic ranges. Determining limitations on poleward range expansion is important for predicting how climate change will alter the distribution of species. For most species, it is not known what factors set their distributional limits and the role dispersal limitation might play if range-limiting factors were altered. We conducted a transplant study of three related and co-occurring Lomatium species at their northern range limits to test competing hypotheses of range limitation. We added seeds to experimental plots inside and outside the species' geographic range (a regional treatment) in a replicated design with vegetation intact and vegetation reduced (a disturbance treatment) and with herbivore access and herbivore exclusion (an herbivory treatment). Germination and reemergence were measured through two growing seasons, along with community-level variables. A fully-crossed linear mixed model revealed that Lomatium survivorship outside the current range was as good or better than survivorship within the range, at least when the vegetative community remained intact. This suggests that the species are dispersal limited. Germination often was improved in the presence of an intact vegetative community, but this potentially facilitative effect was absent in second-year reemergence. Plots exposed to herbivory had slightly, but significantly, reduced germination, though reemergence did not differ between herbivore treatments. Lomatium dissectum, a rare species, had significantly lower survivorship than its congeners, suggesting that range shifts in rare taxa may be particularly difficult. Seed additions beyond species' range limits may be a strategy for overcoming dispersal limitation and assisting species in poleward migrations.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "REACTIVITIES OF SEROTYPING MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES WITH CULTURE-ADAPTED HUMAN ROTAVIRUSES. Rotaviruses collected in Bangladesh during 1985 to 1986 were culture adapted and used in a comparative serotyping study with three groups of monoclonal antibodies, all of which reacted with the major neutralization protein (VP7) of serotype 1, 2, 3, or 4. The goals were to determine which monoclonal antibodies most accurately predicted the serotype and why large variations in serotyping efficiencies have occurred with these monoclonal antibodies in previous studies. The 143 rotavirus isolates used in this study belonged to 69 different electropherotypes; and 44, 23, 21, and 55 isolates were identified as serotype 1 through 4, respectively, by neutralization with serotype-specific hyperimmune antisera. Serotyping specificity by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with monoclonal antibodies was 100% consistent with results found by neutralization with polyclonal antisera, but large differences were observed in the sensitivities of the different monoclonal antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies 5E8 (serotype 1), 1C10 (serotype 2), 159 (serotype 3), RV3:1 (serotype 3), ST-3:1 (serotype 4), and ST-2G7 (serotype 4) reacted with all the isolates of the corresponding serotype for which there were sufficient infectious particles. Monoclonal antibody 2F1 (serotype 2) was much less sensitive and reacted with only five serotype 2 isolates, but these were among those with the highest titers. Monoclonal antibodies RV4:2 (serotype 1), KU6BG (serotype 1), RV5:3 (serotype 2), and S2-2G10 (serotype 2), on the other hand, failed to react with between one and three isolates of the corresponding serotypes which had high titers, apparently because of epitope changes in these isolates. Effects of epitope variation were, however, most apparent with monoclonal antibodies 2C9 (serotype 1) and YO-1E2 (serotype 3), which reacted with one and no isolates of the corresponding serotypes, respectively. Cross-neutralization of escape mutants indicated that the serotype 1 monoclonal antibodies 5E8, 2C9, and RV4:2 reacted with different but probably overlapping epitopes, as did serotype 2 monoclonal antibodies 2F1, 1C10, and RV5:3, findings that were consistent with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay data. Because of epitope variations between rotavirus strains, serotyping with several monoclonal antibodies directed at different epitopes may increase the sensitivity of the method.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Autism and Perplexity: A Qualitative and Theoretical Study of Basic Subjective Experiences in Schizophrenia. Background: Autistic traits and perplexity are considered core features of schizophrenia in phenomenological psychiatry. They express a fundamental disturbance of the self-world relation (including disturbances of self and intersubjectivity). The aim of our study was to examine this disturbance by exploring in detail how autism and perplexity are experienced subjectively. Methods: It is a qualitative single-case study. In order to fully examine our patient's experiences within the context of his experiential world and not only as isolated or decontextualized symptoms, we applied a heideggerian framework, i.e. Heidegger's exhaustive account of the self-world relation (care). Results: Through the framework of care, we discovered a profound disturbance of the self-world relation in our patient, characterized by subtle experiences of estrangement, anxiety and exposure. We found these experiences to be enduring, pervasive and generative for the development of other symptoms. Conclusions: We argue that these experiences can be seen as experiential correlates of schizotypy and of vulnerability to schizophrenia, and furthermore that an understanding of these experiences can play a role in diagnostic and differential diagnostic procedures, e. g. in early detection or in the search for high-risk individuals, as well as in the psychotherapy of schizophrenia. Copyright (C) 2010 S. Karger AG, Basel", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Introduction of a quality index, based on Generalizability theory, as a measure of reliability for univariate- and multivariate sensory descriptive data. This contribution proposes to use a statistical method, Generalizability theory (G theory), to monitor reliability (or generalizability) (Cronbach, Rajaratnam, & Gleser, 1963; Gleser, Cronbach, & Rajaratnam, 1965; Rajaratnam, Cronbach, & Gleser, 1965) and to study the univariate and multivariate reliability of the dataset. Generalizability theory (G theory) can characterize, disentangle, and estimate all different sources of variation as defined by the investigator. This makes G theory a useful tool for characterizing products, when dealing with multiple different sources of variance in a set of product evaluations. Univariate generalizability coefficients (or univariate quality index) could serve as quality indicators to determine which attributes are sufficiently reliable and in which cases panel training is beneficial for the discriminative ability of the panel or when panel training is redundant. Multivariate generalizability coefficients (or multivariate quality index) could capture reliability of an entire study expressed in one easily interpretable measure and could answer questions related to the overall quality of the experimental design of the study.In this study, a demonstration will be given on how G theory is used to test attribute reliability and to assess panel performance. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.In the sensory industry there is a need to quantify the overall usability or reliability of the final results of a sensory study. The sensory field has developed various statistical methods and techniques resulting in graphs or plots aimed at identifying assessors that contribute high error variance. Most of these methods are focused on estimating levels of repeatability, discriminability and agreement. Yet not much attention has gone to estimating the general level of quality of the dataset as a whole. Quality indicators could be helpful to quickly determine which attributes still require panel training, when panel training has been done in a sufficient manner and to determine the usability of the final results.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Intercomparison and evaluation of global aerosol microphysical properties among AeroCom models of a range of complexity. Many of the next generation of global climate models will include aerosol schemes which explicitly simulate the microphysical processes that determine the particle size distribution. These models enable aerosol optical properties and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations to be determined by fundamental aerosol processes, which should lead to a more physically based simulation of aerosol direct and indirect radiative forcings. This study examines the global variation in particle size distribution simulated by 12 global aerosol microphysics models to quantify model diversity and to identify any common biases against observations. Evaluation against size distribution measurements from a new European network of aerosol supersites shows that the mean model agrees quite well with the observations at many sites on the annual mean, but there are some seasonal biases common to many sites. In particular, at many of these European sites, the accumulation mode number concentration is biased low during winter and Aitken mode concentrations tend to be overestimated in winter and underestimated in summer. At high northern latitudes, the models strongly underpredict Aitken and accumulation particle concentrations compared to the measurements, consistent with previous studies that have highlighted the poor performance of global aerosol models in the Arctic. In the marine boundary layer, the models capture the observed meridional variation in the size distribution, which is dominated by the Aitken mode at high latitudes, with an increasing concentration of accumulation particles with decreasing latitude. Considering vertical profiles, the models reproduce the observed peak in total particle concentrations in the upper troposphere due to new particle formation, although modelled peak concentrations tend to be biased high over Europe. Overall, the multimodel-mean data set simulates the global variation of the particle size distribution with a good degree of skill, suggesting that most of the individual global aerosol microphysics models are performing well, although the large model diversity indicates that some models are in poor agreement with the observations. Further work is required to better constrain size-resolved primary and secondary particle number sources, and an improved understanding of nucleation and growth (e. g. the role of nitrate and secondary organics) will improve the fidelity of simulated particle size distributions.", "label": [4, 5, 36, 47]}
+{"token": "Sex differences in the activity level of infants. A gender difference in motor activity level (AL) is well established for children, but questions about the existence and nature of an infant sex difference remain. To assess these questions, we applied meta-analytic procedures to summarize 46 infancy studies comprising 78 male-female motor activity comparisons. Our results showed that, as with children, male infants were more active than females. Objective measures of infant AL estimated the size of this difference to be 0.2 standard deviations, though subjective parent-report measures estimated the difference to be smaller. We argue that this early sex difference in activity level is biologically based. However, socialization processes, such as gender-differentiated expectations and experiences, in conjunction with further sex-differentiated biological developments, amplify this early difference to produce the larger gender differences in activity found during childhood. Copyright (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "TIDAL HEATING IN A MAGMA OCEAN WITHIN JUPITER'S MOON Io. Active volcanism observed on Io is thought to be driven by the temporally periodic, spatially differential projection of Jupiter's gravitational field over the moon. Previous theoretical estimates of the tidal heat have all treated Io as essentially a solid, with fluids addressed only through adjustment of rheological parameters rather than through appropriate extension of the dynamics. These previous estimates of the tidal response and associated heat generation on Io are therefore incomplete and possibly erroneous because dynamical aspects of the fluid behavior are not permitted in the modeling approach. Here we address this by modeling the partial-melt asthenosphere as a global layer of fluid governed by the Laplace Tidal Equations. Solutions for the tidal response are then compared with solutions obtained following the traditional solid-material approach. It is found that the tidal heat in the solid can match that of the average observed heat flux (nominally 2.25 W m(-2)), though only over a very restricted range of plausible parameters, and that the distribution of the solid tidal heat flux cannot readily explain a longitudinal shift in the observed (inferred) low-latitude heat fluxes. The tidal heat in the fluid reaches that observed over a wider range of plausible parameters, and can also readily provide the longitudinal offset. Finally, expected feedbacks and coupling between the solid/fluid tides are discussed. Most broadly, the results suggest that both solid and fluid tidal-response estimates must be considered in exoplanet studies, particularly where orbital migration under tidal dissipation is addressed.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Systematics of 4f electron energies relative to host bands by resonant photoemission of rare-earth ions in aluminum garnets. energies of trivalent rare-earth ions relative to the host valence band were measured for a series of rare-earth-doped yttrium aluminum garnets RxY3-xAl5O12 (R=Gd, Tb, Dy, He, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu and 0 less than or equal tox less than or equal to3), using ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy. The 4f photoemission spectra were acquired using synchrotron radiation, exploiting the 4d to 4f \\\\'giant resonance\\\\' in the 4f electron photoemission cross section to separate the 4f contribution. Theoretical valence band and 4f photoemission spectra were fit to experimental results to accurately determine electron energies. The measured 4f(n) ground-state energies of these ions range from 700 meV above the valence band maximum for Tb3+ to 4.7 eV below the valence band maximum for Lu3+, and all ground-state energies, except for Tb3+, are degenerate with valence band states. An empirical model is successful in describing the relative energies of the 4f(n) ground states for rare-earth ions in these materials. This model is used to estimate the positions of the lighter rare-earth ions, giving good agreement with published excited-state absorption and photoconductivity measurements on Ce3+ in yttrium aluminum garnet. It is shown that the energies of the 4f electrons relative to the valence band can be estimated from the photoemission spectrum of the undoped host, providing a simple method for extending these results to related host crystals. The success of this model suggests that further studies of additional host compounds will rapidly lead to a broader picture of the effect of the host lattice on the 4f electron binding energies.", "label": [4, 1, 32, 11]}
+{"token": "NATURAL AND CONSTRAINMENT-INDUCED FACTORS INFLUENCING THE BREAKDOWN OF DOGWOOD AND OAK LEAVES. Breakdown rates and microbial colonization patterns of dogwood and oak leaves were measured between November and June of 1987-88 and 1988-89. Leaves were placed in artificial streams loose (unconstrained), in bags, or in packs. Discharge was maintained at approximately 0.25 l s-1, and no shredders were present in the streams. Average microbial biomass as ATP, for all species and treatments, increased from near 0 mg g-1 AFDW in November to over 8 mg g-1 AFDW in June. Microbial respiration increased from about 0.01-mu-g glucose respired hr-g-1 AFDW in November to about 0.03-mu-g hr-g-1 AFDW in June. Microbial biomass and activity were significantly greater on dogwood leaves than on oak leaves. Dogwood and oak leaf breakdown rates were fastest when unconstrained, -0.0034 and -0.0027 degree-day-1 respectively. Breakdown rates of dogwood leaves were faster in bags (-0.0025 degree-day-1) than in packs (-0.0015 degree-day-1) while rates of oak leaves were not significantly different between bags and packs (-0.0014 and -0.0018 degree-day-1 respectively). Breakdown rates of dogwood and oak leaves obtained in this study were much slower than those obtained by other investigators either in the presence or absence of shredders. A comparison of results from this study with results from other studies revealed that dogwood leaves may be affected more by turbulence, while oak leaves may be influenced more by shredder activity.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "Effects of dietary protein and fermentable fiber on nitrogen excretion patterns and plasma urea in grower pigs. Effects of dietary protein concentration (high, 18.5; low, 15.7%) and fermentable fiber (control; soyhulls, SH; and sugar beet pulp, SBP) on N excretion patterns and plasma urea were tested in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement. The objectives were: 1) to determine if reduced dietary protein together with fermentable fiber would reduce urinary N excretion further than a single diet manipulation, 2) to determine if effects of diet manipulations were similar between pigs with restricted and free access of feed, and 3) to further develop predictions of urinary N excretion using plasma urea. Diets were formulated to 3.30 Meal digestible energy (DE)/ kg and 2.4 g of digestible lysine per Meal DE, and supplemented with lysine, methionine, tryptophan, threonine, isoleucine, leucine, or valine to ensure meeting an ideal AA profile. Pigs (30.5 +/- 3 kg; n = 36) were housed in metabolism crates with restricted access to feed (3 x 110 kcal DE/kg BW0.75) from d I to 18, and free access from d 19 to 26. Feces and urine were collected from d 15 to 18 and d 23 to 26, and blood was sampled on d 17 and 25. With restricted access to feed, urinary N was reduced 28% and N retention was reduced 12% for the low- compared to high-protein diet (P < 0.01; as g/d). Fecal N was increased 4% units for SH and 6.5% units for SBP (P < 0.01; as % of N intake) and urinary N was reduced 5% units for SH (P < 0.10) and 9% units for SBP (P < 0.05) compared to the control. With free access to feed, urinary N was reduced 27% (P < 0.05; as g/d) and N retention was reduced 7% (P < 0.10) for the low-compared to high-protein diet. Fecal N was increased 5% units for SH and 9% units for SBP (P < 0.001; as % of N intake), and urinary N was reduced 9% units for SH and 10% units for SBP (P < 0.01) compared to the control. For either restricted or free access to feed, fermentable fiber did not affect N retention (P > 0.10). A protein x fiber interaction was not observed for urinary N excretion (P > 0.10), indicating that reducing dietary protein and including fermentable fiber reduced urinary N excretion in an additive manner. Daily urinary N excretion was related positively and linearly with plasma urea in pigs with free access to feed (R-2 = 0.71; at 0800). In summary, reduction of dietary protein reduced urine N excretion, and fermentable fiber shifted N excretion from urine to feces. Effects of dietary protein and fermentable fiber on reducing urinary N excretion are additive.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "THE FIRST SKELETAL RECORD OF THE ENIGMATIC CRETACEOUS SAWFISH GENUS PTYCHOTRYGON (CHONDRICHTHYES, BATOIDEA) FROM THE TURONIAN OF MOROCCO. A new fossil batoid (ray) Ptychotrygon rostrispatula sp. nov. is described from five exceptionally well-preserved, three-dimensional skeletal remains from the Turonian (Late Cretaceous) of Morocco. These specimens represent the first known skeletal remains for the genus Ptychotrygon and allow an almost complete description of the genus, providing a new insight into its phylogenetic relations and validating its taxonomic status as a member of the Sclerorhynchoidei. Mechanical preparation of the fossil remains revealed a relatively large batoid species (estimated total length above 1m). Overall the morphology resembles that of sclerorhynchoids, with a robust hypertrophied rostrum that lacks enlarged rostral denticles with enlarged paddle-like pectoral proximal elements (propterygium, mesopterygium and metapterygium). Never before seen details of the branchial skeleton are presented (large second hypobranchial without anterior process, which was probably fused to the basibranchial and no evidence of articulation with other branchial element). To assess the phylogenetic relations of these specimens within the sclerorhynchoids a parsimonious analysis using TNT and PAUP was performed. These analyses included Asflapristis cristadentis and Ptychotrygon rostrispatula sp. nov., which were used as representatives of Ptychotrygonidae, and also includes six other genera of sclerorhynchoids with relatively good skeletal remains. Both analyses recovered two monophyletic groups within sclerorhynchoids: the first contains Ischyrhiza, Onchopristis and Schizorhiza, and a second that includes Micropristis, Sclerorhynchus, Libanopristis and Ptychotrygonidae.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Role of histamine H-1 and H-2 receptor antagonists in the prevention of intimal thickening. Vascular smooth muscle cell migration to the intima from the media and proliferation in the intima play key roles in atherosclerosis and restenosis after coronary angioplasty. Histamine released from adherent platelets at the injured artery and from mast cells in atheromas has stimulant actions on both smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation, and histamine receptor antagonists abolish the effect of histamine in vitro. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of histamine receptor antagonists on intimal thickening. Endothelial injury in the mouse femoral artery was induced by a photochemical reaction between localized irradiation by green light and intravenously administered rose bengal. The histamine H-1 receptor antagonist, diphenhydramine, at a dose of 30 mg/kg or the histamine H-2 receptor antagonist, cimetidine, at a dose of 200 mg/kg was intraperitoneally administered to mice for 21 days after endothelial injury. Twenty-one days after endothelial injury, morphometric analysis was performed to measure the cross-sectional areas of the intima and media. Diphenhydramine significantly reduced the intimal area to 1.1 +/- 0.3 (x10(-3) mm(2)) compared with the value in the control group, which was 6.2 +/- 1.4 (x10(-3) mm(2)), but cimetidine (5.5 +/- 1.9, x 10(-3) mm(2)) did not. Similarly, the ratio of intimal area to medial area in the diphenhydramine-treated group but not in the cimetidine-treated group was significantly reduced (83%). In the in vitro study, cimetidine inhibited neither proliferation nor migration of mouse vascular smooth muscle cells stimulated by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). In contrast, diphenhydramine significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited proliferation in a dose-dependent manner, but did not inhibit migration. These results suggest that diphenhydramine, a histamine H-1 receptor antagonist, reduced the formation of intimal hyperplasia, at least in part due to inhibition of cell proliferation. However, cimetidine, a histamine H-1 receptor antagonist, was ineffective. Histamine may play a key role in intimal thickening, in part via histamine H-1 receptors in this model. (C) 1948 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Chicken GHR natural antisense transcript regulates GHR mRNA in LMH cells. Growth hormone receptor (GHR) played key roles in human and animal growth. Both human laron type dwarfism and sex linked dwarf chicken were caused by the mutation of GHR gene. In this study, we identified an endogenously expressed long non-coding natural antisense transcript, GHR-AS, which overlapped with the GHR mRNA (GHR-S) in a tail to tail manner. Spatial and temporal expression analyses indicated that GHR-AS were highly expressed in chicken liver and displayed ascending with the development of chicken from E10 to 3 w of age. Interfering GHR-AS caused GHR-S decreasing, accompanied with increasing of the inactive gene indicator, H3K9me2, in the GHR-S promoter regions in LMH cells. RNase A experiment exhibited that GHR-AS and GHR-S can form double strand RNAs at the last exon of GHR gene in vivo and in vitro, which hinted they could act on each other via the region. In addition, the levels of GHR-S and GHR-AS can be affected by DNA methylation. Compared the normal chicken with the dwarfs, the negative correlation trends were showed between the GHR-S promoter methylation status and the GHR-AS levels. This is the first report of that GHR gene possessed natural antisense transcript and the results presented here further highlight the fine and complicated regulating mechanism of GHR gene in chicken development.", "label": [2, 4, 21, 39]}
+{"token": "A Plantingian Pickle for a Darwinian Dilemma: Evolutionary Arguments Against Atheism and Normative Realism. Two of the most prominent evolutionary debunking arguments are Sharon Street's Darwinian Dilemma for Normative Realism and Alvin Plantinga's Evolutionary Argument against Atheism. In the former, Street appeals to evolutionary considerations to debunk normative realism. In the latter, Plantinga appeals to similar considerations to debunk atheism. By a careful comparison of these two arguments, I develop a new strategy to help normative realists resist Street's debunking attempt. In her Darwinian Dilemma, Street makes epistemological commitments that ultimately support Plantinga's structurally similar argument. If Street succeeds in debunking normative realism, I argue, then she also succeeds in debunking atheism. But atheism is a suppressed premise of the Darwinian Dilemma as well as a commitment of almost all normative anti-realists. If Street's argument entails theism, then the Darwinian Dilemma is internally incoherent and should be abandoned by almost everyone.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "The avifauna of Rio Doce valley, southeastern Brazil, a highly fragmented area. We analyzed the avifauna from four areas of the Rio Doce basin (thr municipal districts of Nova Era [NE], Antonio Dias [AD], Caratinga [BSC], and Marlieria [RDSP]) located in eastern Minas Gerais stare. Based on captures with mist nets, 75 bird species belonging to 15 families were inventoried; however the species composition varied greatly among the study areas. Fifty species and 231 of the 466 individuals recorded during this study were captured at NE. In the AD area, 33 species and 132 individuals were captured. The other two areas, BSC and RDSP contributed only 103 captures and 22 species. By analyzing species composition as a function of altitude of the study areas, it was verified that a variation of 500 m altitude was sufficient in determining the difference in existing bird communities. Formicariidae species, such as Drymophilia squamata, Thamnophilus punctatus, and Conopophaga melanops. were captured exclusively in the BSC and RDSP areas, located below the 500 m altitude limit while their congeners (D. orhropyga, T. caerulescens, and C. lineata) were found exclusively in the highest areas (NE and AD). Significant seasonal variations in the species composition were observed (Green's test: Q = 12.79 in NE, 12.84 in AD, 12.4 in BSC, and 20.68 in RDSP; P < 0.05), and we believe that such variations could be associated with seasonal movements between the highest and lowest areas of the Rio Duce basin. As such, the impacts of fragmentation to the Atlantic Forest along this stretch of the Rio Doce basin may have affected the natural dynamics of avian movements. The destruction of > 30 percent of the original Atlantic Forest vegetation cover already may have seriously compromised the population viabilities of birds endemic to this area.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Blocking of IL-6 suppresses experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis. Suppressive regulatory T cells (Treg) and pathogenic T helper 17 (Th17) cells are two lymphocyte subsets with opposing activities in autoimmune diseases. The proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 is a potent factor in switching immune responses in vivo from the induction of Treg to pathogenic Th17 cells. We studied the Treg and Th17 cell compartments in experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) and healthy control rats in order to assess whether the equilibrium between Treg and Th17 cells is perturbed in the disease. We found that Th17 cell-related genes are upregulated and Treg-related genes are down-regulated in EAMG. The shift in favor of Th17 cells in EAMG could be reversed by antibodies to IL-6. Administration of anti-IL-6 antibodies to myasthenic rats suppressed EAMG when treatment started at the acute or at the chronic phase of disease. Suppression of EAMG by anti-IL-6 antibodies was accompanied by a decrease in the overall rat anti-AChR antibody titer and by a reduced number of B cells as compared with control treatment. Administration of anti-IL-6 antibodies led to down-regulation of several Th17 related genes including IL-17, IL-17R, IL-23R and IL-21 but did not affect the number of Treg cells in the lymph nodes. These data identify IL-6 as an important target for modulation of autoimmune responses. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "New frontier, new power: the retail environment in Australia's dark market. Objective: To investigate the role of the retail environment in cigarette marketing in Australia, one of the \\\\'darkest\\\\' markets in the world.Conclusions: Cigarette companies prize retail marketing in Australia's dark market. Stringent point of sale marketing restrictions should be included in any comprehensive tobacco control measures. Relationships between retailers and the industry will be more difficult to regulate. Retail press advertising and trade promotional expenditure could be banned. in-store marketing assistance, retail-tobacco industry alliance building, and new electronic retail distribution systems may be less amenable to regulation. Alliances between the health and retail sectors and financial support for a move away from retail dependence on tobacco may be necessary to effect cultural change.Results: As Australian cigarette marketing was increasingly restricted, the retail environment become the primary communication vehicle for building cigarette brands. When retail marketing was restricted, the industry conceded only incrementally and under duress, and at times continues to break the law. The tobacco industry targets retailers via trade promotional expenditure, financial and practical assistance with point of sale marketing, alliance building, brand advertising, and distribution. Cigarette brand advertising in retail magazines are designed to build brand identities. Philip Morris and British American Tobacco are now competing to control distribution of all products to retailers, placing themselves at the heart of retail business.Design: Analysis of 172 tobacco industry documents; and articles and advertisements found by hand searching Australia's three leading retail trade journals.", "label": [2, 21, 23]}
+{"token": "Characterisation of the Mt Weld (Western Australia) niobium ore. The aim of this paper was to characterise Mt Weld Nb-Ta ore and assess the amenability of the ore to gravity and magnetic separation, flotation, and caustic and acid leaching. The Mt Weld niobium deposit occurs in altered carbonatites in Western Australia where Sr pyrochlore and ferroniobate were the major primary Nb-Ta containing minerals. Primary apatites, pyrochlores and niobates were altered to form micrometre to submicrometre size crandallites. The fine crandallite particles were often clustered to form larger aggregates, mixed or cemented with fine niobates (up to 20 mm) and coarse (up to 200 mm) ilmenite. This study showed that the ore was not suitable for gravity concentration, magnetic upgrading and flotation due to fine particle size. Although the fine particle size was advantageous for chemical treatment and ore responded better to caustic and acid leaching, the chemical treatment alone was well short of providing a commercial grade niobium concentrate containing 60% Nb(2)O(5)z+Ta2O5. It is concluded that upgrading Mt Weld ore to a commercial grade concentrate would require a combination of physical and chemical treatments where physical treatment is used to remove coarse ilmenite and chemical treatment to dissolve impurities associated with the fine ore.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Citizenship and education trajectories among children of immigrants: A transition-oriented sequence analysis. During recent decades, the educational outcomes of the children of immigrants have been extensively studied, with a growing emphasis on the heterogeneity of the so-called second generation. Yet, the impact of host country citizenship on children's educational outcomes has only received limited attention so far, although children of immigrants do not get automatic birthright citizenship in most European countries. Focusing on the Netherlands, this paper compares educational trajectories among citizen and non-citizen children of immigrants. Register data and sequence analysis are used to map and cluster the trajectories of a full cohort of second-generation students from the start of secondary school. We apply a variant of optimal matching focusing on sequences of transitions, which enables us to uncover different patterns of (im)mobility within a stratified school system better than the standard approach. Multinomial logistic regressions show that students who acquire Dutch citizenship are significantly more likely to follow upward trajectories, taking advantage of the system's flexibility and \\\\'back doors\\\\'. Conversely, not having Dutch citizenship is associated with a higher risk of dropout and school interruptions. These findings are in line with our theoretical expectation that, during the naturalisation process, parents acquire or further develop important resources for navigating a complex educational system such as the Dutch one.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Internalization: A metaphor we can live without. Shepard has supposed that the mind is stocked with innate knowledge of the world and that this knowledge figures prominently in the way we see the world. According to him, this internal knowledge is the legacy of a process of internalization; a process of natural selection over the evolutionary history of the species. Shepard has developed his proposal most fully in his analysis of the relation between kinematic geometry and the shape of the motion path in apparent motion displays. We argue that Shepard has made a case for applying the principles of kinematic geometry to the perception of motion, but that he has not made the case for injecting these principles into the mind of the percipient. We offer more modest interpretation of his important findings: that kinematic geometry may be a model of apparent motion. Inasmuch as our recommended interpretation does not lodge geometry in the mind of the percipient, the motivation of positing internalization, a process that moves kinematic geometry into the mind, is obviated. In our conclusion, we suggest that cognitive psychologists, in their embrace of internal mental universals and internalization may have been seduced by the siren call of metaphor.", "label": [2, 5, 17, 50]}
+{"token": "Magnetic resonance imaging features of cervical stenotic myelopathy in 21 dogs. The cervical spine of 21 dogs with clinical signs of cervical stenotic myelopathy was evaluated using magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, Spin echo T1, T2 and gradient echo T2 weighted images were obtained with a 1.5 Tesla magnet in 12 dogs and a 1.0 Tesla magnet in 9 dogs, Sagittal or parasagittal T1W and T2W images were helpful in determining the presence of spinal cord compression or degenerative disease of the articular processes. Transverse T1W and T2W images were the most useful for the identification of dorsolateral spinal cord compression secondary to soft tissue and ligament hypertrophy, as well as synovial cysts, associated with the articular processes. The MR imaging findings were consistent with the surgical findings in all 14 dogs that underwent surgery, Magnetic resonance imaging provided a safe, non-invasive method of evaluating the cervical spine in dogs suspected of having cervical stenotic myelopathy.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Does Evolution Have a Purpose? The Theological Significance of William Stoeger's Account of 'Nested Directionality. William Stoeger, SJ, a highly influential proponent of theistic evolution, maintained that scientific understanding of the three major phases of evolutioncosmic, prebiotic, and bioticall indicate that the universe is marked by an intrinsic tendency to produce novel kinds of entities, greater and greater organized complexity, intensified interconnectedness between organisms and their environments, and an unimaginable proliferation of life forms. Stoeger's account of this intrinsic directionality can be complemented by recent accounts of bio-cultural and social evolution. People of faith can affirm that the broad directionality of the universe, including its random events, provides the natural context within which God's purposes are achieved.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "The pre-history of the incarnation of Jesus Christ in the Christology of T.F. Torrance. T.F. Torrance is widely known for his dialogue between theology and the natural sciences. His Christology, however, merits greater attention in the academic literature, particularly in regard to his important discussion of the prehistory of Jesus Christ's incarnation in the nation of Israel. The purpose of this article is to address this inadequacy. The present article provides an overview of Torrance's discussion of the mediation of revelation and reconciliation in Israel and relates it to Jesus Christ's incarnation. Content is based on a review of the primary literature published over a span of more than 40 years, as well as a review of the relatively few secondary resources that include an extensive discussion of this subject matter. Torrance's discussion of the prehistory of the incarnation in Israel provides the biblical-historical background for his Christology. For Torrance, divine self-disclosure and human response in the context of God's covenant interaction with Israel constitute a two-fold but unitary movement of mediation in Israel that is ultimately embodied and enacted in the person and life of Jesus Christ. As Torrance argues, Jesus Christ incorporates in his incarnate person, life, death and resurrection the prehistory of the mediation of revelation and reconciliation in Israel. Torrance's discussion of the prehistory of the incarnation in Israel provides a helpful hermeneutical framework for understanding the purpose, meaning and goal of God's covenant interaction with Old Testament Israel as a preparation for the advent of Jesus Christ.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Memory performance predicts recurrence of mania in bipolar disorder following psychotherapy: A preliminary study. Method: We analyzed data collected as part of a clinical trial evaluating relapse rates following Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Supportive Therapy (ST) (Meyer and Hautzinger, 2012). We included cognitive (Auditive Verbal Learning Test, general intelligence - Leistungsprufsystem) and clinical measures from 76 euthymic patients with BD randomly assigned to either 9 months of CBT or ST and followed up for 2 years.Results: Survival analyses including treatment condition, AVLT measures, and general intelligence revealed that recurrence of mania was predicted by verbal free recall. The significant interaction between therapy condition and free recall indicated that while in CBT recurrence of mania was unrelated to free recall performance, in ST patients with a better free recall were more likely to remain euthymic, and those with a poorer free recall were less likely to remain mania-free.Objective: Cognitive complaints are common features of bipolar disorder (BD). Not much is, however, known about the potential moderator effects of these factors on the outcome of talking therapies. The goal of our study was to explore whether learning and memory abilities predict risk of recurrence of mood episodes or interact with a psychological intervention.Conclusions: These findings constitute first evidence that, when considering treatment outcome in BD, differences in verbal free recall might interact with the kind of psychotherapy provided. More research is needed to determine what other areas of cognitive functioning are related to outcome in psychological interventions. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Modeling smoking-attributable mortality among adults with major depression in the United States. Tobacco-related health disparities disproportionately affect smokers with major depression (MD). Although tobacco simulation models have been applied to general populations, to date they have not considered populations with a comorbid mental health condition. We developed and calibrated a simulation model of smoking and MD comorbidity for the US adult population using the 2005-2018 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health. We use this model to evaluate trends in smoking prevalence, smoking-attributable mortality and life-years lost among adults with MD, and changes in smoking prevalence by mental health status from 2018 to 2060. The model integrates known interaction effects between smoking initiation and cessation, and MD onset and recurrence. We show that from 2018 to 2060, smoking prevalence will continue declining among those with current MD. In the absence of intervention, people with MD will be increasingly disproportionately affected by smoking compared to the general population; our model shows that the smoking prevalence ratio between those with current MD and those without a history of MD increases from 1.54 to 2.42 for men and from 1.81 to 2.73 for women during this time period. From 2018 to 2060, approximately 484,000 smoking-attributable deaths will occur among adults with current MD, leading to 11.3 million life-years lost. Ambitious tobacco control efforts could alter this trajectory. With aggressive public health efforts, up to 264,000 of those premature deaths could be avoided, translating into 7.5 million life years gained. This model can compare the relative health gains across different intervention strategies for smokers with MD.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "The Right to Repair: Perspectives from the United States. Repair has entered the national conversation in the United States. Fuelled mainly by a strong consumer rights ideology of repair, the social movement has to-date mainly focused its efforts on State-level, consumer protection legislation in an attempt to codify a right to repair. The thought is that this will then bring to the bargaining table all of the various manufacturers that currently oppose such a right - and attempts to build upon the successful automobile right to repair campaign from 2011 to 2012. However, the focus on consumer rights can be somewhat myopic and overlooks in some sense how federal intellectual property laws can continue to interfere with a right to repair (even if mandated by some States). This article will provide an overview of the repair social movement in the United States and a look at how the focus in enacting a right to repair should encompass more than consumer rights, but also possible reforms to United States intellectual property laws.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Phosphorus Mobility and Behavior in Soils Treated with Calcium, Ammonium, and Magnesium Phosphates. The fertilizer industry has attempted to increase P mobility and lability after fertilizer application by using nonconventional phosphates or by including additives in the fertilizer formulation. We incubated granular monoammonium phosphate (MAP), sulfur-coated MAP, humic acid-coated MAP, triple superphosphate (TSP), ammonium potassium polyphosphate (AKPP), and ammonium magnesium phosphate (struvite) with soils from the United States and Brazil in Petri dishes for 56 d. We estimated P mobility by measuring P movement away from fertilizer granules and assessed P lability through sequential chemical fractionation of soil collected from the dishes. In addition, we monitored the change in soil pH with distance from fertilizer placed in the Petri dish. Soil pH changed in response to fertilizer additions as a function of initial soil pH. In fertilized soils, the soil pH response followed a quadratic function as the distance from the fertilizer placement site increased. Soil characteristics influenced P mobility, with mobility decreasing from the Hubbard (12% clay; pH 5.3), to Brazil (20% clay; pH 6.5), to Normania (22% clay; pH 5.5), and then Barnes (31% clay; pH 8.0) soil. The use of MAP-based fertilizers resulted in the greatest mobility, while struvite provided the lowest mobility. In contrast, struvite granules dissolved the least resulting in the highest labile P concentrations, due to direct extraction of fertilizer P from undissolved granules (average of 73% of applied P). Comparatively, TSP provided the lowest amount of labile P (average of 52% applied P). Sulfur and humic acid-coated MAP had no effect on P lability or mobility.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Production of processed cheese using kasseri cheese and processed cheese analogues incorporating whey protein concentrate and soybean oil. A control processed cheese (A) made mainly from kasseri cheese (60%) without whey protein concentrate or soybean oil, and three other cheese products B, C and D containing increasing amounts of whey protein concentrate (UF) and soybean oil were manufactured simultaneously, All the cheeses were produced to contain 50-51% moisture and 53-54% fat-in-dry matter and were submitted to microbiological, physicochemical, rheological and organoleptic tests I day after production and after 90 days in cold storage under vacuum. The mesophilic and psychrotrophic microflora of all the cheeses was very low, coliforms were not found. All the cheeses differed significantly in their content of total protein, soluble protein, lactose, ash, acidity (ADV) and in the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids (cheese D). In contrast, no significant differences in pH, moisture or fat were noted because of the standardization of the blends. Rheological rests of the products indicated that there were marked differences in hardness, adhesiveness, elasticity, gumminess and chewiness. The cheeses were subjected to sensory analysis and showed differences in flavour, texture and spreading ability on day I and moreover, in appearance after 90 days.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Public protection in the private housing promoters as an instrument of capitalisation (1956-98). This paper is focused on the analysis of the private developers who built with public assistance in the metropolitan area of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria by means of the study of the state-subsidized housing documents. The purpose is to show that housing policy has directed its efforts towards the subsidy of the professional agents, forgetting the no-professional ones, and has allowed business capitalization.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Discovery of the optical counterpart and early optical observations of GRB 990712. We present the discovery observations of the optical counterpart of the gamma-ray burst GRB 990712 taken 4.16 hr after the outburst and discuss its light curve observed in the V, R, and I bands during the first similar to 35 days after the outburst. The observed light curves were fitted with a power-law decay for the optical transient (OT), plus an additional component that was treated in two different ways. First, the additional component was assumed to be an underlying galaxy of constant brightness. The resulting slope of the decay is 0.97(-0.02)(+0.05), and the magnitudes of the underlying galaxy are V = 22.3 +/- 0.05, R = 21.75 +/- 0.05, and I = 21.35 +/- 0.05. Second, the additional component was assumed to be a galaxy plus an underlying supernova with a time-variable brightness identical to that of GRB 980425, appropriately scaled to the redshift of GRB 990712. The resulting slope of the decay is similar, but the goodness of fit is worse, which would imply that either this GRB is not associated with an underlying supernova or the underlying supernova is much fainter than the supernova associated with GRB 980425. The galaxy in this case is fainter: V = 22.7 +/- 0.05, R = 22.25 +/- 0.05, and I = 22.15 +/- 0.05, and the OT plus the underlying supernova at a given time is brighter. Measurements of the brightnesses of the OT and the galaxy by late-time Hubble Space Telescope observation and ground-based observations can thus assess the presence of an underlying supernova.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "A Linguistic and Cultural Analysis of Pun Expressions in Journalistic Articles in Jordan. This study is a linguistic and cultural analysis of some pun expressions published recently in two Jordanian daily newspapers in Arabic. The study responds to calls by Delabatista (1997) and Ritchie (2004) to carry out studies on pun that deal with analysis of its practical uses rather than dwell on categorization issues and theoretical backgrounds. The survey finds numerous cases of wordplay in these articles, some of which fall under the category of humor, but many, contrary to what was stated before, cannot be categorized under humor because they refer to recent bloody infighting in the Arab World, especially Syria, and they actually call for tears rather than laughter. Types of wordplay used include the homographic, homonymic, onomastic, and other types discussed in the literature. The new thing in this study is the case of playing on similarities between two words in two different languages like Arabic and English to produce a respectable pun.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Self-Organization in Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells with Small Molecules. We fabricated both conventional and inverted bulk heterojunction solar cells by spin-coating with a rod-like liquid crystal of 1,4-diketo-N,N-dimethyl-3,6-bis(4-dodecyloxyphenyl) pyrrolo[3.4-c]pyrrole as a donor and C61PCBM as an acceptor. In both cell structures, we found that molecular reorientation and self-organization of the pyrrolopyrrole derivative occurred so as to form conduction channels after the thermal treatment at 60 degrees C for 30 min and that the power conversion efficiency was improved by 30 times, up to 1%. These results prove that the bulk nature of rod-like liquid crystals is effective for ordered bulk heterojunction solar cells leading to the improvement of the cell performance. (C) 2012 The Japan Society of Applied Physics", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Are 'Optimistic' Theories of Criminal Justice Psychologically Feasible? The Probative Case of Civic Republicanism. 'Optimistic' normative theories of criminal justice aim to justify criminal sanction in terms of its reprobative/rehabilitative value rather than its punitive nature as such. But do such theories accord with ordinary intuitions about what constitutes a 'just' response to wrongdoing? Recentempiricalwork on the psychology of punishers suggests that humanbeings have a 'brutely retributive' moral psychology, making them unlikely to endorse normative theories that sacrifice retribution for the sake of reprobation or rehabilitation; it would mean, for example, that we cannot expect people to support such optimistic theories democratically, calling their feasibility into question. Taking the civic republican theory as an exemplar of optimistic theories, we argue that it does not fail this feasibility test. We review recent empirical research, including studies of our own, to support the claim that, far from being brute retributivists, human beings are generally satisfied only with punishment that delivers something other than mere retribution. Andwe show that this coheres very closely with the goals and policies that civic republicanism would support, as it may be expected to cohere also with other optimistic proposals.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Effect of process parameters on cut quality of stainless steel of plasma arc cutting using hybrid approach. An optimization concept of the various machining parameters for the plasma arc cutting procedures on AISI 316 stainless steel conducting a hybrid optimization method has been carried out. A new composition of response surface methodology and grey relational analysis coupled with principal component analysis has been proposed to evaluate and estimate the effect of machining parameters on the responses. The major responses selected for these analyses are kerf, chamfer, dross, surface roughness and material removal rate, and the corresponding machining parameters concentrated for this study are feed rate, current, voltage and torch height. Thirty experiments were conducted on AISI 316 stainless steel workpiece materials based on a face-centered central composite design. The experimental results obtained are applied in grey relational analysis, and the weights of the responses were evaluated by the principal component analysis and further evaluated using response surface method. The results show that the grey relational grade was significantly affected by the machining parameters directly as well as with some interactions. This method is straightforward with easy operability, and the results have also been established by running confirmation tests. The premise attributes beneficial knowledge for managing the machining parameters to enhance the preciseness of machined parts by plasma arc cutting.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Sexual Risk Behaviors in the Adolescent Offspring of Parents with Bipolar Disorder: Prospective Associations with Parents' Personality and Externalizing Behavior in Childhood. We recently reported that adolescent and young adult offspring of parents with bipolar disorder (OBD), relative to control offspring, were more likely to engage in sexual risk behaviors (SRBs). The present prospective study aimed to determine the contribution of parents' personality and offspring behaviour problems in middle childhood to offspring SRBs 10 years later. We hypothesized that offspring externalizing problems in childhood would mediate the relationship between parents' personality traits of neuroticism and agreeableness and adolescent SRBs. Furthermore, we expected these associations to be more robust among the OBD than controls. At baseline, 102 offspring (52 OBD and 50 controls) aged between 4 and 14 years were assessed along with their parents, who completed a self-report personality measure and child behavior rating. Behaviour ratings were also obtained from the children's teachers. Ten years later the offspring completed an interview assessing SRBs. Mediation analyses using bootstrapping revealed that, after controlling for age and presence of an affective disorder, externalizing behaviors served as a pathway through which high parental neuroticism, low parental agreeableness, and low parental extraversion were related to SRBs in offspring. Moderated mediation analyses revealed that the relationship between parental neuroticism and childhood externalizing problems was stronger for OBD than controls. These findings add to our previous results showing parents' personality contributes to intergenerational risk transfer through behavioral problems in middle childhood. These results carry implications for optimal timing of preventative interventions in the OBD.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Religious/Worldview Identification and College Student Success. Higher education researchers and practitioners have become increasingly interested in the experiences and outcomes of religious minority students. Most research to date has focused on these students' religiosity and spirituality, and it has often lumped students from several diverse religions into a singleminority group. This study explores the relationship between religious/worldview identification and student success (i.e., college satisfaction, perceived growth, academic achievement, and graduation). Differences between Buddhists, Hindus, Jews, Muslims, Protestants, and students who do not identify with any organized religion are examined using a large, multi-institutional dataset. Religious/worldview identification upon entering college is significantly related to various indicators of student success, and many of these differences persist even when accounting for students' demographics and precollege achievement.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Burning the engine: a time-marching computation of fat and protein consumption in a 5420-km non-stop flight by great knots, Calidris tenuirostris. The same computation was applied to published data on the pre-migration body composition of bar-tailed godwits (Limosa lapponica), which are said to migrate over 10 000 km from Alaska to New Zealand. The computed range for a sample killed by collision with an obstruction, while actually departing from Alaska, was sufficient to reach the South Pole. A second sample, shot before departure from New Zealand, would have run out of fat before reaching Alaska, but could easily have reached northern Australia, where these godwits stage on their northbound migration. The higher range estimate for the Alaskan birds was not due to higher fat mass (only 5% difference) but to a higher fat fraction, which they had achieved by reducing the mass of other organs before departure.Some recent observations of high chemical power, observed in wind tunnel experiments, have been interpreted as being due to much lower conversion efficiency than the value of 0.23 assumed here, but this interpretation is flawed. Measurements of mechanical power from another wind tunnel project were also unexpectedly high, suggesting that unsteady flight by wind tunnel birds increases their power requirements, both mechanical and chemical, with no implications for efficiency. The calculated power is for \\\\'steady horizontal flight\\\\', meaning that a valid test of predicted power requires birds to be trained to hold a constant position in the test section, while maintaining a steady wingbeat frequency and amplitude. This has not been achieved in recent experiments, and is hard to achieve when using physiological methods, because of the long periods of continuous flight needed. Measurements of mechanical rather than chemical power require shorter flight times, and offer better prospects for reliable power measurements.Samples of great knots (Calidris tenuirostris) were collected in an earlier project, before and after a 5420-km migration stage from Australia to China (believed to be flown non-stop) to determine the mass of fat consumed, and also the mass of protein withdrawn from the flight muscles and other organs. The flight was simulated by a \\\\'time-marching\\\\' computation, which calculated the fuel energy required, and allowed different hypotheses to be tried for the consumption of protein. The simulation predicted that the great knots would take about 4 days to cover the distance, in agreement with field estimates. Realistic predictions of the consumption of fat and protein were obtained by setting the conversion efficiency to 0.23 and the body drag coefficient to 0.10, withdrawing sufficient protein from the flight muscles to keep the specific work in the myofibrils constant throughout the flight, and taking enough additional protein from other tissues to bring the energy derived from oxidising protein to 5% of the total energy consumed.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "SWINE MODEL OF HAEMOPHILUS-DUCREYI INFECTION. Haemophilus ducreyi is a strict human pathogen that causes sexually transmitted genital ulcer disease. We infected domestic swine with H. ducreyi 35000, resulting in the development of cutaneous ulcers histologically resembling human chancroid lesions. Intraepidermal lesions progressed from pustules to ulcers containing polymorphonuclear leukocytes and were accompanied by a dermal inflammatory infiltrate containing T cells and macrophages. A. ducreyi was recovered from lesions up to 17 days after inoculation, and pigs did not develop immunity to reinfection with the challenge strain. Features of the model include inoculation through abrasions in the epidermis, ambient housing temperatures for infected pigs, the ability to deliver multiple different inocula to a single host, and the availability of monoclonal antibodies against porcine immune cells permitting immunohistochemical characterization of the host immune response to H. ducreyi infection.", "label": [2, 17, 24]}
+{"token": "Use of a Balanced Scorecard in strengthening health systems in developing countries: an analysis based on nationally representative Bangladesh Health Facility Survey. This paper illustrates the importance of collecting facility-based data through regular surveys to supplement the administrative data, especially for developing countries of the world. In Bangladesh, measures based on facility survey indicate that only 70% of very basic medical instruments and 35% of essential drugs were available in health facilities. Less than 2% of officially designated obstetric care facilities actually had required drugs, injections and personnel on-site. Majority of (80%) referral hospitals at the district level were not ready to provide comprehensive emergency obstetric care. Even though the Management Information System reports availability of diagnostic machines in all district-level and sub-district-level facilities, it fails to indicate that 50% of these machines are not functional. In terms of human resources, both physicians and nurses are in short supply at all levels of the healthcare system. The physician-nurse ratio also remains lower than the desirable level of 3.0. Overall job satisfaction index was less than 50 for physicians and 66 for nurses. Patient satisfaction score, however, was high (86) despite the fact that process indicators of service quality were poor. Facility surveys can help strengthen not only the management decision-making process but also the quality of administrative data. Copyright (c) 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [2, 21, 23]}
+{"token": "Persistence of the neuromodulatory effects of adenosine on synaptic transmission after long-term potentiation and long-term depression. Adenosine modulates long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) in the hippocampus, We tested whether induction of LTP or LTD might reciprocally modify the role of adenosine as an inhibitory modulator of synaptic transmission in the hippocampus. The experiments were performed on hippocampal slices of the rat, Two separate sets of the Schaffer pathway were alternately stimulated. Evoked field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs) were recorded extracellularly from CA1 stratum radiatum. Long-term potentiation (LTP) was induced by high-frequency stimulation and long-term depression (LTD) by low-frequency stimulation. The inhibitory effects of the adenosine analogue, 2-chloroadenosine (CADO, 0.1-5 muM), on the fEPSP slope were similar in both pathways (EC50=0.72 (95% confidence intervals: 0.50-1.1) muM and EC50=0.84 (0.55-1.3) muM, n=6). After induction of LTP in the test pathway, a second concentration-response curve was obtained, CADO was significantly less potent as compared to the first concentration-response curve. however the inhibitory effects of CADO were still similar in the potentiated pathway (EC50=2.2 (1.6-3. 1) muM) and in the control pathway (EC50=2.1 (1.5-3.0) muM, n=6). The inhibitory effects of CADO (0.1-5 muM) were also not significantly different in the pathway where LTD was previously induced (EC50=1.7 (1.5-2.0) muM). compared to the control non-depressed pathway (EC50=1.7 (1.4-2.0) muM, n=6). In conclusion, the neuromodulatory action of adenosine seems to be maintained in the presence of substantial variations in long-term synaptic efficiency during LTP or LTD. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "Trends in platelet distributions from 2008 to 2017: a survey of twelve national and regional blood collectors. Results Overall at these 12 blood collectors, the total number of PLTs distributed in 2008 was 1 373 200, which rose by 10 center dot 2% to 1 513 803 in 2017. The Japanese Red Cross, which distributes only apheresis PLTs, had a 13 center dot 4% increase in the number of distributions between the years 2008 and 2017, while the other 11 blood collectors combined demonstrated a 6 center dot 8% increase in distributions between these two years. Between the years 2008 and 2017, the changes in the proportion of apheresis, platelet-rich plasma and buffy coat PLT distributions were -29 center dot 9%, -70 center dot 7% and 80 center dot 0%, respectively.Methods Data on the total number of PLT distributions, the collection method, that is apheresis vs whole blood-derived (WBD), the PLT unit characteristics and post-collection modifications were obtained from 12 national or regional blood collectors from 2008 through 2017. Individual WBD PLT units were converted to apheresis equivalent units (i.e. a dose of PLTs) by dividing by 4, the typical pool size; WBD units that were pooled before distribution were counted as a single dose.Background This multi-national study evaluated changes in platelet (PLT) unit distributions at 12 national or regional blood collectors over a 10-year period.Conclusion The number of PLT distributions increased during the 10-year study period despite prophylactic PLT transfusion thresholds having remained fairly consistent over the last decade. Perhaps this increase is in part driven by increased administration of platelets to patients with massive haemorrhage or an increase in stem cell transplantation. The use of buffy coat PLTs is increasing at these collectors.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Conflicting discourses of translation assessment and the discursive construction of the 'assessor' role in cyberspace. This article explores the ways in which translation assessment is discursively constructed by readers participating in an online translation debate. Focusing on a controversy over the Korean translation of Walter Isaacson's 2011 biography of Steve Jobs, it examines how readers participating in a translation debate in Daum Agora, the largest online discussion forum in South Korea, enact the `assessor' role in evaluating the translation. Drawing on the concepts of `social role,' `activity role,' and `discourse role,' I argue that online translation assessors perform the discourse roles of 'expert-judge,' `activist,' and `assessment evaluator.' The findings suggest that translation assessment in cyberspace is a subjective, contextualizing process where value, meaning, and function are often a matter of uptake. Furthermore, discourse-based approaches may play critical roles in examining translation assessment in cyberspace as a socially situated act that involves an intricate negotiation of meaning, complex workings of power, and a reconstitution of local social positioning within global cultural flows.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Effect of projectile shape and interior structure on crater size in strength regime. Experiments on crater formation in the strength regime were conducted using projectiles of various shapes with an aspect ratio of similar to 1, including both solid and hollow interiors. The surface diameter, inner (pit) diameter, and depth of the craters on basalt and porous gypsum targets were measured. Using the bulk density of the projectile, the surface diameter and depth for basalt and the pit diameter and depth for porous gypsum were scaled using the pi-scaling law for crater formation in the strength regime. The numerical code iSALE was used to simulate the impact of projectiles of various shapes and interior structure with similar bulk densities. Results show that the distributions of the maximum (peak) pressure experienced and particle velocity in the targets were similar regardless of projectile shape and interior structure, implying that the dimensions of the final craters were almost identical. This is consistent with the experimental results. Thus, we conclude that the size of the craters formed by the impact of projectiles with different shape and interior structure can be scaled using a conventional scaling law in the strength regime, using bulk density as projectile density.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "In Search of Themes - Keys to Teaching Qualitative Analysis in Higher Education. Teaching research methods in psychology involves communicating a number of methods stemming from diverse philosophical traditions. The process of searching for themes is a central part of various qualitative methods of analysis and involves the transformation of coded raw data into a thematic structure. This process has often been briefly described which can create a problem for students who encounter qualitative analysis for the first time. The aim of the present paper is to explore how the process of transforming codes into a thematic structure can be described and communicated through higher education teaching. Literature on research methods and related teaching methods was explored and subsequently related to experiences of teaching and using qualitative methods in research. The essay-writing process was used to develop a language and pedagogical methods for teaching of thematic analysis. The reflective journey started off with concepts such as sorting and using visual tools found in the literature review, and continued with more active concepts such as abstracting and re-organising. I found the illumination of dominating epistemologies in psychological research to be a key element for understanding a more fundamental problem impeding students' learning processes. The reflective journey ended in a proposition of teaching exercises aimed at encouraging students' research creativity.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Identifying magnetic reconnection events using the FOTE method. ionA magnetic reconnection event detected by Cluster is analyzed using three methods: Single-spacecraft Inference based on Flow-reversal Sequence (SIFS), Multispacecraft Inference based on Timing a Structure (MITS), and the First-Order Taylor Expansion (FOTE). Using the SIFS method, we find that the reconnection structure is an X line; while using the MITS and FOTE methods, we find it is a magnetic island (O line). We compare the efficiency and accuracy of these three methods and find that the most efficient and accurate approach to identify a reconnection event is FOTE. In both the guide and nonguide field reconnection regimes, the FOTE method is equally applicable. This study for the first time demonstrates the capability of FOTE in identifying magnetic reconnection events; it would be useful to the forthcoming Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Specialised Sweetpotato Vine Multiplication in Lake Zone, Tanzania: What 'Sticks' and What Changes?. In Lake Zone, Tanzania, farmers were trained to multiply and distribute quality sweetpotato planting material. The objectives of this study were to assess changes in skills and practices among the trained farmers as vine multiplication became a specialized task. Nine months after the project ended, all 88 decentralized vine multipliers (DVMs) operating as groups (72%) or individuals (28%) were visited and qualitative data on their current multiplication practices collected through a questionnaire, checklists and observations. Results showed that 69% of DVMs were still multiplying vines, but less than half were using the seed production technologies promoted by the project. 34% used rapid multiplication beds; 61% used conventional plant spacing on ridges for roots and vines and 5% used both. As the vine multiplication cycle became a specialised activity, the multiplication and root production cycles were separated. Vines were treated differently in terms of site selection, length of cutting and spacing, depending on whether the objective of their use was for high root or high vine production. Capacity building of specialised vine multipliers and scaling-up seed interventions should consider the implications of skilling and task segregation in a broader context based on society's choice of technologies and agrarian change.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Factors related to age at depression onset: the role of SLC6A4 methylation, sex, exposure to stressful life events and personality in a sample of inpatients suffering from major depression. Background An early onset of depression is associated with higher chronicity and disability, more stressful life events (SLEs), higher negative emotionality as described by the primary emotion SADNESS and more severe depressive symptomatology compared to depression onset later in life. Additionally, methylation of the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) is associated with SLEs and depressive symptoms. Methods We investigated the relation of SLEs, SLC6A4 methylation in peripheral blood, the primary emotions SADNESS and SEEKING (measured by the Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales) as well as depressive symptom severity to age at depression onset in a sample of N = 146 inpatients suffering from major depression. Results Depressed women showed higher SADNESS (t (91.05) = - 3.17, p = 0.028, d = - 0.57) and higher SLC6A4 methylation (t (88.79) = - 2.95, p = 0.02, d = - 0.55) compared to men. There were associations between SLEs, primary emotions and depression severity, which partly differed between women and men. The Akaike information criterion (AIC) indicated the selection of a model including sex, SLEs, SEEKING and SADNESS for the prediction of age at depression onset. SLC6A4 methylation was not related to depression severity, age at depression onset or SLEs in the entire group, but positively related to depression severity in women. Conclusions Taken together, we provide further evidence that age at depression onset is associated with SLEs, personality and depression severity. However, we found no associations between age at onset and SLC6A4 methylation. The joint investigation of variables originating in biology, psychology and psychiatry could make an important contribution to understanding the development of depressive disorders by elucidating potential subtypes of depression.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Identification of the spectral characteristics of British semi-natural upland vegetation using direct ordination: a case study from Dartmoor, UK. The direct ordination technique Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) is applied to the examination of the relationships between the floristic composition of semi-natural vegetation and its spectral reflectance. Paired measurements of floristic and spectral characteristics, the latter being measured using a portable field spectrometer, were collected at ground level for a range of upland semi-natural vegetation within two study sites on Dartmoor, south-west England. The spectral data were converted to simulate a Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI) bandset. Both floristic and spectral data sets were then jointly ordinated using CCA. A sequence of individual species changes along the first ordination axis was identified that showed a strong correspondence with variation in the simulated CASI wavebands covering the 736 nm to 870 nm wavelengths. A significant relationship between first axis CCA scores for quadrats and their estimated total percentage vegetation cover was also identified. Although UK National Vegetation Classification (NVC) categories corresponded to a general sequence of plant community types along the first CCA axis, with the possible exception of the U20 Pteridium aquilinum-dominated community, it proved impossible to demonstrate any close link between any specific plant community type and a distinct set of spectral characteristics because of the continuum nature of the vegetation. The second axis of the CCA showed no interpretable relationship with variation in floristic/spectral data and this was confirmed further by use of Detrended Canonical Correspondence Analysis (DCCA). Possibilities for further research into floristic/spectral data using CCA/DCCA are discussed.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 36]}
+{"token": "Application of fluoroalkylsilanes (FAS) grafted ceramic membranes in membrane distillation process of NaCl solutions. Novel fluorosilanes grafted ceramic membranes were prepared and characterized in the air-gap membrane distillation (AGMD) process. The hydrophobic active layer was created by grafting 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane (C8 compound) on the commercial ceramic membrane (zirconia layer on the microporous alumina support). Two kinds of commercial membranes were used with average pore diameter of the zirconia layer equal to 50 or 200 nm. Four hydrophobic membranes were prepared using different grafting conditions. The efficiency of grafting process was characterized by TGA, contact angle and liquid water entry pressure (LEP) measurements. These new kinds of hydrophobic ceramic membranes were applied in the membrane distillation (MD) process. The influence of NaCl concentration and feed/permeate temperature difference on the efficiency of MD process were determined. The rejection of NaCl was found to be close 100%, indicating good hydrophobic behaviour of the FAS grafted ceramic membranes. The permeate fluxes were dependent of the NaCl concentration, pore diameter of the zirconia layer and the temperature difference between feed and permeate side of the membrane. The average flux of about 6.67 L/(m(2) h) was found for M1 and M2 membranes in contact with pure water and at feed/permeate temperatures equal 95 and 5 degrees C, respectively. The flux of about 5.42 L/(m(2) h) was found for M3 membrane in contact with 1 M NaCl solution and feed/permeate temperatures equal 99 and 5 degrees C, respectively. This is the first broader study of the use of modified ceramic membranes in MD process. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 33]}
+{"token": "Partisanship, media and the objective economy: Sources of individual-level economic assessments. Economic voting studies have repeatedly shown that voter's assessment of incumbent economic performance is important for the vote decision. However, there is little work explaining how individuals form their economic assessments. Utilizing individual-level data from Turkey, we find that variation in retrospective assessments can actually be predicted by individual income growth rates over the previous year, and the association is stronger for pocketbook assessments. Nonetheless, partisanship and media are important sources of bias, especially for sociotropic assessments. Controlled for partisanship, viewers of pro-government media are more likely to think that the national economy has done better than their own household over the last year, and also more likely to believe that the economy would fare worse if the incumbent is replaced. The findings testify both to the capacity of the individuals to anchor their assessments to personal experience, and to the media's ability to weaken this anchor.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Chemimechanical pulping of canola straw for the production of corrugating medium paper grades. Canola straw can be a potential lignocellulosic raw material for the paper industry, particularly in some Asian countries. Previously, it was reported that the properties of canola straw pulp produced by chemimechanical pulping (CMP) were similar to those of wheat straw-CMP. The aim of the present work was to optimise the chemical pre-treatment conditions of CMP process to obtain canola straw-CMP with good quality compatible for producing corrugating medium papers. The results showed that, by increasing the dosage of chemicals, and the temperature of the pre-treatment, the fibre length and coarseness decreased, whereas the fines content, curl, and kink index increased. By increasing the time of the pre-treatment, the fibre length, and coarseness decreased, the curl and kink index slightly decreased, and the fines content slightly increased. The temperature and time of the pre-treatment affected the pulp yield and strength properties more significantly than the dosage of chemicals. The strength properties of canola straw-CM P obtained in this investigation were comparable with those of other non-wood CMP and of old corrugated containerboard (OCC) used in the production of the corrugating medium papers.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "Sevillian neoclassic altarpieces pieces missing during the twentieth century. This article deals with the disappearance, replacement or transformation of particular neoclassical altarpieces in Seville, city and province, during the twentieth century. It also gives the reasons behind these changes. They are almost always due to liturgical adaptations, the ups and downs of fashion and the individual tastes of those promoting or commissioning particular works of art. Our aim is to highlight the more important cases to date and, as a result, to argue for the conservation and protection of these architectural wooden works of art; they arc normally located in the interior of churches and shrines and arc furnishings which form part and parcel of the rich cultural patrimony and identity of our geographical landscape.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Assessing computational predictions of the phenotypic effect of cystathionine-beta-synthase variants. Accurate prediction of the impact of genomic variation on phenotype is a major goal of computational biology and an important contributor to personalized medicine. Computational predictions can lead to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying genetic diseases, including cancer, but their adoption requires thorough and unbiased assessment. Cystathionine-beta-synthase (CBS) is an enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the transsulfuration pathway, from homocysteine to cystathionine, and in which variations are associated with human hyperhomocysteinemia and homocystinuria. We have created a computational challenge under the CAGI framework to evaluate how well different methods can predict the phenotypic effect(s) of CBS single amino acid substitutions using a blinded experimental data set. CAGI participants were asked to predict yeast growth based on the identity of the mutations. The performance of the methods was evaluated using several metrics. The CBS challenge highlighted the difficulty of predicting the phenotype of an ex vivo system in a model organism when classification models were trained on human disease data. We also discuss the variations in difficulty of prediction for known benign and deleterious variants, as well as identify methodological and experimental constraints with lessons to be learned for future challenges.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Right ventricular systolic dysfunction but not dilatation correlates with prognostically significant reductions in exercise capacity in repaired Tetralogy of Fallot. Conclusion In rTOF, CMR indices of RV systolic function are better predictors of CPET performance than RV size. An RVEF <40% may be useful to identify prognostically significant reductions in exercise capacity in patients with varying degrees of RV dilatation.Aims The optimal timing for pulmonary valve replacement in asymptomatic patients with repaired Tetralogy of Fallot (rTOF) and pulmonary regurgitation remains uncertain but is often guided by increases in right ventricular (RV) end-diastolic volume. As cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) performance is a strong prognostic indicator, we assessed which cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) parameters correlate with reductions in exercise capacity to potentially improve identification of high-risk patients.Methods and results In all, 163 patients with rTOF (mean age 24.5 +/- 10.2 years) who had previously undergone CMR and standardized CPET protocols were included. The indexed right and left ventricular end-diastolic volumes (RVEDVi, LVEDVi), right and left ventricular ejection fractions (RVEF, LVEF), indexed RV stroke volume (RVSVi), and pulmonary regurgitant fraction (PRF) were quantified by CMR and correlated with CPET-determined peak oxygen consumption (VO2) or peak work. On univariable analysis, there was no significant correlation between RVEDVi and PRF with peak VO2 or peak work (% Jones-predicted). In contrast, RVEF and RVSVi had significant correlations with both peak VO2 and peak work that remained significant on multivariable analysis. For a previously established prognostic peak VO2 threshold of <27 mL/kg/min, receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis demonstrated a Harrell's c of 0.70 for RVEF (95% confidence interval 0.61-0.79) with a sensitivity of 88% for RVEF <40%.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Amine N-Oxide Kinetic Hydrate Inhibitor Polymers for High-Salinity Applications. A series of glycidyl amine N-oxide polyethers with cyclic and acyclic amine N-oxide side groups and their block copolymers with poly(propylene) oxide (M-n in the range of 1.8-6.4 kg/mol) have been synthesized and investigated as kinetic hydrate inhibitors (KHIs) using a structure II hydrate-forming gas mixture. Polymers based on cyclic amine N-oxides, containing poly(piperidine glycidyl amine N-oxide) units gave a remarkable KHI performance. The best polymers gave similar KHI performance to commercial poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) (PVCap) at the same concentration of 2500 ppm. In addition, upon heating to 95 degrees C, the best polymers had no cloud point at 2500 ppm (0.25 wt %), even in 15 wt % sodium chloride solution. Thus, these polymers possess excellent potential for injection into high-salinity- and high-temperature-produced fluids.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "Risk factors and occurrence of rash in HIV-positive patients not receiving nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor: data from a randomized study evaluating use of protease inhibitors in nucleoside-experienced patients with very low CD4 levels (< 50 cells/mu L). Conclusions In our study, about 5% of HIV-positive patients who started treatment with protease inhibitors at very low CD4 counts developed rash, generally in the first few weeks after treatment. Risk was significantly higher in women and in patients who did not receive a HAART regimen. Our data indicate that women have a higher risk of rash than men, also with regimens that do not include NNRTI.Methods We evaluated all cases of rash observed during a 48-week randomized multicentre trial in 1251 nucleoside-experienced patients who started treatment with protease inhibitors (ritonavir or indinavir) at CD4 counts below 50 cells/muL. Incidence rates for rash were calculated according to gender, clinical status, age, use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) prophylaxis and use of individual antiretroviral drugs at enrolment. Differences between groups defined according to the above characteristics were tested for statistical significance using the log-rank test in a Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. All factors that gave results in the univariate analyses below the significance level of 0.05 were included in a multivariate analysis using a Cox regression model.Background Most of the studies evaluating rash in HIV-positive patients have focused on nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI), particularly nevirapine, and little is known about the occurrence of rash and the risk factors for its development in patients receiving regimens not based on NNRTI.Results During a follow-up period of 9690 person-months, 66 patients (5.3%) developed rash (0.68 events/100 person-months). In the univariate analyses, risk of rash did not differ with trial treatment (indinavir or ritonavir), clinical status, PCP prophylaxis, or age. During follow-up, rash was observed in 7.5% of enrolled women and in 4.5% of enrolled men (P = 0.03). Serious rash occurred in 4.5% of enrolled women and in 1.6% of enrolled men (P = 0.003). Use of HAART (P < 0.001) and inclusion of zidovudine and of zalcitabine in the prescribed regimen (P = 0.02) appeared to be associated with a lower risk of rash. In the multivariate analysis, the variables that remained significantly predictive of rash were gender (risk for women compared to men: 1.65, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.00-2.72, P = 0.048) and use of a non-HAART regimen (risk for non-HAART patients compared to HAART: 2.73, 95% CI: 1.49-5.02, P = 0.001).", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Pseudoelasticity and shape memory effects in cylindrical FCC metal nanowires. Molecular dynamics simulations are used to show strong pseudoelasticity and shape memory effects in a wide range of face-centered cubic metal nanowires with cylindrical shape, while similar effects have only been previously reported in face-centered metal nanowires with a unique geometry, i.e., by crystal reorientation from (0 0 1)1(1 0 0) with a square cross section to (1 1 0)/{1 1 1) with a rhombic cross section. The more generalized pseudoelasticity and shape memory effects reported in this work are enabled via a simple yet experimentally practical approach by tilting the nanowire axis away from the perfect (0 01) or (1 1 0) orientation such that the symmetry is broken in those nanowires and only one slip system is activated during the uniaxial loading. It is shown that while no pseudoelasticity and shape memory effects are found in (1 1 0) or (0 0 1) oriented cylindrical nanowires, full recovery up to similar to 50% tensile (or similar to 30% compressive) strain can be achieved in cylindrical nanowires whose axis are tilted as small as 2(omicron) (or 4(omicron)) away from (1 1 0) (or (0 0 1)). This finding could open up new opportunities for synthesizing shape-memory metal nanowires for vibration damping and mechanical energy storage applications at low cost. (C) 2017 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Clinical and Genetic Aspects of Phelan-McDermid Syndrome: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Management. Phelan-McDermid syndrome (PMS) is a rare, heterogeneous, and complex neurodevelopmental disorder. It is generally caused by a heterozygous microdeletion of contiguous genes located in the distal portion of the long arm of chromosome 22, including the SHANK3 gene. Sequence variants of SHANK3, including frameshift, nonsense mutations, small indels and splice site mutations also result in PMS. Furthermore, haploinsufficiency in SHANK3 has been suggested as the main cause of PMS. SHANK3 is also associated with intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia. The phenotype of PMS is variable, and lacks a distinctive phenotypic characteristic, so the clinical diagnosis should be confirmed by genetic analysis. PMS is a multi-system disorder, and clinical care must encompass various specialties and therapists. The role of risperidone, intranasal insulin, insulin growth factor 1, and oxytocin as potential therapeutic options in PMS will be discussed in this review. The diagnosis of PMS is important to provide an appropriate clinical evaluation, treatment, and genetic counseling.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "An updated assessment of trends and variability in total and extreme rainfall in the western Pacific. Rainfall records for 23 countries and territories in the western Pacific have been collated for the purpose of examining trends in total and extreme rainfall since 1951. For some countries this is the first time that their data have been included in this type of analysis and for others the number of stations examined is more than twice that available in the current literature. Station trends in annual total and extreme rainfall for 1961-2011 are spatially heterogeneous and largely not statistically significant. This differs with the results of earlier studies that show spatially coherent trends that tended to reverse in the vicinity of the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ). We infer that the difference is due to the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation switching to a negative phase from about 1999, largely reversing earlier rainfall changes. Trend analyses for 1981-2011 show wetter conditions in the West Pacific Monsoon (WPM) region and southwest of the mean SPCZ position. In the tropical North Pacific it has become wetter west of 160 degrees E with the Intertropical Convergence Zone/WPM expanding northwards west of 140 degrees E. Northeast of the SPCZ and in the central tropical Pacific east of about 160 degrees E it has become drier. Our findings for the South Pacific subtropics are consistent with broader trends seen in parts of southern and eastern Australia towards reduced rainfall. The relationship between total and extreme rainfall and Pacific basin sea surface temperatures (SSTs) has been investigated with a focus on the influence of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). We substantiate a strong relationship between ENSO and total rainfall and establish similar relationships for the threshold extreme indices. The percentile-based and absolute extreme indices are influenced by ENSO to a lesser extent and in some cases the influence is marginal. Undoubtedly, larger-scale SST variability is not the only influence on these indices.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Working with water insoluble organic molecules in aqueous media: fluorene derivative-containing polymers as sensory materials for the colorimetric sensing of cyanide in water. This paper describes a strategy followed to achieve a sensing phenomenon in aqueous media using water-insoluble organic molecules. We have prepared a methacrylamide and a methacrylate with pendant cyanide chemosensors based on a fluorene-derivative motif, and we have fabricated highly hydrophilic membranes by means of copolymerising these hydrophobic monomers with others. Therefore, upon absorption of water in the membranes, solvated ions enter the membrane by a simple diffusion mechanism, reaching the hydrophobic chemosensor motifs and giving rise to a macroscopic sensing phenomenon. In this way, we have prepared solid materials (dense membranes or films) capable of selectively detecting cyanide, with an extremely low detection threshold, in aqueous solution by means of colour changes (naked-eye sensing) (13 ppb). Nevertheless, the key point of this research is the description of the possibilities of anchoring organic insoluble molecules (i.e., drugs, fungicides, bactericides, sensing probes, etc.) to solubilise them in water, or to prepare hydrogels, permitting the use of these molecules in aqueous media or in biological media for medical, biological or biochemical purposes.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Acute lamotrigine overdose: a systematic review of published adult and pediatric cases. Conclusions: Most cases reporting lamotrigine exposures observed mild or no toxicity; however, large exposures were associated with severe CNS depression, seizures, cardiac conduction delays, wide complex tachycardia, and death. In adults with a serum concentration >25 mg/L, severe toxicity may occur. In patients <= 3.5 years of age, ingestions of >= 525 mg may produce severe CNS depression and seizures.Results: We retrieved 6238 records; 48 (51 cases) met the inclusion criteria. Cases primarily involved adults (70.6%). Potentially life-threatening symptoms of overdose included seizures (55%), Glasgow Coma Scale <= 8 (20%), hypotension (12%), and wide complex tachycardia (WCT) and cardiac arrest (6%). Among the 25 cases exposed to lamotrigine alone (13 adult; 12 pediatric), 2 adult fatalities occurred (4 g and 7.5 g ingested) and 8 pediatric cases experienced seizures (all children <= 3.5-years-old, 75% without an underlying seizure disorder, >= 525 mg ingested). The lowest seizure-associated serum concentration was 3.8 mg/L and 25.6 mg/L for pediatric and adult patients, respectively, suggesting children may be more susceptible to CNS toxicity. Cardiovascular toxicities occurred primarily in adult patients (threshold >25 mg/L). Overdose interventions included benzodiazepines (53%), propofol or barbiturates (14%), NaHCO3 (20%), lipid therapy (12%), and extracorporeal elimination (10%). NaHCO3 yielded no response in four of nine cases with conduction delays; however, two of the four cases subsequently responded with lipid therapy.Methods: We performed a literature search across eight databases, including Medline, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library, from database inception to April 2014. Major bibliographic databases were updated on 31 May 2017. Articles were eligible if they described acute or acute on chronic lamotrigine overdose. At least one serum lamotrigine concentration had to be reported for inclusion. Reports on chronic poisoning, studies describing adverse effects of therapeutic use, and animal studies were excluded.Objectives: To characterize manifestations of acute lamotrigine overdose, determine if serum concentrations predict poisoning severity, and evaluate the effectiveness of overdose management interventions.Context: Lamotrigine is a broad-spectrum anticonvulsant commonly used to treat seizure and bipolar mood disorders. Evidence from case series and retrospective studies indicate that lamotrigine overdose is usually benign. However, there are reported cases of cardiac arrest and mortality following lamotrigine overdose. We undertook a systematic review of the literature on lamotrigine overdoses to better understand the clinical severity, the relevance of serum concentrations, and therapeutic interventions for overdose.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "A proposed dynamic model for a lean roadmap. Lean manufacturing is an integrated socio-technical system. Its main objectives are to eliminate waste and reduce the variability of suppliers, customers, and internal resources and processes. A \\\\'lean\\\\' roadmap guides the transition from an existing operation to one that fully implements a \\\\'lean\\\\' philosophy and its best practices. In this study a comparative literature review showed that there is no standard model in use for implementing \\\\'lean\\\\'. Existing research indicates that there are 3 phases that incorporate 22 steps to \\\\'leanness\\\\' and the following \\\\'lean\\\\' steps are frequently cited: pilot project, planning, objectives, training, and value stream mapping. Based on the findings, a dynamic model for a \\\\'lean\\\\' roadmap was proposed to account for the dynamic conditions of a high variability environment.", "label": [5, 44, 46]}
+{"token": "Influence of the negative RF bias voltage on the structural, mechanical and electrical properties of Hf-C-N coatings. In this work Hf-C-N coatings were deposited on silicon substrates by reactive R.F. magnetron co-sputtering from two hafnium and carbon targets in a reactive nitrogen atmosphere at various negative bias voltages from 0 to 150 V. The effect of the bias voltage on the chemical composition, crystalline structure and mechanical properties was studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and nanoindentation. The results show that the obtained films have a Hf/(C + N) ratio of around 1 and present an evolution with the bias voltage from a quasi-amorphous structure, with a low hardness (6 GPa) to crystalline Hf2CN films with a high hardness (23 GPa) and electrical resistivity values in the order of 10(4) Omega . cm(-1). This study shows the potential for hard and electrically conductive Hf-C-N films in industrial applications. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 1, 32, 11]}
+{"token": "A cladistic analysis of the genus Diploschistes (Ascomycotina, Thelotremataceae). The phylogeny of the genus Diploschistes is investigated using parsimony analysis with morphological, chemical, and ecological characters. The scruposus group, including D. ocellatus, is supported as monophyletic, whereas the actinostomus group is shown to be paraphyletic. The predicted trend from perithecioid to urceolate ascomata within the genus is supported.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Coulomb friction with rolling resistance as a cone complementarity problem. Coulomb friction model with unilateral contact is a basic, but reliable, model to represent the resistance to sliding between solid bodies. It is nowadays well-known that this model can be formulated as a second-order cone complementarity problem, or equivalently, as a variational inequality. In this article, the Coulomb friction model is enriched to take into account the resistance to rolling, also known as rolling friction. Introducing the rolling friction cone, an extended Coulomb's cone, and its dual, a formulation of the Coulomb friction with rolling resistance as a cone complementarity problem is shown to be equivalent to the standard formulation of the Coulomb friction with rolling resistance. Based on this complementarity formulation, the maximum dissipation principle and the bi-potential function are derived. Several iterative numerical methods based on projected fixed point iterations for variational inequalities and block-splitting techniques are given. The efficiency of these methods strongly relies on the computation of the projection onto the rolling friction cone. In this article, an original closed-form formula for the projection on the rolling friction cone is derived. The abilities of the model and the numerical methods are illustrated on the examples of a single sphere sliding and rolling on a plane, and of the evolution of spheres piles under gravity.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "Extending the Limits of Protection of Pharmaceutical Patents and Data Outside the EU - Is There a Need to Rebalance?. The European Union (EU) has instituted internal and external measures aimed at protecting and enforcing intellectual property rights. In the area of pharmaceutical patents, the Union has also sought to protect its industries through patent term extension and data exclusivity. Recent EU Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) with developing countries contain chapters on intellectual property that extend patent terms and data exclusivity for pharmaceutical products. Such acts further prolong the lifespan of protection given to existing products and limit generic market entry. This article identifies the issue as one of \\\\'cross-pollination'' of laws and argues that since similar laws exist in the internal regime of the EU, incorporating them into the EU would not be technically too difficult. However, to an extent this regime is simulated in developing countries, implementation will bring major difficulties to the health sector and economies of these countries. The article thus proposes that developing countries should not be forced to adopt such laws through FTAs, and if they are, there should be the compulsory inclusion of both (1) a clause on transitional arrangements for developing countries specific to intellectual property; and (2) a clause that clearly links the objectives for intellectual property protection and enforcement (in this context, patent term extension and data exclusivity) to balancing between the promotion of technological innovation and access to medicines.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Polyamidoaminoepichlorohydrin resin a novel synthetic anti-corrosive water soluble polymer for mild steel. A novel polyamidoaminoepichlorohydrin resin was prepared and analyzed using spectroscopy techniques and its anti-corrosion properties were studied and observed. Inhibition efficiency was calculated by impedance spectroscopy, loss in weight and potentiodynamic polarization. Authors inferred results as the inhibitors tested differently are acted as better anti-corrosive agent. The thermodynamic data of activation were determined. The adsorption of resin on the steel surface was calculated according to Langmuir adsorption theory. A surface study was performed using SEM, AFM, FT-IR and XRD. Inhibition mechanism was deduced from concentration and temperature dependence of inhibition efficiency, Langmuir adsorption, SEM and AFM results.", "label": [4, 1, 33, 11]}
+{"token": "Adam Smith and the division of labour: is there a difference between organisation and market?. The paper claims that, in The Wealth of Nations, the division of labour refers simultaneously to two different things: a social division of labour and an organisational division of labour. The central point is that the organisation of work (the organisational division of labour) in the firm is the logical counterpart of the social division of labour, and that these reflect two inseparable aspects of the process of the division of labour. Smith is thus concerned with organisations as well as with markets, each functioning according to the same principle. Hence, Smith does not believe that the organisational and the social divisions of labour are fundamentally different, although he does recognise some variation between them and describes different states of the division of labour within the firm, liberal and capitalist.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Insects 'Down Under' - Diversity, endemism and evolution of the Australian insect fauna: examples from select orders. The Australian insect fauna is highly endemic and characterised by numerous unique higher-level taxa. In addition, a number of groups are noticeably absent or depauperate on the continent. Many groups found in Australia show characteristic Gondwanan distribution patterns on the southern continents. There are extensive radiations on the plant families Myrtaceae and Mimosaceae, a specialised arid/semiarid fauna, and diverse taxa associated with rainforests and seasonally wet tropical regions. The fauna is also poorly studied, particularly when compared with the flora and vertebrate groups. However, studies in the last two decades have provided a more comprehensive picture of the size of the fauna, relationships, levels of endemism, origins and its evolution. Here we provide an overview of these and other aspects of Australian insect diversity, focusing on six groups, the Thysanoptera and the five megadiverse orders Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Satan and Sitis: The Significance of Clothing Changes in the Testament of Job. This article examines the Testament of Job as a literary work within the genre of ancient Jewish novel. It explores the function of clothing changes for the two central characters of Satan and Sitis as providing both entertaining and critical narrative cues for character perception and development. This study is organized into two main sections. The first part examines the figure of Satan and his respective forms and disguises, with appropriate analogues to Apuleius's Metamorphoses. The second part examines Sitis's clothing and its function within the narrative, followed by a brief comparison to Joseph and Aseneth and Chariton's Chaereas and Callirhoe. This article contends that clothing is an important literary motif for the Testament of Job much like the popular ancient stories of Joseph and Aseneth, Chaereas and Callirhoe, and Metamorphoses. The contention is that a character's exterior clothing often indicates his/her inward character, or depicts a character's transformation within the narrative. In this sense, Sitis's clothing signals both her fall and eventual vindication, and Satan's disguises signal his status as the evil trickster. A character's change of clothing, as one would imagine in a performance or play, offers critical narrative cues to the reader.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Rapid Communication: Genome-wide association analyses identify loci associated with colostrum production in Jersey cattle. Consumption of an adequate volume of high-quality colostrum soon after birth is critical for a calf's health. Few studies have focused on the genetics associated with colostrum production, even though several dairy herds in the United States have reported incidents of low to no colostrum production during the fall and winter seasons. The objectives of this study were to identify loci associated with quantity and quality of colostrum production in a herd of Jersey cattle (n = 345) and to identify potential positional candidate genes and/or transcription factor binding site motifs located near associated loci. Cattle that freshened between the months of October and December of 2016 at a single dairy were enrolled in the study and produced on average 3.03 kg of colostrum at their first milking. This study included 112 cattle genotyped with the GeneSeek GGP50k BeadChip and another 233 cattle previously genotyped with various other arrays. The 233 cattle genotyped at lower densities were imputed to the GGP50k BeadChip density using BEAGLE 4.1.1, and 2 genome-wide association analyses (GWAA) were conducted using an additive efficient mixed-model association expedited method with a genomic relationship matrix (EMMAX-GRM). The first GWAA investigated loci associated with colostrum quantity and identified 7 loci: 6 that were moderately associated (5 x 10(-07) > P < 1 x 10(-05)) and 1 that was strongly associated (P < 5 x 10(-07)). The second GWAA investigated colostrum quality and identified 1 moderately (5 x 10(-07) > P < 1 x 10(-05)) associated locus. Five loci harbored positional candidate genes which had functional relevance to colostrum production, and 1 locus located on BTA10 contained a transcription factor binding site motif for TFAP2A which has previously been linked to mammary gland development. Pseudoheritability estimates were moderate for colostrum quality (0.19 +/- 0.06) and high for colostrum quantity (0.76 +/- 0.11), suggesting that genomic selection for these traits would be possible. Diminished colostrum quantity or quality can have a significant impact on herd health and herd economics. The identification of loci, positional candidate genes, and transcription factor binding site motifs associated with colostrum production could be used in genomic selection to allow producers to select for cattle with good colostrum production, improving calf health, and reducing economic losses to the herd.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Spatially restricted data distributions on the sphere: the method of orthonormalized functions and applications. In many geoscientific applications data are irregularly distributed and not globally available, e.g. caps around the poles which are uncovered due to nonpolar satellite orbits, or signals being defined solely on bounded regions on the globe. Starting from a sequence of base functions with global support. which in the present case is composed of spherical harmonics being initially non-orthogonal on a bounded subdomain, a set of functions is generated that constitutes an orthonormal basis. Different approaches to realize this transformation are studied and compared with respect to numerical stability and computational effort, and the corresponding effects on the coefficient recovery are investigated. A number of synthetic tests demonstrate the applicability, the benefit, but also the limitations, of this method.", "label": [4, 35, 36]}
+{"token": "Decomposing federated queries in presence of replicated fragments. Federated query engines allow for linked data consumption using SPARQL endpoints. Replicating data fragments from different sources enables data re-organization and provides the basis for more effective and efficient federated query processing. However, existing federated query engines are not designed to support replication. In this paper, we propose a replication-aware framework named LILAC, sparqL query decomposItion against federations of repLicAted data sourCes, that relies on replicated fragment descriptions to accurately identify sources that provide replicated data. We defined the query decomposition problem with fragment replication (QDP-FR). QDP-FR corresponds to the problem of finding the sub-queries to be sent to the endpoints that allows the federated query engine to compute the query answer, while the number of tuples to be transferred from endpoints to the federated query engine is minimized. An approximation of QDP-FR is implemented by the LILAC replication-aware query decomposition algorithm. Further, LILAC techniques have been included in the state-of-the-art federated query engines FedX and ANAPSID to evaluate the benefits of the proposed source selection and query decomposition techniques in different engines. Experimental results suggest that LILAC efficiently solves QDP-FR and is able to reduce the number of transferred tuples and the execution time of the studied engines. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Eliminating access to anonymous HIV antibody testing in North Carolina: Effects on HIV testing and partner notification. Anonymous HIV testing may attract persons who might otherwise not be tested but may hinder partner notification. We evaluated the effects on North Carolina's HIV testing and partner notification programs of policy changes that eliminated and later restored anonymous testing in 82 counties. We used an interrupted time-series design to compare counties eliminating with counties retaining anonymous testing. We analyzed HIV testing and partner notification data from before, during, and after elimination of anonymous testing. After elimination of anonymous testing in 82 counties, the mean monthly level of testing (+/-SE) increased by 45%, or 548 (+/-123) tests per month, while in 18 counties that retained anonymous testing, there was a 63% increase, or 802 (+/-162) tests per month (p >.05). Among men of all races, testing increased by 16%, or 155 (+/-35) tests per month, in counties that eliminated anonymous testing; and by 51%, or 305 (+/-42) tests per month (p <.05), in counties that retained anonymous testing. After elimination of anonymous testing, both county types experienced similar increases in the rate of partners notified. However, partner notification was more successful if the index patient was tested confidentially; 2.7 times as many partners per index patient were notified and counseled. There was no effect on testing or on partner notification rates following restoration of anonymous testing. Substantial community opposition to eliminating anonymous testing was encountered. The policy change appeared to result in a slight decrease in testing among men and a slight increase in partners notified. Programs considering the elimination of anonymous testing should weigh these potential gains and losses, as well as the impact on relationships between the public health and advocacy communities.", "label": [2, 17, 24]}
+{"token": "The success of the Success: negotiating dark tourism on an exhibition 'convict ship'. The exhibition ship the Success was a tourist phenomenon at the end of the nineteenth century and beginning of the twentieth. As she toured Australian, British and American ports, she appealed to an established preoccupation with the gothic and a curiosity about convict Australia. Her owners pre-empted objections to her exhibits by marketing her as educational, a true object lesson. Thus they generally successfully negotiated the tensions inherent in dark tourism: how to promote violence and death as entertainment. The Success is an early example of modern dark tourism and, by contrast to contemporary case studies, demonstrates how the performance of dark tourism has shifted. Tourists on the Success reflected on the inhumanity of the British past, but were also unashamedly entertained by witnessing horror. The desire for sensationalism to attract curious visitors gradually eroded the accuracy of the history told on board. Further removed from its context as a prison hulk, the history peddled on the Success was tailored to successive audiences and became more and more exaggerated. Truth claims may have placated social commentators and made the Success a respectable recreation, but in reality the ship's underlying appeal to emotional sensationalism eroded its rational educational possibilities.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Development of active edible coating of alginate and aloe vera enriched with frankincense oil for retarding the senescence of green capsicums. The application of alginate-based coatings in food preservation is limited owing to their poor antimicrobial, UVshielding, and water-barrier properties. For this concern, multifunctional alginate films were designed for the preservation of green capsicums through the incorporation of aloe vera (AV) and frankincense oil (FO). FTIR confirmed the successful incorporation of AV and FO while XRD showed a crystallinity reduction in the presence of FO. Significant improvements in thermal stability and mechanical properties were achieved in the presence of AV and FO. The addition of AV and FO made the films more bright, yellow and green meanwhile the film's transparency was not significantly influenced. A significant UV-shielding was detected upon increasing either AV or FO. Water vapor permeability was significantly reduced from 21.53 +/- 1.43 g mm/m2 day kPa for alginate to 8.18 +/- 0.24 g mm/m2 day kPa for the film containing AV at 67% and FO at 6%. Excellent inhibition activities against different bacteria and fungi were obtained for the films containing AV and FO. The prepared films exhibited excellent senescence retardation and resistance to the mass loss for green capsicums. Due to their enhanced UV-barrier, physical and microbial-inhibition properties, the prepared active films might be potentially used in food preservation.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "COMPARISON OF THE GENOME DNA-SEQUENCES OF BANGLADESH 1975 AND INDIA 1967 VARIOLA VIRUSES. The nucleotide sequences of genome DNAs and the deduced amino acid sequences of proteins from potential open reading frames (ORFs) of variola smallpox viruses from outbreaks in India in 1967 and in Bangladesh in 1975 have been compared and the analyses of the sequences are updated. Alignment of the DNAs revealed 99.3% base sequence identity. Of the 200 potential encoded proteins of each virus, 122 were identical, 42 showed substitution of a single amino acid, 11 showed two residues changes, and the remainder were more diverged. The variant proteins were encoded mainly in the near-terminal regions of each genome. The most conserved region between the variola DNAs included ORFs A33L to A49R, which is a relatively poorly conserved region compared with vaccinia virus.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "The acute phase reactant response to respiratory infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae: implications for the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The acute phase response to Chlamydia pneumoniae infection was analyzed over a 72 h period post-infection in C57BL/61 mice. A single intra-nasal inoculation stimulated statistically significant increases in the plasma levels of IL-2, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, GM-CSF, IFN-gamma, and serum amyloid A but not TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-4 and serum amyloid P. There was also a decrease in the activity of the HDL protective enzyme paraoxonase as well as a reduced ability of HDL to prevent oxidation of palmitoyl-2-arachidonyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphocholine by hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid at 48 and 72 h post-infection. To determine whether the C. pneumoniae induced acute phase response had any effect on atherosclerotic plaque stability, we measured the frequency of intra-plaque hemorrhage as a marker of plaque disruption in the innominate arteries of apolipoprotein E deficient mice at 29-30 weeks and 1.5-2.0 years of age. There was an increased frequency of intra-plaque hemorrhage only in the older mice infected with the live organism (8/14) as compared to mice treated with killed C. pneumoniae (2/11) or sham inoculated with PBS (2/12). These results suggest that acute phase reactant proteins produced in response to pulmonary infection with C. pneumoniae may contribute to the progression and destabilization of atherosclerotic lesions. (c) 2010 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 17, 24, 40]}
+{"token": "THE ROLE OF THE STAR IN EPHESIANS 18-20: IGNATIUS OF ANTIOCH, POLYMORPHIC CHRISTOLOGY, AND SECOND TEMPLE STARS. This article considers the function of the star in chapter 19 of Ignatius's To the Ephesians and proposes that, although the star is often understood as a sign of Jesus's incarnation, Ignatius identifies Jesus as the star by employing polymorphic Christology to depict Jesus as both a human and a star in Ign. Eph. 18-20. After outlining the extent to which the star is interpreted as a sign of the incarnation and illustrating the use of polymorphic Christology in second-century texts, I offer a reading of Ign. Eph. 18-20 in which Ignatius portrays Jesus as a man and a star whose appearance freshly initiates the implementation of God's economy. His polymorphic presentation of Jesus enables him to demonstrate Jesus's significance in the economy from different perspectives. Further, the study suggests that Ignatius's imagery is comparable to the use of the star as a messianic symbol in certain Second Temple Jewish texts. This reading has the benefit of integrating with Ignatius's other statements in the letter and it raises further questions related to the study of polymorphic Christology.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Extending psychometric network analysis: Empirical evidence against g in favor of mutualism?. The current study implements psychometric network analysis within the framework of confirmatory (structural equation) modeling. Utility is demonstrated by three applications on independent data sets. The first application uses WAIS data and shows that the same kind of fit statistics can be produced for network models as for traditional confirmatory factor models. This can assist deciding between factor analytical and network theories of intelligence, e.g. g theory versus mutualism theory. The second application uses the 'Holzinger and Swineford data' and illustrates how to cross-validate a network. The third application concerns a multigroup analysis on scores on the Brief Test of Adult Cognition by Telephone (BCATC). It exemplifies how to test if network parameters have the same values across groups. Of theoretical interest is that in all applications psychometric network models outperformed previously established (g) factor models. Simulations showed that this was unlikely due to overparameterization. Thus the overall results were more consistent with mutualism theory than with mainstream g theory. The presence of common (e.g. genetic) influences is not excluded, however.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "PSAE IS REQUIRED FOR IN-VIVO CYCLIC ELECTRON FLOW AROUND PHOTOSYSTEM-I IN THE CYANOBACTERIUM SYNECHOCOCCUS SP-PCC-7002. Electron transfer rates to P700+ have been determined in wild-type and three interposon mutants (psaE-, ndhF-, and psaE- ndhF-) of Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002. All three mutants grew significantly more slowly than wild type at low light intensities, and each failed to grow photoheterotrophically in the presence of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU) and a metabolizable carbon source. The kinetics of P700+ reduction were similar in the wild-type and mutant whole cells in the absence of DCMU. In the presence of DCMU, the P700+ reduction rate in the psaE mutant was significantly slower than in the wild type. In the presence of DCMU and potassium cyanide, added to inhibit the outflow of electrons through cytochrome oxidase, P700+ reduction rates increased for both the psaE- and ndhF- strains. The reduction rates for these two mutants were nonetheless slower than that observed for the wild-type strain. The further addition of methyl viologen caused the rate of P700+ reduction in the wild type to become as slow as that for the psaE mutant in the absence of methyl viologen. Given the ability of methyl viologen to intercept electrons from the acceptor side of photosystem I, this response reveals a lesion in cyclic electron flow in the psaE mutant. In the presence of DCMU, the rate of P700+ reduction in the psaE ndhF double mutant was very slow and nearly identical with that for the wild-type strain in the presence of 2,4-dibromo-3-methyl-6-isopropyl-p-benzoquinone, a condition under which physiological electron donation to P700+ should be completely inhibited. These results suggest that NdhF- and PsaE-dependent electron donation to P700+ occurs only via plastoquinone and/or cytochrome b6/f and indicate that there are three major electron sources for P700+ reduction in this cyanobacterium. We conclude that, although PsaE is not required for linear electron flow to NADP+, it is an essential component in the cyclic electron transport pathway around photosystem I.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Detection, Isolation and Confirmation of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Human, Ticks and Animals in Ahmadabad, India, 2010-2011. Conclusions: The likely source of CCHFV was identified as virus infected Hyalomma ticks and livestock at the rural village residence of the primary case (case A). In addition, retrospective sample analysis revealed the existence of CCHFV in Gujarat and Rajasthan states before this outbreak. An indigenous developed IgM ELISA kit will be of great use for screening this virus in India.Principal Findings: Samples from 3 suspected cases, 83 contacts, Hyalomma ticks and livestock were screened for Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) virus by qRT-PCR of which samples of two medical professionals (case C and E) and the husband of the index case (case D) were positive for CCHFV. The sensitivity and specificity of indigenous developed IgM ELISA to screen CCHFV specific antibodies in human serum was 75.0% and 97.5% respectively as compared to commercial kit. About 17.0% domestic animals from Kolat, Ahmadabad were positive for IgG antibodies while only two cattle and a goat showed positivity by qRT-PCR. Surprisingly, 43.0% domestic animals (Buffalo, cattle, sheep and goat) showed IgG antibodies in the adjoining village Jivanpara but only one of the buffalo was positive for CCHFV. The Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum ticks were positive in PCR and virus isolation. CCHFV was isolated from the blood sample of case C, E in Vero E-6 cells and Swiss albino mice. In partial nucleocapsid gene phylogeny from CCHFV positive human samples of the years 2010 and 2011, livestock and ticks showed this virus was similar to Tajikistan (strain TAJ/H08966), which belongs in the Asian/middle east genetic lineage IV.Background: In January 2011, human cases with hemorrhagic manifestations in the hospital staff were reported from a tertiary care hospital in Ahmadabad, India. This paper reports a detailed epidemiological investigation of nosocomial outbreak from the affected area of Ahmadabad, Gujarat, India.", "label": [2, 17, 21, 24]}
+{"token": "Does bird metabolic rate influence mosquito feeding preference?. Conclusions: The relationships between mosquito feeding preferences and individual host characteristics could be explained by enhanced anti-mosquito behaviour associated with higher metabolic rates. The potential role of cues emitted by hosts is also discussed. Thus, individuals with high metabolism may actively avoid being bitten by mosquitoes, despite releasing more attractant cues. Since metabolic rates can be related to individual differences in personality and life history traits, differences in mosquitoes' feeding preferences may be related to intraspecific differences in exposure to vector-borne pathogens.Results: Passer domesticus (Linnaeus) pairs containing one bird treated with 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) and the other injected with phosphate-buffered saline solution (PBS) (i.e. control) were simultaneously exposed overnight to mosquitoes. The treatment did not affect the proportion of mosquitoes biting on each individual. However, mosquito feeding preference was negatively associated with bird resting metabolic rate but positively with bird body mass. These two variables explained up to 62.76% of the variations in mosquito feeding preference.Background: Host selection by mosquitoes plays a central role in the transmission of vector-borne infectious diseases. Although interspecific variation in mosquito attraction has often been reported, the mechanisms underlying intraspecific differences in hosts' attractiveness to mosquitoes are still poorly known. Metabolic rate is related to several physiological parameters used as location cues by mosquitoes, and so potentially affect hostvector contact rates. Therefore, individual hosts with higher metabolic rates should be more attractive to host-seeking mosquitoes. Here, we experimentally investigated the role of bird metabolic rate in the feeding preferences of Culex pipiens (Linnaeus), a widespread mosquito vector of many pathogens affecting human and wildlife health.", "label": [2, 17, 21]}
+{"token": "Simulation of channel confluence and bifurcation using the CCHE2D model. The CCHE2D model, a depth-averaged, two-dimensional, unsteady-flow model, developed at the National Center for Computational Hydroscience and Engineering, has been verified for channel confluence and bifurcation applications. The computational efficiency for natural-river applications was the governing factor in the selection of the mixing-length model for turbulence closure. In the absence of field data, flume data for channel bifurcation and confluence collected in the laboratory were used to verify the simulated results. The simulated depth-averaged velocity and water surface profiles in the main and branch channels of a bifurcating channel compare well with the experimental data. In addition, the ratio of the discharge in the branch channel to the upstream discharge in the main channel, which is the most commonly sought value in the case of bifurcation, is in good agreement with the experimental data. The width and length of the recirculation zone in the branch channel are satisfactorily predicted by the model. The simulation results for the water surface profile near a channel confluence agree well with the measured data.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 36]}
+{"token": "Community and meaning in contemporary sociological theory: A. Giddens and J. Habermans' proposals. This work proposes four dimensions for studying the topics of community and meaning in two of the main figures of Contemporary Sociological Theory, A. Giddens and J. Habermas. First, the modernity of community in the classical perspectives. Second, the shared points of view and the differences in the theory of both authors about the meaning. Third, the theoretical development of the concepts of reflexive communities in Giddens and communication community in Habermas. Fourth, the divergent positions and suggestions of one and other about community, meaning and modernity.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Tree diversity and community composition in sacred forests are superior than the other community forests in a human-dominated landscape of Meghalaya. Tree diversity and community composition in six sacred forests (SF) of Meghalaya were compared with those of six adjacent community forests (CF) to understand how protection provided to sacred forests by the communities impacts their diversity and community characteristics. The SFs harboured a greater number of tree species (187) compared to the CFs (56). Tree density in the SFs ranged from 750 trees ha(-1) (MKSF) to 1470 trees ha(-1) (MTSF) while in CFs, it was 875 trees ha(-1) (ILCF) to 1236 trees ha(1) (NBCF). Among the SFs, the highest basal area was recorded in MNSF (56.89 m(2) ha(-1)) and least in NBSF (40.75 m(2) ha(-1)), while among the CFs tree basal area ranged from 23.7 m(2) ha(-1) in MKCF to 36.0 m(2) ha(-1) in MNCF. The canopy cover in SFs ranged from 73.3 to 86.2% while in CFs it ranged from 54.3 to 70.8%. Species rank abundance distribution (RAD) curve or dominance-diversity curve showed high equitability and low dominance in all the six SFs while the RAD curve showed high dominance and low equitability in all the six CFs. The dominance-diversity curve in the SFs followed a log-normal distribution whereas the CFs exhibited a broken stick distribution pattern. Among the CFs, Pinus kesiya was the dominant tree species in five out of six study sites. The dominant species were different for different SFs, which were Microtropis discolour (ILSF), Citrus latipes (MNSF), Castanopsis tribuloides (MTSF), Castanopsis armata (NBSF), Myrica esculenta (NKSF) and Taxus wallichiana (MKSF). SFs were characterized by high diversity and low dominance as seen in old-growth forests. Shannon's diversity index (H ') in the SFs ranged from 2.06 to 4.28 indicating high tree diversity, while in CFs it was 0.76-2.61 reflecting relatively lower diversity. Simpson's dominance index for trees was higher in CFs (0.09-0.73) than the SFs (0.02-0.26).", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "An Armenian Fragment of the Gospel of Mark in the Erkat'agir Script: With a Note on Its Codicological Reconstruction. This article provides an introduction to and a transcription as well as English translation of a previously unknown Armenian fragment of the Gospel of Mark (15:4b-7a, 11b-14a), which is currently kept in a private collection in the Middle East. The fragment was extracted from the binding of a sixteenth or seventeenth-century Garsuni codex that probably came from Diyarbakir in Turkey. The Armenian text is inscribed in the erkaragir uncial (\\\\'iron-forged letters\\\\') that can approximately be assigned on paleographical grounds to the late tenth or eleventh century CE. The paper compares the textual variants of the newly identified fragment against the old Armenian text of the Gospel of Mark published by Johannes Zohrap in 1805. Although the text usually agrees with the Zohrap edition, at least one notable difference occurs in Mark 15:5. Finally, the attempt to reconstruct the fragment codicologically raises some questions concerning the format of the manuscript to which it originally belonged.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Upsetting Analysis of High-Strength Tubular Specimens with the Taguchi Method. In order to obtain input data for numerical simulations of tube forming, the material properties of tubes need to be determined. A tube tensile test can only be used to measure yield stress and ultimate tensile stress. For tubes with a large diameter/thickness ratio (D/t), tensile specimens are cut out and processed in a similar way as with sheet metal. However, for thin tubes with a diameter/thickness ratio below 10, the tensile specimens could not be cut out. The flow curve of the analyzed tube with a small diameter and D/t ratio of 7 was determined with a ring-shaped specimen. The experimental force-travel diagram was acquired. A reverse-engineering method was used to determine flow curves by numerical simulations. Using an L-25 orthogonal array of the Taguchi method different flow curve parameters and friction coefficient combinations were selected. Tube upsetting with determined parameter combinations was performed with the finite element method. With analysis of variance influential equations among selected input parameters were determined for the force levels at six upsetting states. With the evaluation of known friction coefficients and flow curve parameters, K, n, and epsilon(0) according to the Swift approximation were determined and proved by the final shape of the workpiece.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Human Cytomegalovirus Disruption of Calcium Signaling in Neural Progenitor Cells and Organoids. The herpesvirus human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a leading cause of congenital birth defects. Infection can result in infants born with a variety of symptoms, including hepatosplenomegaly, microcephaly, and developmental disabilities. Microcephaly is associated with disruptions in the neural progenitor cell (NPC) population. Here, we defined the impact of HCMV infection on neural tissue development and calcium regulation, a critical activity in neural development. Regulation of intracellular calcium involves purinergic receptors and voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCC). HCMV infection compromised the ability of both pathways in NPCs as well as fibroblasts to respond to stimulation. We observed significant drops in basal calcium levels in infected NPCs which were accompanied by loss in VGCC activity and purinergic receptor responses. However, uninfected cells in the population retained responsiveness. Addition of the HCMV inhibitor maribavir reduced viral spread but failed to restore activity in infected cells. To study neural development, we infected three-dimensional cortical organoids with HCMV. Infection spread to a subset of cells over time and disrupted organoid structure, with alterations in developmental and neural layering markers. Organoid-derived infected neurons and astrocytes were unable to respond to stimulation whereas uninfected cells retained nearly normal responses. Maribavir partially restored structural features, including neural rosette formation, and dampened the impact of infection on neural cellular function. Using a tissue model system, we have demonstrated that HCMV alters cortical neural layering and disrupts calcium regulation in infected cells.IMPORTANCE Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) replicates in several cell types throughout the body, causing disease in the absence of an effective immune response. Studies on HCMV require cultured human cells and tissues due to species specificity. In these studies, we investigated the impact of infection on developing three-dimensional cortical organoid tissues, with specific emphasis on cell-type-dependent calcium signaling. Calcium signaling is an essential function during neural differentiation and cortical development. We observed that HCMV infects and spreads within these tissues, ultimately disrupting cortical structure. Infected cells exhibited depleted calcium stores and loss of ATP- and KCl-stimulated calcium signaling while uninfected cells in the population maintained nearly normal responses. Some protection was provided by the viral inhibitor maribavir. Overall, our studies provide new insights into the impact of HCMV on cortical tissue development and function.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Why Use Multiple Representations in the Mathematics Classroom? Views of English and German Preservice Teachers. Dealing with multiple representations and their connections plays a key role for learners to build up conceptual knowledge in the mathematics classroom. Hence, professional knowledge and views of mathematics teachers regarding the use of multiple representations certainly merit attention. In particular, investigating such views of preservice teachers affords identifying corresponding needs for teacher education, However, specific empirical research is scarce. Taking into account the possible role of culture, this study consequently focuses on views about using multiple representations held by more than 100 English and more than 200 German preservice teachers. The results indicate that there are culture-dependent aspects of preservice teachers' views, but also that there are common needs for professional development.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Beyond rules and norms: Heterogeneity, ubiquity, and visibility of groundwaters. Over the last 150 years or so engineers, farmers, scientists, and many others around the globe have gained access to the waters that lie underground with drilling technology, pumps and cheap energy. Since the mid-twentieth century, a massive worldwide proliferation of deep wells has redistributed groundwaters away from springs, seeps, wells, and oases, robbing them of the water that supports local sustainable socionatural relations. The idea and social fact of groundwater has emerged in this history, and has three distinguishing features: heterogeneity, ubiquity, and visibility. The failure to halt depletion has prompted a turn to culture in the hope of governing the liquid sustainably. However, rather than grapple with the complexities and contradictions of heterogeneity, ubiquity, and visibility, these efforts take a rather thin view of culture-as rules, norms, and institutions to be studied, codified and deployed to address the crisis. This instrumental understanding of culture as a set of traits to be selectively used for arresting depletion has not proven effective, however, compelling us to rethink our cultural, political, and economic engagements with groundwater.", "label": [4, 5, 36, 47]}
+{"token": "Epistemic Disadvantage. Recent philosophical literature on epistemic harms has paid little attention to the difference between deliberate and non-deliberate harms. In this paper, I analyze the \\\\'Curare Case,\\\\' a case from the 1940's in which patient testimony was disregarded by physicians. This case has been described as an instance of epistemic injustice. I problematize this description, arguing instead that the case shows an instance of \\\\'epistemic disadvantage.\\\\' I propose epistemic disadvantage indicates when harms result from warranted asymmetric relations that justifiably exclude individuals from hermeneutical participation. Epistemic disadvantage categorizes harms that result from justifiable exclusions, are non-deliberate, and result from poor epistemic environments. This analysis brings out a meaningful difference between accidental and deliberate harms in communicative exchanges.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Synthesis and thermal properties of liquid crystal trimers comprising cyanobiphenyl and salicylaldimine anisometric segments. The synthesis and mesomorphism of a series of liquid crystal trimers made by covalently linking two cyanobiphenyl moieties with a central salicylaldimine core through two flexible spacers are reported. Nine different oxyalkyleneoxy spacers varying in the number of carbon atoms and thus, methylene units from 3 to 11 were used to understand structure-mesomorphic property correlations. The optical microscope and differential scanning calorimeter were employed to evaluate their phase transitional behavior. All the trimers exhibit an enantiotropic uniaxial nematic phase over a wide thermal range (>80 degrees C) while a homolog comprising an octamethylene (even-parity) spacer displays, additionally, a metastable smectic phase. The nematic-isotropic transition temperatures critically depend on the parity of the spacer with the values for the odd-parity spacer containing homologs being lower than those of the even members, a feature generally observed in oligomesogens. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Generation of optical vortices with the same topological charges and controllable separation distances using diffraction gratings. In this paper, we first generate optical vortices with different topological charges, using the method of computer-generated holograms. Then, we separate one of the optical vortices from others with a special topological charge and pass it through a diffraction grating with a specified line spacing. It is observed that the vortex beam, after passing through the grating, converts to several separated vortices with the same topological charge whose value is similar to the topological charge of the input vortex. Finally, we show that the distance between generated vortices can be controlled with the variation of spacing between grating lines. So, the proposed setup in this paper can be exploited as an optical vortex divider which is useful in communication and trapping systems.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Comparative Effects of Different Light Sources on the Production of Key Secondary Metabolites in Plants In Vitro Cultures. Plant secondary metabolites are known to have a variety of biological activities beneficial to human health. They are becoming more popular as a result of their unique features and account for a major portion of the pharmacological industry. However, obtaining secondary metabolites directly from wild plants has substantial drawbacks, such as taking a long time, posing a risk of species extinction owing to over-exploitation, and producing a limited quantity. Thus, there is a paradigm shift towards the employment of plant tissue culture techniques for the production of key secondary metabolites in vitro. Elicitation appears to be a viable method for increasing phytochemical content and improving the quality of medicinal plants and fruits and vegetables. In vitro culture elicitation activates the plant's defense response and increases the synthesis of secondary metabolites in larger proportions, which are helpful for therapeutic purposes. In this respect, light has emerged as a unique and efficient elicitor for enhancing the in vitro production of pharmacologically important secondary metabolites. Various types of light (UV, fluorescent, and LEDs) have been found as elicitors of secondary metabolites, which are described in this review.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Efficacy and Profitability of Insecticide Treatments for Tomato Spotted Wilt Management on Peanut in South Carolina. Tomato spotted wilt (TSW) is a common and serious disease of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) caused by Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV; family Tospoviridae, genus Orthotospovirus). Management frequently uses an integrated approach, with cultivar resistance and application of in-furrow insecticide as two critical components. In-furrow insecticides help suppress thrips, which can injure and stunt young growing plants and transmit TSWV, with postemergent application of acephate capable of providing additional thrips control. To examine effects of systemic insecticides (imidacloprid, imidacloprid plus fluopyram, phorate, and acephate) on TSW management, yield, and economic return across cultivar susceptibilities (susceptible, moderately susceptible, and resistant) in South Carolina, a meta-analysis was used to synthesize results from 32 studies conducted between 2009 and 2018. Although efficacy and magnitude of individual treatments varied with susceptibility, imidacloprid increased, whereas phorate generally decreased TSW incidence relative to nontreated controls. In-furrow treatments followed by acephate further reduced TSW incidence and increased profitability. All examined treatments improved yield compared with untreated peanuts except for susceptible cultivars treated with imidacloprid. Imidacloprid plus fluopyram increased yield more than imidacloprid alone for the susceptible group, although there was little difference between these treatments in association with moderately susceptible cultivars. When comparing individual applications, phorate was overall the most profitable option across susceptibilities, although imidacloprid plus fluopyram exhibited analogous profitability for susceptible cultivars. Results from this study can be used to assist producer selection of management options for TSW in peanut.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "New insight into the mechanism of metadynamic softening in austenite. In the current study, the relation between the softening behaviour and the grain structure, dislocation substructure and crystallographic texture development was investigated during post-deformation annealing of a fully dynamically recrystallized (DRX) austenitic Ni-30%Fe model alloy. The present observations revealed a novel mechanism of post-dynamic softening consisting of several concurrent processes. The initial softening stage involves rapid growth of the dynamically formed nuclei and migration of the mobile boundaries. Simultaneously, the sub-boundaries within DRX grains progressively disintegrate through dislocation climb and dislocation annihilation. This eventually leads to the formation of dislocation-free grains, and reduction in the rate of grain boundary migration. As a result, the DRX texture largely remains preserved throughout the annealing process. Furthermore, the visibility of extrinsic grain/twin boundary dislocations, originated from absorbed glide lattice dislocations during the DRX process, gradually decreases during the post-deformation annealing, as a result of their mutual annihilation and progressive incorporation into the boundary structure. (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. on behalf of Acta Materialia Inc.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Potassium Channel Gain of Function in Epilepsy: An Unresolved Paradox. Exome and targeted sequencing have revolutionized clinical diagnosis. This has been particularly striking in epilepsy and neurodevelopmental disorders, for which new genes or new variants of preexisting candidate genes are being continuously identified at increasing rates every year. A surprising finding of these efforts is the recognition that gain of function potassium channel variants are actually associated with certain types of epilepsy, such as malignant migrating partial seizures of infancy or early-onset epileptic encephalopathy. This development has been difficult to understand as traditionally potassium channel loss-of-function, not gain-of-function, has been associated with hyperexcitability disorders. In this article, we describe the current state of the field regarding the gain-of-function potassium channel variants associated with epilepsy (KCNA2, KCNB1, KCND2, KCNH1, KCNH5, KCNJ10, KCNMA1, KCNQ2, KCNQ3, and KCNT1) and speculate on the possible cellular mechanisms behind the development of seizures and epilepsy in these patients. Understanding how potassium channel gain-of-function leads to epilepsy will provide new insights into the inner working of neural circuits and aid in developing new therapies.", "label": [2, 17, 21]}
+{"token": "The trouble with STEAM and why we use it anyway. As an emerging field of theory, research, and practice, STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics) has received attention for its efforts to incorporate the arts into the rubric of STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) learning. In particular, many informal educators have embraced it as an inclusive and authentic approach to engaging young people with STEM. Yet, as with many nascent fields, the conceptualization and usage of STEAM is somewhat ambivalent and weakly theorized. On the one hand, STEAM offers significant promise through its focus on multiple ways of knowing and new pathways to equitable learning. On the other hand, it is often deployed in theory, pedagogy, and practice in ambiguous or potentially problematic ways toward varying ends. This paper attempts to disentangle some of the key tensions and contradictions of the STEAM concept as currently operationalized in educational research, policy, and practice. We pay particular attention to the transformative learning potential supported by contexts where STEAM is conceptualized as both pedagogical and mutually instrumental. That is, neither STEM nor arts are privileged over the other, but both are equally in play. We link the possibilities suggested by this approach to emerging theories for understanding how designing for and surfacing epistemic practices linked to the relevant disciplines being integrated into STEAM programs may point the way toward resolving tensions in inter- and transdisciplinary learning approaches.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Low pressure superheated steam drying of onion slices: kinetics and quality comparison with vacuum and hot air drying in an advanced drying unit. Pungency is important characteristics of onion and during processing it is generally reduces. Low pressure superheated steam drying (LPSSD) is gaining importance due to energy and product benefits. It results in better retentions of bioactive components. So, in current study onion slices were dried using low pressure superheated steam, and compared with vacuum and hot air drying at different temperature in NIFTEM advance drying unit. Among the selected models, Page's model gave a better prediction and satisfactorily described drying characteristics of onion slices. The Activation energy was found to be 41.87 kJ/mol in LPSSD. Quality of product, i.e. retention of color, rehydration ratio, thiosulphinate content, total phenol content and antioxidant activity, were better at 70 A degrees C using LPSSD, at 60 A degrees C using VD and HAD, as compared to other drying temperature in respective drying technologies used. Significant differences in quality of the dried product were also observed due to drying temperature in different drying techniques.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Theoretical, methodological and data-analytical issues in psychotherapy research. Part I: Process and outcome research from the '50s to the '80s. Psychotherapy can be described with regard to two main dimensions: the outcome (i.e., the effects of the treatment) and the process (i.e., what is going on during the treatment). At its very beginning, the empirical investigation of psychotherapy has been mainly - although not exclusively - focused on these two distinct aspects, giving birth to what is known as psychotherapeutic outcome and process research. This period, which spans approximately from the '50s to the beginning of the '80s, represents what can be defined the classical paradigm in psychotherapy research, sustained by the aims and methodologies of neo-positivistic science. In this paper, we firstly describe the main characteristics of both outcome and process research during these three decades, with particular regard to their different research approaches and designs, levels of observation, and data analysis. Finally, we discuss what we consider to be some critical issues specific to and distinctive of each of these two distinct research domains.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Total chlorophyll and nitrogen storage in the green alga Ulva pseudolinza. Forms of nitrogen storage are well-documented in red and brown seaweeds, but there is virtually no information on what act as nitrogen storage compounds in green seaweeds. The green seaweed Ulva pseudolinza L. occurs throughout the intertidal at Ambleteuse and Wimereux on the eastern English Channel, where there is a semi-diurnal tide and a large tidal range. Consequently, there should be a range of tissue nitrogen and chlorophyll content and chlorophyll a:b ratios in individuals of this green seaweed throughout the intertidal. There was a significant negative relationship between the tissue nitrogen content and the chlorophyll a:b ratio. The relationship between tissue nitrogen and either chlorophyll a or b was poor, but there was a strong positive relationship between tissue nitrogen and total chlorophyll. With low chlorophyll a:b ratios, which also coincided with high tissue nitrogen content, high chlorophyll b content occurred at the expense of chlorophyll a to maintain a constant relationship between total chlorophyll and tissue nitrogen. We discuss reasons for the relationships between tissue nitrogen, chlorophyll a and b and the chlorophyll a:b ratio.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "Amelia, Cleft Lip, and Holoprosencephaly: A Distinct Entity. We report on a male fetus with amelia, cleft lip, and holoprosencephaly. We compare the clinical findings in our patient with those of previously reported cases with the most clinical overlap. To date only four cases with bilateral limb amelia, CNS anomalies, and facial clefts have been described. Our report appears to represent the fifth case with such a combination of anomalies. (C) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Factors influencing the mental wellbeing of persons affected by leprosy in Far-Western Nepal. Objective To investigate factors that influence the mental wellbeing of persons affected by leprosy in Far-Western Nepal. Methods The study used a cross-sectional design with a qualitative approach. Semi structured, in-depth interviews and focus group discussions covering topics such as feelings towards and experiences with leprosy, mental wellbeing, knowledge about leprosy, social life, community, culture and future outlook were employed. The data were analysed using Framework Analysis and Thematic Open Analysis. Results A total of 25 persons affected by leprosy were included in the in-depth interviews and 13 persons participated in focus group discussions. We found that participants often experienced stigma and/or mental distress. Participants reported physical weakness or pain, activity limitations, worries about their disease and its implications, feelings of shame, suicidal thoughts, and perceived and/or internalised stigma. Factors influencing mental wellbeing included discrimination, social support, religion, participation (restrictions), (in)ability to work, community attitudes, knowledge of leprosy and cultural beliefs about the disease. Conclusions This study revealed that the majority of participants faced leprosy-related stigma, physical discomfort, restrictions in social participation and mental distress. We recommend the development of interventions such as counselling after diagnosis with leprosy, increasing leprosy awareness and knowledge, addressing negative attitudes and beliefs in the community and stimulating social participation.", "label": [2, 17, 21, 24]}
+{"token": "Development of a 3D thermohydraulic-neutronic coupling model for accident analysis in research miniature neutron source reactor (MNSR). To accurately analyze the accidents in nuclear reactors, a thermohydraulic-neutronic coupling calculation is required to solve fluid dynamics and nuclear reactor kinetics equations in fine cells simultaneously and evaluate the local effects of neutronic and thermohydraulic parameters on each other. In the present study, a 3D thermohydraulic-neutronic coupling model is developed, validated and then applied for Isfahan MNSR (Miniature Neutron Source reactor) safety analysis. The proposed model is developed using FLUENT software and user defined functions (UDF) are applied to simulate the neutronic behavior of MNSR. The validation of the proposed model is first evaluated using 1mk reactivity insertion experiment into Isfahan MNSR core. Then, the developed coupling code is applied for a design basis accident (DBA) scenario analysis with the insertion of maximum allowed cold core reactivity of 4 mk. The results show that the proposed model is able to predict the behavior of the reactor core under normal and accident conditions with a good accuracy. (C) 2019 Korean Nuclear Society, Published by Elsevier Korea LLC.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Falsification of matching theory's account of single-alternative responding: Herrnstein's K varies with sucrose concentration. Eight rats pressed levers for varying concentrations of sucrose in water under eight variable-interval schedules that specified a wide range of reinforcement rate. Herrnstein's (1970) hyperbolic equation described the relation between reinforcement and responding well. Although the y asymptote, k, of the hyperbola appeared roughly constant over conditions that approximated conditions used by Heyman and Monaghan (1994), k varied when lower concentration solutions were included. Advances in matching theory that reflect asymmetries between response alternatives and insensitive responding were incorporated into Herrnstein's equation. After fitting the modified equation to the data, Herrnstein's k also increased. The results suggest that variation in k can be detected under a sufficiently wide range of reinforcer magnitudes, and they also suggest that matching theory's account of response strength is false. The results support qualitative predictions made by linear system theory.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Dietary supplementation of arginine and glutamine enhances the growth and intestinal mucosa development of weaned piglets. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of arginine and glutamine on the performance and intestinal mucosa development in weaned piglets. One hundred and forty-four Yorkshire piglets weaned at 28 +/- 2 days were randomly assigned for 28 days to 4 treatments, in a 2 (arginine 0% and 0.7%) by 2 (glutamine 0% and 1%) factorial design. The results indicated that treatments 2 (arginine 0.7%) and 4 (arginine 0.7% plus glutamine 1%) enhanced (P < 0.05) the average daily weight gain and reduced the feed:gain ratio compared with treatment 1 (arginine 0% and glutamine 0%, control group). All of the experimental groups had a decreased incidence of diarrhea. However, significant differences (P < 0.05) were found only between treatments 4 and 1. Furthermore, sucrase in the duodenum and maltase in the duodenum and the jejunum in the piglets fed a mixture of arginine and glutamine were also higher than in the control group (P < 0.05). The villus height: crypt depth ratio was significantly higher in treatment 4 group than in other groups (P < 0.05) in the duodenum. The results suggested that a dietary supplement mixture of 0.7% arginine and 1% glutamine improved the growth performance and the intestinal mucosa development of weaned piglets and that the effect was greater than with the single supplementation of either arginine or glutamine. Crown Copyright (C) 2012 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Heterogeneity and performance in tournaments: a test for incentive effects using professional tennis data. This article provides an approach to test whether greater heterogeneity of contestants leads to lower effort exertion in elimination tournaments, as predicted by conventional tournament models. This prediction is difficult to test with real world data because the effort is difficult to measure. Based on a simple behavioural model, testable implications are derived and an identification strategy is suggested that allows to test for an incentive effect of heterogeneity even when the effort is unobservable. The application uses data from professional tennis tournaments and provides evidence that heterogeneity affects the incentives to exert effort.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "A numerical investigation of the stability of isolated shallow water vortices. Motivated by observational data and recent numerical simulations showing that ageostrophic effects may play an important role in the dynamics and transport of large-scale vortices in the atmosphere and the oceans, the authors examine the stability of a family of isolated vortices, numerically, using the contour-advective semi-Lagrangian algorithm. The full shallow-water equations (1 1/2-layer model) are integrated in order to investigate vortices over a wide range of parameters. In order to characterize the cyclone-anticyclone asymmetry, the stability of a couple of vortices having velocity profiles of opposite sign is compared. It is found that ageostrophic effects (finite Rossby number) tend to stabilize anticyclones but destabilize cyclones. On the other hand, large-scale effects (small Burger number) are shown to stabilize all vortices for this reduced-gravity model. Here again, the anticyclones tend to be favored in this restabilization process. These results are compared with a linear stability analysis performed in the framework of the standard quasigeostrophic model that predicts a symmetric evolution for cyclones and anticyclones. The authors have shown that a significant departure from QG dynamics, due to ageostrophic and large-scale effects, appears in a range of parameters relevant to large-scale coherent structures in nature.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "The impact of performance management on customers' expected logistics performance. Purpose - The main objective of this paper is to describe state-of-the-art practices for handling logistics performance management in dyadic relationships. Another objective is to explain the relationship between logistics performance management practices and customers' expected logistics performance.Originality/value - Dyadic research approaches are rarely performed in logistics research. Studies highlighting the link between logistics performance measurement and logistics performance are also few. This paper will hopefully remedy this neglected area.Practical implications - This study provides knowledge of the impact of contact persons and contracts on customers' expected logistics performance, which could increase the possibilities for the supplier to meet customers' expectations. The importance of a collaborative discussion on performance management is emphasized.Research limitations/implications - The contribution of the paper is mainly descriptive. A logistics performance management model together with descriptions of how the various activities are executed in dyadic relationships is presented. It is also explanatory, showing that some of these practices influence customers' expected logistics performance.Findings - A state-of-the-art description of the activities in logistics performance management is provided, addressing the following questions in dyadic relationships: how often are expectations updated? Who is the customer's contact person? What is the contract situation? Which actor (customer or supplier) formulates performance targets, and who measures logistics performance? Some of these issues' relationships to customers' expected logistics performance were verified.Design/methodology/approach - A logistics performance management model was developed and applied to 136 dyads of Swedish manufacturing companies and their most important suppliers. Two linked survey studies were conducted.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "DETexT: An SNV detection enhancement for low read depth by integrating mutational signatures into TextCNN. Detecting SNV at very low read depths helps to reduce sequencing requirements, lowers sequencing costs, and aids in the early screening, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer. However, the accuracy of SNV detection is significantly reduced at read depths below x34 due to the lack of a sufficient number of read pairs to help filter out false positives. Many recent studies have revealed the potential of mutational signature (MS) in detecting true SNV, understanding the mutational processes that lead to the development of human cancers, and analyzing the endogenous and exogenous causes. Here, we present DETexT, an SNV detection method better suited to low read depths, which classifies false positive variants by combining MS with deep learning algorithms to mine correlation information around bases in individual reads without relying on the support of duplicate read pairs. We have validated the effectiveness of DETexT on simulated and real datasets and conducted comparative experiments. The source code has been uploaded to https://github.com/TrinaZ/extra-lowRDfor academic use only.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Parenting interventions for incarcerated parents to improve parenting knowledge and skills, parent well-being, and quality of the parent-child relationship: A systematic review and meta-analysis. A systematic search of 19 published and unpublished literature sources was conducted between June and July 2015 (with no date, language, document type, or geographical restrictions). Studies were included if they: (a) utilized a sample of parents who completed a parenting intervention in an incarceration setting; (b) measured parenting knowledge and skills, parent well-being, or quality of the parent-child relationship as outcome measures; and (c) employed a randomized controlled trial or quasi-experimental design with no treatment, waitlist control, or treatment-as-usual as the comparison condition. Two review authors independently determined study eligibility and extracted data from eligible studies, which included rating the risk of bias for each eligible study. Meta-analysis was used to synthesize standardized effect sizes, and subgroup analyses were used to examine the moderating effect of parent gender, level of child involvement, and research design.Existing evidence suggests small to moderate effectiveness for parenting interventions during incarceration at close to intervention completion. Further methodologically robust research is required to more confidently establish the effectiveness of parenting programs both in the short-term and in the post-release period.Twenty-two studies were eligible for inclusion in the review; however, only 16 studies (N = 2292) reported sufficient data for inclusion in the meta-analyses. Parenting interventions were more effective at post-intervention for improving parenting knowledge and skills than no treatment, waitlist control, or treatment-as-usual [standardized mean difference (SMD) = 0.68, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.28, 1.06] and quality of the parent-child relationship (SMD = 0.27, 95% CI 0.02, 0.51), but not for improving parent well-being (SMD = 0.14, 95% CI -0.03, 0.30). There was significant heterogeneity across effect sizes for both parenting knowledge and skills and quality of the parent-child relationship outcome domains. There were no statistically significant differences between subgroups, and the effectiveness of parenting interventions was not maintained at follow-up time-points.To systematically review and quantitatively synthesize the evidence for the impact of parenting interventions for incarcerated parents on parenting knowledge and skills, parent well-being, and quality of the parent-child relationship.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Thylakoid membrane reorganizations revealed by small-angle neutron scattering ofMonstera deliciosaleaves associated with non-photochemical quenching. Non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) is an important photoprotective mechanism in plants and algae. Although the process is extensively studied, little is known about its relationship with ultrastructural changes of the thylakoid membranes. In order to better understand this relationship, we studied the effects of illumination on the organization of thylakoid membranes inMonstera deliciosaleaves. This evergreen species is known to exhibit very large NPQ and to possess giant grana with dozens of stacked thylakoids. It is thus ideally suited for small-angle neutron scattering measurements (SANS)-a non-invasive technique, which is capable of providing spatially and statistically averaged information on the periodicity of the thylakoid membranes and their rapid reorganizationsin vivo. We show that NPQ-inducing illumination causes a strong decrease in the periodic order of granum thylakoid membranes. Development of NPQ and light-induced ultrastructural changes, as well as the relaxation processes, follow similar kinetic patterns. Surprisingly, whereas NPQ is suppressed by diuron, it impedes only the relaxation of the structural changes and not its formation, suggesting that structural changes do not cause but enable NPQ. We also demonstrate that the diminishment of SANS peak does not originate from light-induced redistribution and reorientation of chloroplasts inside the cells.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Mimicking protein-protein interactions through peptide-peptide interactions: HIV-1 gp120 and CXCR4. We have recently designed a soluble synthetic peptide that functionally mimics the HIV-1 coreceptor CXCR4, which is a chemokine receptor that belongs to the family of seven-transmembrane GPCRs. This CXCR4 mimetic peptide, termed CX4-M1, presents the three extracellular loops (ECLs) of the receptor. In binding assays involving recombinant proteins, as well as in cellular infection assays, CX4-M1 was found to selectively recognize gp120 from HIV-1 strains that use CXCR4 for cell entry (X4 tropic HIV-1). Furthermore, anti-HIV-1 antibodies modulate this interaction in a molecular mechanism related to that of their impact on the gp120-CXCR4 interaction. We could now show that the selectivity of CX4-M1 pertains not only to gp120 from X4 tropic HIV-1, but also to synthetic peptides presenting the V3 loops of these gp120 proteins. The V3 loop is thought to be an essential part of the coreceptor binding site of gp120 that contacts the second ECL of the coreceptor. We were able to experimentally confirm this notion in binding assays using substitution analogs of CX4-M1 and the V3 loop peptides, respectively, as well as in cellular infection assays. These results indicate that interactions of the HIV-1 Env with coreceptors can be mimicked by synthetic peptides, which may be useful to explore these interactions at the molecular level in more detail.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "Can state-owned banks promote enterprise restructuring? Evidence from one Polish bank's experience. In this paper, we take a detailed look at one Polish bank's experiences with financial sector reforms focusing on a bank-led enterprise-restructuring plan that linked directly, bank privatization and recapitalization to bad-debt workouts. Based on personal interviews and original statistical data, we evaluate the performance of Bank Depozytowo-Kredytowy (BDK) in promoting financial and operational restructuring of its clients. We found that BDK continued to provide soft lending to keep four old military-industrial companies afloat and actually increased its exposure to these companies during the program. The five success stories among BDK's clients were companies that had external agents other than the bank promoting and monitoring their operational restructuring. From our case study, of BDK, we conclude that, while banks may play, a role in financial restructuring of their clients, their ability, to affect operational restructuring is quite limited. Moreover, state-owned banks are particularly vulnerable to incentive problems when dealing with large state-owned enterprises that may be too big or too political to fail.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Validation of a French Version of the Career Decision-Making Difficulties Questionnaire: Relationships With Self-Esteem and Self-Efficacy. The aim of this study was to validate the French version of the Career Decision-Making Difficulties Questionnaire (CDDQ) and to assess its measurement invariance across gender, age groups, countries, and student versus career counseling samples. We also examined the sensitivity of this instrument to discriminate a career counseling population from a general student sample. Third, we studied the relationship between career decision-making difficulties, career decision-making self-efficacy, and self-esteem in a sample of 1,748 French and French-speaking Swiss participants. A confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the overall hierarchical structure of the CDDQ. Multigroup analysis indicated that the level of invariance across groups almost always reached configural, metric, and scalar invariance. Differences between countries were very small, whereas differences between the general population and career counseling subsamples were much larger. Both self-esteem and self-efficacy significantly predicted career decision-making difficulties. Moreover, as expected, self-efficacy partially mediated the relationship between self-esteem and career decision-making difficulties.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Understanding the enhanced ductility of Mg-Gd with Ca and Zn microalloying by slip trace analysis. This research studied the mechanisms of Ca and Zn microalloying on the enhancement of ductility of extruded Mg-Gd sheet by combing electron backscattered diffraction and slip trace analysis. The ductility and microstructure of extruded Mg-0.6Gd and Mg-0.6Gd-0.3Ca-0.2Zn (wt%) sheets were investigated. Basal slip was the main deformation mode under investigation. Ca and Zn microalloying increased the frequency of grain boundaries (GBs) with misorientation angles (theta s) < 35 degrees, promoted slip transfer across GBs and restricted the basal slip localization. In addition, there were a higher number of GB cracks homogeneously distributed in the Mg-0.6Gd sheet than in the Mg-0.6Gd-0.3Ca-0.2Zn sheet, attributed to the increased cohesion of GBs. The enhancement of basal slip, the suppression of slip localization and the suppression of GB cracking were contributed to the increased ductility for Mg-0.6Gd-0.3Ca-0.2Zn sheet. (C) 2021 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Chinese Society for Metals.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "ARiSE - Augmented reality in school environments. ARiSE is an exciting IST project funded under the 4th Call for proposals that will develop a new technology, the Augmented Reality Teaching Platform (ARTP) by adapting existing augmented reality (AR) technology for museums to the needs of students in primary and secondary school classes. Building on existing open platforms, the new technology will promote team work, collaboration between classes in the same school or even remote collaboration between schools in different countries in a learner-centered approach. Using 3D presentations and user-friendly interaction techniques will lead to better understanding of scientific and cultural content coupled with high student motivation.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Weight Gain and Metabolic Syndrome in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Patients. While human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated wasting has declined with significant advances in antiretroviral therapy (ART), weight gain and metabolic syndrome (MetS) are now becoming a problem for people living with HIV (PLWH) worldwide. The development of a new and more effective ART regimen has increased viral suppression and improved immunologic function recovery, leading to the extension of the lifespan of PLWH. It has recently been reported as one of the significant factors associated with weight gain, obesity, and long-term metabolic consequences in PLWH. This article reviewed the epidemiology of overweight and MetS among PLWH and the known risk factors for weight gain and its major comorbidities, such as dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, neurocognitive disorders, and liver diseases, in PLWH. In addition, reports on the pharmacological and surgical management of overweight and obesity in PLWH has been briefly summarized.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Influence of a novel scaffold composed of polyurethane, hydroxyapatite, and decellularized bone particles on the healing of fourth metacarpal defects in mares. Objective To determine the effect of a novel scaffold, designed for use in bone regeneration, on healing of splint bone segmental defects in mares.Clinical significance This novel scaffold offers an effective option for filling bone voids in horses when support of bone healing is indicated.Results On the basis of radiographic analysis, scaffold-treated defects had greater filling (67.42% +/- 26.7%) compared with untreated defects (35.88% +/- 32.7%; P = .006). After 60 days, CT revealed that the density of the defects treated with the scaffolds (807.80 +/- 129.6 Hounsfield units [HU]) was greater than density of the untreated defects (464.80 +/- 81.3 HU; P = .004). Evaluation of histology slides provided evidence of bone formation within an average of 9.43% +/- 3.7% of the cross-sectional area of scaffolds in contrast to unfilled defects in which connective tissue was predominant throughout the biopsy specimens.Methods Bilateral 2-cm full-thickness defects were created in the fourth metacarpal bones (MCIV) of each horse. Each defect was randomly assigned to either a novel scaffold treatment (n = 5) or an untreated control (n = 5). The scaffold was composed of polyurethane, hydroxyapatite, and decellularized bone particles. Bone healing was assessed for a period of 60 days by thermography, ultrasonography, radiography, and computed tomography (CT). Biopsies of each defect were performed 60 days after surgery for histological evaluation.Study design In vivo experimental study.Sample population Five adult mares (4-10 years old; mean weight, 437.7 kg +/- 29 kg).Conclusion The novel scaffold was biocompatible and supported bone formation within the MCIV segmental defects.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Public health law coverage in support of the health-related sustainable development goals (SDGs) among 33 Western Pacific countries. Background: A resilient health system is inevitable in attaining the health-related Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). One way of strengthening health systems is improving the coverage of public health laws for better health governance. The aim of this study is to describe the public health law situation in the Western Pacific Region and analyse the association of public health law coverage with health-related SDGs statistics.Methods; A total of 33 Western Pacific countries were selected and analysed using a multi-group ecological study design. Public health law coverage was measured from April 2013 to October 2016 based on the public health law coverage module in the Tool to Assess Health Law' developed by the WHO Western Pacific Regional Office and Asian Institute for Bioethics and Health Law of Yonsei University. The health-related SDGs status were examined using health statistics data from World Health Statistics 2017 and 2018 by WHO and SDGs index scores of previous research.Results: Countries with high public health law coverage were Vietnam, Republic of Korea, Hong Kong, and Singapore. Low coverage countries were mainly Pacific Island countries. High public health law coverage issues were health care organisation, communicable diseases, and substance abuse, whereas those of low coverage were human reproduction, family health, and oral health. Public health law coverage was associated with health-related SDGs statistics such as life expectancy at birth (r = 0.47, p = 0.03), health life expectancy at birth (r = 0.47, p = 0.04), health-related SDGs index (r = 0.43, p = 0.05). Among the SDG 3 indicators, maternal mortality ratio (r = -0.53, p = 0.01), neonatal mortality rate (r = -0.44, p = 0.02), new HIV infections (r = 0.78, p = 0.04), total alcohol consumption (r = 0.45, p = 0.02), adolescent birth rate (r = -0.40, p = 0.04), UHC service coverage index (r = 0.50, p = 0.02), and IHR average core capacity score (r = 0.54, p = 0.004) were statistically meaningful. However, there was no association of public health law coverage with health statistics in other SDGs.Conclusions; This study proved the importance of public health law in supporting the attainment of health-related SDGs. These results should be used as the basis for review and action at country level in improving public health law for better health systems, consequently achieving health-related SDGs.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "The Long Goodbye: A Note on the Closure of Rural Police-Stations and the Decline of Rural Policing in Britain. This research note documents the recent controversy surrounding the closure of police stations in the UK between 2007 and 2012. It examines the statistics as reported in the press and discusses the rhetoric used in the debate to draw conclusions about how the closure of police stations will affect rural policing and rural crime.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "The climate, land, energy, and water systems (CLEWs) framework: a retrospective of activities and advances to 2019. Population growth, urbanization and economic development drive the use of resources. Securing access to essential services such as energy, water, and food, while achieving sustainable development, require that policy and planning processes follow an integrated approach. The 'Climate-, Land-, Energy- and Water-systems' (CLEWs) framework assists the exploration of interactions between (and within) CLEW systems via quantitative means. The approach was first introduced by the International Atomic Energy Agency to conduct an integrated systems analysis of a biofuel chain. The framework assists the exploration of interactions between (and within) CLEW systems via quantitative means. Its multi-institutional application to the case of Mauritius in 2012 initiated the deployment of the framework. A vast number of completed and ongoing applications of CLEWs span different spatial and temporal scales, discussing two or more resource interactions under different political contexts. Also, the studies vary in purpose. This shapes the methods that support CLEWs-type analyses. In this paper, we detail the main steps of the CLEWs framework in perspective to its application over the years. We summarise and compare key applications, both published in the scientific literature, as working papers and reports by international organizations. We discuss differences in terms of geographic scope, purpose, interactions represented, analytical approach and stakeholder involvement. In addition, we review other assessments, which contributed to the advancement of the CLEWs framework. The paper delivers recommendations for the future development of the framework, as well as keys to success in this type of evaluations.", "label": [4, 5, 36, 47]}
+{"token": "Surface wave height regulated by ocean currents: An observational perspective. Ocean currents exert notable influences on surface wave height through wave-current coupling. In this paper, we provide solid evidences that ocean currents can regulate the significant wave height (SWH) by comparing measurements of a fleet of surface drifting wave buoys (DrWBs) with GFS-WW3 model product. In the Kuroshio Extension (KE) of Northwestern Pacific, the SWH observed by DrWBs are shown to be generally lower (higher) than that simulated by GFS-WW3 when waves propagate towards (against) the direction of surface currents. It is indicated that the GFS-WW3 product could be underestimated/overestimated by up to 5% compared with observed SWH if the forcing from current field is not involved. Adopting altimeter derived data, further analysis shows consistent relationship between observed and modelled SWH in the global ocean, except for regions where ocean swells dominate. The findings may help improve wave model simulations without increasing computational burdens if this relationship is considered.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Cross-linked polyimide membranes for solvent resistant nanofiltration in aprotic solvents. Solvent stable nanofiltration membranes were prepared through the chemical cross-linking of asymmetric Matrimid (R)-based polyimide membranes with p-xylylenediamine. The influence of this straightforward post-treatment on membrane stability, morphology and performance in dimethylformamide (DMF), N-methylpyrrolidinone (NMP), dimethylacetamide (DMAc) and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) was thoroughly investigated. With permeabilities up to 5.4 l/m(2) bar h and rejections up to 98% for low molecular weight dyes in these demanding solvents, optimally performing, truly solvent resistant nanofiltration membranes were obtained. Nanozeolite-filled membranes were prepared in parallel to study the effect of an inorganic filler on the cross-linking reaction and performance in aprotic solvents. The outstanding stability and performance of these membranes and their easy preparation clearly offer vast potential for applications in harsh solvent environments. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 33]}
+{"token": "Comparative study of methanol, butyrate, and hydrogen as electron donors for long-term dechlorination of tetrachloroethene in mixed anerobic cultures. This study examined the ability of different electron donors (i.e., hydrogen, methanol, butyrate, and yeast extract) to sustain long-term (500 days) reductive dechlorination of tetrachloroethene (PCE) in anerobic fill-and-draw bioreactors operated at 3:1 donor:PCE ratio (defined on a total-oxidation basis for the donor). Initially (i.e., until approximately day 80), the H-2-fed bioreactor showed the best ability to completely dechlorinate the dosed PCE (0.5 mmol/L) to ethene whereas, in the presence of methanol, butyric acid or no electron donor added (but low-level yeast extract), dechlorination was limited by the fermentation of the organic substrates and in turn by H-2 availability. As the study progressed, the H-2-fed reactor experienced a diminishing ability to dechlorinate, while more stable dechlorinating activity was maintained in the reactors that were fed organic donors. The initial diminished ability of the H-2-fed reactor to dechlorinate (after about 100 days), could be partially explained in terms of increased competition for H-2 between dechlorinators and methanogens, whereas other factors such as growth-factor limitation and/or accumulation of toxic and/or inhibitory metabolites were shown to play a role for longer incubation periods (over 500 days). In spite of decreasing activity with time, the H-2-fed reactor proved to be the most effective in PCE dechlorination: after about 500 days, more than 65% of the added PCE was dechlorinated to ethene in the H-2-fed reactor, versus 36%, 22%, and < 1% in the methanol-fed, butyrate-fed, and control reactors, respectively. (c) 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "ANTIINFLAMMATORY EFFECTS OF CGP 47969A, A NOVEL INHIBITOR OF PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE SYNTHESIS, IN RABBIT IMMUNE COLITIS. Background and Aims: Proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL) 1, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) have been implicated as primary mediators of intestinal inflammation. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of a novel cytokine antagonist (CGP 47969A) in a rabbit model of acute colitis. Methods: Colitis was induced using the formalin-immune complex technique. Animals were pretreated intrarectally with CGP 47969A (30, 10, or 3 mg/kg), hydrocortisone (0.8 mg/kg), or Vehicle (4 mL saline) 2 hours before the induction of colitis and twice daily thereafter until death 48 hours after the induction of colitis. The severity of inflammation of colonic tissue was assessed using histological analysis and myeloperoxidase activity assay, and IL-1 alpha, IL-8, TNF-alpha, and IL-1 receptor antagonist levels were determined. Results: Compared with vehicle, CGP 47969A (10 mg/kg) significantly reduced the acute inflammatory index by 58%, edema by 67%, necrosis by 99%, and myeloperoxidase activity by 49% (all P < 0.02) with efficacy similar to that of steroids. These effects were associated with a significant inhibition of colonic IL-1 alpha and IL-8 by 56% and 90%, respectively (P < 0.01). Conclusions: Administration of CGP 47969A reduces inflammation and tissue damage in rabbit immune complex colitis through mechanisms involving the inhibition of mucosal proinflammatory cytokines.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Nematode parasite control of livestock in the tropics/subtropics: the need for novel approaches. Because parasites are more abundant, small ruminants in the tropical/subtropical regions of the world experience much greater ravages from internal parasitic disease than those in the temperate regions. In the tropics/subtropics, the limiting ecological factor influencing the severity of parasitism is rainfall, as temperatures almost always favour hatching and development of the free-living stages. Attempts to expand sheep and goat production by replacing traditional village production systems, which rarely involve anthelmintic treatment, with large-stale intensive commercial enterprises invariably induce complete reliance on anthelmintics to control nematode parasites. This has led to the widespread development of high level, multiple anthelmintic resistance throughout the tropics/subtropics, and in certain regions this has reached the ultimate disastrous scenario of total chemotherapeutic failure. Immediate concerted efforts are needed to resolve this crisis, Significant benefits are likely to emerge from research into non-chemotherapeutic approaches to nematode parasite control, such as grazing management, worm vaccines, breed selection and biological control. However, it is likely that none, in isolation or collectively, will completely replace the need for effective anthelmintics. What is needed is the integration of all methods of parasite control as they come to hand, with the underlying aim of reducing the use and thus preserving the effectiveness of anthelmintics. Although cheap and simple procedures, based on sound epidemiological principles, can achieve dramatic benefits in worm control, they have been poorly adopted by livestock owners. Clearly then, the greatest need is for technology transfer and education programmes, but these activities are generally found to be chronically under-resourced. (C) 1997 Australian Society for Parasitology. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "Grace and justice: Sovereignty and exceptionality. The essay situates the field of traditional justification of pardon in the idea of sovereignty and in two essential attributes of that idea: mercy and justice. These two notions are in opposition in a criminal context due to the essentially motiveless character of mercy, which, as the notion of sovereignty that supports it, seems to be in open conflict with the most basic requirements of the rule of law. The study also deals with the ambiguous notion of exceptionality, which can be understood either as extraordinarity or as exception, in order to analyse the notion of generality in pardons and to conclude defending the need and the possibility of a limitative and specially restrictive legal regulation of the right of pardon.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "A RECONCEPTUALIZATION OF GENERAL AND SPECIFIC DETERRENCE. The distinction between general and specific deterrence is widely recognized and accepted by deterrence researchers, and is used commonly to classify deterrence studies. However the logical and empirical grounds for the distinction are not as clear as they might appear, and the conventional conception has done more to obfuscate than to clarify the deterrence process. Following a discussion of these issues, the authors propose a reconceptualization of general and specific deterrence, and apply it to several current controversies in the deterrence literature.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Psychiatric disorders and social characteristics among second-generation Moroccan migrants in Belgium: An age-and gender-controlled study conducted in a psychiatric emergency department. Purpose: Clinically, one of the most consistent clinical findings among migrant patients is an increase in the rate of psychosis. The aim of the present study was to confirm this finding in Belgium by comparing second-generation Moroccan migrant patients with Belgian patients, matched for the variables of age and gender. Subjects and method: We conducted a cross-sectional survey on 272 patients admitted in a psychiatric emergency unit during the year 1998. We used univariate and multivariate analyses to compare the two subgroups. Results: Multivariate analyses showed that migrant patients lived more often with their parental family and that they presented a higher rate of admission for psychotic disorders and a lower rate of employment. Discussion: Our findings add to the growing body of results showing increased incidence of psychosis among immigrants to European countries, but several factors have to be taken into account, particularly with regard to selection biases and differences in help-seeking behaviour and in family perception of the mental illness. Conclusion: Our results are compatible with the hypothesis that unemployment is a contributing factor in the risk for psychosis among migrant groups. Further studies would be needed to better explain some of our results, particularly the role played by the families of migrant patients. (C) 2002 Editions scientifiques et medicales Elsevier SAS.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Tunable dynamic hydrophobic attachment of guest molecules in amphiphilic core-shell polymers. In this study, synthesis and dynamic properties of amphiphilic core-shell polymers are reported as monitored through their interaction with small amphiphilic molecules. Brush-like structures are formed with a hydrophobic core surrounded by a hydrophilic shell utilizing controlled radical addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of macromonomers consisting of linear polyglycerol chains attached to alkylene methacrylate. Continuous wave electron paramagnetic resonance (CW EPR) spectroscopy is employed to study how the amphiphilic, paramagnetic spin probe 16-DSA (16-doxyl stearic acid) interacts with polymers of different alkylene chain lengths in their hydrophobic cores and different polyglycerol chain lengths in their hydrophilic shells. The spin probe exhibits dynamic hydrophobic attachment to the polymers and reveals an indirect, dynamics-based view of polymer effects such as temperature response, aggregation and ligand binding properties. Increasing the hydrophobic alkylene chain length in the polymers alters the physical properties of the core region significantly. A large set of controllable functional polymer properties can be adjusted by the degree of polymerization and alkylene spacer length. Partial aggregation of the polymers further modifies the binding properties. Applying dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and molecular dynamic (MD) simulations, the complex dynamic behavior found with EPR spectroscopy was further complemented and verified.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N8 Glade 2.3.4.4B virus in Uganda, 2017. In early January 2017, outbreaks of H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) were reported for the first time in wild and domestic birds along the shores and on some islands of Lake Victoria, in central-southern Uganda. Our whole-genome phylogenetic analyses revealed that the H5N8 viruses recovered from the outbreak in Uganda belonged to genetic clade 2.3.4.4 group-B and clustered with viruses collected in 2017 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and in West Africa. Our results suggested that infected migratory wild birds might have played a crucial role in the introduction of HPAI H5N8 into this region.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Radiocarbon on Titan. We explore the likely production and fate of C-14 in the thick nitrogen atmosphere of Saturn's moon Titan and investigate the constraints that measurements of C-14 might place on Titan's photochemical, atmospheric transport and surface-atmosphere interaction processes. Titan's atmosphere is thick enough that cosmic-ray flux limits the production of C-14: absence of a strong magnetic field and the increased distance from the Sun suggest production rates of similar to9 atom/cm(2)/s, similar to4x higher than Earth. The fate and detectability of C-14 depends on the chemical species into which it is incorporated: as methane it would be hopelessly diluted even in only the atmosphere. However, in the more likely case that the C-14 attaches to the haze that rains out onto the surface (as tholin, HCN or acetylene and their polymers), haze in the atmosphere or recently deposited on the surface would be quite radioactive. Such radioactivity may lead to a significant enhancement in the electrical conductivity of the atmosphere which will be measured by the Huygens probe. Measurements with simple detectors on future missions could place useful constraints on the mass deposition rates of photochemical material on the surface and identify locations where surface deposits of such material are \\\\'freshest\\\\'.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Herbivores Enforce Sharp Boundaries Between Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems. The transitions between ecosystems (ecotones) are often biodiversity hotspots, but we know little about the forces that shape them. Today, often sharp boundaries with low diversity are found between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. This has been attributed to environmental factors that hamper succession. However, ecosystem properties are often controlled by both bottom-up and top-down forces, but their relative importance in shaping riparian boundaries is not known. We hypothesize that (1) herbivores may enforce sharp transitions between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems by inhibiting emergent vegetation expansion and reducing the width of the transition zone and (2) the vegetation expansion, diversity, and species turnover are related to abiotic factors in the absence of herbivores, but not in their presence. We tested these hypotheses in 50 paired grazed and ungrazed plots spread over ten wetlands, during two years. Excluding grazers increased vegetation expansion, cover, biomass, and species richness. In ungrazed plots, vegetation cover was negatively related to water depth, whereas plant species richness was negatively related to the vegetation N:P ratio. The presence of (mainly aquatic) herbivores overruled the effect of water depth on vegetation cover increase but did not interact with vegetation N:P ratio. Increased local extinction in the presence of herbivores explained the negative effect of herbivores on species richness, as local colonization rates were unaffected by grazing. We conclude that (aquatic) herbivores can strongly inhibit expansion of the riparian vegetation and reduce vegetation diversity over a range of environmental conditions. Consequently, herbivores enforce sharp boundaries between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "FROM COSMOGENESIS TO NATURPHILOSOPHIE: TRACING A PATH BETWEEN KANT'S ALLGEMEINE NATURGESCHICHTE AND SCHELLING'S ERSTER ENTWURF. Whilst Kant's work has been important for understanding the orbit of Schelling's Naturphilosophie, this is often considered only in relation to the Critical philosophy. The aim of this paper is to suggest a connection between the pre-Critical Kant and Schelling's Naturphilosophie. Whilst on the surface this may seem like a futile task, in this paper I hope to show that Schelling was engaged with Kant's early work and that he even offers a critique of it, opening the path to an until now understated area of scholarship on the relationship between the two thinkers. I analyse one section (the Siebentes Hauptstuck) from Kant's 1755 work, Allgemeine Naturgeschichte and Theorie des Himmels followed by an analysis of one section (the Siebentes Hauptabschnitt) from Schelling's 1799 work, Erster Entwurf eines Systems der Naturphilosophie.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Multimodal Evoked Potentials as Candidate Prognostic and Response Biomarkers in Clinical Trials of Multiple Sclerosis. Evoked potentials (EPs) measure quantitatively and objectively the alterations of central signal propagation in multiple sclerosis and have long been used for diagnosis. More recently, their utility for prognosis has been demonstrated in several studies, summarizing multiple EP modalities in a single score. In particular, visual, somatosensory, and motor EPs are useful because of their sensitivity to pathology in the frequently affected optic nerve, somatosensory tract, and pyramidal system. Quantitative EP scores show higher sensitivity to change than clinical assessment and may be used to monitor disease progression. Visual EP and the visual system have served as a model to study remyelinating therapies in the setting of acute and chronic optic neuritis. This review presents rationale and evidence for using multimodal EP as prognostic and response biomarkers in clinical trials, targeting remyelination or halting disease progression in multiple sclerosis.", "label": [2, 17, 21]}
+{"token": "Clinical, cytogenetic, and molecular findings in a patient with a 46,XX,del(18)(q22)/46,XX,idic(18)(q22) karyotype. Pseudoisodicentric or asymmetrical dicentric chromosomes 18 are rare findings in clinical cytogenetics. So far, only 8 patients with breakpoints in 18q have been reported and in none of them breakpoints were narrowed down to the molecular level. Here, we describe a 17 months old girl with a perimembranous ventricular septal defect, cleft palate, and minor dysmorphism including hypertelorism, flat nose, frontal bossing and low set ears as well as mosaicism for a cell line with a pseudoisodicentric chromosome 18q and a second cell line with a terminal deletion of 11 Mb in 18q22.2 -> qter. SNP-array investigation revealed a symmetric breakpoint in 18q22.2 and most likely postzygotic formation from the maternal chromosome 18. Clinical findings in all patients reported so far as well as in the patient presented here were in part overlapping with the clinical phenotypes of trisomy 18 and partial monosomy 18q. (C) 2015 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Randomization to treatment failure in experimental auctions: The value of data from training rounds. In the experimental auctions literature, it is common practice to train subjects, who are often unfamiliar with the auction procedure, by conducting a few training (often hypothetical) auctions. Data from these practice auctions are rarely reported in scientific papers. We argue that valuable information can be garnered by looking at data coming from the training rounds of experimental auctions. We provide evidence that if we had neglected insights gained from the training auction data, we would not have been able to detect a failure of randomization to treatment that rendered us biased estimates of the true causal effects due to unobserved heterogeneity. As a case study, we use data from an experiment that seeks to elaborate on the mediating role of mood states on projection bias. Following a mood induction procedure, subjects are found to bid more under negative mood (as compared to positive mood) for products that are delivered in the future but bid less under negative mood for products that are delivered in present time. We show that information from the training auction rounds render the observed effect a biased estimate, which is likely a consequence of the failure of randomization to treatment.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Improved Thevenin Equivalent Model of MMC Considering Pre-charge Conditions and DC Side Fault Conditions. The traditional Thevenin equivalent Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) model has poor versatility for the two working conditions of pre-charging and DC-side faults. In this paper, an improved Thevenin equivalent MMC model considering pre-charge conditions and DC side fault conditions is proposed. The model divides the pre-charging condition into a Controllable charging stage and an Uncontrollable charging stage. The DC-side fault condition is divided into the pre-blocking and post-blocking conditions of the converter. The circuit characteristics are analyzed, and the equivalent model topology is comprehensively improved to make it suitable for full-condition simulation, and a control strategy suitable for the equivalent model is proposed. The detailed model and the proposed improved equivalent model were built in PSCAD/ EMTDC for comparison and analysis. The simulation results shows that the improved equivalent model can be applied to various working conditions, and the versatility of the traditional Thevenin equivalent model is improved.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
+{"token": "Unknown Woman by Anna Odell: The Event, the Trial, the Work - Reflections on the Mediality of Performance. This article is concerned with an extraordinary artwork created by a young Swedish art student, Anna Odell. Odell's re-enactment of an earlier suicide attempt on a bridge in Stockholm, filmed for an art installation, caused an outcry from the public and medical authorities and a court case that stimulated heated debate in the national press. Here I examine Odell's work for the 'critical' questions it in turn provokes about artistic creation and communication: the difficulties for the performance scholar in addressing the enactment when it is so generically hard to define; why the art/artist was found guilty of a 'fraudulent practice'; and what might be revealed and further problematized by theorizing the enactment as a cultural, socio-political event.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Action potentials recorded from bundles of very thin, gray matter axons in rat cerebellar slices using a grease-gap method. We investigated the ability of a grease-gap method to record fast and slow changes of the membrane potential from bundles of gray matter axons. Their membrane potentials are of particular interest because these axons are different from most axons that have been investigated using intra-axonal or gap techniques. One of the main differences is that gray matter axons typically have closely spaced presynaptic specializations, called boutons or varicosities, distributed along their entire paths.We demonstrate the utility of the method by showing that the action potentials in cerebellar parallel fibers and hippocampal Schaffer collaterals had a slowly decaying, depolarized after-potential. The method is ideal for pharmacological tests, which we demonstrate by showing that the slow after-potential was sensitive to 4-AP, and that the membrane potential was reduced by 200 mu M Ba2+. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.In response to electrical activation of bundles of parallel fiber axons we were able to record small (128-416 mu V) but stable signals that we show most likely represented a fraction of the trans-membrane action potentials. A less-than 100% fraction prevents measurements of absolute values for membrane potentials, but the good signal-to-noise ratio (typically 10-16) allows detection of changes in resting membrane potential, action potentials and their after-potentials. Because very little is known about the shape of action potentials and after-potentials in these axons we used several independent methods to make it likely that the grease-gap signal was of intra-axonal origin.", "label": [2, 4, 17, 39]}
+{"token": "Taking apart structural change The constitutive role of communication in relieving tensions. Purpose - This paper aims to discuss the role of communication in relieving tensions that can arise from organizational practices enacted during structural change. Practices, according to Whittington (2006, p. 619), constitute shared routines of behaviour, including traditions, norms and procedures for thinking and acting.Originality/value - The value of this study is in investigating what goes on in an organization by distancing oneself from the immediate behaviour of an individual to focus on patterns of action, which gives another understanding as to why even when people wish for the best, things often still do not turn out as hoped. This approach refers to the theory that there are tensions or mistakes coded into practices, thus allowing one to look at inter-personal communication as part of other actions, not as a separate line of actions.Practical implications - Communication during organizational changes needs to be more than crafted messages via well-organized channels from the communications department; it needs to penetrate to all different levels before, during and after a change. All that to create as many opportunities for employees at all levels to collectively make sense of what is happening and for the management to make necessary changes based on that. It should be created consciously by for example inviting employees together in discussion circles during the planning phase of the change and outlining the key processes of the change in question with them involved.Findings - Analysis of the three practices extracted as forming part of the structural reform - management decision-making, recruitment and physical relocation - showed that in organizational settings, the constitutional role of communication within practices needs conscious attention at different levels of the practice. Tensions that arose between practice elements, e.g. rules or reasons for doing something not complying with ways of doing it, revealed the need for metacommunication regarding those elements.Design/methodology/approach - Employees' reflections regarding what, how and why certain circumstances occurred during the structural reform of an Estonian State Institution with approximately 300 employees, comprised the study data. Reflections were collected during 27 interviews conducted after recent change to the structure of this organization. After aggregating different actions, associations and emotions into practices, these practices were assigned to elements offered by Schatzki (2005), and tensions between the elements sought and analysed.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "Effect of vacuum infused cryoprotectants on the freezing tolerance of strawberry tissues. Whole strawberries were vacuum infused with cryoprotectants to improve their freezing tolerance. The strawberries were infused with 12 g/100 g trehalose solution; 0.2 g/100 g cold-acclimated wheatgrass solution (AWWE) containing antifreeze protein (AFP) or combination of 12 g/100 g trehalose with 0.2 g/100 g AWWE under vacuum for 14 mm. The fruits were frozen in liquid nitrogen and thawed at room temperature before being evaluated for cell viability, drip loss and preservation of texture. The results showed that the combined effects of both cryoprotectants significantly improved the freezing tolerance of the treated strawberries. The cryoprotection effect was influenced by the heterogeneity of the tissues in the fruits. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Heterotrophic prokaryotic production in ultraoligotrophic alpine karst aquifers and ecological implications. Spring waters from alpine karst aquifers are important drinking water resources. To investigate in situ heterotrophic prokaryotic production and its controlling factors, two different alpine karst springs were studied over two annual cycles. Heterotrophic production in spring water, as determined by [H-3]leucine incorporation, was extremely low ranging from 0.06 to 6.83 pmol C L-1 h(-1) (DKAS1, dolomitic-karst-spring) and from 0.50 to 75.6 pmol C L-1 h(-1) (LKAS2, limestone-karst-spring). Microautoradiography combined with catalyzed reporter deposition-FISH showed that only about 7% of the picoplankton community took up [H-3]leucine, resulting in generation times of 3-684 days. Principal component analysis, applying hydrological, chemical and biological parameters demonstrated that planktonic heterotrophic production in LKAS2 was governed by the respective hydrological conditions, whereas variations in DKAS1 changed seemingly independent from discharge. Measurements in sediments recovered from LKAS2, DKAS1 and similar alpine karst aquifers (n=12) revealed a 10(6)-fold higher heterotrophic production (average 19 mu mol C dm(-3) h(-1)) with significantly lower generation times as compared with the planktonic fraction, highlighting the potential of surface-associated communities to add to self-purification processes. Estimates of the microbially mediated CO2 in this compartment indicated a possible contribution to karstification.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Haplotypic analysis of wellcome trust case control consortium data. We applied a recently developed multilocus association testing method (localized haplotype clustering) to Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium data (14,000 cases of seven common diseases and 3,000 shared controls genotyped on the Affymetrix 500 K array). After rigorous data quality filtering, we identified three disease-associated loci with strong statistical support from localized haplotype cluster tests but with only marginal significance in single marker tests. These loci are chromosomes 10p15.1 with type 1 diabetes (p = 5.1 x 10(-9)), 12q15 with type 2 diabetes (p = 1.9 x 10(-7)) and 15q26.2 with hypertension (p = 2.8 x 10(-8)). We also detected the association of chromosome 9p21.3 with type 2 diabetes (p = 2.8 x 10(-8)), although this locus did not pass our stringent genotype quality filters. The association of 10p15.1 with type 1 diabetes and 9p21.3 with type 2 diabetes have both been replicated in other studies using independent data sets. Overall, localized haplotype cluster analysis had better success detecting disease associated variants than a previous single-marker analysis of imputed HapMap SNPs. We found that stringent application of quality score thresholds to genotype data substantially reduced false-positive results arising from genotype error. In addition, we demonstrate that it is possible to simultaneously phase 16,000 individuals genotyped on genome-wide data (450 K markers) using the Beagle software package.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Uncertain contestability. An internally consistent model of entry in a market economy can admit either business risk or contestability theory's assumption of free exit, but not both. In this paper, the free-exit assumption is relaxed by assuming that there is a market period of fixed length. Existence of the market is affected.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Constancy in an Inconstant World: Moving Beyond Constant Temperatures in the Study of Reptilian Incubation. Variable environmental conditions can alter the phenotype of offspring, particularly in ectothermic species such as reptiles. Despite this, the majority of studies on development in reptiles have been carried out under constant conditions in the laboratory, raising the question of just how applicable those investigations are to natural conditions? Here, we first review what we have learned from these constant-temperature studies. Second, we examine the importance of temperature fluctuations for development in reptiles and highlight the outcomes of studies conducted under fluctuating conditions. Next, we report our findings from a new study that examines how the frequency of fluctuations in temperature experienced during development affects phenotype. Finally, we suggest some areas in need of additional research so that we can better understand the complex interactions of temperature and physiology, particularly in species with temperature-dependent sex determination. For questions aimed at understanding the complex effects of the environment on phenotype, we must move toward studies that better capture environmental variation. By taking such an approach, it may be possible to predict more accurately how these thermally sensitive organisms will respond to environmental perturbations, including climatic change.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Assessment of Dual Life Stage Antiplasmodial Activity of British Seaweeds. Terrestrial plants have proven to be a prolific producer of clinically effective antimalarial drugs, but the antimalarial potential of seaweeds has been little explored. The main aim of this study was to assess the in vitro chemotherapeutical and prophylactic potential of the extracts of twenty-three seaweeds collected from the south coast of England against blood stage (BS) and liver stage (LS) Plasmodium parasites. The majority (14) of the extracts were active against BS of P. falciparum, with brown seaweeds Cystoseira tamariscifolia, C. baccata and the green seaweed Ulva lactuca being the most active (IC(50)s around 3 g/mL). The extracts generally had high selectivity indices (>10). Eight seaweed extracts inhibited the growth of LS parasites of P. berghei without any obvious effect on the viability of the human hepatoma (Huh7) cells, and the highest potential was exerted by U. lactuca and red seaweeds Ceramium virgatum and Halopitys incurvus (IC50 values 14.9 to 28.8 g/mL). The LS-active extracts inhibited one or more key enzymes of the malarial type-II fatty acid biosynthesis (FAS-II) pathway, a drug target specific for LS. Except for the red seaweed Halopitys incurvus, all LS-active extracts showed dual activity versus both malarial intracellular stage parasites. This is the first report of LS antiplasmodial activity and dual stage inhibitory potential of seaweeds.", "label": [2, 17, 21]}
+{"token": "Benefit of continuous treatment for responders with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma in the randomized FIRST trial. The phase 3, randomized Frontline Investigation of Revlimid and Dexamethasone Versus Standard Thalidomide (FIRST) trial investigating lenalidomide plus low-dose dexamethasone until disease progression (Rd continuous) vs melphalan, prednisone and thalidomide for 12 cycles (MPT) and Rd for 18 cycles (Rd18) in transplant-ineligible patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM) showed that Rd continuous prolonged progression-free survival and overall survival compared with MPT. A subanalysis of the FIRST trial was conducted to determine the benefits of Rd continuous in patients with NDMM based on depth of response. Patients randomized 1:1:1 to Rd continuous, Rd18 or MPT were divided into subgroups based on best response: complete response (CR; n = 290), >= very good partial response (VGPR; n = 679), >= partial response (PR; n = 1 225) or >= stable disease (n = 299). Over 13% of patients receiving Rd continuous who achieved. VGPR as best response did so beyond 18 months of treatment. Rd continuous reduced the risk of progression or death by 67%, 51% and 35% vs MPT in patients with CR, >= VGPR and. PR, respectively. Similarly, Rd continuous reduced the risk of progression or death by 61%, 54% and 38% vs Rd18 in patients with CR, >= VGPR and. PR, respectively. In patients with CR, >= VGPR or >= PR, 4-year survival rates in the Rd continuous arm (81.1%, 73.1% or 64.6%, respectively) were higher vs MPT (70.8%, 59.8% or 57.2%, respectively) and similar vs Rd18 (76.5%, 67.7% and 62.5%, respectively). Rd continuous improved efficacy outcomes in all responding patients, including those with CR, compared with fixed duration treatment.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Coercion and Co-optation of Indochinese Worker-Soldiers in World War I: Mort pour la France. Alongside even larger numbers of contingents drawn from France's colonial empire, including a large pool of workers sourced from China, successive contingents of \\\\'Indochinese\\\\' Vietnamese in addition to Cambodians - were also pressed into both military and labor battalions in World War I battlefields. Besides explaining the battlefield experiences of the Indochinese battalions in the European war - a little studied area - this article seeks to expose the contradictions raised by France's patriotic appeal for \\\\'volunteers,\\\\' versus the domestic anti-colonial movement. On another level, the article examines the juncture between the worker-soldiers in France and the burgeoning socialist and communist underground in Paris, and back home in Vietnam, as best exemplified by the activities and writings of Ho Chi Minh in the run-up to his now-famous oration at the Versailles Conference.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Built to last? Local climate change adaptation and governance in the Caribbean - The case of an informal urban settlement in Trinidad and Tobago. Climate Change (CC) increasingly affects cities in low-elevation coastal zones, and households in low-income areas in particular. This article focuses on local CC adaptation and governance in Trinidad and Tobago. First, it investigates the capacity of a poor urban community to adapt to CC, by examining the local impacts of and responses to flooding. Second, based on interviews with a selection of local stakeholders, the article sheds light on the institutional barriers preventing the development and implementation of effective CC adaptation strategies.The data show that households in the case study community experience the impacts of changing climatic conditions, in particular flooding. Households implement a wide range of adaptive measures before, during and after floods. It was revealed that the case study community receives very limited institutional support to withstand flooding. Looking at the different levels of CC adaptation governance in Trinidad and Tobago it can be concluded that although the institutional architecture to support local CC adaptation seems to cover all governance levels, vertical linkages between the various levels have to be strengthened to bridge the gap between community-based and national-level adaptation planning. The main institutional challenges are the lack of coordination and communication between the relevant actors. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 5, 36, 47]}
+{"token": "Market competition, HRM, and firm performance: The conventional paradigm critiqued and reformulated. A proposition in the HRM literature is that to survive intensifying competition firms need to more effectively use their human capital by implementing high-performance work practices (HPWPs). This proposition is anchored on both extensive empirical evidence of a positive HPWP effect on performance and a theoretical model which incorporates ideas from strategy, RBV, AMO, behavioral, human capital, and organizational capability perspectives. This paper argues that on deeper examination both empirical and theoretical arguments have significant flaws and weaknesses which undercut the 'more competition -> more HPWPs -> higher firm performance' proposition. Indeed, using an alternative economics-based model the paper concludes the likely effect of intensified competition is, on balance, the opposite of the standard model; that is, more competition leads to less HPWPs. The model also demonstrates why the positive HPWP effect found in empirical studies is likely upward biased and more association than causation. The paper reconciles a number of empirical anomalies, such as why high-performance work systems are not more widely adopted, and explains why the conventional advice given to managers - invest in more HPWPs - needs revision. (C) 2014 Published by Elsevier Inc.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "Association studies in consanguineous populations. To study the genetic determinism of multifactorial diseases in large panmictic populations, a strategy consists in looking for an association with markers closely linked to candidate genes. A distribution of marker genotypes different in patients and controls may indicate that the candidate gene is involved in the disease. In panmictic populations, the power to detect the role of a candidate gene depends on the gametic disequilibrium with the marker locus. In consanguineous populations, we show that it depends on the inbreeding coefficient F as well. Inbreeding increases the power to detect the role of a recessive or quasi-recessive disease-susceptibility factor. The gain in power turns out to be greater for small values of the gametic disequilibrium. Moreover, even in the absence of gametic disequilibrium, the presence of inbreeding may allow to detect the role of a recessive factor. Ignoring inbreeding when it exists may lead to reject falsely a recessive model if the mode of inheritance is inferred on the distribution of genotypes among patients.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Epidemiological evaluation of spatiotemporal and genotypic clustering of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Ontario, Canada. BACKGROUND: In Canada, tuberculosis (TB) rates are at a historic low, with the remaining risk concentrated in a few vulnerable population subgroups. OBJECTIVES: To describe the epidemiology of TB in the Canadian province of Ontario and to characterise risk factors associated with transmission events, identified Using genetic typing techniques. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of 2186 culture-positive TB cases between August 2007 and December 2011. Temporal trends and risk of spatiotemporal and geno-typic clustering were evaluated using Poisson and logistic regression models. RESULTS: Being in a spatiotemporal cluster was associated with Aboriginal status (odds ratio [OR] 3.63, 95% confidence interval [C?] 1.23-10.71). Cases in genotypic clusters were more likely to report homelessness as a risk factor (adjusted OR [aOR] 2.92, 95%CI 1.74-4.90) or be male (aOR 1.35, 95%CI 1.09-1.68), and were less likely to be aged 65 years (aOR 0.63, 95%CI 0.49-0.82), foreigri-born (aOR 0.32, 95%CI 0.24-0.43) or Aboriginal (aOR 0.40, 95%CI 0.16-0.99). The Beijing lineage had an annual rate of increase of almost 10% (P = 0.047), and was associated with genotypic clustering (aOR 2.84, 95%CI 2.19-3.67). CONCLUSION: Genotypic data suggest that disease clusters are smaller, but far more common, than would be estimated using spatiotemporal clustering.", "label": [2, 21, 24]}
+{"token": "Influence of internal migration on reproductive health in Myanmar: results from a recent cross-sectional survey. Background: Maternal and reproductive health remains a significant public health issue in Myanmar. Little data exists on women's health issues, including social and demographic influences. While past studies have demonstrated rural/urban health disparities, an increasingly important population resulting from urban growth in Myanmar is the internal migrant population, individuals moving within the country for better job or educational opportunities. Past studies suggest that women make up more than half of internal migrants, yet there is a dearth of information on this new wave of migration, particularly on women's reproductive health issues. The objective of this study is to assess the influence of women's migration in Myanmar on reproductive health outcomes, including delivering in a facility, using a skilled birth attendant, and using a modern method of family planning.Conclusions: This study found that female migrants in Myanmar reported better health outcomes compared to non-migrant women in regards to family planning and maternal health. Future research should focus on monitoring the outcomes of migrants and their children over time to assess long-term impacts.Results: Across health indicators, female migrants had better health outcomes compared to non-migrants. Controlling for demographic characteristics, migrants were 1.60 times more likely to use a modern form of family planning compared to non-migrants (p < 0.01) and use antenatal care during pregnancy (p < 0.05). While not statistically significant, migrants were 1.29 times more likely to deliver with a skilled attendant and 1.08 times more likely to deliver in a facility.Methods: Data from a cross-sectional household survey using multistage cluster sampling design conducted between September to October 2014 was used to assess the accessibility and the use of maternal and child health products and services. A total of 1800 currently married women of reproductive age, including 348 from urban and 1452 from rural areas, were recruited to complete surveys. A set of multivariable regressions was performed to assess reproductive health outcomes and predictors.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Controlling supplier opportunism in industrial relationships. The recent marketing literature reflects a growing interest in relationship management issues. In particular, several recent studies have drawn on transaction cost and agency theory to examine how interfirm relationships are organized. The general premise is that explicit control mechanisms must be deployed in a relationship to manage a partner's potential opportunism. Although previous research has shown that different mechanisms can be used, the tendency has been to examine individual mechanisms in isolation. The authors develop hypotheses about interdependencies between different control mechanisms. They also identify some of the contextual factors that influence their use. The framework is tested empirically by examining how chemical manufacturers organize their supplier relationships. The results generally support the hypothesis that firms' choices among control mechanisms are influenced by contextual factors. Only limited support is found for the hypothesis that interdependencies exist between different mechanisms.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "Capturing expert knowledge for threatened species assessments: a case study using NatureServe conservation status ranks. Assessments for assigning the conservation status of threatened species that are based purely on subjective judgements become problematic because assessments can be influenced by hidden assumptions, personal biases and perceptions of risks, making the assessment process difficult to repeat. This can result in inconsistent assessments and misclassifications, which can lead to a lack of confidence in species assessments. It is almost impossible to Understand an expert's logic or visualise the underlying reasoning behind the many hidden assumptions used throughout the assessment process. In this paper, we formalise the decision making process of experts, by capturing their logical ordering of information, their assumptions and reasoning, and transferring them into a set of decisions rules. We illustrate this through the process used to evaluate the conservation status of species under the NatureServe system (Master, 1991). NatureServe status assessments have been used for over two decades to set conservation priorities for threatened species throughout North America. We develop a conditional point-scoring method, to reflect the current subjective process. In two test comparisons, 77% of species' assessments using the explicit NatureServe method matched the qualitative assessments done subjectively by NatureServe staff. Of those that differed, no rank varied by more than one rank level under the two methods. In general, the explicit NatureServe method tended to be more precautionary than the subjective assessments. The rank differences that emerged from the comparisons may be due, at least in part, to the flexibility of the qualitative system, which allows different factors to be weighted on a species-by-species basis according to expert judgement. The method outlined in this study is the first documented attempt to explicitly define a transparent process for weighting and combining factors under the NatureServe system. The process of eliciting expert knowledge identifies how information is combined and highlights any inconsistent logic that may not be obvious in Subjective decisions. The method provides a repeatable, transparent, and explicit benchmark for feedback, further development, and improvement. (C) 2004 Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Manager organizational commitment: a question of support or image?. This paper draws from two separate but complementary theories, namely social exchange theory and social identity theory, as a means of understanding the organizational antecedents of organizational commitment. Its purpose is to study the connections between the characteristics of work in the organization (a source of perceived organizational support), the characteristics of the organization (reflected in perceived external prestige), organizational commitment and turnover intentions. We test our assumption using a sample of 249 managers and a longitudinal design. The results show that perceived organizational support and perceived prestige are differently influenced by the characteristics of and in the organization. This suggests that the characteristics of the firm, reflected in the notion of perceived external prestige, play a complementary role to the characteristics of work in the organization, reflected in perceived organizational support, in shaping organizational commitment and turnover intentions.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "TRANSABDOMINAL CHORIONIC VILLUS SAMPLING AND AMNIOCENTESIS FOR PRENATAL-DIAGNOSIS - 5 YEARS EXPERIENCE AT A UNIVERSITY CENTER. The fetal loss rates and fetal congenital birth defects in 821 transabdominal (TA) chorionic villus sampling (CVS) and 771 amniocentesis (AC) cases were evaluated from a 5-year period (1987-1991) at the University Central Hospital of Turku. The parents were given the option of choosing between the two sampling procedures. CVS was performed, in most cases, at 11 weeks of gestation; and AC, at 15 weeks. The rate of total post-procedure loss was 6.7 per cent in the CVS group and 4-4 per cent in the AC group (p=0.08). The rate of spontaneous abortions was 1.9 per cent in the CVS group and 1.0 per cent in the AC group (p=O.10). The number of birth defects was low in both study groups. No limb reduction cases were observed. Mosaicism was noted in 14 CVS cases and in five AC cases. We conclude that TA-CVS is a safe and practical alternative to AC in prenatal fetal karyotyping.", "label": [2, 21, 19]}
+{"token": "Drivers of mompreneurship: evidence from India. Purpose This paper aims to explore drivers of entrepreneurial intentions of working mothers. Design/methodology/approach This paper is a survey-based method using sample of 397 working mothers in India. Findings Mothers' entrepreneurial intention is negatively associated with firms' perceived family support policies and positively associated with perceived family support. Gains from organization and family support were further enhanced for working mothers' entrepreneurial intention through the moderating effect of perceived entrepreneurial self-efficacy. Originality/value Drivers of entrepreneurship intentions of mothers is scantly explored in past literature. Understanding working mothers' entrepreneurial intentions could help firms and families provide appropriate environments and opportunities for mothers' growth.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "Helianthus tuberosus lectin reveals a widespread scaffold for mannose-binding lectins. Conclusions: The structure of Heltuba, which is the prototype for an extended family of mannose-binding agglutinins, shares the carbohydrate-binding site and beta-prism topology of its galactose-binding counterparts jacalin and Maclura pomifera lectin, However, the beta-prism elements recruited to form the octameric interface of Heltuba, and the strategy used to forge the mannose-binding site, are unique and markedly dissimilar to those described for jacalin, The present structure highlights a hitherto unrecognized adaptability of the beta-prism building block in the evolution of plant proteins.Background: Heltuba, a tuber lectin from the Jerusalem artichoke Helianthus tuberosus, belongs to the mannose-binding subgroup of the family of jacalin-related plant lectins, Heltuba is highly specific for the disaccharides Man alpha.1-3Man or Man alpha 1-2Man, two carbohydrates that are particularly abundant in the glycoconjugates exposed on the surface of viruses, bacteria and fungi, and on the epithelial cells along the gastrointestinal tract of lower animals. Heltuba is therefore a good candidate as a defense protein against plant pathogens or predators.Results: The 2.0 Angstrom resolution structure of Heltuba exhibits a threefold symmetric beta-prism fold made up of three four-stranded beta sheets. The crystal structures of Heltuba in complex with Man alpha 1-3Man and Man alpha 1-2Man, solved at 2.35 Angstrom and 2.45 Angstrom resolution respectively, reveal the carbohydrate-binding site and the residues required for the specificity towards alpha 1-3 or alpha 1-2 mannose linkages. In addition, the crystal packing reveals a remarkable, donut-shaped, octahedral assembly of subunits with the mannose moieties at the periphery, suggesting possible cross-linking interactions with branched oligomannosides.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Chemical cleaning of biofouling in reverse osmosis membranes evaluated using magnetic resonance imaging. Reverse osmosis (RO) is an important membrane separation process, widely used for desalination applications RO is part of a rapidly growing market as the demand for clean fresh water around the world continues to expand A major industrial challenge for RO operations is control of fouling of the membrane modules Fouling decreases production capacity and water quality and increases operating costs. Biofilm growth in the membrane modules, commonly referred to as biofouling, is in practice arguably the major fouling type Different cleaning strategies are employed to remove such foulants and evaluation of cleaning effectiveness is often difficult, with operators relying on indirect measurements of fouling such as the pressure drop across the membrane module The present study aims to evaluate chemical cleaning of biofouled RO membranes using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Membrane fouling simulators (MFS) were fouled in the laboratory, then subsequently cleaned using combinations of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and observed using MRI. Both MRI structural and velocity images showed marked changes in biofilm distribution A small volume of accumulated biomass had a large Impact on the effective surface area for water production, the value of which was more accurately calculated using the velocity images. The extracted effective membrane surface area correlated well with the feed channel pressure drop Additionally with this in situ MRI technique, the effect of fouling extent and time on cleaning effectiveness (biomass removal and effective surface area) were investigated. Cleanings at an early stage of biofouling was more efficient in removing biomass than cleaning performed at a later stage (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 33]}
+{"token": "Robust designs for fitting linear models with misspecification. This paper considers linear models with misspecification of the form f(x) = E(y\\\\\\\\x) = Sigma(j=1)(p) theta(j)g(j)(x) + h(x), where h(x) is an unknown function. We assume that the true response function f comes from a reproducing kernel Hilbert space and the estimates of the parameters theta(j) are obtained by the standard least squares method. A sharp upper bound for the mean squared error is found in terms of the norm of h. This upper bound is used to choose a design that is robust against the model bias. It is shown that the continuous uniform design on the experimental region is the all-bias design. The numerical results of several examples show that all-bias designs perform well when some model bias is present in low dimensional cases.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Viewpoint: effective stakeholder communication in agriculture: together we stand, divided we fall!. Substantial improvements of agricultural systems are necessary to meet the future requirements of humanity. However, current agricultural knowledge and information systems are generally not well suited to meet the necessary improvements in productivity and sustainability. For more effective application of research output, research producers and research consumers should not be considered as separate individuals in the knowledge chain but as collaborating partners creating synergy. The current paper investigates the relationships between scientists and stakeholders and identifies approaches to increase the effectiveness of their communication. On-farm research has proven to be an effective means of improving exploitation of research output at farm level because it connects all relevant partners in the process. Furthermore, pilot farms can act as an effective platform for communication and dissemination. Regional networks of pilot farms should be established and connected across regions.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Human adenoviruses of subgenera B, C, and E with various tropisms differ in both binding to and replication in the epithelial A549 and 293 cells. Adenoviruses of six subgenera, namely, adenovirus 31 (Ad31) (subgenus A), Ad3, Ad7, Ad11p, Ad11a, and Ad35 (subgenus B), Ad5v and Ad5p (subgenus C), Ad37 (subgenus D), Ad4 (subgenus E), and Ad41 (subgenus F), were studied. The relative binding properties of different adenoviruses to 293 (human kidney embryonic cells) and A549 (human lung carcinoma cells) cells were compared by flow cytometry. All analyzed adenoviruses bound to cells in a dose-dependent manner. The binding capacity showed that Ad11p, Ad35 (subgenus B:2) with kidney tropism, and Ad4 (subgenus E), which can cause adenopharyngoconjunctivitis, bound strongly to both A549 and 293 cells, The other members of subgenus B and Ad37 of subgenus D manifested an intermediate binding capacity. The analyzed adenoviruses of subgenera A, C, and F manifested a low affinity, Adenoviruses of subgenera B:2 and E manifested high binding affinity to preparations of cell membranes from the epithelial cell lines. Reciprocal competition experiments using Ad11p and Ad4 demonstrated that the two viruses did not block each other. Antibodies against alphavbeta3 and alphavbeta5 reduced the binding of Ad5v virions and slightly impaired the binding of Ad4 but did not affect Ad11p binding to the A549 cell surface, Recombinant fiber proteins of Ad11p and Ad35 reciprocally blocked the binding of both viruses to the epithelial cells but they could not block Ad4. The hexon protein expression of Ad11p and Ad4 was 100 times more efficient than that of the Ad5 vector (pFG140), whereas the infectivity of Ad11p and Ad4 was 40- to 200-fold that of the commonly used Ad5v vector. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that Ad11p and Ad4 bind different receptor molecules and that the fibers of these two viruses provide the predominant high degree of binding, which obviously is a requirement for subsequent internalization and efficacious expression. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA).", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "We Need to Learn from What we Have Learned!': The Possible Impact of Covid-19 on the Education and Training of Chaplains. The responses of chaplains providing care in health services during the Covid-19 pandemic showed that they both learned new skills and taught these to others while working in environments made unfamiliar by personal protective equipment and social distancing. This paper discusses the responses of the participants as they relate to education and training as well as suggesting new content and styles of education to meet the needs of chaplains in future similar events.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Performance-making as interruption in practice-led research. This article focuses on discussions on practice-led research that seek to describe the possible relations between theory, practice and various non-dance fields of knowledge. In order to explore some of the specificities of the relations between performance practice research and theory, but also between practice-led research and the professional arts scene, a further examination is made of recent developments in the European contemporary dance scene, where choreography is thought to have expanded, to address theory and to include a wide range of conceptual tools, materials and strategies. In particular, the case of Jerome Bel is used to demonstrate how, even when one explicitly invokes theory with/in their work, as long as their doing takes place onstage (or within a performance setting), it already speaks to an economy of knowledge that is specific to performance-making, rather than that of performance-writing. Following Susan Melrose's proposition that practice emerges as a singular event that is significantly different from theoretical writing, this article then introduces Alain Badiou's notion of 'the event' as a concept through which to understand practice as a particular type of interruptive operation, in the way it functions to further knowledge within a performance research enquiry. Finally, then, the suggestion is put forward that the practitioner-researcher embraces a task of having to retain a sort of fidelity to whatever shifts or destabilizations occur within the theoretical writing from interruptions caused by performance-making processes.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Photosynthesis Inhibiting Effects of Pesticides on Sweet Pepper Leaves. Although a large number of pesticides of different compositions are regularly used in agriculture, the impact of pesticides on the physiology of field crops is not well understood. Pesticides can produce negative effects on crop physiology?especially on photosynthesis?leading to a potential decrease in both the growth and the yield of crops. To investigate these potential effects in greenhouse sweet peppers, the effect of 20 insecticides and 2 fungicides (each sprayed with a wetting agent) on the photosynthesis of sweet pepper leaves was analyzed. Among these pesticides, nine caused significant reductions in photosynthetic activity. The effects were observed in distinctive ways-either as a transitory drop of the photosynthetic-rate values, which was observed at two hours after the treatment and was found to have recovered after 24 h, or as a sustained reduction of these values, which remained substantial over a number of days. The results of this study suggest that the production of a crop may substantially benefit when the frequent use of pesticides can be substituted with alternative pest control methods (e.g., biological control). Our results advocate further investigation of the potential impact of pesticides, either alone or in combination, on the photosynthesis of crop plants.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "A Taxonomic Review of the genus Megaulacobothrus Caudell, 1921 (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Gomphocerinae) from South Korea. The genus Megaulacobothrus Caudell, 1921 is reviewed from South and North Korea. As a result, Megaulacobothrus aethalinus (Zubovski, 1899) is reconfirmed, Megaulacobothrus latipennis (Bolivar, 1898) is established as a doubtful species within the Korean fauna, and Megaulacobothrus jejuensis sp. nov. is newly described from Jeju Island, South Korea.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "MORPHOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SUGAR BEET AND WEED BEET (BETA VULGARIS L.) DEPENDING ON THE SOIL. An evaluation of selected morphological traits (plant height, leaf width and length) for the Sugar beet and weed beets cultivated in early BBCH phases (11-12, 14-15) in a pot trial on four different soils. The variability of monitored traits between sugar beet and weed beet depending on the soil qualities was not significant. The height of weed beet was significantly lower, in BBCH 11-12 (25 mm +/- 9.81), growing from the glomerules affected by the total herbicides, for this variant field germination was also found to be significantly the lowest. 5 weeks after their emergence weed beets started to create stems, which were also probably influenced by favourable temperature conditions. The plant height, leaf length and width for sugar beet were greater in comparison with weed beet, though statistically insignificant. A considerable of weed beet variability in the monitored traits is apparently genetically conditioned.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "Actinomyces funkei sp, nov., isolated from human clinical specimens. Three strains of a previously undescribed Actinomyces-like bacterium were isolated from human clinical specimens. Phenotypic studies indicated the strains were members of the genus Actinomyces and were presumptively identified as Actinomyces turicensis, Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequencing studies showed that although the bacterium is phylogenetically closely related to Actinomyces turicensis, it nevertheless constitutes a new sub-line within the genus Actinomyces. Based on phenotypic and molecular chemical and molecular genetic evidence, it is proposed that the unknown Actinomyces-like bacterium from human clinical specimens be classified as Actinomyces funkei sp, nov, The type strain of Actinomyces funkei is CCUG 42773(T) (= CIP 106713(T)).", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Efficient Trap-Mediated Mn2+ Dopant Emission in Two Dimensional Single-Layered Perovskite (CH3CH2NH3)(2)PbBr4. In this work, Mn2+ has been efficiently and homogeneously doped into two-dimensional (2D) distorted single-layered EA(2)PbBr(4) (EA: ethylammonium) via a reprecipitation method. Both the doped and undoped 2D layered lead halide perovskites (LHPs) were characterized using a combination of X-ray, electron microscopy, and spectroscopy techniques. The Mn2+-doped EA(2)PbBr(4) (EA(2)PbBr(4) :Mn2+) shows a 78% photoluminescence (PL) quantum yield (QY) with complete quenching of self-trapped exciton emission because of efficient exciton trapping by defects created by dopants and small activation energy (similar to 9.8 meV) between the defect states and Mn2+ d states. Compared to the long lifetime (similar to 1.5 ms) of Mn2+ emission in CsPbCI3, the lifetime in 2D EA(2)PbBr(4) is found to be similar to 0.75 ms, resulting from the heavy atom effect. Additionally, the PL QY of Mn2+ emission can be further increased by codoping Zn2+ or Cd2+, which is attributed to a high density of trap states created by codoping, facilitating exciton to Mn2+ energy transfer. These results reveal the key role of trap states in the energy transfer of Mn2+ -doped 2D LHPs.", "label": [4, 1, 33, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "From the Sidelines to the Frontline: How the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Embraced Smoking Cessation. This academic-public partnership increased tobacco quit attempts, improved collaboration across multiple agencies, and raised awareness about tobacco use in vulnerable populations.Smoking is a major contributor to premature mortality among people with mental illness and substance abuse. Historically, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) did not include smoking cessation in its mission.We describe the development of a unique partnership between SAMHSA and the University of California, San Francisco's Smoking Cessation Leadership Center. Starting with an educational summit in Virginia in 2007, it progressed to a jointly sponsored \\\\'100 Pioneers for Smoking Cessation\\\\' campaign that provided grants and technical assistance to organizations promoting cessation. By 2013, the partnership established 7 \\\\'Leadership Academies,\\\\' state-level multidisciplinary collaboratives of organizations focused on cessation.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Information in lexicographic research. Computer technology plays a central role in all stages of dictionary production: consultation and analysis of documentation, entry preparation and entry revision. In this article, we present the contribution of computer technology to the creation of the Bilingual Canadian Dictionary, which is one of the primary objectives of an interuniversity Canadian research project.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "FROM THE FIRST CONTACT TO THE FIRST DATE. INTERACTIONS ON THE DATING WEBSITES IN CHILE. This research analyzes users' interactions in Chile in three dating sites: Badoo, Match and DatingChile. Drawing on a qualitative approach based on twenty-six semi-structured interviews, we analyzed users' romantic interactions from the initial contacts to the first date. Women's and men's experiences were compared. Our results show that dating sites offer individuals the possibility of transgressing some of the traditional social norms regarding courtship and dating. This would be particularly the case for women, whose sexual behaviour is usually more regulated than men's. Nonetheless, virtual spaces are also considered more hazardous for females, in a double sense: physical (violence) and moral (being labeled as \\\\'easy\\\\'). This suggests that similar gendered expectations for courtship and datin operate both in the offline and online worlds.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Use of complementary and alternative medicine in cancer patients: a European survey. Results: Data suggest that CAM is popular among cancer patients with 35.9% using some form of CAM (range among countries 14.8% to 73.1%). A heterogeneous group of 58 therapies were identified as being used. Herbal medicines and remedies were the most commonly used CAM therapies, together with homeopathy, vitamins/minerals, medicinal teas, spiritual therapies and relaxation techniques. Herbal medicine use tripled from use before diagnosis to use since diagnosis with cancer. Multivariate analysis suggested that the profile of the CAM user was that of younger people, female and with higher educational level. The source of information was mainly from friends/family and the media, while physicians and nurses played a small part in providing CAM-related information. The majority used CAM to increase the body's ability to fight cancer or improve physical and emotional well-being, and many seemed to have benefited from using CAM (even though the benefits were not necessarily related to the initial reason for using CAM). Some 4.4% of patients, however, reported side-effects, mostly transient.Conclusions: It is imperative that health professionals explore the use of CAM with their cancer patients, educate them about potentially beneficial therapies in light of the limited available evidence of effectiveness, and work towards an integrated model of health-care provision.Methods: A descriptive survey design was developed. Fourteen countries participated in the study and data was collected through a descriptive questionnaire from 956 patients.Background: The aim of this study was to explore the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in cancer patients across a number of European countries.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Gender differences in social framing effects. In a one-shot Prisoners' dilemma experiment, female participants are highly sensitive to the social frame. Male participants are not. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Experimental process analysis and mathematical modeling for selective gold leaching from slag through wet chlorination. The aim of this paper consists in defining optimal conditions of controlled and selective gold leaching contained in copper-gold slag, by wet chlorination. Studies were conducted on three types of copper-gold slag, resulting as by-products from pyrometallurgical processing of non-ferrous raw materials. Due to high levels of copper in slag, an oxidative pre-treatment is necessary to separate gold from accompanying elements and also for copper recovery. After nitric acid pre-treatment, nearly 87% of Cu was readily extracted, and lead and silver contents in all three types of solid samples have been reduced by 91.34% and 96.29%, respectively. Selective leaching of the solid phase resulting after HNO3 pre-treatment was done by wet chlorination, using nascent chlorine (Cl-2) as the leaching agent, with the presence of hydrochloric acid (HCl). The chlorine was obtained \\\\'in situ\\\\' by the reaction of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl, 5% Cl-2) and HCI. In this study, the effect of nitric acid pre-treatment, redox potential (Eh) given by sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) consumption, hydrochloric acid concentration, temperature and leaching time have been studied. The potential required for a rapid leaching rate and for avoiding the reduction of gold is 950 mV (vs AgCl/Ag-(KCI sat)). The 5% NaOCl consumption required for gold leaching from pre-treated samples was lower than NaOCl consumption necessary for original sample leaching. The highest gold extraction yield (98%) was obtained after 6 h at ambient temperature, solid/liquid ratio (w/v) 1:2 and 4 M HCl. In order to explain experimental results a mathematical model of the simultaneous gold, copper, lead and silver dissolution has been developed. It considers at particle level, the competition between surface reaction and the diffusion of the active species by a gel coating that covers the dissolving particle. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Weed control in soybean (Glycine max) with cloransulam and diclosulam. Field studies were conducted in 1997 and 1998 to evaluate weed control and soybean (Glycine max) yield with cloransulam and diclosulam. Cloransulam at 35 g/ha applied preplant incorporated (PPI) and preemergence (PRE) controlled at least 91% of hyssop spurge (Euphorbia hyssopifolia) and prickly sida (Sida spinosa) and at least 82% of entireleaf morningglory (Ipomoea hederacea var. integriuscula) and pitted morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosa) at 7 wk after planting. Control of these species with cloransulam was not affected by method of soil application. Control of prickly sida with cloransulam PPI or PRE was better than with cloransulam postemergence (POST) at 18 g/ha. Soybean yields were similar with cloransulam PPI (2,880 kg/ha) or PRE (3,110 kg/ka) and were comparable to imazaquin PRE at 140 g/ha (3,080 kg/ha). Weed control and soybean yields with cloransulam POST were similar to that with chlorimuron POST at 11 g/ha. SAN 582 plus cloransulam PRE followed by cloransulam POST provided the highest soybean yield (3,450 kg/ha). Diclosulam PPI or PRE provided similar levels; of control of hyssop spurge, Ipomoea morningglories, and prickly sida. Overall, control of these species with diclosulam PPI or PRE was similar to that obtained with sulfentrazone plus chlorimuron PRE. Soybean yields (greater than or equal to 3,290 kg/ha) were similar regardless of method of diclosulam application, and yields were equivalent to that of sulfentrazone plus chlorimuron PRE (3,270 kg/ha).", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Soil structure characteristics, functional properties and consistency limits response to corn cob biochar particle size and application rates in a 36-month pot experiment. The particle size (PS) and application rate (R-A) of biochar influence soil-biochar interaction with concomitant effects on soil chemical and physical properties. However, limited studies exist that quantify how biochar PS and R-A, acting solely or together affect soil structure characteristics and functional properties. This study investigated the effect of PS and R-A of corn cob biochar on soil water retention (SWR) and aeration indicators such as relative gas diffusivity, structural characteristics such as pore size distribution and pore organisation, and consistency limits of a tropical sandy clay loam soil. A pot experiment was conducted using two biochar PSs (<2 and 2-4 mm) and four biochar R(A)s of 0, 20, 40 and 80 Mg ha(-1). Both intact soil cores (100 cm ) and disturbed bulk soil samples were collected after 36 months of amendment for measurements of soil chemical and hydraulic properties, and consistency limits. Biochar application of 80 Mg ha(-1) significantly (P < 0.05) increased soil organic carbon and SWR. However, plant available water was neither affected by biochar PS nor R-A. Further, biochar PS and R-A acting solely or together did not significantly modify air permeability, consistency limits and estimated soil pore continuity, organisation and tortuosity. Further studies arc needed to confirm whether the overall lack of significant changes in these soil properties after 36 months of amending with corn cob biochar also pertains to other biochar feedstock and soil types. Such information is useful in selecting suitable biochar amendments that improve soil conditions for crop growth.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "An integrated approach for the characterization of one- and two-gene imazamox-resistant wheat lines. In wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), cultivars resistant to imidazolinone herbicides are an important tool for weed management. The target site of imidazolinones is acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS), an enzyme coded by three homeologous genes (ahasL-A1, ahasL-B1, and ahasL-D1). This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the imidazolinone herbicide imazamox on a single-gene (AhasL-D1) resistant line (R1) and a two-gene (AhasL-B1 and AhasL-D1) resistant line (R2) at multiple biological levels. These lines showed variation in the transcriptional levels of ahasL homeologs, but no differences in total AHAS activity. The relative contribution of resistant alleles to the ahasL transcript pool accounted for 47% in the R1 line and 77% in the R2 line. The in vitro AHAS inhibition of the R1 line was intermediate between the R2 and the susceptible lines. At an anatomical level, high imazamox concentrations induced alterations in the root tip features of R1 plants but did not affect R2 plants, whereas at in vivo AHAS activity and whole-plant levels, both resistant lines showed high resistance. The herbicide dose that reduced shoot biomass of resistant lines by 50% was 35-fold higher than that of the susceptible line. We conclude that homeolog variation allows a higher contribution of resistance genes to the ahasL transcript pool in the R1 and R2 lines. Although both resistant lines showed high whole-plant resistance, the differential root damage induced by imazamox between wheat lines suggests that two-gene resistant cultivars could be an effective option to avoid the negative impacts caused by herbicide residues in the soil.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "Voting means to grow up'! An analysis of the voting behaviour of 16 of 18 year old juveniles at the Viennese local elections in 2005. In October 2005, 16 to 18 year old teenagers - for the first time - were allowed to participate in the Viennese local elections. Previously, the lowering of the voting age was discussed controversially, carried by critical assumptions about young people's disenchantment with politics, their political interest and a lack of values. Our empirical research, however, shows that political disinterest does not refer inherently to political topics in general, but addresses more the political parties and the institutional setting. Furthermore, we found that young people place high demands on the ballot itself, provided that voting has a stabilising, legitimating effect and confirms their own values. In the conclusions it is claimed that the early integration of young people into the institutional procedures of participation and elections probably will increase the chance of continued voting.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Assessment of the TFM in predicting the onset of turbulent fluidization. Accurate prediction of the onset of turbulent fluidization still remains elusive owing to the dependence of the transition velocity on several factors including measurement methods and interpretation of results. In this work, numerical simulations using the two fluid model (TFM) are performed in an attempt to predict the regime change reported by Gopalan et al. (2016) in a small scale pseudo-2D gas-solid fluidized bed containing Geldart D particles. Various time and frequency domain analyses were applied on predicted absolute and differential pressure time series data to reveal the bed dynamics. Numerical predictions of the transition velocity, U, are in reasonably good agreement with experimental results from the small scale challenge problem. The literature correlations completely fail to predict the transition velocity for the system considered in this work. This work thus provides a different approach for validating the CFD model against experimental measurements. (C) 2018 The Chemical Industry and Engineering Society of China, and Chemical Industry Press Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "The Hermeneutics of Theological Interpretation: Holy Scripture, Biblical Scholarship and Historical Criticism. This article seeks to clarify the disagreement between theological interpretation of Scripture and academic biblical scholarship that is governed by the historical-critical method. First, it sets forth four basic convictions of theological interpretation, that is, presuppositions about the text's relationship to God and church that are crucial for fruitful Christian exegesis of the Bible. Second, it discusses the hermeneutical implications that follow, with particular reference to divine authorship and spiritual interpretation. Third, it criticizes the methodological assumptions and totalizing claims of historical criticism as ultimately inimical to the kind of scriptural reading practices necessary for the church's faith and theology.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "The Transtheoretical Model of the Stages of Change and the Phases of Transformative Learning Comparing Two Theories of Transformational Change. Prochaska and colleagues' transtheoretical model (TTM) describes a sequential progression of six stages individuals advance through as they commence the self-change process of altering behaviors. Mezirow and his associates offer 10 phases of perspective transformation from their theory of transformative learning, known as transformational learning theory (TLT). This theory explains how adults interpret life experiences, make meaning, and change a belief, an attitude, or an entire perspective. A change in perspective is personally emancipating in that one is freed from previously held beliefs, attitudes, values, and feelings that have constricted and distorted one's life. Both theories offer schemes of learning, changing, and growing for people seeking to make meaningful, life-transforming changes. This article provides a brief overview of each model and attempts to integrate these models to explain the process of transformational, or emancipatory, change.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "A coupled, dynamical and chemical model for the prestellar core L1544: Comparison of modeled and observed (CO)-O-18, HCO+, and CS emission spectra. We consider radiative transfer in (CO)-O-18, HCO+, and CS molecular lines in a spherically symmetrical, coupled, dynamical and chemical model of a prestellar core whose evolution is determined by ambipolar diffusion. Theoretical and observed line profiles are compared for the well-studied core L1544, which may be a collapsing protostellar Cloud. We study the relationship between the line shapes and model parameters. The structure of the envelope and kinematic parameters of the cloud are the most important factors determining the shape of the lines. Varying the input model parameters for the radiative transfer the kinetic temperature and microturbulent velocity-within the limits imposed by observations does not result in any substantial variations of the line profiles. The comparison between the model and observed spectra indicates that L1544 displays a flattened structure, and is viewed at an oblique angle. A two-dimensional model is needed to reproduce this structure. (C) 2003 MAIK \\\\'Nauka/Interperiodica\\\\'.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Arboviral Etiologies of Acute Febrile Illnesses in Western South America, 2000-2007. Background: Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are among the most common agents of human febrile illness worldwide and the most important emerging pathogens, causing multiple notable epidemics of human disease over recent decades. Despite the public health relevance, little is know about the geographic distribution, relative impact, and risk factors for arbovirus infection in many regions of the world. Our objectives were to describe the arboviruses associated with acute undifferentiated febrile illness in participating clinics in four countries in South America and to provide detailed epidemiological analysis of arbovirus infection in Iquitos, Peru, where more extensive monitoring was conducted.Methodology/Findings: A clinic-based syndromic surveillance system was implemented in 13 locations in Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Paraguay. Serum samples and demographic information were collected from febrile participants reporting to local health clinics or hospitals. Acute-phase sera were tested for viral infection by immunofluorescence assay or RT-PCR, while acute-and convalescent-phase sera were tested for pathogen-specific IgM by ELISA. Between May 2000 and December 2007, 20,880 participants were included in the study, with evidence for recent arbovirus infection detected for 6,793 (32.5%). Dengue viruses (Flavivirus) were the most common arbovirus infections, totaling 26.0% of febrile episodes, with DENV-3 as the most common serotype. Alphavirus (Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus [VEEV] and Mayaro virus [MAYV]) and Orthobunyavirus (Oropouche virus [OROV], Group C viruses, and Guaroa virus) infections were both observed in approximately 3% of febrile episodes. In Iquitos, risk factors for VEEV and MAYV infection included being male and reporting to a rural (vs urban) clinic. In contrast, OROV infection was similar between sexes and type of clinic.Conclusions/Significance: Our data provide a better understanding of the geographic range of arboviruses in South America and highlight the diversity of pathogens in circulation. These arboviruses are currently significant causes of human illness in endemic regions but also have potential for further expansion. Our data provide a basis for analyzing changes in their ecology and epidemiology.", "label": [2, 17, 21, 24]}
+{"token": "LEAF DYNAMICS AND STANDING STOCKS OF INTERTIDAL ZOSTERA-NOLTII HORNEM - AND CYMODOCEA-NODOSA (UCRIA) ASCHERSON ON THE BANC-DARGUIN (MAURITANIA). Variation in leaf loss over time was much higher in the plots that were situated high in the intertidal than in lower plots. This is explained by differences in susceptibility to sloughing, which is presumably higher in periods with low tide around noon for shallow depths.Cymodocea nodosa (Ucria) Ascherson on average had higher leaf area and relative growth rates than Z. noltii and much lower loss rates, resulting in a positive net increase in September. Standing stocks were also higher than for Z. noltii. A mixed seagrass bed containing the above two species and Halodule wrightii Ascherson had the highest observed total biomass: 335 g m-2 ash-free dry weight.Leaf dynamics and standing stocks of intertidal seagrasses were studied in the Baie d'Aouatif (Parc National du Banc d'Arguin, Mauritania) in April and September 1988. Standing stocks of Zostera noltii Hornem. suggest a unimodal seasonal curve similar to what is found for populations at higher latitudes. Also, leaf growth rates (0.03 cm2 cm-2 day-1 on average) were similar to those found at higher latitudes in these months. Variation in leaf loss over tidal depth, time and different locations in the Baie d'Aouatif was larger and more often significant than variation in leaf growth. In general, Z. noltii beds in the Baie d'Aouatif had comparable leaf growth rates and standing stocks. In both months losses were almost always higher than or equal to growth.In an experiment using artificial shading nets, in situ leaf growth was affected negatively from 94 % shading onwards. This shading was observed to reduce the light intensity reaching the seagrass bed to a level below the reported range of light compensation points for Z. noltii.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "Molecular epidemiology of adenovirus types 3 and 7 isolated from children with pneumonia in Beijing. One hundred fifty strains of adenovirus serotypes 3 (Ad3) and 7 (Ad7) were analyzed. The viruses were isolated from patients, the majority of whom had pneumonia, from central and suburban Beijing over a 33-year period (1958-1990). Genomic analysis of DNA extracted from 74 strains of Ad3 and 76 strains of Ad7, with four to five restriction endonucleases (REs), revealed the presence of four and eight genome types, respectively: Ad3a2, Ad3a4, Ad3a5, Ad3a6 and Ad7p1, Ad7a1, Ad7a4, Ad7b, Ad7b1, Ad7d, Ad7d1, and Ad7g. Ad7b? was the most recently identified genome type. The restriction patterns obtained from 19 representatives of Ad7 genome types after cleavage of the DNA with 12 REs are shown. Ad3a2 first appeared in 1962, and predominated from 1983 to 1988. Ad3a4 was the main causative agent of pneumonia in 1982, Ad3a2 and Ad3a4 are closely related and have 97% pairwise comigrating restriction fragments (PCRF). Ad7d predominated over a period of 11 years (1980-1990). It has 98% PCRF with Ad7b. Ten pairs of strains isolated from different specimens of the same patients were all concordant. (C) 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "The quarter that changed the world. Methods The operation, structure, evolution, programme dissemination and results are reviewed.Conclusions The social norm change approach is effective at reducing tobacco consumption, adult smoking and youth uptake. This approach resulted in declines in tobacco-related diseases and is associated with savings in healthcare expenditures. In considering CTCP's effectiveness, the takeaway message is that it should be viewed as a unified programme rather than a collection of independent interventions. The programme was designed and implemented as one where the parts complement and reinforce each other. Its effectiveness is dependent on its comprehensive strategy rather than any one part of the intervention.Results The sustained programme implementation has reduced adult per capita cigarette consumption by over 60% and adult smoking prevalence by 35%, from 22.7% in 1988 to 13.8% in 2007. From 1988 to 2004, lung and bronchus cancer rates in California declined at nearly four times the rate of decline seen in the rest of the USA and the programme is associated with an $86 billion savings in healthcare costs. Youth smoking rates among 12-17 years olds are the second lowest in the nation.Background The California Department of Public Health (CDPH), California Tobacco Control Program (CTCP) is one of the longest-running comprehensive tobacco control programmes in the USA, resulting from a 1988 ballot initiative that added a 25-cent tax on each pack of cigarettes and a proportional tax increase on other tobacco products. This programme used a social norm change approach to reduce tobacco use.", "label": [2, 21, 23]}
+{"token": "Gorbachev and the End of the Cold War: Perspectives on History and Personality. The article explores the impact of Mikhail Gorbachev on the end of the Cold War and the self-destruction of the Soviet Union. It is based on a wealth of memoir literature, interviews, and primary sources, including the archival collections of the Gorbachev Foundation in Moscow. It first discusses the standard explanations of the Cold War's end which highlight structural changes in the international system, a structural domestic crisis within the Soviet Union, and a radical shift of ideas in the Soviet leadership, showing the important anomalies they all leave unexplained. Then it analyzes Gorbachev's character, revealing what set him apart from other leaders, finally, assessing in detail how these traits influenced the ending of the Cold War. Particular attention is paid to the collapse of the Berlin Wall and the reuinfication of Germany. The article concludes that many aspects of the end of the Soviet Union and the Cold War can only be understood through the Gorbachev personality factor, and that the impact of Gorbachev's personality cannot be understood until we abandon simplistic judgements.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "THE ROLE OF CULTURAL VALUE DIMENSIONS IN RELATIONAL DEMOGRAPHY. This paper examines how cultural value dimensions affect processes related to social identity theory and relational demography. Gender differentiation, individualism/collectivism, and power distance are each positioned as important variables that have the potential to impact the level of salience for particular social identity characteristics. The value dimensions of uncertainty avoidance and long-term/short-term orientation are each positioned as contextual variables, moderating the relationships between demographic dissimilarity and outcomes related to bias and discrimination. The framework presented should have implications for future research in relational demography and assist managers in their attempt to understand individual differences in organisations.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "Superiority without Supersessionism: Walter Kasper, The Gifts and the Calling of God Are Irrevocable, and God's Covenant with the Jews. Nostra Aetate initiated a revolutionary shift in Catholic theology, opposing supersessionism and affirming that Jews remain in a salvific covenantal relationship with God. However, this shift raises for Catholics a deep tension regarding the value of this Old Covenant vis-a-vis the New Covenant, as this article illustrates using the statements of Walter Kasper and The Gifts and the Calling of God Are Irrevocable. While speaking positively about the Old Covenant, both deem it essential to maintain the superiority of the New Covenant as universalistic, fulfilling the promises in the Old Covenant and transcending its limitations. The author demonstrates how they seek to reduce this tension by characterizing the two covenants as good and better covenants, rather than as bad and good covenants, thereby avoiding a lapse into supersessionism.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Reduced NRT supplies through a quitline: Smoking cessation differences. Introduction: Quitlines (QLs) provide effective smoking cessation treatment. The most cost-effective protocol for nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) has not been established. The current study compares self-reported 7-day abstinence rates among light to moderate smokers (<= 20 cigarettes per day [CPD]) when a state QL reduced NRT supplies from 8 to 4 weeks.Methods: The study (n = 1,710) included Colorado QuitLine enrollees who requested free NRT. Analysis compared light to moderate smokers when 8-versus 4-week NRT supplies were available; the nonequivalent control group was heavy smokers (>20 CPD), who were consistently eligible for 8 weeks of NRT during the same time period.Results: Under the reduced NRT protocol, abstinence declined by nearly one fourth among light to moderate smokers (29.9% vs. 39.3%, p < .01). Heavy smokers reported no difference in abstinence rates (28.6% vs. 28.4%, p = nonsignificant).Discussion: Reducing NRT supplies from 8 to 4 weeks was associated with a one-fourth reduction in smoking abstinence rates among users of a state telephone QL. Future research should experimentally assess cost-effectiveness of 4-versus 8-week NRT protocols in QLs and should examine potentially mediating or moderating factors, such as history-affected expectancies regarding NRT and smoking cessation.", "label": [2, 21, 23]}
+{"token": "Attributing changes in the distribution of species abundance to weather variables using the example of British breeding birds. 1. Modelling spatio-temporal changes in species abundance and attributing those changes to potential drivers such as climate, is an important but difficult problem. The standard approach for incorporating climatic variables into such models is to include each weather variable as a single covariate, whose effect is expressed through a low-order polynomial or smoother in an additive model. This, however, confounds the spatial and temporal effects of the covariates.2. We developed a novel approach to distinguish between three types of change in any particular weather covariate. We decomposed the weather covariate into three new covariates by separating out temporal variation in weather (averaging over space), spatial variation in weather (averaging over years) and a space-time anomaly term (residual variation). These three covariates were each fitted separately in the models. We illustrate the approach using generalized additive models applied to count data for a selection of species from the UK's Breeding Bird Survey, 1994-2013. The weather covariates considered were the mean temperatures during the preceding winter and temperatures and rainfall during the preceding breeding season. We compare models that include these covariates directly with models including decomposed components of the same covariates, considering both linear and smooth relationships.3. The lowest QAIC values were always associated with a decomposed weather covariate model. Different relationships between counts and the three new covariates provided strong evidence that the effects of changes in covariate values depended on whether changes took place in space, in time, or in the space-time anomaly. These results promote caution in predicting species distribution and abundance in future climate, based on relationships that are largely determined by environmental variation over space.4. Our methods estimate the effect of temporal changes in weather, while accounting for spatial effects of long-term climate, improving inference on overall and/or localized effects of climate change. With increasing availability of large-scale datasets, need is growing for appropriate analytical tools. The proposed decomposition of the weather variables represents an important advance by eliminating the confounding issue often inherent in analyses of large-scale datasets.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Chemical Analysis of Commercial White Wines and Its Relationship with Consumer Acceptability. White wine consists of numerous chemical constituents such as volatile and nonvolatile compounds including organic acids and polyphenols, which can affect aroma and flavor profiles. In addition to the enological factors, chemical analysis of commercial wines is also important for understanding consumer perception. Volatile compounds are major contributors to wine aroma. Nonvolatile compounds affect the flavor of wine, through acidity, sweetness, bitterness, and astringency. The volatile aroma profiles of 12 commercial white wines were analyzed using headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME), with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and a Y15 automatic analyzer were used to identify and quantify 10 polyphenols and 12 other target nonvolatile compounds. Sensory evaluation of sample wines was conducted by wine consumers. White wines were distinguished based on volatile and nonvolatile compositions. A total of 33 volatile compounds and 23 nonvolatile compounds were analyzed. Seven volatile compounds were correlated with consumer acceptability. Sugars are positively correlated with consumer preference, while nonvolatile substances such as acetic acid and catechins are negatively correlated with consumer preference. These results might further our understanding of the relationship between the chemical composition and consumer preferences in commercial wines.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "The city of Santiago in the opinion of Joaquin Edwards Bello and Jorge Edwards. In the city is a space resulting from the feeling of fellow-citizenship created by those who inhabit it (according to Emile Benveniste's hypothesis), it is possible to make a description and an interpretation of the city according to the feelings of fellow-citizenship that inhabit Joaquin Edwards Bello's El roto and Jorge Edwards' word (1952-2004).These two feelings of fellow-citizenship are created around the axis of the remembrance of the past at its break point, the \\\\'imbunchamiento\\\\' to which the most gifted characters of the textual city are subjected.From this perspective, the feeling of fellow-citizenship that derives from the city described in El roto would be that of the implicit cannibalism in the Chilean society. And, I believe, this is the fundamental core of Edwards Bello's work.In Jorge Edwards' work, it is possible to distinguish two different feelings of fellow-citizenship corresponding to two different periods of his work: the city of disciplinant labyrinths (noticeable in the period that goes from El patio, 1952, to Los convidados de piedra, 1978) and the ironic and planetary city (visible from El museo de cera, 1981, to his recent El inutil de la familia, 2004).", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Urbanized birds have superior establishment success in novel environments. Many animals have adapted to the proximity of humans and thereby gained an advantage in a world increasingly affected by human activity. Numerous organisms have invaded novel areas and thereby increased their range. Here, we hypothesize that an ability to thrive in urban habitats is a key innovation that facilitates successful establishment and invasion. We test this hypothesis by relating the probability of establishment by birds on oceanic islands to the difference in breeding population density between urban and nearby rural habitats as a measure of urbanization in the ancestral range. This measure was the single-most important predictor of establishment success and the only statistically significant one, with additional effects of sexual dichromatism, number of releases and release effort, showing that the ability to cope with human proximity is a central component of successful establishment. Because most invasions occur as a consequence of human-assisted establishment, the ability to cope with human proximity will often be of central importance for successful establishment.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Scoring Alien Worlds: World Music Mashups in 21st Century Sci-Fi and Fantasy TV, Film and Video Games. This article provides three case studies of the use of world music resources to build alien worlds in mainstream screen media with Sci-Fi or Fantasy settings. The case studies-the TV series Battlestar Galactica: Blood and Chrome, the film Avatar and the Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Game (MMORPG) video game World of Warcraft-show how composers and associated music professionals in the early twenty-first century increasingly draw on such sonic materials to generate a rich sense of sonic otherness and note the means they employ to sidestep such music's existing geographical and cultural references. Each case study explores a contrasting subject position-composer, music consultant and consumer-to better trace not only the creation of such soundtracks but also what senses disparate groups of ordinary listeners subsequently make of them. The examples suggest that outside the sphere of big-budget cinema there is a growing confidence in both the creation and reception of such sonic projections, and that, when sufficiently attracted by what they hear, listeners may actively seek out ways to follow-up on the expressive characterisations put forward in such soundtracks. Three broad types of mashup are uncovered, those that work with world music ingredients by insinuation, integration and creolisation.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Haemonchus horaki n. sp (Nematoda : Trichostrongyloidea) from the grey rhebuck Pelea capreolus in South Africa. In the course of a revision of species of Haemonchus Cobb, 1898 (Nematoda), commonly referred to as large stomach worms and significant pathogens of ruminants, a new species was discovered in the grey rhebuck Pelea capreolus, and the bontebok Damaliscus pygarthus, in South Africa. The new species, Haemonchus horaki, was previously reported as a long-spicule form of H. contortus (Rudolphi, 1803) Ransom, 1911. The new species, compared with H. contortus, can be distinguished by significantly longer spicules (555-615 mum vs. 383-475 mum); a synlophe with fewer ridges (26 vs. 30 in the region of the posterior part of the esophagus) that extend more posteriorly (within 1 mm of the copulatory bursa in males and postvulvar in females, vs. 2/3 to 3/4 of prebursal and prevulvar lengths); and an asymmetrical dorsal lobe with a long dorsal ray divided for more than half of its length, forming 2 branches of unequal length (vs. a dorsal ray divided for less than half of its length and forming 2 equal branches in H. contortus).", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "On the path to the digital rock physics of gas hydrate-bearing sediments - processing of in situ synchrotron-tomography data. To date, very little is known about the distribution of natural gas hydrates in sedimentary matrices and its influence on the seismic properties of the host rock, in particular at low hydrate concentration. Digital rock physics offers a unique approach to this issue yet requires good quality, high-resolution 3-D representations for the accurate modeling of petrophysical and transport properties. Although such models are readily available via in situ synchrotron radiation Xray tomography, the analysis of such data asks for complex workflows and high computational power to maintain valuable results. Here, we present a best-practice procedure complementing data from Chaouachi et al. (2015) with data post-processing, including image enhancement and segmentation as well as exemplary numerical simulations of an acoustic wave propagation in 3-D using the derived results. A combination of the tomography and 3-D modeling opens a path to a more reliable deduction of properties of gas hydrate-bearing sediments without a reliance on idealized and frequently imprecise models.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Sweden: Democratic reforms and partisan decline in an emerging separation-of-powers system. Early in the twentieth century, parliamentary democracy developed within an 1809 constitution based on separation of powers. By the mid-1970s, the last remnants of this constitution had disappeared. After that, measures such as more openness in candidate nominations, positive preference voting and more scrutiny by parliamentarians were introduced to strengthen the democratic chain. But a weakening of political parties and an increased importance of external constraints are again moving Sweden towards a de facto separation-of-powers system. There is once again a considerable discrepancy between the written constitutional framework and the 'working constitution'. In particular, local and supranational constraints on national policy making provide reason for a reconsideration of the constitutional framework.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Financing social ventures by crowdfunding: The influence of entrepreneurs' personality traits. Studies on the profile of the social entrepreneurs that use crowdfunding (CF) for financing social projects are relatively rare, specifically in the context of Social Stock Exchange platforms. This research aims to understand the role played by social entrepreneurs' personality traits on the choice between the traditional donation model and social CF to finance social projects. The particular case of the Portuguese Social Stock Exchange (PSSE) is presented and a quantitative and exploratory approach is used. The data were collected through a questionnaire that was emailed to non-governmental organizations in Portugal and founders of the projects listed on PSSE. Logistic regression is employed to predict the probability that a social entrepreneur would use PSSE rather than traditional financing. The predictor variables are based on the Big Five personality traits. Our investigation reveals that the conscientiousness personality trait is the only factor that might explain the use of the PSSE platform.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "Transformations on white noise functions associated with second order differential operators of diagonal type. A generalized number operator and a generalized Gross Laplacian are introduced on the basis of white noise distribution theory. The equicontinuity is examined and associated one-parameter transformation groups are constructed. An infinite dimensional analogue of ax + b group and Cauchy problems on white noise space are discussed.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Most noninvasive prenatal screens failing due to inadequate fetal cell free DNA are negative for trisomy when repeated. Objective We aimed to test for an association between the amount of circulating fetal cell-free DNA and trisomy, and whether NIPS failure due to low fetal fraction indicates trisomy risk.Conclusion Failure to meet the clinical cutoff of 4% fetal fraction established for NIPS accuracy did not suggest increased risk for trisomy in our cohort. Because repeat testing was successful in the majority of cases and most failures were explained by high BMI and low gestational age, a redraw may be an appropriate next step before invasive screening due to concerns for trisomic pregnancies.Results Fetal trisomy was marginally associated with decreased fetal fraction (P = .067). However, the proportions of trisomy events were not significantly increased in women who had failed NIPS due to low fetal fraction (<4%) (OR = 1.37 [0.3-7.4]; P = .714). 66% of repeated NIPS after a second blood draw were successful.Method Maternal BMI, maternal age, fetal sex, gestational age, fetal cfDNA fraction, and NIPS results was collected on 2374 pregnancies. Additional clinical information was available for 1180 research consented patients. We investigated associations between fetal fraction and available variables and determined the success rate of repeat NIPS testing.", "label": [2, 21, 19]}
+{"token": "Refinement of a lunar FeO mapping method. Clementine UVVIS and NIR data from the lunar sampling sites (totaling 46 sampling sites) were processed and used to refine the iron determination method of Le Moueic et al. (2000, 2002). We found that about 21 sampling sites are unsuitable to Le Moueic et al's spectral parameters (\\\\'slope\\\\' and \\\\'depth 1\\\\') because their 1500 nm filter could not be used as spectral parameters' right shoulders and to evaluate the depth of the 1-mu m absorption feature accurately. We used the rest 25 sampling sites to refine the method developed by Le Moueic et al. (2000, 2002) and obtained our own equation of FeO content determination. We tested our own equation, and the results are satifactory. In our work we also acquired some useful experiences in scientific applications of our own dataset of the Chang'E-1 mission.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "The contribution of charcoal burning to the rise and decline of suicides in Hong Kong from 1997-2007. Conclusions: Compared to others, working-age adults preferentially selected carbon monoxide poisoning from charcoal burning.Purpose: Age and gender specific suicide rates in Hong Kong by suicide methods from 1997 to 2007 were calculated. To model the transition of suicide rate by different methods, Poisson regrerom burning charcoal in an enclosed space (hereafter, \\\\'charcoal burning\\\\') was related to an increase in the overall suicide rate in Hong Kong. The growth of this method coincided with changing economic conditions. This paper expands upon previous work to explore possible relationships further.Methods: This study aims to discern the role of charcoal burning in overall suicide rate transition during times of both economic recession and expansion, as captured in the unemployssion analyses were employed.Background: There has been scant research exploring the relationship between choice of method (means) of self-inflicted death, and broader social or contextual factors. The recent emergence and growth of suicide using carbon monoxide poisoning resulting fment rate of Hong Kong, and to examine whether there was evidence of an effect from means-substitution.Results: Charcoal burning constituted 18.3% of all suicides, 88% of which involved individuals drawn from the middle years (25-59) of life. During both periods of rising and declining unemployment, charcoal burning played an important role in the changing suicide rates, and this effect was most prominent among for those in their middle years. Means-substitution was found among the married women during the period of rate advancement (1997-2003).", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "On why planning should not reinforce self-reinforcing trends: a cautionary analysis of the compact-city proposal applied to large cities. Urban densification has been presented as a general recipe to reduce travelling. The size of settlements was not considered particularly relevant in this proposal. Two arguments are presented that challenge the notion that densification of large cities leads to less travelling. The first is related to the internal dynamics of compact areas in large cities; the second to the dynamics between central and peripheral areas. It is shown that the densification of large cities leads to either more travelling because of the wide range of available opportunities provided by agglomeration effects, or more time spent on travelling due to congestion. The conclusion is that it is counterproductive for transport planning to endorse approaches that compact the urban form of large cities.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "THE EARLY STAGES OF 'LEGAL PURGES' IN SOVIET RUSSIA (1941-1945). Although prosecution against collaborators in liberated territories started in late 194 1, Moscow did not elaborate a specific law until April 1943. Legislation in use for \\\\'legal purges\\\\' dated back to 1926, and the courts in charge were mere military tribunals. If one considers the country's repressive history, these purges were in no way exceptional, but for the fact that they did not reach predefined groups of citizens, but all those who in one way or another compromised themselves with the occupant. They repressed actual dealings and not hypothetical counterrevolutionary intrigues. However, they were extremely severe, qualifying as treason to the Motherland acts deemed in the West as forms of minor collaboration or even antinational behavior. The law did not foresee nuances and left them to the appreciation of judges at the moment of sentencing. The article compares first instance trials in the Kalinin region with revisions brought by the Supreme Court's Military College and plenum. Last, the 1943 Decree against Hitlerite war criminals and their local accomplices reveals the many stakes involved in the question.Soviet \\\\'legal purges,\\\\' however, have long remained unexplored. The present study aims at placing the repression of Soviet civilian collaborators within the European context as well as the historical context of Soviet political repressions.European postwar \\\\'legal purges\\\\' have been largely investigated by scholars who explored their different forms, evolution through time, perception by their various protagonists, and meaning.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Congenital cataract - clinical and morphological aspects. Congenital cataract is one of the main causes of blindness in newborns and children. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), there are about 14 million children suffering from congenital cataract. Our study is based on 82 children, males - 46 (56.1%) and females - 36 (43.9%), with congenital cataract operated in the same ophthalmological centre in Bucharest, Romania. Of the 82 patients, 49 (59.76%) had bilateral cataract and 33 (40.24%) unilateral cataract. Clinically, the most frequent was the total cataract, followed by lamellar, nuclear and cerulean. We employed nine surgical approaches in our patients, depending on the type of intraocular lens (IOL). Morphologically, obvious changes were rendered evident at the level of anterior and posterior capsules, as well as subcapsular.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "An adaptive hypothesis for the evolution of the Y chromosome. Population geneticists remain unsure of the forces driving the evolution of Y chromosomes. Here we consider the possibility that the degeneration of the Y reflects its inability to evolve adaptively. Because the ovenvhelming majority of favorable mutations on a nonrecombining proto-Y suffer a zero probability of fixation, the fitness of the Y must lag far behind that of the recombining X. At some point, this disparity will grow so large that selection favors an increase in the expression of (fit) X-linked alleles and a decrease in the expression of (unfit) Y-linked alleles. Our calculations suggest that this process acts far more rapidly than hitchhiking-induced erosion of the Y and at least as rapidly as the fixation of deleterious alleles on the Y by background selection. Most important, this hypothesis can explain the evolution of Y chromosomes in taxa such as Drosophila that have very large population sizes.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Buckling and Vibration of Orthotropic Nonhomogeneous Rectangular Plates With Bilinear Thickness Variation. An analysis and numerical results are presented for buckling and transverse vibration of orthotropic nonhomogeneous rectangular plates of variable thickness using two dimensional boundary characteristic orthogonal polynomials in the Rayleigh-Ritz method on the basis of classical plate theory when uniformly distributed in-plane loading is acting at two opposite edges clamped/simply supported. The Gram-Schmidt process has been used to generate orthogonal polynomials. The nonhomogeneity of the plate is assumed to arise due to linear variations in elastic properties and density of the plate material with the in-plane coordinates. The two dimensional thickness variation is taken as the Cartesian product of linear variations along the two concurrent edges of the plate. Effect of various plate parameters such as nonhomogeneity parameters, aspect ratio together with thickness variation, and in-plane load on the natural frequencies has been illustrated for the first three modes of vibration for four different combinations of clamped, simply supported, and free edges correct to four decimal places. Three dimensional mode shapes for a specified plate for all the four boundary conditions have been plotted. By allowing the frequency to approach zero, the critical buckling loads in compression for various values of plate parameters have been computed correct to six significant digits. A comparison of results with those available in the literature has been presented.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "Weed Seed Bank Diversity in Dryland Cereal Fields: Does it Differ Along the Field and Between Fields with Different Landscape Structure?. In this work, we aimed to test whether taxonomic diversity and functional diversity and the values of functional traits of the weed seed bank varied across the field, from margins to the core, and between fields embedded in distinct landscape structures. We sampled the seed bank of 47 conventionally managed cereal fields from two Mediterranean regions in Spain. In each field, three positions were selected: Margin, edge and core, and soil properties were measured for each position. Landscape structure was quantified for each field as the percentage of arable land in the surrounding 1 km radius circular sector. Seed bank diversity was characterized at the taxonomic (species richness, exponential Shannon index, and evenness) and functional levels (Rao's quadratic entropy index and four corner analysis). For functional diversity, eight functional traits related to the whole plant life cycle were considered. Results showed a slight response of increasing taxonomic diversity from the core of the fields to the margins. Functional diversity was extremely low, indicating high similarity among species in terms of functional traits. Species in the seed bank were mostly therophytes, shorter than the crop plants, small seeded, flowering between the herbicide application of late winter and crop harvest, and showed seed dispersal by gravity or wind. This trait syndrome allows persistence in intensively managed arable lands. The similarity between fields in terms of functional diversity of the seed bank and in species traits may suggest that the intensity of management practices was similar across the fields. Moreover, it emphasizes that an increase in landscape heterogeneity, if based on other intensively managed cropping systems, may not be sufficient to augment functional diversity of weed communities. Therefore, in these areas, the seed bank could restore weed taxonomic diversity following changes in management practices, but functional diversity would still remain limited.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Regulating the yeast kinetochore by ubiquitin-dependent degradation and skp1p-mediated phosphorylation. In S. cerevisiae, the four-protein Cbf3 complex binds to the essential CDEIII region of centromeric DNA to initiate kinetochore assembly. We report the reconstitution of Cbf3p from recombinant proteins and an analysis of its p58(Ctf13) and p23(Skp1) subunits. p23(Skp1) has both G1- and G2-specific functions in yeast and binds to p58(Ctf13) and to the essential Cdc4p component of the ubiquitin conjugating complex Scul(Cdc4). We show that the function of p23(Skp1) in Cbf3p is to activate p58(Ctf13) by phosphorylation. p58(Ctf13) is an unstable protein that is targeted to the proteosome, probably by Scul(Cdc4)-mediated ubiquitination. Thus, p58 appears to be activated by phosphorylation in a p23(Skp1)-dependent step and degraded by the proteosome in a ubiquitin-dependent step. We propose that coupled activation and destruction link the assembly of Cbf3p to the duplication of centromeres in S phase.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "THE COSTS OF MISTAKES. This Piece provides a novel framework guiding adjudication in cases of mistakes, such as unintended money transfers. We draw on Guido Calabresi's seminal work, The Costs of Accidents, to introduce a parallel framework for mistakes and detail its operation and embodied policy considerations. We explain that mistakes, unlike accidents, can be socially harmless. When a mistake is harmless, the law acts to protect the mistaken party, thereby helping that party reduce wasteful investment in preventing mistakes. We distinguish harmful mistakes from harmless mistakes and show how this distinction sheds light on existing legal arrangements. The Piece discusses the normative implications of our analysis and highlights its general applicability. Motivating the analysis is a recent high-profile decision in the District Court for the Southern District of New York, involving a mistaken payment of nearly one billion dollars, currently pending appeal. One upshot of our analysis is that this decision ought to be reversed; more generally, we provide the blueprint for deciding future cases of this type.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "CALCULATION OF STRESS INTENSITY FACTORS BASED ON FORCE-DISPLACEMENT CURVE USING ELEMENT FREE GALERKIN METHOD. An idea related to the calculation of stress intensity factors based on the standard appearance of the force-displacement curve is developed in this paper. The presented procedure predicts the shape of the graphics around the point under consideration form where indirectly the stress intensity factors are obtained. The numerical implementation of the new approach is achieved by using element free Galerkin method, which is a variant of meshless methods and requires only nodal data for a domain discretization without a finite element mesh. A MATLAB software code for two dimensional elasticity problems has been worked out, along with intrinsic basis enrichment for precise modelling of the singular stress field around the crack tip. One numerical example of a rectangular plate with different lengths of a symmetric edge crack is portrayed. The stress intensity factors obtained by the present numerical approach are compared with analytical solutions. The errors in the stress intensity factors for opening fracture mode I are less than 1% although the model mesh is relatively coarse.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "Can pictorial warning labels on cigarette packages address smoking-related health disparities? Field experiments in Mexico to assess pictorial warning label content. Tests of mean ratings and rankings indicated that pictorial HWLs with didactic textual forms had equivalent or significantly higher credibility, relevance, and impact than pictorial HWLs with testimonial forms. Results from mixed-effects models confirmed these results. However, responses differed by participant educational attainment: didactic forms were consistently rated higher than testimonials among participants with higher education, whereas the difference between didactic and testimonial narrative forms was weaker or not statistically significant among participants with lower education. In the second experiment, with textual content held constant, greater credibility, relevance, and impact was found for graphic imagery of diseased organs than imagery of human suffering.Pictorial HWLs with didactic textual forms seem to work better than those with testimonial narratives. Future research should determine which pictorial HWL content has the greatest real-world impact among consumers from disadvantaged groups, including assessment of how HWL content should change to maintain its impact as tobacco control environments strengthen and consumer awareness of smoking-related risks increases.The objective of this study was to determine the most effective content of pictorial health warning labels (HWLs) and whether educational attainment moderates these effects.Field experiments were conducted with 529 adult smokers and 530 young adults (258 nonsmokers; 271 smokers). Participants reported responses to different pictorial HWLs printed on cigarette packages. One experiment involved manipulating textual form (testimonial narrative vs. didactic) and the other involved manipulating image type (diseased organs vs. human suffering).", "label": [2, 21, 23]}
+{"token": "Clinical outcome in 94 cases of dermal haemangiosarcoma in dogs treated with surgical excision: 1993-2007*. Canine dermal haemangiosarcoma (HSA) is believed to have a better prognosis compared to HSA in other organs, but outcome has only been reported in a small number of dogs. The purpose of this study was to assess outcome and prognostic factors in a larger cohort of dogs with dermal HSA. Clinical data was collected retrospectively for 94 dogs and histopathology was reviewed in 53 dogs. Median overall survival time was 987 days. Dogs of predisposed breed with ventral location and histologic solar changes had longer survivals. Loco-regional recurrence occurred in 72/94 (77%) dogs. Predisposed breeds with ventral location and multiple masses were more likely to develop recurrence. Non-predisposed breeds with invasive tumours were more likely to develop metastasis. Results suggest that dogs with solar-induced dermal HSA may have high recurrence rates, but prolonged survivals. Dogs with non-solar tumours may be at increased risk for metastasis and shorter survival.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Alasdair MacIntyre and Thomism: notes on Three Rival Versions of Moral Inquiry. The paper thematizes the presence of Thomism in Alasdair MacIntyre, especially in his book Three Rival Versions of Moral Inquiry, by showing how MacIntyre appropriates methodologically conceptual tools coming from Thomism in to solve the problems that afflict the contemporary moral theory and practice. It is, therefore, a hermeneutic reading of how MacIntyre appropriates Thomism that particular work, but without exhausting the elements of such appropriation.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Applying Standard Digital Map Data in Map-aided, Lane-level GNSS Location. Urban positioning using the Global Positioning System (GPS) is challenging because of multipath. Urban canyons limit open sky visibility, and cause signal reflection and diffraction, resulting in significant satellite range measurement errors. The investigations reported here have been carried out in a French project called Inturb (an acronym derived from integrity and urban positioning). So far, the project has had two phases: first, a simple Three-Dimensional (3D) geometrical city modelling, called Urban Trench, has been developed and engineered manually from data sets collected in different cities. Positioning improvement in terms of accuracy was quantified where the model could be applied. Second, this modelling has been automated, based on the standard national BD Topo (R) map database for France, with promising results. This geometrical modelling makes it possible to distinguish between line-of-sight satellite signals and those from non-line-of-sight. The latter, apparently bona fide, signals are caused by strong reflections, usually from buildings with a lot of steel and glass in their construction. A correction of the pseudo-range measurements of the latter is also computed and applied in the position estimator. Positioning accuracy is improved, whilst availability is kept at its maximum. In the study both manual and automatic 3D models are used in extensive experimental campaigns. Results are: first, the possibility to cover entirely any urban area in the country; second, the reduction of the median error in 3D by more than 50% on data collected in Nantes, Paris and Toulouse for a total duration of nearly ten hours; third, the compliance with standards used in most embedded maps and geographical information systems, including an assessment of the trade-off between the model simplicity and the positioning improvement.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 36]}
+{"token": "Food Pleasure Profiles-An Exploratory Case Study of the Relation between Drivers of Food Pleasure and Lifestyle and Personality Traits in a Danish Consumer Segment. A greater comprehension of factors contributing to pleasure from food-related experiences could increase understanding of underlying processes around different eating behaviours. We explored drivers of food pleasure and whether certain consumer characteristics were associated with specific food pleasure profiles. This study aimed to investigate (1) how Danish consumers vary in terms of primary drivers of food pleasure, and (2) how differences in food pleasure are related to specific sociodemographic, lifestyle, health and eating behavioural personality traits. Three-hundred and fifty-five respondents (mean age 33.3 years) rated the importance of different drivers of food pleasure, along with sociodemographic, lifestyle, health and eating behaviour variables. Segmentation analysis was performed based on emerging food pleasure dimensions, and profiling of segments was conducted by multivariate regression analysis and calculations of odds ratios. The results demonstrated that five specific consumer segments could be defined, 'Sensory-pleasure Seekers' (50%), 'Internal-pleasure Seekers' (34%), 'Contextual-pleasure Seekers' (17%), 'Exploratory-pleasure seekers' (13%) and 'Confirming-pleasure seekers' (5%), each with specific characteristics. Importantly, this research indicates that a link between mental health, personality, eating behaviour and perceived food pleasure is evident. These insights contribute to the comprehension of the complex nature of food choices of importance to accommodating public health issues.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Seasonal patterns of pore-water nutrients, benthic chlorophyll a and sedimentary AVS in a macrobenthos-rich tidal flat. Monthly field investigations were carried out at controlled low-tide in an estuarine intertidal sandflat of the Seto Inland Sea (Japan) between January 1995 and April 1996. We assessed the spatial and temporal distribution of pore-water nutrient [NH4+-N, N,(NO3- + NO2-)-N, PO43--P and Si(OH)(4)-Si], chlorophyll a (chl a) and acid-volatile sulphide (AVS) concentrations in the uppermost 0-10 cm sediment horizon, and evaluated their relationships with macrobenthic assemblages. Monthly hydrological data, nutrient and chl a concentrations in low-tide creek water adjacent to the flat were used as a complementary environmental characterisation of the study area. All different pore-water nutrients showed a 10 to > 30-fold variability between different layers and periods. NH4+-N, PO43--P and Si(OH)(4)-Si concentrations were lowest in winter, progressively increased throughout spring and summer, and were highest between September and October, with a major increase at intermediate (4-8 cm) layers. In contrast, (NO3- + NO2-)-N concentrations, correlated positively with chl a, peaked in winter and sharply decreased with depth in all different seasons and in most occasions. Depth-integrated NH4+-N, PO43--P and Si(OH)(4)-Si pools were correlated positively with biogenic nutrient flux calculated from the nutrient excretion rates of dominant bivalves Ruditapes philippinarum and Musculista senhousia. These relationships indicated rapid removal pathways of P, Si and N (i.e., every 0.1, 0.24 and 0.34 day, respectively), implying highly dynamic sediments. Based on the mass balance P = F + I, biogenic production (P) vs. diffusive flux (F) estimates suggested a predominant contribution of animal bioirrigation (I) to the upward flux of nutrients. AVS concentrations, correlated negatively with both (NO3- + NO2-)-N and chl a, showed a progressive increase from late summer throughout winter, subsequent to that of NH4+-N, PO43--P and Si(OH)(4)-Si. The results indicate that in our study area the spatial and temporal distribution of pore-water nutrients, chl a and AVS in sediments are strongly interlinked and suggest that the metabolic processes (e.g., excretion, bio-deposition) and behavioural activities (e.g., particle mixing, bioirrigation) of abundant macrobenthos play an important role in the year-round biogeochemical processes occurring on this flat.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "IMAGING DIAGNOSISuNASOFRONTAL SUTURE EXOSTOSIS IN A HORSE. A 14-year-old Quarter Horse had chronic facial swelling and a more recent history of progressive bilateral epiphora. Radiographic findings were compatible with exostosis of the nasofrontal suture. Computed tomography (CT) of the head, including CT dacryorhinocystography, confirmed the diagnosis and allowed presurgical planning of resection of the exostosis, which resulted in resolution of the clinical signs.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Evaluation of a linked sex harvest strategy for cervid populations. We evaluated the ability of the linked sex harvest strategy (LSHS) proposed by McCullough et al. (1990) to determine optimum harvest of cervid populations from harvest statistics alone. This strategy purports to optimize total harvest by adjusting female harvest in response to observed changes in male harvest, without knowing the population's size or vital parameters (age-specific survival and productivity), and without an explicit population model. To examine LSHS, we evaluated a series of population models spanning a range of assumptions and parameter values that encompass many cervid populations. Deterministic simulations and numerical optimization were used to examine the response of these models to LSHS. Both steady state and dynamic responses of harvest statistics proposed for detecting optimal yield were examined. Based on our analyses, we were unable to identify general conditions under which LSHS, as currently proposed, provides a sound basis for harvest management. Reliable information regarding a population's vital parameters and current size of each age-sex class remains the only sound basis for near-optimum big game management involving female harvests.", "label": [4, 34, 43]}
+{"token": "Virtual Representations of the Self: Engaging Teenagers in Emotional Regulation Strategies Learning. The aim of this paper is to present digital representations of humans (i.e., avatars) that look like the self, applied to the Mental Health (MH) field. Virtual Representations of the Self (VRS) are in our opinion a tool with a great potential for engaging teenagers in emotional regulation strategies learning and an excellent example of new technology application to the basic concept in psychology field such as Bandura's modeling [1]. VRSs have already demonstrated their potential on human behavior modification (e.g. modification of physical activity; eating habits) in general population [2]. Thus, the same technology can bring in our opinion a lot to the Mental Health field, especially in emotional regulation learning. This paper presents a theoretical background and describes the methodology that we plan to apply in order to validate the efficacy of VRSs in clinical settings. Also, the implications of such technology and future research lines are discussed.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "An electromagnetic sounding experiment in Germany using the vertical gradient of geomagnetic variations observed in a deep borehole. The drilling site lies within the range of a widespread induction anomaly. We have observed the resulting variations of the vertical magnetic component at the surface and in the borehole and found them to be identical. The thus established absence of a skin effect for the vertical component allows us to treat the sedimentary layer down to the depth of the borehole instrument as a thin sheet, and the pertinent thin-sheet approximation for EM induction forms the basis of our analysis. We have derived the required estimate of conductance from the skin effect of horizontal components, noting that this estimate has to be real valued and the same for all frequencies. We were unable, however, to verify the resulting value of 76 S with independent geoelectric direct current (DC) measurements in the borehole and at the Earth's surface. A model study shows that the thin-sheet conductance, which is relevant for the skin effect, may be substantially higher than the depth-integrated conductivity from DC data. Robust estimates of transfer functions were derived for 20 frequencies from 5.625 to 0.007 cpm, which corresponds to periods from 10 to 10000 s. Squared skin effect coherencies are above 0.9 for periods longer than 20 s and thereby comparable to MT coherencies.P>We have recorded for 13 d, geomagnetic variations simultaneously on the Earth's surface and in a borehole at 832 m depth straight below, with a sampling rate of 1 Hz. In addition, geoelectric variations were observed at the same site near Bad Konigshofen in Frankonia, Germany. The penetrated moderately conductive Triassic sediments lie above highly resistive Permian deposits. A presumably crystalline basement begins at 1500-1900 m depth. The purpose of the experiment is to determine the skin effect of geomagnetic variations and to derive from it the equivalent to the magnetotelluric (MT) surface impedance, using the vertical gradient (VG) method of electromagnetic (EM) sounding. In this way, we were able to reproduce all four elements of the MT impedance tensor, except for an unexplained but consistent downward shift of VG phases against MT phases by roughly 15 degrees for the two off-diagonal elements. Hence, our tensor evaluation goes beyond the common practice, to express the skin effect by a single VG transfer function in response to a layered structure. The otherwise good agreement of VG and MT results implies that at our test site, the MT impedance tensor is largely distortion-free and that, for example, its pronounced anisotropy should be regarded as a genuine characteristic of the EM response for a laterally non-uniform or possibly anisotropic deep structure.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Between Selfies and Colonialism: The Effect of White Evangelical Outreach on Multi-Ethnic Young Adults within the Los Angeles Region. This article is an exploratory look into the experiences of five ethnic-minority youth from the Los Angeles region who experienced and engaged with White Evangelical outreach organizations (WEOO) and short term mission (STM) groups over the period of five years. This article employs their qualitative narratives and examines the effects that race, gender, and racism had on them. Added narrative from emerging ethnic-minority adults is also applied in this article to discuss those impacts, albeit on a specific region of the country, of (STMs) which have become increasingly well-known over the past decade. The purpose of this article is to examine and explore the effects of WEOOs and STMs on the populations they are intending to serve. From the research findings, I will illustrate 1) subtle racism, microaggression, and patriarchy from WEOOs and 2) allow the narrative of ethnic-minority experiences to chronicle their experience in these types of organizations. Lastly, this article will briefly propose alternatives and insights from the data gathered.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Application of the 'large section approximation' to liberation of a Pb-Zn ore. A Pb-Zn ore from the former mine of Bad Grund, Hart Mountains, has been milled, and the milled products have been studied by SEM and Image Analysis in order to study the degree of liberation. For this work a program was developed, which applies the socalled large section approximation. This means that grains which are detected in a two-dimensional section and which are below a certain selected size, are discarded. It is also shown that the large section approximation gives larger errors when larger grains are discarded, hence erroneous results may be achieved if in the milled material the (intergrown) mineral phases of interest differ themselves greatly in grain size. Here, figures for the mineral phase with the smallest grain size will be most affected.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "From bodymind to bodyworld: the case of mask work as a training for the senses. The article proposes the concept of bodyworld to refer to the roles played by the material environment in performer processes. As such the term belongs to what the author calls post-psychophysical perspectives in acknowledging an agential interactive relation with the world. In doing so, bodyworld updates and extends the human-centric formulation of the psychophysical bodymind. To illustrate an instance of bodyworld, the article considers the case of mask work as constituitive of human-non-human relationalities. Though the focus is on mask work in general, reference is made to masks of different types to achieve a broader perspective that can be applied to specific practices. In particular, the neutral mask tradition of Jacques Copeau and Jacques Lecoq is invoked to illuminate various points. The bodyworld analysis of mask work is informed by Brian Massumi's theory of affects which considers the connection between movement, sensory perception, and situated materiality.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Understanding the inhibition performance of kinetic hydrate inhibitors in nanoclay systems. Kinetic hydrate inhibitors are widely used during upstream activities in the oil industry to prevent gas hydrates from clogging pipelines. Yet their performance in the pipelines transporting natural gas from marine environment is largely veiled where clay particles and their adsorbability are generally present. In this study, it was found that the fine clay particles from a hydrate rich area in the South China Sea are majorly composed of layered silicate with a negative surface charge. Consequently, the clay particles would adsorb the inhibitor through Van der Waals attractions and ion-dipole interactions. The resulting weakened surface potential of the particles would trigger an aggregation of the clays together with the inhibitors attached on their surfaces. This will thereby result in less active components in the solution, significantly weakening the inhibition effect. It is therefore suggested that the effects of clay-rich conditions on the performance of the inhibitors should be carefully considered for an efficient dosage in the marine environments.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "'Neutrality: A really dead concept?' A reprise. This article approaches 'neutrality' as an essentially contested concept and traces its meaning and purpose over centuries-long historical timelines and situated political, societal and security contexts. It distinguishes neutrality from other concepts such as 'neutralization' 'non-belligerency', 'non-alignment', 'military non-alignment', 'military neutrality' and 'non-allied'. The article explains the politics of defining neutrality in the current European political and legal landscape and in the context of shifting definitions and practices of war, peace, security and state sovereignty. This episteme-based analysis focuses on changes to neutrality in accordance with the rise and fall of particular empires and international actors over time, and changes to its status linked to the development and reification of particular meta-theoretically-based subfields of International Relations and Political Science, setting the background to this special issue of Cooperation and Conflict. A renewed emphasis on the normative aspects of neutrality (i.e. the role of domestic values, politics, preferences, history and mass publics in foreign policy formulation) is achieved by employing a range of perspectives, characterized by increased pluralism in levels of analysis and theoretical approaches. Through this pluralism, authors engage with (1) the strategic and normative drivers underpinning the norm of neutrality, (2) the potential for neutrals to serve as norm entrepreneurs in the field of peace promotion, (3) the tenuous legal status of elites' quasi-neutral foreign policy constructions underpinned by tensions between discourses and practices and (4) the discursive strategies underpinning the move from neutral states' traditional forms of neutrality to what is termed 'post-neutrality' in the current politico-legal context.", "label": [5, 47, 49]}
+{"token": "The Pussy Riot Case' and the Peculiarities of Russian Postsecularism. This article is devoted to the analysis of the materials of the Pussy Riot case, which started after the scandalous punk-prayer of the musical group in the Cathedral of Christ the Savior of the Russian Orthodox Church in Moscow (Feb. 2012). These materials are used to illustrate the peculiarities of postsecular situation in Russia. Two issues are analyzed with special precision:.1) punk-prayer and the religious/secular boundary; 2) punk-prayer and postsecular hybrids. The author emphasizes that postsecular processes do not follow one single pattern and that we can't talk about postsecularism in singularity; instead we should talk about collisions between different normative niodels of postsecularistn, each supported by it own actors and activists. The materials of the case allow us to single out two such models: \\\\'official\\\\' (supported by state and Church powers) and oppositional (supported by political and Church Opposition).", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Effects of annealing procedures on the structural and magnetic properties of epitaxial La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 films. The effects of annealing procedures on the structural and magnetic properties of the LSMO films epitaxially grown on (10 0) LaAlO3 (LAO) and SrTiO3 (STO) substrates have been studied. A gradual lattice contraction is observed with the increase of annealing temperatures. This can be explained as the increase in Mn4+/Mn3+ ratio before it reached the ideal one value (3:7). Annealing procedures at the higher temperatures can enhance the ferromagnetic order and Curie temperature (T-c) and dramatically reduce the coercivity values due to the increase in the oxygen content. On the other hand, a larger surface roughness caused by the lattice mismatch between the films and the substrates is presumably responsible for a higher coercivity. (C) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 1, 32, 11]}
+{"token": "The mediating role of a teacher's use of semiotic resources in pupils' early algebraic reasoning. This paper focuses on the semiotic resources used by an experienced sixth-grade teacher when her pupils are working on a mathematical task involving written text and the two inscriptions of figure and diagram. Socio-cultural analytical constructs such as semiotic bundle, space of joint action and togethering are applied in order to enable and frame the collective activity of the teacher and pupils. Four extracts from different situations in the classroom illustrate the important role of both teacher gestures and pupil gestures, interacting with other modalities such as speech and inscription, in the process of making sense of pupils' appropriation of coordinating two dimensions in a diagram. It is argued that the nature of the mathematical task is an important entry point into early algebraic reasoning. The study emphasises the mediating role of the dynamics of semiotic bundles produced in teacher-pupil dialogues as a promising way to address the fundamental relationships between mathematics, pupil and teacher in a classroom context in order to provoke pupil involvement and engagement when experiencing mathematics.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Sugar reduction in products targeted at children: Why are we not there yet?. Practical applications Research shows that significant sugar reduction is feasible in products targeted at children without affecting hedonic perception, even if sweetness is reduced. The scientific evidence discussed in the present work challenges traditional approaches to sugar reduction and gives real life, practical recommendations for practitioners. All stakeholders (industry, food and health researchers, and policy makers) involved in the reformulation of products targeted at children are encouraged to prioritize children's best interest and protect their right to a healthy diet.Sugar intake among children has raised concern worldwide as it exceeds nutritional recommendations. Sugar contributes to the daily energy intake, without providing additional nutritional value and is associated with several negative health outcomes. Sugars added to foods during industrial processing have been identified as the main source of sugar in children's diets. The present work critically discusses the role of the food industry in contributing to children's excessive sugar intake worldwide, and the strategies that have been encouraged or implemented to reduce the sugar content in products targeted at children. The risk of the current sugar reduction practices in products targeted at children is discussed based on recent scientific evidence. Children's heightened preference for sweetness may not justify the availability of highly sugary products for children. Although research suggests that children readily accept less sweet products, there is still some wariness in the food industry to reduce sweetness intensity. This has strengthened the use of non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS), focusing on maintaining the sweetness level. However, emerging evidence suggests that this may not be the best approach.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "The neoliberal toxic university: Beyond no is not enough and daring to dream a socially just alternative into existence. This article deploys critical sociology to examine institutions of higher learning, worldwide, within a context of a more utopian set of possibilities. The article contests the idea of universities as marketplaces - competition, commercialisation and vocationalisation; the synthetic values of docility, conformity, and image/impression management; the calibration and metrification of all facets of university activity; and the containment of universities as places of dissent and social critique, shackling them instead to the whims of capitalism. As an alternative, the author explores Klein's elements of a social imaginary that involves extirpating the alien interloper neoliberal ideology that has been allowed to invade and colonise universities, and instead allowing indigenous ideologies to emerge from the discourses of those who do academic work. The austerity logic that has so poisoned universities, is replaced by the humanising and democratising practices and voices of those who have been wilfully excluded. Above all, what the author pitches towards is not 'fixing' our broken universities, for that would be in Klein's terms 'fitting into the box' that has been constructed for universities over the past half-century, but rather an 'exploding of the box'. Examples from the author's prior community-based research are used to illustrate humanising, transformative possibilities.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Frequency-Dependent Low Cycle Fatigue of Sn1Ag0.1Cu(In/Ni) Solder Joints Subjected to High-Frequency Loading. The low-cycle-fatigue characteristics of solder joints, formed by reflowing Sn98.8/Ag1.0/Cu0.1/In0.05/Ni0.02 solder over electroless nickel immersion gold-plated copper pads, were investigated by dynamic cyclic bending of printed circuit boards (PCBs). The PCB strain amplitudes were varied from 1.2 x 10(-3) to 2.4 x 10(-3) and the flexural frequencies ranged from 30 Hz to 150 Hz, to simulate drop impact-induced PCB resonant frequencies. A trend of drastically decreasing fatigue life with cyclic frequency was observed, in contrast with previous reports indicating the reverse; this is attributed to the different failure mechanisms activated. A systematic procedure involving optimization followed by transformation was used to condense the strain-frequency-life data into a master curve expressed in strain-life space.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 32, 11]}
+{"token": "DEVELOPMENT OF INSECTICIDE-RESISTANT AND INSECTICIDE-SUSCEPTIBLE SPODOPTERA-EXIGUA (LEPIDOPTERA, NOCTUIDAE) EXPOSED TO FURANOCOUMARINS FOUND IN CELERY. When fed linear furanocoumarins throughout larval development, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner) life history was affected as exposure to psoralen, xanthotoxin, and bergapten increased from control levels to those found in commercial 52-70HK celery and insect-resistant 87A 147-2 celery (0 to 0.0022 to 0.029% fresh weight of diet, respectively). As measured by life-History traits, the furanocoumarins were more biologically active in mixture than in isolation. Insecticide resistance status mediated the effect of furanocoumarins on some but not all life-history traits measured, and the type of resistance (methomyl and fenvalerate resistance) did not result in the same response in all measures. As compared with the methomyl- and fenvalerate-resistant colonies, larval development was extended in the insecticide-susceptible colony when larvae were exposed to the highest furanocoumarin concentration. As measured by survival, the insecticide-susceptible and fenvalerate-resistant colonies were more sensitive to furanocoumarin exposure than the methomyl-resistant colony. Pupal weight and egg production of those individuals surviving exposure did not indicate a furanocoumarin and insecticide resistance status interaction. Differences in monooxygenase activity as measured. by O-demethylation, were not detected in methomyl-resistant or insecticide-susceptible S. exigua larvae exposed or not exposed to furanocoumarins. These results suggest that differential selection for Furanocoumarin tolerance among these populations may occur because of the diversity of S. exigua exposure to insecticides and host plants varying in linear furanocoumarin content.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "DISTRIBUTION OF MICROORGANISMS AND QUALITY CHANGES OF COMMERCIAL TRIMMED AROMATIC COCONUT. Aromatic young coconut is a well-known Thai fresh produce around the world. It has been a major economic significance with a great demand from both national and international markets. The commercialized ready to serve fresh coconut was prepared by trimming and PVC film wrapping; then distributed to local and worldwide market. In order to prolong its shelf-life against microbial growth and color appearance change, antimicrobial and antibrowning agents are considered using during postharvest treatment on the coconut. Sulfiting agents such as potassium metabisulfite (KMS) are generally used to overcome both problems. Therefore, this postharvest treatment is purposely to inhibit microbial growth and indirectly to prolong its shelf-life. Nonetheless, microbial growth still has been found randomly. This study was performed to study microbial distribution during the storage at 2 degrees C and the RH around 81-83% of 3% KMS-treated and PVC film wrapped young coconut. Through the 4 week-cold storage, microbial distribution of the outer area and coconut water of the trimmed coconut were analyzed. Aerobic plate count (APC) was found to be in the range of 0.83-2.01 log CFU/fruit, whereas yeast and mold (YM) was found less than 0.17 log CFU/fruit. For coconut water, APC and YM were found to be in the range of n.d.-1.21 log CFU/ml and n.d.-0.23 log CFU/ml, respectively. In addition, at the shoulder area of the trimmed coconut, TPC was observed to be mostly found in the range of 0.10-1.36 log CFU/fruit through the cold storage period. Nevertheless, coconut water was analyzed for its pH, total soluble solid and titratable acidity which ranged in pH 6.26-6.97, 7.53-8.53 degrees Brix, and 0.031-0.040%, respectively. Outer color changes were analyzed as browning index which ranging from 19.26-27.16. The data suggested that using low temperature together with KMS was successfully inhibit some microorganisms particularly yeast and mold, while it was slightly affected chemical properties of the coconut juice. Interestingly, the distribution of total microorganisms was found mostly at the top area of the trimmed coconut when it was compared to other areas.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "An overview of university students' and graduates' conceptions of language learning. This empiric research attempts to identify the existing significant differences between A1- B1 students and graduated professionals about language learning. A cross-sectional descriptive approach was employed with a sample of 658 participants. The BALLI instrument (Beliefs about Language Learning Inventory) was used to collect the data. Findings revealed that students prefer communicative language learning, consider English as difficult to learn, believe that vocabulary is the most critical aspect, and give a strong importance to translation and pronunciation. Graduated professionals conceive language learning as something traditional, ascribe it to a special ability, think it is easier to learn if you already know another language, feel the listening skill is easier than the speaking skill, disagree with translation and correction as strategies in language instruction.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "BAR scaffolds drive membrane fission by crowding disordered domains. Cellular membranes are continuously remodeled. The crescent-shaped bin-amphiphysin-rvs (BAR) domains remodel membranes in multiple cellular pathways. Based on studies of isolated BAR domains in vitro, the current paradigm is that BAR domain-containing proteins polymerize into cylindrical scaffolds that stabilize lipid tubules. But in nature, proteins that contain BAR domains often also contain large intrinsically disordered regions. Using in vitro and live cell assays, here we show that full-length BAR domain-containing proteins, rather than stabilizing membrane tubules, are instead surprisingly potent drivers of membrane fission. Specifically, when BAR scaffolds assemble at membrane surfaces, their bulky disordered domains become crowded, generating steric pressure that destabilizes lipid tubules. More broadly, we observe this behavior with BAR domains that have a range of curvatures. These data suggest that the ability to concentrate disordered domains is a key driver of membrane remodeling and fission by BAR domain-containing proteins.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Power-Consumption Outage in Beyond Fifth Generation Mobile Communication Systems. One of the biggest problems facing future mobile systems beyond 5G (B5G) is the energy dissipation of mobile devices at high data rates. The heat generated by these devices can impact the performance as a result of a new type of outage called power-consumption outage. In this article, we propose a general definition of the power-consumption outage and describe its three features. Based on the heat transfer model in smartphones, the power-consumption outage probability is analyzed. Specifically, we derive the joint outage probability of channel and power-consumption outages in relation to the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), communication duration, and initial temperature of the smartphone-back-plate. The joint outage probability is then used to obtain the upper bound of the maximum receiving rate of a typical smartphone. Furthermore, we propose and analyze the impact on the capacity of the power-consumption outage. Simulation results show that the power-consumption outage probability increases with an increase of SNR and with extension of the communication duration. The upper bound of the maximum receiving rate of a smartphone decreases with an extension of communication duration. Considering the joint outage probability, simulation results show that the outage capacities, i.e., channel and power-consumption outages, decrease with an increase of SNR after reaching a given capacity threshold.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
+{"token": "Effects of vertical position on trematode parasitism in larval anurans. Spatial distributions of animals can affect interactions with their natural enemies, such as parasites, and thus have important implications for host-parasite dynamics. While spatial variation in infection risk has been explored in many systems at the landscape scale, less attention has been paid to spatial structure at smaller scales. Here, we explore a hypothesized relationship between a common spatial variable, vertical position, and risk of parasite infection in a model aquatic system, larval frogs (Rana) and trematode (Digenea) parasites. Vertical position is relevant to this system given evidence that the densities of snail first intermediate hosts, tadpole second intermediate hosts, and trematode infective stages can vary with depth. To test the effects of depth on infection risk of larval frogs by trematodes, we performed two enclosure experiments, one in the laboratory and one in the field, in which larval frogs in cages just below the water surface or near the bottom of the water column were exposed to parasites. Compared with near-surface cages, mean infection load (number of cysts) in tadpoles in near-bottom cages was 83% higher after 48-h exposures in the laboratory and 730% higher after 10-day exposures in the field. Our findings thus indicate that infection risk depends on depth, which may have adaptive significance, as tadpoles have previously been shown to change vertical position in response to parasite presence. These results motivate future work examining vertical variation in infection risk and may have broader implications for host-parasite dynamics and evolution of host and parasite behavior.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "The rise of biocriminology: Capturing observable bodily economies of 'criminal man'. Revisiting the contributions of numerous foundational biocriminological works, this article uses the concept 'bodily economies' to analyze the emergence and solidification of criminological pathologizations of the bios dependent on the capture and analysis of human corporeal matter. The scholars we discuss (Lombroso, Ellis, Goring, Hooton, and the Gluecks) each causally equate some part of the body with inbuilt criminality. Through an exegesis of their work, we illustrate how the boundaries of the social body are constituted in and through corporeal capturings and classifications of 'criminal man'. Our analysis investigates the biocriminological method of locating sources of criminality inside the body, which still permeates the new 'science of criminals' used as a tool to define and protect the social body. We conclude by discussing the renewed biocriminological interest in preventing criminality through forecasting it in various scientific constructs and visualizations of the inner body.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "High-precision sulfur isotope composition of enstatite meteorites and implications of the formation and evolution of their parent bodies. In order to better understand the formation and evolution of their parent bodies, the three isotope ratios of sulfur were analyzed in 33 enstatite meteorites (24 enstatite chondrites and 9 aubrites). The results show that on average all enstatite chondrite groups are enriched in the lightest isotopes compared to other chondrite groups, with means of delta S-34 of -0.28 +/- 0.22 parts per thousand for EH3/4, -0.16 +/- 0.16 parts per thousand for EH5, -0.32 +/- 0.15 parts per thousand for EL3, -0.67 +/- 0.16 parts per thousand for EL6 and -0.64 +/- 0.00 parts per thousand for EL7 (all 1 sigma). Aubrites show a larger isotope variability in their composition, with a delta S-34 varying from -1.350 parts per thousand to +0.154 parts per thousand. Contrary to previously published results, our data show a distinct composition for EL6 compared to other enstatite chondrites. This could be related to an impact-induced loss of isotopically heavy oldhamite (delta S-34 = by 3.62 +/- 3.02 parts per thousand (1 sigma)) on the EL parent body. Although the bulk sulfur in both enstatite meteorites and aubrites does not show any significant Delta S-33 and Delta S-36, the oldhamite fraction shows clear evidence of mass independent fractionation on the S-36/S-32 ratio (in 3 out of 9 analyzes, Delta S-36 up to +2.2 parts per thousand), a signal that is not correlated to any S-33/S-32 anomaly (in 1 out of 9 analyzes, Delta S-33 down to 0.085 parts per thousand). Though a nebular or photochemical origin cannot be ruled out, the most plausible mechanism to produce such isolated non-mass dependent S-36/S-32 anomalies would be a contribution of FeCl2 containing excesses of S-36 due to the decay of Cl-36 to the leached oldhamite fraction. Even though the sulfur isotopic composition measured in enstatite meteorites is distinct from the Bulk Silicate Earth (BSE), the isotopically lightest samples of EL6, EL7 and aubrites are approaching the isotopic composition of the BSE and enstatite meteorites remain the meteorites with the sulfur isotopic composition the closest to the terrestrial one. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "REGULATED EXPRESSION OF EXON-V6 CONTAINING ISOFORMS OF CD44 IN MAN - DOWN-REGULATION DURING MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION OF TUMORS OF SQUAMOCELLULAR ORIGIN. CD44 is a family of glycoproteins involved in cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. In addition to the major 90-kD form present on most hematopoietic cells, larger 140-230 kD forms are found on keratinocytes and carcinoma cell lines. These bigger isoforms of CD44 arise by alternative splicing that results in insertion of one or more of the ''variant'' exons into the extracellular part of the 90-kD constant form of the molecule. In rat, v6 (variant exon v6) containing form of CD44 confers metastatic potential to carcinoma cells, and therefore, it is of interest to study the distribution of this isoform in humans. We raised antibodies against a synthetic peptide containing a sequence encoded by the exon v6. A mAb thus obtained (designated Var3.1) strongly reacted with the plasma membranes of squamous cells in upper layers of skin and tonsil surface epithelia. Weaker staining was seen in germinal centers, vascular endothelia and enterocytes. Exon v6 containing forms of CD44 (CD44v6) were absent from tissue leukocytes and connective tissue components. In comparison, Hermes-3 epitope (on the constant part) containing forms of CD44 were preferentially localized in basal layers of epithelia, present on the surface on most leukocytes and connective tissue cells, and undetectable on the luminal surface of high endothelial venules. In benign neoplasms, epithelial cells stained with mAb Var3.1 like in normal tissues. In contrast, immunostaining of 30 squamous carcinoma specimens (both primary and metastatic lesions) revealed that malignant transformation resulted in downregulation or disappearance of Var3.1 epitope, but in majority of cases, not in diminished synthesis of the Hermes-3 epitope. Biochemical analyses showed that mAb Var3.1 recognized two major forms of CD44 (220 and 300 kD). In conclusion, epitopes on exon v6 and constant part of CD44 are differentially synthesized and regulated during normal and malignant growth of cells in man.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Finite-amplitude shear horizontal waves propagating in a pre-stressed layer between two half-spaces. The propagation of finite-amplitude time-harmonic shear horizontal waves, in a pre-stressed compressible elastic layer of finite thickness embedded between two identical compressible elastic half-spaces, is investigated. This is accomplished by combining finite-amplitude linearly polarized inhomogeneous transverse plane wave solutions in the half-spaces and finite-amplitude linearly polarized unattenuated transverse plane wave solutions in the layer. The layer and half-spaces are made of different pre-stressed compressible neo-Hookean materials. The dispersion relation which relates wave speed and wavenumber is obtained in explicit form. The special case where the interfaces between the layer and the half-spaces are principal planes of the left Cauchy-Green deformation tensor is also investigated. Numerical results are presented showing the variation of the shear horizontal wave speed with the pre-stress and the propagation angle. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "Potential involvement of the interleukin-18 pathway in schizophrenia. Methods: We tested the association of genetic variants within the cytokine cytokine receptor interaction (CCRI) pathway with SZ, using GWAS-derived data involving 768 adult SZ patients and 1348 controls, and replicated the association of IL18R1 rs1035130 with SZ in an independent sample of 1957 adult patients and 1509 controls. We compared expression levels of IL18, IL18R1 and IL18RAP in peripheral blood of a cohort of adolescent participants (<18 years), including 14 early-onset SZ patients and 13 healthy controls. Furthermore, we carried out a cis-eQTL (expression Quantitative Trait Loci) and a cis-mQTL (Methylation Quantitative Trait Loci) analysis for IL18R1 rs1035130.Conclusion: Our findings suggest the alteration of IL18 pathway may contribute to the psychopathology of SZ. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Results: In the discovery stage, we detected association signals within two IL18 pathway genes, IL18R1 and IL18RAP, with the most significant marker being IL18R1 rs1035130 (P = 1.84E-7, OR = 0.70). In the validation stage, we found rs1035130 was associated with SZ (P = 0.028, OR = 0.89). Expressions of IL18 and IL18R1 were altered in blood of SZ patients compared with 13 controls. Furthermore, cis-QTL analyses indicated that rs1035130 was associated with an eQTL and 5 mQTLs.Objective: Accumulating evidence implicates inflammatory cytokines in the development of psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia (SZ). IL-18 is one of cytokines that plays a crucial role in immune response and neurodevelopment. We aimed to investigate potential genetic alterations of the cytokine system underpinning SZ.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "A THREE-PARAMETER BINOMIAL APPROXIMATION. We approximate the distribution of the sum of independent but not necessarily identically distributed Bernoulli random variables using a shifted binomial distribution, where the three parameters (the number of trials, the probability of success, and the shift amount) are chosen to match the first three moments of the two distributions. We give a bound on the approximation error in terms of the total variation metric using Stein's method. A numerical study is discussed that shows shifted binomial approximations are typically more accurate than Poisson or standard binomial approximations. The application of the approximation to solving a problem arising in Bayesian hierarchical modeling is also discussed.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Identification of type 4 fimbriae in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Type 4 fimbriae have been identified on the cell surface of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae by electron microscopy and N-terminal sequencing analysis. A. pleuropneumoniae type 4 fimbrial subunit protein, purified from cell cultures and from outer membrane preparations, reacted with polyclonal antibody raised against type 4 fimbriae of Moraxella bovis on Western blots. N-terminal sequence analysis of the purified 17 kDa type 4 fimbrial subunit protein, named ApfA, revealed the first 12 amino acids to be identical to those of other type 4 fimbrial subunit proteins. (C) 2000 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "IRONY AND ALLEGORY IN BIOY CASARES'S 'EL GRAN SERAFIN' AND IN OTHER FICTIONS OF APOCALYPSE. The seriousness that literature seems to claim for a subject such as the representation of the end of the world is countered by some fictions of the sixties by Argentine writers who not only do they approach the topic with humor but also through two rhetoric devices constitutively associated with temporality, i.e., irony and allegory. We study the presence of these figures of speech in texts by J.R. Wilcock, Leopoldo Marechal and particularly in a short story by Bioy Casares, where we consider that these rhetoric aspects are better balanced.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Structure, Conduct and Performance of Indian Banking Sector. In the context of initiation of economic reforms in general and changes in policies and regulations of the banking sector in particular, the present paper attempts to examine the structure-conduct-performance relationships in Indian banking sector. It is observed that there have been changes in the market structure of Indian banking sector, conducts of the banks and their performance in the post-reform era, especially during the last decade, though the changes have not been significant in every aspect. Using a panel dataset of 59 banks operating in India during 1999-2000 to 2008-2009 and applying the two-stage least squares (2SL S) method of estimation, the paper finds that there exist strong inter-linkages amongst structure of the market, banks' conduct and their financial performance. While market share of a bank depends directly on its market size, asset base, selling efforts, and past financial performance, its selling efforts vary directly with market share, asset base, and past financial performance. On the other hand, returns on assets of a bank vary directly with its market share, but inversely with its asset base and selling efforts. The regression results essentially suggest for multidirectional and dynamic SCP relationships in Indian banking sector. It is also found that the nature of ownership has significant influence on market share, selling efforts and financial performance of the banks. As compared to the nationalised banks, market share of the private banks (both domestic and foreign) is found to be lower. But private banks make greater selling efforts and have better financial performance vis-avis their public sector counterparts.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Formation of Surface Wrinkles in Collapsed Langmuir Films of a Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane Containing Diblock Copolymer. Surface pressure versus mean molecular area isotherms of Langmuir films of a hybrid diblock copolymer of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and poly(methacrylo polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane) P(MA-POSS) together with Brewster angle microscopy reveal details of the phase transitions. The formation of a periodic wrinkling pattern in collapsed films is observed by epifluorescence microscopy after applying several compression-expansion cycles above the surface pressure of similar to 18 mN/m. The wrinkle formation is reversible upon compression and expansion of the Langmuir films. Two distinct orientations of POSS molecules are assumed in Langmuir films upon compression, vertically for chains close to the water surface and horizontally orientated upper layers with significant amounts of PEG in between them. Thus, the wrinkling forms mainly in the top stiffer MA-POSS blocks above a certain compressional stress. The wrinkles disappear during the Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) transfer. Nevertheless, atomic force microscopy and grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering experiments reveal the formation of highly ordered POSS molecules in LB films.", "label": [4, 1, 33, 11]}
+{"token": "Clusters of exporting priority countries. The importance of the foreign markets selection in company decision-making is undeniable, meantime the literature on the subject remains fragmentary. Based on previous research, the view of this work differs from existing models by offering a generalizable methodology from secondary sources (World Bank, OECD, World Economic Forum, Hofstede Centre, Centre for the Practice of International Trade and Geobytes Database). With analysis of a specific export economy is found out whether the choice of markets by companies could be associated with the most commonly used factors in the literature, and whether this may result in a grouping of countries. The results point out to the choice of markets not only for its psychic distance but by other criteria involving, regardless of their suitability in the preliminary screening stage. Thus, this study suggests that companies additionally using other factors and/or processes, with a trend to move towards ad hoc procedures in choosing new markets. This methodology allows companies in the economy studied to know the differentiating features of the priority markets and to place within this worldwide map as comparative to the rest of companies.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "Research on Hengqin Model of Ecological Protection and Enterprise Compliance Development in Tobacco Control Cities. Objectives: Analyze the situation of tobacco control in Chinese cities and the development of Hengqin enterprises and the implementation of national tobacco control policies, to provide the theoretical reference for tobacco control, ecological protection and enterprise compliance development in Hengqin city. Methods: Make statistics on the tobacco control policies and the effects of Chinese cities, and analyze the behavioral role of enterprises in the ecological construction of tobacco control cities. Results: Although most cities support indoor smoking prohibition in various public places, the awareness rate of smoking prohibition regulations in public places is low. Relevant departments need to take more targeted publicity and education measures to increase the awareness rate and implementation effect of tobacco control policies and regulations, which is not only conducive to the ecological environment protection of tobacco control cities, but also conducive to the compliance development of enterprises. Conclusion: It is necessary that the healthy development of ecological protection in Chinese cities be combined with tobacco control policies, laws and regulations; Enterprises shall play an important guiding role, with the full participation of stakeholders at the planning level, to optimize the design of tobacco control policies; The implementation level shall strengthen the protection of minors and play the role of various policy tools.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Stage-specific behavioral responses of Ageneotettix deorum (Orthoptera : Acrididae) in the presence of lycosid spider predators. Grasshoppers must gather food while avoiding size-selective predation from other arthropods, especially spiders, potentially leading to a trade-off between foraging and defensive behaviors. This trade-off becomes less intense as prey grow larger and are less susceptible to arthropod predation. Activity budgets were constructed for three nymphal (third- to fifth- instar) and adult life cycle stages of Ageneotettix deorum, a common rangeland grasshopper, for three conditions of predation risk by lycosid spiders (spider absence, spider presence, and presence of a nonlethal, chelicerae-modified spider). In third and fourth instars, exposure to predators resulted in reduced feeding activity, increased time spent in antipredator and defensive behaviors, and reduced general activity compared to individuals not exposed to spiders. No significant shifts in behaviors were observed for fifth- instar nymphs and adult A. deorum in response to spider presence. Activity levels in functional spiders and chelicerae-modified spiders were statistically indistinguishable.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Role of overseas ethnic and non-ethnic ties and firm activity in the home country in the internationalization of returnee entrepreneurial firms. Using a sample of 210 Chinese returnees' entrepreneurial firms, we examined how the overseas ethnic and non-ethnic ties of the returnee entrepreneurs affected their firms' internationalization in the returnees' former host countries. We found that both types of overseas ties were correlated with increased levels of internationalization and they interact positively. We then investigated whether the impacts of overseas ethnic and non-ethnic ties on firm internationalization were moderated by the length of the firms' domestic operations. We found that longer domestic operations were correlated with increased positive impacts of overseas ethnic ties, but decreased positive impacts of overseas non-ethnic ties on firm internationalization. These findings indicate that the returnees' host country ties and firm activity in home country had joint effects on returnee entrepreneurial firms seeking to internationalize their businesses.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "Using slag splashing technology for low gunning rates and even lower refractory costs. More than a decade ago, the slag splashing technology was introduced as a practice necessary to improve the BOF-lining life. Today there are BOF shops that boast of over 30000 heats per campaign at gunning rates as low as 0.15 kg/t crude steel. However, there are also other shops that have reported limited success. It has been experienced that one shop achieved a lining life record that was more than three times that of its sister shop within the same company. This paper discusses the main reasons why slag splashing yields excellent results in some cases and apparently fails in others. Also the metallurgical aspects of slag splashing and refractory wear experienced in the steelmaking process are mentioned.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Revealed the Heterogeneity of Gonadal Primordial Germ Cells in Zebra Finch (Taeniopygia guttata). Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are undifferentiated gametes with heterogeneity, an evolutionarily conserved characteristic across various organisms. Although dynamic selection at the level of early germ cell populations is an important biological feature linked to fertility, the heterogeneity of PGCs in avian species has not been characterized. In this study, we sought to evaluate PGC heterogeneity in zebra finch using a single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) approach. Using scRNA-seq of embryonic gonadal cells from male and female zebra finches at Hamburger and Hamilton (HH) stage 28, we annotated nine cell types from 20 cell clusters. We found that PGCs previously considered a single population can be separated into three subtypes showing differences in apoptosis, proliferation, and other biological processes. The three PGC subtypes were specifically enriched for genes showing expression patterns related to germness or pluripotency, suggesting functional differences in PGCs according to the three subtypes. Additionally, we discovered a novel biomarker, SMC1B, for gonadal PGCs in zebra finch. The results provide the first evidence of substantial heterogeneity in PGCs previously considered a single population in birds. This discovery expands our understanding of PGCs to avian species, and provides a basis for further research.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "THE PRODUCTIVITY AND CARBON BUDGET OF A NATURAL-POPULATION OF DAPHNIA-LUMHOLTZI SARS. D. lumholtzi in Lake Samsonvale, Queensland, Australia, is a small species (max. size approx. 7-mu-gC) that occurs in low abundance (max. abundance 6400 m-3), with an average daily biomass of 3.32 mgC m-3.  Its annual rates of carbon assimilation, production and respiration, are 166, 110, and 56 mgC m-3 y-1 respectively. Annual biomass turnover (annual production/average daily biomass) is 33 and production efficiency is 50-66% . The population may consume 1.65-2.20 mgC m-3 daily, equivalent to about 1% of the average daily standing crop of phytoplankton. Clutch size is small, 2 eggs, hut represents 30-80% of a female's weight. A female may only produce 8-10 offspring in a full lifespan, nevertheless egg production may account for 56% of total production. The population shows autumn and spring peaks in abundance, and is believed to oversummer (4 months) as ephippia.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "A p-type solution for the bending of rectangular circular, elliptic and skew plates. An energy method is presented in this paper for the linear static analysis of first order shear deformable plates of various shapes. In this method, the displacement fields are defined in terms of the shape functions, which correspond to a set of predefined points and are composed of significantly high order polynomials. The positions of these points are calculated by mapping the geometry using naturalized coordinates and the interpolating shape functions of second order to fourth order polynomials. The displacement degrees of freedom are assigned to each of the displacement nodes. The method is evaluated using the fully clamped and simply supported rectangular, circular and elliptic plates subjected to uniformly distributed transverse load as examples for which the exact results are given in the monograph of Timoshenko and Woinowsky-Krieger. Also presented in this paper is the analysis of the above three types of plates subjected to eccentric square and circular patch loadings. Plates with eccentric square and circular openings are analyzed by this method using the full plate model and the results compare extremely well with those obtained by finite element methods. The cutout part of the plate is accommodated in the solution by superposing negative stiffness and load over the area of the opening. Finally, skew plates with simply supported and clamped boundaries are analyzed and discussed. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "Self-Pulsation at Zero Absorber Bias in GaN-Based Multisection Laser Diodes. We study the influence of pump current and absorber bias voltage on the pulse width and frequency of sustained pulsation in GaN-based multisection laser diodes. The observed frequencies and pulse widths range from 1.5 to 4.5GHz and 90 to 18 ps, respectively. Negative absorber bias is found to reduce the pulsation frequency and increase the pulse width. This behavior is explained by the tuneability of absorption and charge carrier lifetime in the absorber via the applied bias voltage. (C) 2011 The Japan Society of Applied Physics", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Interactive effect of 2 dietary calcium and phytase levels on broilers challenged with subclinical necrotic enteritis: part 1-broiler performance, gut lesions and pH, bacterial counts, and apparent ileal digestibility. This study investigated the hypothesis that high dietary calcium (Ca) would stimulate necrotic enteritis (NE) and reduce performance, gut health, and nutrient digestibility, and if increased, phytase would reduce NE. Ross 308 male broilers (n = 768) were randomly distributed to 8 treatments in a factorial arrangement. Factors were NE challenge (no or yes), phytase level (500 or 1,500 FTU/kg using 500 FTU/kg matrix values), and Ca level (0.6 or 1.0% starter, 0.5 or 0.9% grower, 0.4 or 0.8% finisher) with the same level of available P (0.40 S, 0.35 G, and 0.35 F). There were 48 pens, 16 birds per pen and 6 replications. Half of the birds were challenged with Eimeria spp on day 9 and 108 CFU per mL of Clostridium perfringens strain EHE-NE18 on day 14 and 15. Gain was higher in birds fed high phytase on day 14 (P < 0.01), day 21 (P < 0.01), day 28 (P < 0.01), and day 35 (P < 0.01). Birds fed high phytase had greater livability on day 21 (P < 0.01). Ca was more digestible in high-Ca diets on day 16, and an NE X Ca interaction (P < 0.05) showed this effect to be more pronounced in unchallenged than in challenged birds. A challenge X Ca interaction for apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of crude protein (CP) (P < 0.05) indicated lower AID of CP in challenged birds fed high Ca. The challenge decreased AID of Ca (P < 0.01). Ca level had no impact on C. perfringens count, but it decreased Lactobacillus (P < 0.05) and Bifidobacteria (P < 0.05) populations in the ceca. High dietary Ca decreased feed conversion ratio. Overall (42 D), the highest WG was observed in unchallenged birds fed high Ca and high phytase with the lowest WG observed in NE-challenged birds fed low Ca and low phytase. The results suggest that full matrix values for high doses of phytase may be appropriate during NE challenge.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Pneumatic tube system transport does not alter platelet function in optical and whole blood aggregometry, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, platelet count and fibrinogen in patients on anti-platelet drug therapy. Results: No statistically significant differences were observed between blood samples with (Group 1) and without (Group 2) PTS transport (P values from 0.064 - 0.968). The AA-induced LTA (bias: 68.57%) exceeded the bias acceptance limit of <= 25%.Conclusions: Blood sample transportation with computer controlled PTS in our hospital had no statistically significant effects on platelet aggregation determined in patients with anti-platelet therapy. Although AA induced LTA showed a significant bias, the diagnostic accuracy was not influenced.Introduction: The aim of this study was to assess pneumatic tube system (PTS) alteration on platelet function by the light transmission aggregometry (LTA) and whole blood aggregometry (WBA) method, and on the results of platelet count, prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), and fibrinogen.Materials and methods: Venous blood was collected into six 4.5 mL VACUETTE (R) 9NC coagulation sodium citrate 3.8% tubes (Greiner Bio-One International GmbH, Kremsmunster, Austria) from 49 intensive care unit (ICU) patients on dual anti-platelet therapy and immediately hand carried to the central laboratory. Blood samples were divided into 2 Groups: Group 1 samples (N = 49) underwent PTS (4 m/s) transport from the central laboratory to the distant laboratory and back to the central laboratory, whereas Group 2 samples (N = 49) were excluded from PTS forces. In both groups, LTA and WBA stimulated with collagen, adenosine-5'-diphosphate (ADP), arachidonic acid (AA) and thrombin-receptor-activated-peptide 6 (TRAP-6) as well as platelet count, PT, APTT, and fibrinogen were performed.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Quotas and Women's Substantive Representation: Evidence from a Content Analysis of Ugandan Plenary Debates. Despite the popularity of electoral gender quotas, the substantive impact of quotas on the plenary behavior of members of parliament (MPs) has yet to be thoroughly empirically explored, and in particular, there is a dearth of evidence from non-Western cases. Here we create a unique content analysis dataset from 14 years (1998-2011) of plenary debates, including the contents of more than 150,000 unique MP speeches recorded in some 40,000 pages of the Ugandan parliamentary Hansard to test how MP characteristics affect patterns of gender-related legislative speech. We find that female MPs speak about issues related to women's interests significantly more than male MPs. Further, we find no evidence of significant differences between female MPs elected with and without quotas, suggesting that, in the Ugandan case, gender is a more salient predictor of the tendency to speak for women than electoral pathway. To our knowledge, this is the first study that examines the effectiveness of quotas in promoting women's substantive representation in parliamentary debates across all policy domains over a significant time period. We discuss the implications of these findings in the Ugandan context, as well as how our evidence speaks to substantive representation through reserved seat quotas in semi-authoritarian regimes more broadly.", "label": [5, 47, 49]}
+{"token": "The effects of employee perceived organisational culture on performance: the moderating effects of management maturity. This study explores the effects of management maturity on the relationship between organisational culture and organisational performance from the perspective of employees. Many companies experience unsuccessful management initiatives (e.g. lean or six sigma) and find that such failures are a result of emulating management tools without learning the underlying philosophy. Therefore, this study built a moderating model for management maturity (as expressed in standards such as ISO 9004) to explore bureaucratic, innovative, supportive cultures' effects on organisational performance. We collected data via survey questionnaires distributed through the website of a large steel company and received 324 valid responses. Our results show that management maturity moderates the relationship between innovative culture and organisational performance; that is, employees who perceived a higher level of management maturity from their management team also felt more positive about their organisation's performance. However, this is not found for bureaucratic culture or supportive culture. Management maturity is vital, albeit long neglected, as it exerts a medium, positive moderating effect on innovative culture, and a medium, negative moderating effect on bureaucratic culture and supportive culture.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "Dictatorship, amnesty and reconciliation. After exposing a reflection of the relationship between Memory and History, the article discusses some questions about the Law of Amnesty (adopted in Brazil in August 1979), and the silence that it brought: on torture and on the torturers, on the support of society and on the dictatorship of the revolutionary projects of political left. The text argues in favor of the need to revise the law because a debate about the Brazilian society could be helpful to understand the period of the dictatorship, the torture as public policy, to judge the torturers and, finally, to open up the files of Armed Forces' secret services, which would require, however, a process of change in the political culture of these institutions.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Correlation between magnetism and electronic structure of Zn1-xCoxO nanoparticles. Zn1-xCoxO nanoparticles (similar to 9 nm) were produced with x ranging from 0 to 0.2 using a forced hydrolysis method. X-ray diffraction measurements confirm the samples to be single phase, and reveal a systematic change in the lattice parameters upon cobalt doping. The unit cell volume V decreases up to x=0.025 after which it stays roughly constant. The band gap energy (E-g), determined from the photoluminescence spectra gradually increases from x=0 to 0.025 and then remains nearly constant for x>0.025. Room temperature hysteresis loops, obtained using vibrating sample magnetometry, show a similar trend in the saturation magnetization (M-s). Undoped ZnO nanoparticles show a weak magnetic hysteresis; doping causes an increase in M-s up to x=0.025 and then decreases to lower values for x>0.025. The magnetic moment per Co ion mu decreases rapidly with x nearly following mu(x)proportional to 1/x, indicating that the moments from the Co ions have little impact on the observed magnetic properties. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) data confirmed that the pure samples are free of any magnetic impurities, while all the doped samples show spectra corresponding to Co2+. The variation of the integrated EPR signal intensity with x also shows a maximum at x=0.025. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirm that the dopant is incorporated as high spin Co2+ ions for low x, but increasing fractions of the dopant ions change to Co3+ as x increases to 0.2. These results along with the strong correlation observed between the structural (V), electronic (E-g), and magnetic (M-s) properties of Zn1-xCoxO nanoparticles, and the rapid decrease in magnetic moment with increasing x, indicate that the observed changes in the magnetic properties are related to changes in the electronic structure of ZnO nanoparticles caused by dopant incorporation. VC 2013 American Institute of Physics.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Saving time and money by using diurnal vehicle counts to monitor roe deer abundance. Despite being a widespread and important game species in Europe, scientifically reliable, easy applicable and cost effective methods for monitoring abundance of roe deer Capreolus capreolus populations do not yet exist. The currently recommended kilometric index (AI-p) captures temporal variation in the relative abundance of populations; however, because this index is carried out on foot, it is demanding in terms of sampling effort and difficult to apply at spatial scales of several hundred km(2) typical of deer management units. Here, we propose and test a modified version of the kilometric index by using a vehicle to carry out transects over large areas (AI-v). To validate this abundance index, we compared variation in population abundance estimated with AI-p and AI-v with capture-mark-recapture (CMR) estimates of population density in a roe deer population, Chize (France), monitored for 24 years (including eight years when both indices were collected). We found no detectable effect of conditions of observation (temperature and precipitation) on either AI-p or AI-v. AI-p and AI-v were both positively and linearly related (on a log scale) to CMR estimates of population density, after accounting for uncertainty of CMR estimates by using a bootstrap procedure. AI-p was slightly better correlated to population density (r = 0.76) than AI-v (r = 0.58). The positive correlation of AI-p and AI-v with CMR density estimates as well as the reduced costs of conducting surveys by car instead on foot (-47%) suggest that diurnal vehicle counts of roe deer can provide a suitable abundance index to monitor temporal trends in roe deer populations at operational management scales. For reliable management of wildlife populations, diurnal vehicle counts of roe deer could be used in association with measures of animal performance and herbivore impacts on the habitat, within the framework of the indicators of ecological change.", "label": [4, 34, 43]}
+{"token": "Cellular mechanisms mediating the anti-invasive properties of the ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor alpha-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) in human breast cancer cells. We have shown that inhibition of polyamine biosynthesis with alpha-difluoromethylorinthine (DFMO) reduces in vitro invasiveness and metastatic capacity of MDA-MB-435 breast cancer cells. These experiments investigated the mechanisms mediating the anti-invasive properties of DFMO. DFMO did not affect phosphorviation of FAK or Akt, but increased ERK phosphorylation by approximately threefold. To test the biologic significance of this finding, we tested the effect of the MEK inhibitor PD98059 on in vitro invasiveness of MDA-MB-435 breast cancer cells. both in the absence and in the presence of the proinvasive peptide hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) as a chemoattractant. We observed that PD98059 treatment reversed the anti-invasive effect of DFMO under both experimental conditions. Next, we tested the influence of DFMO on the production of the prometastatic peptide osteopontin (OPN) and the anti-metastatic protein thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1). DFMO treatment. while not affecting OPN production, markedly increased the TSP-1 level in the conditioned media. This effect was abolished by putrescine administration, thus indicating the specificity of the DFMO action through the polyamine pathway. PD98059 completely blocked the stimulatory effect of DFMO on TSP-1 production. which sup ports a mediatory role for activation of the MAPK pathway in the upregulation of this anti-metastatic peptide by DFMO. In summary, our results show that the increase in ERK phosphorylation induced by DFMO plays a critical role in the anti-invasive action of the drug and in its ability to upregulate TSP-1 production.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Use of a Barbed Knotless Suture for Laparoscopic Ablation of the Nephrosplenic Space in 8 Horses. Study Design: Experimental in vivo study.Results: Total surgery time was 65-167 minutes (mean +/- SD, 89.6 +/- 22.6). Suturing time was 30-65 minutes (40.4 +/- 16.3). Second laparoscopy in 2 horses was performed at days 198 and 227. Necropsy was performed at day 69-229 postoperatively (132.7 +/- 63.0) in 6 horses. The closure measured 12-14 cm in length (13 +/- 1) and consisted of mature fibrous tissue bridging the splenic capsule and the nephrosplenic ligament. No residual suture material was identified grossly in any horses. The procedure was easily performed; extracorporeal suture management to hold it taut was unnecessary since the barbs had excellent purchase in the apposed tissues, and intracorporeal knot tying was not required.Methods: The nephrosplenic space was closed under laparoscopic visualization using a unidirectional, barbed 0 metric absorbable suture (copolymer of glycolic acid and trimethylene carbonate). Intracorporeal suturing of the nephrosplenic space was performed in a cranial-to-caudal direction in a simple continuous fashion. Repeat evaluation was performed laparoscopically in 2 horses and by necropsy in 6 horses. The length of closure was measured and nature of the healed tissue was evaluate grossly.Conclusion: The barbed knotless suture appears to be a valid alternative to facilitate laparoscopic closure of the nephrosplenic space in normal horses; however, further work is necessary to investigate its suitability in clinically affected horses.Animals: Normal horses without previous history of abdominal surgery (n=8).Objective: To evaluate use of a knotless suture for laparoscopic closure of the equine nephrosplenic space.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Sustainable Diversity in Law. The field of law and development has been a recognizable one for approximately a half-century. However, evaluations of the success of the law and development endeavor appear overwhelmingly negative. Failure of previous efforts of law and development do not appear to be due to a lack of either talent or money. Some of the world's best legal talent has been brought to bear on the problems, and very large sums of money have been spent. The failure appears rather to have been conceptual, as suggested by the need for an alternative theory. So some critical consideration appears necessary of the main underlying concepts which have driven law and development projects. Subsequent attention will be given to an alternative theory, that of sustainable diversity in law. The rule of law has historically been a useful concept in some parts of the world; it could well be replaced by the rule of laws.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Gas emissions and active tectonics within the submerged section of the North Anatolian Fault zone in the Sea of Marmara. The submerged section of the North Anatolian fault within the Marmara Sea was investigated using acoustic techniques and submersible dives. Most gas emissions in the water column were found near the surface expression of known active faults. Gas emissions are unevenly distributed. The linear fault segment crossing the Central High and forming a seismic gap - as it has not ruptured since 1766, based on historical seismicity [Ambraseys, N.N., & Jackson, J.A., (2000), Seismicity of the Sea of Marmara (Turkey) since 1500, Geophys. J. Int., 141, (3), F1-F6. (doi:10.1046/j.1365-246x.2000.00137.x: Ambraseys, N., (2002), The seismic activity of the Marmara Region over the last 2000 years, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 92, 1-18; Parson, T., (2004), Recalculated probability of M >= 7 earthquakes beneath the Sea of Marmara, Turkey,J. Geophys. Res., 109, B05304, doi: 10.1029/2003JB002667: Pondard, N., Armijo, R., King, G.C.P., Meyer, B., Flerit, F, (2007), Fault interactions in the Sea of Marmara pull-apart (North Anatolian Fault): earthquake clustering and propagating earthquake sequences, Geophys. J. hit., 171, 1185-1197, doi: 10;1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03580.x] -, exhibits relatively less gas emissions than the adjacent segments. In the eastern Sea of Marmara, active gas emissions are also found above a buried transtensional fault zone [Carton, H., Singh, S.C., Hirn, A., Bazin, S., de Voogd, B., Vigner, A., Ricolleau, A., Cetin, S., Ocakoglu, N., Karakoc, F. and Sevilgen, V., (2007), Seismic imaging of the three-dimensional architecture of the Cmarcik Basin along the North Anatolian Fault,J. Geophys. Res., 180, B06101, doi:10.1029/2006JB004548; Okay, A.I., Kashlar-Ozcan, A., Imren, C., Boztepe-Guney, A., Demirbag, E., and Kuscu, I., (2000). Active faults and evolving strike-slip basins in the Sea of Marmara, northwest Turkey: a multichannel seismic reflection study, Tectonophysics, 321,189-218], which displayed micro-seismic activity after the 1999 events [Ozalabey, S., Ergin, M., Aktar, M., Tapirdamaz, C., Bicmen, F., Yoruk, A., (2002), The 1999 Izmit Earthquake Sequence in Turkey: seismological and tectonic aspects, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 92,376-386; Karabulut, H., Bouin, M.P., Bouchon, M., Dietrich, M., Cornou, C., Aktar, M., (2002), The seismicity in the Eastern Marmara Sea after the 17 August 1999 Izmit earthquake, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 92, 387-393]. Remarkably, this zone of gas emission extends westward all along the southern edge of Cinarcik basin, well beyond the zone where 1999 aftershocks were observed. The long term monitoring of gas seeps could hence be highly valuable for the understanding of the evolution of the fluid-fault coupling processes during the earthquake cycle within the Marmara Sea. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Realizing resilience for decision-making. Researchers and decision-makers lack a shared understanding of resilience, and practical applications in environmental resource management are rare. Here, we define social-ecological resilience as a property of social-ecological systems that includes at least three main characteristics - resistance, recovery and robustness (the 'three Rs'). We define socio-economic resilience management as planning, adaptation and transformational actions that may influence these system characteristics. We integrate the three Rs into a heuristic for resilience management that we apply in multiple management contexts to offer practical, systematic guidance about how to realize resilience.", "label": [4, 5, 36, 47]}
+{"token": "CURRENT-CONTROLLED BANDPASS FILTER BASED ON TRANSLINEAR CONVEYORS. A new concept to take advantage of the parasitic resistance that appears on port X of the second-generation current conveyors is introduced. This parasitic resistance, which is controllable in current, leads to the definition of the second generation current controlled conveyors (CCCII). A current controlled bandpass filter, operating in the current mode, is also described. It uses only two CCCII(+)s and two capacitors. Its central frequency can be adjusted by acting on the bias current of the conveyors. SPICE simulation results, in agreement with theory, are given for central frequencies around 30MHz.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "A time series factor analysis of integrative and coercive social control. Most research, drawing on the conflict perspective of social control, examines the causal influence of integrative control (welfare, racial residential segregation) on coercive control (police resources, incarceration). Unfortunately, the results from these studies tend to be inconsistent; often varying across eras, research designs, model specifications, and outcome variables. The present investigation, which is also rooted in conflict theory, attempts to make sense of these disparate findings. Toward this end, we use factor analytic, time series procedures to determine whether or not there is a single underlying dimension of macro-social control (the Quinney hypothesis) or if there are two dimensions of macro-social control (Blauner-Spitzer hypothesis). In brief, the results from the factor analyses of annual, national-level measures of welfare recipients, military personnel, psychiatric hospital patients, policing expenditures, and imprisonment fail to confirm either hypothesis concerning the interrelationships among differing mechanisms of macro-social control.", "label": [3, 5, 26, 51]}
+{"token": "Micromechanics of the deformation and damage of steel fiber-reinforced concrete. This article presents a Study of steel fiber-reinforced concrete (SFRC). In its first part, it four-point bending test performed oil both plain concrete and SFRC is investigated. The collected nonlinear load-deflection curves are transformed into stress-strain curves with the help of all incremental method, which the authors developed in the nonlinear regime. In the second part of this article, the authors present a micromechanical approach based oil Mori-Tanaka/Voigt mean-field homogenization schemes in order to model the effective nonlinear behavior of the three-phase brittle composite materials. The first phase (concrete matrix) is assumed to obey Ju's brittle damage model. The second phase (fibers) is modeled with classical J(2) plasticity, while the third phase represents cavities. Numerical algorithms enable the simulation of SFRC within reasonable CPU time and memory requirements. The homogenization module is interfaced to the finite element package ABAQUS. A two-scale simulation of the bending test is validated against the experimental results.", "label": [1, 11, 12]}
+{"token": "Frustration Dynamics and Electron-Transfer Reorganization Energies in Wild-Type and Mutant Azurins. Long-range electron tunneling through metalloproteins is facilitated by evolutionary tuning of donor-acceptor electronic couplings, formal electrochemical potentials, and active-site reorganization energies. Although the minimal frustration of the folding landscape enables this tuning, residual frustration in the vicinity of the metallocofactor can allow conformational fluctuations required for protein function. We show here that the constrained copper site in wild-type azurin is governed by an intricate pattern of minimally frustrated local and distant interactions that together enable rapid electron flow to and from the protein. In contrast, sluggish electron transfer reactions (unfavorable reorganization energies) of active-site azurin variants are attributable to increased frustration near to as well as distant from the copper site, along with an exaggerated oxidation-state dependence of both minimally and highly frustrated interaction patterns.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Mucosal injury from targeted anti-cancer therapy. Background: With the increased use of so-called targeted anti-cancer therapies, there has been a change in toxicities that patients are experiencing. As most targeted therapies are given in conjunction with more traditional chemotherapeutic agents, toxicities of these combination therapies are also evolving. Whilst we increasingly understand the mechanisms underlying the toxicities of chemotherapy and radiotherapy, the addition of targeted treatments requires a new understanding of both toxicity and interacting mechanisms. Aims: The aims of this review (which formed the basis of an invited plenary lecture at the 2006 Annual conference of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer) were to define targeted anti-cancer therapy, to describe its known impact on the mucosa, either alone, or in combination with chemotherapy with or without radiotherapy, and finally to provide an outline for future directions in research into mucosal injury from targeted anti-cancer therapies. Methodology: Two separate literature reviews were conducted. The combined reviews produced 700 papers of which approximately 70 were included in the review. Results: As with mucosal injury (or mucositis) in general, the studies are hampered by a lack of mucosal injury as primary endpoint, and the variable definitions and levels of reporting. The depth to which mucosal injury was studied was also inadequate. However, it is clear that the key to understanding toxicity is to understand the mechanism of action of the drug, from which it should be possible to predict the toxicities that will occur. Conclusions: With the increasing use of targeted anti-cancer therapies, mucosal injury, particularly in its manifestations of diarrhoea, and mouth ulcers, is becoming even more prominent. More publications of basic and clinical research in this area is required.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Further Along the Fourth Stage of Meaning: Lonergan, Alterity and 'Genuine' Religion. The chapter on religion in Bernard Lonergan's Method in Theology is a rich compilation of many ideas that were important to his thought throughout his career. It is at once a theory of 'genuine' religion, a theory of the distortions of such religion, and an expansion of his theology of grace into a wider ecumenical multi-religious or universalist context, to name a few. This essay draws upon that chapter to investigate a further development of Lonergan's thought of a fourth stage of meaning to be added to his three stages of meaning. Among other things, the fourth stage of meaning anticipates a global age of inter-religious and social cooperation. It also enables one to avoid the danger of the third stage with an overemphasis on interiority by bringing emphases upon vertical and horizontal alterity. Moreover, in the context of Method in Theology as a whole, this theory also raises questions about the future of systematic theology in view of the emerging fourth stage as a distinct differentiated realm.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Theories of Literature: A Meta-reflection and a Solution. Starting from a categorization by Robert Penrose, the question is asked in what sense literary theories might be called, scientific'. It turns out that, seen from this vantage point, few of the extant theories deserve the name, scientific'. This is all the more surprising, because the methodology for developing such scientific theories is available to anyone interested in the matter. This is illustrated positively with reference to the theory of foregrounding'. At the same time, it is shown how feminist literary theories fall utterly short of reaching their own aims, by refraining to do empirical research.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "THE VLT-FLAMES TARANTULA SURVEY: THE FASTEST ROTATING O-TYPE STAR AND SHORTEST PERIOD LMC PULSAR-REMNANTS OF A SUPERNOVA DISRUPTED BINARY?. We present a spectroscopic analysis of an extremely rapidly rotating late O-type star, VFTS102, observed during a spectroscopic survey of 30 Doradus. VFTS102 has a projected rotational velocity larger than 500 km s(-1) and probably as large as 600 km s-1; as such it would appear to be the most rapidly rotating massive star currently identified. Its radial velocity differs by 40 kms(-1) from the mean for 30 Doradus, suggesting that it is a runaway. VFTS102 lies 12 pc from the X-ray pulsar PSR J0537-6910 in the tail of its X-ray diffuse emission. We suggest that these objects originated from a binary system with the rotational and radial velocities of VFTS102 resulting from mass transfer from the progenitor of PSR J0537-691 and the supernova explosion, respectively.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Long noncoding RNA LINC00339 promotes renal tubular epithelial pyroptosis by regulating the miR-22-3p/NLRP3 axis in calcium oxalate-induced kidney stone. This study aims to investigate the role of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) long intergenic nonprotein coding RNA 339 (LINC00339) in regulating renal tubular epithelial pyroptosis in kidney stones and to explore the underlying mechanism. The human renal proximal tubular epithelial (HK-2) cells were treated with calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) for 72hours to establish the cell model of renal tubular injury. Relative expression of LINC00339 and miR-22-3p was measured by real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Expression of pyroptosis-related molecules was measured by Western blot analysis (NLRP3, ASC, and cleaved caspase-1 p10) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (interleukin-1 [IL-1] and IL-18). Pyroptosis was also determined by lactate dehydrogenase release and active caspase-1-propidium iodide double staining. Luciferase reporter assays were performed to verify whether miR-22-3p could bind to LINC00339 or NLRP3. We observed increased LINC00339, decreased miR-22-3p, NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and enhanced cell pyroptosis in COM-treated HK-2 cells. Furthermore, overexpression of both LINC00339 and NLRP3 activated NLRP3 inflammasome and promoted pyroptosis in COM-treated HK-2 cells, whereas miR-22-3p mimic and NLRP3 knockdown exerted the opposite effects. Mechanically, LINC00339 functioned as a competitive endogenous RNA by sponging miR-22-3p to facilitate NLRP3 expression. In conclusion, lncRNA LINC00339 promotes cell pyroptosis by sponging miR-22-3p to regulate NLRP3 expression in COM-treated HK-2 cells.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Effect of alumina on the performance and characterization of cross-linked PVA/PEG 600 blended membranes for CO2/N-2 separation. In this work, poly(vinyl) alcohol (PVA)/poly(ethylene) glycol (PEG) 600 g/mol cross-linked membranes with different alumina (A1203) content were synthesized. The membranes were then characterized by FTIR, TGA, DSC, SEM, mechanical strength and permeation properties for carbon dioxide and nitrogen gases at different operating temperatures. The FTIR results confirmed the acetal linkages of cross-linking at 1083 cm(-1) and the presence of stretching and bending peaks of Al-O bond at 598 and 444 cm(-1), respectively. TGA results showed that the thermal stabilities of the membranes improved with the addition of alumina particles. DSC analysis proved that the glass transition temperature of the membranes increased with the addition of alumina content. SEM images confirmed the uniform distribution of alumina particles in the membranes. Sol gel testing was also carried out to determine the degree of swelling and gel content. It was also concluded that at 25 degrees C and 1.5 bar, 6 wt.% Al2O3 filled membrane demonstrated maximum ideal selectivity of CO2/N-2 as 79.8 and the highest permeability of CO2 as 394 Barrers, which surpassed the Robeson upper bound limit 2008. It was also found that the increase in temperature resulted in enhancement of CO2 permeability of alumina filled membrane at the cost of reduction in CO2/N-2 ideal selectivity and at 70 degrees C; optimum gas separation properties were achieved.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "Phenotypes and genotypes of erythromycin-resistant pneumococci in Italy. Of 120 erythromycin-resistant pneumococci isolated in Italian hospitals, 39 (32.5%) were M-type isolates, carrying the mef gene alone. The mef gene was also detected, together with erm(AM), in one constitutively resistant isolate and in five isolates of the partially inducible phenotype. Among the 45 mef-positive isolates, 25 (55.6%) carried mef(A) and 20 (44.4%) carried mef(E) as observed from PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of a 1,743-bp amplicon. The same result was obtained by a similar method applied to a more common 348-bp amplicon.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Personality dimensions in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Relation to clinical variables. Research on the relationship between personality factors and obsessive-conmpulsive disorder (OCD) has proved difficult to interpret due to conceptual problems including a lack of consensus on the model of personality employed as a framework as well as a failure to consider the clinical heterogeneity of the disorder. The aim of this study was to examine the dimensional personality profile associated with OCD and to detertmine whether any relationship exists between personality factors and clinical variables in a sample of 60 OCD outpatients who were administered Cloninger's Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). The Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS), the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) and the Y-BOCS symptom checklist were used to assess the severity of obsessive-compulsive and depressive symptoms and the presence of the main OCD symptom dimensions. OCD patients showed significantly higher scores in harm avoidance and lower scores in novelty-seeking, self-directedness and cooperativeness than healthy subjects. These results remained unchanged when only pure OCD patients without comorbid psychiatric conditions were considered. Comorbid depressive symptoms and hoarding obsessions and compulsions were significantly associated with high harm avoidance scores. These results support the existence of a dimensional personality profile associated with OCD and characterized by high harm avoidance and low novelty-seeking, self-directedness and cooperativeness scores, but also emphasize the importance of considering the influence of comorbid clinical conditions or symptom subtypes in addressing the role of personality factors in OCD. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Taxonomic novelties and new records of Fennoscandian crustose lichens. We present taxonomic, distributional and ecological notes on Fennoscandian crustose lichens and lichenicolous fungi, based on new collections as well as revision of herbarium material. Two new combinations are proposed: Frutidella furfuracea comb. nov. for F. pullata and Puttea duplex comb. nov. for Fellhanera duplex. Lecidea byssoboliza, L. carneoglauca and Variolaria torta are all reduced to synonymy with Bacidia antricola, Bacidia invertens is synonymized with B. igniarii, B. atrolivida with Mycobilimbia tetramera, and Gyalidea fruticola with Thelenella pertusariella. A new description is provided for Micarea hylocomii. 25 species of lichens and lichenicolous fungi are reported as new to Finland, Norway and/or Sweden: Absconditella lignicola (Norway), Bacidia antricola (Norway), B. polychroa (Norway), B. pycnidata (Sweden), Bacidina adastra (Sweden), Biatora veteranorum (Norway), Briancoppinsia cytospora (Finland), Catillaria scotinodes (Norway), Cliostomum subtenerum (Norway), Dirina fallax (Sweden), Fellhaneropsis almquistiorum (Norway), Gyalidea subscutellaris (Sweden), Lecania inundata (Norway), L. suavis (Norway), Micarea capitata (Norway), M. deminuta (Norway), M. hylocomii (Sweden), M. lynceola (Sweden), M. soralifera (Sweden), M. subconfusa (Sweden), Mycoblastus sanguinarioides (Finland, Sweden), Paralecia pratorum (Sweden), Puttea duplex (Sweden), Sarcogyne algoviae (Finland) and Toninia subnitida (Norway). Lectotypes are designated for Bacidia antricola, Lecidea byssoboliza, Lecidea carneoglauca, Lecidea subconfusa and Lecidea submoestula.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Complete Genome Sequence of Bacillus cereus Strain HT18, Isolated from Forest Soil. The genome sequence of Bacillus cereus strain HT18, isolated from forest soil, was 5,333,415 bp long. The genome included 5,825 putative coding sequences and 35.2% GC content; the strain had 5 plasmids. Average nucleotide identity based on BLAST1 (ANIb) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) results showed that HT18 was 98.78% and 90.70% homologous, respectively, to B. cereus ATCC 14579(T).", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Fryazin' of Russian monuments. The article proves that the opinion, according to which under \\\\'fryagi\\\\' of the Japheth's tribe in the the Chronicle the Genoese are understood, is wrong. The first analysis of a wide range of monuments (the Kulikovo cycle, Chronicles, chronographs, stories and others) shows that the term \\\\'fryagi\\\\' was filled with specific content only in the case of its clear geographical and ethnic localization, without which it is absolutely impersonal (as, for example, the term \\\\'Nemtsi\\\\', which was also attached to a very large population of Western European peoples). True is the point of view, according to which \\\\'fryagi\\\\' are the Franks (French). This \\\\'vindici\\\\' standing at the door with \\\\'fryagi\\\\' not the Venetians, as well as in the translations of our ancient Chronicles, and South Baltic Slays, named \\\\'Wendy\\\\', \\\\'wends\\\\'.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Adenovirus dodecahedron cell attachment and entry are mediated by heparan sulfate and integrins and vary along the cell cycle. The adenovirus penton base is a strategic protein involved in the virus internalisation pathway through interaction between its RGD sequences and integrin. In some human adenovirus scrotypes, this pentameric protein features the ability of interacting together by twelve, leading to the formation of a symmetric nanoparticle called dodecahedron (Dd). This non-infectious adenovirus-like particle exhibiting sixty RGD sequences interacts with integrin but also with heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) expressed at the cell surface.Interestingly, investigations on Dd receptors along the cell cycle revealed an enhanced particle targeting to mitotic cells and a loss of internalisation at this stage. This phenomenon observed with both HeLa- and HSPGs-deficient cells, depends on integrin remodelling during mitosis. This provides new clues for the use of this adenovirus nanoparticle as a delivery vector and sheds light on the integrin and HSPGs relationship in both resting and dividing cells. (c) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.In this study, we discriminate the respective importance of HSPGs and integrin on human adenovirus serotype 3 dodecahedron attachment and entry. Using different cell lines and a specific integrin inhibitor, we have determined that HSPGs are mainly responsible for particle attachment to the cell surface, favouring a strictly required interaction with integrin that triggers internalisation. No other receptors are involved in Dd entry and integrins on their own can mediate the particle entry in HSPGs-deficient cells. Moreover, integrin recognition by Dd is highly susceptible to cations and particularly to manganese that enhances particle binding by 4- to 7-fold compared to calcium.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "REDUCE THE SULPHUR DIOXIDE CONTENT OF WINE BY BIOLOGICAL PROCESS IN RELATION TO THE CONTENT OF POLYPHENOLIC SUBSTANCES. In recent years, many papers have paid attention to the bioactive compounds, particularly to the antioxidant activity of polyphenolic compounds in food and beverages, due to their positive effect on human body. Therefore, the phenolic compounds and their antioxidant capacity become an important quality parameter, especially in niche markets concerned with health benefits.Sulphur dioxide has the effects of antioxidant, antimicrobial and preservative that is mutually merging. However, it is possible to increase the stability of the complex of biologically active substances (BAS), as holders of natural antioxidant capacity. The present contribution brings opportunities rather than full elimination, but a substantial reduction of the content of sulphur dioxide, which protects the wine during the entire technological process of manufacture and treatment. The dosage of sulphur dioxide can be reduced in its values from 15 to 40% of the total health of the authorized maximum sulphur dioxide content of wine.Wine is an excellent source of various classes of polyphenols. The phenolic compounds are responsible for the sensory characteristics, particularly colour, astringency, bitterness, and aroma, too. Another very important ingredient in the wine is added the sulphur dioxide, which has the role to protect these reductive components of wines.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Parent/caregiver perspectives of functioning in autism spectrum disorders: A comparative study in Sweden and South Africa. Functional outcomes in autism spectrum disorder can be highly variable given the heterogeneous nature of autism spectrum disorder and its interaction with environmental factors. We set out to compare parent/caregiver perceptions of functioning in two divergent countries that participated in the International Classification of Functioning Disability and Health (ICF) Core Set for Autism Spectrum Disorder development study. We focused on the frequency and content of items reported, and hypothesized that environmental factors would most frequently be reported as barriers to functioning in low-resource settings. Using frequency and qualitative content analysis, we compared data from South Africa (n = 22) and Sweden (n = 13). Frequency agreement was seen in three activities and participation categories, and one environmental factor. Obvious frequency differences were observed in one environmental factors category, six body functions categories and three activities and participation categories. Only three ICF categories (immediate family, attention functions, products and technology for personal use) differed in content. Contrary to our hypotheses, few differences in perspectives about environmental factors emerged. The universality of our findings supports the global usefulness of the recently developed ICF Core Sets for Autism Spectrum Disorder. We recommend that more comparative studies on autism spectrum disorder and functioning should be conducted, and that similar comparisons in other disorders where Core Sets have been developed may be valuable.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Cultural antecedents of inbound tourism in five Asian and Middle East countries: A fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis. This study illustrates the effects of national culture on tourists' destination choices to Asian and the Middle East. This study clarifies how national cultural configurations indicate international tourists' willingness-to-travel to destinations. Five countries in this region-India, Iran, China, Egypt, and Jordan-were selected as destinations of outbound tourism in world counties. Fuzzy qualitative comparative analysis approach was applied to consider how complex configurations of national culture affect international tourism in countries mentioned. The study examines 6 attributes/conditions to explain outcomes. Results demonstrated that configurations that more important in selection Asian and Middle East destinations are presences of happiness and absences of cultural distance, dynamic externality, and societal cynicism. This study supports the cultural values and the cultural distance between origins and destinations, one of the antecedents of tourists' behaviours.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "A spiral model for bending of non-linearly pretwisted helicoidal structures with lateral loading. The paper presents a new approach in the bending analysis of helicoidal structures with a large non-linear pretwist and an external lateral loading. It also addresses the issue as to what extent the linearized twisting curvature is applicable in the analysis of pretwisted plates. Employing a non-linear helicoidal model and a natural orthogonal coordinate system, the large non-linear pretwist is formulated and the energy stored in a distorted helicoid subjected to an external pressure normal to the helicoid axis is derived. By integrating the internal strain energy and external pressure work over the helicoidal domain, a non-homogeneous system of equations is presented and numerical solutions are obtained. Significant structural responses such as deformation components and resultant, the effects of width and thickness of helicoid on bending are analyzed and discussed. The analysis can be extended to other areas of interest such as turbomachinery blades, drilling structures, motors in micro-electro-mechanical systems and also DNA biomechanics. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "The Many Lives of John Dewey's Democracy and Education. A Historical Account of the Reception of a Book Still to Be Read. Originally published in 1916, John Dewey's seminal book Democracy and Education was not translated into French until 1975, thanks to the work accomplished by Gerard Deledalle. Welcomed by a relative indifference on the part of French philosophers, the book only received attention from a few intellectuals, working in the field of educational sciences. But this has not always been the case. The main purpose of this paper is so to study the various ways according to which Dewey's work has been read and used over the last century. Based on a comprehensive review of French literature concerning Dewey, it underlines two mains moments proposing divergent interpretations and uses of his ideas, with the decade following its original publication; and, its translation into French. The relevance and the topicality of such a historical work appears to be all the more important as the beginning of the 21st century is marked by a rediscovery of Deweyan thought by the French audience, with the noticeable reprinting of Democracy and Education. In so doing, we shall thus point out the moving and transactional character of a book still to be read, pragmatically.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Note on the practice of re-purchasing of the imposed pilgrimages in Lille (XVth-XVIth centuries).. The Lille city officials used as a punishment the imposed pilgrimage or judiciary pilgrimage, like in the rest of the Lower Countries. This practice is known through the records of criminal sentences, the records of sentences and the accounting books of the city archives, for the XVth and XVIth centuries. These pilgrimages could be repurchased, according to the convicted person's choice, either in cash, or in bricks for the city walls, or in paving stones for the roads, or in fire-fighting leather buckets. The sentences for the more serious offences could not be re-purchased.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Syphilis, gonorrhoea and chlamydial infection among women undergoing legal or illegal abortion in Maputo. Our objectives were to compare the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in 103 women undergoing induced legal abortion (LA) and in 101 women with confirmed, recent illegal abortion (IA), in Maputo, Mozambique. For the purpose of this study, LA was considered the abortion provided in the Maputo Central Hospital with the approval of the Ministry of Health, and IA the one not provided through the approved facility, mentioned above. Women with IA were recruited in the outpatient gynaecology ward and women with LA in the emergency gynaecology ward in the Maputo Central Hospital, during the same time period. Serological tests for syphilis (rapid plasma reagin, ELISA-IgC and fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption), gonorrhoea (indirect haemagglutination) and chlamydia (microimmunofluorescence) were carried out. Direct immuno-fluorescence for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis antigen was done on endocervical smears from all the women. The prevalence of syphilis seropositivity in IA women is twice that of LA women (odds ratio [OR] 2.13; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.55-9.95), with 10.9% and 4.9%, respectively. Exposure to gonorrhoea in these 2 groups is similar (OR 1.18; 95% CI 0.63-2.20), with seroprevalence of 31.1% in the LA and 34.7% in the IA group. The high titres are also similar in both groups. Serology findings for C. trachomatis indicate prevalence of seropositivity of 40.6% in the LA and 44.4% in the IA group with no significant difference (OR 1.17; 95% CI 0.64-2.13). In conclusion, STIs are highly prevalent in both IA and LA groups in Maputo. Urgent interventions are needed to reduce their prevalence and consequently their adverse consequences.", "label": [2, 17, 24]}
+{"token": "Discrimination of Chinese Liquors Based on Electronic Nose and Fuzzy Discriminant Principal Component Analysis. The detection of liquor quality is an important process in the liquor industry, and the quality of Chinese liquors is partly determined by the aromas of the liquors. The electronic nose (e-nose) refers to an artificial olfactory technology. The e-nose system can quickly detect different types of Chinese liquors according to their aromas. In this study, an e-nose system was designed to identify six types of Chinese liquors, and a novel feature extraction algorithm, called fuzzy discriminant principal component analysis (FDPCA), was developed for feature extraction from e-nose signals by combining discriminant principal component analysis (DPCA) and fuzzy set theory. In addition, principal component analysis (PCA), DPCA, K-nearest neighbor (KNN) classifier, leave-one-out (LOO) strategy and k-fold cross-validation (k = 5, 10, 20, 25) were employed in the e-nose system. The maximum classification accuracy of feature extraction for Chinese liquors was 98.378% using FDPCA, showing this algorithm to be extremely effective. The experimental results indicate that an e-nose system coupled with FDPCA is a feasible method for classifying Chinese liquors.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "RURAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN SERBIA. Rural development is linked to entrepreneurship to a greater extent than ever before. Institutions and individuals promoting rural development now see entrepreneurship as a strategic development intervention that could accelerate the rural development process. Rural entrepreneurship has an enormous employment potential. Women see it as an employment opportunity near their homes which provides independence and reduces the need for social support. Farmers see it as an instrument for improving farm earnings and achieving a better standard of living. However, the acceptance of entrepreneurship as a central development force by itself will not result in rural development and the advancement of rural enterprises. What is also needed is an environment in rural areas conducive to entrepreneurship. The author points out that the creation of such an environment starts already at the national level with the foundation of policies for macro-economic stability. In addition, she discusses what local communities can do to foster rural entrepreneurship in general.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Composite interfaces and electrode properties of resistive random access memory devices. For the three kinds of composite materials, i.e., Cu(111)/HfO2(001), Cu(111)/HfO2(010) and Cu(111)/HfO2(100), the first-principles method based on the density functional theory is adopted to calculate their rates of mismatching of interface model, interface adhesion energies, the electric charge densities, the electron localization functions, and the charge density differences separately. The results indicate that the rate of mismatching of the Cu(111)/HfO2(010) interface model is lowest and its interface adhesion energy is higher than the others', which means that the Cu(111)/HfO2(010) is most stable. From the analyses of charge densities and electron localization functions of the three interfaces, it can be found that only the Cu(111)/HfO2(010) interface is able to form the connective electronic channel along the vertical direction of the Cu electrode. This indicates that electrons possess the localizabilty and connectivity along the HfO2(010) direction, which corresponds to the switching-on direction of the resistive random access memory (RRAM) device. The charge density difference analysis reveals that the charge density distributions overlap, the electrons transfer mutually and bond at the interface of the Cu(111)/HfO2(010). In addition, based on the model of Cu (111) /HfO2 (010) interface, the formation energies of the interstitial Cu at different positions are also calculated. The results show that the closer to the interface the Cu atom, the more easily it migrates into HfO2. This indicates that the electrochemical reaction takes place more easily under the applied voltage, which results in the formation and rupture of Cu conductive filaments. All the above findings will provide a theoretical guidance for improving the performances of RRAM devices.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Variations of the flank LLBL thickness as response to the solar wind dynamic pressure and IMF orientation. [1] Several mechanisms have been discussed as candidates for a formation of the low-latitude boundary layer (LLBL) magnetic reconnection between the magnetospheric and magnetosheath magnetic fields, impulsive penetration of magnetosheath plasma, and viscous/diffusive mixing of plasma populations at the magnetopause. The observed fluctuations of plasma parameters inside the LLBL are attributed either to transient nature of the phenomena forming the layer or to sweeping of deformations of the magnetopause or an inner edge of the LLBL surface along the spacecraft. We are using the Interball-1/Magion-4 satellite pair separated by several thousands of kilometers in order to distinguish between spatial and temporal changes of the LLBL plasma population. Observations of LLBL crossings invoked by sudden changes of upstream conditions show that even during a strongly northward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), the LLBL is relatively thin and follows the compression of the magnetopause induced by changes of the solar wind dynamic pressure. The thickness of the LLBL increases significantly (from a small fraction of R-E to more than 1.4 R-E) with increase in upstream density and IMF B-Y component. Our results indicate that the dusk LLBL is supplied by high-latitude reconnection in the Southern (Northern) Hemisphere, when IMF B-Y is negative (positive) and lies on open field lines. The change of IMF B-Y direction leads to brief presence of LLBL plasma outside the magnetopause on magnetosheath field lines. Fluctuations of plasma parameters and magnetic field implicate the presence of surface waves on the inner edge of the LLBL, but no waves were observed on the magnetopause.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Implementing integrated watershed management in Quebec: examples from the Saint John River Watershed Organization. Water management in the province of Quebec has evolved rapidly in recent years. Public consultation led the provincial government to adopt a Quebec Water Policy in 2002, which was reinforced with the passing of the Quebec Water Act in 2009. This legislative tool enabled the creation of 40 watershed organizations responsible for implementing integrated watershed management (IWM). This article explains the context in which IWM has evolved in the province of Quebec. It also describes the successes, challenges and lessons learned by the Saint John River Watershed Organization in implementing IWM in a transboundary watershed.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Competition, Cultural Geography, and Tonal Space in the Book of Madrigals L'amorosa Ero (1588). Around 1587 the Brescian nobleman Count Marc'Antonio Martinengo di Villachiara, who was renowned for his political and military experience as well as competence in both music and poetry, wrote a madrigal text, set it to music, and sent it to seventeen composers in different parts of Italy. Published under the title of L'amorosa Ero (Brescia, 1588), the collection gives the opportunity to compare some of the most influential composers such as Marenzio, Luzzaschi, Ingegneri, Striggio, and many others. The first part of the article focuses on the historical background to this collection, with special attention given to the musical activities in Brescia and in other cities (Cremona, Verona, Parma, Turin, and Rome). Martinengo's political and military career and the music patronage of his family are discussed in detail, followed by an in-depth survey of most of the composers of L'amorosa Ero (particularly Alfonso Ferabosco, Claudio Merulo, Marc'Antonio Ingegneri, and Antonio Morsolino) to unveil their personal relationships with Martinengo. The hierarchy of composers represented in the madrigal collection turns out to be quite elaborate and reflects their political relevance in their time. The second part of the article is dedicated to the musical content of the collection. Given that L'amorosa Ero consists of the compositional responses of multiple composers to the same text which, moreover, they all set in the same mode the collection offers a unique opportunity to compare composers' styles. Starting with a close examination of Martinengo's poem, including its formal and emotional aspects, we follow with a comparative analysis, restricted to the first section of eight emblematic madrigals by Martinengo, Fiorino, Bertani, Ingegneri, Marenzio, Zoilo, Giovannelli, and Luzzaschi. The main analytical tool is the definition of tonal space, that is to say a dynamic articulation of mode that emerges through the interaction of such elements as melodic contour and cadences. Our analysis shows that, despite the limitations of mode and text, the music of the collection is strikingly diverse, ranging from traditional to more innovative styles.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Advance care planning among older LGBT Canadians: Heteronormative influences. Advance care planning (ACP) in North America often takes place in a cultural context of great ambivalence about death and dying, challenging efforts to discuss end-of-life care desires and preparations for death. Such challenges are amplified for sexual and gender minority older adults who often lack connections to traditional heteronormative systems of support. The extent of ACP preparation (completed documents, discussions) and their predictors was examined among a national sample of 91 community-dwelling Canadian LGBT older adults (mean age 68). The sample was disproportionately single and lived alone; more trans participants had children and about half of all participants reported a chosen family. About two-thirds of participants had a will, while less than half had a living will and power of attorney for health care, and a quarter had made informal caregiving arrangements. Just over one-third of respondents reported having discussions about future care and end-of-life plans. The only significant predictors of both ACP documents completed and ACP discussions undertaken were relationship status (those in a relationship were more likely to have engaged in both) and number of children (those with children were less likely to have completed documents). Given that most LGBT older adults are single, efforts must be expanded to reach and engage these individuals in preparing for end of life.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Explaining the role of the social determinants of health on health inequality in South Africa. Background: Action on the social determinants of health (SDH) is relevant for reducing health inequalities. This is particularly the case for South Africa (SA) with its very high level of income inequality and inequalities in health and health outcomes. This paper provides evidence on the key SDH for reducing health inequalities in the country using a framework initially developed by the World Health Organization.Results: Good SAH is significantly concentrated among the rich rather than the poor (CI = 0.008; p < 0.01). Decomposition of this result shows that social protection and employment (contribution = 0.012; p < 0.01), knowledge and education (0.005; p < 0.01), and housing and infrastructure (-0.003; p < 0.01) contribute significantly to the disparities in good SAH in SA. After accounting for these other variables, the contribution of income and poverty is negligible.Conclusions: Addressing health inequalities inter alia requires an increased government commitment in terms of budgetary allocations to key sectors (i.e. employment, social protection, education, housing, and other appropriate infrastructure). Attention should also be paid to equity in benefits from government expenditure. In addition, the health sector needs to play its role in providing a broad range of health services to reduce the burden of disease.Design: A cross-sectional design is used. Data come from the third wave of the nationally representative National Income Dynamics Study. A subsample of adults (18 years and older) is used. The main variable of interest is dichotomised good versus bad self-assessed health (SAH). Income-related health inequality is assessed using the standard concentration index (CI). A positive CI means that the rich report better health than the poor. A negative value signifies the opposite. The paper also decomposes the CI to assess its contributing factors.Objective: This paper assesses health inequalities in SA and explains the factors (i.e. SDH and other individual level factors) that account for large disparities in health. The relative contribution of different SDH to health inequality is also assessed.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Inter-correlation of Chemical Compositions, Transport Routes, and Source Apportionment Results of Atmospheric PM2.5 in Southern Taiwan and the Northern Philippines. This study investigated the inter-correlation of atmospheric PM2.5 between southern Taiwan and the northern Philippines. 24-hour samples of PM2.5 were simultaneously collected at two remote sites, Checheng (Taiwan) and Laoag (Philippines), during all four seasons. The water-soluble ions, metallic elements, carbonaceous content, and anhydrosugars in the PM2.5 were then analyzed to characterize the chemical fingerprint. Furthermore, principal component analysis, chemical mass balance (CMB) receptor modeling, and backward trajectory simulation were applied to resolve the source apportionment of PM2.5 at both of the sites.The results showed that Checheng and Laoag were highly influenced by polluted air masses transported long-range from the north, producing elevated PM2.5 concentrations during winter and spring. The water-soluble ions (WSIs) were abundant in secondary inorganic aerosols (SO42-, NO3-, and NH4+), which accounted for 34.1-76.0%. Crustal elements dominated the metallic content in the PM2.5, but the concentrations of trace elements originating from anthropogenic sources increased during the northwestern monsoon periods. More organic carbon (OC) than elemental carbon (EC) was found, with secondary OC (SOC) contributing approximately 23.9-38.9% to the former. Moreover, the level of levoglucosan highly correlated with those of K+ and OC, confirming that these three substances are key indicators of biomass burning.The two sites exhibited similar chemical compositions for PM2.5, indicating the possibility of transport between Checheng and Laoag, and a paired t-test obtained a p-value of 0.030 (p < 0.05), implying a potential inter-correlation for PM2.5 between southern Taiwan and the northern Philippines. The major sources of the PM2.5 were soil dust, mobile sources, sea salt, and biomass burning along the northerly transport routes during winter and spring. The contribution of anthropogenic sources (i.e., industrial boilers, waste incinerators, and secondary aerosols) to the PM2.5 frequently increased during winter and spring, unlike during summer, suggesting that the northerly transport of PM2.5 highly affected particulate air pollution at both of the sites.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Oceanicola nanhaiensis sp nov., isolated from sediments of the South China Sea. A Gram-negative, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterium, strain SS011131-20(T), was isolated from sediments of the South China Sea. Growth occurred at NcCl concentrations between 0 and 10% and at temperatures between 10 and 37 degrees C. Strain SS011B1-20T contained Q-10 as the major respiratory quinone and C-18:(1)omega 7c(81.2%), C-16:0 (7.0%) and C-18:1 methyl (4.3%) as the predominant fatty acids. The G + C content of the genomic DNA was 64.7 mol%. A phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain SS011B1-20(T) belonged to a clade within the genus Oceanicola in the Alphaproteobacteria, the highest sequence similarities being found with respect to Oceanicola batsensis (96.3%) and with Oceanicola granulosus (94.9%). Strain SS011B1-20(T) could be clearly distinguished from other Oceanicola species on the basis of the genotypic, phenotypic and phylogenetic data. Thus, it is proposed that strain SS011B1-20(T) represents a novel species of the genus Oceanicola, with the name Oceanicola nanhaiensis sp. nov. The type strain is SS01B1-20(T) (=LMG 23508(T) = CGMi 1.6293(T)).", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Aseptic surgical preparation for upper eyelid blepharoplasty via full-face octenidine antiseptic without antibiotic medication shows effective prophylaxis against post-surgical wound infection. Blepharoplasty is the third most common plastic surgical procedure in the USA. Due to the emergence of multiresistant bacteria, optimising the antiseptic procedure is crucial. Choice of antiseptics plays an important role as they may cause skin irritation and colouring of disinfected areas. In this study, the use of the aqueous antiseptic octenisept((R)) (octenidine) was evaluated in the outcome of blepharoplasties: incidence of wound dehiscence; haematoma; and infection in correlation with gender, medication, smoking habits and time of year. This retrospective surveillance study included 352 patients (median age 583 years). Skin disinfection was performed thrice prior to blepharoplasty. Sutures were removed on day 6. None of the patients suffered from wound infection. The total rate of wound dehiscence was 63%, with a higher ratio among male patients. Smokers and patients on anticoagulant medication showed a significantly higher incidence of wound dehiscence. Throughout the year, rates of wound dehiscence were highest in summer. Aseptic surgical preparation for blepharoplasty via full-face scrub with octenisept((R)) without oral antibiotic prophylaxis is well tolerated, with no report of wound infection, which may improve antibiotic stewardship as well as patient comfort. Elective upper eyelid blepharoplasty may ideally be performed in winter.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "THE TEAR OF SITTLICHKEIT: ADORNO IN DIALOGUE WITH HEGEL. The purpose of this article is to question Adorno's moral thought. Although Adorno constantly articulates morality with the social context, and although the object of his analyses is the way in which moral issues are mediated by social practices, morals and customs, his explicit privileged interlocutor in the elaboration of his moral reflection is Kant and not Hegel. Adorno intends to develop a moral theory, not an ethics. But given his presuppositions - one cannot think of a good life in a false context - he is indirectly confronted with the Hegelian concept of ethical life (Sittlichkeit) and tries to respond to the difficulties it raises. He thus deploys an inverted reading of Hegel, in which it is the impossibility of relying on morals, customs, or even institutions that compels us to redefine morality. Finally, Adorno proposes a notion of the inadequacy to the world of all moral life, due to the irremediable gap between custom and morality, which generates the need for an additional step to clear a path out of the existing order. On this path, it seems that Kant \\\\'is right where he is wrong\\\\', since by defending the individual, his moral philosophy contributes to a critical theory of society. The whole question is to know how our moral practices contribute to the shaping of this world for which we are responsible.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Economic crisis, intra-MNC production shifts and MNC performance from a network perspective. Our study examines how a multinational corporation (MNC) shifts production across its international subsidiary network in response to an economic crisis and how attributes of intra-MNC production shifts (IPSs) affect MNC performance. We argue that when an MNC faces an economic crisis, the magnified cross-national differences in economic conditions give it clear direction for production shifts, thereby reducing the incidence of its IPSs. However, this negative relationship weakens if an MNC has a wider subsidiary network that enables it to exploit more cross-national differences in economic conditions. We also argue that IPSs in which more host countries are involved will have larger positive effects on MNC performance. This is because the number of host countries involved in the production shifts reflects the cross-national differences actually exploited in economic conditions by the MNC. The analysis of panel data for Korean manufacturing MNCs that experienced the 1998 and 2008 economic crises provides empirical support for our arguments.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "Self-adaptive iterative method for solving boundedly Lipschitz continuous and strongly monotone variational inequalities. In this paper we introduce a new self-adaptive iterative algorithm for solving the variational inequalities in real Hilbert spaces, denoted by VI(C,F). Here C subset of H is a nonempty, closed and convex set and F:C -> H is boundedly Lipschitz continuous (i.e., Lipschitz continuous on any bounded subset ofC) and strongly monotone operator. One of the advantages of our algorithm is that it does not require the knowledge of the Lipschitz constant of F on any bounded subset of C or the strong monotonicity coefficient a priori. Moreover, the proposed self-adaptive step size rule only adds a small amount of computational effort and hence guarantees fast convergence rate. Strong convergence of the method is proved and a posteriori error estimate of the convergence rate is obtained.Primary numerical results illustrate the behavior of our proposed scheme and also suggest that the convergence rate of the method is comparable with the classical gradient projection method for solving variational inequalities.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Whether there is transgression in contemporary theatre in Sao Paulo: gestures and images. Starting from scenes and images from theatrical works recently produced in Sao Paulo, Brazil, we have tried to investigate the possibility and meaning of speaking of some transgression in this theatre, opposing to the idea of a \\\\'performative\\\\' theatre (founded on the gesture intending to pass from the field of aesthetics to that of praxis) a vision we believe more complex: that of a transgressive power of images themselves and of aesthetics in itself.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Compute-and-Forward on a Multi-User Multi-Relay Channel. In this letter, we consider a system in which multiple users communicate with a destination with the help of multiple half-duplex relays. Based on the compute-and-forward scheme, each relay, instead of decoding the users' messages, decodes an integer-valued linear combination that relates the transmitted messages. Then, it forwards the linear combination towards the destination. Given these linear combinations, the destination may or may not recover the transmitted messages since the linear combinations are not always full rank. Therefore, we propose an algorithm where we optimize the precoding factor at the users such that the probability that the equations are full rank is increased and that the transmission rate is maximized. We show, through some numerical examples, the effectiveness of our algorithm and the advantage of performing precoding allocation at the users. Also, we show that this scheme can outperform standard relaying techniques in certain regimes.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 37]}
+{"token": "INTRACELLULAR INTERACTION OF EBV C3D RECEPTOR(CR2) WITH P68, A CALCIUM-BINDING PROTEIN PRESENT IN NORMAL BUT NOT IN TRANSFORMED LYMPHOCYTES-B. To analyze direct intracellular interactions of CR2 in normal human B lymphocytes, we used polyclonal anti-Id anti-CR2 antibodies (Ab2) prepared against the highly purified CR2 molecule (gp140) as original immunogen. We previously demonstrated that this Ab2 contained specificities that mimicked extracellular and intracellular domains of CR2 and was helpful for identifying CR2-specific ligands. Indeed, some Ab2 specificities recognized human C3d and EBV, two extracellular CR2 ligands. In addition, other Ab2 specificities interacted directly, as CR2, with the intracellular p53 antioncoprotein that is expressed in transformed cells and not in normal cells. We demonstrate herein that Ab2 detected in normal B lymphocytes a 68-kDa protein, p68, that was not expressed in transformed B cells. p68 was localized in purified plasma membranes and cytosol fractions. Direct interaction of purified CR2 with purified p68 was demonstrated. Competitive studies supported that CR2 and Ab2 interacted with identical sites on p68. These interactions were calcium dependent. p68 was identified as a calcium-binding protein by its ability to be solubilized from B lymphocyte membranes by EGTA, a calcium-chelating agent, to bind specifically on phenothiazine-Sepharose in a calcium-dependent interaction, and to be recognized by specific antibodies directed against human p68, a calcium-binding protein of the annexin VI family. Thus, demonstration of different intracellular interactions of CR2 with distinct regulatory proteins, such as p53, the antioncoprotein, and p68, a calcium-binding protein, supports involvement of two regulatory pathways of signal transduction through CR2, depending on the normal or transformed state of human B lymphocytes.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "Monitoring Sorghum Plant Bug, Stenotus rubrovittatus (Matsumura) (Hemiptera: Miridae), with a Synthetic Sex Pheromone Trap in Paddy Fields. We evaluated the efficiency, of a pheromone trap for monitoring the sorghum plant bug, Stenotus rubrovittatus. The most effective trap position in a paddy field was >= 7 m inside the field's edge. We also evaluated the pheromone trap as an alternative to capture by sweeping. The number of males captured in traps increased before the increase by sweeping three paddy fields. These results suggest that the pheromone trap can be utilized as a tool to support the decision for control or damage estimation of S. rubrovittatus in the early stage of insect invasion into paddy fields.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Schumpeterian dynamics versus Williamsonian considerations: A test of export intermediary performance. Using a sample of export intermediaries connecting domestic producers and foreign buyers, the study tests. competing hypotheses on firm performance derived from the Austrian and transaction cost perspectives. Specifically, the Austrian perspective suggests that the more distant the export market and the more complex tl-le product that the intermediary specializes in, the better its performance. Transaction cost theory, on the other hand, offers conflicting predictions. Our results indicate that these two theories are complementary to each other, and a contingency framework is proposed. and discussed.", "label": [5, 44, 46]}
+{"token": "Fractionation of glycoside aroma precursors in neutral grapes. Hydrolysis and conversion by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Glycoconjugated aroma precursors from neutral grape varieties were fractionated on 5g C18 RP cartridge. Each of the seven fractions collected was divided in three parts: first part was hydrolysed with Pectinol in order to determine total aromatic heterosides, while the second part was treated with an active strain of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae UCLM 325 and the third part with acetonic powder of the same yeast strain. The studied strain proved effective in the hydrolysis of the heterosides of nerol and geraniol, cis-8-hydroxy-Iinalool, 8-hydroxy-dihydro-linalool, some berizenoids and some norisoprenoids derivatives Such as vomifoliol and 3-oxo-alpha-ionol. Only whole cells are able to convert geraniol to citronellol. (C) 2003 Swiss Society of Food Science and Technology. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "High predictive value of immune-inflammatory biomarkers for schizophrenia diagnosis and association with treatment resistance. Objectives. Recent schizophrenia (SCZ) research aims to establish biomarkers with high predictive value for the diagnosis, severity of illness or treatment resistance. SCZ is accompanied by activated immune-inflammatory pathways, including increased levels of cytokines and chemokines, but few studies tried to identify predictive properties of such measures. Methods. We included 54 medicated SCZ patients and 118 healthy controls and examined 15 cytokines and chemokines. Possible associations between these immune-inflammatory biomarkers and the diagnosis of SCZ, severity of illness and treatment resistance were investigated. Results. SCZ is associated with a specific cytokine - chemokine profile, i.e., increased CCL11, MIP-1 alpha, sTNF-R1 and sTNF-R2 levels, and decreased levels of IP-10, TNF-alpha, IL-2 and IL-4. The combination of five biomarkers (sTNF-R1, sTNF-R2, CCL11, IP-10, IL-4) may predict the diagnosis of SCZ with a sensitivity of 70.0% and a specificity of 89.4%. There was a weak association between the negative symptoms and biomarkers, i.e., IL-2 (inversely) and CCL11 (positively). Patients with treatment resistance showed increased levels of sTNF-R1, sTNF-R2 and MCP-1. Conclusions. The findings of this study reinforce that SCZ is associated with a pro-inflammatory profile and suggest that some immune mediators may be used as reliable biomarkers for the diagnosis of SCZ and treatment resistance.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "A paternally inherited terminal deletion, del(8)(p23.1)pat, detected prenatally in an amniotic fluid sample: A review of deletion 8p23.1 cases. A subtle terminal deletion of the short arm of chromosome 8 with a breakpoint in p23.1 was detected in amniocytes. Parental chromosome studies revealed a similar deletion in the father. The fetus did not have any abnormalities in a level II ultrasound. The pregnancy was continued and resulted in the birth of a baby girl. The child was normal at six months of age and no heart murmur was detected. In a retrospective review of cases in our laboratory, four other cases with a deletion del(8)(p23. 1) were found. Three were paediatric cases with microcephaly, developmental delay, ASD, VSD, pulmonic stenosis, congenital and behavioural abnormalities. One was a 29-year-old woman with a mosaic karyotype. She had a history of spontaneous abortions and no known cardiac defect. Using conventional cytogenetics and/or FISH studies with 8p telomere probe and 8 painting probe, the 8p23.1 deletions were shown to be either terminal or interstitial. The karyotype from the prenatal case was compared with the other cases of 8p23.1 deletions in our laboratory to see if there was a discernible difference in the size of the deletion. The deletion in the proband seemed to involve a more distal 8p23.1 breakpoint. In the father's high resolution chromosomes (550-850 band level) the breakpoint appeared to be 8p23.1 similar to 23.2 and FISH studies using an 8p telomeric probe confirmed a terminal deletion. Interstitial deletion of sub-band 8p23.1 was associated with phenotypic abnormalities and distal 8p23.2pter deletion was found in apparently normal individuals, therefore, 8p23.1 appears to be the critical region for clinical abnormalities. Copyright (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [2, 21, 19]}
+{"token": "ATTACHMENT IS ABOUT SAFETY AND PROTECTION, INTERSUBJECTIVITY IS ABOUT SHARING AND SOCIAL UNDERSTANDING The Relationships Between Attachment and Intersubjectivity. The relationships between intersubjectivity and attachment are beginning to be explored within the psychoanalytic and developmental literature. We contribute to this comparative effort by exploring the different evolutionary origins of attachment and intersubjectivity. Five interlocking themes are central to this article. First, from an evolutionary perspective, attachment and intersubjectivity serve different functions. The main function of attachment is to seek protection, whereas the main function of intersubjectivity is to communicate, at intuitive and automatic levels, with members of the same species and to facilitate social understanding. Second, to survive in changing and highly competitive environments, an evolutionary strategy emerged among our human ancestors based on developing high levels of cooperation within small bands of hunters and gatherers. In turn, high levels of cooperation and social complexity put selective pressures toward developing effective modes of communication and more complex forms of social understanding (mindreading/mentalizing/intersubjective abilities). These abilities far surpass mindreading abilities among our closest Great Ape relatives. Third, we provide further evidence for this hypothesis showing that in comparison with other Great Apes, young children show qualitatively different levels of collaboration and altruism. Fourth, we provide an overview of the development of attachment and intersubjective abilities during the first 2 years of life that support the hypothesis of a cooperative origin of intersubjectivity. Fifth, we return to the main theme of this article showing three ways in which attachment and intersubjective abilities can be distinguished. We conclude by exploring some clinical implications of this cooperative intersubjective model of human development.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "The Reaction of the Leadership of the KSC, the MSZMP and the PZPR to the Resignation of Nikita Khrushchev: Political Miscalculation or an Attempt to Revise the Principles of Soviet Domination in the Socialist Camp?. The article is devoted to the discussion of the results of the October Plenum (1964) of the Central Committee of the CPSU by the top political leadership of the countries of the socialist block. Having come to power in October 1964, L. I. Brezhnev confronted the \\\\'collective front\\\\' of the leaders of key European countries of the socialist camp. J. Kadar, A. Novotny, V. Gomulka unanimously assured the new Soviet leadership in their \\\\'loyalty to the general line of the Central Committee of the CPSU\\\\' at the same time led the struggle to win new political powers within the already established world system of socialism foreign policy actions of the Soviet Union and relations between the socialist countries - a leitmotif of the statements of the leaders of the socialist countries during the discussion of the resignation of Khrushchev. The change of power in the USSR became a convenient excuse to voice their positions and Brezhnev, forced to enter into dialogue, faced a new political reality. However, the understanding of the essence of this new \\\\'political reality\\\\' could differ: only time could give an answer, which was behind Brezhnev's promises to find \\\\'new forms of relations with the socialist countries\\\\' given by him during the negotiations with Kadar on November 9-10, 1964, \\\\'Prague Spring\\\\' in 1968 and, in many ways, the \\\\'Brezhnev Doctrine\\\\', which became a reaction to the Czechoslovak crisis, to a large extent, they drew a line under the discussion of the fall of 1964.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Convenient synthesis of a new class of N2SO or N2S2 tetradentate ligands suitable for nuclear medicine applications. In our search for a Tc-99m labelled brain perfusion imaging agent, six new tetradentate acyclic ligands have been synthesised in good yield, through easy and fast syntheses. These compounds possess an aromatic ring bridging a nitrogen and an oxygen or a sulfur and contain two amides (1a, 1b) or an amine and an amide functionalities (2a-2d), which make them good candidates for radiopharmaceuticals.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Factors Related to the Intention of Starting a Business: A Study Among Students in Vietnam. This study has adapted Ajzen's (1991) theory of planned behaviour (TPB) to investigate the effects of factors such as lifestyle, self-efficacy, social capital, attitude towards entrepreneurship, subjective norms and perceive behavioural control on a business start-up intention among Vietnamese students. By using a meta-analytic path analysis with a sample of 663 students at universities and colleges in Vietnam, the authors indicate that subjective norms do not directly affect the entrepreneurial intention but they have an indirect effect on the business start-up intention through the attitude towards entrepreneurship. Moreover, self-efficacy is seen as the most important factor in shaping the entrepreneurial intention, followed by the attitude towards entrepreneurship and social capital. Interestingly, the research results show that the attitude towards entrepreneurship plays the mediating role in the relationship between subjective norms, social capital and the entrepreneurial intention. These findings also show that the theory of planned behaviour can be effectively applied in the context of transitional economy in Vietnam.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "Horizontal distribution and habitat of Pacific bluefin tuna, Thunnus orientalis, larvae in the waters around Japan. Pacific bluefin tuna (PBF), Thunnus orientalis (Temminck and Schlegel, 1844), is highly migratory and capable of traversing large distances throughout the North Pacific Ocean. The majority of spawning activity has been reported only from the Sea of Japan and western parts of the Pacific Ocean. We have conducted larval surveys in these areas since 2009 (\\\\'late period\\\\'), and used generalized additive models (GAM) with presence/absence data to analyze larval distribution with respect to oceanographic conditions, such as sea surface temperature and chlorophyll-a concentration. Here, we compare our survey data with some historical data collected from 1979 to 1988 (\\\\'early period\\\\'). In total, 9192 individual PBF larvae were collected from 1979 to 2015, and body lengths ranged from 2 to 11 mm. In the early period, the relatively higher probability area for the presence of PBF larvae in the Pacific Ocean was wider than that in the Sea of Japan. However, in the late period, the relatively higher probability area for presence in the Sea of Japan was wider than in the early period. The spline function of sea surface temperature for PBF larvae was lower in the early period than in the late period, though large uncertainty in the Pacific Ocean in the late period was observed. These results suggest that the change in the distribution pattern of PBF larvae may be caused by ocean warming.", "label": [4, 42, 36]}
+{"token": "YOUR MAJESTY! I ASK NOTHING FOR MYSELF': THE WIDOW OF THE WRITER DOSTOYEVSKY AND THE IMPERIAL HOUSE. The article reveals the history of relationships between the widow of the great Russian writer, Anna Dostoevskaya, and the Imperial House of Russia between 1881 and 1913. The study is based on her files (notebooks, letters) that were not introduced into scientific circulation before. These materials as well as her memoirs, first published in full in 2015, are kept in the manuscript divisions of the Russian State Library and the Institute of Russian literature, in the Russian State Archive of Literature and Art. Anna Dostoevskaya's contacts with Romanovs occurred primarily in the context of her commemorative and charitable activity aimed at perpetuating her husband's name. These activities took various forms: the publication of Dostoyevsky's writings, sending them to the libraries of Russia, creating the Museum room of Dostoevsky with his archival documents for admirers of the writer, the organization of a parochial school named after Dostoyevsky and many others. Applying to the Imperial House for assistance, the widow of the writer did not look for any benefits for herself except memorializing Dostoevsky, caring for the future of her family and the benefit of Russia. The article based on documentary sources provides new facts not only about Dostoevsky family but about the interests and charitable activity of Emperor Alexander III, Grand Dukes Konstantin and Dmitry Konstantinovich, Vladimir Alexandrovich; considers the role of the Imperial House in formation of the writer's reputation after his death and in commemoration work.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "From periphery to centre and back again: elite transformations in Mechelen (fourteenth to sixteenth centuries). This article explores the social history of the political elites of Mechelen, a town that evolved from a seigneurial enclave within the duchy of Brabant to the de facto capital of the Burgundian-Habsburg Low Countries between the 1470s and 1530. Proceeding from a quantitative analysis of lists of aldermen, fiscal registers and epitaphs, the article argues that the short-lived functioning of Mechelen as a capital city had great impact on its ruling classes. Mechelen was traditionally ruled by a coalition of craft guilds and prominent citizens, but the latter reoriented their social networks to the court elite, as the latter's presence supercharged pre-existing trends towards ennoblement among the urban elite.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Mode separation of energy release rate for delamination in composite laminates using sublaminates. Individual energy release rates for delamination in composite laminates do not exist according to two- or three-dimensional elastic theory due to the oscillatory characteristics of the stress and displacement fields near the delamination tip (Sun, C.T., Jih, C.J., 1987. Engng. Fracture Mech. 28. 13-20; Raju, I.S., Creus Jr., J.H., Aminpour, M.A., 1988. Engng. Fracture Mech. 30, 383-396.) In this paper, sublaminates governed by transverse shear deformable laminate theory are adopted to model such delamination. Oscillatory singular stresses around the delamination tip are avoided as a result. Instead, stress resultant jumps are found in the sublaminates across the delamination tip. It transpires that mode I, II and III energy release rates can then be obtained using the virtual crack closure technique. The results produced by this approach for a homogeneous double cantilever beam and an edge-delamination in a nonhomogeneous laminate show good agreement with those available in the literature. The approach produces both total and individual components of energy release rate for delamination, which converge as the sublaminate division is refined and the sizes of the delamination tip elements decrease. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "INHERITANCE AND STABILITY OF RESISTANCE TO BACILLUS-THURINGIENSIS FORMULATIONS OF THE DIAMONDBACK MOTH, PLUTELLA-XYLOSTELLA (LINNAEUS) (LEPIDOPTERA, YPONOMEUTIDAE). Levels, genetic traits and stability of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis (BT) of the Kohno populations (RO and ROO) of the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella were investigated by the leaf-dip method. The RO and ROO populations exhibited 78.5 and 704-fold resistance to BT (Toarow CT(R)), respectively, high levels of resistance to other formulations derived from B.t. subsp. kurstaki, and low resistance to BT derived from subsps. kurstaki and aizawai. Analysis of dosage-mortality relationships of F1, F2 and backcross progenies derived from the cross of susceptible (S) and ROO populations revealed that BT resistance was primarily controlled by an incompletely recessive, autosomal single allele. High levels of BT resistance in the moth have decreased within generations in the absence of insecticidal selection. The RO population exhibited 46- and 52-fold resistance to the tertiary amines, cartap and thiocyclam, respectively. Resistance to tertiary amines have remained at high levels without insecticidal selection.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "KINSHIP, PROPERTY RELATIONS, AND THE SURVIVAL OF DOUBLE MONASTERIES IN THE EASTERN CHURCH. The article examines the enduring phenomenon of double monasticism, the type of religious organization whereby a single monastic unit combined a male and a female community that followed the same rule, recognized the authority of the same superior, and functioned within the boundaries of the same monastic compound or in close proximity to each other, but not in shared quarters. After centuries of evolution since late antiquity, double monasteries effectively ceased to exist in the Latin West by the high middle ages, but demonstrated remarkable staying powers in the sphere of historic Byzantine cultural influences, particularly in Orthodox Eastern Europe and Christian Middle East, where this archaic type of monastic institution survived into the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Based on previously unexplored archival material from the Orthodox lands of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and later the Ukrainian Hetmanate, a semi-autonomous state ruled by elective officers who recognized the tsar of Muscovy as their suzerain, the article analyses the place of kinship structures, economic and political factors, legal frameworks, and the role of the imperial state in the evolution and ultimate decline of the double monastery.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Raman Spectroscopic Observations on the Structural Characteristics and Dissociation Behavior of Methane Hydrate Synthesized in Silica Sands with Various Sizes. Raman spectroscopic observations of the characteristics and dissociation of methane hydrate were carried out on hydrates synthesized in silica sands with particle sizes of 53-75, 90-106, 106-150, and 150-180,mu m. The results obtained indicate that methane hydrates formed in silica sands had similar characteristics regarding cage occupancy and hydration number (5.99) to bulk hydrate, indicative of no influence of the particle size on hydrate composition. During hydrate dissociation, the change in the average intensity ratio of large to small cages were generally consistent with that of bulk hydrate but dropped dramatically after a certain time, and this turning point seems to be related to the particle size of silica sands.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "Encoding in Conceivability-Contexts: Zalta's Theory of Intentionality versus Bourgeois-Gironde's Notion of Quasi-encoding. In (Bourgeois-Gironde, S. 2004. \\\\'On Zalta's Notion of Encoding in Conceivability-Contexts.\\\\' Metaphysica 5), the author proposes a survey of Zalta's Object Theory (Zalta, E. N. 1983. Abstract Objects: An Introduction to Axiomatic Metaphysics. Dordrecht: Reidel Publishing Company; Zalta, E. N. 1988. Intensional Logic and the Metaphysics of Intentionality. Cambridge: MIT Press) and, more specifically, of the Modal Axiom of Encoding (MAE). MAE claims that if something x possibly encodes a property F, then x necessarily encodes F. According to Bourgeois-Gironde, MAE fails to account for intentional phenomena which occur in conceivability-contexts. His solution is based on the notion of quasi-encoding: x quasi-encodes F iff x possibly encodes F. In this paper, I show that Bourgeois-Gironde's concern is misguided and that Zalta's framework captures the conceivability-phenomena at issue by modeling Husserl's notion of Noemata. I then argue that his solution is superior to Bourgeois-Gironde's. The philosophical significance of such a discussion nonetheless goes well beyond the debate between these two authors. Indeed, Zalta's theory of Noemata is only sketched and needs to be further explored to see, on the one hand, whether and how Object Theory successfully describes the behavior of objects in conceivability-contexts, and, on the other hand, to test the efficacy of its primitive notions that are - as the contemporary debate on Neomeinongianism largely shows - anything but uncontroversial.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Abnormal trafficking of sarcolemmal proteins in alpha-glucosidase deficiency. The dystrophin-associated protein complex (DAP) plays an important role in the integrity and stability of the muscle membrane. Whereas much is known about the interaction between DAP members at the sarcolemmal location, intracellular DAP assembly and trafficking is still largely unknown. In alpha-glucosidase (acid maltase) deficiency (alphaGDD), accumulation of glycogen is accompanied by cytoarchitectural abnormalities impairing normal protein metabolism. In the present study, we took advantage of this fact to examine the consequences of impaired protein handling on the formation of DAP, with the aim of gaining indirect knowledge about its sarcoplasmic trafficking and a better understanding of mechanisms leading to myopathic changes found in alphaGDD. Histological examination of alphaGDD muscle confirmed a vacuolar myopathy with glycogen accumulation both in vacuoles and within the sarcoplasm. Sarcoplasmic accumulation of sarcolemmal proteins, including dystrophin and sarcoglycans, occurred around some vacuoles and within non-vacuolated fibres. Utrophin was up-regulated and found at extra-junctional sarcolemmal locations of many fibres. alphaGDD muscle cells developed in a fashion similar to that of controls in culture. However, vacuoles were found in 2-week-old alphaGDD myotubes, and these subsequently increased in size and number. Substantial alterations in DAP handling were found, with accumulation close to the Golgi apparatus. Utrophin was not enriched in the sarcoplasm but was up-regulated along the whole sarcolemma. Our results demonstrate a close association of dystrophin and sarcoglycans during sarcoplasmic processing. Furthermore, they suggest that the myopathy found in alphaGDD is a secondary form of DAP deficiency.", "label": [2, 17, 21]}
+{"token": "Reaction in ion exchangers: Characterization of the ethylenediamine protonation equilibrium in a sulfonic membrane .2. Equilibrium in acidified solutions of ethylenediamine. The protonation equilibria of ethylenediamine (EDA) in cation-exchange membranes are considered in the case of acidified solutions of EDA. Two methods are compared to calculate the apparent equilibrium constants. The first method involves the conversion of the sorbed EDAH(2)(2+) into EDA by sodium hydroxide followed by an acidic titration. In the second method, the membrane is dipped in a solution of carbamic acid (EDACO(2)(+/-)) and the H+ counterions are quantitatively substituted for EDAH(2)(2+). The titration of the remaining EDACO(2)(+/-) by an HCl solution permits to determine the amount of H+ in the membrane at equilibrium. The second method allows to calculate accurately the apparent equilibrium constant K-1* and the apparent acidity constants K-a1* and K-a2*. The apparent and real constants are compared.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 33]}
+{"token": "Lentiviral Vectors and Cystic Fibrosis Gene Therapy. Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a chronic autosomic recessive syndrome, caused by mutations in the CF Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) gene, a chloride channel expressed on the apical side of the airway epithelial cells. The lack of CFTR activity brings a dysregulated exchange of ions and water through the airway epithelium, one of the main aspects of CF lung disease pathophysiology. Lentiviral (LV) vectors, of the Retroviridae family, show interesting properties for CF gene therapy, since they integrate into the host genome and allow long-lasting gene expression. Proof-of-principle that LV vectors can transduce the airway epithelium and correct the basic electrophysiological defect in CF mice has been given. Initial data also demonstrate that LV vectors can be repeatedly administered to the lung and do not give rise to a gross inflammatory process, although they can elicit a T cell-mediated response to the transgene. Future studies will clarify the efficacy and safety profile of LV vectors in new complex animal models with CF, such as ferrets and pigs.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Shoreline change assessment for various types of coasts using multi-temporal Landsat imagery of the east coast of South Korea. Shoreline change assessment is an important task for protecting coastal properties and preserving coastal environments. This research aimed to assess the shoreline changes using the multi-temporal Landsat imagery, acquired from the east coast of South Korea during 1994 and 2014. The procedure for the shoreline change assessment consists of the following steps: (i) generating the normalized difference water index (NDWI) map from each Landsat image; (ii) extracting the shorelines from each NDWI map through the thresholding method; and (iii) assessing the shoreline changes in the various types of coasts such as the sandy, rocky and harbour coasts using the checkpoints with 1km intervals. The statistical results showed that 94% of the shorelines in the sandy coasts and 96% of the shorelines in the rocky coasts moved landward between 1994 and 2014 due to coastal erosions, while 91% of the shorelines in the harbour coasts moved seaward during the same period due to the land reclamation works. This research contributed to the assessment of the shoreline changes and the calculation of the erosion rates in the various coasts of the study area between 1994 and 2014.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 36]}
+{"token": "The Significance of Preoperative Computed Tomography for Predicting Optimal Cytoreduction in Advanced Ovarian Cancer. Results Of 75 patients, 28 (37.3%) had complete tumour resection and 26 (34.7%) had residual tumour <= 1 cm. Residual tumours > 1 cm were found in 21 (28%) patients, five of which were not resectable. Overall survival with residual tumour > 1 cm differed significantly from the group with no macroscopic residual tumour (p = 0.003) and with residual tumour <= 1 cm (p = 0.04). The CT parameters tumour foci in the diaphragm, mesocolon, greater omentum and peritoneum as well as ascites correlated with macroscopic residual tumour. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis only the CT parameter intraparenchymal liver metastasis was statistically significant with regard to prediction of suboptimal tumour resection (> 1 cm) (OR 8.04; 95% CI 1.57-42.4; p = 0.0134). The sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV were 37.5, 89.7, 66.7 and 72.2%.Introduction Optimal cytoreduction is the most important prognostic factor in advanced ovarian cancer. Although staging and assessment of operability are made by exploratory surgery, preoperative computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen is regarded as standard. The aim of this study was to examine various CT parameters with regard to prediction of optimal cytoreduction.Patients and Methods The retrospective study included 131 patients with ovarian cancer newly diagnosed between 2010 and 2014. Of these, n = 36 with FIGO stage I to IIB were excluded from the study. A preoperative abdominal CT was available for n = 75 of the 95 patients with FIGO stage IIC to IV. The CT scans underwent blinded review. The 11 evaluated CT parameters were examined by means of chi(2) test and logistic regression analysis with regard to the endpoints of macroscopic residual tumour and residual tumour > 1 cm. Survival analyses used the Kaplan-Meier method and log rank test.Conclusion Although risk parameters for suboptimal tumour reduction can be identified by CT of the abdomen, surgical exploration with histological confirmation of the diagnosis is essential because of the poor diagnostic accuracy.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Large-scale in silico identification of drugs exerting sex-specific effects in the heart. Methods: For this purpose, we focused on cardiovascular effects because of their high morbidity and mortality. Our model predicted several drugs (including acebutolol and tacrine) with significant differences in the heart between men and women. To validate the sex-specific drug responses identified by our model, acebutolol was selected to lower blood pressure in spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHR), tacrine was used to assess cardiac injury in mice and metformin as control for a non-sex-specific response.Background: Major differences exist between men and women in both physiology and pathophysiology. Dissecting the underlying processes and contributing mechanisms of sex differences in health and disease represents a crucial step towards precision medicine. Considering the significant differences between men and women in the response to pharmacotherapies, our aim was to develop an in silico model able to predict sex-specific drug responses in a large-scale.Conclusions: We conclude that our in silico model could be translated into clinical practice to predict sex-specific drug responses, thereby contributing towards a more appropriate medical care for both men and women.Results: As our model predicted, acebutolol exhibited a stronger decrease in heart rate and blood pressure in female than male SHRs.Tacrine lowered heart rate in male but not in female mice, induced higher plasma cTNI level and increased cardiac superoxide (DHE staining) generation in female than male mice, indicating stronger cardiac toxicity in female than male mice. To validate our model in humans, we employed two Chinese cohorts, which showed that among patients taking a beta-receptor blocker (metoprolol), women reached significantly lower diastolic blood pressure than men.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "CNS bioavailability and radiation protection of normal hippocampal neurogenesis by a lipophilic Mn porphyrin-based superoxide dismutase mimic, MnTnBuOE-2-PyP5+. Although radiation therapy can be effective against cancer, potential damage to normal tissues limits the amount that can be safely administered. In central nervous system (CNS), radiation damage to normal tissues is presented, in part, as suppressed hippocampal neurogenesis and impaired cognitive functions. Mn porphyrin (MnP)-based redox active drugs have demonstrated differential effects on cancer and normal tissues in experimental animals that lead to protection of normal tissues and radio- and chemo-sensitization of cancers. To test the efficacy of MnPs in CNS radioprotection, we first examined the tissue levels of three different MnPs MnTE-2-PyP5+(MnE), MnTnHex-2-PyP5+(MnHex), and MnTnBuOE-2-PyP5+(MnBuOE). Nanomolar concentrations of MnHex and MnBuOE were detected in various brain regions after daily subcutaneous administration, and MnBuOE was well tolerated at a daily dose of 3 mg/kg. Administration of MnBuOE for one week before cranial irradiation and continued for one week afterwards supported production and long-term survival of newborn neurons in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. MnP-driven S-glutathionylation in cortex and hippocampus showed differential responses to MnP administration and radiation in these two brain regions. A better understanding of how preserved hippocampal neurogenesis correlates with cognitive functions following cranial irradiation will be helpful in designing better MnP-based radioprotection strategies.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Morphology, performance and fighting capacity in male lizards, Gallotia galloti. 1. Morphological characteristics (snout-vent length, badge area, mass, limb and head measures) and whole-animal performance capacities (sprint speed, acceleration capacity, stamina and bite force) were measured in male lizards, Gallotia galloti. These males were also tested in paired staged contests to assess relative fighting capacity and to link these results to morphology and performance.4. Winners of contests also tended to have larger total areas of blue patches on their sides, suggesting that these badges convey information on the social status of the males. However, since no correlation was found between bite force and badge size, the patches seem to contain information on a component of fighting capacity other than bite force.2. A multivariate analysis of the four performance features revealed a clear difference between the physiological capacities of winners vs losers, with bite force being the most important predictor of the outcome of fights.3. The finding that bite performance is linked to dominance fits in with the high sexual dimorphism in head size in this species, as head size is a predictor of bite force performance.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Shifting Strategies: the Pursuit of Closure and the 'Association of German Auditors'. Drawing on Weber's [(1972). Wirtschaft and Gesellschaft: Grundriss der verstehenden Soziologie [Economy and society. An outline of interpretive sociology]. (5th ed.). Tubingen: Mohr Siebeck] theories of social stratification and closure, and on Parkin's [(1979). Marxism and class theory. London: Tavistock] development thereof, this paper contributes a case study of Germany to the literature on closure processes (rather than outcomes), and outcomes falling short of professionalization. It explores the early history of the first German association of auditors, the Verband Deutscher Bacherrevisoren (VDB), founded in 1896. The paper traces how closure was pursued, at various times, by different means and to different degrees, depending on the changing social, economic and political contexts and on changing perception of what would best serve the association's interest. By thus focusing on the shifting aims and strategies of the VDB, the paper contributes new insights into the dynamics within professions and between professions and their environments, and the dynamics and conditions underlying failed professionalization projects. The paper shows that, while the VDB had a degree of success in creating many of the structure and processes of a modern professional body, its ambition to achieve market and professional closure was not fulfilled.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "Mixed mode fracture in plain and reinforced concrete: some results on benchmark tests. Three different models for concrete based on local and non-local approaches have been adopted to investigate the mechanical behaviour of plain and reinforced concrete when undergoing mixed-mode fracture. The purpose of the research is to understand the results of some benchmark tests, to compare the models with each other and with experiments, and to estimate the reliability of the modelling. To create a sound basis for the comparison, the discretizations, the boundary conditions and the material data are considered, when possible, as unified parameters for the different models in each benchmark test.", "label": [1, 11, 12]}
+{"token": "Executive Function Differences Between First Episode and Recurrent Major Depression Patients. Discussion: The results indicate that, compared to first episode depression, the patients with recurrent depression have worse executive function performance and perseveration tendencies. Episode quantity and perseveration tendency were associated.Results: Patients with depression exhibited worse performance in all tests compared to control subjects. While there were no differences between first episode and recurrent depression patients in terms of depression severity and anxiety levels, recurrent depression patients had significantly more perseveration tendency in WCST and significantly worse performance in word production. Among patients in the recurrent depression group, 63,5% had second, 22,2% third, 14,2% had had a fourth episode. There is a significant correlation between the number of depressive episode and the perseveration tendency in WCST.Objectives: The differences between recurrent episodes and first episode depression among depressive patients in terms of executive functions had not previously been investigated. In this study, we aimed to explore executive function differences between patient groups with depression and healthy control subjects.Method: 19 first episode sufferers of depression, 14 sufferers of recurrent major depression and 33 healthy subjects, selected as suitable with regard to gender and educational level, were enrolled in this study. In the first session, we applied the SCID-I, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Mini Mental Test (MMT) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). In the second session we applied neuropsychological tests including the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), Verbal Fluency Test (VET) and Stroop Tests to all participants.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Fine-scale population structure of Accumulibacter phosphatis in enhanced biological phosphorus removal sludge. To investigate the diversities of Accumulibacter phosphatis and its polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) synthase gene (phaC) in enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) sludge, an acetate-fed sequencing batch reactor was operated. Analysis of microbial communities using fluorescence in situ hybridization and 16S rRNA gene clone libraries showed that the population of Accumulibacter phosphatis in the EBPR sludge comprised more than 50% of total bacteria, and was clearly divided into two subgroups with about 97.5% sequence identity of the 16S rRNA genes. PAO phaC primers targeting the phaC genes of Accumulibacter phosphatis were designed and applied to retrieve fragments of putative phaC homologs of Accumulibacter phosphatis from EBPR sludge. PAO phaC primers targeting G(1PAO), G(2PAO), and G(3PAO) groups produced PCR amplicons successfully; the resulting sequences of the phaC gene homologs were diverse, and were distantly related to metagenomic phaC sequences of Accumulibacter phosphatis with 75-98% DNA sequence identities. Degenerate NPAO (non-PAO) phaC primers targeting phaC genes of non-Accumulibacter phosphatis bacteria were also designed and applied to the EBPR sludge. Twenty-four phaC homologs retrieved from NPAO phaC primers were different from the phaC gene homologs derived from Accumulibacter phosphatis, which suggests that the PAO phaC primers were specific for the amplification of phaC gene homologs of Accumulibacter phosphatis, and the putative phaC gene homologs by PAO phaC primers were derived from Accumulibacter phosphatis in the EBPR sludge. Among 24 phaC homologs, a phaC homolog (G1NPAO-2), which was dominant in the NPAO phaC clone library, showed the strongest signal in slot hybridization and shared approximately 60% nucleotide identity with the G(4PAO) group of Accumulibacter phosphatis, which suggests that G1NPAO-2 might be derived from Accumulibacter phosphatis. In conclusion, analyses of the 16S rRNA and phaC genes showed that Accumulibacter phosphatis might be phylogenetically and metabolically diverse.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 40]}
+{"token": "VLT observations of metal-rich extra galactic HII regions - I. Massive star populations and the upper end of the IMF. The availability of a fairly large sample of metal-rich WR regions allows us to improve existing estimates of the upper mass cut-off of the IMF in a robust way and independently of detailed modeling: from the observed maximum Hbeta equivalent width of the WR regions we derive a lower limit for M-up of 60-90 M. in the case of a Salpeter slope and larger values for steeper IMF slopes. This constitutes a lower limit on M-up as all observational effects known to affect potentially the Hbeta equivalent width can only reduce the observed W(Hbeta).The WR regions show quite clear trends between their observed WR features and the Hbeta emission line. Detailed synthesis models are presented to understand/interpret these observations. In contrast with earlier studies of low metallicity WR galaxies, both W(WR) and I(WR)/I(Hbeta) are here found to be smaller than \\\\'standard\\\\' predictions from appropriate evolutionary synthesis models at corresponding metallicities. Various possibilities which could explain this discrepancy are discussed. The most likely solution is found with an improved prescription to predict the line emission from WN stars in synthesis models.From our direct probe of the massive star content we conclude that there is at present no evidence for systematic variations of the upper mass cut-off of the IMF in metal-rich environments, in contrast to some claims based on indirect nebular diagnostics.Approximately half (14) of the WR regions also show broad C IV lambda5808 emission attributed to WR stars of the WC subtype. The simultaneous detection of C III lambda5696 emission in 8 of them allows us to determine an average late WC subtype compatible with expectations for high metallicities. Combined with literature data, the metallicity trends of WR features and the WC/WN number ratio are discussed.We have obtained high quality FORS1/VLT optical spectra of 85 disk H II regions in the nearby spiral galaxies NGC 3351, NGC 3521, NGC 4254, NGC 4303, and NGC 4321. Our sample of metal-rich H II regions with metallicities close to solar and higher reveal the presence of Wolf-Rayet (WR) stars in 27 objects from the blue WR bump (similar to4680 Angstrom) and 15 additional candidate WR regions. This provides for the first time a large set of metal-rich WR regions.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Nigrograna mackinnonii, Not Trematosphaeria grisea (syn., Madurella grisea), Is the Main Agent of Black Grain Eumycetoma in Latin America. Mycetoma, a chronic and mutilating subcutaneous infection recognized by the WHO as a neglected tropical disease, has been reported in >25 countries in Africa, Asia, and South America. In Latin America, Trematosphaeria grisea is assumed to be the prevalent fungal agent. Recent molecular studies have shown that this is an environmental saprobe in Europe, where it is rarely implicated in human diseases. The aim of the present paper is to establish the identity of Latin American cases ascribed to Trematosphaeria grisea. Three cases analyzed were caused by Nigrograna mackinnonii. Data on an additional 21 strains in the literature revealed that N. mackinnonii rather than T. grisea is responsible for most cases of black grain eumycetoma in Latin America.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Competitive pressure and arousing television news: a cross-cultural study. In many scholarly writings about journalism, the idea can be found that competitive pressure urges journalists to make news more arousing. This hypothesis was tested in two cultural settings: the Western European culture and the Chinese-dominated culture. A total of 3028 TV news stories from seven different markets, or 12 different news programs, were analyzed on the presence of arousing news characteristics. High competitive pressure at the market level appeared to contribute to the prevalence of arousing news, but this effect was more pronounced in the Chinese-dominated culture than in the Western European culture. Effects of high competitive pressure at the station level were only observed in the Western European culture.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "A Hidden Chaotic Attractor with an Independent Amplitude-Frequency Controller. In this paper, a three-dimensional chaotic system with a line equilibrium is studied, in which a single nonbifurcation parameter is used to control the amplitude and frequency. A variety of chaotic signals can be modified using the amplitude-frequency control switch. The realization of circuit simulation based on multisim further verifies the theoretical analysis. Finally, the method for encrypting color images is tested, and the process performance is valued. It shows that the novel chaotic oscillation has a promising application prospect in image encryption.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Microswitch clusters promote adaptive responses and reduce finger mouthing in a boy with multiple disabilities. The authors assessed new microswitch clusters (i.e., combinations of two microswitches) and contingent stimulation to increase adaptive responses (i.e., foot and head movements) and reduce aberrant behavior (i.e., finger mouthing) in a boy with multiple disabilities. Initially, intervention was directed at increasing the frequency of each adaptive response, individually, through contingent use of preferred stimuli. Subsequently, adaptive responses led to preferred stimuli only if they occurred in the absence of finger mouthing. Postintervention checks occurred 1, 2, and 3 months after the end of the intervention. Data showed that the boy (a) increased the frequency of the adaptive responses extensively, (b) learned to perform these responses largely free from finger mouthing, and (c) maintained these changes over time. The importance of microswitch clusters to simultaneously pursue the dual objective of promoting adaptive responses and reducing aberrant ones is underlined.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Post-treatment with the Ca2+-Mg2+-endonuclease inhibitor aurintricarboxylic acid prevents peroxynitrite-induced DNA damage and death of murine astrocytes. Oxidative stress plays critical roles in aging, cell death, and many diseases. Peroxynitrite is one of the major reactive oxygen species which mediates cell injury in a number of illnesses. It is of importance to identify the downstream events in peroxynitrite-initiated cell death cascade for preventing peroxynitrite toxicity. Ca2+-Mg2--endonucleases have been suggested as the endonucleases that execute DNA fragmentation in several apoptotic cascades. In this Study, we determined if astrocytes and neurons express the genes of Ca2+- Mg2+-endonucleases. We also tested our hypothesis that post-treatment with the Ca2+-Mg2+-endonuclease inhibitor aurintricarboxylic acid can decrease peroxynitrite-induced DNA damage and death of astrocytes. We found that both astrocytes and neurons express DNase I-like endonuclease - a major isoform of Ca2+-Mg2+-endonucleases. Treatment of astrocytes with aurintricarboxylic acid either before or after peroxynitrite exposures can profoundly decrease peroxynitrite-induced DNA damage and cell death. These results suggest that Ca2(+-)Mg(2+)-endonucleases may be a key downstream component in peroxynitrite-initiated cell death cascade in astrocytes and some other cell types, and aurintricarboxylic acid could be used to decrease peroxynitrite-induced DNA damage at delayed phases. Published by Elsevier Inc.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Concrete Being in the Praxis: On Heidegger's Interpretation of the Concept of omicron upsilon sigma iota alpha in Aristotle. Heidegger opposes the translation of omicron upsilon sigma iota alpha as substance, while he advocates translating it directly as being. Following Aristotle, Heidegger tries to discover the being in the light of the daily productive experience, so that he connects omicron upsilon sigma iota alpha with the form (tau omicron tau iota (eta) over tilde nu epsilon(iota) over tilde nu alpha iota). At the same time, focusing on the phenomenon of motion, omicron upsilon sigma iota alpha is understood as the realization of the form, that is its constant presence. However, to develop an interpretative model that corresponding to the life practice, Heidegger must go beyond Aristotle. Exposing the various dimensions of the concept of delta upsilon nu alpha mu iota zeta and emphasizing the element of absence, Heidegger proposes the concept of the original absence so that he can understand the process of movement again from his own sight. Accordingly, a new interpretative model is developed, through which the omicron upsilon sigma iota alpha is understood as the concrete, future-oriented being.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Parents' Decisions to Vaccinate Children against COVID-19: A Scoping Review. Since 2019, the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in sickness, hospitalizations, and deaths of the old and young and impacted global social and economy activities. Vaccination is one of the most important and efficient ways to protect against the COVID-19 virus. In a review of the literature on parents' decisions to vaccinate their children, we found that widespread vaccination was hampered by vaccine hesitancy, especially for children who play an important role in the coronavirus transmission in both family and school. To analyze parent vaccination decision-making for children, our review of the literature on parent attitudes to vaccinating children, identified the objective and subjective influencing factors in their vaccination decision. We found that the median rate of parents vaccinating their children against COVID-19 was 59.3% (IQR 48.60~73.90%). The factors influencing parents' attitudes towards child vaccination were heterogeneous, reflecting country-specific factors, but also displaying some similar trends across countries, such as the education level of parents. The leading reason in the child vaccination decision was to protect children, family and others; and the fear of side effects and safety was the most important reason in not vaccinating children. Our study informs government and health officials about appropriate vaccination policies and measures to improve the vaccination rate of children and makes specific recommendations on enhancing child vaccinate rates.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "The apparent viscosity of the particulate phase of bubbling gas-fluidized beds - A comparison of the falling or rising sphere technique with other methods. Comparison of values Of mu fluid(mf) in the literature for bed-materials with diameters of 60-550 mu m (mostly sand or glass ballotini) demonstrate that mu fluid(mf) increases with the size of the bed-particles. A value Of mu fluid(mf) = 1 kg m(-1) s(-1) appears appropriate for a Group B solid [from the classification of Geldart (1973)], if no better information is available.Literature concerned with measuring the apparent viscosity of the particulate phase, mu fluid(mf), of a bubbling, gas-fluidized bed is reviewed. It is demonstrated that values Of mu fluid(mf) derived from measurements using a falling or rising sphere compare favourably with results from other techniques. The measurements of Daniels (1959) for the terminal velocities of descent of various metallic spheres in incipiently fluidized beds have been analysed to obtain values for mu fluid(mf). For the systems considered here: (1) the terminal velocity for each sphere was proportional to its diameter squared, and (2) each value derived for mu fluid(mf) was independent of the rate of shear. This allowed the sphere's movement to be analysed using a modified form of Stokes' law in the same manner as Rees et al. (2005); their analysis allowed for a defluidized hood of bed-particles resting on top of the sphere.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "Stabilising control of multi-machine power systems with transmission losses based on pseudo-generalised Hamiltonian theory. The dynamics of many physical systems can be suitably described as the form of port-controlled Hamiltonian systems. Based on this, a number of control design methods have been successfully proposed and applied in both mechanical and electrical systems. However, the rigorous structure requirements of the classical Hamilton system inevitably limit its scope of application, with the multi-machine power system considering transfer conductances as one notorious example. This study presents the pseudo-generalised Hamiltonian system, which has a more general form and a wider range of application. A new Lyapunov candidate function is proposed and proved to be a real Lyapunov function under some assumptions. Two global centralised excitation control strategies are designed by a damping injection energy balancing method and the L-2-disturbance attenuation method, respectively. Furthermore, a multi-machine power system with transfer conductance is taken as an example to explicitly describe the application of the proposed theory. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the methodology presented in this study.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
+{"token": "Radiation pattern analyses for seismic multi-parameter inversion of HTI anisotropic media. In seismic waveform inversion, selecting an optimal multi-parameter group is a key step to derive an accurate subsurface model for characterising hydrocarbon reservoirs. There are three parameterizations for the horizontal transverse isotropic (HTI) media, and each parameterization consists of five parameters. The first parameterization (P-I) consists of two velocities and three anisotropy parameters, the second (P-II) consists of five elastic coefficients and the third (P-III) consists of five velocity parameters. The radiation patterns of these three parameterizations indicate a strong interference among five parameters. An effective inversion strategy is a two-stage scheme that first inverts for the velocities or velocity-related parameters and then inverts for all five parameters simultaneously. The inversion results clearly demonstrate that P-I is the best parameterization for seismic waveform inversion in HTI anisotropic media.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Phononic Crystal Sensors: A New Class of Resonant Sensors-Chances and Challenges for the Determination of Liquid Properties. Resonant mechanical sensors are often considered as mass balance, which responds to an analyte adsorbed on or absorbed in a thin sensitive (and selective) layer deposited on the surface of the resonant device. In a more general sense, the sensor measures properties at the interface of the mechanical resonator to the medium under inspection. A phononic crystal (PnC) sensor employs mechanical resonance as well; however, the working principle is fundamentally different. The liquid medium under inspection becomes an integral part of the PnC sensor. The liquid-filled compartment acts as a mechanical resonator. Therefore, the sensor probes the entire liquid volume within this compartment. In both sensor concepts, the primary sensor value is a resonant frequency. To become an attractive new sensing concept, specifically as a bio and chemical sensor, the PnC sensor must reach an extraordinary sensitivity. We pay attention to the liquid viscosity, which is an important factor limiting sensitivity. The main part of our analysis has been performed on 1D PnC sensors, since they underlie the same material-related acoustic dissipation mechanisms as 2D and 3D PnC sensors. We show that an optimal relation of frequency shift to bandwidth and amplitude of resonance is the key to an enhanced sensitivity of the sensor-to-liquid analyte properties. We finally address additional challenges of 2D and 3D PnC sensor design concept. We conclude that the sensor should seek for a frequency resolution close to 10(-6) the probing frequency, or a resolution with speed of sound approaching 1 mm s(-1), taking water-based analytes as an example.", "label": [1, 15, 12]}
+{"token": "Genetic analysis of pathway regulation for enhancing branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis in plants. P>The branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) valine, leucine and isoleucine are essential amino acids that play critical roles in animal growth and development. Animals cannot synthesize these amino acids and must obtain them from their diet. Plants are the ultimate source of these essential nutrients, and they synthesize BCAAs through a conserved pathway that is inhibited by its end products. This feedback inhibition has prevented scientists from engineering plants that accumulate high levels of BCAAs by simply over-expressing the respective biosynthetic genes. To identify components critical for this feedback regulation, we performed a genetic screen for Arabidopsis mutants that exhibit enhanced resistance to BCAAs. Multiple dominant allelic mutations in the VALINE-TOLERANT 1 (VAT1) gene were identified that conferred plant resistance to valine inhibition. Map-based cloning revealed that VAT1 encodes a regulatory subunit of acetohydroxy acid synthase (AHAS), the first committed enzyme in the BCAA biosynthesis pathway. The VAT1 gene is highly expressed in young, rapidly growing tissues. When reconstituted with the catalytic subunit in vitro, the vat1 mutant-containing AHAS holoenzyme exhibits increased resistance to valine. Importantly, transgenic plants expressing the mutated vat1 gene exhibit valine tolerance and accumulate higher levels of BCAAs. Our studies not only uncovered regulatory characteristics of plant AHAS, but also identified a method to enhance BCAA accumulation in crop plants that will significantly enhance the nutritional value of food and feed.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "COURSE OF DEPRESSION IN PATIENTS WITH HYPERTENSION, MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION, OR INSULIN-DEPENDENT DIABETES. Objective: The authors examined the course of depression over 2 years for outpatients with and without a history of hypertension, a history of myocardial infarction, or current insulin-dependent diabetes. Method: Among outpatient visitors to the practices of 523 general medical clinicians and mental health specialists, 626 depressed patients were followed for 1 or 2 years with a telephone-administered interview based on the format of the National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Results: Depressed patients with and without medical illness had high rates of persistent depressive symptoms and spells over 2 years. Patients with a lifetime history of myocardial infarction had significantly more spells of depression over the first follow-up year, more total symptoms of depression in the second follow-up year, and more depressive symptoms at the end of each follow-up year than depressed patients without myocardial infarction. The course of depression did not differ significantly for depressed patients with and without a lifetime history of hypertension or current insulin-dependent diabetes. Conclusions: Among depressed adult outpatients, a history of myocardial infarction is associated with a particularly poor clinical prognosis. A relatively high percentage of all depressed patients in this study bad persistent depression regardless of the extent of medical comorbidity.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Trading butter for guns - Domestic imperatives for foreign policy substitution. The international relations literature largely presumes that leaders engage in foreign policy substitution but does not provide a compelling theoretical explanation or convincing empirical evidence that substitution occurs. This article offers a theory of foreign policy choice based on the differences between private and public goods. It assumes that private goods and public goods are useful under different circumstances and conditions. Leaders select a policy based on political needs, so private- and public-goods approaches are employed alternatively depending on domestic situations: policies are substituted one for another. The trade-off between aggressive unilateral economic behavior and military conflict as the United States conducted foreign policy during the cold war is examined. Results show that leaders facing economic concerns and/or domestic opposition prefer trade aggression, a patently private-good-like policy, and substitute such policies in response to changing domestic stimuli.", "label": [5, 47, 49]}
+{"token": "Quantitative and Qualitative Relationship between Microstructural Factors and Fatigue Lives under Load- and Strain-Controlled Conditions of Ti-5Al-2Sn-2Zr-4Cr-4Mo (Ti-17) Fabricated Using a 1500-ton Forging Simulator. The microstructure after solution treatment at 1203 K, which is more than the beta transus temperature, and aging treatment exhibits equiaxed prior beta grains composed of fine acicular alpha. On the other hand, the microstructures after solution treatment at temperatures of 1063, 1123, and 1143 K, which are less than the beta transus temperature, and aging treatment exhibit elongated prior beta grains composed of two different microstructural feature regions, which are acicular alpha and fine spheroidal alpha phase regions. The 0.2% proof stress, sigma(0.2), and tensile strength, sigma(B), increase with increasing solution treatment temperature up to 1143K within the (alpha + beta) region, but decrease with further increasing solution treatment temperature to 1203K within the beta region. The elongation (EL) and reduction of area (RA) decrease with increasing solution treatment temperature, and it becomes nearly 0% corresponding to a solution treatment temperature of 1203 K. The high cycle fatigue limit increases with increasing solution treatment temperature up to 1143 K, corresponding to the (alpha + beta) region. However, it decreases with further increase in the solution treatment temperature to 1203K in the beta region. The fatigue ratio in high cycle fatigue life region is increasing with decreasing solution treatment temperature, namely increasing the volume fraction of the primary alpha phase, and it relates well qualitatively with the volume fraction of the primary alpha phase when the solution treatment temperature is less than the beta transus temperature. The low cycle fatigue life increases with decreasing solution treatment temperature, namely increasing the volume fraction of the primary alpha phase. The low cycle fatigue life relates well quantitatively with the tensile true strain at breaking of the specimen and the volume fraction of the primary alpha phase for each total strain range of low cycle fatigue testing.The fatigue lives of forged Ti-17 using a 1500-ton forging simulator subjected to different solution treatments and a common aging treatment were evaluated under both load- and strain-controlled conditions: high and low cycle fatigue lives, respectively. Then, the tensile properties and microstructures were also examined. Finally, the relationships among fatigue lives and the microstructural factors and tensile properties were examined.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Longitudinal evaluation of a smoking prevention program for adolescents. METHODS: The program was conducted between 1999 and 2002, in schools of the district of Lisboa, Portugal. The program integrated activities in the school, family and community. This was a longitudinal quasi-experimental study, based on Community Intervention Trial, with randomly defined control conditions (CC) and intervention conditions (IC). A total of four questionnaires were applied in the beginning of the 7(th)(T1), 8(th)(T2) and 9(th)(T3) and in the end of the 9(th)(T4) school grades, to 1,205 adolescents, aged 13 years on average, of which 57% were girls and 55% were included in the IC. Exposure to prevention activities, psychosocial determinants of smoking and behavior were the variables considered in the evaluation of the program. Variance analysis and logistic regression were used to test the differences between the two study conditions.OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a smoking prevention program for adolescents.RESULTS: IC obtained better results in the smoking psychosocial determinants and in behavior. At the end of the project, 41.8% of participants in the IC and 53.3% of those in the CC had tried tobacco (OR = 0.62; CI95% 0.49; 0.80), while those who became regular smokers totaled 8.0% and 12.4%, respectively (OR = 0.59; CI95% 0.40; 0.87).CONCLUSIONS: The program reduced the initiation of smoking and regular smoking. Results appeared in the second year and improved in the third. Effectiveness of smoking prevention programs depends on a continuous implementation throughout adolescence and on the integration of measures aimed to reach adolescents directly and indirectly through their social context (school, family and community).", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Capillary-driven grain boundary motion and grain rotation in a tricrystal: A molecular dynamics study. We report on molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of a tricrystal composed of a cylindrical grain embedded at the center of a plane grain boundary (GB). The embedded grain shrinks by capillary forces and eventually vanishes. This process is often accompanied by rotation of the embedded grain in either a clockwise or counter-clockwise direction. Using the geometric theory of coupling between GB motion and grain translations, we propose a model capable of predicting the direction of the grain rotation depending on the crystallographic parameters of the three grains. Full agreement has been found between the model predictions and the MD simulation results for both spontaneous grain shrinkage and in the presence of applied shear stresses. The consequences of these results for grain rotation in polycrystalline materials and possible extensions of the model to multiple grains are discussed. (C) 2013 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Trends in Police-Recorded Offenses at the Beginning of the Twenty-First Century in Europe. This study explores the trends in police-recorded crimes in Europe and in individual countries. The offender characteristics such as gender and age of perpetrators are also considered. In addition, the analysis discusses factors behind the changes in the crime trends. Data were collected for the European Sourcebook of Crime and Criminal Justice Statistics by means of an electronic questionnaire, with the help of national correspondents. The dataset comprises metadata and crime rates (crimes/100,000 population) for 21 offense types. This article focuses on the results from the years 2000-2011. The overview of European crime trends is based on an analysis of the average annual change in homicide, assault, rape, burglary, car theft, robbery, and drug offenses. The trends in different crime categories vary: homicide has decreased in all European countries, and the decrease has been more rapid in those countries with a high homicide rate. However, the development of all violent crime seems contradictory, because assault and rape rates have increased in many countries. Property crimes, such as robbery, burglary and car theft, have decreased, but drug crimes show an increase. Overall, the findings suggest that property is currently better secured now than at the beginning of the century, but the situation in respect of violent crimes (excluding homicide) and drug crimes has not improved. In the future, efforts should be made to collect Europe-wide victimization survey data to supplement and deepen the understanding of the development of crime. In spite of the limitations, for the moment police trends are especially important, because up-to-date European victimization survey figures are not available.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Fermentation profiling of rice wine produced by Aspergillus oryzae KSS2 and Rhizopus oryzae KJJ39 newly isolated from Korean fermentation starter. The objective of this study was to determine the fermentation characteristics of rice wine produced by koji inoculated with Aspergillus oryzae KSS2 and Rhizopus oryzae KJJ39 on moisturized wheat-bran and rice grain. We also compared rice wine samples produced in this study and three commercial Makgeolli. The alcohol content was about 12% higher in the rice wine samples fermented by wheat-bran koji than in the other samples. In all of the samples, the range of pH value was 3.8-4.6 and the total acid was below 0.5. The soluble solid content was highest in the rice wine sample prepared by the wheat-bran R. oryzae KJJ39 koji (15.5 degrees Brix) and overall relatively higher in the samples with wheat-bran koji than rice koji. The content of reducing sugar was twofold higher in rice wine prepared by koji inoculated with R. oryzae KJJ39 than A. oryzae KSS2. The volatile acid content was higher in rice wine produced by the wheat-bran A. oryzae KSS2 koji than the others. In the analyses of five organic acids, A. oryzae KSS2 was found to produce more malic acid and fumaric acid while R. oryzae KJJ39 to do more citric acid, lactic acid and acetic acid. The rice wine sample prepared with the wheat-bran A. oryzae KSS2 koji contained much higher concentration of sucrose, maltose and amino acids. Comprehensively, the results of fermentation profiling suggest that both A. oryzae KSS2 and R. oryzae KJJ39 can be applied to the production of rice wine as a valuable fungal isolate for fermentation start.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "An empirical study into the learning practices and enculturation of DJs, turntablists, hip hop and dance music producers. This study explores the music practices and learning strategies of nine popular electronic musicians (DJs, turntablists, hip hop and dance music producers) through the consideration of current literature in empirical music studies, trends in music education and the theme of musical enculturation as a key component of a popular electronic musician's development. Following the investigation into the learning practices employed by the musicians, as they gather the necessary skills and knowledge to compose, arrange, produce and perform dance and hip hop genres of electronic music, the article goes on to consider whether the learning practices and values expressed by the musicians could be realistically adapted or included within formal music education.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Georadar, georradar, georradar ... New patterns for the classification of Spanish neological formal variation .... Formal variation is one of the main features that help us define what a neologism is. New words go through an initial stage of formal instability, before becoming total members of the languages they are inserted into. Basing our study on more than 6,000 neologisms compiled in the press along the past eight years, we have observed and classified the main trends of formal variation in current Spanish neologisms. For that purpose, a scoring scale has been designed, which favours the formally stable neologisms and not the unstable ones. The scale takes into account the absolute frequency of each unit in the corpus, the number of variants addressing the same concept, and the difference in absolute frequency among them. Results prove the existence of new relevant kinds of formal variation, such as the alternation between joining and separating lexical elements by means of hyphens, or the attempts to adapt the new units to the orthographical rules. Likewise, the prevailing trends within each kind of formal variation detected have been defined.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Trends in bidi and cigarette smoking in India from 1998 to 2015, by age, gender and education. Findings: The age-standardised prevalence of any smoking in men at ages 15-69 years fell from about 27% in 1998 to 24% in 2010, but rose at ages 15-29 years. During this period, cigarette smoking in men became about twofold more prevalent at ages 15-69 years and fourfold more prevalent at ages 15-29 years. By contrast, bidi smoking among men at ages 15-69 years fell modestly. The age-standardised prevalence of any smoking in women at these ages was 2.7% in 2010. The smoking prevalence in women born after 1960 was about half of the prevalence in women born before 1950. By contrast, the intergenerational changes in smoking prevalence in men were much smaller. The absolute numbers of men smoking any type of tobacco at ages 15-69 years rose by about 29 million or 36% in relative terms from 79 million in 1998 to 108 million in 2015. This represents an average increase of about 1.7 million male smokers every year. By 2015, there were roughly equal numbers of men smoking cigarettes or bidis. About 11 million women aged 15-69 smoked in 2015. Among illiterate men, the prevalence of smoking rose (most sharply for cigarettes) but fell modestly among men with grade 10 or more education. The ex-smoking prevalence in men at ages 45-59 years rose modestly but was low: only 5% nationally with about 4 current smokers for every former smoker.Main outcome measures: Age-standardised smoking prevalence and projected absolute numbers of smokers in 2015. Trends were stratified by type of tobacco smoked, age, gender and education level.Objectives: Smoking of cigarettes or bidis (small, locally manufactured smoked tobacco) in India has likely changed over the last decade. We sought to document trends in smoking prevalence among Indians aged 15-69 years between 1998 and 2015.Participants: About 14 million residents from 2.5 million homes, representative of India.Conclusions: Despite modest decreases in smoking prevalence, the absolute numbers of male smokers aged 15-69 years has increased substantially over the last 15 years. Cigarettes are displacing bidi smoking, most notably among young adult men and illiterate men. Tobacco control policies need to adapt to these changes, most notably with higher taxation on tobacco products, so as to raise the currently low levels of adult smoking cessation.Setting: India.Design: Comparison of 3 nationally representative surveys representing 99% of India's population; the Special Fertility and Mortality Survey (1998), the Sample Registration System Baseline Survey (2004) and the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (2010).", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "CO2/N-2 injection into CH4 + C3H8 hydrates for gas recovery and CO2 sequestration. CO2 injection into CH4 hydrate (sI) is a promising method for simultaneous energy production and global warming mitigation. In fact, the natural abundance of sII hydrates have been also confirmed. The gas exchange kinetics in sII hydrates were significantly different from those in CH4 hydrate. In this work, the injection of CO2 with or without N-2 into CH4-C3H8 hydrate-bearing sediments was experimentally investigated to explore gas recovery and CO2 sequestration during the replacement. The results indicated that the CH4-CO2 exchange in large cages was always controlled by gas diffusion through newly-formed mixed hydrate layer. Differently, the CH4-N-2 exchange in small cages changed from gas exchange-controlled to gas diffusion-controlled with the increase of N-2 partial pressure. It was found that the recovery of CH4 was much more continuous than that of C3H8 in gaseous CO2/N-2 replacement while CH4 and C3H8 were released synchronously in liquid CO2 replacement. CH4-C3H8 hydrate particles soaked in liquid CO2 may undergo almost complete structural transitions from sII to sI hydrate rich in CO2. The analysis of heterogeneous compositions of the replaced hydrates indicated that the presence of N-2 may have inhibition effects on the structural transition of CH4-C3H8 hydrates. With the injection of gaseous CO2/N-2, there was only a surface structure-transition followed by an iso-structural conversion in the deeper layers of hydrate particles. The structural transition played an important role in the replacement of sII hydrate, which made sII gas hydrate reservoirs to be promising target regions for efficient gas production and CO2 sequestration.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "Unjustly neglected: Siblings of people with a schizophrenic psychosis. Objective: Siblings of individuals suffering from schizophrenia are an underrepresented group in research focussing on the needs of carets and relatives of psychiatric patients. The present study aims to investigate differences between siblings and parents as well as spouses, as regards help seeking, utilisation of an open group for relatives, their subjective burden and quality of life. Methods: 147 relatives of in-patients and patients attending a day hospital where assessed using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), the Family Problem Questionnaire (FPQ), the WHO Quality of Life-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF) and a questionnaire inquiring about the relatives' utilisation of various sources of information and help throughout the course of the illness. Results: Siblings reported less contact to the patients compared to the two other groups. However, their subjective burden was comparable to that Of Spouses, who were the group with the highest amount of contact. Siblings' quality of life showed by far less impairment than that of spouses and parents. They reported significantly less utilisation of any source of information and help and were far less likely to be invited to the group for relatives. Conclusions: Siblings of patients with schizophrenia are a particularly neglected group regarding support aimed at relatives. They are heavily distressed, yet there is little offer of professional support for them. It seems indicated to draw increased attention to this specific group of relatives.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Paleoenvironment reconstructions and climate simulations of the Early Triassic: Impact of the water and sediment supply on the preservation of fluvial systems. Paleoenvironmental reconstructions and climatic modelling allow us to investigate the influence of water and sediment supply on the preservation of fluvial systems within a given geodynamic context. To simulate climate, we need global-scale paleoenvironmental and paleotopographic reconstructions. However, the present study only covers the West-Tethys domain, where sedimentological and stratigraphic data allow us to check climate simulation results against geological data. We focus our modelling on the Olenekian, with the aim of characterizing the impact of climate on fluvial sedimentation in the West-Tethys domain. The climatic simulations show that paleoclimates differ between Western Europe and North Africa. A more humid climate is simulated over North Africa, whereas a rather and climate prevails over Western Europe. In Western Europe, the sediments are preserved for the most part in endoreic basins and the presence of rivers in an and environment suggests that these rivers are mainly fed by precipitation falling on the North Africa Variscan Mountains. In North Africa, sedimentation is exclusively preserved in exoreic basins (coastal plain sediments). Consequently, the lack of preserved fluvial systems in endoreic basins in North Africa either could be due to a shortage of accommodation space in this area, or is linked to the climatic conditions that controlled the water and sediment supply. (C) 2005 Lavoisier SAS. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Medication adherence and its correlates among patients affected by schizophrenia with an episodic course: A large-scale multi-center cross-sectional study in China. The Medication Adherence Rating Scale (MARS) is a fast, non-intrusive way of measuring adherence to medication in order to improve the management of patients with schizophrenia. The current cross-sectional study evaluated the reliability of the Chinese (Mandarin) version of the MARS and explored clinical and demographic correlates to medication adherence in a large sample of patients affected by schizophrenia with an episodic course in China. 1198 patients were recruited from 37 different hospitals in 17 provinces/municipalities of China and evaluated with the Medication Adherence Rating Scale (MARS), Clinical Global Impression-Severity of Illness (CGI-SI) and Sheehan Disability Scale-Chinese version (SDS-C). The MARS showed good internal consistency; Cronbach's alpha of total MARS was 0.83. Among the cohort of patients affected by schizophrenia with an episodic course, 28.5 % met the criteria of good adherence to antipsychotic medication; age, steady income, and severity of illness had significant effects on medication adherence. Medication adherence of patients affected by schizophrenia in mainland China was found to be relatively low, calling for urgent attention and intervention. Risk factors for non-adherence to medication among patients affected by schizophrenia with an episodic course include older age, unsteady income, being in the acute period of the disease, and severity of illness.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "The crucial role of trimerization domains in collagen folding. Collagens contain large numbers of Gly-Xaa-Yaa peptide repeats that form the characteristic triple helix, where the individual chains fold into a polyproline II helix and three of these helices form a right-handed triple helix. For the proper folding of the triple helix collagens contain trimerization domains. These domains ensure a single starting point for triple helix formation and are also responsible for the chain selection in heterotrimeric collagens. Trimerization domains are non-collagenous domains of very different structures. The size of trimerization domains varies from 35 residues in type IX collagen to around 250 residues for the fibrillar collagens. These domains are not only crucial for biological functions, but they are also attractive tools for generating recombinant collagen fragments of interest as well as for general use in protein engineering and biomaterial design. Here we review the current knowledge of the structure and function of these trimerization domains. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Chemical profiles of urban fugitive dust PM2.5 samples in Northern Chinese cities. Urban fugitive dust PM2.5 sampleswere collected in 11 selected cities in North China, and 9 ions (SO42-, NO3-, Cl-, F-, Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+) and 22 elements (Si, Al, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Br, Rb, Sr, Sn, Sb, Ba, and Pb) were determined to investigate chemical profiles of PM2.5. The coefficient of divergence (CD) was used to compare the similarities of the chemical profiles for fugitive dustamong three regions in North China, and the results showed that their composition are quite similar. Total water soluble ions occupied 9.3% and 10.0% on average of road dust and construction dust, respectively, indicating that most of the materials in urban fugitive dust samples were insoluble. Ca2+ was the most abundant cation and SO42- dominated in anions. Soil dust loading was calculated to occupy 70.8% and 83.6% in road dust and construction dust, respectively. Ca, Si, Fe, and Al were the most abundant elements in all the samples, and Ca was absolutely the most abundant specie among the 22 detected elements in construction dust samples. Chemical species ratios were used to highlight the characteristics of urban fugitive dust by comparing with other types of aerosols. High Ca/Al ratio was a good marker to distinguish urban fugitive dust from Asian dust and Chinese loess. In addition, low K+/K and NO3-/ SO42-, and high Zn/Al and Pb/Al ratios were good indicators to separate urban fugitive dust from desert dust, Chinese loess, or urban PM2.5 samples. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "FAN1, a DNA Repair Nuclease, as a Modifier of Repeat Expansion Disorders. FAN1 encodes a DNA repair nuclease. Genetic deficiencies, copy number variants, and single nucleotide variants of FAN1 have been linked to karyomegalic interstitial nephritis, 15q13.3 microdeletion/microduplication syndrome (autism, schizophrenia, and epilepsy), cancer, and most recently repeat expansion diseases. For seven CAG repeat expansion diseases (Huntington's disease (HD) and certain spinocerebellar ataxias), modification of age of onset is linked to variants of specific DNA repair proteins. FAN1 variants are the strongest modifiers. Non-coding disease-delaying FAN1 variants and coding disease-hastening variants (p.R507H and p.R377W) are known, where the former may lead to increased FAN1 levels and the latter have unknown effects upon FAN1 functions. Current thoughts are that ongoing repeat expansions in disease-vulnerable tissues, as individuals age, promote disease onset. Fan1 is required to suppress against high levels of ongoing somatic CAG and CGG repeat expansions in tissues of HD and FMR1 transgenic mice respectively, in addition to participating in DNA interstrand crosslink repair. FAN1 is also a modifier of autism, schizophrenia, and epilepsy. Coupled with the association of these diseases with repeat expansions, this suggests a common mechanism, by which FAN1 modifies repeat diseases. Yet how any of the FAN1 variants modify disease is unknown. Here, we review FAN1 variants, associated clinical effects, protein structure, and the enzyme's attributed functional roles. We highlight how variants may alter its activities in DNA damage response and/or repeat instability. A thorough awareness of the FAN1 gene and FAN1 protein functions will reveal if and how it may be targeted for clinical benefit.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "New perspectives: systems medicine in cardiovascular disease. Conclusion: In this review, we provide an overview of the current molecular-experimental, epidemiological and bioinformatical tools applied in systems medicine in the cardiovascular field. We will discuss the status and challenges in implementing interdisciplinary systems medicine approaches in CVD.Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) represent one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Innovative approaches to increase the understanding of the underpinnings of CVD promise to enhance CVD risk assessment and might pave the way to tailored therapies. Within the last years, systems medicine has emerged as a novel tool to study the genetic, molecular and physiological interactions.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Weed shift and herbicide use in maize in the Ukraine. In the near future the use of herbicides will remain an indispensable part of an integrated system approach in maize production. In Ukraine soil-applied herbicides, predominately chloracetamides, are widely used in maize. The same herbicides are used in sunflower and soybeans. The efficacy of acetochlor (Harness) was studied together with the most common herbicides used in maize in fields with different herbicide history and weed infestation. The results of a field trial where acetochlor had been used since 1995 demonstrated changes in weed population and their sensitivity to acetochlor. Weed infestation was low and Chenopodium album the dominating species. The efficacy of acetochlor against Chenopodium album was reduced and suggests the development of resistance. Acetochlor + sulfonylureas or acetochlor + 2,4-D proved to be the most efficient treatments. In another field trial, with low control intensity, and where acetochlor has not been used before the weed flora was more diverse with a high proportion of Echinochloa crus-galli and Setaria glauca. Acetochlor at high rates (2.70 a.i. kg ha(-1)) and in combination with other sulfonylureas and soil-applied herbicides proved to be most efficient.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Simulation of sub-micron indentation tests with spherical and Berkovich indenters. The present work is concerned with the methods of simulation of data obtained from depth-sensing submicron indentation testing. Details of analysis methods for both spherical and Berkovich indenters using multiple or single unload points are presented followed by a detailed treatment of a method for simulating an experimental load-displacement response where the material properties such as elastic modulus and hardness are given as inputs. A comparison between simulated and experimental data is given.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "Code Red for Elite Sport. A critique of sustainability in elite sport and a tentative reform programme. Research question Is elite sport compatible with environmental sustainability? This paper critically investigates elite sports' possible future in a world where cutbacks in resource use, pollution, and greenhouse gas emission are indispensable measures towards environmental sustainability. Research methods The paper is a conceptual and pragmatic inquiry that uses the current research literature to explore the logics of elite sport and its dynamics and alignment with paradigms of sustainability. Results and findings Elite sport's extensive engagement with governments and commercial agents pursuing prestige, growth, and profit has created a current state of overheating and runaway processes that threatens both sport's internal values and nature itself. The situation begs extending the self-imposed constraints in sports practice to the governance of sport in a way that is fully compatible with elite sport. Implications Provided concrete sustainability reforms are substantiated, on the innovation of equipment and technology, on state and commercial financing of elite sport, and on the organizing of competitions and mega-events, elite sport can flourish as a healthier and environmentally friendly social activity.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Stress behavior of hydrate-bearing sands with changing temperature and hydrate saturation. Since the natural gas hydrate (NGH) was confirmed to be widespread in deep-sea strata and permafrost regions, NGH research arouses great enthusiasm among scholars, and the commercial exploitation of NGH also arouses high expectations of the international community. However, from the perspective of safe exploitation, it is necessary to fully understand the mechanical properties of NGH before commercial exploitation. The geological survey shows an apparent temperature gradient in the hydrate reservoir, and the hydrate saturation varies with the reservoir location. Based on the above background, we conducted mechanical experiments on hydrate-bearing samples under different temperatures and hydrate saturation conditions in this work. The data showed that the samples' strength is positively correlated with hydrate saturation and negatively correlated with temperature. The compressibility of the sample is limited by the hydrate solid in the pores. Furthermore, the samples' dilatancy is negatively correlated with temperature and positively correlated with hydrate saturation. From the perspective of experimental phenomena, temperature and hydrate saturation have a coupling effect on the mechanical properties of the samples. With increasing temperature and decreasing hydrate saturation, the stress-strain behaviors of the samples change from softening to hardening. The above experimental results can be attributed to the effect of temperature and hydrate saturation on hydrate cementation structure in pore space. Moreover, the relationship between the stress-strain behaviors and these influencing factors was established. According to the above results, the existing constitutive model of hydrate-bearing samples can be improved. The accuracy of stability analysis of hydrate reservoirs can also be improved, which provides a theoretical basis for the safe exploitation of hydrate resources.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "Self-assessed cognitive dysfunction and objective performance in outpatients with schizophrenia participating in a rehabilitation program. Objective: To explore the pattern of associations between self-assessed and objective neuropsychological performance in a sample of outpatients with schizophrenia participating in a rehabilitation program. Method: The Subjective Scale to Investigate Cognition in Schizophrenia (SSTICS) [Compr. Psychiatry 44 (2003) 33 1] was used to assess cognitive complaints in 73 subjects with schizophrenia. Visuo-spatial tests of the Cambridge Neuropsychologic at Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) [Cogn. Neuropsychiatry 3 (1998) 45] were administered as objective measures. Results: Cognitive complaints ill several cognitive domains were mainly correlated with a true difficulty in memory. Higher SSTICS attention scores, i.e. increased complaints, were associated with poorer CANTAB explicit visual memory and planning performances. Higher SSTICS executive functioning scores were associated with poorer CANTAB explicit visual memory scores. Conclusion: These findings suggest that outpatients with schizophrenia express some cognitive difficulties. However, the cognitive nature of these subjective complaints does not strictly correspond with objective performances. These results also suggest that theoretical constructs of cognitive functions do not always have ecological validity. Thus, subjective cognitive complaints should be taken into account in assessment of patient wellbeing, but cannot be used as a substitute to objective cognitive measures. The simultaneous use of subjective and objective measures of cognitive dysfunction may provide a more complete picture of individual rehabilitation targets in patients with schizophrenia. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "FORCED LABOR IN NAZI GERMANY: ONLINE ARCHIVE OF INTERVIEWS AND RELATED EDUCATIONAL ONLINE PLATFORM. Introduction. The article deals with the problem of forced labor in Nazi Germany during the Second World War. Despite the existence of profound scientific publications devoted to this problem in Russia and abroad, it still needs to be developed. The article emphasizes the urgency of its research in historical, anthropological and humanities perspective, because personal experience of those who survived after forced labor in Nazi Germany, must be stored in collective memory and comprehended by subsequent generations. Methods and materials. Digital Humanities based on the method of oral history allows to solve this problem. The article presents two options of practical implementation of the issue: the online archive of the interview Forced Labor in 1939-1945. Memories and history and related online platform Learning based on interviews. Forced labor in 1939-1945. The archive includes about 600 narrative biographical interviews with victims of Nazi forced labor in 26 countries. The site accompanying the archive is now available in English, German, Russian and Czech. The second project is based on six specially selected interviews from the archive. Broad source base and nationally-oriented concept of forced labor in Nazi Germany, presented on the platform, create the historical context necessary for using this resource primarily in the secondary educational system of the Russian Federation. Analysis and results. The article shows the possibility of using archive-interviews in science and education, and emphasizes that traditional and new methods of historical research can complement each other. The article emphasizes that biographical films created on the basis of interviews can make the memory of forced labor in Nazi Germany, first of all, of \\\\'eastern workers\\\\' and Soviet prisoners of war more visible in Russian cultural memory. Contribution of authors to writing an article. Characteristics of peculiarity of oral historical sources, online collections of interviews, compensation payments are given by D. Thousendfreund. Analytics of the project \\\\'Forced Labor 1939-1945. Memoirs and History \\\\'and online platform\\\\' Learning based on interviews. Forced labor 1939-1945\\\\', as well as conclusions are prepared by N.P. Timofeev. Introduction, problem historiography and general editing of the article belong to T.V. Evdokimova.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Molecular evidence of Orthopoxvirus DNA in capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) stool samples. Vaccinia virus (VACV) is responsible for outbreaks in Brazil and has immense potential as an emerging virus. VACV can be found naturally circulating in India, Pakistan and South America, where it causes infections characterised by exanthematic lesions in buffaloes, cattle and humans. The transmission cycle of Brazilian VACV has still not been fully characterised; one of the most important gaps in knowledge being the role of wild animals. Capybaras, which are restricted to the Americas, are the world's largest rodents and have peculiar characteristics that make them possible candidates for being part of a natural VACV reservoir. Here, we developed a method for detecting orthopoxvirus DNA in capybara stool samples, and have described for the first time the detection of orthopoxvirus DNA in capybaras samples from three different regions in Brazil. These findings strongly suggest that capybaras might be involved in the natural transmission cycle of VACV and furthermore represent a public health problem, when associated with Brazilian bovine vaccinia outbreaks. This makes infected animals an important factor to be considered when predicting and managing Brazilian VACV outbreaks.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Entamoeba histolytica DNA Detection in Serum from Patients with Suspected Amoebic Liver Abscess. Amoebic liver abscess (ALA) is regularly seen in travelers or immigrants from tropical countries. The diagnosis relies on liver imaging that is not specific and on the detection of anti-Entamoeba histolytica antibodies, which cannot distinguish an acute from a former infection. We tested whether E. histolytica DNA detection in serum can improve the diagnosis of ALA. We retrospectively tested available serum samples taken from patients with ALA and non-ALA space-occupying lesions of the liver between 1 January 2010 and 30 November 2019. The quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay tested specifically amplifies a 99-bp fragment of the small-subunit rRNA gene of E. histolytica. We analyzed 76 samples (19 ALA and 57 non-ALA samples) collected from 76 patients within 6 days before and after the antiamoebic treatment. Serum qPCR results were positive for 17 of 19 ALA patients and for none of the control patients (sensitivity and specificity were 89.5% and 100%, respectively). In parallel, the sensitivity and specificity of anti-E. histolytica antibody detection were 100% and 89.5%, respectively. The two false-negative qPCR results may be explained by ongoing metronidazole treatment or a possible persistent seropositivity that was not caused by the current liver abscess. Additionally, of 12 abscess pus aspirates (5 from ALA and 7 from non-ALA samples) tested, 5 were qPCR positive and 7 were qPCR negative, with concordant results in serum. This study demonstrates that cell-free circulating E. histolytica DNA can be detected in serum in ALA. This may assist in both positive diagnoses and treatment efficacy follow-up. The origin of this circulating DNA remains to be investigated.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Speech Production in Two Occlusal Classes. Objectives/aims: This study aimed to relate the occlusal classes I and II with speech production adaptations.Conclusions: Speech production variability is related with orofacial structures' variance. Different structures produce various functional adaptations and distinct speech signals.Results: Results showed some structural differences related to occlusal class and variance in class II subjects' structures and articulatory adaptations. However, subjects showed a high adaptation capacity, being able to adjust their articulations to produce all vowels.Methods: The Modified A-Space method was used to select 4 speakers (1 male and 1 female class I, 1 male and 1 female class II). Articulatory and acoustic features of the vowels were studied using different tasks and methods. The articulatory and acoustic features of consonants in male and female speakers of class I and class II from the XRMB-SPD were also described in de-tail. Measures extracted from multitaper spectra and articulatory data were used, to observe individual differences related with gender and dental occlusion.Background: The influence of the occlusal class in speech production has been studied using the X-ray Microbeam Speech Production Database (XRMB-SPD).", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "International differences in self-reported health measures in 33 major metropolitan areas in Europe. Background: The increasing concentration of populations into large conurbations in recent decades has not been matched by international health assessments, which remain largely focused at the country level. We aimed to demonstrate the use of routine survey data to compare the health of large metropolitan centres across Europe and determine the extent to which differences are due to socio-economic factors. Methods: Multilevel modelling of health survey data on 126 853 individuals from 33 metropolitan areas in the UK, Republic of Ireland, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Spain, Belgium and Germany compared general health, longstanding illness, acute sickness, psychological distress and obesity with the average for all areas, accounting for education and social class. Results: We found some areas (Greater Glasgow; Greater Manchester, Cheshire and Merseyside; Northumberland, Tyne and Wear and South Yorkshire) had significantly higher levels of poor health. Other areas (West Flanders and Antwerp) had better than average health. Differences in individual socio-economic circumstances did not explain findings. With a few exceptions, acute sickness levels did not vary. Conclusion: Health tended to be worse in metropolitan areas in the north and west of the UK and the central belt and south east of Germany, and more favourable in Sweden and north west Belgium, even accounting for socio-economic composition of local populations. This study demonstrated that combining national health survey data covering different areas is viable but not without technical difficulties. Future comparisons between European regions should be made using standardized sampling, recruitment and data collection protocols, allowing proper monitoring of health inequalities.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Morphological evaluation of the placenta and fetal membranes during canine pregnancy from early implantation to term. To describe the histological changes of fetal adnexa throughout the physiological pregnancy, canine samples were obtained during natural delivery and caesarean section, as well as during ovariohysterectomy performed at any stage of undesired pregnancies (N = 12). The first period of pregnancy (multiple samples collected at 10, 12, 14 days) was consistent with pre- and peri-implantation events, i.e. apposition and initial invasion steps into the endometrium. The second period (multiple samples collected at 18, 38, 40, 45 days) was related to the development of extra-embryonic structures, placenta establishment and labyrinth formation. At the end of this period the maximum morphological complexity of the endotheliochorial placenta was achieved, characterized by complete erosion of the endometrial epithelium and underlying interstitium with exposure of maternal capillaries to the chorial cells. The third period of gestation (multiple samples collected at 50, 53, 57, 60, 63 days) was characterized by enhancement either of placental and extra-embryonic tissues. (c) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Temple Destruction, Mourning and Curse in Elephantine, with a View to Lamentations. The article discusses the lament over the Temple of YHW in Elephantine from three angles: from the perspective of the internal rhetoric or composition of the letter, from the perspective of the world of the Judaeans who wrote the petition, and from the perspective of the world of the intended recipient of the letter. In addition, the article explores how the mention of collective mourning and curse in the petition letter from Elephantine may provide a text of comparison - and context - for the laments over the destruction of the city of Zion and her temple found in the Book of Lamentations.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Concentration of power in cabinets: Exploring the importance of the party political context. Weakening of the cabinet collective and strengthening of prime ministers in parliamentary democracies have often been explained by the personality of state leaders or long-term societal changes such as increased public sector fragmentation, internationalisation and mediatisation of politics. This article points to short-term changes to explain developments in the executive centre. The argument is that different features of the cabinet, such as the number of parties, the coalition's fragility, and the cabinet's parliamentary basis, all affect the need for coordination and thus might lead to concentration of power in cabinet. The argument is substantiated through a qualitative case study of Norway. On the basis of semi-structured interviews with former ministers and secretaries general, the study shows that different features of cabinet can help explain the concentration of decision-making power seen in the last four Norwegian cabinets. The Norwegian case thus supports the notion that developments in the executive centre also depend on changes in the party political context.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Hulthen potential for the plasma-screening effect on the continuum electron capture rate in the solar core. We propose to use the well-known Hulthen potential for describing the plasma-screening effect on the continuum electron capture rate in the solar core region. Among many advantages, the Hulthen potential provides us with analytic solutions and consequently enables us to evaluate the reaction rates and many other observables easily as well as reliably. When applied to the Be-7(e(-), v(e))Li-7 reaction, we find that the plasma screening reduces the electron capture rate by 1.7 % which agrees with results obtained by most other previous works.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "A stranger among us - theoretical approaches to a sociological study of atheism in brazilian society. The sociology of religion configure a sociology of modernity. In effect, it would be the process of secularization and consequently the religious from withdrawal of the different spheres of society. In Brazil, the process of secularization brings with it the religious stay with the appearance of atheists with specific conceptual and practical boundaries. Reacting to the religious ferment, there has in the country, demonstrations of individual positions or atheistic groups. Much is known about the self-declared religious studies and advance towards the irreligious; but very little is known about those who declared themselves atheists in this scenario. For this reason, a sociological study of the atheists, would reveal a lot about the current Brazilian society and future developments. That is the purpose of the article.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Experimental study and kinetic modeling of cometabolic degradation of phenol and p-nitrophenol by loofa-immobilized Ralstonia eutropha. In the present study, phenol-adapted cells of Ralstonia eutropha were used to degrade p-nitrophenol (PNP) in the presence of phenol. PNP at initial concentrations ranging from 5 to 15 mg/L was degraded almost completely by free cells of R. eutropha. The use of loofa-immobilized cells increased the complete removal of PNP up to 30 mg/L. Kinetic data for PNP biodegradation by immobilized cells of R. eutropha best fitted the Haldane model. The kinetic parameters were k (s) = 0.0006 (mg PNP/mg biomass.h), K (s) = 8.83 (mg/L) and K (i) = 30.77 (mg/L). The degradation pathways of PNP through the metabolites, 4-nitro-catechol (4-NC) and hydroquinone (HQ), were investigated using HPLC.", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "Creativity in socio-interactional pedagogy and Waldorf Pedagogy: implications for working with the gifted students. This article is pioneer in the discussion of the phenomenon of creativity based on Vygotsky and Rudolf Steiner, relating it to work with gifted people. Its aim is to investigate creativity in the sociointeractionist approach and in Waldorf Education and its implications for working with gifted students. Apart from important differences, the proposals of Vygotsky and Steiner meet the needs of gifted students, especially when they emphasize significant teaching mediation. The teacher, as the main mediator, is responsible for the proposal of creative and aesthetic teaching aimed at the love of knowledge and life.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Antinutritional constituents of different grain legumes grown in North Maharashtra. Tannins, oxalates, cyanogenetic glycosides, phytates as well as alpha-amylase, trypsin inhibitors and haemagglutinin activities of Cajanus cajan (red gram, tur), Vigna radiata (green gram), Cicer arietinum (Bengal gram), Glycine max (soybean), Lens esculenta (lentil, masur), Phaseolus aconitifolius (Kidney bean, matki), Vigna unguiculata (cowpea, chavli), Pisum sativum (pea) and Phaseolus mungo (black gram) grown in North Maharashtra region have been analysed. The contents of different antinutrients and their activities were found to be variable in different grain legumes. Highest amounts of tannins, oxalates, cyanogenetic glycosides, phytates and alpha-amylase, trypsin inhibitors and haemagglutinin activities were found in green gram, Bengal gram, red gram, soybean, peas, and soybean, respectively.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Grazing impact on desert plants and soil seed banks: Implications for seed-eating animals. We assess whether the knowledge of livestock diet helps to link grazing effects with changes in plant cover and soil seed bank size, aiming at inferring the consequences of grazing on seed-eating animals. Specifically, we test whether continuous and heavy grazing reduce the cover, number of reproductive structures and seed reserves of the same grass species whose seeds are selected and preferred by granivorous animals in the central Monte desert, Argentina. Grass cover and the number of grass spikes usually diminished under grazing conditions in the two localities studied (Telteca and Nacunan), and soil seed bank was consistently reduced in all three years evaluated owing to a decline of perennial grass and forb seeds. In particular, the abundance of those seeds selected and preferred by birds and ants (in all cases grass species) declined 70-92% in Nacunan, and 52-72% in Telteca. Reduction of perennial grass cover and spike number in grazed sites reinforced the causal link between livestock grazing and the decline of grass soil seed reserves throughout failed plant reproduction. Grass seed bank depletion suggests that grazing may trigger a \\\\'cascade\\\\' of mechanisms that affect the abundance and persistence of valuable fodder species as well as the availability of seed resources for granivorous animals. (C) 2013 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Mathematical Modeling of Thermal Resistances of Mold Flux and Air Gap in Continuous Casting Mold Based on an Inverse Problem. The thermal resistances of the slag films and the air gap between the slab and the mold are important factors in heat transfer and lubrication control inside a continuous casting mold. The formation, evolution, composition and distribution of the slag film and air gap have significant influences on the initial solidification of the strand shell and slab quality. In this paper, based on experimentally measured thermocouple data and casting conditions, an inverse problem model of mold heat transfer is developed, with the purpose of accurately predicting the mold heat transfer states and slab solidification processes of actual casting conditions. Furthermore, a numerical model of the heat transfer between the air gap and the liquid/solid slag films is developed, based on analysis of the formation mechanism, distribution and heat transfer characteristics of the air gap and slag films. The non-uniform distribution of the thermal resistance of the air gap and the liquid/solid slag films, and the heat conduction and heat radiation inside them are simulated, which provide a theoretical foundation for exploring the complicated heat transfer behavior and surface crack prediction during the continuous casting process.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Indeterminacy and the elasticity of substitution in one-sector models. This paper introduces a new production externality via factor substitution and explores its effects on generating indeterminacy in one-sector growth models. With the elasticity of substitution depends on the average level of capital intensity, indeterminacy is possible as long as the steady-state level of capital is below the normalized level of the CES production function. Given that the elasticity of factor substitution is decreasing in capital and the marginal product of capital is decreasing in terms of the elasticity, indeterminacy can occur because efficient factor substitution from capital deepening offsets the diminishing returns of capital. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Realistic heat pulses protect frogs from disease under simulated rainforest frog thermal regimes. A is available for this article.Recent emergences of fungal diseases have caused catastrophic global losses of biodiversity. Temperature is one of the most important factors influencing host-fungus associations but the effects of temperature variability on disease development are rarely examined. The chytrid pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) has had severe effects on populations of hundreds of rainforest-endemic amphibian species but we know little about the effects of rainforest-specific host body temperature cycles on infection patterns. To address this challenge, we used body temperature regimes experienced in nature by frogs in the Australian Wet Tropics to guide a controlled experiment investigating the effects of body temperature fluctuations on infection patterns in a model host (Litoria spenceri), with emphasis on exposing frogs to realistic heat pulses that only marginally exceed the thermal optimum of the fungus. We then exposed cultured Bd to an expanded array of heat pulse treatments and measured parameters of population growth to help resolve the role of host immunity in our in vivo results. Infections developed more slowly in frogs exposed to daily 4-hr heat pulses of 26 degrees C or 29 degrees C than in frogs in constant temperature treatments without heat pulses (control). Frogs that experienced heat pulses were also less likely to exceed infection intensities at which morbidity and mortality become likely. Ten of 11 (91%) frogs from the daily 29 degrees C heat pulse treatment even cleared their infections after approximately 9weeks. Cultured Bd also grew more slowly when exposed to heat pulses than in constant-temperature control treatments, suggesting that mild heat pulses have direct negative effects on Bd growth in nature, but precluding us from determining whether there was a concurrent benefit of heat pulses to host immunity. Our results suggest that even in habitats where average temperatures may be suitable for fungal growth and reproduction, infection risk or the outcome of existing infections may be heavily influenced by short but frequent exposures to temperatures that only slightly exceed the optimum for the fungus. Our findings provide support for management interventions that promote warm microenvironments for hosts, such as small-scale removal of branches overhanging critical habitat or provision of artificial heat sources.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "No mean city: adolescent health and risk behaviours in a UK urban setting. The adult population of Glasgow has worse health than in the rest of Scotland, only partially explained by deprivation. Little is known about the health of young Glaswegians.The worse health experienced by Glasgow adults is only partially seen among young people in Glasgow; however, these are seen at the youngest ages in the study.The 2010 Health Behaviour in School-aged Children survey data were analysed using multilevel modelling to compare outcomes in Glasgow relative to the rest of Scotland.Glasgow adolescents had similar or better self-reported health on some measures-e.g. adjusting for age and sex, OR for 'very happy' was 0.93 (95% CI = (0.75, 1.14))-and the beta coefficient for positive GHQ-12 was 2.79 (0.72, 4.85) compared with the rest of Scotland. However, many health aspects were worse in Glasgow especially for eating and sedentary behaviour, subjective health and aggression, e.g. the OR for 'daily consumption of vegetables' was 0.59 (0.46, 0.77), of reporting 'excellent health' was 0.66 (0.50, 0.87); headaches was 1.40 (1.09, 1.80); however drinking alcohol in the past week was lower (OR 0.71 (0.50, 0.99)) and smoking, similar. Adjustment for family affluence and school type marginally attenuated the association with Glasgow.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Direction and timing of dispersal of Scirtothrips dorsalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on select ornamental host plant species in south Florida. Chilli thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), is a troublesome pest of agronomic, vegetable, fruit, and ornamental crops. Scirtothrips dorsalis dispersal and monitoring were evaluated under field and greenhouse conditions in Homestead and Apopka, Florida, in 2007. A field test examined dispersal from Knock-Out (R) rose, Rosa 'Radrazz' (Rosaceae), onto green buttonwood, Conocarpus erectus L. (Combretaceae), and 'Emerald Green' schefflera, Schefflera arboricola Forst & Forst 'Emerald Green' (Araliaceae). Fewer adults were caught in traps set north, east, or south than west of rose plants corresponding to the average wind direction. Scirtothrips dorsalis flights increased during the morning to early afternoon, peaked about 9:00 a.m. to 2:00 p.m. EST, then decreased to almost no flights by 8:00 p.m. Warmer temperature and lower humidity corresponded to more adults caught per hour with most flights occurring after the accumulation of 300 degree-hours. 'Emerald Green' schefflera was preferred over, or may have been less repelling than, green buttonwood. Yellow sticky-card traps were most effective when placed downwind of suspected host plants, and field sites may need more traps per unit area and longer exposure periods than greenhouse sites. These findings may help managers to better monitor and manage S. dorsalis.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Helmholtz, the conservation of force and the conservation of vis viva. This paper investigates the relationship between Helmholtz's formulation of the principle of the conservation of force and the two principles well known in rational mechanics as the principle of vis viva and the principle of the conservation of vis viva. An examination of the relevant literature from Leibniz to Duhamel reveals both Helmholtz's indebtedness to that tradition and his creative refashioning of it as he endeavoured to craft an argument that would both prohibit the construction of a perpetuum mobile and the efficacy of a supposed vital force and demonstrate the necessity of an ontology of mass points subject to attractive and repulsive central forces depending solely on distance.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Permeability determination of hydrate sediments and a new reduction model considering hydrate growth habit. The saturation (SH) and growth habit of hydrates in sediments directly affect the evaluation of permeability. This work was devoted to evaluating the growth habit of hydrates in sediments by permeability measurements. The water effective permeability of hydrate sediments with different SH was obtained, and these permeability data were excellent in stability and accuracy. The change of differential pressure of hydrate sediments with water injection was completely recorded, it was a new found that the differential pressure was unstable in the first few minutes, and it is not recommended to employ short-term data to evaluate the permeability of the hydrate sediments. Based on the hypothesis of wedge tetrahedral filling of sediment particles, the growth habits of hydrates were compered in the models of hydrate coating grain and occupying pore center respectively. By analyzing the experimental data with the reduction models in different hydrate growth habits, it was founded that the hydrates were more likely to form in the pore centers rather than coating grains. Finally, the ratio of the internal surface area of pore space with and without hydrate was simplified to an expression related to S-H in a new model of water relative permeability. This model could distinguish the growth habits of hydrate in porous media and provide a more accurate prediction of water relative permeability.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "Potential role for imidazole in the rhythmic respiratory activity of the in vitro neonatal rat brainstem. We used the imidazole-binding agent, diethylpyrocarbonate (DEPC), to test the hypothesis that rhythmic respiratory activity of the in vitro neonatal rat brainstem-spinal cord preparation was functionally dependent on imidazole. Neural activity was recorded from spinal nerves (C1-C4) during superfusion with 95%O-2/5%CO2 buffer at pH 7.3 and T = 26 degrees C. Superfusate containing DEPC (40 mM) caused cessation of rhythmic activity within minutes. In eight of 33 preparations, microinjection of DEPC (32 nmol) onto the ventral medullary surface (VMS) reduced burst amplitude by at least 50% within 10 min, and in 12 of 33 preparations, microinjection of DEPC produced neural apnea. Therefore, we conclude that proteins containing imidazole near the VMS are critically important for the maintenance of rhythmic respiratory activity in vitro. Furthermore, alphastat regulation of respiration may be an essential trait of this preparation. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "Particle number, particle mass and NOx emission factors at a highway and an urban street in Copenhagen. The mean concentrations of most of the measured pollutants are similar for the highway and the urban kerbside stations due to similar traffic density. The average concentrations of NOx are 142 mu g m(-3) and 136 mu g m(-3) for the highway and the urban kerbside stations, respectively. These values are about 5 times higher compared to the corresponding background values. The average particle number concentration is 24 900 particles cm(-3) and 27 100 particles cm(-3) for the highway and the urban kerbside stations, respectively, and these values exceed those measured at the background stations by a factor of 3 to 5.This paper presents measurements of traffic-generated gas and particle pollution at two sites, one near a major highway and one near a busy urban street in Copenhagen, Denmark. Both sites were equipped for a 4-week period with a set of two measurement stations, one close to the kerbside and one background station. Measurements were carried out from March to April similar to 2008, investigating NOx concentrations, submicrometer particle number size distribution (size range 10-700 nm), particle mass (PM2.5, PM10), and meteorological parameters. In this study we also estimate the emission factors for NOx, particle number and particle mass using measured traffic volume and dilution rate calculated by the Operational Street Pollution Model (WinOSPM).The temporal variation of the traffic contribution (difference of kerbside and background concentrations) is analysed for NOx, particle number and mass, and it follows the traffic pattern at the urban and the highway sites. Emission factors for particle number are found to be quite similar at both sites, (215 +/- 5) 10(12) particles veh(-1) km(-1) for the highway and (187 +/- 3) 10(12) particles veh(-1) km(-1) for the urban site. Heavy duty vehicles (HDVs) are found to emit about 20 times more particles than light duty vehicles (LDVs), which is in good agreement with other published studies. Emission factors are also determined for individual particle modes identified in the size spectra. Average fleet emission factors for PM2.5 at the highway and the urban site are 29 mg veh(-1) km(-1) and 46 mg veh(-1) km(-1), respectively. The estimated particle number and size spectra emission factors will provide valuable input for air quality and particle dispersion modelling near highways and in urban areas.", "label": [4, 5, 36, 47]}
+{"token": "Elemental and Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopic Analysis of Water- and Pyrophosphate-Extracted Soil Organic Matter. Soil organic matter (SOM) plays an important role in soil fertility and, thus, in sustaining potato production. To investigate the impact of crop rotation on SOM composition, we sequentially extracted SOM by water (WEOM) and sodium pyrophosphate solution (PEOM) from different 3-year potato crop rotations with or without irrigation and quantified its elemental compositions. Different contents of P, Ca, Al, and Fe were observed among the PEOM fractions from fields with different crop rotations. Elemental contents in PEOM from irrigated treatments were consistently lower than those from the corresponding rainfed treatments. The structural features of these WEOM and PEOM samples were further characterized by Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Generally, the impacts of rotation and irrigation practices reflected on the changes of FT-IR band intensities in 3,020-2,800 cm(-1) (aliphatic groups) and 1,640-1,600 cm(-1) (aromatic compounds) of WEOM samples. The FT-IR spectroscopic analysis indicated that PEOM was more enriched in aliphatic, carboxyl, and aromatic compounds than WEOM. However, neither crop rotation nor irrigation changed the relative abundance of these functional groups in PEOM. This research improves our understanding of how the properties of SOM may be impacted by crop management.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "ELASTIC FIELD DUE TO A DYNAMICALLY TRANSFORMING SPHERICAL INCLUSION. As a first step towards a systematic study of the interaction between a stress-pulse traveling in transformation toughened ceramics and possible phase transformation of zirconia particles, a dynamic inclusion problem is investigated.  An exact closed-form solution is obtained for the case of a spherical inclusion.  With this result, the dynamic Eshelby tensors for the inside and outside fields of the spherical inclusion are defined and determined.  It is confirmed that the static Eshelby tensor is obtained as a static limit of the dynamic Eshelby tensor.  It is found in the numerical results that the frequency of the dynamic inclusion has a relatively large influence on the amplitudes of the stress components inside and outside the inclusion.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "Three new species of Krogia (Ramalinaceae, lichenised Ascomycota) from the Paleotropics. Krogia borneensis Kistenich & Timdal, K. isidiata Kistenich & Timdal and K. macrophylla Kistenich & Timdal are described as new species, the first from Borneo and the two latter from New Caledonia. The new species are supported by morphology, secondary chemistry and DNA sequence data. Krogia borneensis and K. isidiata contain sekikaic and homosekikaic acid, both compounds reported here for the first time from the genus. Krogia macrophylla contains an unknown compound apparently related to boninic acid as the major compound. DNA sequences (mtSSU and nrITS) are provided for the first time for Krogia and a phylogeny of the genus based on 15 accessions of five of the six accepted species is presented. Krogia antillarum is reported as new to Brazil, Guatemala and Mexico.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "The Causal Relationship between Current Account and Financial Account Balance in Selected CEE Countries. This paper first examines the causal relationship between the current account and financial account then the current account and the main components of financial account and finally the financial account, saving, and investment in Croatia, Hungary, Poland, Romania and Slovenia. In this context we employ Toda-Yamamoto approach to Granger causality test by using the quarterly data. We find a causal relation running from the financial (current) account to the current (financial) account in Croatia (Poland) and Slovenia (Romania) while a bi-directional causality exists in the case of Hungary. We conclude that at least one component of financial account balance Granger causes current account in Croatia, Poland, Romania and Slovenia while the causality running from the current account to at least one component of financial account in Poland, Romania and Hungary. It seems that the financial account Granger causes the saving in Hungary and investment in Croatia while the causality running from the saving in Romania and investment in both Croatia and Poland to the financial account.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "VARIOUS SHADOWING PROPERTIES FOR TIME VARYING MAPS. This paper is concerned with the study of various notions of shadowing of dynamical systems induced by a sequence of maps, so-called time varying maps, on a metric space. We define and study the shadowing, h-shadowing, limit shadowing, s-limit shadowing and exponential limit shadowing properties of these dynamical systems. We show that h-shadowing, limit shadowing and s-limit shadowing properties are conjugacy invariant. Also, we investigate the relationships between these notions of shadowing for time varying maps and examine the role that expansivity plays in shadowing properties of such dynamical systems. Specially, we prove some results linking s-limit shadowing property to limit shadowing property, and h-shadowing property to s-limit shadowing and limit shadowing properties. Moreover, under the assumption of expansivity, we show that the shadowing property implies the h-shadowing, s-limit shadowing and limit shadowing properties. Finally, it is proved that the uniformly contracting and uniformly expanding time varying maps exhibit the shadowing, limit shadowing, s-limit shadowing and exponential limit shadowing properties.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Physico-chemical characterization and in vitro inflammatory and oxidative potency of atmospheric particles collected in Dakar city's (Senegal). Exposure to atmospheric pollutants has been recognized as a major risk factor of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Fine particles (PM2.5) and a coarser fraction (PM>2.5) sampled at an urban site in Dakar (HLM), characterized by high road traffic emissions, were compared with particles sampled at a rural area, Toubab Dialaw located about 40 km from Dakar. The physicochemical characteristics of samples revealed that PMs differ for their physical (surface area) and chemical properties (in terms of CHN, metals, ions, paraffins, VOCs and PAHs) that were 65-75% higher in urban samples. Moreover the fine PMs contain higher amounts of anthropogenic related pollutants than the PM>2.5 one. These differences are sustained by the ratios reported for the analysed PAHs which suggest as predominant primary emission sources vehicle exhausts at urban site and biomass combustion at the rural site. The inflammatory response and the oxidative damages were evaluated in BEAS-2B cells by the quantification of 4 selected inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8) and of total carbonylated proteins and the oxidative DNA adduct 8-OHdG after 8 or 24 h exposure. In accordance with the different sources and different physical and chemical properties, the inflammatory response and the oxidative damages were found higher in bronchial cells exposed to urban PMs. These data confirm the importance, also for West African countries, to evaluate the correlation between PM physico-chemical properties and potential biological impacts. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Analytical solutions of heat storage and heat transfer performance ofparallel-plateregenerators in Stirling cycle. Parallel-plate regenerators (PPR), with flow resistance lower than traditional wire-mesh regenerators, can improve the thermal efficiency of Stirling engines (SEs). However, as working frequency or plate thickness increase, the heat cannot penetrate into the plate effectively, resulting only the surface part of the plates to have substantial temperature variation, while the internal part fails to store and exchange heat energy. In order to obtain high performance of PPR, the heat storage efficiency and the heat transfer coefficient, as well as their influential factors, are theoretically studied. Three parameters are found to play an important role, which are working frequency, plate thickness, and thermal diffusivity of materials. Their roles can be represented by a dimensionless parameter as a whole, which is the relative thickness,e. By the critical value of relative thickness,e(cr)= 2.4, two distinct working conditions can be divided, thermally penetrated condition ase < e(cr)and thermally non-penetrated condition ase > e(cr). Under thermally penetrated condition, the heat storage efficiency is high, and the heat transfer coefficient is high enough whene > 1.6, while under thermally non-penetrated condition, the heat storage efficiency is low. In conclusion, by comprehensively considering the heat storage efficiency and heat transfer coefficient, it is recommended that the relative thicknesseshould be chosen within the range [1.6, 2.4].And the optimal working frequency, plate thickness, and suitable material can be determined accordingly.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Networked innovation and coalition formation: the effect of group-based social preferences. In this paper, we study the production and dissemination of public knowledge goods, such as technological knowledge, generated by a network of voluntarily cooperating innovators. We develop a private-collective model of public knowledge production in networked innovation systems, where group-based social preferences have an impact on the coalition formation of developers. Our model builds on the large empirical literature on voluntary production of pooled public knowledge goods, including source code in communities of software developers or data provided to open access data repositories. Our analysis shows under which conditions social preferences, such as 'group belonging' or 'peer approval', influence the stable coalition size, as such rationalising several stylized facts emerging from large-scale surveys of open-source software developers, previously unaccounted for. Furthermore, heterogeneity of social preferences is added to the model to study the formation of stable but mixed coalitions.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Sensitivity and Recovery of Tomato Cultivars Following Simulated Drift of Dicamba or 2,4-D. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants are commonly injured by the off-target movement of synthetic auxin herbicides. A greenhouse and a field trial were conducted to determine the relative tolerance of eight fresh market tomato cultivars to drift-simulating rates of dicamba or 2,4-D. Tomato cultivars included 'BHN 589', 'Celebrity', 'Florida 91', 'Mountain Merit', 'Primo Red', 'Red Deuce', 'Red Morning', and 'Skyway'. Dicamba (3,6-dichloro-methoxybenzoic acid) and 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) were applied at 2.8 g ae ha(-1) and 5.3 g ae ha(-1)-D, respectively. By 14 weeks after treatment (WAT), herbicide-treated plants of each cultivar produced less total and marketable yield than their respective nontreated control in the greenhouse trial. For most cultivars, dicamba-treated plants had less marketable yield than 2,4-D-treated plants in the greenhouse. Herbicide treatments also reduced total and marketable yields of each cultivar when compared with their control in the field study at 14 WAT, except for 'Mountain Merit'. The severity of yield loss from herbicide treatments was cultivar-dependent. Field-grown 'Skyway' plants treated with dicamba produced the lowest marketable yield. In contrast, herbicide-treated plants of 'Florida 91' produced high marketable yields in the field, but 'Red Deuce' plants receiving 2,4-D were also highly productive. Herbicide residue in fruit sampled the third week of the harvest was nondetectable. Because the type of auxin herbicide drift is often unanticipated, 'Florida 91' may be the preferred cultivar for cultivation among those tested to maximize tomato production in the field.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "PREDICTING CRIME RATES, FEAR AND DISORDER BASED ON AREA INFORMATION: EVIDENCE FROM THE 2000 BRITISH CRIME SURVEY. This study discusses methods for predicting local crime rates, measures of fear of crime and measures of disorder that are based on regression models which make use of local census variables and regional dummies. The crime types for which predictions are made are personal crime, total household crime, burglary and vehicle crime. The information on crime, fear of crime and disorder is drawn from the 2000 British Crime Survey. The local census variables (relating to postcode sectors) are drawn from the 1991 England and Wales Census. The results show that the modelling of measures of fear and disorder is more robust than the modelling of crime. Therefore, it appears more possible to predict types of area where concern about crime and problems of disorder are likely to be highest than to predict those areas most at risk of crime.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "A CMOS transceiver for 10-Mb/s and 100-Mb/s Ethernet. A CMOS IC that implements the 802.3 Ethernet standards for 10- and 100-Mb/s data rates is described. The circuit uses mixed-signal techniques to perform transmit pulse shaping, receive adaptive line equalization, baseline wander compensation, and timing recovery. The IC occupies 23 mm(2) in a 0.6-mu m single-poly CMOS process and dissipates 850 mW from a 5-V supply.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Milestones and challenges in oxygen steelmaking. This paper reviews the history, developments and 10 milestones of the oxygen steelmaking processes with a special focus on conventional autothermic converters, high speed converters with a blowing rate up to 5 m(n)(3)/t min (Normal m(3) of O-2 per metric tonne of steel per minute) and allothermic converters with coal addition, post-combustion and the possibility to increase the scrap rate up to 50%. Related operating results are introduced. A new process route which is based on hot metal and chromium ore is outlined. The cost advantage for the production of 304 stainless steel grade is higher than $100 US/ton. The synthesis of electric arc furnace (EAF) and oxygen converter steelmaking, a comparison of decarburization rates, refining combustion burners for optimized oxygen management in an EAF and an example for a large advanced EAF are outlined. Possibilities of flexible steelmaking and the growth and outlook of worldwide oxygen steelmaking are described.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Strategic management of store brands: an analysis from the manufacturer's perspective. Purpose - The main aim of this research is to provide empirical analyses about the store brand management by manufacturers and retailers from the manufacturer's perspective, in the current context, which is one of intense competition between manufacturer and store brands. Particularly, this research pursues to analyse the profile of store brand manufacturers, their perceptions about the retail management of these brands and their own product management of the same.Originality/value - The main value of the paper is the empirical analyse of the store brand management from the manufacturer's perspective. This subject has been analysed from a general and basically theoretical perspective until now.Research limitations/implications - The main limitation of this research is the fact that only the manufacturers' perceptions have been considered. It would be beneficial in future research to consider the opinion of retailers about their own management of these brands.Findings - The results highlight the differences between manufacturers and non-manufacturers of store brands in their competitive position and in the type of manufactured product; the consensus of both groups regarding the perception of favourable merchandising for store brands; the greater number of production and market motivations versus the relational motivations in the manufacture of store brands; the no convenience of producing store brands for leading manufacturers, and the slight differences in the manufacturing process between manufacturer and store brands.Design/methodology/approach - A postal survey was carried out directed at manufacturing business units of mass consumer products in Spain. Multivariate techniques are used in the information analysis such as contingency tables, variance and principal component analysis.", "label": [5, 44, 46]}
+{"token": "Departure process analysis of the multi-type MMAP[K]/PH[K]/1 FCFS queue. In this paper we consider the departure process of the multi-type MMAP[K]/PH[K]/1 FCFS queue. We derive the joint Laplace-Stieltjes transform of the lag-n inter-departure times, and provide efficient algorithms to compute the lag-1 joint moments, the lag-n joint means and cross correlations of the inter-departure times.The analysis of the departure process of queues is important in several aspects, for instance, it plays a prominent role in the decomposition based analysis of open queueing networks. While there are several results available for the departure process analysis of MAP driven single-class (or, single-type) queues, there are very few results available for the multi-type variants of these queues.While the analysis of the departure process is typically performed via the queue length distribution at departure instants, we rely on the age process to derive various properties of the departure process. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Growth Analysis of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) in Response to Fertilization and Soil Tillage. Growth analysis is an appropriate method for plant response to various environmental and cultural conditions during plant life. A 2-year experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of soil tillage and fertilization on the growth and growth parameters of quinoa crop and to determine the association between yield and growth characteristics at both the single plant and crop stand level. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with two replicates, two main plots [conventional (CT) and minimum tillage (MT)] and four sub-plots [fertilization treatments: untreated, inorganic fertilization of 100 (N1) and 200 kg N ha(-1) (N2) and sheep manure]. The highest absolute growth rate (AGR) and crop growth rate (CGR) values were recorded between the middle of vegetative growth stage and the beginning of anthesis (50-75 DAS) under conventional tillage coupled with manure (AGR: 0.4577 g day(-1), CGR: 11.44 g m(-2) day(-1)) and with N2 treatment (AGR: 0.4521 g day(-1), CGR: 11.31 g m(-2) day(-1)). Concerning specific leaf area (SLA), the highest value (150.58 cm(2) g(-1)) was found at 75 DAS in N2 treatment. Leaf area index (LAI) were positively affected by soil tillage and fertilization with greatest values found under conventional tillage coupled with N2 treatment (5.110 m(2) m(-2)). The highest seed yield was observed in N2 treatment (2488 and 2388 kg ha(-1) under CT and MT, respectively). As a conclusion, the cultivation under conventional tillage and the increasing levels of applied nitrogen up to 200 kg N ha(-1) increases crop growth and yield.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Towards a 'U-turn' by the Churches: How (Not) to Possibilise the Future. How can churches (re) connect with people's spiritual needs? The article starts by positing that churches have two focuses: the first is the moral and spiritual growth of persons, the second is social forms of life in which their moral and spiritual identity finds its goal and meaning. Next we examine how our social life forms are challenged by complexity and change in our society. This late modern situation is analysed with reference to two processes: globalisation (Zurn) and acceleration (Hartmut Rosa). Organisations like churches need to handle this complex, constantly changing new reality by making decisions based on an emerging future (Peter M. Senge, C. Otto Scharmer). This orientation to the future shifts the core questions facing the churches from what and how we are to who we are. Who are we as church leaders? As individual believers? As a community of believers? For answers to these questions we must look to the future, not the past. That is the theological challenge of a \\\\'U-turn\\\\' by the churches. How can leaders of organisations, more specifically churches, be open to the future that is waiting emerge? They have to exercise their human capacity to make the future possible. We then look at this capacity in the framework of the relationship between God and humans. I cite Nicholas of Cusa's idea of God as the ground of possibility (the What-can-be) in the human capacity of possibilising (the what-can-be). This conceptual clarification enables me to consider how churches (and their leaders) should (not) set about possibilising(1) the future of social life forms.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "... dove l'epidemia fotografica si e diffusa'. Architectural Photographs in Nineteenth-Century Sicily. The various practices and uses of photographs and their effects in the nineteenth century are more clearly reflected in Sicily than in other parts of Italy and the rest of Europe. Photographs and their appearance in both popular and scholarly print media gave Sicily widespread visibility. This paper considers photographs of Norman monuments in Palermo and Monreale made for diverse purposes: they provided documentation and inventory for preservation and restoration; they served as an experimental instrument for architectural analysis: they offered new methods for the then-new disciplines of art and architectural history; they were tourist souvenirs depicting romantically transfigured sceneries; and they even played an important role in formation and promotion of the Italian nation-state.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Neuronal migration in the developing cerebral cortex: Observations based on real-time imaging. We have used time-lapse imaging of acute cortical slices to study the migration of neurons from their sites of origin to their positions in the developing neocortex. We found that two distinct modes of cell movement, somal translocation and glia-guided locomotion, are responsible for the radial migration of neurons generated in the cortical ventricular zone. The former is the prevalent form of radial movement of the early-born cortical neurons, while the latter is adopted by those generated later in corticogenesis. Interneurons, found to originate in the ganglionic eminence, follow tangential migratory paths to reach the developing cortex. Upon reaching the cortex, these cells seek the ventricular zone using a mode of movement that we have termed 'ventricle-directed migration', before they migrate to their positions in the cortical plate. In addition to these forms of movement, we report here a unique morphological and migratory behavior for a population of cortical neurons. These cells are multipolar in form, and are highly motile in the formation and retraction of their processes. Based on these morphological features, we refer to this type of cells as 'branching cells' and attribute the phenotype to a subset of cortical interneurons.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "The Genre Strategy of Coetzee's Writing; Hybridization of Fiction and Non-fiction. Coetzee is one of the representative modern writers when postmodernism meets with the postcolonialism. His novels and critical works are all very special and each of them is unique. One of this writing strategies to express \\\\'the Island Consciousness\\\\' of his his theoretical thoughts is hybridization of fiction and nonfiction, which overlapping \\\\'the real\\\\' and \\\\'the unreal;\\\\' \\\\'the fictive\\\\' and \\\\'the fact\\\\' to confront the censorship and censure from inner imperial consciousness. The situation of \\\\'living in between\\\\' and dilemma of cultural identity are expressed with this strategy to criticize western colonialism and imperialism hegemony.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Label-free Detection of PD-1 Antibody and Antigen Immunoreaction Using Nano-Sensors. Immunotherapy for cancer is a method to treat cancer by using the body's own immune system. Programmed death receptor 1 (PD-1) is one of the checkpoints in the immunotherapy. The signal pathway PD-1 (programmed death receptor 1)/PD-L1 (ligand of PD-1) is closely related to the immune escape of the cancer cells. The inhibitor drugs for PD-1 checkpoint, essentially the monoclonal antibodies of PD-1 or PD-L1 which is essentially the immune checkpoints inhibitors could block the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway and reactivate T-cells to kill cancer cells, and as a result, the immunotherapy for cancer is realized. In order to study the binding process of PD-1 drugs and PD-1 antigen in vivo, in this work, solid-state nanopore as a single molecule method is used to detect the binding of PD-1 antibody and antigen. The PD-1 antibody as well as antigen is driven though the same nanopore under the same experimental condition by the external electric field. Since the antibody's block is about 0.01297 while the antigen's block is 0.00404, the PD-1 antibody is distinguished with the PD-1 antigen according to the theoretical formula. Driving the PD-1 antigen though the nanopore modified by PD-1 antibody (a series of experiments are conducted for characterization) under the same temperature and buffer concentration, the antibody-antigen complexes are detected and distinguished with PD-1 protein and its antibody through the relative current drop analysis and the current drop achieved before. The results suggest that the antibody and antigen have a specific binding (the smaller peak represents the free PD-1 antibody and antigen) and the binding process can be detected by nano-sensors. So the nanopore is able to distinguish the antibody, the antigen and the complexes without any labling. And in the future, the nanopore technology may be a rapid and label-free way for patients and doctors to evaluate the drugs' efficiency.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "African dry air outbreaks. [ 1] Dry air outbreaks from Africa into the tropical Atlantic region are documented using daily layered precipitable water (LPW) data of satellite remote sensing for 1993 - 1997. A dry air outbreak is defined as an abrupt decrease in middle-troposphere ( 700 - 500 hPa) LPW that is greater than 1 mm d(-1) and remains below normal for at least two consecutive days in a reference box off the west coast of Africa. Pathways of individual dry air outbreaks thus identified are tracked both forward and backward in time. Dry air outbreaks intruding into the tropical Atlantic may originate from different source regions: the northern Atlantic Ocean, northern Africa, Sahel, and equatorial Africa. Some of these outbreaks can keep their identities up to 2 weeks, propagate across the Atlantic Ocean, and reach South America and the Caribbean Sea. Boreal summer is the overall peak season, with the majority of the outbreaks occurring north of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). In spring more outbreaks occur south of the ITCZ. Precipitation in the ITCZ tends to decrease during periods of the outbreaks in both spring and summer. Observed large-scale patterns of African dry air outbreaks are compared to known characteristics of African dust outbreaks. The results from this study suggest that African dry air outbreaks should and can be treated as prominent phenomena independent of African dust outbreaks. This study calls for systematic investigations on the similarities and differences between African dust and dry air outbreaks for a better understanding of their effects on weather and climate in the tropical Atlantic region.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES HAVE IMPROVED SURGICAL OUTCOME IN THYROID SURGERY: MYTH OR REALITY?. Conclusion. The results indicate that there is no superior hemostatic device. IONM and specific branching decrease transient RLN palsy. Female gender, young age, completion thyroidectomy, and lateral neck dissection were independent risk factors for the development of transient hypocalcemia.Aim. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of Ultrasonic Coagulation (UC), Bipolar Energy Sealing System (BESS), Intra Operative Nerve Monitoring (IONM) and surgical experience on the complications of thyroid surgery.Method. The data of 1627 patients who underwent thyroid surgery for various indications in our department between 2009 and 2018 were analyzed retrospectively and the effects of different technological devices on complications were investigated.Results. Transient recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) palsy was higher between 2009 and 2013, when IONM was not in routine use (p=0.029). There were no significant differences between two energy devices (UC and BESS) in terms of transient or permanent RLN palsy, bleeding, and transient or permanent hypocalcemia. Multivariate analysis showed that young age (0.006), female gender (0.016), surgery type (p<0.001), and lateral neck dissection (p=0.026) are independent risk factors for transient hypocalcemia.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Self-assembly of sapovirus recombinant virus-like particles from polyprotein in mammalian cells. The SaV genome is a positive-sense, non-segmented single-strand RNA molecule of approximately 7.5 kb that is polyadenylated at its 3' terminus. The major capsid (VP1) of SaV is thought to be produced as the ORF1 polyprotein followed by cleavage, or translation from subgenomic RNA (3'-coterminal with the virus genome), or both. We have recently reported the formation of SaV VLP from subgenomic-like RNA in mammalian cells. In the present study, we demonstrated that the VP1 cleaved from a part of ORF1 polyprotein self-assembled into VLP in mammalian cells when a transient expression system using a recombinant vaccinia virus encoding T7 RNA polymerase was used.", "label": [2, 4, 17, 40]}
+{"token": "The Smiley Gang Panic Ethnic Legends about Gang Rape in the Netherlands in the Wake of 9/11. In public discourse, legend and media are inextricably connected. This case study of post-9/11 gang rape legends in the Netherlands features news items about gang rapes that turn out to be legends. These legends can be read as a public response to media discourse on gang rape as a type of ethnic crime. By depicting others as inhumanly cruel, individuals distance themselves from the ethnic \\\\'Other.\\\\'", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "The impact of state abdication on transitional justice: when non-state actors and other states fill the post-transition gap. When the state fails to carry out the duties it would normally fulfil in the post-conflict period, non-state actors eventually step in to fill the gaps. Such processes ultimately come to stand in for official state response. While this seems like a fairly innocuous turn of events, there are consequences to the substitution of civil society-run post-conflict rebuilding that are rarely unpacked. The literature has so far not taken up what is a fairly serious issue: By letting the state off the hook, citizens' needs are never appropriately met; governments are able to continue with other areas of foci - including carrying on with acts of war and human rights abuses and official responsibility is never taken.", "label": [5, 47, 49]}
+{"token": "Relationship between daily atmospheric circulation types and winter dry/wet spells in western Iran. Aiming at better understanding the causes and processes leading to meteorological dry and wet episodes in western Iran, the present study investigates the space and time variability of winter dry/wet events and their associated large-scale atmospheric driving circulations. Using monthly precipitation data of 140 weather stations for 19652000, meteorological dry/wet spells are assessed through the 1-month Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). By applying the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) with Varimax rotation to the SPI field, three sub-regions of independent climatic variability are identified. Large-scale daily atmospheric circulation patterns are then classified into twelve circulation types (CTs) by applying PCA to the 500 hPa geopotential height fields coupled with the non-iterative K-means clustering technique, in which extreme rotated principal component scores, in their positive and negative phases, are considered as potential groups and their centroids are computed by averaging all days that fulfil the extreme score criterion. The linkage between daily CTs and winter dry/wet spells in the region is investigated by correlating the frequencies of occurrence of each CT with the time series of dry/wet events, derived from both the rotated principal component scores of SPI and the SPI series at three representative stations of the identified sub-regions. Severe/extreme events have also been considered. A performance index is applied to test the relationship between CTs and dry/wet events. Results show statistically significant correlations between the frequencies of occurrence of the identified CTs and of dry/wet spells at the three representative stations, suggesting that particular CTs are potential predictors for the winter dry/wet events in western Iran. Copyright (c) 2011 Royal Meteorological Society", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "The Power to Promise Oneself. Considerable attention has been devoted to the peculiar obligating force of interpersonal promises. But paradigmatic promising is not an orphan in the family of our moral concepts, and the focus on interpersonal promises has overshadowed sibling phenomena that any account of promises should also cover. I examine the case of single-party promises and argue, against the prevailing view, that we have good reason to take the phenomenon of making promises to oneself seriously. This supports what I call 'the breadth criterion': theoretical accounts of promising should cover the entire breadth of the phenomenon of promising. I then argue that the breadth criterion poses a novel and formidable obstacle for two prominent views of promising, the social practice view and the expectation view. I conclude by suggesting that there is reason to think that the normative power view of promising may fare better.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Using Syllogistics to Teach Metalogic. This article describes a specific pedagogical context for an advanced logic course and presents a strategy that might facilitate students' transition from the object-theoretical to the metatheoretical perspective on logic. The pedagogical context consists of philosophy students who in general have had little training in logic, except for a thorough introduction to syllogistics. The teaching strategy tries to exploit this knowledge of syllogistics, by emphasizing the analogies between ideas from metalogic and ideas from syllogistics, such as existential import, the distinction between contradictories and contraries, and the square of opposition. This strategy helps to improve students' understanding of metalogic, because it allows the students to integrate these new ideas with their previously acquired knowledge of syllogistics.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Infectious cDNA transcripts of Maize necrotic streak virus: Infectivity and translational characteristics. Maize necrotic streak virus (MNeSV) is a unique member of the family Tombusviridae that is not infectious by leaf rub inoculation and has a coat protein lacking the protruding domain of aureusviruses, carmoviruses, and tombusviruses (Louie et al., Plant Dis. 84, 1133-1139, 2000). Completion of the MNeSV sequence indicated a genome of 4094 nt. RNA blot and primer extension analysis identified subgenomic RNAs of 1607 and 781 nt. RNA and protein sequence comparisons and RNA secondary structure predictions support the classification of MNeSV as the first monocot-infecting tombusvirus, the smallest tombusvirus yet reported. Uncapped transcripts from cDNAs were infectious in maize (Zea mays L.) protoplasts and plants. Translation of genomic and subgenomic RNA transcripts in wheat germ extracts indicated that MNeSV has a 3' cap-independent translational enhancer (3'CITE) located within the 3' 156 m. The sequence, predicted structure, and the ability to function in vitro differentiate the MNeSV 3'CITE from that of Tomato bushy stunt virus. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Cavity formation and early growth in a superplastic Al-Mg alloy. Knowledge of the exact physical mechanism of cavity formation and early growth is important for the prediction of the extent of internal damage following superplastic deformation. To this end, the early stages of cavitation in a superplastic Al-Mg-Mn-Cu alloy have been experimentally studied and reported here. Small cavities (<0.5 mum) were detected by scanning electron microscopy and the number of cavities per unit volume was monitored by image analysis through optical microscopy. Before deformation, some cavities were seen at the particle-matrix interfaces. However, during tensile deformation in the temperature range of 450-550degreesC (and strain rates similar to 10(-4) to 10(-2) s(-1)), additional cavities emerge and grow, Most cavities are observed at the interface between particles and the matrix from submicrometer size range, and grow initially along the interface. This suggests that early cavity growth is by matrix/particle decohesion, possibly starting from interfacial defects, and this growth has rapid kinetics. The density of observable cavities increases with strain, i.e. \\\\'nucleation\\\\' is continuous. The number of cavities increases at higher strain rates and at lower test temperatures. This is due to the higher flow stresses, reduced strain-rate sensitivity and poorer diffusional accommodation process, which assist in the initial growth of the submicrometer and nanoscale interface defects. But the evidence for diffusional cavity growth in the initial stages was not found. (C) 2002 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Prenatal diagnosis and characterization of an unbalanced whole arm translocation resulting in monosomy for 18p. Monosomy for the short arm of chromosome 18 is one of the most frequent autosomal deletions observed. While most cases result from terminal deletion of 18p, 16% of cases reported were as a result of an unbalanced whole arm translocation resulting in monosomy 18p. The origin and structure of these derivative chromosomes were reported in only a few cases. We report the prenatal diagnosis and characterization of a new case of monosomy 18p as a result of an unbalanced whole arm translocation. Amniocentesis was performed at 15 weeks of gestation on a 34-year-old woman initially referred for advanced maternal age. Holoprosencephaly was identified by ultrasound at the time of amniocentesis, Karyotype analysis showed an unbalanced whole arm translocation between the long arm of one chromosome IS and the long arm of one chromosome 22, 45,XX,der(18;22)(q10;q10), in all metaphases. In effect, the fetus had monosomy for 18p, Parental karyotypes were normal, suggesting a de novo origin for the der(18;22), Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis was performed with alpha -satellite probes D18Z1 and D14Z1/D22Z1 to identify the origin of the centromere on the der(18;22). Signal was observed with both probes, indicating that the centromere was composed of alpha -satellite DNA from both constituent chromosomes. Genotyping of the fetus and her parents with chromosome 18p STS marker D18S391 showed only the paternal 187 bp allele was present in the fetus, indicating that it was the maternal chromosome 18 involved in the der(18;22). This case and previous reports show that de novo unbalanced whole arm translocations are more likely to retain alpha -satellite sequences from the; two chromosomes involved.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "The regulation of equity crowdfunding in the US: remaining concerns and lessons from the UK. Equity crowdfunding (ECF) provides small to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) with affordable access to funds, but it may expose investors to various risks. To promote capital formation for SMEs while maintaining adequate investor protection, the US has adopted a special ECF regime under the JOBS Act of 2012 and more recently made some amendments to it. However, two key problems of this regime remain to be addressed. One lies in the mandated issuer disclosures under the crowdfunding exemption. The other relates to the unduly burdensome funding portal regime. This article turns to the regulation of ECF in the UK to explore whether it has anything for the US to learn from. The comparative analysis demonstrates that, despite some high-level similarities, the two regimes have notable differences that determine the different impacts on ECF market actors. Drawing insights from the UK experience, the article makes recommendations for improving the US regime.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "The Narrative of Ma Anand Sheela Charisma and Institutionalization in the Rajneesh/Osho Movement. This article will discuss charisma and institutionalization in the Rajneesh/Osho movement between 1981 and 1985, during its Rajneeshpuram, Oregon phase, based on an interview with Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh's former secretary, known as Ma Anand Sheela. A model by sociologist Roy Wallis with different possibilities for the charismatic leader to respond to institutionalization will be applied, and a previous application by sociologist Susan J. Palmer will be discussed. I argue that Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh, later known as Osho, was more active in the institutionalization of the movement than is depicted by the group, and that legal reasons may have been the motivation for both his vow of silence from 1981 to 1984 and the creation of the religion Rajneeshism in 1983.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Density dependence in an annual plant community: Variation among life history stages. We constructed seminatural communities of desert annuals composed of all the constituent species in the same relative proportions as found in the natural habitat. These experimental communities were planted at a range of densities that extended far above and below mean natural field density. We compared among physical environments (irrigation treatments), among communities from different physical environments, and among growth forms (dicot and graminoid) to search for generalizations about the magnitude and direction of density dependence.Most studies of density-dependent demography in plants consider the density only of the single focal species being studied. However, density-dependent regulation in plants may frequently occur at the level of the entire community, rather than only within particular species. In addition, because density dependence may differ considerably seven in direction) among demographic parameters, generalizing about patterns of density dependence and extrapolating to lifetime fitness and to population dynamics require comparisons among life history stages, as well as among types of species and physical environments.Strong evidence of community-level density dependence was detected at all three life history stages studied in these desert annuals: emergence, survival, and final size, However, both the direction and degree of consistency of this density dependence varied considerably among the stages. The strongest and most consistent competitive effects were experienced at the emergence stage, where the mechanism is most likely a form of interference competition rather than exploitation competition. At the survival stage, the magnitude of effects was highly variable among physical environments and source communities but negative effects were relatively rare, with either positive or no significant effects of increasing density. Thus, exploitation competition was also unimportant at the survival stage. In contrast, for growth, exploitation competition appeared to be the primary mechanism of interaction influencing growth. This variation in mechanism, direction, and magnitude of interactions among life history stages suggests that current models of plant community structure that are based largely on exploitation competition as it influences growth (with mortality a simple function of growth) are inadequate for even this simple annual plant community.We also compared growth forms and found that graminoids were superior competitors to dicots at the emergence and survival stages; they also had higher emergence and survival, regardless of density. Consistent with this result, grasses are always the numerical dominants in the source communities. In contrast, the two growth forms did not differ in competitive ability for growth, and dicots were consistently larger individuals, independent of density, even though grasses were also usually the biomass dominants in the source communities. These results suggest the importance of nontrophic mechanisms of interaction in controlling community structure and again emphasize the importance of constructing and testing models that incorporate multiple mechanisms of interactions.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Free-choice Feeding of Three Different Dietary Calcium Sources and their Influence on Egg Quality Parameters of Commercial Layers. Findings: Daily Ca intakes of birds affected significantly (P<0.05) by the Ca source. The birds fed oyster shells and limestone showed the highest (P<0.05) daily Ca intakes. Feeding bone meal significantly (P<0.05) reduced damaged shell percentage. Weekly body weight gain, weekly egg production and feed conversion ratio among treatments were similar (P>0.05). Dietary supplementation of Ca significantly (P<0.05) improved the egg weight. Shape index and shell ratios among treatments were similar (P>0.05). Feeding bone meal significantly (P<0.05) improved unit surface shell weight (USSW) and the shell thickness. Calcium supplementation had no effect (P>0.05) on albumen and yolk quality parameters of eggs.Originality/value: The present study concluded that feeding bone meal to commercial layers improves USSW, shell thickness thereby reducing egg damages. Calcium source has no influence in improving internal quality parameters of chicken eggs.Research Method: Three dietary Ca sources (oyster shells, limestone and bone meal) were choice fed ad libitumly along with a commercial layer feed. The birds fed only the commercial layer diet was used as the control. The experiment was conducted as a complete randomized design. A total of 128, 55 weeks old Hy-line white layer hens (1500 +/- 21g) were assigned into 16 cages of 8 birds each. Four replicate cages were randomly assigned to each of the four dietary treatments. Bird's performances were tested weekly. Twenty eggs from each treatment were collected weekly over five weeks period and were assessed for shell and internal quality parameters.Purpose: The study reported herein was conducted to determine the effects of choice feeding three different calcium (Ca) sources on external and internal egg quality parameters of commercial layers.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Newly Discovered Ring-Moat Dome Structures in the Lunar Maria: Possible Origins and Implications. We report on a newly discovered morphological feature on the lunar surface, here named Ring-Moat Dome Structure (RMDS). These low domes (a few meters to similar to 20 m height with slopes <5 degrees) are typically surrounded by narrow annular depressions or moats. We mapped about 2,600 RMDSs in the lunar maria with diameters ranging from tens to hundreds of meters. Four candidate hypotheses for their origin involving volcanism are considered. We currently favor a mechanism for the formation of the RMDS related to modification of the initial lava flows through inflated flow squeeze-ups and/or extrusion of magmatic foams below a cooling lava flow surface. These newly discovered features provide new insights into the nature of emplacement of lunar lava flows, suggesting that in the waning stages of a dike emplacement event, magmatic foams can be produced, extrude to the surface as the dike closes, and break through the upper lava flow thermal boundary layer (crust) to form foam mounds and surrounding moats.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Pressure Influence on Salt Migration in Frozen Hydrate-Saturated Sediments: Experimental Modeling. Development of the Arctic region faces many problems, including methane emission from permafrost. Among other causes, methane emission may result from destabilization and dissociation of intrapermafrost gas hydrates under temperature and pressure changes or chemical reactions. The effects of the temperature and pressure on the stability of intrapermafrost gas hydrates have been quite well-studied, but the chemical effects, such as migration of salts, remain poorly understood. In this study, the interaction of frozen hydrate-saturated sediments with NaCl solutions is simulated in physical experiments at different gas pressures from 0.1 to 4.0 MPa and at a constant negative temperature of around -6.0 degrees C. The experiments show that the external pressure significantly affects the migration of Na+ into frozen hydrate-bearing sand: salt transport accelerates at lower pressures, while pore hydrates lose stability. However, the effect of the pressure on frozen hydrate-free sediments is minor. The experimental results make a basis for a model of pore space changes in frozen hydrate-saturated rocks interacting with salt water under gas pressures above or below the equilibrium value.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "A descriptive study of pathways to care among hospitalized urban African American first-episode schizophrenia-spectrum patients. Method Pathways to care, including all contacts for help from the onset of prodromal symptoms until first hospital admission, were assessed in 25 urban African American patients. Other measures were obtained as part of an ongoing study of predictors of the duration of untreated psychosis.Results The median durations from the onset of illness to hospital admission and from the emergence of positive psychotic symptoms to hospital admission were 128.0 weeks (range 0.6-476.9) and 32.9 weeks (range 0.4-337.7), respectively. Of the 83 total contacts, 17 were with police, whereas only four were with primary care providers. While the number of contacts per patient ranged from one to eight, 16 of the 25 patients were admitted within 1 week of their first contact for help.Conclusions The findings indicate that pathways to care in this population are highly variable, and there is a need for additional research to better understand the nature and determinants of these pathways. Such investigations may provide insights into service enhancements that can promote early detection and intervention, thus improving illness outcomes.Background Studying pathways to care, or contacts made during the period of time from the onset of illness until the first initiation of treatment, is critical for understanding how to improve the early recognition and treatment of mental disorders. However, little is known about pathways to care among patients with first-episode psychosis in the United States. The objectives of this study were to examine the pathways to care and number of help contacts prior to hospitalization in first-episode patients, and to ascertain the frequency of contact with primary care providers and police.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Livestock markets and transport by rail between 1848 and 1913. This paper analyzes the transport of livestock by rail between 1848 and 1913. To do this, first of all it has been necessary to previously establish two methodologies that have allowed us to reconstruct the quantitative evolution of live animal shipping and the origin-destination characteristics of rail journeys. The results of this research suggest: first, that during the last third of the nineteenth century the transportation of sheep and pigs grew at a slower pace than that of cows, goods and cereals. And, second, that railways offered from a very early stage enough mobility to meet the demand for fresh meat coming from a national market mainly based on urban consumers. Demand for fresh meat was high and could not have caused the weak trend in sheep and pig transportation growth. Thus, the explanatory factor must be the supply. Although further research on this subject is needed, a plausible hypothesis emerges, namely, that there were two different tendencies in the Spanish farming system, which is consistent with the argument of an agrarian sector for which environmental aspects are a determinant factor. In consequence, while pig and sheep production increased below what the market demand could absorb in the extensive farming model characteristic of dry Spain, in the intensive farming of the rainy part of Spain beef production could grow with few obstacles. Rail transport flows reflect these circumstances, which disappeared after 1900.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Democratic legitimacy does not require constitutional referendum. On 'the constitution' in theories of constituent power. Constitutional referendum - Popular sovereignty - Constituent power - Democratic legitimacy - Participation in referendum as exercise of constituent power - The legal status conception of the constitution - The legal functions conception of the constitution - Open question whether every provision in codified constitutions is essential to constituent power - Therefore, constitutional referendum not always mandated by democratic legitimacy", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Influence of membrane thickness and process conditions on direct contact membrane distillation at different salinities. Membrane distillation is an emerging thermal membrane technology for the separation of salts and other non-volatile inclusions from water streams. The process offers a solution for the treatment of concentrated solutions, which are not viable for reverse osmosis. However, only few studies focused on the optimal membrane properties and operational conditions in the high concentration regime. In this paper, membranes with variations in thickness, porosity and structure are experimentally investigated in direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD); in addition, the performance is simulated using the Dusty Gas Model. Operational conditions, including the temperature difference over the membrane, the flow velocity and the feed stream salinity up to saturation were varied. It was confirmed that for pure water, thinner membranes show higher fluxes, while energy efficiency is unaffected by membrane thickness. At higher salinities, an optimal membrane thickness depending on membrane parameters and process conditions exists. The optimal membrane thickness computed in this article ranges from 2 to 739 pm for concentrations of NaCI ranging from 0 up to 24 wt% and variations in bulk temperature difference and flow velocities for four different membrane structures. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 33]}
+{"token": "EGG SIZE AND CLUTCH SIZE IN 2 DAPHNIA SPECIES GROWN AT DIFFERENT FOOD LEVELS. The effect of three different Scenedesmus food concentrations (0.04, 0.2 and 1 mg C l-1) on maternal investment was studied in two cladoceran species of similar size, Daphnia pulicaria and D. hyalina. It was observed that as food concentration decreased (between 1 and 0.2 mg C l-1), there was an increase in size, protein content, lipid content, carbon and mass of the egg, while. at the same time, the clutch size of the females became smaller. Such an increase in 'per offspring investment' was reflected in an increase in body length, body carbon and body mass of neonates as the food available for females decreased. However, in D. pulicaria this tendency was not maintained down at 0.04 mg C l-1 in which there was a decrease of the egg characteristics mentioned above. Although, there are not available all the egg and neonate parameters of D. hyalina at 0.04 mg C l-1, the body length of the neonates was larger than at 0.2 and 1 mg C l-1. These results show that, as food diminishes, these two cladoceran species are able to respond by decreasing clutch size, but increasing the size of egg, thereby increasing the probability of neonate survival. This tendency is probably maintained until the food concentration is too low and the females have to reduce the energy allocated for reproduction.", "label": [4, 42, 36]}
+{"token": "Taste of Water-Soluble Extracts Obtained from Over-Fermented Tempe. Over-fermented tempe, known as tempe semangit, is popular in Indonesian culture, especially in Java, as an umami seasoning in traditional foods. The objective of this study was to characterize taste-active compounds in water soluble extracts of over-fermented tempe. Over-fermented tempe was prepared from fresh tempe in which the fermentation was prolonged (0 to 96 h). Free amino acids in the water soluble extract were analyzed and characterized for their taste activity values. Water soluble extracts contained umami and bitter tasting free amino acids at relatively high concentrations. Their umami and bitter taste activity values were higher than the taste threshold concentration. Water soluble extract from 72 h over-fermentation had a higher umami taste activity value than bitter taste activity, exhibiting the highest umami taste dilution factor. The high-performance liquid chromatography profile of water soluble extract fractions obtained using Sephadex G-25 gel filtration chromatography demonstrated that fractions having higher umami taste intensity had more hydrophilic components than hydrophobic components.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Health Behaviors, Mental Health, and Health Care Utilization Among Single Mothers After Welfare Reforms in the 1990s. We studied the health of low-income US women affected by the largest social policy change in recent US history: the 1996 welfare reforms. Using the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (1993-2012), we performed 2 types of analysis. First, we used difference-in-difference-in-differences analyses to estimate associations between welfare reforms and health outcomes among the most affected women (single mothers aged 18-64 years in 1997; n = 219,469) compared with less affected women (married mothers, single nonmothers, and married nonmothers of the same age range in 1997; n = 2,422,265). We also used a synthetic control approach in which we constructed a more ideal control group for single mothers by weighting outcomes among the less affected groups to match pre-reform outcomes among single mothers. In both specifications, the group most affected by welfare reforms (single mothers) experienced worse health outcomes than comparison groups less affected by the reforms. For example, the reforms were associated with at least a 4.0-percentage-point increase in binge drinking (95% confidence interval: 0.9, 7.0) and a 2.4-percentage-point decrease in the probability of being able to afford medical care (95% confidence interval: 0.1, 4.8) after controlling for age, educational level, and health care insurance status. Although the reforms were applauded for reducing welfare dependency, they may have adversely affected health.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Transport and Regional Dispersal of Tourists: Is Travel Modal Substitution a Source of Conflict between Low-Fare Air Services and Regional Dispersal?. This article explores the relationship between low-cost carrier (LCC) service proliferation and regional dispersal of tourists by examining the mode choice decision of leisure tourists. This research applies a stated choice method controlling for travel mode attributes as well as trip context (whether a trip is single-or multidestination). The results suggest that leisure traveler mode choice is influenced by the trip context; however, low airfares more than offset this effect on travel mode choice. On the basis of data collected in the Northern New South Wales travel corridor in Australia, this article shows that a study of travel mode choice can reveal potential conflicts and synergies in the marketing and management of destinations. The results have implications for destinations worldwide.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Combined effect of sodium polyphosphate and smoking on quality parameters of fish (Capoeta umbla) sausage. Improving food quality is one the major issues for the food processing industry. Since food produced from fish spoils quickly, it obviously cannot be kept for an extended time. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of sodium polyphosphate and smoking on the shelf life of fish sausage that was produced from Capoeta umbla and stored at 4 1 C. Therefore, we designed four groups: control group (A), which used neither sodium polyphosphate nor smoking; and treatment groups that used only sodium polyphosphate (group B), smoking (group C) and a combination of sodium polyphosphate and smoking (group D). The shelf life of fish sausage in each group was evaluated according to microbiological (total mesophilic and psychrotrophic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, yeasts and molds), chemical (pH, thi obarbituoric acid and total volatile basic nitrogen) and sensory analysis. The shelf life of groups A, B, and C was determined as 42 days, while the shelf life of group D was 56 days. Thus, we found significant differences between group D and the other two treatment groups, B and C (p<0.05). The findings of the present study indicated that the combination of sodiumpolyphosphate+smoking showed a positive ability to extend the shelf life of fish sausage.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "A comparison of stride parameters and carpal and tarsal joint angles during terrestrial and swimming locomotion in domestic dogs. In recent years, canine hydrotherapy has become increasingly popular to treat a range of conditions despite a lack of empirical evidence. It is currently unclear whether joint angles and limb movements performed by dogs during swimming are quantifiably beneficial for healthy animals. This study investigated the swimming kinematics of healthy dogs to establish baseline data for this activity and compare limb kinematics to that of overground locomotion. Kinematic data were recorded from eight healthy dolichocephalic dogs (mean age: 3.4 +/- 2.2) of a variety of breeds. Overground data were collected prior to swimming and consisted of dogs trotting on a flat surface. Swimming data were collected using an underwater camera during a standard hydrotherapy session conducted by a trained canine hydrotherapist. Range of motion, primarily due to an increase in flexion, was significantly greater (P<0.005) during swimming than trotting. Stride length (P<0.001) and frequency (P<0.005) were both significantly reduced in swimming compared to trot. Swimming kinematics recorded in this study are consistent with previously published data on canine aquatic locomotion but differ from those previously reported for water treadmill exercise. This study provides an insight into aquatic locomotion in healthy dogs indicating that range of motion exceeds that of terrestrial gaits. It is unclear whether these changes are beneficial for healthy animals and therefore further research is required to develop evidence-based protocols for industry practice.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Why a leisure context is linked to normbreaking for some girls and not others: personality characteristics and parent-child relations as explanations. In a study of adolescents in the 1970s, girls were high in normbreaking if they attended youth recreation centers and were heavily involved with peers or boys (Stattin et al., 2003). The present study investigated whether these results could be replicated on a modern sample, and then examined parent-child relationships and personality characteristics as explanations why some girls and not others go to the youth centers and become heavily involved with peers and boys. Participants were 1279 14-year olds from a city in central Sweden. The results showed that personality characteristics and experiences at home partly explained youth center attendance, and personality characteristics partly explained involvement with boys, but neither explained why those who attended the centers and were involved with boys were highest on normbreaking. Thus, personality characteristics and experiences at home seem to be involved when girls choose the youth center context, but socialization by peers at the centers might better explain normbreaking among center goers. (C) 2004 Published by Elsevier Ltd. on behalf of The Association for Professionals in Services for Adolescents.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Polymer having a trithiocarbonate moiety in the main chain: Application to reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer controlled thermal and photoinduced monomer insertion polymerization. A polymer having a trithiocarbonate moiety in its main chain was synthesized with a cyclic, five-membered dithiocarbonate as a building block. The trithiocarbonate in the polymer acted as a reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer reagent to mediate a controlled insertion polymerization of styrene into the polymer main chain, giving the corresponding sequence-ordered polymer having a well-defined polystyrene segment in the main chain. During the polymerization, the polystyrene segment in the main chain gained its molecular weight, which maintained a linear relationship with the conversion of styrene. The insertion polymerization of styrene was induced not only thermally but also by ultraviolet irradiation. This photoinduced polymerization was well controlled by the trithiocarbonate moiety to give the corresponding polymer, whose structure was virtually the same as that obtained by the thermal polymerization. (c) 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Bible in the USSR. The article introduces a general picture of the specific existence of the Bible in the U.S.S.R. up to the late 1940-s. The sources include books published in the U.S.S.R. in 1922-1947, as well as various anti-religious media: \\\\'Bezbozhnik\\\\' (\\\\'Godless\\\\') Newspaper, \\\\'Antireligioznik\\\\' Magazine, and others. The authors argue that - in spite of the fact that the Bible was treated by ideologists as a kind of propagandist literature - it still played a significant role in the culture. The knowledge about the Bible was kept in the folk tradition. At that, the Bible was \\\\'an imaginary book\\\\' for the \\\\'people\\\\'. There was also research works on the Bible and its translations (first of all, about the Slavic Bible). The biblical plots had been presented in art, and literature, that is why understanding them was an important part of the Soviet culture. Even the anti-religious propaganda could not escape studying the Bible and explaining the biblical plots. The casus of the Soviet propaganda was in the situation when the propagandist publications became a source of information about the Bible.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Urinary Antigen Testing for Respiratory Infections: Current Perspectives on Utility and Limitations. Pneumonia is a leading cause of hospitalization and death due to infection worldwide. Streptococcus pneumoniae and Legionella pneumophila remain among the most commonly identified bacterial pathogens. Unfortunately, more than half of all pneumonia cases today lack an etiologic diagnosis due to limitations in traditional microbiological methods like blood and sputum cultures, which are affected by poor sample collection, prior antibiotic administration, and delayed processing. Urinary antigen tests (UATs) for S. pneumoniae and L. pneumophila have emerged as powerful tools for improving the diagnosis of bacterial respiratory infections, enabling physicians to administer early directed therapy and improve antimicrobial stewardship. UATs are simple, rapid, and non-invasive diagnostic tests with high specificity ( 90%) and moderate sensitivity (<80%). The potential impact of urinary antigen testing is especially significant for respiratory infections caused by Legionella. While all recommended community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) therapies are adequate for treating pneumococcal pneumonia, only certain antibiotics are effective against Legionella. Delayed therapy for Legionella is associated with worse clinical outcomes, which underscores the importance of rapid diagnostic methods like UATs. Despite their potential impact, current American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America (ATS/IDSA) guidelines argue against the routine use of urinary antigen testing for S. pneumoniae and L. pneumophila, except in patients with severe CAP and those with epidemiological risk factors for Legionella. Further research is necessary to evaluate the impact of early targeted treatment due to positive UAT results, as well as optimal strategies for UAT utilization. The purpose of this review is to summarize the UATs available for bacterial respiratory infections, describe current guidelines on their usage, and assess their impact on clinical outcomes and targeted therapy.", "label": [2, 21, 24]}
+{"token": "Save or Sack the City: The Fate of Jonah's Nineveh from a Spatial Perspective. This article revisits the fate of Nineveh in Jonah 3, drawing on a cognitive-stylistic analysis of the spatial conceptualization of the city. Building upon previous research that acknowledges a destructive aspect of the book of Jonah, the analysis of space builders (such as directional and locational prepositions, motion verbs, but also keywords and stylistic devices) shows that the city is neither saved nor destroyed by God, but brought down by itself (or rather its people). The foregrounded Nineveh of the first lines of Jonah 3 turns into a Nineveh that functions as Ground. This stylistic overturning, in line with the prophecy in Jonah 3.4, fits the enemy city into a spatial framework controlled by God.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "The Periesophageal Celom of the Articulate Brachiopod Hemithyris psittacea (Rhynchonelliformea, Brachiopoda). The celomic system of the articulate brachiopod Hemithyris psittacea is composed of the perivisceral cavity, the canal system of the lophophore, and the periesophageal celom. We study the microscopic anatomy and ultrastructure of the periesophageal celom using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The peri-esophageal celom surrounds the esophagus, is isolated from the perivisceral cavity, and is divided by septa. The lining of the periesophageal celom includes two types of cells, epithelial cells and myoepithelial cells, both are monociliary. Some epithelial cells have long processes extending along the basal lamina, suggesting that these cells might function as podocytes. The myoepithelial cells have basal myofilaments and may be overlapped by the apical processes of the adjacent epithelial cells. The periesophageal celom forms protrusions that penetrate the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the body wall above the mouth and the ECM that surrounds the esophagus. The canals of the esophageal ECM form a complicated system. The celomic lining of the external circumferential canals consists of the epithelial cells and the podocyte-like cells. The deepest canals lack a lumen; they are filled with the muscle cells surrounded by basal lamina. These branched canals might perform dual functions. First, they increase the surface area and might therefore facilitate ultrafiltration through the podocyte-like cells. Second, the deepest canals form the thickened muscle wall of the esophagus and could be necessary for antiperistalsis of the gut. J. Morphol. 272:180-190, 2011. (C) 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "Molecular analysis of three Ljungan virus isolates reveals a new, close-to-root lineage of the Picornaviridae with a cluster of two unrelated 2A proteins. Ljungan virus (LV) is a suspected human pathogen recently isolated from bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus). In the present study, it is revealed through comparative sequence analysis that three newly determined Swedish LV genomes are closely related and possess a deviant picornavirus-like organization: 5' untranslated region-VP0-VP3-VP1-2A1-2A2-2B-2C-3A-3B-3C-3D-3' untranslated region. The LV genomes and the polyproteins encoded by them exhibit several exceptional features, such as the absence of a predicted maturation cleavage of VP0, a conserved sequence determinant in VP0 that is typically found in VP1 of other picornaviruses, and a cluster of two unrelated 2A proteins. The 2A1 protein is related to the 2A protein of cardio-, erbo-, tescho-, and aphthoviruses, and the 2A2 protein is related to the 2A protein of parechoviruses, kobuviruses, and avian encephalomyelitis virus. The unprecedented association of two structurally different 2A proteins is a feature never previously observed among picornaviruses and implies that their functions are not mutually exclusive. Secondary polyprotein processing of the LV polyprotein is mediated by proteinase 3C (3C(pro)) possessing canonical affinity to Glu and Gln at the P1 position and small amino acid residues at the P1' position. In addition, LV 3C(pro) appears to have unique substrate specificity to Asn, Gln, and Asp and to bulky hydrophobic residues at the P2 and P4 positions, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that LVs form a separate division, which, together with the Parechovirus genus, has branched off the picornavirus tree most closely to its root. The presence of two 2A proteins indicates that some contemporary picornaviruses with a single 2A may have evolved from the ancestral multi-2A picornavirus.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Development of additional selectable markers for the halophilic Archaeon Haloferax volcanii based on the leuB and trpA genes. Since most archaea are extremophilic and difficult to cultivate, our current knowledge of their biology is confined largely to comparative genomics and biochemistry. Haloferax volcanii offers great promise as a model organism for archaeal genetics, but until now there has been a lack of a wide variety of selectable markers for this organism. We describe here isolation of H. volcanii leuB and trpA genes encoding 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase and tryptophan synthase, respectively, and development of these genes as a positive selection system. DeltaleuB and DeltatrpA mutants were constructed in a variety of genetic backgrounds and were shown to be auxotrophic for leucine and tryptophan, respectively. We constructed both integrative and replicative plasmids carrying the leuB or trpA gene under control of a constitutive promoter. The use of these selectable markers in deletion of the lhr gene of H. volcanii is described.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 40]}
+{"token": "Effect of sintering temperature on electrical properties of gadolinium-doped ceria ceramics. Electrical properties of 10 mol% Gd2O3-90 mol% CeO2 (GDC10) and 20 mol% Gd2O3-80 mol% CeO2 (GDC20) ceramics, sintered in various temperatures from 1100 to 1500 A degrees C for 2 h, have been investigated by 2- and 4-electrode impedance measurement methods. The sintering temperature was found to have a significant effect on electrical properties of the grain boundary medium. A brick-layer model-based analysis of the experimental data of grain boundary medium was carried out for the estimation of proportion ratio between grain dimension and grain boundary thickness. Impedance spectra, obtained by 4-electrode method, were also examined by numerically calculating the probability density function of distribution of relaxation times of charge carriers. The latter method revealed time domain behavior of the system, which allowed more accurate evaluation of the most probable relaxation times. GDC10 samples, sintered at 1400 and 1500 A degrees C, showed a particular relaxation behavior of charge carriers in grain boundary medium. Two distinct peaks of the imaginary impedance (both associated to grain boundary) were detected, which suggest that grain boundary medium in these specimens may consist of two phases with different electrical properties.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "Security and Reliability Analysis of a Two-Way Half-Duplex Wireless Relaying Network Using Partial Relay Selection and Hybrid TPSR Energy Harvesting at Relay Nodes. In recent years, physical layer security has been considered as an effective method to enhance the information security beside the cryptographic techniques that are used in upper layers. In this paper, we provide the security analysis for a two-way relay network, where the two sources can only communicate through the intermediate relay nodes. In particular, we consider the scenario that there is an eavesdropper in the vicinity of one source node. Both reliability and security aspects are taken into consideration in our work. To enhance the reliability of communication, the intermediate relays are supplied with the energy harvested from the sources radio frequency (RF) signals using hybrid time-switching and power splitting (TPSR) protocol. Also, we apply the relay selection technique to select the best relay for the information exchange between two sources. Regarding security, the secrecy of information is improved with the help of friendly jammers nearby the eavesdropper. We provide the in-dept reliability and security analysis in terms of the closed-form expressions of the outage probability (OP) at the source nodes, the intercept probability (IP) at the eavesdropper, the secrecy outage probability (SOP), and the average secrecy capacity (ASC) of the system. Finally, the Monte Carlo simulations are also conducted to verify the correctness of our analysis and the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. Numerical results confirms that with the appropriate and feasible choices of involved parameters, both outage OP and IP can be kept at small values to guarantee the reliable and secure communication of the system.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 37]}
+{"token": "Detecting and Measuring Selection from Gene Frequency Data. The recent advent of high-throughput sequencing and genotyping technologies makes it possible to produce, easily and cost effectively, large amounts of detailed data on the genotype composition of populations. Detecting locus-specific effects may help identify those genes that have been, or are currently, targeted by natural selection. How best to identify these selected regions, loci, or single nucleotides remains a challenging issue. Here, we introduce a new model-based method, called SelEstim, to distinguish putative selected polymorphisms from the background of neutral (or nearly neutral) ones and to estimate the intensity of selection at the former. The underlying population genetic model is a diffusion approximation for the distribution of allele frequency in a population subdivided into a number of demes that exchange migrants. We use a Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm for sampling from the joint posterior distribution of the model parameters, in a hierarchical Bayesian framework. We present evidence from stochastic simulations, which demonstrates the good power of SelEstim to identify loci targeted by selection and to estimate the strength of selection acting on these loci, within each deme. We also reanalyze a subset of SNP data from the Stanford HGDP-CEPH Human Genome Diversity Cell Line Panel to illustrate the performance of SelEstim on real data. In agreement with previous studies, our analyses point to a very strong signal of positive selection upstream of the LCT gene, which encodes for the enzyme lactase-phlorizin hydrolase and is associated with adult-type hypolactasia. The geographical distribution of the strength of positive selection across the Old World matches the interpolated map of lactase persistence phenotype frequencies, with the strongest selection coefficients in Europe and in the Indus Valley.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Complementation of coat protein mutants of pepper huasteco geminivirus in transgenic tobacco plants. The role of the pepper huasteco virus (PHV) coat protein (CP) gene during the infection was investigated in three different hosts by using mutations that produced truncated proteins and by complementation assays in transgenic plants. The infectivity analysis revealed that mutants that express truncated CP (CP7 and CP191) behave like the wild-type virus when inoculated onto pepper and Nicotiana benthamiana plants in terms of symptom expression and viral DNA movement. On the contrary, the CP7 mutant was unable to systemically infect tobacco plants, whereas only 10% of the plants inoculated with the CP191 mutant became infected. The CP7 mutant was complemented by coinoculating it with another geminivirus (taino tomato mottle virus). No complementation was observed in plants from nine transgenic tobacco lines expressing CP under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter. However, 3 out of 10 lines expressing CP under the control of its own promoter (693 nucleotides) were able to complement the CP7 mutant. Interestingly, upon infection, the levels of CP mRNA in 693CP plants increased dramatically, probably due to transactivation of the CP promoter by the viral protein AC2.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Minimalism and lightweight backpacking in France: a material culture of detachment. Minimalism is a growing consumerist approach based on deliberate detachment from one's material needs and acquisitions. The aim of this paper is to examine a singular case of minimalism which has developed in the sports sector, based on the stylization by detachment of the practice of hiking: ultralight or lightweight backpacking. While the sports market is traditionally characterized by the accumulation and renewal of equipment, this sport subculture aims the radical reduction of equipment weight and is promoted in France by an online community of practice. Lightening one's equipment implies adopting an original material culture of detachment (mostly by innovation through withdrawal) which goes hand in hand with an alternative subjectivation of practitioners based on a form of voluntary simplicity and asceticism. This enculturation has political consequences, contributing to reconfiguring behaviors, norms and consumer values in the light of alternative markets, partly detaching oneself from \\\\'consumer society.\\\\'", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "The stable carbon isotope fractionation for reactions of selected hydrocarbons with OH-radicals and its relevance for atmospheric chemistry. Measurements of the kinetic isotope effect (KIE) for the reactions of light n-alkanes as well as for several unsaturated hydrocarbons, including alkenes, dienes, benzene, and ethyne with OH-radicals are presented. All measured KIEs are positive; that is, molecules containing only C-12 react faster than the C-13 labeled molecules. However, the KIEs for n-alkanes are quite small; between one and four permil. They can be explained mainly by the mass dependence of the collision frequency between the n-alkanes and OH-radicals. KIEs for the reaction of alkenes with OH-radicals are considerably higher. They can be explained by a fractionation of 24.5 +/- 1.1 parts per thousand for the addition of an OH-radical to a double bond. Inverse dependence on number of carbon atoms and mass dependence of the collision frequencies explain our observations. For benzene the KIE is slightly higher; for ethyne it is somewhat lower than expected from this simple model. For the reaction of many light nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHC), especially of unsaturated hydrocarbons, with OH-radicals the KIEs are sufficiently large to have significant impact on the isotopic composition of atmospheric NMHC. A small series of stable carbon isotope ratio measurements of atmospheric NMHC were made in the greater Toronto area. Traffic related NMHC emissions were also studied for their stable carbon isotope ratios. From these data it is possible to quantitatively determine the extent of photochemical processing due to OH-radical reactions that the individual NMHC has experienced. Thus such measurements allow quantitative evaluation of the extent of chemical processing the different NMHC have gone through. This also includes the possibility to differentiate between the impact of local sources and regional or large scale transport. It is shown that in combination with concentration measurements isotope ratio measurements are extremely valuable to study the complex interaction between chemical removal mechanisms, mixing, and dilution processes.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Extending the analysis of EELS spectrum-imaging data, from elemental to bond mapping in complex nanostructures. Multiple least squares fitting has been employed for long time in elemental electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) analysis, in particular in biology, but with the hypothesis of a rather stable shape for the used core-loss signals. In the present case, we explore its use for identifying the variations in the edges' fine structures in complex boron nitride samples and in particular for mapping the bonding types of boron in such samples. Details about this improved procedure applied to data acquired in the spectrum-imaging mode are reported here. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Utilising ontology for 'heteregeneous data analysis in organizational goals. Purpose The purpose of this paper is to assess the level of the organizational goal accomplishment by assessing the reliance relationship between organizational data and organizational goals. Design/methodology/approach The evaluation of the organizational goals is based on design and operational level, which can serve in ranking of the organizational goals achievement and hence assist the decision-making process in achieving the organizational goals. To achieve this aim, the authors propose an ontology to develop the relationship between organizational data and organizational goals. Findings Data goals dependency shows the dependency relationship between organizational data and organizational goals. At the same time, data goals dependency assists the process of identifying data attributes, where the authors suggest that these data attributes are relevant in relation to the organizational goals. Originality/value The contribution of this paper will serve as the first step to evaluate the relevance of organizational data to assist decision-making in relation to the organizational goals.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Managing Weeds in Commercial Edamame Production: Current Options and Implications. Nomenclature: Imazamox; S-metolachlor; saflufenacil; edamame, Glycine max (L.) Merr.Edamame, a specialty food-grade soybean popular among health-conscious consumers, is growing in popularity worldwide. Despite a well-developed soybean industry, most edamame consumed in the United States is imported from Asia. Considerable interest exists in growing edamame domestically; however, weed interference is a major problem, and until recently, only a single herbicide was registered for use on the crop. The objectives of this work were (1) to compare effectiveness of weed management treatments that utilize herbicides currently registered for use on edamame or that may be registered in the near future, (2) to determine the significance of edamame cultivar on performance of these treatments, and (3) to identify potential relationships between the crop and weed. Ten different weed management treatments were tested in three edamame cultivars over a 3-yr period. All weed management treatments increased marketable pod yield relative to the nontreated control, but only treatments with saflufenacil or S-metolachlor combinations were comparable to the hand-weeded weed-free treatment. Of the treatments studied, S-metolachlor followed by imazamox was among the greatest yielding, had the least weed density and biomass, and did not reduce crop population density. Also, cultivars differed in their weed-suppressive ability. Path analysis indicated certain relationships were consistent across cultivars, such as weed population density having a direct negative association with crop biomass; however, other edamame-weed interactions were not identical across cultivars. Although more improvements are needed, the vegetable industry is beginning to have nascent weed management options in edamame, which will likely reduce reliance on hand weeding and result in crop-production costs that are more competitive in the global market.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Do School-Based Clinicians' Knowledge and Use of Common Elements Correlate with Better Treatment Quality?. Increasingly, research is focusing on strategies to make evidence-based practice more achievable in school mental health. A significant theme is training and implementation of \\\\'common elements'' or specific therapeutic skills associated with positive clinical outcomes for children and youth, as compared to \\\\'manualized'' interventions, which can be difficult to implement, especially in the school setting. As part of a larger study on quality assessment and improvement and evidence-based practice in school mental health (SMH) in three US states, this study analyzed 29 SMH clinicians' knowledge and use of common elements and the relation of knowledge and use to independent ratings of therapy quality. There was high variability in knowledge and use of the common elements and strong associations between knowledge and use and ratings of treatment quality/effectiveness. Results are discussed in relation to advancing research and clinical practice on achievable evidence-based practice in SMH.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Bronsted Acid Catalyzed Dearomatization by Intramolecular Hydroalkoxylation/Claisen Rearrangement: Diastereo- and Enantioselective Synthesis of Spirolactams. Described herein is a novel Bronsted acid catalyzed intramolecular hydroalkoxylation/Claisen rearrangement, allowing the practical and atom-economic synthesis of a range of valuable spirolactams from readily available ynamides in generally good to excellent yields with excellent diastereoselectivities and broad substrate scope. Importantly, an unexpected dearomatization of nonactivated arenes and heteroaromatic compounds is involved in this tandem sequence. Moreover, an asymmetric version of this tandem cyclization was also achieved by efficient kinetic resolution by chiral phosphoric acid catalysis. In addition, the [3,3]-rearrangement is shown to be kinetically preferred over the related [1,3]-rearrangement by theoretical calculations.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Quantification and Phylogenetic Analysis of Ammonia Oxidizers on Biofilm Carriers in a Full-Scale Wastewater Treatment Plant. Biofilm carriers have been used to remove ammonia in several wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Japan. However, the abundance and species of ammonia oxidizers in the biofilms formed on the surface of carriers in full-scale operational WWTP tanks remain unclear. In the present study, we conducted quantitative PCR and PCR cloning of the moil genes of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and archaea (AOB and AOA) and a complete ammonia oxidizer (comammox) in the biofilm formed on the carriers in a full-scale WWTP. The quantification of antoil genes showed that the abundance of AOB and comammox was markedly greater in the biofilm than in the activated sludge suspended in a tank solution of the WWTP, while AOA was not detected in the biofilm or the activated sludge. A phylogenetic analysis of amoA genes revealed that asyet-uncultivated comammox Nitrospira and uncultured AOB Nitrosomonas were predominant in the biofilm. The present results suggest that the biofilm formed on the surface of carriers enable comammox Nitrospira and AOB Nitrosomonas to co-exist and remain in the full-scale WWTP tank surveyed in this study.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 40]}
+{"token": "Network-Induced Soft Sets and Stock Market Applications. The intricacy of the financial systems reflected in bilateral ties has piqued the interest of many specialists. In this research, we introduce network-induced soft sets, a novel mathematical model for studying the dynamics of a financial stock market with several orders of interaction. To achieve its intelligent parameterization, this model relies on the bilateral connections between economic actors, who are agents in a financial network, rather than relying on any other single feature of the network itself. Our study also introduces recently developed statistical measures for network-induced soft sets and provides an analysis of their application to the study of financial markets. Findings validate the efficacy of this novel method in assessing the effects of various economic stress periods registered in Borsa Istanbul.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Wage inequality and overeducation in a model with efficiency wages. This paper shows that the existence and persistence of 'overeducation' can be explained by an extension of the efficiency wage model. When calibrated to fit the amounts of overeducation found in most empirical studies, the model implies that both the relative wage and the relative employment of high-skifl workers depend inversely on aggregate economic activity. Keeping aggregate employment constant, furthermore, low-skill unemployment rises, following an increase in the relative supply of high-skill labour, and relative wages may be insensitive to changes in relative labour supplies. The model may help to explain rising wage inequality in some countries since the early 1970s.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Effects of age and sex on clinical high-risk for psychosis in the community. AIMMETHODSTo investigate age and sex effects on CHR criteria and symptoms and their association with psychosocial impairment and mental disorder.RESULTSAge and sex differentially impact on CHR symptoms and criteria; these differences may support better understanding of causal pathways. Thus, future CHR studies should consider effects of sex and age.Recent reports of both heightened prevalence rates and limited clinical relevance of clinical high-risk (CHR) criteria and their relevant symptoms in children and adolescents indicate an important role of neurodevelopment in the early detection of psychoses. Furthermore, sex effects in CHR symptoms have been reported, though studies were inconclusive. As sex also impacts on neurodevelopment, we expected that sex might have an additional contribution to age in the prevalence and clinical relevance of CHR symptoms and criteria.CONCLUSIONBACKGROUNDAltogether, 542 (18.6%) participants reported any CHR symptom; of these, 261 (9.0%) participants reported any one of the 11 criteria relevant cognitive and perceptual basic symptoms, and 381 (13.1%) any one of the five attenuated or transient psychotic symptoms (attenuated psychotic symptoms/brief intermittent psychotic symptoms). Fewer participants met any one of the CHR criteria (n = 82, 2.8%) or any one of the three recently recommended CHR criteria (n = 38, 1.3%). Both age and sex were significantly (P < 0.05) associated with CHR symptoms and criteria, mostly by younger age and female sex. Though slightly differing between symptom groups, age thresholds were detected around the turn from adolescence to adulthood; they were highest for cognitive basic symptoms and CHR criteria. With the exception of the infrequent speech disorganization attenuated psychotic symptom, the interaction of age with CHR symptoms and criteria predicted functional impairment; whereas, independent of each other, sex and CHR symptoms mostly predicted mental disorders.In this cross-sectional cohort study, n = 2916 8- to 40-year-olds, randomly drawn from the population register of the Swiss canton Bern, were assessed in semi-structured interviews by phone or face-to-face for CHR symptoms and criteria using the Structured Interview for Psychosis-Risk Syndromes and the Schizophrenia Proneness Instrument in its child and youth, and adult version, respectively. Furthermore, social and occupational functioning and DSM-IV axis I disorders were assessed. Simple and interaction effects of age and sex on CHR symptoms and criteria, and interaction effects of age, sex, and CHR symptoms and criteria on presentation of functional impairment and of non-psychotic disorder were investigated using logistic regression analyses.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Linkage disequilibrium: Ancient history drives the new genetics. This brief review provides a summary of the biological causes of genetic association between tightly linked markers - termed linkage disequilibrium - and unlinked markers - termed population structure. We also review the utility of linkage disequilibrium data in gene mapping in isolated populations, in the estimation of recombination rates and in studying the history of particular alleles, including the detection of natural selection. We discuss current understanding of the extent and patterns of linkage disequilibrium in the genome, and its promise for genetic association studies in complex disease. Finally, we highlight the importance of using appropriate statistical procedures, such as the false discovery rate, to maximize the chances of success in large scale association studies. Copyright (c) 2005 S. Karger AG, Basel.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Reports of equitonic scale systems in African musical traditions and their implications for cognitive models of pitch organization. Psychological research into musical behavior has mostly focused on Western music, explored with experiments utilizing Western participants. This ethnocentric bias limits the generalizability of many claims in the field. We argue that our current understanding of the cognition of pitch organization might be helpfully informed by data gathered in non-Western contexts. In particular, musical traditions featuring equal-spaced scales (where all scale-step interval sizes are equal) are suggested to pose a challenge to popular models of pitch organization, in which unequally spaced scales are suggested to provide cognitive anchor points for on-the-fly pitch orientation. This article presents a summary and theoretical consideration of all available evidence on equal-spaced scales, the vast majority of which appear in east Africa. It is noted that despite equal spacing, there is evidence to suggest that tonal centers are still perceived by idiomatic listeners. We then proceed to propose how such tonal center perception is possible within equal-spaced tonal environments. In short, the existence of equal-spaced scale systems shifts the focus of research from interval uniqueness to alternative explanations for the perception of tonal centers, such as implicit statistical tracking, secondary parameters, recognition of learnt patterns as tonal cues, and so on. Throughout, we note that interdisciplinary work involving ethnomusicologists and psychologists would be beneficial in answering questions about music cognition, and by extension, human cognition in general.", "label": [3, 5, 27, 50]}
+{"token": "Control of the electrochemical and photophysical properties of N-substituted benzo[ghi]perylene derivatives. In this work, we report the synthesis, and electrochemical and photophysical properties of a series of N-substituted benzo[ghi] perylene (BP) derivatives. The orientation of the lone-pair of electrons toward the aromatic core is expected to have a great effect on the electronic structures and energy levels. Namely, the introduction of electron-withdrawing nitrogen atoms and imide groups stabilized the energy levels of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) in 7,8-diazabenzo[ghi] perylene (DABP) and 7,8-diazabenzo[ghi] peryleneimide (DABPIm) because of the parallel orientation to the aromatic ring plane. This is in sharp contrast with the decreased trend of the HOMO in 1,2-diazonia-7,8-diazabenzo[ghi] peryleneimide (TABPIm). Namely, the nitrogen lone-pair of electrons in the 7 and 8 positions of TABPIm, which are perpendicular to the ring plane (i.e., part of p-system), induced an increased HOMO level. These results are successfully explained by DFT calculations and agree well with the spectroscopic and electrochemical results. With regard to the excited-state dynamics of these derivatives, the introduction of nitrogen atoms and/or an imide unit onto the BP core enables control of the rate constants of both the fluorescence and intersystem crossing (ISC) pathways, which significantly affects the corresponding quantum yields. The quantum yields of fluorescence (FFL) decreased with the introduction of nitrogen atoms, whereas an increasing trend of FFL was observed with substitution of an imide unit.", "label": [4, 1, 33, 11]}
+{"token": "Study of physicochemical, nutritional, and anticancer activity of Murraya Koenigii extract for its fermented beverage. Murraya koenigii L (Curry) leaves, known for its natural polyphenols, possess efficient antioxidant properties that maintain oxidative stress and promote health benefits. Higher content of phenolics (77.00 mu g GAE/mg) and flavonoids (21.02 mu g RU/mg) was detected in M. koenigii leaves extract along with ultra-performance liquid chromatography quantification (UPLC) followed by antioxidant activity. The extract exhibited competent anti-cancer activity against A549 and CHOK1 carcinoma cell lines. Therefore, M. koenigii leaves were utilized to prepare fermented beverage (FB) followed by an assessment of nutritional and phytochemical changes at various time intervals. The study found a significant increase in phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity in FB, further quantified using UPLC. The quantitative analysis also showed a rapid increase in protein and free amino acid content from 0 to 96th hr with a minor decrease at 720th hr. Thus, Murraya koenigii-fermented beverage can be a suitable alternative with efficient antioxidant activity. Practical application Presently, food industries are looking forward to develop novel techniques by utilizing traditional knowledge for the sustained delivery of polyphenols. Murraya koenigii. L or curry leaves are well known for their health-promoting food ingredients and utilized in a variety of food products. Its antioxidant and anticancer potential can generate awareness about its applications and opportunities for developing health products. For the last many centuries, fermented beverages are part of our daily food intake. The utilization of health-promoting herbs in beverages will create a new genre of health products. Therefore, in the present study, curry leaves were analyzed for their antioxidant and anticancer activity followed by the development of fermented beverage. While the fermented beverage was also tested for its physicochemical and nutritional assessment during various developmental stages. The study also generates information regarding polyphenolic and nutritional changes during the fermentation process.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Habitat-specific behavioural thermoregulation by black rat snakes (Elaphe obsoleta obsoleta). Thermoregulation is thought to be the most important factor influencing habitat selection by terrestrial ectotherms, at least in temperate climates. The cost-benefit model of thermoregulation predicts that ectotherms should invest more in thermoregulation when the costs of doing so are low (when the thermal quality of the habitat is high). However, the extent to which ectotherms vary their thermoregulatory behaviour according to the thermal quality of habitats is currently unknown. We studied the relationship between habitat use and thermoregulation in 53 black rat snakes using temperature-sensitive radio-transmitters. Among the habitats available to black rat snakes, edges had the highest thermal quality, retreat sites and forest were intermediate, and open habitats had the lowest thermal quality. Black rat snakes experienced more favourable body temperatures while in barns (retreat sites) than in edges, and in edges than in forest. During the day, the effectiveness and the extent of thermoregulation by the snakes were equal in barns and forest, but much lower in edges. In fact, black rat snakes selected thermally favourable microhabitats less than their availability while in edges. Therefore, more favourable body temperatures were not necessarily achieved in thermally superior habitats by increased thermoregulation, but simply because favourable temperatures were encountered more often in those habitats. This result is contrary to the central prediction of the cost-benefit model of thermoregulation and we suggest that this model should be modified to put more emphasis on other costs of thermoregulation, such as increased predation risk or lost foraging opportunities.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Fitness of a malathion-resistant strain of the parasitoid Anisopteromalus calandrae (Hymenoptera : Pteromalidae). Biological fitness of a malathion-resistant (R) and a malathion-susceptible (S) strain of the solitary parasitoid Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard) was compared when the wasps were parasitizing immature rice weevils, Sitophilus oryzae (L.), in stored wheat. Despite having a >2,500-fold naturally occurring resistance, in the absence of insecticide the R strain was equal to the S strain in ability to parasitize hosts and in several developmental parameters. Development times of cohorts of male and female progeny produced over 7 d by R and S females at 25 degrees C and 75% RH were not significantly different. There was no significant strain effect on daily fecundity. Parasitization of hosts was not significantly affected by strain-host density interactions. There was no significant effect of strain on total progeny production at different host densities, but more female progeny were produced by the susceptible strain at high host densities. Otherwise, the proportion of females among progeny of the 2 strains was not significantly different. Frequency of the R allele in Hardy-Weinberg populations, set up with an initial R allele frequency of 0.5, was lower than expected but tended to stabilize after 4 generations. Frequency of the R allele in a population started with hybrid females was not significantly different from values expected under the hypothesis of no fitness costs. Failure to detect fitness costs associated with malathion resistance in A. calandrae could be caused by the lack of negative pleiotropic effects associated with the R allele.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Dominance of Frankia strains in stands of Alnus incana subsp rugosa and Myrica pensylvanica. To address issues of dominance and diversity of Frankia spp. strains, we sequenced 16S rRNA genes from root nodules and strains collected from Alnus incana subsp. rugosa (Du Roi) R.T. Clausen and Myrica pensylvanica Loisel. stands. Of 22 strains isolated previously from A. incana, 16 had the same partial rDNA sequence; the remaining 6 strains composed five additional groups. The groups identified by 168 rDNA analysis corresponded to phenotypic groups established previously by one- and two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel analysis, colony and hyphal morphology, and carbon source utilization patterns. Dominance of one strain was also evident in nodules collected from a single M. pensylvanica stand. The dominant strain had a partial 16S rDNA sequence identical to that of Frankia alni strain CpI1.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Four new species of terrestrial-breeding frogs of the genus Phrynopus (Anura: Terrarana: Craugastoridae) from Rio Abiseo National Park, Peru. We describe four new species of terrestrial-breeding frogs belonging to the genus Phrynopus from specimens collected on the eastern slopes of the Cordillera Oriental (2800-3850 m) near and within Rio Abiseo National Park, Provincia Mariscal Caceres, Departments of San Martin and La Libertad, northeastern Peru. All four species lack a visible tympanum and inhabit the upper ridges and slopes within or adjacent to the Park. Phrynopus anancites sp. nov. and P. capitalis sp. nov. inhabit the wet montane grasslands on the upper ridges and valleys from 3600 to 3850 m. Phrynopus anancites (SVL = 25.3 mm) has coarsely aerolated skin and olive green coloration and has small vomerine teeth, while P. capitalis (female SVL - 35.6 mm) is characterized by a large head, short limbs, and distinctive dorsal pattern. Phrynopus dumicola sp. nov. (female SVL = 25.3 mm) has a short head and dark colored body with granular skin on the flanks, and is known only from forest patches along the treeline from 3225 to 3550 m, whereas P. personatus sp. nov. (female SVL = 28.2 mm) has a dark facemask and bright yellow groin spots (possibly aposematic), and inhabits a narrow band of continuous tropical montane rain forest from 2890 to 3110 m. We report infection with Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis from one specimen of P. dumicola collected in July of 1988. With the addition of these four new species, Phrynopus now includes 32 nominal species.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Defend(ing) Europe? Border control and identitarian activism off the Libyan Coast. In the summer of 2017, the identitarian youth organization 'Defend Europe' deployed a ship in the Mediterranean to prove sea rescue NGOs' alleged collusion with human smugglers and assist the Libyan Coast Guard in interdicting migrants. This study shows that Defend Europe developed organizational structures, discourses, and practices that display meaningful similarities with those of the charities it sought to oppose, strategically portraying itself as a humanitarian actor despite its very dubious humanitarian credentials. Defend Europe's tendency to behave as a 'doppelganger' of sea rescue NGOs shows that institutional isomorphism and discursive frame appropriation can be found even among organizations with diametrically opposite ideologies. Besides contributing to scholarship on political activism, humanitarianism, and migration, these findings also add to the study of European (in)securities, showing that discourses and practices developed to enhance human security at sea can be emulated and hijacked to support agendas restricting human mobility", "label": [5, 47, 49]}
+{"token": "Faculty members' perceptions of organizational justice in institutes of higher learning in Pakistan. This study attempted to determine whether or not demographic groups of faculty members in Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) differ significantly in their perceptions regarding organizational justice and its three dimensions. Since the relationship of organizational justice with teachers' demographic characteristics has rarely been investigated up till now, in academic organizations of higher learning, the findings of this study helped to bridge the gap in the literature of organizational justice, particularly in the collectivistic culture of South Asian countries like Pakistan. Self-administered questionnaires were distributed to collect data from regular and contractual teaching staff serving in four private HEIs and one public HEI in Pakistan. Analysis of variance and independent samples t-test were employed to address the study's research question. All the demographic groups, except gender and academic qualification, differed significantly in their perceptions regarding either organizational justice or its dimension(s).", "label": [5, 44, 46]}
+{"token": "Time lag in translation and interpreting A methodological exploration. Time lag between the source text input and the interpreter's target text is known as ear-voice span or decalage. Recently, time lag has also been measured in written translation based on eye-tracking and key-logging (hence called eye-key span). Time lag provides insight into the temporal characteristics of simultaneity in interpreting, speed of translation and also into the cognitive load and cognitive processing involved in the translation/interpreting process. Ear-voice span/eye-key span (EVS/EKS) thus have the potential to become very valuable measures in translation/interpreting process-oriented research, but more needs to be known about their properties and the information this metric yields. Several exploratory analyses were carried out to compare methods used in previous research and to address the questions of EVS/EKS variability among participants, stability of EVS/EKS over the course of an individual's performance, and variation in EVS/EKS at different points of measurement and across different tasks performed by the same person. The results indicate that EVS/EKS is indeed a sensitive measure useful for process-oriented research. Finally, some methodological challenges and procedures for both interpreting and translation are discussed.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Y History-Friendly Modeling: An Evolutionary Tool for Strategy Research. History-friendly models have been increasingly adopted to study innovation and industry evolution, the catch-up of latecomer firms and countries, and public policies. However, they have been used less in the field of strategic management. In this article, we first provide a review of the history-friendly literature, identifying its intellectual roots in evolutionary economics. Then, we discuss three possible motivations that could explain the history-friendly paradox. Finally, we propose history-friendly models as a promising tool to study current research questions in strategy.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "Impact of climate change on the ecology of the Kyambangunguru crater marsh in southwestern Tanzania during the Late Holocene. Instrumental records of temperature and hydrological regimes in East Africa evidence frequent droughts with dramatic effects on population and ecosystems. Sources of these climatic variations remain largely unconstrained, partly because of a paucity of Late Holocene records. Here, we present a multi-proxy analysis of a 4-m continuous sediment core collected in the Kyambangunguru crater marsh, in southwest Tanzania, covering the last 4000 yrs (cal. BP). We used microscopic (macro-remains, microfossils, palynofacies, pollen), elemental (carbon, nitrogen contents), molecular (br GDGTs, n-alkanes) and compound-specific isotopic (delta H-2 n-alkanes) investigations to reconstruct the environmental history of the marsh. The multi proxy record reveals that, 2500 years ago, the marsh underwent a major ecological transition from a lake to a peatland. Temperature and hydrological reconstructions evidence warmer and drier conditions between 2200 and 860 cal. BP, which probably triggered the establishment of a perennial peatland. This study is one of the first combined temperature and precipitation record of Late Holocene in the region and highlights changes in the spatial distribution of the East African climate regimes. Several cold periods are observed, between 3300 and 2000 cal. BP and since 630 cal. BP, the latter corresponding to the Little Ice Age. Moreover, wetter conditions are reported during the Medieval Climate Anomaly in contrast to other north-eastern African records suggesting that Tanzania is located at the transition between two hydro-climatic zones (north-eastern versus southern Africa) and has experienced variable contributions of these two zones over the last millennium. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Glutathione Adducts on Sarcoplasmic/Endoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+ ATPase Cys-674 Regulate Endothelial Cell Calcium Stores and Angiogenic Function as Well as Promote Ischemic Blood Flow Recovery. The sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) is key to Ca2+ homeostasis and is redox-regulated by reversible glutathione (GSH) adducts on the cysteine (C) 674 thiol that stimulate Ca2+ uptake activity and endothelial cell angiogenic responses in vitro. We found that mouse hind limb muscle ischemia induced S-glutathione adducts on SERCA in both whole muscle tissue and endothelial cells. To determine the role of S-glutathiolation, we used a SERCA 2 C674S heterozygote knock-in (SKI) mouse lacking half the key thiol. Following hind limb ischemia, SKI animals had decreased SERCA S-glutathione adducts and impaired blood flow recovery. We studied SKI microvascular endothelial cells in which total SERCA 2 expression was unchanged. Cultured SKI microvascular endothelial cells showed impaired migration and network formation compared with wild type (WT). Ca2+ studies showed decreased nitric oxide (center dot NO)-induced 45Ca(2+) uptake into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of SKI cells, while Fura-2 studies revealed lower Ca2+ stores and decreased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-and center dot NO-induced Ca2+ influx. Adenoviral overexpression of calreticulin, an ER Ca2+ binding protein, increased ionomycin-releasable stores, VEGF-induced Ca2+ influx and endo-thelial cell migration. Taken together, these data indicate that the redox-sensitive Cys-674 thiol on SERCA 2 is required for normal endothelial cell Ca2+ homeostasis and ischemia-induced angiogenic responses, revealing a novel redox control of angiogenesis via Ca2+ stores.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Assessment of new markers for the rapid detection of aneuploidies by quantitative fluorescent PCR (QF-PCR). Rapid prenatal diagnoses of major chromosome aneuploidies have been achieved successfully using quantitative fluoresent PCR (QF-PCR) assays and small tandem repeat (STR) markers. Here we report the results of evaluating the use of previously untested X-linked STRs, (DXS6803) and (DXS6809), together with modified amelogenin (AMXY) sequences and the X22 marker that maps in the pseudoautosomal region PAR2 on the long arm of the X and Y chromosomes. These markers will allow prenatal diagnoses of sex chromosome aneuploidies such as 45,X (pure Turner Syndrome), 47,XXY and 47,XYY, while assessing the sex of the fetuses. Data are also presented concerning the difficulties associated with the evaluation of the frequencies of the various types of sub-populations of cells in amniotic fluid samples collected from fetuses with sex chromosome mosaicism. The results of evaluating the use of new markers for the rapid diagnosis of aneuploidies affecting chromosomes 21,18 and 13 are also presented. Three chromosome 21 specific STRs have been found to produce trisomic triallelic or diallelic patterns from all amniotic samples retrieved from fetuses with Down Syndrome. Since all samples tested were amplified and no false positive or negative results were observed, the present results confirm the diagnostic value of QF-PCR for the prenatal detection of major numerical chromosome disorders.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Real thinking with virtual hats: A role-playing activity for pre-service teachers in Second Life. Role-plays in a virtual world hold tremendous potential for higher education because they allow synchronous, immersive participation by students located across the globe. They also have the added advantage of allowing students to adopt roles and carry out tasks that are not possible in the real world. In this article, a project that involved pre-service teachers carrying out role-plays based on de Bono's Six Thinking Hats framework is presented. A pilot study was carried out over two years with on-campus students, who performed the role-plays both in a real-life, physical setting and within the virtual world of Second Life. The activity has since been extended to off-campus students exclusively using Second Life. The authors report selected quantitative and qualitative survey data from the pilot study that provide insight into students' perceptions of this style of learning, and discuss the challenges that were encountered and how they were overcome. The future of virtual world-based role-playing as a strategy for teaching and learning is discussed, with a focus on its application to distance education contexts.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Acute-phase proteins as diagnostic markers in horses with colic. SettingTwo university referral hospitals.ConclusionsEvaluation of SAA in serum improved the ability to differentiate horses with acute inflammatory colic requiring medical treatment from horses with colic requiring surgery, as it allowed an additional 4% of horses to be correctly classified into medical and surgical cases. Improved differentiation of these 2 groups of horses with colic may minimize the risk of unnecessary or delayed surgery.DesignProspective observational multicenter study.AnimalsHorses referred for severe acute abdominal pain to Hospital 1 (n=148) or Hospital 2 (n=78).ObjectiveTo investigate the diagnostic potential of the concentrations of acute-phase proteins serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin (Hp), and fibrinogen in blood and peritoneal fluid (PF) for differentiating horses with inflammatory colic (entero-colitis and peritonitis) from those with surgical colic.InterventionBlood and PF samples collected at admission were used for acute-phase protein concentration measurement.Measurements and Main ResultsA multivariable logistic model including clinical parameters (lethargy, rectal temperature >38 degrees C [100.4 degrees F], normal rectal examination findings, and gastric reflux of 5-10L) recorded at admission was constructed from Hospital 1 data. The ability of the model to correctly differentiate inflammatory from surgical colic was 86% determined as area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. Adding blood parameters (WBC, PCV, total plasma protein, lactate, SAA, Hp, and fibrinogen concentrations) to the logistic model based on clinical parameters revealed that only WBC and SAA and fibrinogen concentrations improved the model. With SAA included in the model no additional blood parameters improved the model, and the final model had an area under the curve of 90%. Addition of PF parameters (hemolysis, total protein concentration, WBC, SAA, or Hp concentrations) did not improve the model. When validated in Hospital 2 data, the models had good integrity and diagnostic performance.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "BELGIAN REFUGEES IN PEMBROKESHIRE DURING THE FIRST WORLD WAR. The experiences of Belgian refugees during the First World War remain a comparatively neglected area of research. This article examines the experiences of Belgian refugees in Pembrokeshire, the largest concentration in Wales. It considers responses to the newcomers, the formation and activities of refugee committees, the impact of the Defence of the Realm Act on refugees, their patterns of employment (especially fishing), the provisions made for the refugees' education and religion, as well as occasional tensions between the local community and the visitors. It concludes with a discussion of the refugees' return to Belgium at the end of the war.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Commutant lifting, tensor algebras, and functional calculus. A non-commutative multivariable analogue of Parrott's generalization of the Sz.-Nagy-Foias commutant lifting theorem is obtained. This yields Tomita-type commutant results and interpolation theorems (e.g. Sarason, Nevanlinna-Pick, Caratheodory) for F-n(infinity) (x) over bar M, the weakly-closed algebra generated by the spatial tensor product of the non-commutative analytic Toeplitz algebra F-n(infinity) and an arbitrary von Neumann algebra M. In particular, we obtain interpolation theorems for bounded analytic functions from the open unit ball of C-n into a von Neumann algebra.A variant of the non-commutative Poisson transform is used to extend the von Neumann inequality to tensor algebras, and to provide a generalization of the functional calculus for contractive sequences of operators on Hilbert spaces. Commutative versions of these results are also considered.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Financial sanctions and the justice system: Fine debts among New South Wales prisoners with a history of problematic substance use. Financial sanctions are considered a cost-beneficial alternative to incarceration for lesser offences, but their use has limitations. This study investigates the debt burdens of a group of offenders incarcerated in New South Wales (NSW), Australia, and assesses associations with health and social functioning. Between October 2008 and June 2009, 156 participants of a reintegration programme operating in NSW prisons (the Justice Health Connections Project) completed face-to-face structured interviews concerning the nature, amount and impact of their debts. Copies of participants' NSW State Debt Recovery Office (SRDO) records were also obtained. Ninety-five per cent of participants reported debt to the SDRO. Participants who provided an estimate of their debt reported an average of $12,161 owed to the SDRO, compared to their verifiable average of $8,854. Eighteen per cent of participants with SDRO debt had incurred their earliest outstanding fine when they were younger than 18 years old. Sixty-four per cent perceived their SDRO debt as stressful; and 94 per cent reported that their debt was made worse by drugs (92%) and/or fine enforcement actions (50%). Based on the average Australian pension income and repayments of $15 per week, the average SDRO debt would take an ex-inmate 11 years to repay. Given the many challenges faced by these individuals upon re-entry to the community the additional strain imposed by unmanageable financial penalties should not be ignored. Steps are required to ensure that the criminal justice need for retribution is balanced against the benefit of having ex-prisoners re/join and contribute to a safe and law-abiding society.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "A diffusion tensor imaging study of suicide attempters. Methods: DTI scans were acquired in 13 suicide attempters with major depressive disorder (MDD), 39 non-attempters with MDD, and 46 healthy participants (HP). Fractional anisotropy (FA) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) were determined in the brain using two methods: region of interest (ROI) and tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS). ROIs were limited a priori to white matter adjacent to the caudal anterior cingulate cortex, rostral anterior cingulate cortex, dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, and medial orbitofrontal cortex.Conclusions: Low FA in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex was associated with a suicide attempt history. Converging findings from other imaging modalities support this finding, making this region of potential interest in determining the diathesis for suicidal behavior. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Background: Few studies have examined white matter abnormalities in suicide attempters using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). This study sought to identify white matter regions altered in individuals with a prior suicide attempt..Results: Using the ROI approach, suicide attempters had lower FA than MDD non-attempters and HP in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex. Uncorrected TBSS results confirmed a significant cluster within the right dorsomedial prefrontal cortex indicating lower FA in suicide attempters compared to non-attempters. There were no differences in ADC when comparing suicide attempters, non-attempters and HP groups using ROI or TBSS methods.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "THE NINTH AMENDMENT AS A RULE OF CONSTRUCTION. Renewed attention to the rule of construction prescribed by the Ninth Amendment can help to identify constitutional arguments that violate the Amendment's interpretive command, especially arguments premised on using enumerated rights to narrow the scope of other rights. The Article suggests examples of such arguments relating to such diverse issues as capital punishment, hate speech, and state sovereign immunity that might plausibly be ruled out of bounds by a proper understanding of the Ninth Amendment's rule of construction. The Article also considers the possible continuing relevance of the Ninth Amendment to arguments seeking to ground judicially enforceable \\\\'unenumerated\\\\' constitutional rights in other textual or extratextual sources.The past two decades have seen a wealth of scholarship addressed to recovering the original meaning of the Ninth Amendment. This scholarship has focused almost exclusively upon identifying the original meaning of the Amendment's reference to \\\\'other[] [rights] retained by the people.\\\\' Scholars who have addressed this question have tended to proceed on the assumption that such \\\\'other\\\\' rights, once properly identified, are entitled to the same level of protection that is accorded to enumerated constitutional rights. This Article contests that assumption by demonstrating that regardless of the original meaning of the Amendment's reference to rights \\\\'retained by the people,\\\\' the Amendment itself does not compel treating such rights as if they were constitutional rights. Rather, the original meaning of the Ninth Amendment does nothing more than state a narrow and precise rule of construction targeted at a specific form of constitutional argument.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Cardiac MRI identifies valvular and myocardial disease in a subset of ANO5-related muscular dystrophy patients. Patients with bi-allelic loss-of-function mutations in the gene ANO5 most commonly present with muscular dystrophy. In some studies, patients with ANO5-related dystrophy (ANO5-RD) had evidence of mild cardiac abnormalities; however, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has not been used for myocardial characterization. Ten patients with genetically confirmed ANO5-RD were enrolled in a phenotyping study to better characterize cardiac involvement. Evaluations included medical history, neurological examination and cardiac evaluations (electrocardiogram, echocardiogram and cardiac MRI). All patients were clinically asymptomatic from a cardiac perspective. Muscle MRI was consistent with previous studies of ANO5-RD with increased Ti signal in the posterior and medial compartments of the upper leg and the posterior compartment of the lower leg. Cardiac studies using echocardiography and cardiac MRI revealed dilation of the aortic root and thickening of the aortic valve without significant stenosis in 3/10 patients. There was evidence of abnormal late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) on cardiac MRI in 2/10 patients. In ANO5-RD, the development of cardiac fibrosis, edema or inflammation as demonstrated by LGE has not yet been reported. Cardiac MRI can characterize cardiac tissue and may detect subtle changes before they appear on echocardiography, with potential prognostic implications. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 17, 21]}
+{"token": "Mitomycin C and capecitabine in pretreated patients with metastatic gastric cancer: a multicenter phase II study. The combination of MMC and capecitabine exhibited a favorable tolerability profile in pretreated patients with gastric cancer. The disease control rate compares adequately with that of other phase II and phase III trials for second-line therapy in gastric cancer. This regimen may be considered as an alternative second-line treatment, especially for patients not suitable for or pretreated with taxanes and/or irinotecan.A median of three cycles of therapy was administered. Grade 3 toxicity occurred in 20 patients (54 %). Main grade 3 adverse events were thrombocytopenia (11 %, n = 4), fatigue (8 %, n = 3), and neuropathy (8 %, n = 3). Two events of grade 4 toxicity were reported (5 %) (dyspnea and elevation of alkaline phosphatase due to bone metastases). Partial remission was noticed in 10.3 % (n = 4), stable disease in 33.3 % (n = 13) adding to a tumor control rate of 43.6 %. The median progression-free and overall survival were 2.8 and 5.6 months, respectively.We conducted a multicenter phase II study to assess the toxicity and efficacy of a combination of mitomycin C (MMC) and capecitabine in pretreated patients with metastatic or locally advanced gastric cancer.Thirty-nine patients (77 % male) between 33 and 78 years (median 66) with pretreated locally advanced or metastatic esophagogastric adenocarcinoma and eastern cooperative oncology group performance status of a parts per thousand currency sign2, measurable lesions, and adequate organ functions were recruited into the study. Eight patients (21 %) had received more than one prior chemotherapy regimen. Treatment consisted of three-weekly MMC 10 mg/m(2) day 1 and capecitabine 2,000 mg/m(2) (day 1-14; repeated day 22).", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Capital goods trade and R&D spillovers in the OECD. In this paper the significance of capital goods trade as conduit for R&D spillovers is investigated and the impact of international R&D spillovers on OECD countries is quantitatively assessed. Capital goods trade is tested against non-capital goods trade, and knowledge embodied in trade flows is evaluated vis-a-vis R&D spillovers in disembodied form. Our estimation indicates that about half of the return on R&D investment in a G7 country spilled over to other OECD countries. Trade in capital goods was found to be a significant channel of R&D spillovers, although the majority of the R&D spillovers in the OECD were transmitted through other channels.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "A comparison of relative humidity calibration facilities at temperatures up to 170 degrees C. Three European National Metrology Institutes (NMIs), VSL, LNE-CETIAT and INRiM, extended their relative humidity calibration capabilities to temperatures up to 170 degrees C, dew-point temperatures up to 150 degrees C and pressures up to 600 kPa. In order to test the equivalence of the respective calibration set-ups, 4 commercial hightemperature relative humidity sensors were exchanged among the three NMIs and calibrated at different combinations of relative humidity (19 %rh to 70 %rh), air temperature (100 degrees C to 170 degrees C) and pressure (100 kPa to 500 kPa), realizing dew-point temperatures of either 81.5 degrees C or 127 degrees C. The initial and final measurements at VSL showed that the stability of the selected sensors was sufficient for comparing the different calibration set-ups. The results of the comparison showed that VSL and LNE-CETIAT facilities agreed within their claimed uncertainties (<0.3 %rh), while discrepancies of up to 4 %rh were observed between VSL and INRiM facilities.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "I'm on My Way to a Heav'nly Lan'': Porgy and Bess as American Religious Export to the USSR. Scholars have explored the use of Breen-Davis's Porgy and Bess and its stellar ensemble cast to counter Soviet criticism of US race relations during the Cold War-but an equally prominent theme in contemporary coverage of the production is spirituality. Onstage as well as off, the Soviet tour of Porgy and Bess reflected both American and Soviet ideas about religion's role in international diplomacy in the mid-1950s. This article explores religiosity in the Breen-Davis production as well as the reception of the 1955-56 Soviet tour both in the United States, where the production represented a hopeful vision of the nation's racial tolerance and religious pluralism, and in the USSR, where the tour's twin messages of American spiritual superiority and racial equality were challenged by Soviet authorities. Drawing on materials from the Robert Breen Archives housed in the Jerome Lawrence and Robert Lee Theatre Research Institute at Ohio State University, this article considers Breen-Davis's Porgy and Bess as a religious export to the USSR, enriching our understanding of US cultural diplomacy and Cold War-era musical exchange with broader implications for American-Soviet history, religious studies, and opera analysis.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Facile synthesis of Kevlar nanofibrous membranes via regeneration of hydrogen bonds for organic solvent nanofiltration. Polymeric organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN) membranes have gained increasing attention in OSN for their relatively low cost and ease of scaling up. However, fabrication processes are still complex, consume a large amount of aggressive solvents and sometimes even pose a safety risk in fabrication, resulting in a negative environmental impact and still having potential to lower the fabrication cost further. In this study, thin Kevlar nanofibrous organic solvent nanofiltration membranes were fabricated through a facile and green thermal treatment by using greener solvent. Instead of corrosive concentrated H2SO4, a greener solvent, i.e., a DMSO-KOH/water mixture was used to prepare a dope solution containing Kevlar nanofibers. Then, hydrogel ultrafiltration membranes were obtained from this dope solution by phase inversion. Subsequently, a facile thermal treatment in an oven was applied to transform the hydrogel ultrafiltration membrane into a solvent resistant nanofiltration membrane without consuming additional solvents and crosslinking agents by the regeneration of hydrogen bonds. The obtained nanofibrous membrane (M2%-200) has a Rose Bengal rejection of 95.4% and an ethanol permeation of 2.9 L/(m(2) bar h), outperforming most other polymeric pristine OSN membranes prepared by phase inversion. This gives the Kevlar membrane a high baseline for further modification in order to increase the performance. In addition, Kevlar nanofiltration membranes maintain a relatively constant dye rejection during the filtration of a dye solution for 6 h and retain a dye rejection over 94% after being treated by different solvents for 7 days, indicating a very good solvent resistance. Moreover, this study not only provides a facile way of synthesizing Kevlar OSN membranes from a dope solution containing nanofibers, but also enables the fabrication and application of Kevlar threads in membranes by a non-corrosive and greener solvent, which may open up new insights and strategies to develop Kevlar into nanofiltration membranes.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 33]}
+{"token": "Correlations between earthquakes and large mud volcano eruptions. [ 1] We examine the potential triggering relationship between large earthquakes and methane mud volcano eruptions. Our data set consists of a 191-year catalog ( 1810 - 2001) of eruptions from 77 volcanoes in Azerbaijan, central Asia, supplemented with reports from mud volcano eruptions in Japan, Romania, Pakistan, and the Andaman Islands. We compare the occurrence of historical regional earthquakes ( M > 5) with the occurrence of Azerbaijan mud volcano eruptions and find that the number of same-day earthquake/ eruption pairs is significantly higher than expected if the eruptions and earthquakes are independent Poisson processes. The temporal correlation between earthquakes and eruptions is most pronounced for nearby earthquakes ( within similar to 100 km) that produce seismic intensities of Mercalli 6 or greater at the location of the mud volcano. This assumed magnitude/distance relationship for triggering observed in the Azerbaijan data is consistent with documented earthquake-induced mud volcano eruptions elsewhere. We also find a weak correlation that heightened numbers of mud volcano eruptions occur within 1 year after large earthquakes. The distribution of yearly eruptions roughly approximates a Poisson process, although the repose times somewhat favor a nonhomogenous failure rate, which implies that the volcanoes require some time after eruption to recharge. The volcanic triggering likely results from some aspect of the seismic wave's passage, but the precise mechanism remains unclear.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Engagement in community music classes sparks neuroplasticity and language development in children from disadvantaged backgrounds. Children from disadvantaged backgrounds often face impoverished auditory environments, such as greater exposure to ambient noise and fewer opportunities to participate in complex language interactions during development. These circumstances increase their risk for academic failure and dropout. Given the academic and neural benefits associated with musicianship, music training may be one method for providing auditory enrichment to children from disadvantaged backgrounds. We followed a group of primary-school students from gang reduction zones in Los Angeles, CA, USA for 2 years as they participated in Harmony Project. By providing free community music instruction for disadvantaged children, Harmony Project promotes the healthy development of children as learners, the development of children as ambassadors of peace and understanding, and the development of stronger communities. Children who were more engaged in the music program as defined by better attendance and classroom participation developed stronger brain encoding of speech after 2 years than their less-engaged peers in the program. Additionally, children who were more engaged in the program showed increases in reading scores, while those less engaged did not show improvements. The neural gains accompanying music engagement were seen in the very measures of neural speech processing that are weaker in children from disadvantaged backgrounds. Our results suggest that community music programs such as Harmony Project provide a form of auditory enrichment that counteracts some of the biological adversities of growing up in poverty, and can further support community-based interventions aimed at improving child health and wellness.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "A process theological interpretation of the primeval history in Genesis-II-XI. Genesis 2-11, or the primeval history of the Yahwist tradition, has been assessed theologically in several ways by biblical commentators over the years. The author suggests that this portion of the biblical text may be analyzed from the perspective of a process theological hermeneutic to gain new insights. In particular, one may observe the progressive involvement of Yahweh in the creative activity of establishing a world order, which is not always perfect in its developmental advance. Such a portrayal reflects not an omnipotent deity of classical theology, but rather a personal deity deeply related to the on-going creative processes of this world. Such perceptions of god dovetail well with the assumptions of process theology.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Constructing great powers: China's status in a socially constructed plurality. As a rising power, increasing attention is focused on what China does on the world stage. The growing number of books and articles on China's rise, whether it is sustainable, whether it is a model for other developing states, and most importantly whether it is likely to change the current international order, highlights the level of interest in this phenomenon. This article suggests that focusing on China alone is not enough; instead it is essential to view the rise of China exemplifying the relationship between international order, great powers' status, and the shaping of the roles and responsibilities of great powers. It argues that when seen as a part of the construction of international order, great powers are also constructs within international order; as a result, China as a 'great power' does not exist apart from the international order it is rising into. This perspective broadens the range of possible questions that can be asked in relation to China (and other rising powers).", "label": [5, 47, 49]}
+{"token": "PERFECTING CRIMINAL MARKETS. From illicit drugs to human smuggling to prostitution, legislators may actually perfect the very criminal markets they seek to destroy. Criminal laws often create new dangers and new criminal opportunities. Criminalizing drugs creates opportunities to sell fake drugs. Raising penalties for facilitating illegal immigration increases the risk that smugglers will rely on dangerous methods that can injure or kill their human cargo. Banning prostitution increases the underground spread of sexually transmitted disease. Lawmakers traditionally respond to these \\\\'second-order\\\\' problems with new waves of criminalization that impose additional penalties on fake-drug dealers, dangerous human smugglers, and HIV-positive prostitutes.This Article suggests that the perfection of criminal markets is not just a quirky economic irony. The dynamic relationship between first-and second-order crimes is relevant to the formation of sound criminal justice policy, and it can help explain the rapid expansion of the criminal code. Moreover, acknowledging that criminal laws may facilitate antisocial activity can destigmatize alternative policies that improve public welfare by making illegal activity safer.But the criminalization of second-order activities also improves the criminal markets that gave them birth. Criminalizing the sale of fake cocaine strengthens the market for genuine drugs. When the law increases penalties for dangerous human smuggling, those contemplating illegal immigration may pay more for assistance across the border. The total quantity of prostitution will rise when the law makes sex for hire safer. In sum, efforts to criminalize and punish second-order crimes may inadvertently bolster the very criminal markets that legislatures originally sought to eradicate.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Have Attempts to Establish the Dependency of Deuteronomy on the Esarhaddon Succession Treaty (EST) Failed?. The precursor to Deut 13:2-18* and 28:21-44* likely had the form of a loyalty oath which comprehended both of these texts. New evidence reinforces the view that this loyalty oath alluded to the EST as well as to West-Semitic treaty motifs. First directed to a king of Judah, it was incorporated into the book of Deuteronomy by Deuter-onomistic authorship. The distance in time between the composition of the original loyalty oath and its incorporation into Deuteronomy means that the contents of Deuteronomy 13 and 28 can no longer be used to support the thesis that the authors of Deuteronomy intended to subvert the claims of Neo-Assyrian hegemony.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "THE SUBJECT BEFORE THE LAW CONSCIOUSNESS OF THE MORAL LAW AND FAKTUM OF REASON IN KANT. In this work, we shall analyze two aspects regarding what Kant considers the fundamental principle of practical reason. First, we shall try to show that the fundamental practical principle necessarily implies a sort of suspension of any subjective principle of action, that is, of the guiding function proper to maxims. This would be a first moment of negativity inherent to the consciousness of the Moral law within us. Secondly, we shall also attempt to show that the consciousness of this law involves the recognition of our original inadequacy with respect to it, and that this inadequacy is necessarily felt as a peculiar type of pain, a negative feeling as unique and original as it is unique and original the fact of the law's consciousness. This would be a second moment of negativity, this time related to the agent's own practical identity.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "CLATHRATE HYDRATE PHASE EQUILIBRIA FOR CARBONYL SULFIDE, HYDROGEN SULFIDE, ETHYLENE, OR PROPANE plus WATER SYSTEM BELOW WATER FREEZING POINT. Presented are ice-clathrate hydrate-vapor equilibrium data (dissociation data) for the carbonyl sulfide, hydrogen sulfide, ethylene, or propane + water system in the temperature ranges of 243.5-271.0K. The equilibrium data for the carbonyl sulfide or ethylene + water system were generated using an isothermal pressure-search method, while an isochoric pressure-search method was used to carry out the measurements for the hydrogen sulfide or propane + water system. The new equilibrium data for propane clathrate hydrates are compared with the equilibrium data reported in the literature to demonstrate the reliability of the isochoric pressure-search method (the reliability of the isothermal pressure-search method has already been demonstrated by the authors). The equilibrium data generated for hydrogen sulfide and ethylene simple clathrate hydrates are compared with a few sets of experimental data reported in the literature. It is found that such data for the latter clathrate hydrates are indeed scarce. Finally, the ice-clathrate hydrate-vapor equilibrium conditions of the clathrate hydrates of carbonyl sulfide, hydrogen sulfide, ethylene, and propane are compared.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "Mud volcano gas hydrates in the Caspian Sea. Two gas hydrate accumulations associated with mud volcano craters were investigated by means of sparker survey, bottom water and sediment sampling using gravity corer and subsequent chemical and isotopic studies of gas. bottom and porewater and carbonate inclusions. Hydrate contents in sediments were up to 35% per volume. Sometimes hydrates were encountered immediately on the seabed. Correlations have been established between hydrate contents, water contents (after dissociation of hydrates), chlorinity and the oxygen and hydrogen isotope composition of the pore water. The hydrate water is enriched with respect to deuterium. Liquid water in sediments contains higher (18)0 as result of isotopic exchange with carbonates. Hydrates are thought to have formed from the mud volcano brines (from their water and from dissolved light hydrocarbons which are thermogenic in origin). Each accumulation has its own deep source. The developed approach presents a thorough study of the hydrate and water contents in sediments along with the water composition.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Body-mapping and the Human Spirograph: Performance drawing in Thirdspace. In performance drawing, the dancing body performs within particular kinds of spaces, leaving physical trace marks behind on surfaces such as plastic sheeting or paper. In this article I analyse Tony Orrico's performance of 8 Circles (2010) to question the relationship between lived body and graphite mark. I draw on Soja's theory of Thirdspace (1996) to rethink performance drawing as a bridge between different types of knowledge. This understanding of performance drawing reveals liminal spaces of heightened sensory and motor awareness where body, graphite and movement plane combine to become reflections on a body's energetic flows, manifest as a body-map of somatic practice.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "First record of Streblote panda Hubner, [1820] 1816 from Ceuta, Spain (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae). The first know record of the Lasiocampidae Streblote panda Hubner, [1820] 1816 from Ceuta (Spain) is presented.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Analysis of tree diversity and factors affecting natural regeneration in fragmented dry deciduous forests of lateritic West Bengal. West Bengal forest department in India was a pioneer in initiating Joint Forest Management (JFM) at West Midnapore involving participatory forest management by both foresters and local communities in order to protect degraded forests. The research objective was qualitative and quantitative study of tree communities by quadrat method along with identification of major impacts of environmental factors affecting regeneration of five locations under JFM in natural coppicing Sal (Shorea robusta) dominated tropical dry deciduous forests of West Bengal. 23 families, 33 genera and 36 tree species were identified. Dominant families were Anacardiaceae and Combretaceae. There were statistically significant differences in stand diversity, dominance, richness and evenness. Generalized Linear Model predictors such as site categories, seasons, grazing intensity and invasive species frequency had significant impacts on seedling diversity, dominance, richness and density. Surface soil potassium and soil texture were best predictors of seedling abundance. Species with \\\\'poor\\\\', \\\\'no\\\\' and \\\\'new\\\\' regeneration status necessitate proper attention in forest management plans involving regulation of exotic invasive species populations, grazing and browsing, lopping, fire, over-extraction of non-timber forest produce and prevention of illegal felling through vigilance and more active participation of Forest Protection Committees.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Alimentary tract bacteria isolated and identified with API-20E and molecular cloning techniques from Australian tropical fruit flies, Bactrocera cacuminata and B. tryoni. Bacteria were isolated from the crop and midgut of field collected Bactrocera cacuminata (Hering) and Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (Diptera: Tephritidae). Two methods were used, firstly isolation onto two types of bacteriological culture media (PYEA and TSA) and identification using the API-20E diagnostic kit, and secondly, analysis of samples using the 16S rRNA gene molecular diagnostic method. Using the API-20E method, 10 genera and 17 species of bacteria in the family Enterobacteriaceae were identified from cultures growing on the nutrient agar. The dominant species in both the crop and midgut were Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter cloacae and Klebsiella oxytoca. Providencia rettgeri, Klebsiella pneumoniae ssp ozaenae and Serratia marcescens were isolated from B. tryoni only. Using the molecular cloning technique that is based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, five bacteria classes were dignosed - Alpha-, Beta-, Gamma- and Delta- Proteobacteria and Firmicutes - including five families, Leuconostocaceae, Enterococcaceae, Acetobacteriaceae, Comamonadaceae and Enterobacteriaceae. The bacteria affiliated with Firmicutes were found mainly in the crop while the Gammaproteobacteria, especially the family Enterobacteriaceae, was dominant in the midgut. This paper presents results from the first known application of molecular cloning techniques to study bacteria within tephritid species and the first record of Firmicutes bacteria in these flies.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Microfinance and sustained economic improvement: Women small-scale entrepreneurs in Ethiopia. Women entrepreneurs account for a sizable majority of small-scale entrepreneurs in Africa. A minor change in their capitalization could assure their participation in diverse productive activities and has a large impact on their lives and families, as well as on the economy. While their access to credit is impeded profoundly because of the regulatory constraints imposed by formal financial institutions, on one hand, the informal sector interest rates as high as 300 per cent are literally untenable, on the other. The paper investigates the contribution of microfinance to the economic improvement of women small-scale entrepreneurs in Addis Ababa. The research assesses the impact of credit and saving services on the economic improvement of women small-scale entrepreneurs by using secondary data and a quantitative analysis based on questionnaires and interviews. The study probes financial facets such as income, savings, credit, financial services, family obligations and access to education. It concludes that women entrepreneurs who obtain microfinance face a number of problems. The study exposes the overall environment constraining women entrepreneurs on financial fronts and suggests some measures of relief to ameliorate the situation. Copyright (c) 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Management of a linear foreign body gastrointestinal obstruction in a miniature pig. A four-year-old miniature pot-bellied pig was presented for treatment of suspected foreign body ingestion. Exploratory laparotomy identified a linear foreign body obstructing the pylorus, duodenum and proximal jejunum. In order to avoid small intestinal resection, combined gastrotomy and enterotomy of the proximal jejunum was performed to evacuate the foreign body. Necrotic areas at the enteromesenteric junction were oversewn. The foreign material was found to be part of a duvet the owners had provided as bedding for the pig. The pig made an uneventful recovery and was discharged from hospital care fourdays after surgery.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Shotgun Isotope Array for Rapid, Substrate-Specific Detection of Microorganisms in a Microbial Community. The shotgun isotope array method has been proposed to be an effective new tool for use in substrate-specific microbe exploration without any prior knowledge of the community composition. Proof of concept was demonstrated by detection of acetate-degrading microorganisms in activated sludge and further verified by independent stable isotope probing (SIP).", "label": [2, 4, 18, 40]}
+{"token": "Tobacco industry strategies for flavour capsule cigarettes: analysis of patents and internal industry documents. Background The global market for flavour capsule variants (FCVs), cigarettes with a crushable flavour capsule, has grown exponentially. To inform further regulatory efforts, it is important to understand tobacco industry strategies for FCVs. Methods Analysis of data from 65 patents and 179 internal tobacco industry documents, retrieved via snowball searches in Patsnap and the Truth Tobacco Industry Documents Library, describing tobacco industry developments related to FCVs. We used an inductive coding method to identify themes relating to FCV features or developments. Results Tobacco companies were developing FCVs since the 1960s, with little market success until the 2000s following the launch of Camel Crush, a brand which targeted millennials (in their teens or early 20s at the time). Tobacco companies have patented, but not yet marketed, FCVs with microcapsule surface coatings, adjustable or heat-triggered flavour release systems, airflow manipulation features, transparent filters to visualise flavour release, and various flavours and additives for capsules including nicotine/tobacco extracts for an on-demand nicotine hit. Tobacco companies developed FCVs purported to be reduced harm, although their own tests showed that FCVs have higher toxicant concentrations. They have also developed loose flavour capsule units designed to fit into cigarettes, packs, or recessed filters to enable users to customise cigarettes and circumvent tobacco flavour bans. Conclusions To prevent tobacco companies from targeting young people and exploiting regulatory loopholes, regulations on tobacco products should ban flavours and consider the broad variety of FCV designs, additives and loose products designed to impart flavour into tobacco products.", "label": [2, 21, 23]}
+{"token": "Writing Eva's Death: Obituaries and Popular Memories in Argentina. The article focusses on the analysis of condolence letters, poetry and musical compositions that men and women sent to President Juan Domingo Peron regarding the death of his wife Eva in 1952. It dives into the very diverse languages, objects and situations that structured the writing, as well as the emotions associated with the loss. Through the letters, an attempt was made to communicate and put in order the experiences of pain; to narrate the feelings of the people as an expression of the prolific political bond between the mourners and Peronism; or even to propose how to remember Eva and who should keep the political and emotional heritage posed by her disappearance. The corpus of letters provides a unique opportunity to explore the ways in with some men and women tried to make sense of a crucial historical event in their lives in particular, for Peronism in general, and for Argentine politics beyond the ritual as it was planned and controlled by the State.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Interindividual trail following by the intertidal patellid limpet Cellana toreuma. Interindividual trail following by the patellid limpet Cellana toreuma was studied by field observations for more than ten successive days in the non-reproductive period. This behaviour was more frequent during spring tides than neap tides, when the limpets were moving longer distances in response to greater tidal amplitudes. Small individuals performed this behaviour with longer distances and higher frequencies than did larger individuals. Path analysis revealed that total distance moved during foraging excursions and mean resting site height had direct and indirect positive effects on the frequency of the interindividual trail following, respectively, and shell length and frequency of intraindividual trail following exerted a direct, negative effect.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "Nice work? Rethinking managerial control in an era of knowledge work. This article assesses the ability of labour process theory (LPT) to account for the persistence of managerial control under the apparent conditions of greater autonomy and discretion we have come to associate with 'knowledge Work'. LPT has traditionally problematized control around the need to resolve 'the indeterminacy of labour'-that is, how do managers ensure that workers' actual labouring efforts approach their potential labour power? In contrast, I propose that it is more useful to problematize control around the 'indeterminacy of knowledge'-that is, how do managers ensure that workers' cognitive efforts approach their full cognitive potential? A common response to the problem of the indeterminacy of knowledge has been to cede discretion to workers so that they can exercise their mental capabilities in order to provide their organizations with solutions to workplace problems. I will show, however, that this still requires the operation of disciplinary mechanisms that perpetuate managerial control under conditions that ostensibly reverse the separation of the conception and the execution of work tasks inherent in the logic of Taylorism.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "The Meaning of 'Magdalene': A Review of Literary Evidence. While it is common today to refer to Jesus's disciple M alpha rho iota alpha[mu] eta M alpha gamma delta alpha lambda eta nu eta as Mary \\\\'of Magdala,\\\\' with Magdala identified as a Galilean city named Tarichaea, what do our earliest Christian sources actually indicate about the meaning of this woman's name? Examination of the Gospel of Luke, Origen, Eusebius, Macarius Magnes, and Jerome, as well as evidence in hagiography, pilgrimage, and diverse literature, reveals multiple ways that the epithet eta M alpha gamma delta alpha lambda eta nu eta can be understood. While Mary sometimes was believed to come from a place called \\\\'Magdala\\\\' or \\\\'Magdalene,\\\\' the assumption was that it was a small and obscure village, its location unspecified or unknown. Given the widespread understanding that Mary Magdalene was the sister of Martha, it could even be equated with Bethany. However, Jerome thought that the epithet was a reward for Mary's faith and actions, not something indicative of provenance: Mary \\\\'of the Tower.\\\\' No early Christian author identifies a city (Tarichaea) called \\\\'Magdala\\\\' by the Sea of Galilee, even when they knew the area well. A pilgrim site on ancient ruins, established as \\\\'Magdala\\\\' by the mid-sixth century, was visited by Christians at least into the fourteenth century, and thus the name is remembered today. In view of the earlier evidence of Origen and Jerome, however, the term eta M alpha gamma delta alpha lambda eta nu eta may be based on an underlying Aramaic word meaning \\\\'the magnified one\\\\' or \\\\'tower-ess,\\\\' and is therefore best left untranslated.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Cultural competence - A systematic review of health care provider educational interventions. Methods: We performed electronic and hand searches from 1980 through June 2003 to identify studies that evaluated interventions designed to improve the cultural competence of health professionals. We abstracted and synthesized data from studies that had both a before- and an after-intervention evaluation or had a control group for comparison and graded the strength of the evidence as excellent, good, fair, or poor using predetermined criteria.Conclusions: Cultural competence training shows promise as a strategy for improving the knowledge, attitudes, and skills of health professionals. However, evidence that it improves patient adherence to therapy, health outcomes, and equity of services across racial and ethnic groups is lacking. Future research should focus on these outcomes and should determine which teaching methods and content are most effective.Design: This was a systematic literature review and analysis.Results: Thirty-four studies were included in our review. There is excellent evidence that cultural competence training improves the knowledge of health professionals (17 of 19 studies demonstrated a beneficial effect), and good evidence that cultural competence training improves the attitudes and skills of health professionals (21 of 25 studies evaluating attitudes demonstrated a beneficial effect and 14 of 14 studies evaluating skills demonstrated a beneficial effect). There is good evidence that cultural competence training impacts patient satisfaction (3 of 3 studies demonstrated a beneficial effect), poor evidence that cultural competence training impacts patient adherence (although the one study designed to do this demonstrated a beneficial effect), and no studies that have evaluated patient health status outcomes. There is poor evidence to determine the costs of cultural competence training (5 studies included incomplete estimates of costs).Main Outcome Measures: We sought evidence of the effectiveness and costs of cultural competence training of health professionals.Objective: We sought to synthesize the findings of studies evaluating interventions to improve the cultural competence of health professionals.", "label": [2, 21, 23]}
+{"token": "Lyapunov Exponents of Early Stage Dynamics of Parametric Mutations of a Rigid Pendulum with Harmonic Excitation. This paper considers three dynamic systems composed of a mathematical pendulum suspended on a sliding body subjected to harmonic excitation. A comparative dynamic analysis of the studied parametric mutations of the rigid pendulum with inertial suspension point and damping was performed. The examined system with parametric mutations is solved numerically, where phase planes and Poincare maps were used to observe the system response. Lyapunov exponents were computed in two ways to classify the dynamic behavior at relatively early stage of forced responses using two proven methods. The results show that with some parameters three systems exhibit a very similar dynamic behavior, i.e., quasi-periodic and even chaotic motions.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "The Hierarchical Influence of Courts of Appeals on District Courts. What factors explain when federal trial court judges will be influenced and constrained by their direct superiors in the judicial hierarchy? To empirically test this hierarchical relationship, this study utilizes an original database of cases terminated in 29 federal district courts from 2000 to 2004 and a research design that naturally incorporates hierarchical interactions through a focus on cases that were appealed to the U.S. courts of appeal and later reversed and remanded. After controlling for litigant, judge, political, and case characteristics, the results indicate that the likelihood of a district court case having an altered outcome after circuit court intervention is greatly affected by the content and context of the supervising circuit panel's opinion. These results have implications for the function and constraining ability of the judicial hierarchy and provide new insight into how judging significantly differs by court level.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Human-leukocyte antigen class II genes in early-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder. Objective: The exact aetiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is unknown, although there is evidence to suggest a gene-environment interaction model. Several lines of evidence support a possible role of the immune system in this model. Methods: The present study explores the allele variability in HLA genes of class II (HLA-DRB1, HLA-DQB1) in a sample of 144 early-onset OCD compared with reference samples of general population in the same geographical area. Results: None of the 39 alleles identified (allele frequency >1%) showed significant differences between OCD and reference populations. Pooling the different alleles that comprised HLA-DR4 (including DRB1*04:01, DRB1*04:04 and DRB1*04:05 alleles) we observed a significantly higher frequency (X-1(2) = 5.53, P = 0.018; OR = 1.64, 95% CI 1.08-2.48) of these alleles in the early-onset OCD sample (10.8%) than in the reference population (6.8%). Conclusions: Taking into account the role of HLA class II genes in the central nervous system, the results presented here support a role of the immune system in the pathophysiological model of OCD.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "CANCER RISK AFTER I-131 THERAPY FOR HYPERTHYROIDISM. Cancer incidence was studied in 10 552 patients (mean age, 57 years) who received I-131 therapy (mean dose, 506 MBq) for hyperthyroidism between 1950 and 1975. Follow-up on these patients was continued for an average of 15 years. Record linkage with the Swedish Cancer Register for the period 1958-1985 identified 1543 cancers occurring 1 year or more after I-131 treatment, and the standardized incidence ratio (SIR) was 1.06 (95% confidence interval = 1.01-1.11). Significantly increased SIRs were observed for cancers of the lung (SIR = 1.32; n = 105) and kidney (SIR = 1.39; n = 66). Among 10-year survivors, significantly elevated risks were seen for cancers of the stomach (SIR = 1.33; n = 58), kidney (SIR = 1.51; n = 37), and brain (SIR = 1.63; n = 30). Only the risk for stomach cancer, however, increased over time (P < .05) and with increasing activity administered (P = not significant). The risk for malignant lymphoma was significantly below expectation (SIR = 0.53; n = 11). Overall cancer risk did not increase with administered I-131 dose or with time since exposure. The absence of any increase in leukemia adds further support to the view that a radiation dose delivered gradually over time is less carcinogenic than the same total dose received over a short time. Only for stomach cancer was a possible radiogenic excess suggested.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "CH3CN towards G10.47+0.03 and G31.41+0.31. We have used the IRAM 30-m telescope to map, in the J=6-5, J=8-7, and J=12-11 rotational transitions of methyl cyanide (CH3CN), the two ultracompact I-III regions G10.47+0.03 and G31.41+0.31. We also detected transitions of vibrationally excited upsilon(8=1) CH3CN and of the isotopomer (CH3CN)-C-13. These observations confirm the existence of hot and dense molecular clumps around the sources, as indicated by Olmi et al. (1993). We extend their work here, through the use of (i) mapping of the two sources, (ii) different techniques to analyse the data, and () detection and description of a velocity shift across the core of G31.41+0.31, whose origin is unclear but it can be interpreted as being due to rotation. Therefore, the observations furnish an independent estimate of temperature and density to compare with those previously obtained from NH3 and (CS)-S-34. Temperatures and column densities for the two sources were determined on the basis of the intensities of the optically thin lines, as well as employing the optically thick lines. We conclude that the temperature of the G10.47 and G31.41 cores, on a size scale of 1.5 '', is about 160 K and 140 K, respectively. We indirectly estimate the hot-cores angular size (< 2 ''), and can also infer the existence of an extended envelope (greater than or equal to 10 ''). The molecular abundance ratio [CH3CN]/[NH3] is of order of 0.01 in both sources. We also infer a mass of roughly 10(3) M. inside a region of order 0.1 pc in the case of G31.41+0.31, and a rather similar situation is found for G10.47+0.03. From this information, it seems reasonable to speculate that we may be observing an early phase of the evolution of a galactic cluster.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Inclusive Practicum: Creating Networks of Learning and Collaboration between Students, Teachers, and the Faculty of Education. The presented Teaching Innovation project deals with establishment of support, learning and collaboration networks between university and non-university teaching staff. This was done with two fundamental purposes in mind: on the one hand, improving the training of Practicum students through joint reflection and, on the other hand, promoting inclusive education in schools through support networks among teachers. Participants were the Practicum students from the Faculty of Education, specifically students with the major in Special Educational Needs. The project included creation of joint seminars between Practicum tutors of the Faculty, tutors from schools and Practicum students. Moreover, initiating support networks allowed involving two different schools in two Autonomous Communities, which has been a highly enriching experience for all participants.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Charlotte Porter, Poet-Lore, and the Early Evolution of American Shakespeare Studies. As editor of the first two American magazines devoted to Shakespeare, Shakespeariana and Poet-Lore, Charlotte Porter (1859-1942) gained considerable influence within the nascent yet unorganized field of American Shakespeare studies in the late nineteenth century. The bearing of Porter's work on the early evolution of this emerging field and its relation to the careers of the humanist scholars whose work and methodologies she supported is the subject of this essay, which analyzes her time as editor of the literary magazine Poet-Lore in its first two years of publication, 1889 and 1890. It argues that in curating multi-year discussions about a series of fraught questions regarding Shakespearean authorship and biography, Porter's stewardship of Poet-Lore decisively shaped, from a position outside the Academy, the contours of American Shakespeare studies. Specifically, by promoting the work of such well-known contemporaries as Horace Howard Furness, Porter emerged as a leading spokesperson for English literary history and its relevance to the American cultural imagination.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Comparison of vibrational comfort assessment criteria for design of timber floors among the European countries. As part of the research work carried out by the Working Group 3 of COST Action FP0702, the need for vibrational comfort design for buildings and current regulations for comfort assessment of structural vibrations of timber floors in Europe have been summarised. Also the design practices of timber floors with respect to vibrational serviceability criteria, including those for fundamental frequency, unit point load deflection and unit impulse velocity, in up to thirteen European countries have been gathered and their differences been further assessed by analysing flooring systems constructed with three types of joists, i.e. solid timber joists, engineered I-joists and metal web joists. The unit point load deflection criterion is the most crucial one for structural design of timber floors with various types of joists and usually dominates the whole design. Finland tends to be the strictest, followed by Italy, the Netherlands, Austria and Norway, while Denmark, the UK and Ireland are the most generous. Even though EN 1995-1-1 has given general criteria for vibrational serviceability design of timber floors, the variations in the design equations and design limits are still large in the European countries, and hence further harmonisation is still needed. Crown Copyright (C) 2013 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Removal of volatile nitrosamines with copper modified zeolites. Copper oxide was used to modify zeolite NaY, NaZSM-5, NaA and mesoporous siliceous SBA-15, in order to strengthen their ability to remove volatile nitrosamines. Selective adsorption, temperature programmed surface reaction (TPSR) and FTIR along with TG-MS methods were employed to study the impact of copper modification on the ability of zeolite to adsorb and catalytically degrade nitrosamines, Due to the special interaction between the -N-N=O group of nitrosamines and the copper in the zeolite, nitrosamines can be very easily trapped by the copper modified zeolite, and this precedes or is the first step that leads to the catalytic reaction. Moreover, modification of copper oxide enabled the zeolite to degrade nitrosamines such as N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR) at lower temperatures. It is practical to use the copper modified zeolites to treat mainstream smoke or add them to tobacco, reducing further the levels of nitrosamines in cigarette smoke compared with using the zeolite alone.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Mechanical Properties of a Structure I CO2-CH4 Heteroclathrate Hydrate: Insight from Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Mechanical stability of the CO2-CH4 heteroclathrate hydrate dominates the geomechanical stability of natural gas hydrate deposits when CO2 replaces CH4 from gas hydrate reservoirs. Here, molecular dynamics simulations were employed to investigate the strain-induced fracture behaviors of the CO2-CH4 heteroclathrate hydrate under mechanical loadings at various temperatures, pressures, and CO2 saturations. Results show that all crystals exhibit brittle fracture behavior, and a crack first develops in the location where hydrogen bonds (HBs) in the hexagonal rings of the large 51262 cages are parallel to the tensile direction. Increasing the temperature or CO2 saturation leads to the decrease in Young's modulus and fracture strength of the CO2-CH4 heteroclathrate hydrate. Particularly, abnormal mechanical strengthening of hydrates is observed when the CO2 saturation is around 0.75, mainly attributed to the coupling of the lattice distortion with the host-guest interaction. HBs are the key factors to dominate the deformation of the CO2-CH4 heteroclathrate hydrate. The slow decrease, rapid decrease, and abrupt increase in HB dynamics are corresponding to the elastic deformation, elastic-plastic deformation, and brittle fracture of the CO2-CH4 heteroclathrate hydrate, respectively. With the further stretching after the brittle fracture, the water bridge made up of water molecules released by broken cages at high temperatures leads to different plasticity than at low temperatures and causes a further reduction of HBs. This work advances the understanding of mechanical stability of the gas hydrate, which is believed to be useful in the risk assessment of CO2 replacing CH4 from natural gas hydrates and the storage of CO2 in gas hydrate reservoirs.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "Personality disorder and psychopathology in Tourette's syndrome: a controlled study. Conclusions TS patients have a high prevalence of personality disorder and psychopathology when compared with controls. These results are the first to suggest a high level of personality disorder in a TS clinic population.Background Some specialists associate a wide variety of psychopathologies with Tourette's syndrome (TS), while others suggest that there is no psychopathology specifically associated. Few controlled studies have been conducted to address this issue, and none has investigated personality disorder in TS.Method Adults with Ts and controls were evaluated using standardised psychiatric rating scales, including self-rated (STPCD) and clinician-rated (SCID-II) assessments of personality disorder, to investigate associations between personality disorder, other psychopathology and TS.Results Significantly more TS patients (25/39 (64%)) than controls (2/34 (6%)) had one or more personality disorders. TS subjects were also more likely to have more personality disorders,TS patients had significantly more depression, anxiety and obsessionality than controls. The SCID-II and STCPD were moderately well correlated.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Co-culture of two MDCK strains with distinct junctional protein expression: a model for intercellular junction rearrangement and cell sorting. Distinct epithelial MDCK cell strains displaying extremes in transepithelial electrical resistance (paracellular permeability) have been established in co-culture and the subsequent cellular behaviour and formation of junctional complexes investigated, After high-density seeding, MDCK strain I and II cells in co-culture are initially randomly distributed but subsequently sort themselves out in a time-dependent manner to form separate homotypic aggregates. The final pattern of cell arrangement of homotypic aggregates depends on the relative seeding proportion of each cell type. Immunostaining of established marker proteins for junctional complexes has revealed that MDCK I and II cells differ in the degree of expression of the zonula-adherens-associated protein, E-cadherin. their cytoskeletal architecture and the junctional distribution of a desmosomal protein, and by showing subtle differences in tight junction staining for the zona-occludens-associated proteins, ZO-1 and occludin, The distinct pattern of junctional protein expression is maintained when the two MDCK strains are co-cultured; however, morphologically atypical intercellular junctions between heterotypic cells at the boundary of homotypic cell aggregates have been observed, It has been suggested that cell sorting, a phenomenon yet to be completely understood, is involved in important morphogenetic processes. We propose that co-culture of strains of the well-characterised MDCK cell line may be a novel but well-defined cell system for studying epithelial cell rearrangement and sorting in intact epithelial sheets.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "How does work design influence work-life boundary enactment and work-life conflict?. The COVID-19 pandemic led many workers to integrate their work lives within their homes because of mandatory telework. Given that this new arrangement may affect their work-life balance, the present study seeks to understand the mechanisms that underlie the way boundary enactment can mitigate work-life conflict (WLC). Specifically, it examines two features of work design (autonomy and job feedback) that may exert pressure on the work-life boundary which, in turn, affects WLC. Drawing on Ashforth et al.'s (2000) boundary theory, we posit that work design characteristics conducive to the creation of an inflexible and impermeable boundary between roles allow individuals to adopt boundary enactment based on segmentation, and subsequently decrease WLC. The results show that although boundary enactment that tends toward segmentation does not invariably play a mediating role, it consistently minimizes inter-role conflict.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Chemically deposited nanocrystalline PbS: effect of substrates. PbS nanoparticles have been grown in polyvinyl alcohol matrix on glass and mica substrates by chemical bath deposition method at room temperature. The structural investigation of nanocrystalline PbS has been carried out by X-ray diffraction profile analysis using Williamson-Hall and modified Williamson-Hall methods. The values of the crystallite size are found to be within the range from 10 to 17 nm having very high dislocation density of the order of 10(17) m(-2). The optical band gaps of the films have been determined from optical absorption measurements and found to be within the range from 2.1 to 2.8 eV. The band gap is shifted from infrared to the visible region on the account of quantum confinement in the nanostructured films due to small crystallite size. Such films, with a band gap lying in the visible region, are suitable for use as solar absorbers rather than infrared applications.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Response and sample bridging in a primate short-term memory task. Freely-moving rodents can solve short-term memory (STM) tasks using \\\\'response bridging\\\\' strategies, relying on motor patterns instead of mnemonic functions. This limits the interpretational power of results yielded by some STM tasks in rodents. To determine whether head-fixed monkeys can employ parallel non-mnemonic strategies, we measured eye position and velocity of two head-fixed monkeys performing a delayed response reaching and grasping task. We found that eye position during the delay period was correlated with reach direction. Moreover, reach direction as well as grasp object could be predicted from eye kinematics during the delay. Both eye velocity and eye position contributed to the prediction of reach direction. These results show that motor signals carry sufficient information to allow monkeys to solve STM tasks without using any mnemonic functions. Thus, the potential of animals to solve STM tasks using motor patterns is more diverse than previously recognized.", "label": [2, 5, 17, 50]}
+{"token": "PROSECUTORIAL DISCRETION, HIDDEN COSTS, AND THE DEATH PENALTY: THE CASE OF LOS ANGELES COUNTY. This Article analyzes the processing of homicide cases in Los Angeles County from 1996 to 2008 to measure the time-costs of pursuing cases capitally and to examine how prosecutorial discretion in homicide charging is exercised in this jurisdiction. To answer these questions, we explore two related outcomes: (I) the odds of a \\\\'death-notice\\\\' filing and (2) time-to-resolution. According to Model I, death-eligible cases with multiple special circumstances are significantly more likely to be prosecuted capitally than those with only one special circumstance. In light of the limited financial information regarding capital punishment at the county level, Models 2-4 utilize Cox Proportional Hazard regression to investigate the time-costs associated with death eligibility.(1) Estimates indicate that capital cases take significantly longer to reach resolution than noncapital cases. Furthermore, the filing of special circumstances increases survival time in noncapital cases. In addition to highlighting the time-costs of trying cases capitally, these findings reveal the time-costs associated with the prosecution of special circumstance cases, even when the death penalty is not ultimately sought. By examining capital costs at the county level, this analysis contributes to the ongoing policy reform debate in California that aims to address the state's \\\\'dysfunctional\\\\' death penalty system.(2)", "label": [3, 5, 26, 51]}
+{"token": "Home range and movements of long-tailed weasels in a landscape fragmented by agriculture. Quantitative assessments of home-range dynamics and movements of long-tailed weasels (Mustela frenata) are lacking, in spite of the importance of these data to understanding how habitat fragmentation influences behavior, ecology, and interspecific interactions. During autumn to late winter 1998-2000, we monitored 11 long-tailed weasels (7 male, 4 female) via radiotelemetry to examine home-range dynamics and movement rates in an Indiana landscape fragmented by agriculture. Mean (+/- SE) 95% adaptive kernel contour area for adult females and adult males was 51.8 +/- 8.1 ha and 180.3 +/- 60.3 ha, respectively, and differed significantly. Hourly rate of movement for male long-tailed weasels (130.5 +/- 12.7 m) was greater than that of females (79.2 +/- 13.5 m). Weasels demonstrated greater hourly rates of movement during the fallow season (138.2 +/- 12.8 m) compared with the preharvest season (63.0 +/- 11.2 m). Mean hourly rates of movement were lower in corridors, forest patches, and grassland patches compared to crop fields. Mean hourly rate of movement was positively related with home-range size (P < 0.001) with the greatest rates of movement in the largest home ranges. Mean hourly rate of movement varied inversely with prey biomass (P = 0.07). Our results are consistent with the notion that long-tailed weasels may be sensitive to agriculturally induced fragmentation of habitat and the importance of maintaining landscape connectivity for species conservation.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Biocompatibility of Ti-Mn-N films with different manganese contents. Ti-Mn-N films were deposited on CoCrMo alloys and Si substrate by reactive magnetron sputtering. The effects of Mn content on the structure, surface composition and surface energy of Ti-Mn-N film were investigated by XRD, SEM, XPS, and contact angle measurements. Primary mouse osteoblasts were cultured on the Ti-Mn-N films for 1 and 3 d to evaluate cell adhesion and cell viability. RAW264.7 macrophages were cultured on the Ti-Mn-N films for 24 h to evaluate the cell activation and inflammatory cytokine release. The results showed that after culturing for 3 days, there were a greater number of osteoblasts on the 2.2%Mn-TiN and 4.4%Mn-TiN films as compared to the other films. When the Mn content was higher than 4.4 at.%, the osteoblasts viability on Ti-Mn-N films was reduced. In addition, the results of the released inflammatory factors showed that Ti-Mn-N films induced a lower inflammatory response than that induced by CoCrMo alloy, while demonstrating the same excellent biocompatibility as that of TiN film. Hence, Ti-Mn-N films with 2.2 at.% and 4.4 at.% Mn have potential application on the surface modification of dental implant.", "label": [4, 1, 32, 11]}
+{"token": "Contribution of cell wall peroxidase- and NADPH oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species to Alternaria brassicicola-induced oxidative burst in Arabidopsis. Cell wall peroxidases and plasma membrane-localized NADPH oxidases are considered to be the main sources of the apoplastic oxidative burst in plants attacked by microbial pathogens. In spite of this established doctrine, approaches attempting a comparative, side-by-side analysis of the functions of extracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by the two enzymatic sources are scarce. Previously, we have reported the role of Arabidopsis NADPH oxidase RBOHD (respiratory burst oxidase homologue D) in plants challenged with the necrotrophic fungus Alternaria brassicicola. Here, we present results on the activity of apoplastic class III peroxidases PRX33 (At3g49110) and PRX34 (At3g49120) investigated in the same Arabidopsis-Alternaria pathosystem. ROS generated by Arabidopsis peroxidases PRX33 and PRX34 increase the necrotic symptoms and colonization success of A. brassicicola. In addition, the knockdown of PRX33 and PRX34 transcript levels leads to a reduced number of host cells showing an extracellular burst of ROS after inoculation with A. brassicicola. Our results also reveal an age-dependent transcript distribution of ROS-producing peroxidase and NADPH oxidase enzymes, and some potential new components of the RBOHD, PRX33 and PRX34 signalling networks.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Exogenous 2,4-Epibrassinolide Treatment Maintains the Quality of Carambola Fruit Associated With Enhanced Antioxidant Capacity and Alternative Respiratory Metabolism. Brassinosteroids act by delaying fruit ripening. The effects of different concentrations of 2,4-epibrassinolide (eBL) treatments on carambola fruit ripening were investigated. The results show that treatment of 2.8 mg L-1, eBL with 10 min effectively delays ripening and maintains the quality of carambola fruit. This is achieved by retarding color changes and firmness losses while maintaining high level of soluble protein content and vitamin C, and low organic acid content. eBL-delayed senescence may be due to the inhibition of respiration rate and enhanced antioxidant system. It is noteworthy that eBL treatment markedly reduces the content of fructose-6-phosphate (6-P-F) and enhances the activity of cytochrome oxidase (CCO), and the total activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) and 6-phosphate gluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGDH). eBL treatment induces the IAA and GA contents but reduces that of ABA. In general, senescence retardation and quality improvement by eBL treatment may be due to the enhanced antioxidant capacity and altered respiratory pathways.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "A Late Jurassic plesiosaur in Antarctica: Evidence of the dispersion of marine fauna through the Trans-Erythraean Seaway?. During the Jurassic two main marine pathways might act as dispersion routes for vertebrates and invertebrates between Laurasia and Gondwana: the Caribbean Seaway (between North and South America) and the Trans-Erythraean Seaway (splitting Africa from India, Madagascar). The former has proven to be of relevance as a dispersion route for marine vertebrates and invertebrates between the Tethys and Pacific margin of Gondwana. Nevertheless, little is known about the role of the Trans-Erythraean Seaway as a vertebrate dispersion pathway. The Trans-Erythraean Seaway divides the eastern and western South of Gondwana landmasses in the so-called break-up of Gondwana and connects the Tethys Sea with the Palaeo-Pacific. We describe a newly recovered plesiosaur specimen from the Ameghino (= Nordenskold) Formation, Antarctic Peninsula, the first Jurassic plesiosaur from Antarctica. We discuss the importance of this record regarding the hypothesis of marine vertebrate dispersion through the Trans-Erythraean Seaway. (C) 2017 Academie des sciences. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Insight into African meteorite finds: Typology, mass distribution and weathering process. Africa is a favorable site for meteorites recovery in which the total number of meteorites represents more than 1/6 of all extra-terrestrial rocks recovered from the entire world. This work studies the classification of the African meteorite finds, their masses' distribution and their alteration grades to verify some factors influencing the weathering processes. The African population comprises an abundance of stony meteorites with high percentages of rare meteorites of the world collection: Martian meteorites (62%), Ureilites (51%), Rumuruti (59%), Lunar (47%), and HED (46%). Furthermore, throughout the last two decades, the authors noted an important increase of achondrite meteorites compared to the Australian and Antarctic collections. The mass distribution of African population shows that most of the recoveries (72%) have masses more than 100 g. It peaks at about 1 kg, compared to about 0.1 kg for the Australian collection and 0.01 kg for the Antarctic finds. On the other hand, the distribution of weathering grades (W) shows the predominant of W1 (32%) and W2 (34%) which proves a better preservation of meteorites. The factors influencing the mechanism and rate of alteration of African finds include the climate, which is the main factor, the mass, the terrestrial age and the initial porosity of the samples.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Robust mesh smoothing. This paper proposes a vertex-estimation-based, feature-preserving smoothing technique for meshes. A robust mesh smoothing operator called mean value coordinates flow is introduced to modify mean curvature flow and make it more stable. Also the paper proposes a three-pass vertex estimation based on bilateral filtering of local neighbors which is transferred from image processing settings and a Quasi-Laplacian operation, derived from the standard Laplacian operator, is performed to increase the smoothness order of the mesh rapidly whilst denoising meshes efficiently, preventing volume shrinkage as well as preserving sharp features of the mesh. Compared with previous algorithms, the result shows it is simple, efficient and robust.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "EXPRESSION OF THE KCNK3 POTASSIUM CHANNEL GENE LESSENS THE INJURY FROM CEREBRAL ISCHEMIA, MOST LIKELY BY A GENERAL INFLUENCE ON BLOOD PRESSURE. We examined the possible protective effect of TASK-1 (TWIK-related acid-sensitive potassium channel-1, kcnk3) and -3 potassium channels during stroke. TASK-1 and TASK-3, members of the two pore domain (K2P or kcnk) potassium channel family, form hetero or homodimers and help set the resting membrane potential. We used male TASK-1 and TASK-3 knockout mice in a model of focal cerebral ischemia, permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO). Infarct volume was measured 48 h after pMCAO. The TASK-1 knockout brains had larger infarct volumes (P=0.004), and those in TASK-3 knockouts were unchanged. As the TASK-1 gene is expressed in adrenal gland, heart and possibly blood vessels, the higher infarct volumes in the TASK-1 knockout mice could be due to TASK-1 regulating blood vessel tone and hence blood pressure or influencing blood vessel microarchitecture and blood flow rate. Indeed, we found that male TASK-1 knockout mice had reduced blood pressure, likely explaining the increased brain injury seen after pMCAO. Thus to make precise conclusions about how TASK-1 protects neurons, neural- or organ-specific deletions of the gene will be needed. Nevertheless, a consequence of having TASK-1 channels expressed (in various non-neuronal tissues and organs) is that neuronal damage is lessened when stroke occurs. (C) 2010 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "Analysis of Errors in Permittivity Measurements Using the Waveguide-Penetration Method. The Waveguide-Penetration method is a permittivity measurement technique where a columnar object pierces a rectangular waveguide through a pair of holes at the center of its broad walls. The permittivity of the object is estimated from measured S-parameters. This paper demonstrates a scheme for analyzing permittivity measurement errors in the Waveguide-Penetration method. The sources of errors are categorized into systematic and random error sources. Systematic errors in the values of the sample and waveguide holes diameters, the effect of sample's length, and the influence of ambient temperature are investigated and corrected for. Potential random error sources such as imperfect TRL calibration elements, VNA thermal noise, sample loading, and test-port cable flexure are analyzed and their contribution to random errors are estimated.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
+{"token": "Schizophrenia susceptibility loci on chromosomes 13q32 and 8p21. Schizophrenia is a common disorder characterized by psychotic symptoms; diagnostic criteria have been established(1). Family, twin and adoption studies suggest that both genetic and environmental factors influence susceptibility (heritability is approximately 71%; ref. 2), however, little is known about the aetiology of schizophrenia. Clinical and family studies suggest aetiological heterogeneity(3-6). Previously, we reported that regions on chromosomes 22, 3 and 8 may be associated with susceptibility to schizophrenia(7-8), and collaborations provided some support for regions on chromosomes 8 and 22 (refs 9-13). We present here a genome-wide scan for schizophrenia susceptibility loci (SSL) using 452 microsatellite markers on 54 multiplex pedigrees. Non-parametric linkage (NPL) analysis provided significant evidence for an SSL on chromosome 13q32 (NPL score=4.18; P=0.00002), and suggestive evidence for another SSL on chromosome 8p21-22 (NPL=3.64; P=0.0001). Parametric linkage analysis provided additional support for these SSL. Linkage evidence at chromosome 8 is weaker than that at chromosome 13, so it is more probable that chromosome 8 may be a false positive linkage. Additional putative SSL were noted on chromosomes 14q13 (NPL=2.57: P=0.005), 7q11 (NPL=2.50, P=0.007) and 22q11 (NPL=2.42, P=0.009). Verification of suggestive SSL on chromosomes 13q and 8p was attempted in a follow-up sample of 54 multiplex pedigrees. This analysis confirmed the SSL in 13q14-q33 (NPL=2.36, P=0.007) and supported the SSL in 8p22-p21 (NPL=1.95, P=0.023).", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Viral Suppression and Retention in Care up to 5 Years After Initiation of Lifelong ART During Pregnancy (Option B plus ) in Rural Uganda. Conclusions: High rates of viral suppression can be achieved up to 5 years after initiating ART during pregnancy among women retained in care. Interventions to facilitate disclosure may improve long-term outcomes among women who initiate ART during pregnancy under universal treatment.Results: One hundred fifty women (75%) were successfully contacted for follow-up at a median of 4.2 years after starting ART; 135 were retained in care [90%, 95% confidence interval (CI): 84.0% to 94.3%] and 121 demonstrated viral suppression (80.7%, 95% CI: 73.4% to 86.7%). Women who had disclosed their HIV status to their primary partner had greater odds of viral suppression (adjusted odds ratio: 4.51, 95% CI: 1.02 to 19.8).Background: Lifelong antiretroviral therapy (ART) is recommended for all HIV-infected pregnant women, but early studies suggest that women often drop out of care postpartum and data are limited on virologic outcomes.Methods: We evaluated viral suppression (primary outcome) and retention in care up to 5 years after ART initiation among HIV-infected women who started lifelong ART during pregnancy, irrespective of CD4 count, in a study in rural Uganda (NCT00993031). Participants were followed in the study for up to 1 year postpartum, then referred to clinics in surrounding communities. A random sample (N = 200) was invited to participate in a cross-sectional follow-up study after completing the trial, involving one visit for a questionnaire and pregnancy and HIV-1 RNA testing. Retention in care was defined as having attended an HIV clinic in the last 90 days. Logistic regression models were used to examine factors associated with viral suppression (HIV-1 RNA,400 copies/ml) at follow-up.", "label": [2, 17, 24]}
+{"token": "Janus kinase inhibition prevents cancer- and myocardial infarction-mediated diaphragm muscle weakness in mice. Janus kinase inhibition prevents cancer- and myocardial infarction-mediated diaphragm muscle weakness in mice. Am J Physiol Regul lntegr Comp Physiol 310: R707 R710, 2016. First published February 10, 2016; doi.:10.1.152/ajpregu.00550.201.5. Respiratory dysfunction is prevalent in critically ill patients and can lead to adverse clinical outcomes, including respiratory failure and increased mortality. Respiratory muscles, which normally sustain respiration through inspiratory muscle contractions, become weakened during critical illness, and recent studies suggest that respiratory muscle weakness is related to systemic inflammation. Here, we investigate the pathophysiological role of the inflammatory JAKI/3 signaling pathway in diaphragm weakness in two distinct experimental models of critical illness. In the.first experiment, mice received subcutaneous injections of PBS or C26 cancer cells and were fed chow formulated with or without the JAKI/3 inhibitor R548 for 26 days. Diaphragm specific force was significantly reduced in tumor-bearing mice receiving standard chow; however, treatment with the JAKI/3 inhibitor completely prevented diaphragm weakness. Diaphragm cross-sectional area was diminished by 25% in tumor-hearing mice but was similar to healthy mice in tumor bearing animals treated with R548. In the second study, mice received sham surgery or coronary artery ligation, leading to myocardial infarction (MI), and were treated with R548 or vehicle 1 h postsurgery, and once daily for 3 days. Diaphragm specific force was comparable between sham surgery/vehicle, sham surgery/R548 and MI/R548 groups, but significantly decreased in the MI/vehicle group. Markers of oxidative damage and activated caspase-3, mechanisms previously identified to reduce muscle contractility, were not elevated in diaphragm extracts. These experiments implicate JAKI/3 signaling in cancer- and MI -mediated diaphragm weakness in mice, and provide a compelling case for further investigation.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "Eco-evolutionary dynamics of range expansion. Understanding the movement of species' ranges is a classic ecological problem that takes on urgency in this era of global change. Historically treated as a purely ecological process, range expansion is now understood to involve eco-evolutionary feedbacks due to spatial genetic structure that emerges as populations spread. We synthesize empirical and theoretical work on the eco-evolutionary dynamics of range expansion, with emphasis on bridging directional, deterministic processes that favor evolved increases in dispersal and demographic traits with stochastic processes that lead to the random fixation of alleles and traits. We develop a framework for understanding the joint influence of these processes in changing the mean and variance of expansion speed and its underlying traits. Our synthesis of recent laboratory experiments supports the consistent role of evolution in accelerating expansion speed on average, and highlights unexpected diversity in how evolution can influence variability in speed: results not well predicted by current theory. We discuss and evaluate support for three classes of modifiers of eco-evolutionary range dynamics (landscape context, trait genetics, and biotic interactions), identify emerging themes, and suggest new directions for future work in a field that stands to increase in relevance as populations move in response to global change.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "POLYARYL(ETHER-KETONE-CARBABORANE)S - A NEW CLASS OF HYBRID POLYMERS. New, hybrid organic-inorganic poly(ether-ketone)s, incorporating the icosahedral 1,2-C2B10H10 fragment in the main chain, have been synthesized by triflic acid promoted polycondensation of aromatic dicarboxylic acids with aromatic diethers.  Either or both types of monomer may contain the carbaborane residue.  The resulting polymers are linear, amorphous, of modest molecular weight (inherent viscosities in the range 0.24-0.59), and are characterized by remarkably low thermolytic weight loss (10-15%) on pyrolysis at 1000-degrees-C.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Measurements and modeling of the DC temperature dependence of electrical conductivity in thin films of lead phthalocyanine. Many of the phthalocyanines exhibit p-type conductivity, and electrical conductivity through thin films of these materials having ohmic contacts show space-charge-limited conductivity (SCLC) dominated by trap levels located within the band gap. In the present work evaporated thin films of lead phthalocyanine with ohmic gold electrodes were prepared, which showed two distinct regions in the dependence of current density J on applied voltage V. At low voltages sample conductivity was ohmic, changing at higher voltages to a square-law dependence of J on V which is indicative of SCLC dominated by trap levels located at a single discrete energy level. The results of temperature measurements indicate three distinct regions, in each of which the hole concentrations are controlled by different activation energies. A simple model is proposed in which a single trap level is located at the same energy spacing Et from the valence band edge as a single acceptor level. This predicts three different temperature ranges, two of which correspond to those covered by the experimental results. The experimental results indicate a trap level located at an energy E-t = 0.36 eV above the valence band edge and a thermal band gap E-g = 1.51 eV Using the proposed model together with data from the experimental J-V characteristics, an acceptor concentration of 4.85 x 10(19) m(-3) and a trap concentration of 5.18 x 10(25) m(-3) are indicated. Measurements of mobility based on this model yield a value of 2.6 x 10(-4) m(2) V-1 s(-1), which is in close agreement with previous work. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 1, 32, 11]}
+{"token": "The effects of spirituality on visitor behavior: A cognitive-affective-conative model The effects of spirituality on visitor behavior. This study applies the cognitive-affective-conative (CAC) model to develop an analytical framework of visitor experience with a sacred site. Furthermore, the framework that contains key variables of visitor experience, particularly spirituality, is tested in both senior and non-senior groups. Since seniors and non-seniors would behave differently with regard to spirituality, this analysis allows us to further identify the role of spirituality in visitor behavior especially with regard to a sacred destination. The results show that spirituality is crucial in associating individuals' emotional status with their behavior, eventually leading to a change in individuals' life satisfaction and loyalty in pilgrimage experience.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Selected case studies presenting advanced methodologies to study food and chemical industry materials: From the structural characterization of raw materials to the multisensory integration of food. Agricultural resources give us food but also potential sources of feedstocks for the chemical industry. As demand from the growing human population rises, the food industry and the chemical industry face similar problems of scaling operations while sourcing the largest possible amount of at least reasonable-quality raw materials. Food is composed of complex structures formed from molecular assemblies (e.g. particles, fibres, crystals) whose properties depend in part on the molecular species present. In this context, investigations are needed to better understand raw material structure and structure transformation mechanisms in order to improve manufacturing processes and the properties of the final product (e.g. food), which means dedicated methodologies need to be developed. This review presents case studies illustrating advanced technologies designed for characterizing biopolymers, supramolecular complexes, cell membranes, enzymatic degradation of food matrices and biopolymers, flavor release dynamics during eating, cerebral multisensory integration of food and eating behavior.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Endothelial repair by stem and progenitor cells. The integrity of the endothelial barrier is required to maintain vascular homeostasis and fluid balance between the circulatory system and surrounding tissues and to prevent the development of vascular disease. However, the origin of the newly developed endothelial cells is still controversial. Stem and progenitor cells have the potential to differentiate into endothelial cell lines and stimulate vascular regeneration in a paracrine/autocrine fashion. The one source of new endothelial cells was believed to come from the bone marrow, which was challenged by the recent findings. By administration of new techniques, including genetic cell lineage tracing and single cell RNA sequencing, more solid data were obtained that support the concept of stem/progenitor cells for regenerating damaged endothelium. Specifically, it was found that tissue resident endothelial progenitors located in the vessel wall were crucial for endothelial repair. In this review, we summarized the latest advances in stem and progenitor cell research in endothelial regeneration through findings from animal models and discussed clinical data to indicate the future direction of stem cell therapy.", "label": [2, 4, 21, 39]}
+{"token": "Analysis of the performance of debris screens at culverts. Construction of a culvert will impact ambient hydraulic characteristics such that upstream flow depths may increase due to any constriction at the inlet. Exacerbating this, flow can be further restricted within a culvert due to internal blockage by debris. Screens to prevent debris entering a culvert may also cause blockages, thus heightening the flood risk. In response to this problem, the research reported in this paper made use of a Froude-scaled physical model to investigate how screen blockage by debris is influenced by the geometry and positioning of a screen. Analysis based on 105 000 debris passes is used to show that, as expected, the potential for screen blockage by debris increases as the ratio of debris length to bar spacing increases. Furthermore, screen angle and position is shown to have a significant influence on blockage potential. This research involved the development of a methodology that can be used to assess the efficiency of different trash screen configurations. To build upon the analysis from this initial research and continue working towards the development of a predictive model that can aid future screen design, the research needs to be extended to look at the process of cumulative debris build up on screens.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 36]}
+{"token": "Digestibility by sheep of direct cut alfalfa silage made with ozonated cotton stalks. Digestibility of total NDF monosaccharide components in WA and A + OCS silages were 55% and 57%, respectively, of which 90% were digested in the fore-stomachs. In both silages, NDF-glucose was more digestible than NDF-xylose and NDF-uronic acid, and less digestible than NDF-arabinose and NDF-mannose.Results of this study indicate that a direct-cut and ensiled alfalfa silage made with 20% (DM) OCS is comparable with WA in its potential to supply ruminants with digestible carbohydrates. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.Alfalfa was ensiled either by conventional wilting (WA) or as a mixture with 20% (DM) ozonated cotton stalks (A + OCS), and the digestibility of the silage carbohydrate constituents was examined in sheep, The WA silage had a lower content of glucose, xylose, and total carbohydrates and a slightly higher content of arabinose, galactose and mannose than the Af OCS silage. Stomachs and whole tract carbohydrate digestibility was 52% and 63%, respectively, in both silages. Digestibility of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) glucose and xylose was slightly higher and that of NDF-arabinose, galactose and mannose slightly lower, in the sheep fed A + OCS vs. those fed WA.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Opportunity or threat in balancing social, economic and environmental impacts: The appearance of the Polar Silk Road. The potential of the Polar Silk Road (PSR) to accelerate the shipping trade is gaining importance because sea ice is currently melting in the Arctic region. Economic growth generates negative environmental and social impacts (TBL aspects); however, only a few studies have discussed the opportunities and threats in balancing TBL aspects. To fill this knowledge gap, this study addresses the opportunities and threats presented by the PSR. Nevertheless, information on the PSR is spread across diverse databases and is incomplete. This study utilizes a data-driven approach to handle these diverse databases and incomplete information and thereby to provide visual two and three-dimensional impact analyses of opportunities and threats. This study contributes to the literature by (1) bridging TBL aspects of the PSR, (2) using a proposed hybrid method to address the aspect-balancing problem, and (3) providing insights on the opportunities and threats of the PSR. The results reveal negative effects of the PSR in terms of the balance between the economic and environmental aspects and that between the economic and social aspects. This study confirms that the scale and speed of development of the PSR pose a challenge to the environmental and social standards upheld by the surrounding countries and regions. Russia and the United Kingdom are ranked first and second in upholding these standards, while Germany, the Republic of Korea, the Netherlands and Norway strive to achieve a balance between the economic, social and environmental aspects.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Motivations for Relativism as a Solution to Disagreements. There are five basic ways to resolve disagreements: keep arguing until capitulation, compromise, locate an ambiguity or contextual factors, accept Pyrrhonian skepticism, and adopt relativism. Relativism is perhaps the most radical and least popular solution to a disagreement, and its defenders generally think the best motivator for relativism is to be found in disputes over predicates of personal taste. I argue that taste predicates do not adequately motivate relativism over the other possible solutions, and argue that relativism looks like the most promising approach when disputants cannot even agree on the meta-evidence for a contested proposition.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "In-situ stresses, abnormal pore pressures and their impacts on the Triassic Xujiahe reservoirs in tectonically active western Sichuan basin. Measured data from hydraulic fracturing tests and borehole image logs in vertical wells are analyzed. The results show that the minimum horizontal stress gradient in the Xu4 reservoir reaches as high as 24 MPa/km, close to the overburden gradient. The Xu2 reservoir has a slightly lower minimum horizontal stress gradient. The high minimum horizontal stress and high rock strength cause abnormally high formation breakdown pressure gradient (24.8-34 MPa/km). The high breakdown pressure, high propagation pressure, and unfavorable stress regime result in a great difficulty for the reservoir stimulation. One of the major impacts is that hydraulic fracturing operations can only create very short hydraulic fractures, which markedly limits reservoir productivity. Based on field measurements, in-situ stress determination and assessment are given, and a new method for horizontal stress estimation is proposed. Accordingly, reliable prediction of formation breakdown and propagation pressures are proposed, which are more suitable for the tight reservoirs. Recommendations are given for effective development of the tight reservoirs with impacts of high in-situ stresses.Pore pressures in the Xujiahe gas-bearing formations are highly overpressured in the western Sichuan basin. The abnormally high overpressure and strong tectonic stress cause very high horizontal stresses. The high in-situ stresses, tectonic stress regimes, and tight formations severely impact development and production of the Xujiahe tight sandstone reservoirs. Overpressure generation mechanisms are analyzed based on measured data in several dozen wells in the studied gas fields. It is found that the sonic or seismic transit time can be used to predict pore pressure. Two major reservoirs (Xu2 and Xu4) belong to different fluid compartments with distinct pore pressure gradients. The Xu4 has a much higher pore pressure gradient (20 MPa/km) than the Xu2 (15.6 MPa/km).", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Tobacco and alcohol use behaviors portrayed in music videos: A content analysis. Results. A higher percentage (25.7%) of MTV videos than other network videos portrayed tobacco use. The percentage of videos showing alcohol use was similar on all four networks. In videos that portrayed tobacco and alcohol use, the lead performer was most often the one smoking or drinking and the use of alcohol was associated with a high degree of sexuality on all the videos.Objectives. Music videos from five genres of music were analyzed for portrayals of tobacco and alcohol use and for portrayals of such behaviors in conjunction with sexuality.Methods. Music videos (n= 518) were recorded during randomly selected days and times from four television networks. Four female and four male observers aged 17 to 24 years were trained to use a standardized content analysis instrument. All videos were observed by rotating two-person, male-female teams who were required to reach agreement on each behavior that was scored. Music genre and network differences in behaviors were analyzed with chi-squared tests.Conclusions. These data indicate that even modest levels of viewing may result in substantial exposure to glamorized depictions of alcohol and tobacco use and alcohol use coupled with sexuality.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Factors associated with reasons for men not seeking Primary Health Care services. For men to adhere to health services and to perceive themselves as the subject of their care, it is of utmost importance that professionals receive them through qualified listening, listening to their desires and difficulties giving them a welcoming environment. Given this, the objective of this study was to analyze the factors associated with the reasons why men do not seek Primary Health Care services. This was an exploratory, cross-sectional approach, quantitative approach, descriptive study with an analytical character. Data collection was performed through semi-structured interviews with the aid of the primary care assessment instrument in the adult version (PCATool-brasil adult version) with 485 adult men living in rural and urban areas of a city of Sergipe. Statistical analysis was performed using univariate and bivariate techniques, Fisher's Chi-squared and Exact test by IBM (R) SPSS - Statistical Package for Social Sciences, version 20.0. There was an association with the delay in care reported by 173 (35.7%) respondents, which were among the rural residents and those with less education. Also, the absence of diseases reported by 164 men (33.8%) was associated with housing in rural areas; and the lack of reception by health professionals (16.7%; n=81) was higher among alcoholics and lower among rural residents. It is concluded that the reasons men do not seek the services offered in Primary Health Care are significantly interfered with by sociodernographic and lifestyle characteristics.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Fusion of multi-spectral SPOT-5 images and very high resolution texture information extracted from digital orthophotos for automatic classification of complex Alpine areas. In areas with complex three-dimensional features, slope and aspect interact with light conditions and significantly affect the spatial structure of images acquired by remote sensing instruments (for example, by changing the distribution of shadows and affecting the texture of high resolution imagery). In this scenario, this paper analyses the potential and the effectiveness of an automatic classification system to identify three fundamental vegetation classes (forest, grassland and crops) in the complex topography of the Italian Alps (Autonomous Province of Trento, Italy). This classification system is based on the fusion of spectral information provided by the SPOT-5 multi-spectral channels (Ground Instantaneous Field of View, GIFOV, equal to 10m) and textural information extracted from airborne digital orthophotos (GIFOV equal to 1m) and is designed to be user-friendly. The texture of the digital orthophotos was modelled using defined bidirectional variograms, thereby extracting additional information unavailable in first-order texture analyses. Using SPOT-5 multi-spectral information alone, the classification accuracy in the investigated alpine area was equal to 87.5%, but increased to 92.1% when texture information was included. In particular, the texture information significantly increased the classification accuracy for crops (from 68.9% to 87.9%), especially orchards that tend to be classified as lowland deciduous forests, and herbaceous crops (such as maize) that are often misclassified as grasslands. A further simple majority analysis increased the ability of detecting grassland, crops and urban zones. The combination of the majority analysis and the proposed automatic classification system seems an effective approach to classifying vegetation types in highly fragmented and complex Alpine landscapes on a regional scale.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 36]}
+{"token": "Habitus and personality in the work of Max Weber. Weber's critique of modernity centred on how it shaped the habitus - life-conduct and motivations - of the modern individual. I explicate six habitus-types that appear in Weber's work: the early-modern Puritan Berufsmensch, the modern specialist, the modern industrial worker, the politician, the civil servant and the citizen voter. In doing so, I identify the main characteristics of each type and the causal mechanisms through which Western modernity's core features - capitalism and bureaucracy - brought them into being. Further, I discuss two habitus-related problems that concerned Weber: the general failure of the modern habitus to achieve 'personality'; and the mismatch between habitus and occupational role in the Wilhelmine political sphere. I then explain the practical reforms through which Weber hoped to address these problems. Finally, I show how this analysis helps resolve two apparent contradictions which have long perplexed Weber scholars.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Effect of temperature on survival of Australian entomopathogenic nematodes and their virulence against the Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are commonly used biocontrol agents of insect pests, with a wide range of commercially available isolates targeting specific pests. New isolates are, however, required to improve pest control across a wider range of environmental conditions for target pests, including emerging threats. We assessed the effect of temperature on survival and virulence of 17 Australian isolates of five EPN species (Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Heterorhabditis indica, Heterorhabditis marelatus, Heterorhabditis zealandica and Steinernema feltiae) against larvae and pupae of the Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni. All isolates still infected and killed larvae after infective juveniles (IJ) had been kept without insect hosts at 15 degrees C, 25 degrees C or 30 degrees C for two weeks, indicating their potential to remain viable under field conditions. However, the mean LD50 value ranged from 35 to 150 and was generally lower at 15 degrees C than at 25 degrees C and 30 degrees C. Similarly, after IJs had been kept at 25 degrees C for 1-3 weeks without insect hosts, all isolates infected B. tryoni larvae, with mean LD50 values ranging from 25 to 144. Interestingly, 15 isolates infected and killed B. tryoni pupae after one week, with a mean LD50 value between 130 and 209, but only two isolates after two weeks, with a mean LD50 value between 229 to 209. No pupal mortality was seen after three weeks. In absence of hosts, EPNs survived longer at 15 degrees C and 25 degrees C than at 30 degrees C. Complete EPN mortality occurred after nine weeks at 30 degrees C, and after 18 weeks at 15 degrees C and 25 degrees C, except for some survival in one S. feltiae isolate (Sf.ECCS). Overall, six isolates of H. indica (Hi.HRN2, Hi.LMI2, Hi.QF6), H. bacteriophora (Hb.HIE), H. zealandica (Hz.NAR1) and S. feltiae (Sf.ECCS) performed best and need further testing as potential biocontrol agents against B. tryoni under semi-field and field conditions.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Bioinduced Room-Temperature Methanol Reforming. Imitating nature's approach in nucleophile-activated formaldehyde dehydrogenation, air-stable ruthenium complexes proved to be exquisite catalysts for the dehydrogenation of formaldehyde hydrate as well as for the transfer hydrogenation to unsaturated organic substrates at loadings as low as 0.5 mol%. Concatenation of the chemical hydrogen-fixation route with an oxidase-mediated activation of methanol gives an artificial methylotrophic in vitro metabolism providing methanol-derived reduction equivalents for synthetic hydrogenation purposes. Moreover, for the first time methanol reforming at room temperature was achieved on the basis of this bioinduced dehydrogenation path delivering hydrogen gas from aqueous methanol.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "The nature, origins and distribution of ash aggregates in a large-scale wet eruption deposit: Oruanui, New Zealand. This study documents the processes and products of volcanic ash aggregation in phreatomagmatic phases of the 25.4 ka Oruanui supereruption from Taupo volcano, New Zealand. Detailed textural and stratigraphic relationships of aggregates are examined in six of the ten erupted units, which range from relatively dry styles of eruption and deposition (units 2,5) to mixed (units 6, 7, 8) and dominantly wet (unit 3). Aggregate structures and grain size distributions shift abruptly over vertical scales of cm to dm, providing diagnostic features to identify deposits emplaced primarily as vertical fallout or pyroclastic density currents (PDCs). The six categories of ash aggregates documented here are used to infer distinct volcanic and meteorological interactions in the eruption cloud related to dispersal characteristics and mode of emplacement. Our field observations support the notion of Brown et al. (2010, Origin of accretionary lapilli within ground-hugging density currents: evidence from pyroclastic couplets on Tenerife. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 122, 305-320) that deposits bearing matrix-supported accretionary lapilli with concentric internal structure and abundant rim fragments are associated with emplacement of PDCs. However, on the basis of grain size distributions and field relationships, it is inferred that these types of ash aggregates formed their ultrafine ash (dominantly <10 mu m) outer layers in the buoyant plumes of fine ash lofted from PDCs, rather than during lateral transport in ground-hugging density currents. The propagation of voluminous PDCs beneath an overriding buoyant cloud - whether coignimbrite or vent-derived in origin - is proposed to generate the observed, concentrically structured accretionary lapilli by producing multiple updrafts of convectively unstable, ash-laden air. The apparent coarsening of mean grain size with distance from source, which is observed in aggregate-bearing fall facies, reflects a combination of multi-level plume transport and enhanced proximal fallout of fine ash (<250 mu m) by aggregation. Gravitational fallout and melting of abundant ice in the clouds was likely to have contributed a key source of liquid water for wet aggregation in near-source areas. In contrast, deposits from relatively drier eruption phases are aggregate-poor in proximal areas, yet develop loosely-bound particle clusters and mm-scale massive ash pellets >100 km from vent. It is inferred that ambient meteorological conditions play a more important role in ash fallout in these cases. Entrainment of moist air, and distal subsidence and melting of ice carried by the plume, are both likely to have contributed to the observed features of late-stage aggregation in the drier phases of eruption. These observations suggest that proximal, column-influenced aggregation processes, which weaken with distance from source, are overprinted by secondary, later-stage aggregation mechanisms farther downwind. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Carbothermic Reduction Mechanism of Vanadium-titanium Magnetite. To achieve the high-efficiency utilization of vanadium-titanium magnetite (VTM), reduction experiments were conducted to determine the carbothermic reduction mechanism of VTM. Effects of volatile matter, temperature, time, and carbon ratio (molar ratio of fixed carbon in coal to oxygen in iron oxides of VTM) on reduction degree were investigated. Results show that reduction degree increases with increasing volatile matter in coal, temperature, time, and carbon ratio. Phase transformation, microstructure, and reduction path were analyzed by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and FactSage 6. 0. The thermoravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry-quadrupole mass spectrometer method was used for kinetic analysis of the main reduction process. Results indicate that the kinetic mechanism follows the principle of random nucleation and growth (n=4),and the activation energy values at 600-900 and 900-1350 degrees C are 88.7 and 295.5 kJ/mol, respectively.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Prevalence of long-term disability in Portugal, 2014: Evidence of variation by personal and contextual factors. Conclusions: This study shows that along with personal factors, the context plays an important role in disability. We believe this piece of evidence emphasizes the factor context namely the region, when decision makers design disability related policies. (C) 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Background: Disability is not just a health problem. It is a wider phenomenon that reflects the gap between a person's capacities and their ability to fully perform the role demanded by society. Both personal and environmental factors are major contributors to disability. Objective: We aimed to estimate the prevalence of self-reported disability, overall and by sex, and associated factors in the Portuguese population in 2014.Methods: This was a cross sectional study based on data from the Portuguese National Health Interview Survey (2014) (n = 18,204). Long-term disability was evaluated based on the respondent reporting reasons for current disability lasting more than 6 months. Sex, age group, region, marital status, self-rated health, having or not health insurance, educational level, income, tobacco and alcohol consumption, physical activity and body mass index were considered as independent variables. A poisson model was performed to identify factors associated with disability.Results: Approximately 40% of the respondents reported having some long-term disability. Disability prevalence was higher in women than men (44.4% and 34.2%, respectively). Results showed age, region, education, self-rated health, physical activity and body mass index were associated with disability (p < 0.05).", "label": [2, 21, 23]}
+{"token": "Multiobjective analysis to an energy system. The performance at weights of each objective is modeled by heuristic rules whereas the modification of decision variables is based on the application of random approaches. The methodology allows evaluating objective functions conformed by the fuel costs, the operation variable costs and maintenance costs. These are included in the capital investment equation. The goals in the optimization of this global system are to minimize product costs, minimize combustion residuals and maximize exergetic efficiency.An optimization methodology for complex energy system introducing external factors based on the newly developed Pareto-based multiobjective evolutionary algorithms (MOEA) used for solving a real-world power systems multiobjective nonlinear optimization problem is presented. The thermoeconomic, technology and environment objectives are included in this methodology and weights are assigned to each objective for evaluating the fitness and average sum. The complex energy system is integrated by a combined-cycle power plant (subsystem I) and a gasifier (subsystem II).", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "MORE THAN JUST A NUMBER? THE CONCEPTUALIZATION AND MEASUREMENT OF FIRM AGE IN AN ERA OF TEMPORARY ORGANIZATIONS. This article seeks to reinvigorate research on firm age by providing the first comprehensive review of the construct. We provide evidence that certain long-held assumptions about age have changed as organizations have become increasingly temporary and discuss what this means for organizational research going forward. We inductively structured our review along five themes: [1] research on age-dependence in organizational mortality rates; [2] research on age-related differences in firm processes or structures; [3] research enriching the theoretical understanding of firm age; [4] research that includes firm age as a control variable; and [5] methodological issues in the study of firm age. Across these five themes, we identify important work, integrate what we know, identify gaps and inconsistencies, and offer recommendations for future research. We derive more specific recommendations for two streams of research in particular, namely, research on entrepreneurial success and failure, which is directly tied to the liability of newness, and the literature on temporary organizations, which is concerned with the intended and actual durations of firms.", "label": [5, 44, 46]}
+{"token": "MODELING THE FORMATION OF INTERMEDIATE LAYERS AT ARECIBO LATITUDES. By using a modified version of the ionospheric model described by Bailey and Sellek (1990), we model the formation of intermediate ionization layers due to meridional neutral winds in the valley region between the E and F regions. The calculations are performed on a single field line with L = 1.4, in order to compare the results with observations of intermediate layers from the incoherent scatter radar at Arecibo. The winds are given a sinusoidal variation in altitude, and the effects of the wind amplitude and wavelength on layer formation are examined. Nighttime ionization rates are artificially specified to correspond with observed rates in the region. Our results show that tidal like meridional wind profiles act to deplete the apparent background ionospheric number density as well as enhance the number density in the intermediate layer. Thus the layer appears as an enhancement above a background that is much smaller than the background that would be present in the absence of a wind. In this way, layers with relatively high molecular ion concentrations can exist. Intermediate layers are seen to form at nulls in the neutral wind altitude profile, but in the altitude region above roughly 160 km this null need not coincide with a zero in the field-aligned ion velocity.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Influence of different head-neck positions on vertical ground reaction forces, linear and time parameters in the unridden horse walking and trotting on a treadmill. Results: At the walk, the percentage of vertical stride impulse carried by the forehand (Iz(fore)) as well as stride length and overreach distance were decreased in HNP2, HNP3, HNP4 and HNP5 when compared to HNP1. At the trot, Iz(fore) was decreased in HNP2, HNP3, HNP4 and HNP5. Peak forces in the forelimbs increased in HNP5 and decreased in HNP6. Stance duration in the forelimbs was decreased in HNP2 and HNP5. Suspension duration was increased in HNP2, HNP3 and HNP5. Overreach distance was shorter in HNP4 and longer in HNP6.Methods: Vertical ground reaction forces of each limb and interlimb coordination were measured in 7 high level dressage horses walking and trotting on an instrumented treadmill in 6 predetermined HNPs: HNP1 - unrestrained; HNP2 - elevated neck, bridge of the nose in front of the vertical; HNP3 - elevated neck, bridge of the nose behind the vertical; HNP4 - low and flexed neck; HNP5 - head and neck in extreme high position; and HNP6 - forward downward extension of head and neck. HAP1 served as a velocity-matched control.Conclusions: In comparison to HNP1 and HNP6, HNPs with elevation of the neck with either flexion or extension at the poll as well as a low and flexed head and neck lead to a weight shift from the forehand to the hindquarters. HNP5 had the biggest effect on limb timing and load distribution. At the trot, shortening of forelimb stance duration in HNP5 increased peak vertical forces although Iz(fore) decreased.Objective: To quantify the effects of 6 different HNPs on forelimb-hindlimb loading and underlying temporal changes.Reasons for performing study: It is believed that the head-neck position (HNP) has specific effects on the loading pattern of the equine locomotor system, but very few quantitative data are available.Potential relevance: Presented results contribute to the understanding of the value of certain HNPs in horse training.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Firm Subsidies and the Innovation Output: What Can We Learn by Looking at Multiple Investment Inputs?. In this paper we address the issue of if and how firm subsidies foster investment in fixed capital and R&D and by doing so they contribute to the innovation output. We therefore extend the existing literature which so far has mostly focussed on the effects of public subsidies on specific innovation inputs. By using a rich dataset on Italian firms we estimate the relationships between inputs (investments) and innovation outputs (process and product) as well as investment equations in which expected firm subsidies affect the inputs. In order to deal with endogeneity issues we propose an empirical approach which exploits the information and characteristics of our dataset. We find that expected public intervention has an effect on investment in fixed capital and innovation. The impact of firm subsidies on R&D investment is found to be somehow weaker as well as its final effect on innovation.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "How are New Community Governance Structures Formed in Urban China? A Case Study of Two Cities, Wuhan and Guangzhou. Through interviews and comparison of practices in two Chinese cities, this article argues that local governments are forced to shift some of their excessive responsibilities to new actors. This produces a limited kind of pluralism: government organizations remain in charge of community governance.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Twice-Ramanujan Sparsifiers. A sparsifier of a graph is a sparse graph that approximates it. A spectral sparsifier is one that approximates it spectrally, which means that their Laplacian matrices have similar quadratic forms. We prove that every graph has a spectral sparsifier with a number of edges linear in its number of vertices. In particular, we prove that for every epsilon is an element of (0, 1) and every undirected, weighted graph G = (V, E, omega) on n vertices, there exists a weighted graph H = (V, F, (omega) over tilde) with at most inverted right perpendicular(n - 1)/epsilon(2)inverted left perpendicular edges such that for every x is an element of R-V, (1 - epsilon)(2).x(T)L(G)x <= x(T)L(H)x = (1 + epsilon)(2).x(T)L(G)x, where L-G and L-H are the Laplacian matrices of G and H, respectively. We give an elementary deterministic polynomial time algorithm for constructing H. This result is a special case of a significantly more general theorem which provides sparse approximations of general positive semidefinite matrices: given any real matrix B-nxm and epsilon is an element of (0, 1), there is a nonnegative diagonal matrix S-mxm with at most inverted right perpendicularn/epsilon(2)inverted left perpendicular nonzero entries such that (1 - epsilon)(BBT)-B-2 less than or similar to BSBT less than or similar to (1 + epsilon)(BBT)-B-2.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Low sociability in BTBR T plus tf/J mice is independent of partner strain. Inbred mouse strains differ greatly in social behaviors, making them a valuable resource to study genetic and non-genetic mechanisms underlying social deficits relevant to autism spectrum disorders. A hallmark symptom of autism is a lack of ability to understand other people's thoughts and intentions, which leads to impairments in adjusting behaviors in response to ever-changing social situations in daily life. We compared the ability of BTBR T + tf/J (BTBR), a strain with low sociability, and C57BL/6J (B6), a strain with high sociability, for their abilities to modulate responses to social cues from different partners in the reciprocal social interaction test. Results indicate that BTBR exhibited low sociability toward different partners and displayed minimal ability to modify behaviors toward different partners. In contrast, B6 showed high sociability toward different partners and was able to modify social behaviors toward different partners. Consistent results were found in two independent cohorts of different ages, and in both sexes. In the three-chambered test, high sociability in B6 and low sociability in BTBR were independent of strain of the novel mouse. Since social deficits in BTBR could potentially be caused by physical disabilities in detecting social olfactory cues, or in cognitive abilities, we tested BTBR and B6 mice on measures of olfaction and cognition. BTBR mice displayed more sniffing of social odors emitted by soiled bedding than of an odorless novel object, but failed to show a preference for a live novel mouse over a novel object. On olfactory habituation/dishabituation to a sequence of odors, BTBR displayed discrimination abilities across three non-social and two social odors. However, as compared to B6, BTBR displayed less sniff time for both non-social and social odors, and no significant dishabituation between cage odors from two different novel mouse strains, findings that will be important to investigate further. BTBR was generally normal in spatial acquisition on the Morris water maze test, but showed deficits in reversal learning. Time spent freezing on contextual and cued fear conditioning was lower in BTBR than in B6. Our findings suggest that BTBR has poor abilities to modulate its responses to different social partners, which may be analogous to social cognition deficits in autism, adding to the value of this strain as a mouse model of autism. Published by Elsevier Inc.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "How many and which are the psychopathological dimensions in schizophrenia? Issues influencing their ascertainment. During the last two decades, much effort has been made to precisely characterize the symptom dimensions of schizophrenia. A number of dimensional models have been proposed, the most popular of which has been a three-dimensional model consisting of psychotic, negative and disorganizational symptoms. This model, however, has been criticized as too simplistic, and more complex models have been proposed, although to date there has been no consensus as to the number and nature of dimensions necessary to account for the whole range of schizophrenic symptoms. In the present paper, the authors review the main methodological issues which have led to the current confusion about the number of dimensions underlying schizophrenic psychopathology. Among the main issues influencing the delimitation of dimensions are: statistical procedures for determining the number of factors, phase of the illness, level of analysis of symptoms (i.e., symptoms or groups of symptoms), and measurement instrument used. Studies analyzing either a broad range of symptoms or particular symptoms at a finer level have produced a rather complex picture of schizophrenic dimensions. There is evidence supporting the existence of eight major dimensions of psychopathology: psychosis, disorganization, negative, mania, depression, excitement, catatonia and lack of insight. The dimensional structure of symptoms becomes even more complex if one considers that these big dimensions can be further divided into more elementary components. A hierarchical approach for organizing the complex dimensional structure of schizophrenic symptoms is proposed. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "An Adaptive Control System for Three-Phase Photovoltaic Inverters Working in a Polluted and Variable Frequency Electric Grid. Theproportional+resonant (PR) controller has been proposed in the past as a suitable method to control the current generated by the grid-connected photovoltaic voltage source inverters. Due to the fact that information regarding the frequency of the grid is needed to use this control technique, the synchronous reference frame phase-locked loop (SRF-PLL) is commonly used. To assure that the total harmonic distortion of the injected current (THDi) meets the appropriate standards, even if the grid voltage is polluted and its frequency varies, an adaptive control strategy is presented in this paper. This control strategy can improve the behavior of both, the conventional SRF-PLL and the conventional PR controller, when they are used in a polluted grid with a time varying frequency. The experimental results obtained by means of a digitally controlled 10-kVA inverter, show up that the THDi of the injected current is improved when the proposed adaptive control strategy replaces the conventional one.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Serum concentration of sex-steroids, endometrial expression of their receptors, and endometrial morphology during the estrous cycle in Bos taurus Criollo and crossbred cows. Romosinuano (Romo) and Costeno con cuernos (CCC) are Bos taurus criollo breeds (adapted to the conditions of the tropics) that presented higher plasmatic Progesterone (P4) concentration during the luteal phase compared to non-adapted genotypes. The central hypothesis was that these P4 concentrations could modulate the uterine receptivity. Blood and endometrial biopsy samples were obtained on days 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 of the estrous cycle (day 0 = estrus) of animals of different genotypes [Romo (n = 14), CCC (n = 14), and Crossbreed Brahman x Holstein (Cross, n = 13)]. Tissue-samples were used for morphometry and immunohistochemistry analyses. Data analyses were performed with Proc Mixed of SAS. The criollo breeds have higher P4 concentrations on days 5 and 15, higher values of superficial glandular area (all days) and density (days 0, 5, 10, and 15) than Cross cows (P < 0.05). ESR1 and PGR immunostaining were higher on days 0, 5, and 15 and on days 0 and 15, respectively for CCC and Romo when compared to Cross (P < 0.05). In conclusion, tropical adapted bovine breeds possess more receptive to embryo uterine environment than non-adapted breeds. This is mediated by a higher serum progesterone concentration, a strong P4 signaling, and greater developed uterine-gland morphology.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Strain-gradient homogenization: A bridge between the asymptotic expansion and quadratic boundary condition methods. In this paper we deal with the determination of the strain gradient elasticity coefficients of composite material in the framework of the homogenization methods. Particularly we aim to eliminate the persistence of the strain gradient effects when the method based on quadratic boundary conditions is considered. Such type of boundary conditions is often used to determine the macroscopic strain gradient elastic coefficients but leads to contradictory results, particularly when a RVE is made up of a homogeneous material. The resulting macroscopic equivalent material exhibits strain gradient effects while it should be expected of Cauchy type. The present contribution is to provides new relationship to correct the approach based on the quadratic boundary condition. To this purpose, we start from the asymptotic homogenization approach, we establish a connection with the method based on quadratic boundary conditions and we highlight the correction required to eliminate the persistence of the strain gradient effects. An application to a composite with fibers is provided to illustrate the method.", "label": [1, 11, 12]}
+{"token": "DIALOGUES OF SOVEREIGNTY: ENCOUNTERS BETWEEN ITALIAN PRINCES IN THE 17TH CENTURY. The concentration of small and medium-sized dynastic states in the central Po valley, yet in the second half of the seventeenth century, offers numerous opportunities for meetings between the representatives of their respective sovereign families, while the appointments of these princes with the members of the other Italian ruling families are rarer. The meetings between the princes of the Peninsula always play a familiar political role, so that the existence of disputes over their respective titles and treatments may require preventive action of ministers and advisers. The extensive use of the incognito, ie private character, by the princes, both sovereign and non-rulers, who are traveling outside their home states allow them to avoid these embarrassments, sometimes even giving up the magnificent reception by foreign courts. Advocates of meetings are particularly princesses married abroad, for which their appointments with the beloved brothers are valuable opportunities to keep alive the ties with the homeland and with the memories of a spent childhood.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Apiculture and Conservation Opportunities: The Case of Sayinga-Kasena-Gavara-Kara. It is a concern for many governments and natural resource utilization regulators to maintain ecosystems to function well in order to provide support for livelihoods-especially those in rural developing countries. The Wildlife Division of the Forestry Commission of Ghana quest to improve livelihoods as means of winning support from rural people to conserve natural resources, is the main objective of embarking on collaborative natural resources management. The purpose of this study was to find out how livelihoods and environmental conservation have been impacted by apiculture in Sayinga-Kasena-Gavara-Kara (SKGK) in northern Ghana. A qualitative research approach through a narrative inquiry was applied to gather data. An in-depth interview was conducted based on a conceptual model developed to relate business and environmental opportunities and their barriers in apiculture. Findings suggest the SKGK apiculture has created environmental awareness, engaged participants from activities that degrade the environment, and provided supplementary income. There are investment opportunities for social investors, donors, or private businesses into beekeeping. The environmental benefits of the venture to the larger ecosystem with its added economic benefits into increasing agricultural production through pollination are discussed.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "The Artistic Expression of Feeling. In the past 60 years or so, the philosophical subject of artistic expression has generally been handled as an inquiry into the artistic expression of emotion. In my view this has led to a distortion of the relevant territory, to the artistic expression of feeling's too often being overlooked. I explicate the emotion-feeling distinction in modern terms (distinguishing mood as well), and urge that the expression of feeling is too central to be waived off as outside the proper philosophical subject of artistic expression. Restricting the discussion to the art of painting (and drawing), I sketch a partial psychological model for the exrtistic expression of feelipression of feeling. Although the feeling-emotion contrast is seldom made clear in their writings, I stress that many, or even most of the eminent pre-1960's voices in aesthetics and art criticism-Croce, Dewey, Langer, Bosanquet, Berenson and others-would more or less agree that feeling is no less important for expression than emotion, and indeed can be interpreted as anticipating many points that I set forth.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Spinoza on Conatus. Conatus is a fundamental but also controversial concept in Spinoza's Ethics. Many scholars believe that its meaning is inconsistent or even contradictory in first and second half of the Ethics. The former is non-teleological, the latter is teleological. This paper attempts to demonstrate that Spinoza has always maintained the core meaning of the concept of conatus, but at the same time provides a developmental perspective. In the dimension of pure mind pursuit of God's knowledge, conatus' meaning has been elevated to a new level, but the core meaning of self-preservation has never changed. They both apply to non-teleological explanations.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "A CULTURE THAT IS HARD TO DEFEND: EXTRALEGAL FACTORS IN FEDERAL DEATH PENALTY CASES. Empirical research has exposed a troubling pattern of capital punishment in the United States, with extralegal factors such as race, class, and gender strongly correlated with the probability of a death sentence. Capital sentencing also shows significant geographic disparities, although existing research tends to be more descriptive than explanatory. This study offers an alternative conception of local legal culture to explain place-based variation in the outcomes of federal capital trials, accounting for the level of attorney time and expert resources granted by the federal courts to defend against a death sentence. Using frequentist and Bayesian methods-supplemented with expert interviews-we empirically assess the processes determining the total allocation of defense resources in federal death penalty trials at the peak of the federal death penalty-between 1998 and 2004. Our findings strongly connect extralegal factors to the lowest levels of defense resources, which in turn correlate with a higher risk of a death sentence. Far from being idiosyncratic discrepancies, these are systemic and systematic extralegal factors that stand between a defendant and his opportunity to defend against a death sentence. Ultimately, we argue for a reconceptualization of extralegal influences and the relationship between local legal culture and capital case outcomes.", "label": [3, 5, 26, 51]}
+{"token": "Exposure to different sources of secondhand smoke during pregnancy and its effect on urinary cotinine and tobacco-specific nitrosamine (NNAL) concentrations. Conclusions Using cotinine levels as an indicator of NNK, exposure due to SHS during pregnancy leads to an underestimation of exposure to NNK uptake. Moreover, each source of exposure contributed to the increase in cotinine levels, indicating the importance of avoiding SHS exposure from any source.Background To date, no research exists on the role that different sources of exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) have on 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1butanone (NNK) and nicotine uptake, assessed via urinary 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) and cotinine concentrations of non-smoking pregnant women, nor the differences in NNAL concentrations among pregnant women who quit smoking in comparison to those who do not.Methods As part of the ` Rhea' mother childbirth cohort in Crete, Greece, 1317 motherechild pairs were followed-up until delivery, while among a subsample, maternal urine was assessed for its NNAL (n 117) and cotinine concentrations (n 377). Results Pregnant women who continued to smoke during pregnancy were found to have geometric mean urinary NNAL concentrations of 0.612 pmol/ml, in comparison to the 0.100 pmol/ml of ex-smokers and 0.0795 pmol/ml of non-smokers exposed to SHS. Exposure to SHS in the home was associated with a 4.40 ng/ml increase in urinary cotinine levels, while reported exposure to SHS in cars was associated with an even higher (8.73 ng/ml) increase in cotinine concentrations and was strongly related to NNAL concentrations. Exposure to SHS in the workplace and in public places was also shown to increase cotinine and NNAL concentrations. The NNAL: cotinine ratio was found to be higher among pregnant women who were exposed to SHS but did not smoke (p< 0.001).", "label": [2, 21, 23]}
+{"token": "Clonal spread of serogroup W135 meningococcal disease in Turkey. Six cases of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup W135 meningococcal infection have been reported in Turkey since 2003. Seven isolates recovered from four meningococcal meningitis patients and two asymptomatic carriers produced three distinct pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns. Multilocus sequence typing and antigen gene sequencing showed that five isolates were indistinguishable from ST-11 (ET-37) serogroup W135 meningococci, which were first isolated in Saudi Arabia and were responsible for the worldwide outbreak among Hajj pilgrims and their contacts in 2000. The remaining two isolates, which had related PFGE patterns, differed from each other at only one of the genetic loci characterized but were not related to the ST-11 clonal complex. None of the six individuals recalled contact with a pilgrim or had traveled on the Hajj. These six individuals exhibited no time or place relationships to each other, except for the two asymptomatic carriers, who were soldiers and served in the same military unit. These data demonstrate that serogroup W135 meningococci with different genotypes, including the Hajj epidemic strain, are endemic in Turkey.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "GENERATIONAL CYCLIC REFERENCE COUNTING. We introduce the concept of the age of a cell to cyclic reference counting. Experiments show that young cells tend to die young and old cells tend to remain alive until the very end of computation. Age information increases the likelihood of running mark-scan on garbage cells and detects the existence of cycles during the mark phase, yielding a more efficient scan phase.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "A new approach to quantify anthracnose symptoms in inoculated Capsicum spp. fruits. Anthracnose caused by a complex of Colletotrichum species is a major disease that reduces pepper yields in tropical and subtropical countries, causing economic losses from planting to post-harvest. Identifying resistant genotypes has challenged plant breeders and plant pathologists. Inoculation and disease assessment techniques play an important role in finding anthracnose resistance in pepper fruits, especially when considering different Capsicum species. There is no specific scale to assess the anthracnose severity in pepper fruits when using spot inoculation methods. In this paper, we propose a new rating scale to estimate the severity of fruit rot, caused by Colletotrichum scovillei, in four Capsicum species. Unripe and ripe fruits from 11 genotypes were inoculated with 10 mu L of conidial suspension [1 x 10(6) conidia/mL] by a microinjector. Five raters daily assessed anthracnose severity in 79 fruits, using three different methods, namely lesion area by image analysis; lesion area by caliper measure and two rate scale. Incubation (IP) and latent periods (LP) were also estimated using both scales. On the 9(th) day after inoculation (dai), the severity was estimated by seven raters using the two scales and measurement of lesion diameters. We determined the conidia concentration in the lesion area at 10 dai. Data were analyzed by Spearman correlation and Fleiss' Kappa (IP, LP, and scores on the 9(th) dai), along with d simple linear regression and Lin's concordance correlation coefficient (AUDPCs). Nine severity levels were defined on the new proposed scale (S) based on the presence/absence of acervuli/hyphae and the lesion diameter. The S scale resulted in superior values for agreement/accuracy (rho(c) >= 0.80), and precision (r >= 0.77) when compared with other methods, being thus more reliable in defining the LP of the fungus.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "LncPep: A Resource of Translational Evidences for lncRNAs. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a type of transcript that is > 200 nucleotides long with no protein-coding capacity. Accumulating studies have suggested that lncRNAs contain open reading frames (ORFs) that encode peptides. Although several noncoding RNA-encoded peptide-related databases have been developed, most of them display only a small number of experimentally validated peptides, and resources focused on lncRNA-encoded peptides are still lacking. We used six types of evidence, coding potential assessment tool (CPAT), coding potential calculator v2.0 (CPC2), N6-methyladenosine modification of RNA sites (m6A), Pfam, ribosome profiling (Ribo-seq), and translation initiation sites (TISs), to evaluate the coding potential of 883,804 lncRNAs across 39 species. We constructed a comprehensive database of lncRNA-encoded peptides, LncPep (). LncPep provides three major functional modules: 1) user-friendly searching/browsing interface, 2) prediction and BLAST modules for exploring novel lncRNAs and peptides, and 3) annotations for lncRNAs, peptides and supporting evidence. Taken together, LncPep is a user-friendly and convenient platform for discovering and investigating peptides encoded by lncRNAs.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "VERBAL DEBATES IN EPISTEMOLOGY. The idea that certain philosophical debates are \\\\'merely verbal\\\\' has historically been raised as a challenge against (large parts of) metaphysics. In this paper, I explore an analogous challenge to large parts of epistemology, which is motivated by recent arguments in experimental philosophy. I argue that, while this challenge may have some limited success, it cannot serve as a wedge case for wide-ranging skepticism about the substantiveness of epistemological debates; most epistemological debates are immune to the worries it raises.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Calculation of thermodynamics properties in the Al-Co-Me (Me = Ti, Mo) systems, in the liquid phase. The results of calculation using thermodynamic predicting for ternary systems Al-Co-Ti and Al-Co-Mo are presented in this paper. Characteristic thermodynamic properties, including integral and partial molar quantities at different temperatures, have been calculated using Redlich-Kister-Mugginanu method and general solution model.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "The predictors of self-rated health and the relationship between self-rated health and health service needs are similar across socioeconomic groups in Canada. Study Design and Setting: We used cross-sectional data from the Canadian Community Health Survey linked to the Ontario Health Insurance Plan (N = 17,109). We examined relative differences in the factors associated with different levels of SRH across socioeconomic groups (as assessed by education and household income) using probit models separately for men and women. We then examined differences in expected health care costs, as assessed by adjusted clinical group weights using administrative health care records, between socioeconomic groups within the same level of SRH.Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that SRH assesses a broad variety of factors, including physical health status, mental health status, health service/care utilization, and health behaviors, relatively equally across socioeconomic groups, measured as either education or income. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Objective: To examine if there are systematic differences in the predictors of self-rated health (SRH) and to examine the relationship between SRH and health care utilization across socioeconomic groups.Results: We found limited differences across the predictive ability of a broad range of physical, mental, health service/care utilization, and health behavior variables on SRH across socioeconomic groups. In addition, no differences were found in the expected health care utilization costs across socioeconomic groups within the same level of SRH.", "label": [2, 21, 23]}
+{"token": "Stress analysis of spontaneous Sn whisker growth. Spontaneous Sn whisker growth is a surface relief phenomenon of creep, driven by a compressive stress gradient. No externally applied stress is required for the growth, and the compressive stress is generated within, from the chemical reaction between Sn and Cu to form the intermetallic compound Cu6Sn5 at room temperature. To obtain the compressive stress gradient, a break of the protective oxide on the Sn surface is required because the free surface of the break is stress-free. Thus, spontaneous Sn whisker growth is unique that stress relaxation accompanies stress generation. One of the whisker challenging issues in understanding and in finding effective methods to prevent spontaneous Sn whisker growth is to develop accelerated tests of whisker growth. Use of electromigration on short Sn stripes can facilitate this. The stress distribution around the vicinity and the root of a whisker can be obtained by using the micro-beam X-ray diffraction utilizing synchrotron radiation. A discussion of how to prevent spontaneous Sn whisker growth by blocking both stress generation and stress relaxation is given.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 32, 11]}
+{"token": "Submodels in Carnap's Early Axiomatics Revisited. G. Schiemer has recently ascribed to Carnap the so-called domains-as-fields conception of models, which he subsequently used to defend Carnap's treatment of extremal axioms against J. Hintikka's criticism that the number of tuples in a relation, and not the domain of discourse, is optimised in Carnap's treatment. We will argue by a careful textual analysis, however, that this domains-as-fields conception cannot be applied to Carnap's early semantics, because it includes a notion of submodel and subrelation that is not only absent from Carnap's work at that time, but even contradicts it. As a consequence, Schiemer's defense of Carnap's extremal axioms against Hintikka's criticism fails. We will reconcile Carnap's treatment of extremal axioms and Hintikka's observation by taking into account the practice of axiomatics in the early twentieth century. If one realises that, in Carnap's time, a predicate for the domain of discourse was often introduced in the formal theory, and that Carnap defined such predicates from the basic relations of an axiom system, the apparent disagreement between optimising relations and optimising domains disappears.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Solidification and melting - Asymmetries and consequences. Solidification and melting are phase transitions from the liquid to solid state or vice versa and are thus often assumed to be similar processes with only opposite direction. However, they can be fundamentally different, i.e. asymmetric, in aspects of both thermodynamics and kinetics. It is known that superheat in the solid is difficult to obtain, unlike supercooling in the liquid. This is often attributed to the fact that nucleation in the liquid can occur (homogeneously or heterogeneously) in the bulk, in the solid it will occur at outer or inner surfaces of the crystal. A further asymmetry is evident as the growing phase is a phase with fast diffusion kinetics in the case of melting, with slow diffusion kinetics in the case of solidification. Two types of experiments (solutal melting and melting/resolidification in a temperature gradient) are presented that allow an evaluation and quantification of the consequences of these asymmetries.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Is there any relationship between serum levels of total bilirubin and the severity of erectile dysfunction?. Methods: A total of 94 patients with erectile dysfunction were divided into three groups; severe erectile dysfunction (33 patients), moderate erectile dysfunction (31 patients), and mild erectile dysfunction (30 patients). In addition, a control group was formed with 31 healthy men. The International Index of Erectile Function-5 Questionnaire was used to measure the quality of erection in all the groups. The body mass index was calculated for all the participants. The serum glucose, low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein, cholesterol, triglyceride, total bilirubin, and total testosterone levels were also determined.Results: No statistically significant difference was observed between the groups in terms of the mean age, hypertension, smoking status, alcohol use, cardiovascular diseases, hepatobiliary disease, diabetes mellitus, and levels of total testosterone, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and triglyceride. However, high-density lipoprotein, body mass index, and total bilirubin were significantly lower compared to the control group (p<0.001). The serum total bilirubin level was found to be 0.410.21ng/dL in the severe erectile dysfunction, 0.43 +/- 0.19ng/dL in the moderate erectile dysfunction, and 0.48 +/- 0.11ng/dL in the mild erectile dysfunction groups (p<0.001).Conclusion: Considering the significant differences between the erectile dysfunction and control groups in terms of serum total bilirubin levels, a low level of bilirubin may have a role in the etiology of erectile dysfunction.Objective: Recent studies have shown that atherosclerosis is associated with erectile dysfunction and the serum bilirubin level. In this study, the serum total bilirubin levels of patients with erectile dysfunction were measured to investigate the relationship between the levels of erectile dysfunction and total bilirubin.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Applicability of different hard coatings in dry machining an austenitic steel. In this contribution, results are presented to introduce dry machining of synchronizing cones for automotive applications. Different CVD/PVD commercial coatings were investigated in preliminary investigations for their suitability in dry-machining the specific austenitic steel. It will be shown that coating systems (like hard/soft double layers) exhibit a great potential for such operations, even under a minimal lubricant system. Furthermore, several parameter studies were carried out towards accuracy to size, workpiece morphology and process stability. In a last step, field tests were done performed on this results. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.Today, a high proportion of machining processes are conducted with coolants. In this way, the workpiece, tool and machine tool are cooled, friction processes are reduced, and the manufactured chips are removed from the cutting area. Unfortunately, coolants are dangerous to the environment and human health. Moreover, the disposal costs for used coolants are set to soar. Therefore, the movement towards green manufacturing cutting operations will be one of the most important challenges in the near future. Decreasing the costs of the cutting process and the associated reduction of environmental pollution by dry machining is the main key to remain competitive and profitable.", "label": [4, 1, 32, 11]}
+{"token": "A watermarking scheme based on discrete non-separable wavelet transform. This paper presents a novel method for constructing nonseparable wavelet filters. The high frequency sub-bands of non-separable wavelet transform can reveal more features than that of the common used separable wavelet transform. Then, we describe a blind watermarking scheme which is based on discrete non-separable wavelet transform (DNWT). More coefficients of DNWT can add watermark than that of discrete separable wavelet transform (DSWT). Experiment results show that the DNWT watermarking scheme is robust to noising, JPEG compression, and cropping. Especially, it is more resistant to sharpening than DSWT scheme. Furthermore, by adjusting the threshold such that the number of the DSWT coefficients to embed watermark is not less than the number of the DNWT coefficients, the performance of DSWT to sharpening is still worse than the DNWT. Such adjustment also dramatically decreases the robustness of the DSWT scheme to noising.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Latent Factor Structure of Outcome Measures Used in the HABIT (R) Mild Cognitive Impairment Intervention Programs. Objective: This study sought to examine the latent factor structure of a battery of 12-13 measures of domains mentioned above, used in a multicomponent behavioral intervention (The HABIT (R) program) for pwMCI and their partners.Conclusion: Results demonstrated a stable factor structure across cohorts and intervention conditions suggesting that three broad factors may provide a straightforward and meaningful model to assess intervention outcome, at least during the MCI phase of ADRD.Background: In Alzheimer's disease and related disorders (ADRD) research, common outcome measures include cognitive and functional impairment, as well as persons with mild cognitive impairment (pwMCI) and care partner self-reported mood and quality of life. Studies commonly analyze these measures separately, which potentially leads to issues of multiple comparisons and/or multicollinearity among measures while ignoring the latent constructs they may be measuring.Methods: Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) involved 214 pwMCI-partner pairs. Subsequent Confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) used 730 pairs in both pre- and post-intervention conditions.Results: EFA generated a three-factor model. Factors could be characterized as partner adjustment (29.9%), pwMCI adjustment (18.1%), and pwMCI impairment (12.8%). The subsequent CFA confirmed our findings, and the goodness-of-fit for this model was adequate in both the pre- (CFI = 0.937; RMSEA= 0.057, p = 0.089) and post-intervention (CFI = 0.942; RMSEA= 0.051, p = 0.430) groups.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "Recovery of metal values from spent petroleum catalyst using leaching-solvent extraction technique. Leaching-solvent extraction process was developed to recover metal values from spent petroleum catalyst containing mainly Ni, V and Mo. The acid leaching studies using acetone-washed spent petroleum catalyst showed good metal recovery except for Mo. The low Mo recovery was due to formation of an impervious sulfur layer over the Mo matrix. The acid leaching efficiency improved using acetone-carbon disulfide (CS2) washed spent petroleum catalyst. More than 90% of Mo-Ni-V was recovered using 1 M H2SO4 followed by (NH4)(2)CO3 washing. The acidic leach liquor was processed through solvent extraction technique using LIX-841. Mo and V in the leach liquor were separated by carrying out the solvent extraction studies at different pHs. A tentative process flow-sheet was developed. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Infrared atmospheric sounding interferometer data information content; instrument characterization and the impact of a priori information. The use of linear estimation for the study of the information content of a given satellite radiance data set for temperature and humidity profile retrievals is first reviewed. A particular formulation of the retrieval approach is then used to obtain an intrinsic characterisation of the infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) data set, in terms of accuracy versus vertical resolution of retrieved profiles. The performance of the IASI instrument alone is analysed and compared to that of the currently-used WIRS-TOVS. The problem is then regularization by addition of a priori independent information to the initial data set. The potential use of IASI data for some particular choices of the a priori information associated with practical problems such as profile inversion or data assimilation for weather forecasting is analysed. The approach is finally used to derive an \\\\'empirical\\\\' objective framework to definite the vertical discretization adapted to these problems.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "The influence of NaCl concentration of brine and different packaging on goat white brined cheese characteristics. Goat white brined cheese was ripened at 13-15 degrees C for 10 days in 6% and 3% (w/v) NaCl brine, and stored refrigerated under modified atmosphere (MAP; 60% CO2 and 40% N-2) or vacuum for 40 days. Cheeses stored in brine were taken as control samples. Salt reduction lowered consumer acceptability of cheeses, with 3% NaCl MAP cheese having the lowest score for overall quality. It also changed texture profile of cheese, mainly by increasing its cohesiveness. The MAP packaging inhibited the growth of psychrotrophic bacteria and yeasts/moulds over the period of examination. The brine-stored cheeses had decreased dry matter and total protein content and their ripening index was significantly lower in comparison with vacuum and MAP stored cheeses. According to the patterns of electrophoresis, packaging had no notable effect on proteolysis. Regardless of the factors applied, the colour of cheese remained visually unchanged. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Circadian and ultradian patterns of epileptiform discharges differ by seizure-onset location during long-term ambulatory intracranial monitoring. Significance: Epileptiform activity has a strong 24 h periodicity with peak nocturnal occurrence. Limbic and neocortical epilepsy show divergent circadian influences. These findings confirm that circadian patterns of epileptiform activity vary by seizureonset zone, with implications for treatment and safety, including SUDEP.Objective: Previous studies reporting circadian patterns of epileptiform activity and seizures are limited by (1) short-term recording in an epilepsy monitoring unit (EMU) with altered antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) and sleep, or (2) subjective seizure diary reports. We studied circadian patterns using long-term ambulatory intracranial recordings captured by the NeuroPace RNS System.Methods: Retrospective study of RNS System trial participants with stable detection parameters over a continuous 84-day period. We analyzed all detections and long device-detected epileptiform events (long episodes) and defined a subset of subjects in whom long episodes represented electrographic seizures (LE-SZ). Spectrum resampling determined the dominant frequency periodicity and cosinor analysis identified significant circadian peaks in detected activity. Chi-square analysis was used to compare subjects grouped by region of seizure onset.Results: In the 134 subjects, detections showed a strongly circadian and uniform pattern irrespective of region of onset that peaked during normal sleep hours. In contrast, long episodes and LE-SZ patterns varied by region. Neocortical regions had a monophasic, nocturnally dominant rhythm, whereas limbic regions showed a more complex pattern and diurnal peak. Rhythms in some individual limbic subjects were best fit by a dual oscillator (circadian + ultradian) model.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Corrosion study of 430 stainless steel with cobalt electrodeposited obtained from the recycling of Li-ion batteries. In this paper an interesting alternative for recycling of Li-ion battery cathode and and improving the corrosion resistance of 430 stainless steel is presented. The spent cathode composition has molecular formula approximately LiCoO2. The cobalt electrodeposition onto 430 SS was performed using the cobalt bath obtained by spent LiCoO2 lixiviation. In air atmosphere and high temperatures the metallic cobalt is transformed into a Co3O4 layer that acts as protection against chromium volatilization. This was confirmed by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and scanning eletron microscopy measurements. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements, in 0.5 M H2SO4 after thermal treatment at 600, 700 and 800 degrees C show that the cobalt electrodeposition is efficient in mitigating the effects of corrosion when 430 stainless steel is subjected to high temperatures.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "COMPARING ROBUST REGRESSION LINES CORRESPONDING TO 2 INDEPENDENT GROUPS. Let X and Y be random variables, and for two independent groups, suppose that for the jth group, Y(j) = beta(1j)X + beta-0j + epsilon(j), where E(epsilon(j)) = 0, j = 1,2. Suppose that the beta's are estimated with Welsch's robust procedure, and that the goal is to test H(o):beta-01 = beta-02 and H(o):beta-11 = beta-12. A solution to this problem is to use the influence function estimate of the standard errors of the estimates of the beta's, and attempt to control the probability of a Type I error via the percentile-t bootstrap procedure. This paper uses simulations to assess the small-sample performance of this procedure. A few results are also reported on a procedure for testing H(o): E(Y1IX) - E(Y2IX).", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Investigating the energy spectrum of silicon nanoclusters in a silicon dioxide matrix. This paper presents the results of an investigation of the energy spectrum of traps that occur in a silicon nanocomposite created using the new \\\\'elion\\\\' technology-low-temperature laser modification of the surface of a layer of nanoporous silicon in the medium of a strong gaseous oxidant. Combined analysis of the transmission spectra of laser-oxidized nanoporous silicon and the trap-distribution function over the activation energy made it possible to explain the presence of selective absorption in the IR region. (C) 2014 Optical Society of America.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "PLC-Based Model of Reactive Power Flow in Steam Power Plant for Pre-Commissioning Validation Testing of Coordinated Q-V Controller. The paper presents the digital realization of a model of reactive power flow (QFM) in a steam power plant using a programmable logic controller (PLC). The steam power plant (SPP) model is developed for pre-commissioning validation testing of the coordinated reactive power-terminal voltage (Q-V) control system. The SPP QFM includes a model for a synchronous generator, an excitation system, a step-up transformer, and the generator's droop characteristic modeled through the automatic voltage regulator (AVR). A QFM synthesis is based on a series of experiments performed on site. The parameters of the generator and AVR are estimated from recorded generator voltage and current time responses to a step change in voltage reference of the AVR. To get a complete QFM, transformers and network reactances are also included. In order to calculate reactive power (Q) flows more accurately, the generator Q output is adjusted by taking into account its real power output. Standard PLC hardware, as industrial grade equipment appropriate for on site testing, is used for practical QFM implementation after discretization of the continuous mathematical model. The developed QFM response is verified through a series of experiments performed in the laboratory.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Generation and initial evolution of a mode water theta-S anomaly. Generation and evolution of an isopycnal potential temperature-salinity (theta-S), or spiciness, anomaly is studied around 20 degrees-23 degrees S, 110 degrees W in the austral winter of 2004. Two profiling CTD floats deployed in the region in January 2004 provide the observations. The anomaly (defined as relative to water properties of the preceding summer) is very large (initially about 0.35 in S and about 0.9 degrees C in theta). It is associated with the winter ventilation of a thick, low-potential-vorticity layer known as South Pacific Eastern Subtropical Mode Water. Regional lateral theta and S distributions at the surface predispose the ocean to formation of this water mass and allow significant anomalies to be generated there with relative ease. The water mass is potentially important for climate in that, after northwestward advection in the South Equatorial Current, it contributes to the Equatorial Undercurrent and eventually resurfaces in the cold tongue of the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean. The anomaly studied is strong enough to predispose a portion of the water column to salt fingering, increasing vertical mixing. Although lateral processes are no doubt important in evolution of the anomaly, the vertical mixing appears to be sufficiently vigorous to reduce it significantly within 6 months after its formation by spreading it to denser horizons through diapycnal fluxes. By that time the anomaly is most likely sufficiently diffuse so that subsequent evolution from diapycnal fluxes is significantly reduced as it makes its way toward the equator.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Susceptibility of Alphitobius diaperinus (Coleoptera : Tenebrionidae) from broiler facilities in Texas to four insecticides. Lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), adults were collected from six eastern Texas broiler facilities and examined for susceptibility to four formulated insecticides. Data indicate that A. diaperinus adults exposed to filter papers treated with the label rates of the insecticides exhibit some level of recovery. Approximately 20% or less A. diaperinus adults treated with Tempo SC Ultra (8 ml/92.9 m(2), 11.8% beta-cyfluthrin) or Talstar WP Insecticide/ Miticide (23.3 ml/92.9 m(2), 10% bifenthrin) and recorded as moribund at the 4-h observation period recovered by the 24-h observation period. A. diaperinus adults treated with Tempo SC Ultra and Talstar WP also had the greatest percentage of mortality for both observation periods. A. diaperinus adults treated with Dragnet SFR (49.7 ml/92.9 m(2), 36.8% permethrin) had the greatest level of recovery at approximate to 50-60% overall, which was similar to that recorded for the water-only control. Additionally, five of the six A. diaperinus populations treated with Dragnet SFR resulted in < 10% mortality for both observation periods. Unlike the other insecticides examined, Talstar Professional Insecticide (10 ml/92.9 m(2), \\\\'Talstar Pro,\\\\' 7.9% bifenthrin) resulted in approximate to 50% more A. diaperinus mortality at the 24-h than the 4-h observation period due primarily to increased mortality recorded for Farm F. A. diaperinus adults from farm D had >= 87% knockdown 4 h after treatment to all compounds examined, indicating a high degree of sensitivity to these compounds. However, approximate to 90% of the A. diaperinus adults from this population treated with Dragnet SFR and recorded as moribund recovered by the 24-h observation. A. diaperinus adults from this population treated with the other insecticides exhibited limited recovery. Susceptible adult A. diaperinus populations are still present in Texas, based on the populations examined. But, identifying these populations is difficult and time-consuming. Consequently, screening populations before treatment might not be feasible. However, newer generation pyrethroids examined in this study seem to be suitable for suppressing A. diaperinus populations in broiler facilities.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Pedohumic method in paleoenvironmental reconstructions: an example from Middle Siberia. Paleopedology can be an instrument to better understand problems in natural and humanitarian sciences. A new pedohumic method, involving diagnosis and reconstruction of paleoenvironments, is suggested. The reconstruction of the Kazantsevo (R-W) interglacial paleoenvironment in the Chulymo-Yenisei depression (Middle Siberia) is considered as an example. The trend of environmental conditions within the R-W interglacial is similar to that of the current southern taiga-steppe. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Nasogastric aspiration/lavage in patients with gastrointestinal bleeding: a review of the evidence. Introduction: The usefulness of nasogastric aspiration and nasogastric lavage in patients with gastrointestinal bleeding is controversial, as evidenced by conflicting recommendations, both among and within society guidelines.Expert commentary: Based on the available literature, nasogastric lavage or aspiration cannot be routinely recommended unless a large properly designed randomized trial (which is currently lacking) proves otherwise. It is a painful and time-consuming procedure with no demonstrated benefit for the patient in terms of outcomes. Other clinical and laboratory parameters, and risk scores, are less invasive and are effective for guiding the stratification and management of patients, while pre-endoscopic erythromycin infusion is a good if not better alternative for improving visualization of the stomach.Areas covered: Considering these controversies, we reviewed the evidence regarding the following questions: 1) Can nasogastric lavage stop or slow down the bleeding and improve subsequent endoscopic visualization? 2) Is nasogastric aspiration helpful for the localization of bleeding? 3) Can nasogastric aspiration identify high risk patients that might benefit from earlier endoscopy? 4) Is there evidence for benefit in terms of outcomes from using nasogastric aspiration? 5) Is nasogastric intubation safe in patients with possible esophageal varices? Our review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Nanocomposite SAC Solders: The Effect of Adding Ni and Ni-Sn Nanoparticles on Morphology and Mechanical Properties of Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu Solders. This study investigates the effect of minor additions of Ni, Ni3Sn or Ni3Sn2 nanoparticles on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Cu/solder/Cu joints. The nanocomposite Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu (SAC305) solders with 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 wt.% metallic nanoparticles were prepared through a paste mixing method. The employed Ni and Ni-Sn nanoparticles were produced via a chemical reduction method. The microstructure of as-solidified Cu/solder/Cu joints was studied by x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that additions of Ni and Ni-Sn nanoparticles to the SAC305 solder paste lead initially to a decrease in the average thickness of the intermetallic compound layer in the interface between solder and substrate, while further additions up to 2.0 wt.% did not induce any significant changes. In addition, shear strength and microhardness tests were performed to investigate the relationship between microstructure and mechanical properties of the investigated solder joints. The results indicated an increase in both of these properties which was most significant for the solder joints using SAC305 with 0.5 wt.% Ni or Ni-Sn nanoparticles.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 32, 11]}
+{"token": "Fracture behaviour and toughening mechanism in Zanchor reinforced composites under mode I loading. The mode I interlaminar fracture behaviour and the reinforcing mechanism of Zanchor-reinforced composite laminates were investigated by using DCB (Double Cantilever Beams) and TIT (Through-Thickness Tension) specimens. The DCB test results demonstrated that the Zanchor process was highly effective at improving the mode I fracture toughness of composite laminates, where the fracture toughness increased almost linearly with the Zanchor density. The R-curves of Zanchor composites were approximately divided into the transition and stable regions, where the extent of the transition region was about 15 mm regardless of the Zanchor density. The TTT test results demonstrated that the effect of the Zanchor process could be approximately attributed to 'wedge effect' and 'bridging effect', where the bridging effect was dominant but the wedge effect was negligible against mode I fracture. The Zanchor process was effective at improving the bridging strength but not effective at improving the maximum strength, where the trend of R-curves could be predicted by considering the bridging effect. Microscopic observations of the DCB and TTT specimens indicated that the Zanchor process induced the fibre bridgings and increased the roughness of fracture surfaces, where the EFB (Entangled Fibre Bundles) played an important role in generating the fibre bridgings, resulting in the increase in mode I fracture toughness. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "THE AMERICAN CHRISTIANS AND THE STATE OF ISRAEL. Israel has always mattered to American Christians. They are among the strongest supporters of the State of Israel in the United States. The paper argues that the support that was extended by American Christians in general and the Christian Right in particular, to Israel and the Jewish people is the continuation of a long tradition in conservative American Christians rooted mainly in their theological doctrine. However, the study shows that the Christian Right is ambivalent in its view on Jews. On the one hand, Jews are considered to be God's chosen people and to have a special Biblical status and role. On the other hand, the Christian Right is allegedly anti-Semitic, as it views Jews as a condemned nation for their rejection of Christ as the Messiah, the reason for which they are unsaved and need to be converted to Christianity. Interestingly, both views, love and hatred of Jews, are based on the Biblical teachings and grounded in conservative Protestant theology; their paradoxical views on Jews are not a new phenomenon among conservative American Christians. Nevertheless, the study found that the support of the American Christians of the establishment of the State of Israel goes beyond theological doctrines or values. In fact, the humanitarian considerations of the liberal Christian and secular organizations in particular, were significant in contributing to the establishment of the Jewish state.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Determining Causal Relationships between Physical Structure and Sensory Function in Food Systems via Partial Least Squares (PLS) Path Modelling. The concept of structure:function modeling of food systems is demonstrated by using the Partial Least Squares (PLS) path modelling technique to quantify the time-dependent relationships between various physical and sensory measurements made on a set of food system prototypes intended to approximate a commercially available target product. An iterative process was used to deduce which instrumental parameters (derived from the physical measurements) best served as determinants of structure that dominated sensory perception at five points along a hypothesized breakdown path from the time at which the food system was introduced to the mouth, through mastication, and so on until after it was swallowed. Once these relationships were verified, the resultant PLSpath model could be used to form simple regression relationships between the relevant instrumental parameters and the three active ingredients in the prototype recipe. Based on these results, it is anticipated that such models will enable an accelerated process for qualifying alternative ingredients, that were not used to build the model, in order to drive sensory properties of novel food systems.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Targeted Transduction via CD4 by a Lentiviral Vector Uses a Clathrin-Mediated Entry Pathway. We recently developed a novel targeting Sindbis virus envelope pseudotyped lentiviral vector, 2.2ZZ, which acquires specific transduction capacity by antibody conjugation and binding with specific antigens on the surface of targeted cells. Here we characterize the virological properties of this vector by examining its targeting to CD4 antigen. Our results show that entry is dependent on CD4 cell surface density and occurs via the clathrin-mediated endocytic pathway. These findings provide insight into the mechanism of infection by a new viral vector with combined properties of Sindbis virus and lentiviruses and infectivity conferred by monoclonal antibody-ligand interactions.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Biosynthesis, characterization, and antibacterial activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles derived from Bauhinia tomentosa leaf extract. [GRAPHICS]A facile, eco-friendly synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) employing Bauhinia tomentosa leaf extract as bioreducing agent was reported. The green-synthesized ZnO NPs were characterized by UV-Vis, TEM, EDX, XRD, and FTIR analyses. The formation of ZnO NPs was confirmed by the appearance of characteristic SPR peak at 370nm due to the collective oscillation of electrons in the conduction band in UV-Vis spectra. The hexagonal morphology exhibiting nanosized ZnO was observed from the TEM and XRD analyses. The chemical bonds present in the as-synthesized ZnO NPs were identified by FTIR analysis. ZnO NPs showed a significant antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria P. aeruginosa and E. coli than Gram-positive bacteria. Results of this study demonstrated that B. tomentosa leaf extract containing phytochemicals such as alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, carbohydrates, and sterols possess bioreducing property for ZnO synthesis and the obtained ZnO NPs could be employed effectively as a better bactericidal agent for biological applications..", "label": [4, 1, 33, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "Microbispora siamensis sp nov., a thermotolerant actinomycete isolated from soil. An actinomycete, strain DMKUA 245(T), isolated from soil, was investigated using a polyphasic approach. The isolate formed longitudinally paired spores on the tips of short sporophores that branched alternately from aerial hyphae. The morphological and chemotaxonomic properties clearly demonstrated that the new isolate belonged to the genus Microbispora. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis supported the assignment of the novel strain to the genus Microbispora. The gene sequence similarity values between the novel strain and the closely related species Microbispora corallina, Microbispora rosea subsp. rosea, Microbispora rosea subsp. aerata and Microbispora amethystogenes were 98.4%, 97.4%, 97.0% and 96.9%, respectively. The DNA-DNA hybridization values and some physiological and biochemical properties indicated that strain DMKUA 245(T) could be distinguished from its phylogenetically closest relatives. Based on these genotypic and phenotypic data, strain DMKUA 245(T) represents a novel species in the genus Microbispora for which the name Microbispora siamensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is strain DMKUA 245(T) (= BCC 14407(T) = NBRC 104113(T)). In addition, DNA-DNA relatedness values in reciprocal hybridization experiments showed that M. amethystogenes was a separate genomic species from M. rosea subsp, rosea. A combination of genotypic and phenotypic data supported the classification of M. amethystogenes as a separate species.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "That sort of place... where filthy men go... ': a qualitative study of women's perceptions of genitourinary medicine services. Results: Three themes were identified from interviews undertaken with women recruited in family planning and genitourinary medicine (GUM) clinics: the perception of STIs as a condition of \\\\'others,\\\\' the threatening nature of the GUM clinic, and the evolution of the experience of stigma within the GUM clinic.Background: A stigma is a pejorative social label. Stigmatisation is a process by which individuals are made to experience isolation and reduced opportunities in life. Some diseases are particularly associated with stigmatising attitudes; this applies particularly to sexually transmitted infections. Although several studies report the effects of stigma, no study to date has attempted to investigate its nature, which is a prerequisite to designing health interventions.Methods: This qualitative, exploratory study investigated the experience of stigma among young women recently diagnosed with an STI and considered the implications of these experiences in terms of maximising access to GUM clinics.Conclusion: More open discussion and education about sexual health services and STIs should take place at a general population level; awareness of sexual health services should be raised in inclusive ways, which are seen as relevant to the needs of a wide range of individuals; medical, nursing, and counselling staff in GUM clinics should be supported in their efforts to reduce the experience of stigma. Finally, future interventions designed to improve access to sexual health services should formally assess their impact on stigma.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "From Hate to Prejudice: Does the New Terminology of Prejudice Motivated Crime Change Perceptions and Reporting Actions?. Official definitions of hate crime are viewed as overly narrow and unnecessarily exclusive. To enable more inclusive practices, many jurisdictions have embraced alternative terminologies such as bias crime, targeted crime and prejudice motivated crime. In this article, we examine how police agencies in Victoria, Australia, are grappling with incidents and responses to hate crime. Drawing on the accounts of high priority victim groups, we illustrate how victims and victim advocates make sense of new hate crime terminologies and whether these terminologies facilitate hate crime incident reporting. Our findings speak to the importance of shared understanding and vocabularies; however, police responses to prejudice motivated crime incidents and police interactions with victims remain a significant barrier to reporting behaviour.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Multi-target visual search organisation across the lifespan: cancellation task performance in a large and demographically stratified sample of healthy adults. Accurate tests of cognition are vital in (neuro)psychology. Cancellation tasks are popular tests of attention and executive function, in which participants find and 'cancel' targets among distractors. Despite extensive use in neurological patients, it remains unclear whether demographic variables (that vary among patients) affect cancellation performance. Here, we describe performance in 523 healthy participants of a web-based cancellation task. Age, sex, and level of education did not affect cancellation performance in this sample. We provide norm scores for indices of spatial bias, perseverations, revisits, processing speed, and search organisation. Furthermore, a cluster analysis identified four cognitive profiles among participants, characterised by many omissions (N=18), many revisits (N=18), relatively poor search organisation (N=125), and relatively good search organisation (N=362). Thus, patient scores pertaining to search organisation should be interpreted cautiously: Given the large proportion of healthy individuals with poor search organisation, disorganised search in patients might be pre-existing rather than disorder-related.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Inflation-indexed bonds: The dog that didn't bark. The introduction by the U.S. Treasury of inflation-indexed notes was one of the most widely publicized innovations in the U.S. capital markets in recent years. Since their introduction in January 1997, $57 billion in 5-, 10-, and 30-year Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities (TIPS) has been issued, and the Treasury has recently announced that TIPS will also be offered as small-denomination savings bonds. Because both the coupon and the principal of TIPS vary with the consumer price index, the Treasury believes these notes will appeal to risk-averse investors seeking protection from inflation. Proponents of TIPS have argued that their issuance should also reduce the cost of borrowing to the Treasury and permit a clear measure of investors' forecasts of inflation.Despite their promise, it is doubtful whether inflation-indexed bonds have been a great success either in the United States or in other industrialized countries that have issued them. The authors analyze the characteristics of TIPS that might explain their limited acceptance. Their model indicates that TIPS should appeal primarily to risk-investors in high tax brackets who are pessimistic concerning inflation. Despite their unique design, however, TIPS are not unique in offering investors inflation-protected returns.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Fair use will give the digital economy a fair go. This article argues that the Australian government should amend the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth) in order to introduce United States-style fair use provisions as an additional open-ended exception to copyright sitting below, and integrated with, the current fair dealing exceptions. It identifies some of the ways in which current copyright law is holding back innovation and economic growth, which emerge from the submissions of some of the key stakeholders to the Australian Law Reform Commission's recent Inquiry into Copyright and the Digital Economy. It then reviews the experience in the US and how the fair use provisions have spurred innovation in the American economy. The arguments for and against introducing fair use into Australian copyright law are canvassed, and different options for implementing this reform are analysed, including that proposed by the ALRC. The optimal option for reaping the benefits of the digital economy, involving a two-step test, is identified and recommended.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Integrating corporate social responsibility into efforts to realize millennium development goals Lessons from Uganda. Design/methodology/approach - Using a mixed research methodology, this research documented CSR activities of 16 companies operating in Uganda. Data collection was guided by quantitative and qualitative methodologies (semi-structured interviews with CSR managers, plus non-participant observation of CSR activities and projects linked with MDGs). Triangulation was used to ensure credibility and validity of the results. For data analysis, the authors followed a three-stepwise process, which helped to develop a framework within which the collected data could be analyzed. For generalization of the findings, the authors were guided by the \\\\'adaptive theory approach\\\\'.Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to present corporate social responsibility (CSR) as an alternative roadmap to accelerating realization of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in Uganda, even after 2015.Findings - Uganda will not realize any MDGs by 2015. However, CSR activities have the potential to contribute to a cross-section of various MDGs that are more important and relevant to Uganda when supported by the government. If this happens, realization of the MDGs is likely to be stepped up. CSR's potential contributions to the MDGs were found to be hindered by corruption and cost of doing business. Lastly, MDG 8 and MDG 3 were perceived to be too ambiguous to be integrated into company CSR interventions, and to a certain extent were perceived to be carrying political intentions which conflict with the primary business intentions of profit maximization.Practical implications - Governments in developing countries that are still grappling with the MDGs can use this research when devising collaborations with private-sector companies. These documented CSR activities that contribute directly to specific MDGs can be factored into the priority public-private partnership arrangements. Private companies can also use these findings to frame their stakeholder engagement, especially with the government and also when setting CSR priorities that significantly contribute to sustainable development.Originality value - This research advances the \\\\'Post-2015 MDG Development Agenda\\\\' suggested during the United Nations MDG Summit in 2010, which called for academic and innovative contributions on how MDGs can be realized even after 2015.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "The Text as a Model? On Reading and Understanding of the World. The 'readability of the world', according to Blumenberg, means an ideal of understanding. However, the question is whether our knowledge of the world should be described as an act of reading or, more generally, in terms of language. Many theorists argue that the 'model of the text' (Ricoeur) is not an adequate paradigm for describing culture and human understanding. Language has a central function in human life, but there are many non-linguistic ways of expression and of communication. The paper deals with the various motives, which underlie the generalization of the reading metaphor in cultural sciences.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Ergonomic and geometric tricks of laparoendoscopic single-site surgery (LESS) by using conventional laparoscopic instruments. All procedures were completed successfully without the use of ancillary ports or articulating instruments except two cases that required laparoscopic conversion. The mean patient age was 48.9 years. Mean operative time was 99.7 min, mean estimated blood loss was 17.3 ml, and mean hospital stay was 2.1 days. There were no intraoperative complications.We retrospectively reviewed our data from 175 patients who underwent various urological LESS procedures via the same ergonomic and geometric principles between 2008 and 2011. LESS procedures performed included adrenalectomy (N = 23), radical nephrectomy (N = 5), radical nephroureterectomy with bladder cuff resection (N = 5), varicocelectomy (N = 12), nephropexy (N = 4), lumbar sympathectomy (N = 4), orchiectomy for intra-abdominal testis (N = 1), pyeloureterostomy (N = 1), dismembered pyeloplasty (N = 1), and adult inguinal hernia mesh repair (N = 119).The aim of this study was to explore the feasibility and safety of performing laparoendoscopic single-site surgery (LESS) with conventional laparoscopic instruments.According to our ergonomic and geometric principles, use of conventional laparoscopic instruments is feasible and safe in LESS procedures.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Detection on four continents of dengue fever cases related to an ongoing outbreak in Luanda, Angola, March to May 2013. In April 2013, ten cases of dengue fever in travellers returning from Luanda, Angola, to five countries on four continents, were reported to the globally distributed GeoSentinel Surveillance network. Dengue virus serotype 1 was identified in two cases. The findings indicate that a major dengue outbreak is currently ongoing in Luanda. This report illustrates how cases from an emerging arboviral epidemic focus can spread internationally and highlights the risk of dissemination of a vector-borne disease into receptive areas.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "A new genus and two new species of Tubificidae (Oligochaeta) from the abyssal zone of Lake Baikal with redescriptions of Lymphachaeta pinnigera, Rhyacodriloides abyssalis and Tubifex bazikalovae. Recent sampling of the abyssal zone of Lake Baikal (Siberia) made possible redescriptions of the poorly known species Lymphachaeta pinnigera Snimschikova, Rhyacodriloides abyssalis Chekanovskaya, Tubifex bazikalovae Chekanovskaya, and descriptions of Burchanidrilus petitbonum gen. n., sp. n. and Rhyacodriloides gladiiseta sp. n. Lymphachaeta and Burchanidrilus belong to a complex of small Tubificinae, characterised by true penes in penis sacs, rather simple atria, and lack of coelomocytes and spermatozeugmata. These mag be considered plesiomorphic character states for Tubificinae. Rhyacodriloides is still assigned to the Rhyacodrilinae, despite simple-pointed setae, the lack of coelomocytes, the presence of single genital seta and possible 'multiple' prostates. (C) 1998 The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters.", "label": [4, 39, 43]}
+{"token": "Review of agglomeration practice and fundamentals in heap leaching. This article reviews agglomeration practices for precious metal and copper heap leaching. Both industries prefer drum to conveyor agglomeration, particularly for clayey ore or ore having a high fines content. Precious metal heap leaching operations opt for cement in a dosage from 2.5 to 10 kg cement/t of ore ( 5 - 20 lb/ton) added to a cyanide solution. Copper ores are agglomerated with water and up to 40 kg sulfuric acid/t of ore ( 80 lb/ton) without binder. The agglomerate physical characteristics, with the exception of their strength, can be measured precisely and automatically. The impact of agglomeration on the in situ physical characteristics of the heap, other than the observable ponding and slumping, is not understood well. The most substantial benefits of agglomeration include up to 90% metal recovery from poorly permeable ores, shorter leach cycles, extra metal recovery from already-leached tailings, and better environmental heap closure.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "An Observational Study of the Secondary Effects of a Local Smoke-Free Ordinance. IntroductionWe obtained data from 4 sources: police records, key informant interviews, a community survey, and an undergraduate survey. Except for interviews, which we conducted postenactment only, we compared measures before and after the ordinance was put into effect.ResultsWe found no evidence of association of the ordinance with public disturbances. We found that the ordinance was not associated with changes in smoking rates, drinking rates, or bar-going in the general population, although bar-going decreased among the 16% of the general adult population who smokes (from 84% in 2005 to 70% in 2007, P < .001). Student smoking rates also decreased (from 23% in 2005 to 16% in 2007, P < .001), but student binge drinking did not change.ConclusionThe study adds unique information to the evidence base on the effect of smoke-free policies, finding little evidence of their secondary, unintended effects. With the addition of these results to existing evidence, we conclude that the potential health benefits of smoke-free ordinances outweigh the potential harms from unintended effects.MethodsThe secondary, sometimes unintended effects of smoke-free ordinances have not been thoroughly evaluated. In this observational study, we evaluated the association of a local ordinance implemented in Madison, Wisconsin, with changes in public disturbances; smoking, drinking, and bar-going behaviors in the general population; and smoking and drinking behaviors among university students.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "The interplay between gaze and consistency in scene viewing: Evidence from visual search by young and older adults. Searching for an object in a complex scene is influenced by high-level factors such as how much the item would be expected in that setting (semantic consistency). There is also evidence that a person gazing at an object directs our attention towards it. However, there has been little previous research that has helped to understand how we integrate top-down cues such as semantic consistency and gaze to direct attention when searching for an object. Also, there are separate lines of evidence to suggest that older adults may be more influenced by semantic factors and less by gaze cues compared to younger counterparts, but this has not been investigated before in an integrated task. In the current study we analysed eye-movements of 34 younger and 30 older adults as they searched for a target object in complex visual scenes. Younger adults were influenced by semantic consistency in their attention to objects, but were more influenced by gaze cues. In contrast, older adults were more guided by semantic consistency in directing their attention, and showed less influence from gaze cues. These age differences in use of high-level cues were apparent early in processing (time to first fixation and probability of immediate fixation) but not in later processing (total time looking at objects and time to make a response). Overall, this pattern of findings indicates that people are influenced by both social cues and prior expectations when processing a complex scene, and the relative importance of these factors depends on age.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Numerical modelling of SHPB splitting tests. The Splitting or Brazilian test of disks is a useful method to measure tensile strength on brittle materials. When the tensile stress reaches the tensile strength. the disk fails on the loading plane. Nevertheless, the stress state is not uniaxial, and the material undergoes compressive stresses, normal to the tensile ones. On materials with a high compressive/tensile strength ratio as ceramics or concrete, the failure of the material is produced by the tensile stress, whereas no damage is caused by compressive stresses. This is the reason why splitting tests of disks have been proved to be air excellent solution to measure tensile strength on brittle materials like ceramics or concrete. This technique has been used for years to test brittle materials on static conditions, and more recently, it has been brought into use on dynamic tests, as Hopkinson bar experiments. The results obtained on these experiments have been useful and fully accepted by the materials researchers. The loading process has been modelled by different authors and tests results have been justified when loading conditions remain static or in a low strain rate. In this paper, a numerical modelling of the splitting test is extended to high strain rates in 3D. Numerical results are compared with actual tests carried out in a Hopkinson bar published in previous papers, Results show that the specimen is tinder equilibrium only if the initial slope of the incident pulse is not very abrupt. A 3D effect has been noticed showing that tensile stress levels arc higher on the specimen surfaces than inside the material, and it has a direct influence on the tensile strength measured by means of the maximum load achieved and has to be taken into account. Finally, the crack patterns of the failure on the specimen are compared with actual tests showing a good agreement.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Evolution of scouring process downstream of grade-control structures under steady and unsteady flows. For many incised channels, one of the most common strategies is to install some hard structures, such as grade-control structures (GCSs), in the riverbed to resist further incision. In this study, a series of experiments, including both steady and unsteady flow conditions, were conducted to investigate the scouring process downstream of a GCS. Three distinct phases, including the initial, developing and equilibrium phases, during the evolution of scour holes were identified. In addition, a semi-empirical method was proposed to predict the equilibrium scour-hole profile for the scour countermeasure design. In general, the comparisons between the experimental and simulated results are reasonably consistent. As the studies on temporal variation of the scour depth at GCSs caused by floods are limited, the effect of flood hydrograph shapes on the scour downstream of GCSs without upstream sediment supply was also investigated experimentally in this study. Based on the dimensional analysis and the concept of superposition, a methodology is proposed to simulate the time evolution of the maximum scour depth downstream of a GCS for steady flows. Moreover, the proposed scheme predicts reasonably well the temporal variations of the maximum scour depth for unsteady flows with both single and multiple peak. Copyright (c) 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "ADDITIONAL CASE OF DE-NOVO INTERSTITIAL DELETION DEL(17)(Q21.3Q23) AND EXPANSION OF THE PHENOTYPE. A child with multiple congenital abnormalities and a de novo interstitial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 17 is reported. This is the third case reported with this chromosome abnormality. The three cases present a peculiar phenotype, which is probably specific to the deletion.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "The Totalising Nature of Secure and Forensic Mental Health Services in England and Wales. This evidence-based opinion piece explores the totalising risk averse nature of secure and forensic mental health services and associated iatrogenic harms in England and Wales. Drawing on the research literature I consider the various influences, both external and internal which impact on the provision of such services and how both the therapeutic alliance and recovery potential for patients may be improved. Especial attention is paid to the deployment of restrictive practise, practitioner attitudes, the potential for non-thinking, and how these may impact on decision-making and the care and treatment of mentally disordered offenders.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "East Europe's cinema industries since 1989: Financing structure and studios. The decade worth of the East European transition allows us to sum up important lessons of the stormy and profound transformation in cultural administration. The East European cultural industries were the first ones to suffer massive cuts and withdrawal of secure funding early in the 1990s. Cinema was affected most notably. In all of the East European countries filmmaking underwent volatile structural changes and was subjected to often contradictory undertakings in administration and financing. The crumbling production routines caused a creativity crisis in many filmmakers. Problems included unfair competition, deepening generation gap, and decline in feature, documentary and animation output. The concurrent crisis in distribution and exhibition led to a sharp drop in box office indicators for all productions carrying an East European label. Ak the same time some East European films enjoyed an international critical acclaim. The volatility in East European cinema coincided with a clearly articulated period of insecurity in West European cultural policies, driven by a growing anti-American sentiment. The establishment of such pan-European funding bodies as Media 95 and Euroimage came as a reaction to the overwhelming triumph of commercialism in cinema. The share of inter-national subsidies for filmmaking in poverty-stricken Eastern European studios quickly increased as the concept of \\\\'national cinema\\\\' gave way to a \\\\'new European\\\\' one. The article focuses on the following topics: changes in East European production schemes, the end of national cinemas, issues of co-producing with focus on Euroimage, media and commercial financing, the questions of domestic versus foreign film distribution and exhibition, and festivals.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Radio emission from the galactic object G25.5+0.2 at 6 cm. The flux density of the galactic object G25.5+/-0.2 has been measured with the RT-70 radio telescope at 6 cm. It is shown that its intensity has remained virtually constant for 20 years. If the object is identified with a ring nebula around a blue supergiant with a high mass loss rate, this result implies that the emission measure has nor changed over the last 20 years.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Nesting in the lizard Phyllopezus pollicaris (Squamata: Phyllodactylidae) and a phylogenetic perspective on communal nesting in the family.. Communal nesting occurs in many reptile species. The hypotheses that explain the evolution of such behaviours are still controversial, but will be better understood as more communal nesting records are described in the literature. We report the findings of two communal nests of Phyllopezus pollicaris, including the largest known nest for the species. Our study is the first to provide a communal nesting record for squamate species in a Cerrado core area. We provide nest photographs and detailed neonate measurements and weight. Nests were found during the dry season, in contrast with the reproduction pattern previously described for the species in the Cerrado periphery. We also conducted an extensive literature review seeking all available information on communal nesting information in Phyllodactylidae, and present this information in the context of a phylogenetic tree of phyllodactylid genera. We suggest that studying the correlation between communal nesting evolution and reproductive investment' will become a fertile field as more information on lizard nesting becomes available in the literature.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Effects of Morphological and Anatomical Characteristics of Banana Crown Vascular Bundles on Cutting Mechanical Properties Using Multiple Imaging Methods. To obtain the appropriate mechanized cutting region for banana dehanding, the methods of X-ray Computed Tomography (CT), Paraffin-embedded tissue section, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were adopted to observe the morphological and anatomical characteristics of vascular bundles of the banana crown. The results indicated that the crown can be divided into three regions, viz., the central stalk-crown transition region (CSCTR), the crown expansion region (CER), and the crown-finger transition region (CFTR). According to the obtained characteristics, the cutting mechanical properties are found to be affected by the relative angle between the vascular bundle and cutter (RAVBC) and the vascular bundle density. In CSCTR, due to the opposite change of RAVBC and density, the cutting mechanical properties become unstable and the cutting energy decreases gradually from 4.30 J to 2.57 J. While in CER, the cutting mechanical properties tend to be stable, and the cutting energy varies in a small range (2.83-2.92 J), owing to the small changes of RAVBC and density. When the vascular bundles cross from the CER to CFTR, the cutting energy increases with the increase of RAVBC and density, which varies from 3.37 to 4.84 J. Accordingly, the appropriate cutting region for dehanding, which can reduce the energy consumption and improve the cutting efficiency, is ascertained to be between CSCTR and CER.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "2D closed form solution for bending of edge bonded dissimilar beams: An application of EKM. Dissimilar material like composite laminated materials combined with metals like aluminium/steel have been extensively used to reduce the weight in automotive industries and aerospace industries. Moreover, prosthetic limbs are also designed to have varying material along the length for better suitability. At these interfaces, 3D state of stress will exist. Therefore, accurate estimation of deflection and bending stresses is very important and will lead to better design of structures. The objective of this paper is to develop a closed-form bending solution for edge-bonded beams in two dimensions (2D). Beams can be segmented along x-axis and can have any materials. Using Extended Kantorovich method, governing equations are formulated in mixed form and two sets of ordinary differential equations are obtained. Continuity of displacement and stresses are satisfied at interface of each segment. Two segmented beam having aluminium and Gr/Ep equal and unequal segment are considered. A Four segmented Al/SiC beam having gradual material variation is also analysed. The deflection and stresses are compared with the finite element solution and found in good agreement. The formulation is thoroughly verified by comparing the results with 2D FE. The present development will lead to developed solution for dissimilar plates and more complex cases.", "label": [1, 11, 12]}
+{"token": "Indentation-induced amorphization in mullite single crystals. Hardness indentations with a Vickers pyramid under a load as low as 0.1 N applied at room temperature induce amorphization in single-crystal mullite when applied to the (001) crystallographic face. Different zones of damage were identified via TEM. Directly under the indenter, in the region of high-compressive stress, mullite becomes amorphous. Further out toward the matrix material, there exists a region of high plastic deformation in the form of dislocation networks, radial micro-cracks, and bend contours. The Vickers-induced damage is comparable to that produced by dynamic shock or intense ball milling of mullite.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "A Survey of the Ants of Washington and Surrounding Areas in Idaho and Oregon Focusing on Disturbed Sites (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Ants were collected in disturbed habitats at 60 sites in 56 counties Washington, Idaho, and Oregon in order to determine the diversity of species and incidence of structural pests. Three collection methods were used: Winkler extraction, baiting along transects, and point sampling. Several characteristics of each site were also noted: latitude, longitude, elevation, surrounding vegetation, percent ground cover, ground cover height, soil type, air temperature, humidity, and time of day. A total of 41 ant species were collected of which 3 (Lasius pallitarsis, Tetramorium caespitum, and Formica spp. [fusca group]) were found at a majority of the sites. Two of these species, the moisture ant, Lasius pallitarsis, and pavement ant, Tetramorium caespitum, are common structural pests while Formica spp. only occasionally infest structures. A multivariate analysis was conducted comparing the site characteristics with the species found at each location but there were no significant correlations. These findings are compared with a previous survey of ants in Washington that was conducted in 1941.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "The bifurcation of a kind of relative rotational dynamic equation with hysteresis and its approximate solution. Based on the Lagrange function, a new nonlinear relative rotational equation with Davidenkov hysteresis is established. Firstly, the bifurcation characteristics of the hysteretic relative rotational autonomous function and non-antonomous function are discussed. Secondly, the approximate solution of the nonlinear function under periodic force excitation is obtained by KBM method. At last, by numerical simulation, several bifurcation structures are obtained, and the comparisons result indicate the approximate solution of KBM method has higher accuracy and better reflects the dynamic characteristic of equation effectively.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Accountability and Intervening Agency: An Asymmetry between Upstream and Downstream Actors. Suppose someone (P1) does something that is wrongful only in virtue of the risk that it will enable another person (P2) to commit a wrongdoing. Suppose further that P1's conduct does indeed turn out to enable P2's wrongdoing. The resulting wrong is agentially mediated: P1 is an enabling agent and P2 is an intervening agent. Whereas the literature on intervening agency focuses on whether P2's status as an intervening agent makes P1's conduct less bad, I turn this issue on its head by investigating whether P1's status as an enabling agent makes P2's conduct more bad. I argue that it does: P2 wrongs not just the victims of phi but P1 as well, by acting in a way that wrongfully makes P1 accountable for phi. This has serious implications for compensatory and defensive liability in cases of agentially mediated wrongs.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Measuring romantic jealousy: Validation of the multidimensional jealousy scale in Australian samples. Although a number of questionnaires have been developed to measure romantic jealousy, there is a lack of independent research that has substantiated their psychometric properties and minimal research that has tested and applied these measures in a consistent and reliable way. We aimed to address these gaps by providing the first validation study of an existing measure of romantic jealousythe Multidimensional Jealousy Scale (MJS). The MJS was subjected to exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses in two separate samples of individuals in romantic relationships of at least 2 months duration. A 17-item Short-Form MJS (SF-MJS) was supported, with three factors representing cognitive, emotional, and behavioural jealousy. Internal reliabilities were high. Consistent evidence supported the discriminant and concurrent validity of the SF-MJS. Overall, the current research provides a brief, validated measure of romantic jealousy for use in the general population. Potential clinical uses are discussed.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "How Civil Society Actors Responded to the Economic Crisis: The Interaction of Material Deprivation and Perceptions of Political Opportunity Structures. We examine the relationship between material deprivation and different types of responses to economic crises by civil society actors. We are interested in understanding whether material deprivation has an effect on civil society reactions to the crisis and whether political opportunity factors contribute to this relationship. In particular, we wish to ascertain if the effect of material deprivation is moderated by perceptions of political stability, on one hand, and of the effectiveness of government, on the other. Our results show that the effect of material deprivation on various aspects of responses to the crisis varies depending on the perceptions of the political environment. This suggests that perceptions of political stability and government effectiveness feed into the interpretation of present conditions. Therefore, perceptions of political stability and government effectiveness act as signals leading material deprivation to become politicized as a grievance.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Analysis of the deoxidation process of copper with manganese using a platinum electrode-based sensor prepared by MOCVD. A sensor employing yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) was used to determine the oxygen partial pressure and oxygen content in liquid Cu-Mn alloys in the range 1,100 degrees to 1,300 degrees C. The YSZ sensors were coated with platinum electrode films deposited by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) to increase the conductivity of the measuring devices and to decrease their response time. The depth of the Pt film measured was 7 mu m. At 1,200 and 1,300 degrees C fair agreement was obtained between the oxygen contents calculated from the measured probe EMF and those obtained by chemical analysis. The deoxidation process of liquid copper using Mn, Fe and P was analyzed by the interaction parameters model which showed that the minimum oxygen content at 1,200 degrees C was about 2, 90 and 500 ppm, using manganese, iron and phosphorus as deoxidation agents, respectively.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "On Murray Jackson's 1961 'Chair, couch and countertransference'. One of the problems facing psychoanalysts of all schools is that theory has evolved at a much faster pace than practice. Whereas there has been an explosion of theory, practice has remained, at least officially, static and unchanging. It is in this sense that Murray Jackson's 1961 paper is still relevant today. Despite the rise of the new relational and intersubjective paradigms, most psychoanalysts, and not a few Jungian analysts, still seem to feel that the couch is an essential component of the analytical setting and process. If the use of the couch is usually justified by the argument that it favours regression, facilitates analytical reverie and protects the patient from the influence of the analyst, over time many important psychoanalysts have come to challenge this position. Increasingly these analysts suggest that the use of the couch may actually be incompatible with the newer theoretical models. This contention is strengthened by some of the findings coming from the neurosciences and infant research. This underlines the necessity of empirical research to verify the clinical effectiveness of these different positions, couch or face-to-face, but it is exactly this type of research that is lacking.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Medical undergraduate students' perception towards the use and non-use of e-books: a case from Pakistan. Purpose The purpose of this study is to explore the perception of medical undergraduate students regarding their behavior towards use and non-use of e-books. It also elucidates their preferences between print and electronic book format. Design/methodology/approach It is a quantitative study based on survey method. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect the data from final year medical students of three medical colleges of Lahore, Pakistan. Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) was used to analyse 232 useable questionnaires. Findings The findings indicate that the use and non-use of e-books is almost equal among students. The students who use e-books mostly access them through Google books, and they used e-books for academic purpose. Users were convinced about the benefits of e-books such as easy access, 24/7 availability and up-to-date information. However, users and non-users of e-books preferred to use printed version of books. Non-users identified that e-books often distract them because of different links on the website, and they do not want to change their habit of reading printed books. Moreover, they are satisfied with printed books available in their libraries and hesitant to read on screen.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Lifelong Learning for the African to Become a Twenty-First Century Person in the Global System. The Dakar Conference on Education organized by UNESCO in 1972 led to the formation of a commission on education chaired by Edgar Faure. In 1996 the commission released what later on became known as Delores' Report on Education as a framework or philosophy on which member countries of UNESCO could base their education systems. The framework consists of four basic principles: Learning to be, Learning to know, Learning to do and Learning to live together.This article discusses how to learn to become a person from the home, to the school and throughout life (lifelong Learning) in Africa. The focus is on Africa because it is one continent where education does not seem to be making a significant impact, as it is doing in other parts of the world - preparing the people to meet the challenges of the twenty-first century", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Integrating HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis and harm reduction among men who have sex with men and transgender women to address intersecting harms associated with stimulant use: a modelling study. Introduction: Among men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TW). stimulant use is high and has been associated with an increased risk of HIV infection, suicide and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality. We used epidemic modelling to investigate these intersecting health harms among MSM/TW in Lima, Peru and assess whether they could be mitigated by prioritizing HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and harm reduction interventions among MSM/TW who use stimulants.Conclusions: MSM/TW who use stimulants experience a disproportionate burden of health harms. Prioritizing PrEP based on stimulant use, In addition to sexual behaviour/gender identity criteria, could increase its Impact. Integrated substance use, harm reduction, mental health and HIV care among MSM/TW is needed.Results: MSM/TW in Lima will experience high HIV incidence, suicide mortality and CVD mortality (1.6/100 py, and 0.018/100 py. 0.13/100 py respectively) in 2020. Despite stimulant using MSM/TW comprising an estimated 9.5% (95%CI: 7.8 to 11.5) of all MSM/TW, in the next year. 11% (95%CI (i.e. 2.5% to 97.5% percentile): 10% to 13%) of new HIV infections. 39% (95%CI: 18% to 60%) of suicides and 15% (95%Cl: 3% to 44%) of CVD deaths could occur among this group. Scaling up PrEP among all stimulant using MSM/TW could prevent 19% (95%CI: 11% to 31%) more HIV infections over 10 years compared to random allocation. Integrating PrEP and an intervention to halve stimulant-associated risks could reduce new HIV infections by 20% (95%CI: 10% to 3/%). suicide deaths by 14% (95%CI: 5% to 270) and CVD deaths by 3% (95%CI: 0% to 16%) over a decade.Methods: We adapted a dynamic model of HIV transmission among MSM/TW in Lima to incorporate stimulant use and increased HIV risk, suicide and CVD mortally. Among 6% to 24% of MSM/TW using stimulants (mostly cocaine), we modelled an increased risk of unprotected anal sex (RR = 1.35 [95%CI: 1.17 to 1.57]) obtained from local data, and increased risk of suicide (SMR = 6.26 [95%CI: 2.84 to 13.80]) and CVD (SMR = 1.83 [95%CI: 0.39 to 8.57]) mortally associated with cocaine use based on a global systematic review. We estimated the proportion of health harms occurring among MSM/TW who use stimulants the next year (01-2020/01-2021). We also investigated the 10-year impact (01-2020/01-2030) of: (1) PrEP prioritizing for stimulant-using MSM/TW compared to random a location, and (2) Integrating PrEP with a theoretical intervention halving stimulant-associated risk.", "label": [2, 17, 24]}
+{"token": "Effect of Impregnation by Sodium Carbonate Solutions on the Properties of a Beryllium Oxide Ceramic. Results are presented from a study of the effect of impregnating specimens of a BeO ceramic obtained from low- (50 wt.%) and high-firing (50 wt.%) BeO powders on the physic-chemical properties of the ceramic. The microstructure of the ceramic is studied and it is established that the average size of the microcrystals in the ceramic is smaller after impregnation than before it. The difference in the microstructure of the specimens affects their mechanical strength - it is higher in specimens impregnated with a solution of Na2CO3 than in specimens that are not impregnated.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "A MULTI-CHARACTER ANALYSIS OF THE CARIBBEAN CORAL MONTASTRAEA-ANNULARIS (ELLIS AND SOLANDER, 1786) AND ITS 2 SIBLING SPECIES, M-FAVEOLATA (ELLIS AND SOLANDER, 1786) AND M-FRANKSI (GREGORY, 1895). Wide variability in colony morphology of Montastraea annularis has traditionally been viewed as a largely phenotypic response to variation in environmental conditions. This perspective is challenged, however, by the coexistence of discrete colony morphologies at the same sites, often with little evidence of intermediate forms. Differences among colony morphotypes in proteins, aggressive reactions, and corallite morphology define three broadly sympatric shallow-water species. We redescribe the species that corresponds to the type specimen of M. annularis and two previously synonymized species, M. faveolata and M. franksi. Montastraea franksi is distinguished by larger unevenly arrayed polyps that give the colony its characteristic irregular surface. Colony form is variable, and the skeleton is dense with poorly developed annual bands. Montastraea faveolata grows in heads or sheets, the surface of which may be smooth or have keels or bumps. Septa are highly exsert, and the skeleton is much less dense than in the other two species. Montastraea annularis grows in columns that exhibit rapid and regular upward growth. In contrast to the other species, margins on the sides of columns are typically senescent. A dominance hierarchy characterizes short-term aggressive reactions and can be used to identify these species in the field; M. annularis is the least aggressive and M. franksi the most aggressive. The species overlap broadly at intermediate depths, although M. faveolata has the shallowest distribution and M. franksi the deepest. Montastraea faveolata is the most distinctive species biochemically. Substantial biological differences among the species require that they be distinguished in future studies.", "label": [4, 42, 36]}
+{"token": "Symplekin, a polyadenylation factor, prevents MOZ and MLL activity on HOXA9 in hematopoietic cells. MOZ and MLL encoding a histone acetyltransferase and a histone methyltransferase, respectively, are targets for recurrent chromosomal translocations found in acute myeloblastic or lymphoblastic leukemia. We have previously shown that MOZ and MLL cooperate to activate HOXA9 gene expression in hematopoietic stem/progenitors cells. To dissect the mechanism of action of this complex, we decided to identify new proteins interacting with MOZ. We found that the scaffold protein Symplekin that supports the assembly of polyadenylation machinery was identified by mass spectrometry. Symplekin interacts and co-localizes with both MOZ and MLL in immature hematopoietic cells. Its inhibition leads to a decrease of the HOXA9 protein level but not of Hoxa9 mRNA and to an over-recruitment of MOZ and MLL onto the HOXA9 promoter. Altogether, our results highlight the role of Symplekin in transcription repression involving a regulatory network between MOZ, MLL and Symplekin. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "The effect of clinical interventions on the oral health-related quality of life in older adults. This paper reviews the literature to assess the effectiveness of oral health interventions in influencing oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in older adults. Clinical studies published in 2010 onwards reporting oral health interventions in older adults and subsequent changes in OHRQoL were systematically searched in Medline, Web of Science and EMBASE databases. Reporting followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis criteria. Eligibility evaluation and data abstraction from eligible studies were guided by predefined PICO questions and bias assessment by the Quality in Prognosis Studies tool. The search retrieved 144 articles. Of the 20 articles that met the eligibility criteria, 45% (9) reported a statistically significant improvement in OHRQoL. The majority of studies were conducted in adults with complete edentulism (70%) and mainly focused on implant provision to support a removable prosthesis (30%). The search indicates the limited scope of current literature on geriatric dental interventions, focusing mainly on denture realignments, denture fabrication and implant placement. Although the majority of the oral health interventions focused on edentulism and removable prostheses, there are many areas of oral health interventions and their potential impact on OHRQoL in this demographic group that have yet to be explored. (c) 2022 Australian Dental Association.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Mean growth and geometric zero distribution of solutions of linear differential equations. The aim of this paper is to consider certain conditions on the coefficient A of the differential equation faEuro(3) + Af = 0 in the unit disc which place all normal solutions f in the union of Hardy spaces or result in the zero-sequence of each non-trivial solution being uniformly separated. The conditions on the coefficient are given in terms of Carleson measures.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Test Pattern Modification for Average IR-Drop Reduction. This paper presents a novel technique that modifies automatic test pattern generation test patterns to reduce time-averaged IR drop of a test pattern. We propose a fast average IR drop estimation, which is very close to the time-averaged IR drop of time-consuming transient simulation (R-2 = 0.99). We calculate the contribution of every node to these nodes inside IR-drop hotspot so that we can effectively modify only a few don't care bits in the test patterns to reduce IR drop. The experimental results show that our technique successively reduces time-averaged IR drop by 10% with almost no fault coverage loss and no test pattern inflation.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 37]}
+{"token": "Semiosis of the miraculous in hagiography and fairy tales. The Lives of Saints as well as fairy-tales eventually tell of animals which have the gift to speak. The categorization of phenomena like speaking animals is dependent on the epistemic structure of the narrated world. On the example of 'speaking deers' the paper outlines, that in hagiographic literature speaking animals are reported as miracles, which are to testify either the holiness of a place or the person they are speaking to. On the contrary, in fairy-tales speaking animals are part of the expected actors to appear in the structure of the narrated world and are not marked as miracles, at all. Consequently, the semiotic status of such phenomena can be differentiated: hagiography tends to symbolical or metaphorical meaning, fairy-tales to allegoric meaning. The difference between symbolic and metaphorical meaning in hagiography is shown in comparing two episodes including a speaking deer as if Christ himself is speaking. In Vita Placida, the deer has the specific and contextually supported gnostic meaning 'soul', while in Vita Huberti the deer only takes iconically induced metaphoric meaning (wearing cross-like antlers = carrying the cross), but in the fairy-tale the deer is an allegory of a human character trait and thus can be substituted by another allegory without change of context.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Potential Yield Loss in Dry Bean Crops Due to Weeds in the United States and Canada. Earlier reports have summarized crop yield losses throughout various North American regions if weeds were left uncontrolled. Offered here is a report from the current WSSA Weed Loss Committee on potential yield losses due to weeds based on data collected from various regions of the United States and Canada. Dry bean yield loss estimates were made by comparing dry bean yield in the weedy control with plots that had >95% weed control from research studies conducted in dry bean growing regions of the United States and Canada over a 10-year period (2007 to 2016). Results from these field studies showed that dry bean growers in Idaho, Michigan, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming, Ontario, and Manitoba would potentially lose an average of 50%, 31%, 36%, 59%, 94%, 31%, 71%, 56%, and 71% of their dry bean yield, respectively. This equates to a monetary loss of US $36, 40, 6, 56, 421, 2, 18, 44, and 44 million, respectively, if the best agronomic practices are used without any weed management tactics. Based on 2016 census data, at an average yield loss of 71.4% for North America due to uncontrolled weeds, dry bean production in the United States and Canada would be reduced by 941,000,000 and 184,000,000 kg, valued at approximately US $622 and US $100 million, respectively. This study documents the dramatic yield and monetary losses in dry beans due to weed interference and the importance of continued funding for weed management research to minimize dry bean yield losses.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "The effect of dissolved barium on biogeochemical processes at cold seeps. A numerical model was applied to investigate and quantity the biogeochemical processes fueled by the expulsion of barium and methane-rich fluids in the sediments of a giant cold-seep area in the Derugin Basin (Sea of Okhotsk). Geochemical profiles of dissolved Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+, SO42- HS-, DIC I- and of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) were fitted numerically to constrain the transport processes and the kinetics of biogeochemical reactions. The model results indicate that the anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) is the major process proceeding at a depth-integrated rate of 4.9 mumol cm(-2) a(-1), followed by Calcium carbonate and strontian barite precipitation/dissolution processes having a total depth-integrated rate of 2.1 mumol cm(-2) a(-1). At the low seepage rate prevailing at our study site (0.14 cm a(-1)) all of the rising barium is consumed by precipitation of barite in the sedimentary column and no benthic barium flux is produced. Numerical experiments were run to investigate the response of this diagenetic environment to variations of hydrological and biogeochemical conditions. Our results show that relatively low rates of fluid flow (<similar to5 cm a(-1)) promote the dispersed precipitation of up to 26 wt% of barite and calcium carbonate throughout the uppermost few meters of the sedimentary Column. Distinct and persistent events (several hundreds of years long) of more vigorous fluid flow (front 20-110 cm a(-1)), instead, result in the formation of barite-carbonate crusts near the Sediment Surface. Competition between barium and methane for Sulfate controls the mineralogy of these sediment precipitates such that at low dissolved methane/barium ratios (<4-11) barite precipitation dominates. While at higher methane/barium ratios Sulfate availability is limited by AOM and calcium carbonate prevails. When seepage rates exceed 110 cm a(-1), barite precipitation occurs at the seafloor and is so rapid that barite chimneys form in the water column. In the Derugin Basin, spectacular barite constructions up to 20 in high. which cover an area of roughly 22 km(2) and contain in excess of 5 million tons of barite, are built through this process. In these conditions, our model calculates a flux of barium to the water column of at least 20 mumol cm(-2) a(-1). We estimate that a minimum of 0.44 X 10(6) mol a(-1) are added to the bottom waters of the Derugin Basin by cold seep processes, likely affecting the barium cycle in the Sea of Okhotsk. Copyright (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Interpreter mediation at political press conferences A narrative account. Political press conferences, while playing a significant role in international communication by heads of state and government, are still largely underexplored in interpreting studies. More scholarly attention is needed, particularly to examine the interpreter's mediating role in these uniquely constrained communicative settings. Drawing on narrative theory and Wadensjo's model of renditions, this paper investigates the interpreter's mediating role at a 2011 joint press conference with the American and Chinese Presidents, at that time Barack Obama and Hu Jintao respectively. Specifically, the study examines how the interpretation comprises reduced, expanded and summarized renditions of the speakers' narratives, and how the resulting mediation can affect not only their image, but also the outcome of the diplomatic communication between their respective countries. Here, the interpreter's performance is subject not only to his language competence, but also to a number of other factors. On the one hand, his mediation can be facilitated rather than restricted by the constraints of the setting where the interpreting occurs, such as technical problems and time limitations. On the other hand, the mediation can also reflect the interpreter's institutional role and the public narratives within the socio-cultural context.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Evidence-based guideline update: Vagus nerve stimulation for the treatment of epilepsy Report of the Guideline Development Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Results: VNS is associated with a >50% seizure reduction in 55%(95% confidence interval [CI] 50%-59%) of 470 children with partial or generalized epilepsy (13 Class III studies). VNS is associated with a >50% seizure reduction in 55% (95% CI 46%-64%) of 113 patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) (4 Class III studies). VNS is associated with an increase in >= 50% seizure frequency reduction rates of similar to 7% from 1 to 5 years postimplantation (2 Class III studies). VNS is associated with a significant improvement in standard mood scales in 31 adults with epilepsy (2 Class III studies). Infection risk at the VNS implantation site in children is increased relative to that in adults (odds ratio 3.4, 95% CI 1.0-11.2). VNS is possibly effective for seizures (both partial and generalized) in children, for LGS-associated seizures, and for mood problems in adults with epilepsy. VNS may have improved efficacy over time.Methods: We reviewed the literature and identified relevant published studies. We classified these studies according to the American Academy of Neurology evidence-based methodology.Objective: To evaluate the evidence since the 1999 assessment regarding efficacy and safety of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) for epilepsy, currently approved as adjunctive therapy for partial-onset seizures in patients >12 years.Recommendations: VNS may be considered for seizures in children, for LGS-associated seizures, and for improving mood in adults with epilepsy (Level C). VNS may be considered to have improved efficacy over time (Level C). Children should be carefully monitored for site infection after VNS implantation.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Studying the melting behaviour of fly ash from the incineration of MSW using viscosity and heated stage XRD data. The purpose of the present study has been to investigate the melting behaviour of fly ashes from the incineration of MSW (municipal solid waste). Four fly ash samples from the Svendborg WtE (waste-to-energy) plant (2nd-3rd pass, super-heater, economizer, ESP), in Denmark, have been investigated, by use of a high-temperature rotational viscometer in order to determine the rheology of the ash material, and by a hot-stage XRD in order to identify phase changes and transformations during the heating and cooling of the ash samples. Knowledge of the ash melting properties as well as phase changes and transformations may lead to a more appropriate control of the plant, in order to minimize ash deposit build-up and corrosion of the heat transfer surfaces. The current data provide an accurate quantification of the melting and rheological properties of waste incineration ash and their use will be an effective tool to reduce deposition, and corrosion problems in waste incinerators as a function of operating temperature. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "Bath Water Contamination with Legionella and Nontuberculous Mycobacteria in 24-Hour Home Baths, Hot Springs, and Public Bathhouses of Nagano Prefecture, Japan. Bath water samples were collected from 116 hot springs, 197 public bathhouses, and 38 24-hour home baths in Nagano Prefecture, Japan, during the period of April 2009 to November 2011, for determining the presence and extent of contamination with Legionella and nontuberculous mycobacteria. Cultures positive for Legionella were observed in 123 of the 3,314 bath water samples examined. The distribution and abundance of Legionella and/or combined contamination with Legionella and nontuberculous mycobacteria were investigated to clarify the contamination levels. The abundance of Legionella was demonstrated to correlate considerably with the levels of combined contamination with Legionella and nontuberculous mycobacteria. Legionella spp. were obtained from 61% of the water samples from 24-hour home baths, but only from 3% of the samples from public bathhouses and hot springs. This is despite the fact that a few outbreaks of Legionnaires' disease in Nagano Prefecture as well as other regions of Japan have been traced to bath water contamination. The comparatively higher rate of contamination of the 24-hour home baths is a matter of concern. It is therefore advisable to routinely implement good maintenance of the water basins, particularly of the 24-hour home baths.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Carbon dioxide assimilation by virus-free sugarcane plants and by plants which were infected by Sugarcane Yellow Leaf Virus. Infection of sugarcane by Sugarcane Yellow Leaf Virus (SCYLV) remains mostly asymptomatic. The assimilation rates and the water relations parameters were measured to test whether the plants are already inflicted by the infection. The assimilation rate and the stomatal conductance were 10-30% higher in virus-free plants than in infected plants. The observed differences were significant in young potted plants, not in older field plants. Virus-free leaves had a higher bundle sheath leakiness and a lower C-13 discrimination rate than infected leaves. The water relations parameters of SCYLV-infected asymptomatic plants showed resemblance to those of salinity- and drought-stressed plants. (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier Ltd.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Two Conflicting Interpretations of Social Philosophy. In this paper I present two philosophers, namely Maurice Merleau-Ponty and Jean-Paul Sartre, but from the perspective of social philosophy. I emphasize that social philosophy proves to be a rarity today, and this explains the necessity of articulation of the achievements of these philosophers. In particular, I analyze the relationship between the articulation of intersubjectivity and social philosophy and on the basis of these relations I present the differences and conflicts between the aforementioned philosophers. Merleau-Ponty's philosophy is explained from the perspective of unbroken intersubjectivity; the philosophy of Sartre is presented on the basis of the relation between transcendental subjectivity and intersubjectivity. The article follows the genealogical approach, that is, it highlights the dynamics of the thinking of these thinkers in order to show the displacements. Finally, I develop the thesis that the late Sartre, who remained within the frames of Marx's approach, actually reinterprets the early indications to be found in Merleau-Ponty concerning social philosophy. Consequently, late Sartre is still an important reference point in terms of the critical philosophy of society.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Dioxygenase- and monooxygenase-catalysed synthesis of cis-dihydrodiols, catechols, epoxides and other oxygenated products. Oxidoreductases are an emerging class of biotechnologically relevant enzymes due to their regio- and stereo-specificity. The selective oxygenation of aromatic compounds by oxidoreductases has received much attention and a wide range of reactions have been documented using these enzymes from various microbial sources. This review gives an overview of various dioxygenase, monooxygenase and oxidase enzymes that have been manipulated for the synthesis of products such as cis-dihydrodiols, catechols, epoxides and other oxygenated products. The use of protein engineering and its advancement in the synthesis of recombinant enzymes is also discussed.", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "Understanding the Processes Underlying Inter-firm Collaboration: Mutual Forbearance and the Principle of Congruity. This paper makes a theoretical innovation by integrating two key principles - mutual forbearance and the principle of congruity - into one general process model. It examines the micro-mechanisms underlying the formation of a mutual-forbearance agreement and explicates the role of time and of individual actions. We further understanding of the process of cooperation building by drawing a parallel between early stages of the formation process of mutual forbearance and cooperation, and argue that mutual forbearance may, under certain conditions, lead to long-term cooperation or, if mismanaged, completely smother any chances of it. A prospective agreement may be put at risk when potential contributions are evaluated differently by each party and no action to mitigate the consequences is taken; even more so in a mutual-forbearance context when the parties can only observe their counterparts' actions through the market. Our model takes into account the micro-mechanisms associated with the time between the actions of one entity/individual (e.g. the top manager) and the reaction of another entity/individual, the boundary conditions of the background to those actions and the alternative actions available during this time. Propositions for further exploration and implications are drawn.", "label": [5, 44, 46]}
+{"token": "A Semantic Model for Enterprise Digital Transformation Analysis. Enterprises are continuously undertaking digital transformation by implementing, maintaining, and integrating digital technologies for their information systems. However, the enterprise systems industry does not have a formal model or tool to coordinate the enterprise digital transformation process. This paper proposes a semantic model for enterprise digital transformation analysis. The proposed semantic model links all critical aspects of enterprise digital transformation and provides a multifaceted view of digital transformation for the organization. The study develops a prototype of computerized semantic model and demonstrates the usefulness of the proposed semantic model for enterprise digital transformation analysis.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Information resources supporting scientific research for the international laser ranging service. The International Laser Ranging Service (ILRS) through its permanent components (Tracking Stations, Operations Centers, Data Centers, Analysis Centers, Central Bureau, and Governing Board) distributes satellite and lunar laser ranging data and derived products to support global, multidisciplinary scientific research. The ILRS Data Centers and Central Bureau serve as the primary source for information, data, and products for this global user community. The ILRS website, , is a key tool for communication for the service, providing background information on the ILRS, its organization and operation, and detailed descriptions of ILRS components, data, and products. Links are provided to extensive information on the supported satellite missions and ILRS network stations including performance assessments and data quality evaluations. Furthermore, the website connects users to archives of laser ranging data and derived products available through the data centers. In this paper, we discuss the development of the ILRS infrastructure, its current status, website resources, description of laser ranging data and products, and plans for future enhancements.", "label": [4, 35, 36]}
+{"token": "Comparison of Six Sample Preparation Methods for Analysis of Food Additives in Milk Powder. Milk powder matrix is highly complex with significant amounts of lipids and proteins; thus, the determination of trace residues and contaminants in it often requires extensive sample extraction and preparation prior to instrumental analysis. An ideal preparation method is simple, less time consuming, and relatively inexpensive. It enhances the recovery and involves low consumption of toxic organic solvents. In this study, six sample preparation methods for milk powder were established and compared, including liquid-liquid extraction, organic precipitation, heavy precipitation, and three different solid-phase extraction (SPE) methods. The extraction recovery was evaluated by determination of six preservatives and sweeteners (benzoic acid, sorbic acid, natamycin, lysozyme, saccharin sodium, and aspartame) by HPLC-DAD in whole and skimmed milk powder samples. The results showed that the reproducibility of liquid-liquid extraction was not as high as the SPE method although the recovery was beyond 80 %; the organic precipitation and heavy precipitation gave poor recovery (below 20 %) of lysozyme; the highest recovery (> 85 %) was achieved using the HLB cartridge compared to C18 and MAX cartridges. Therefore, the HLB cartridge was selected as the most appropriate sample preparation material for the determination of the six preservatives and sweeteners in milk powder samples by HPLC-DAD.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Defining relationships: Comparing Canadians, Chinese and Indians. To examine whether cultural differences exist in defining family, friend, relative, colleague and neighbour, non-student samples were drawn from Canada, China and India. The data generated several unexpected findings. (i) The means of the relationship definitions between the Chinese and Canadians were not significantly different. The means between the Chinese and Indians were significantly different. The means between the Canadians and Indians were significantly different. (ii) Females defined their relationships more interdependently than males in the Indian and Canadian samples but not in the Chinese sample. (iii) Definitions were target specific and the order of closeness differed from group to group. (iv) In the Indian and Chinese samples, participants' age was negatively correlated with closeness in defining friends, indicating that a person's perceived closeness with friends changes over the life span. Results of past research using student samples need to be interpreted with caution.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Buckling assessment procedure for large diameter vessel with multiple local thin areas subjected to external moment. The procedures described in Ibaraki FFS rule (2006) based on the p-M (internal pressure ratio and external bending moment ratio) method (Konosu and Mukaimachi, 2006) were used to predict the plastic initiation condition and the collapse condition for cylinders with a local thin area (LTA) subjected to combined internal pressure and bending moment. The effective wall thickness, e, for the buckling assessment on a vessel with an LTA was proposed for use instead of wall thickness based on approximation which simply took into account only the effect of section modulus reduction (Konosu and Mukaimachi, 2006). The buckling evaluation on a vessel with an LTA was presented by Mukaimachi and Konosu (2009) and that was shown to be easily and adequately conducted by applying e to the well-known Donnell's or Miller's equation. In this paper, the attention was focused on the procedure for assessing the buckling of large D/t vessels with multiple aligned or non-aligned local thin areas. From the comparison with the results of non-linear FEA, a combination rule and a buckling assessment procedure for multiple LTAs (flaws) subjected to external moment are proposed. The interaction-affected area for multiple cracks can be applied as the combination rule to evaluate the buckling of a large diameter vessel with multiple flaws subjected to external moment. From the comparison between the buckling loads of FEA results and the conventional buckling equations using the measured yield stress, an additional safety factor 'ks' is proposed so as to maintain the margin of 1.5. When the specified minimum yield stress is applied to Donnell's or Miller's equations, the margin for the buckling load of a cylinder with multiple flaws is more than 2.08 and 2.29, respectively. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "The studies of ParA and ParB dynamics reveal asymmetry of chromosome segregation in mycobacteria. Active segregation of bacterial chromosomes usually involves the action of ParB proteins, which bind in proximity of chromosomal origin (oriC) regions forming nucleoprotein complexes - segrosomes. Newly duplicated segrosomes are moved either uni- or bidirectionally by the action of ATPases - ParA proteins. In Mycobacterium smegmatis the oriC region is located in an off-centred position and newly replicated segrosomes are segregated towards cell poles. The elimination of M. smegmatis ParA and/or ParB leads to chromosome segregation defects. Here, we took advantage of microfluidic time-lapse fluorescent microscopy to address the question of ParA and ParB dynamics in M. smegmatis and M. tuberculosis cells. Our results reveal that ParB complexes are segregated in an asymmetrical manner. The rapid movement of segrosomes is dependent on ParA that is transiently associated with the new pole. Remarkably in M. tuberculosis, the movement of the ParB complex is much slower than in M. smegmatis, but segregation as in M. smegmatis lasts approximately 10% of the cell cycle, which suggests a correlation between segregation dynamics and the growth rate. On the basis of our results, we propose a model for the asymmetric action of segregation machinery that reflects unequal division and growth of mycobacterial cells.", "label": [4, 40, 39]}
+{"token": "SHOT': experience, class and criminalization. In this paper, I intend to discuss about the narrative ambiguities that constitute (and that are constituted by) the working class and therefore the class conflict, including their ambivalence between work, crime, racialization, gender and sexuality. I seek traveling through the meanderings of the narratives offered by Marcela, one of the leaders of the Horizon Occupation, with the objectives of: a) to question the common use of the terms \\\\'class\\\\' and \\\\'work\\\\'; b) to understand the constitutive intersections of class relations, racialization, gender and sexuality; c) to discuss the place of \\\\'law\\\\' in the conformation and in the dynamics of the conflict that Marcela speaks about.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Service-Oriented Dynamic Connection Management for Software-Defined Internet of Vehicles. Internet of vehicles (IoV) is an emerging paradigm for accommodating the requirements of future intelligent transportation systems (ITSs) with the overwhelming trend of equipping vehicles with versatile sensors and communications modules, and facilitating drivers and passengers with a variety of innovative ITS applications. However, the implementation of IoV still faces many challenges, such as flexible and efficient connections, quality of service guarantee, and multiple concurrent support requests. To this end, in this paper we introduce the software-defined IoV (SD-IoV), which is able to tackle the above-mentioned issues by adopting the software-defined networking framework. We first present the architecture of SD-IoV and develop a centralized vehicular connection management approach. Then, we aim to allocate dedicated communications resources and underlying vehicular nodes to satisfy each service. We formulate the dynamic vehicular connection as an overlay vehicular network creation (OVNC) problem. A comprehensive utility function is also designed to serve as the optimization objective of OVNC. Finally, we solve the OVNC problem by developing a graph-based genetic algorithm and a heuristic algorithm, respectively. Extensive simulation results are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed solution of dynamic vehicular connection management.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
+{"token": "Herbicide mixtures control glyphosate-resistant kochia (Bassia scoparia) in chemical fallow, but their longevity warrants careful stewardship. Glyphosate-resistant kochia [Bassia scoparia (L.) A.J. Scott], the first known glyphosate-resistant weed in western Canada, was confirmed initially in chemical fallow fields located in Warner County, AB, in 2011. Further selection, lack of control, and rampant spread of this biotype contributed to its increased incidence, now present in about 50% of kochia populations sampled in Alberta. In 2014 and 2015, herbicide mixtures were evaluated based on control of glyphosate-resistant and susceptible kochia in chemical fallow fields near Lethbridge and Coalhurst, AB. The most consistent control (>= 80% visual control in all environments with >= 80% biomass reduction in 2014) was observed with glyphosate + dicamba (450 + 580 g a.e..ha(-1)), glyphosate + dicamba/diflufenzopyr (450 + 150/50 g a.i./a.e..ha(-1)), glyphosate + saflufenacil (450 + 50 g a.i./a.e..ha(-1)), and glyphosate + carfentrazone + sulfentrazone (450 + 9 + 105 g a.i./a.e..ha(-1)). Reduced efficacy was observed for several herbicide mixtures when they were applied to glyphosate-resistant compared with glyphosate-susceptible kochia accessions. Effective modes of action mixed with glyphosate include synthetic auxins (group 4), a combination of a synthetic auxin and an auxin transport inhibitor (group 19), or protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitors (group 14). In response to glyphosate-resistant kochia, many farmers in this region shifted their herbicide programs resulting in greater reliance on synthetic auxins; likely contributing to the recent discovery of auxinic herbicide-resistant kochia biotypes in Alberta in 2017. Careful herbicide stewardship is warranted to mitigate further selection of multiple herbicide-resistant kochia, suggesting an important role for integrated weed management.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Inheritance of fomesafen and imazethapyr resistance in a multiple herbicide-resistant Euphorbia heterophylla population. Euphorbia heterophylla populations endued with resistance to both imazethapyr (an acetolactate synthase inhibitor) and fomesafen (a protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor) were first detected in Brazil in 2004. The objectives of this study were to determine the number and dominance of genes conferring imazethapyr and fomesafen resistance in E. heterophylla and to establish the types of inheritance of the resistance traits. It was hypothesised that two dominant nuclear genes control this herbicide resistance and each gene confers resistance to a single herbicide. We crossed a susceptible (S) and a multiple-resistant (R) E. heterophylla biotype and generated F-1 families which, in turn, were self-fertilised to produce F-2 families. Backcrosses of the F-1 families with the S- and R parental biotypes resulted in BCs and BCr families respectively. The F-1, F-2, BCs and BCr families and the S and R parental biotypes were subjected to imazethapyr and fomesafen wherein each herbicide was used as a selecting agent. F-1 plants and the S- and R parental biotypes were used to evaluate the dominance of the resistance trait in multiple-dose bioassays with imazethapyr and fomesafen. The observed frequencies of resistant plants in the F-1, F-2, BCs and BCr families did not significantly differ from the expected frequencies for a resistance trait regulated by two dominant genes in which each gene confers resistance to a single herbicide. The lack of difference in herbicide response between the F-1 family and the R parental biotype was taken as evidence for completely dominant resistance to imazethapyr and fomesafen. Herbicide resistance in E. heterophylla presents with dominant monogenic nuclear inheritance for each herbicide mode of action. Our findings underscore the necessity and urgency of adopting integrated strategies to control E. heterophylla and to inhibit the evolution of new herbicide-resistant strains.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Designing a flashcard with knowledge pills for learning to solve chemistry exercises. Nowadays, universities tend to promote more learner-centred learning, creating a more interactive and motivational environment for students and teachers. This paper describes an expanded framework to help chemical educators to construct a quiz for solution of chemical exercises in their courses. The novelty of this contribution is that the proposed tool combines a flashcards-based method with knowledge pills. The framework has three levels: definition of problem for a teacher; the quiz; use of the quiz for the student. The tool could provide predefined or automatically generated exercises of chemicals. Students could practise where and whenever they like via the Internet. Theirs answers would be registered automatically by the tool and if the students have doubts about any of the questions, they can see a knowledge pill with a teacher explanation about the solution of the exercise. Moreover, they would be able to check their scores from the tests. Once the flashcards were designed and produced, the opinions of other lecturers and students about them were considered. Both groups considered that the tool could be useful to improve the students' learning process. For future work, this design will be used with the students and its effectiveness will be analysed.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Geochemical effects of CO2 sequestration on fractured wellbore cement at the cement/caprock interface. The potential impact to the integrity of wellbore cements as a result of exposure to supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2) has been raised as an area of some concern with respect to long-term effectiveness Of CO2 storage in geological formations. In flow-through experiments we simulated diffusion of brine and SCCO2 from the interface between wellbore cement and caprock into a fracture-bearing Portland cement. The experiments were performed at in-situ reservoir pressure (pore pressure: 19.9 MPa) and temperature (54 degrees C) conditions for 113 days. For this purpose we saturated illite-rich shale and the Portland cement core (2.02 cm x 5.35 cm) with 1.65 M brine for 14 days. After this period of time we injected SCCO2 into the system for 99 days and simulated a diffusion process by using a pressure gradient of 0.7 MPa. Calcite precipitation occurred within the fracture and the induced pressure of crystal growth may explain an increase in the relative permeability along the fracture with time. SCCO2-induced reactions extended -5 mm into the Portland cement core from the fracture and formed an orange-colored zone. The orange-colored zone is nearly completely carbonated with crystalline phases consisting mainly of calcite, aragonite, and vaterite. The only crystalline cement component that persisted in the orange-colored zone was brownmillerite. Interior portions of the hydrated cement were partially carbonated, modified in texture and contained newly formed calcite, hydrogarnet and hydrocalumite (Friedel's salt). Cement porosity decreased from 37.8% to 23.8% during carbonation and was associated with a 19.6% increase in mass. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Pentecostal Mission: A German Free Church Perspective. The Pentecostal movement is growing worldwide. This applies both globally and to the German context. Pentecostal mission, therefore, plays an increasingly important role - a role that is also reflected in new networks and institutions emerging in Germany. As Pentecostal churches increase in importance, their ecumenical relationships are also moving into focus. The reproach of prosyletism arises repeatedly at the intersection of mission and ecumenism in ecumenical discussions. This article illustrates the development of ecumenical relations in Pentecostal churches in Germany from a Free Church perspective, viewing ecumenical challenges and opportunities in relation to approaches of church theory.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "A document for document's sake A possible account for document system failures and a proposed way forward. Design/methodology/approach - After analysing the layers of information contained in documents, the study argues that documents are \\\\'wrapping\\\\' for content that ensures the provision of social knowledge required for interpretation of the document's content.Purpose - Anecdotal evidence about electronic document management systems implies that they sound good, but implementation is difficult. This paper seeks to utilise the assertions of Hughes and King that the document is a social artefact and to ask what this might mean for electronic document management systems.Findings - Some information systems writers argue that the need for social knowledge in a task negates the possibility of the automation of it. So it can be argued that the \\\\'electronic document\\\\' is an oxymoron; that only part of what we know to be a document can be provided electronically. The paper concludes that greater success might be achieved by discarding the idea of electronically delivering documents and instead focusing on the delivery of content.Originality/value - The article explores the fundamental nature of electronic systems and the resulting implications for the form and structure of electronic objects within such systems - a significant issue, which is transferable to the record-keeping arena.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "The role of time constraints in consumer understanding of health claims. The growing market for healthy foods has contributed to increased interest in communicating the health-related benefits of food products. Health claims are becoming an increasingly used instrument to communicate such benefits. In the European Union, consumer understanding of health claims was set as condition for use in order to protect consumers against misleading claims. However, consumer understanding has received little attention compared to consumer perceptions of claims. Consumers only have limited time in a normal shopping situation, which can impact the meanings they attach to claims. This study's aim was to examine the effect of time constraints on consumer understanding of health claims and the potential link between understanding and intention to buy. A survey conducted among respondents in Denmark (N = 1483) used a time constraint manipulation and varied the health claim shown to respondents when assessing consumer understanding. The results showed that consumers' objective understanding is lower under time constraint. Specific inferences were associated with increased intention to buy. Implications for public policy and food industry are discussed.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "(Ultra)differentiable functional calculus and current extension of the resolvent mapping. The main tool that we introduce in this paper, and which we think has an independent interest, is Fourier transforms of forms and currents. We prove some basic properties including the inversion formula and compute the Fourier transforms of some special currents.Let a = (a(1),..., a(n)) be a tuple of commuting operators on a Banach space X. We discuss various conditions equivalent to that the holomorphic (Taylor) functional calculus has an extension to the real-analytic functions or various ultradifferentiable classes. In particular, we discuss the possible existence of a functional calculus for smooth functions. We relate the existence of a possible extension to existence of a certain (ultra)current extension of the resolvent mapping over the (Taylor) spectrum of a. If a is a tuple that admits a smooth functional calculus we can define an operation translation by a on X-valued smooth functions (and forms). As an application we get a new simple proof of the so-called (beta)(epsilon) property.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Relationships between cerebrospinal fluid characteristics, injury severity, and functional outcome in dogs with and without intervertebral disk herniation. ObjectivesThe purpose of the study was to describe relationships between cisternal CSF characteristics, behavioral measures of SCI, T2- weighted (T2W) hyperintensity on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and long-term outcome in dogs with IVDH. Diagnostic accuracy of CSF for differentiating IVDH from other myelopathies was also assessed.MethodsThe retrospective case series included 727 dogs, 443 with thoracolumbar IVDH, 103 with cervical IVDH, and 181 with other spinal cord diseases. Signalment, initial neurologic function, ambulatory function at long-term follow-up, T2W MRI, and CSF variables were recorded for dogs with IVDH. Signalment, etiology, and CSF data were retrieved for dogs with other myelopathies. Associations between CSF predictors, diagnosis, and outcomes were assessed.ConclusionsIn dogs with IVDH, CSF TNCC, RBC count, microprotein, and percent neutrophils are correlated with clinical aspects of SCI such as injury severity and duration, but cannot differentiate IVDH from other etiologies.ResultsCSF total nucleated cell count (TNCC) increased with SCI severity (rho -0.256, P<.001) in dogs with IVDH, TNCC was significantly higher in the presence of T2W hyperintensity (P=.001) in dogs with thoracolumbar IVDH, but TNCC, RBC count, microprotein, and percent neutrophils decreased with increasing injury duration (rho -0.253, P<.001; rho -0.269, P<.001; rho -0.141, P=.004, and rho -0.356, P<.001, respectively). CSF characteristics were not accurate for differentiating IVDH from other spinal cord diseases.BackgroundCerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is commonly acquired in dogs with intervertebral disk herniation (IVDH) and is a common method to assess inflammatory responses following spinal cord injury (SCI).", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Phosphorus ion implantation and annealing induced n-type conductivity and microstructure evolution in ultrananocrystalline diamond films. We report n-type conductivity in phosphorus ion implanted ultrananocrystalline diamond films annealed at 800 degrees C and above. The amorphous carbon transits to diamond with an increase of stress after 900 degrees C annealing, which exhibits lower resistivity with Hall mobility of 143 cm(2)/Vs. After 1000 degrees C annealing, the diamond transits to amorphous carbon with the stress release, which has higher carrier concentration and lower Hall mobility. Both P(+)-implanted nano-sized diamond grains and amorphous carbon give contributions to the n-type conductivity in the films. The microstructure evolution and electrical properties are relative to the hydrogen diffusion and desorption under high temperature annealing. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3641458]", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Assessing the quality of primary care in Haiti. Methods Using the Primary Health Care Performance Initiative's framework, we defined four domains of primary care service delivery: (i) accessible care; (ii) effective service delivery; (iii) management and organization; and (iv) primary care functions. We gave each primary care facility in Haiti a quality score for each domain and overall, with poor, fair and good quality indicated by scores of 0.00-0.49, 0.50-0.74 and 0.75-1.00, respectively. We quantified access and effective access to primary care as the proportions of the population within 5 km of any primary care facility and a good facility, respectively.Objective To develop a composite measure of primary care quality. and apply it to Haiti's primary care system.Conclusion Despite an extensive network of health facilities, a minority of Haitians had access to a primary care facility of good quality. Such facilities were especially scarce in rural areas. Similar systematic analyses of the quality of. primary care could inform national efforts to strengthen health systems.Findings Of the 786 primary care facilities in Haiti in 2013, only 332 (43%) facilities were classified as good for accessible care. Fewer facilities were classified as good in the domains of effective service delivery (30; 4%), management and organization (91; 12%) and primary care functions (43; 5%). Although about 91% of the population lived within 5 km of a primary care facility, only an estimated 23% of the entire population including just 5% of the rural population had access to primary care of good quality.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "ENERGY USE ANALYSIS OF OPEN-CURTAIN VS. TOTALLY ENCLOSED BROILER HOUSES IN NORTHWEST ARKANSAS. Seventeen years of electricity and propane fuel use data collected from broiler production houses at the University of Arkansas Applied Broiler Research Farm (ABRF) in Northwest Arkansas were analyzed to quantify the relative effect of open-curtain versus totally enclosed housing systems on energy use. The ABRF consists of four commercial-scale 12- x 121-m (40-x 400-ft) houses and raises broilers under standard production contracts. After the first 15 years of production with open-curtain system, all houses were converted to the solid-wall enclosed system with drop ceiling, tunnel ventilation, and cooling pads in early 2006. The renovations led to reduction of the overall building heat loss factor (W.K(-1)) from 1389 to 586 for the two steel-frame houses and from 1022 to 428 for the two wooden-truss houses. Mean outside temperature (ranging from 14.7 degrees C to 17.5 degrees C or 58.5 degrees F to 63.5 degrees F in annual mean temperature during the 17-year period) and bird age were found to be the major factors affecting propane fuel usage and ventilation fan electricity usage. Electricity for ventilation and lighting comprised about 87% of the total electricity usage. Annual electricity usage was 27% higher with the enclosed system than with the open-curtain system (102 vs. 80 kWh per 1000-kg market bird weight or 46.4 vs. 36.4 kWh/1000 lb), due to loss of natural daylight and increased mechanical ventilation in the enclosed system. Propane use was comparable between curtain-sided and solid-wall housing schemes, averaging 76- and 65-L/1000 kg market bird weight (9.1 vs. 7.8 gal/1000 lb) before and after renovation, respectively. Higher fuel cost resulted in higher fuel expenditure for winter heating than electricity expenditure for summer cooling in this region. With increasing energy costs, analysis of energy use, as conducted in this study, will assist the decision making of growers to improve energy efficiency or explore alternative energy application.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Decisions, decisions: variations in decision-making for access-based consumption. Consumer decision-making is a focal interest of consumer research and will remain important as marketplace trends, such as the growing prevalence of access-based consumption, continue to evolve. Access-based consumption provides market-mediated transactions where no transfer of ownership takes place. First, a qualitative study explores the differences that arise from viewing decision-making from the perspective of access rather than ownership. Additionally, a multi-group structural model seeks to provide further insights into the variations in decision-making for product access versus purchase. Findings of this research suggest access-based consumption decisions differ from ownership decisions based on choice strategy, choice commitment, ownership commitment, valuation of choice and post-purchase evaluation.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "Proposal for simultaneous analysis of fluorescence intensity fluctuations and resonance energy transfer (IFRET) measurements. Resonance energy transfer (RET) and fluorescence fluctuation spectroscopies (FFS) are powerful fluorescence-based techniques for quantifying the self-association of membrane receptors within oligomeric complexes in living cells. However, RET spectrometry's ability to extract information on the detailed quaternary structure of oligomers sometimes rests on assumptions regarding the relative abundances of oligomers of different sizes, while FFS techniques may provide oligomer size information but not quaternary structure details, as they lack a probe for inter-molecular distances. In this report, we introduce a method which we termed 'intensity fluctuations and resonance energy transfer' (IFRET), which combines analysis of donor and acceptor intensity fluctuations with RET efficiency determination. Because the three measured quantities each have a unique dependence on the acceptor mole fraction (X-A), simultaneous global fitting of all three dramatically reduces ambiguity in the data fitting and choice of the most appropriate fitting model. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the method on simulated brightness and RET efficiency data incorporating mixtures of monomers, dimers, and tetramers and show that IFRET analysis provides a major improvement in both identifying the correct quaternary structure model and extracting the relative abundances of the monomers, dimers, and tetramers. Conceivably, the enhanced resolution of IFRET could potentially provide insight into the functional significance of receptor oligomerization in the presence and absence of cognate ligands.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Short-term memories with a stochastic perturbation. We investigate short-term memories in linear and weakly nonlinear coupled map lattices with a periodic external input. We use locally coupled maps to present numerical results about short-term memory formation adding a stochastic perturbation in the maps and in the external input. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 32, 38]}
+{"token": "Accessibility in Language MOOCs. ELearning environments are rapidly evolving towards more a revolutionary computer and mobile-based scenario along with social technologies that will lead to the emergence of new kinds of learning applications that enhance communication and collaboration processes. The flexibility of the learning service provided by MOOCs allows students to learn at their own time, place and pace, enhancing continuous communication and interaction between all participants in knowledge and community building. This learning system especially benefits people with disabilities and can improve their social inclusion. However, access to the MOOC platform can also add extra difficulties such as the need to develop specific digital or even social skills. In this paper a set of specific strategies regarding the achievement of accessibility in all aspects of the overall MOOC system (from content to user preferences) along with references to the applicable standards.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Environmental efficiency of olive oil production by small and micro-scale farmers in northern Jordan: Life cycle assessment. Olive groves cover nearly 73% of the total tree-planted agricultural land in Jordan, making olive oil production one of the most important agri-business sectors in the country. Nearly half of the olive trees are planted in the northern region of Jordan where the sector is dominated by small and micro-scale farming practices, Olive farmers rely on traditional production methods with little mechanization or chemicals use. To better understand the environmental impact of the industry on the environment and to compare it to other olive oil production practices in the Mediterranean region; life cycle assessment study was carried out. Five environmental impact categories relevant in the context of Jordan were assessed: acidification (AP); particulate matter formation (PM10); human toxicity (HTP); climate change (GWP(100)) and agricultural land occupation (AGLO). The study revealed that olive oil production in the northern region of Jordan is environmentally efficient when compared to large scale production practices common in other Mediterranean olive oil producing countries. On average, the production of 1 kg of olive oil in northern Jordan contributed: 0.57 kg CO2eq to GWP(100); 11.8 x 10(-3) kg SO2eq to AP; 5.99 x 10(-3) kg PM10eq; 0.77 kg 1,4-DBeq to HTP and 22.54 m(2)*a to AGLO. Uncertainty due to variation at farm level practices affected all impact categories. Monte Carlo analysis showed that GWP(100) was the most sensitive to variation at farm level practices while HTP was the least sensitive. Nevertheless, despite the high level of uncertainty, Monte Carlo analysis suggested that the GWP100 was <1.55 kg CO2eq, 95% of the time. The efficiency of the Jordanian small and micro-olive oil production sector is due to its low level of water, energy and chemical usage in the agriculture phase and the efficient use of waste material for energy production to displace fossil fuel. Soil management practices are the major contributor of the environmental impacts. The system may be further improved if farmers adopt low tillage or no-tillage practices. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Evaluation of N-400 Evoked Response Potential in schizophrenia: An endophenotype or a disease marker?. N400 evoked response potentials (ERP) reliably map key semantic deficits in schizophrenia. Assessing them as endophenotypes might help in better understanding of schizophrenia risk and their use as biomarkers. We aimed to study N400 as an endophenotype marker by comparing schizophrenia (SCZ), unaffected first-degree relatives (FDR) and healthy controls (HC) and, by assessing its ability to discriminate these groups. Drug naive or free SCZ probands (n=30), their unaffected FDRs (n=30) and HC (n=30), underwent a 40-channel ERP recording while performing a custom-made, Hindi- sentence context paradigm task, containing congruent and incongruent conditions. Fifteen centro-parietal (CP) leads, further classified into three regions-midline (CPM), right (CPR) and left (CPL) were selected as electrodes-of-interest for assessing N400. During the incongruent condition, compared to both FDRs and HC, SCZ showed significantly longer N400 latency, at CPM, CPR and CPL, and significantly lesser (more negative) amplitude, at CPM; no significant difference was noted between FDR and HC groups. On discriminant functional analysis, significant N400 predictors could accurately classify 73.3% SCZ from HC and 75% of SCZ from FDR. We conclude that N400 deficits, elicited by the incongruent condition of the sentence task, could be potential biomarkers to define disease state in schizophrenia; they may not be endophenotype markers.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Revision of the neotropical arboreal spider genus Syntrechalea (Araneae, Lycosoidea, Trechaleidae). The spider genus Syntrechalea is redefined and revised with a total of seven species recognized. The previously described species S. tenuis F.O. Pickard-Cambridge 1902 and S. rehnoseri Caporiacco 1947 are redefined. Syntrechalea porschi Reimoser 1939 is a new junior synonym of S. tenuis. Trechalea syntrechaleoides Mello-Leitao 1941 is transferred to the genus Syntrechalea. The males of S. tenuis and S. syntrechaleoides are described for the first time. A lectotype is designated for Syntrechalea reimoseri (Caporiacco 1947). Three new species, S. adis, S. caporiacco, and S. brasilia, are described from both males and females. The new species S. caballero is described from only the female, and S. napoensis is described from only the male. The arboreal nature of the genus is emphasized and discussed.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Annual fluctuations in the immigrant density of rice planthoppers, Sogatella furcifera and Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), in the Kyushu district of Japan, and associated meteorological conditions. We analyzed overseas immigrations of rice planthoppers in Kyushu, Japan, based on trap data collected during June-July in 2000-2011. The immigrant density was high in 2006, whereas it was low in 2008 and 2011. To understand these annual fluctuations, we investigated the relationships among trap catches and the following three meteorological conditions: (1) the average temperature during January-February in North Vietnam (T-NV), where planthoppers successfully overwinter; (2) the strong upper wind from North Vietnam to South China in April-May (UWVC), when the first stage of migration occurs; (3) the strong upper wind from South China to Kyushu in June-July (UWCJ), when the second stage of migration occurs. In 2008 and 2011, T-NV values were 2.4-3.0 degrees C below the 2000-2011 average of 17.4 degrees C, and there were 9-13 fewer days with a strong upper wind (UWVC + UWCJ) in April-July compared with the 2000-2011 average of 25 days. This study showed that the rice planthopper immigrant density during the last 12 years correlated significantly with T-NV and the number of days with a strong upper wind (UWVC + UWCJ) in April-July. Thus, the meteorological conditions affected the immigrant density of rice planthoppers in Kyushu.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "An N-Terminal Dileucine Motif Directs Two-Pore Channels to the Tonoplast of Plant Cells. Two-pore channels (TPCs) constitute a family of endolysosomal cation channels with functions in Ca2+ signaling. We used a mutational analysis to investigate the role of channel domains for the trafficking of the Arabidopsis TPC1 to the tonoplast, a process that is generally not well understood in plants. The results show that the soluble C-terminus was not essential for targeting but for channel function, while further C-terminal truncations of two or more transmembrane domains impaired protein trafficking. An N-terminal dileucine motif (EDPLI) proved to be critical for vacuolar targeting of TPC1, which was independent of the adaptor protein AP-3. Deletion or mutation of this sorting motif, which is conserved among TPCs caused redirection of the protein transport to the plasma membrane. An N-terminal region with a predicted a-helical structure was shown to support efficient vacuolar trafficking and was essential for TPC1 function. Similar to their localization in mammalian endosomes and lysosomes, MmTPC1 and MmTPC2 were targeted to small organelles and the membrane of the lytic vacuole, respectively, when expressed in plant cells. These results shed new light on the largely uncharacterized sorting signals of plant tonoplast proteins and reveal similarities between the targeting machinery of plants and mammals.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Genome-wide association study identifies three new melanoma susceptibility loci. We report a genome-wide association study for melanoma that was conducted by the GenoMEL Consortium. Our discovery phase included 2,981 individuals with melanoma and 1,982 study-specific control individuals of European ancestry, as well as an additional 6,426 control subjects from French or British populations, all of whom were genotyped for 317,000 or 610,000 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Our analysis replicated previously known melanoma susceptibility loci. Seven new regions with at least one SNP with P < 10(-5) and further local imputed or genotyped support were selected for replication using two other genome-wide studies (from Australia and Texas, USA). Additional replication came from case-control series from the UK and The Netherlands. Variants at three of the seven loci replicated at P < 10(-3): an SNP in ATM (rs1801516, overall P = 3.4 x 10(-9)), an SNP in MX2 (rs45430, P = 2.9 x 10-9) and an SNP adjacent to CASP8 (rs13016963, P = 8.6 x 10(-10)). A fourth locus near CCND1 remains of potential interest, showing suggestive but inconclusive evidence of replication (rs1485993, overall P = 4.6 x 10(-7) under a fixed-effects model and P = 1.2 x 10(-3) under a random-effects model). These newly associated variants showed no association with nevus or pigmentation phenotypes in a large British case-control series.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "On the prediction of short term changes in the recruitment of North Sea cod (Gadus morhua) using statistical temperature forecasts. Empirical evidence supports the hypothesis of a general relationship between sea temperature and recruitment of cod stocks across the North Atlantic, as well as between recruitment and the size of the spawning population. In the North Sea, cod year-class strength is inversely related to sea surface temperature during the first half of the year. This stock is currently at a low level, and the future trajectory of the stock biomass will be strongly influenced by recruitment levels. In the present study we investigate the possible use of observed and modelled sea surface temperature (SST) to increase the accuracy and/or time horizon of recruitment forecasts for this stock. We show that the statistical model developed for forecasting spring temperature has good skill (35% skill, with a standard error of 0.36degreesC) when predictions are made in late January. Within the frame of the current fish stock assessment working group we incorporate SST observations and January forecasts and simulate short-term recruitment projections. The resulting model accounts for a greater fraction of the variance in recruitment (42%) than that obtained without temperature (17%). In operational mode, the model allows forecasting 1.5 years in advance but the accuracy of predicted recruitment remains low. This example indicates that we have not yet reached a point where environmental information can be used with great benefit for the management of North Sea cod. However, a similar strategy may yield greater benefits if developed for other stocks for which environmental effects are better understood and/or account for a larger fraction of the variability in recruitment, for species with a shorter generation time and species for which recruitment forecast is critical to management (e.g. anchovy), and in areas where environmental prediction capabilities may be greater either in accuracy or in lead time.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SELF-REGULATED LEARNING SKILLS AND ACHIEVEMENT: A CASE FROM HACETTEPE UNIVERSITY MEDICAL SCHOOL. The aim of this study is to describe the medical students' self-regulated learning skills and to examine differences between self-regulated learning skills and achievement. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used Hi this descriptive study. Out of 810 first three year students of Hacettepe University. Faculty of Medicine took part in the study Moreover, nine students were interviewed. Data gathering instruments were the self-regulated learning skills scale and the interview form. The average score of the committee exams were used or determining the achievement level. The statistical differences were determined between students' self-regulated learning skills and their achievement levels. The successful students were observed more self-regulated learning skills in all stages of learning in the qualitative stud The learning was described in successive five stages during the interviews: action to learning. determining and assessment of needs. determining of objectives, planning and implementation of learning, assessment of outcomes and strategies.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "X-ray quasi-periodic pulsations in solar flares as magnetohydrodynamic oscillations. We report the first observation at high spatial resolution of long-period quasi-periodic pulsations (QPP) of X-ray radiation during solar flares, made possible with the Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI), supported by complementary data at other wavelengths from space-based and ground-based telescopes. Evidence for the presence ported of a transequatorial loop possibly responsible for the detected periodicity connected with its kink mode is found. Our findings suggest that QPP can be interpreted as a periodic pumping of in a compact flaring electrons modulated by oscillations in loop, a magnetically linked and larger loop acting as a long-period magnetohydrodynamic resonator.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Refrigerant leakage detection in an EEV installed residential air conditioner with limited sensor installations. Refrigerant leakage is the most frequently found fault in a refrigeration system and efficient detection is highly important. For a sudden leakage, it is relatively easy to detect but slow and long-term leakage is hard to find out, therefore, a useful method for leak detection in such condition is required. Large scale refrigeration systems have abundant data to detect or diagnose leakage. However, in case of small residential air conditioner, installed sensors are mostly temperature sensors, and the number of these sensors is also limited. In this study, a refrigerant leak detection method for an EEV (electronic expansion valve) installed residential air conditioners with limited sensor information is suggested based on experimental data. This method uses temperature differences between inlet air and midpoint of heat exchanger. For various temperature conditions, the temperature difference shows a similar trend which can be utilized as a good leak detection procedure. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd and IIR. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 32]}
+{"token": "Pre- and perinatal findings in partial trisomy 7q resulting from balanced parental translocations t(7;21) and t(4;7). We report on a fetus and a newborn, both with partial trisomy 7q21 --> qter due to different familial translocations, t(7;21)(q21.2;p12) and t(4;7)(q35;q21.2). Postmortem examination of the 19-week-old female fetus disclosed dysmorphic features, cleft palate, anomalies of the great vessels, intestinal malrotation and uterus bicornis. The newborn girl revealed a pattern of minor anomalies, cleft palate, cerebellar hypoplasia, and anomalies of pancreas, gall bladder and appendix. The clinical findings in three other reported fetuses with partial trisomy 7q described so far are reviewed. A duplication 7q21 --> qter, as found in the propositi, has only been described in 11 patients who all had a concurrent partial monosomy. Patient 1 is particularly interesting since she is, to our knowledge, the first reported case with pure trisomy 7q21/22 --> qter, We reviewed the phenotype of the previously described patients, compared it with the propositae, and summarized the clinical features of pure trisomy 7q21/22 --> qter. Copyright (C) 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [2, 21, 19]}
+{"token": "The reasonable republic? Statecraft, affects, and the highest good in Spinoza's late Tractatus Politicus. In his final, incomplete Tractatus Politicus (1677), Spinoza's account of human power and freedom shifts towards a new, teleological interest in the 'highest good' of the state in realising the freedom of its subjects. This development reflects, in part, the growing influence of Aristotle, Machiavelli, Dutch republicanism, and the Dutch post-Rampjaar context after 1672, with significant implications for his view of political power and freedom. It also reflects an expansion of his account of natural right to include independence of mind, a model of autonomy that in turn shapes the infamous sui juris exclusions of his unfinished account of democracy. This article focuses specifically on the Tractatus Politicus, a hitherto under-addressed work in Spinoza's corpus and one too often considered indistinct from his earlier Tractatus Theologico-Politicus (1670). It argues for a reconsideration of its importance to early modern political thought, particularly regarding the role of the state in realising the freedom and harmony of its subjects through reasonable laws.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Censuses and Imperial Proto-Demography in 18th century Spanish America: Early Racialization or Historiographical Bias?. All this reveals the great space between self-identification and social perception, relative and changing aspects by definition, since they included many variables, and constituted an arena of negotiations and confrontations whose results could only be local.This contribution is a reflection on the processes of racialisation of historical thinking about past societies and the biases it entails. In thefirst part, through a comparison between Ptolemaic Egypt and Iberian America, it emphasises the importance of the contextual meaning, occurrences and places of enunciation of the terms that emergefrom the historical documentation. The notions of race, casta and calidad are thus related to specific forms of socialisation and social identification, highlighting the fundamental importance of the contextual synchronic relationship in the making of any identitary process, with calls for an anabisis in terms of relationships rather than statuses. The contemporary category of race therefore appears to be of little use.These theoretical questions make it possible to approach the second part, devoted to the more specific case of the censuses of Spanish America in the eighteenth century. Fomentedfor the purpose of defending the empire, and with a global aim, these censuses came up against a local reading of the hierarchy of the inhabitants of the Indies. Like the fragmented nature of the American territories of the Crown of Castile, which defined specific natural and demographic contexts, each region put forward its own forms of identification and personal designation. Everywhere, these forms of identitary assignment always expressed in a singular way phenotype/social qualitylcultural inscription according to modalities that were very little normed and often in competition with other hierarchical logics.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Interpreting accuracy revisited: a refined approach to interpreting performance analysis. Interpreting accuracy is one of the most commonly used indicators of cognitive demands in experimental interpreting studies. One possibility to assess interpreting performance is to analyse interpreting accuracy based on meaning units. The methodological approaches used thus far, however, have some drawbacks: (a) they are limited to an assessment of sense consistency with no indication of the logical cohesion of the rendition, (b) they do not take into account the difference between unintended and strategic omissions or, more generally, the prioritization of source speech information as an interpreting strategy, and (c) they do not allow for the observation of fluctuations of cognitive load or effects of fatigue. In this article, we will present a refined approach to unit-based accuracy analysis that may contribute to solving the issues mentioned above. The new method will be illustrated by means of an example data set from a larger project consisting of the renditions of ten professional and ten student interpreters. It will also include relevant statistical analyses.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Range-wide analysis of eastern massasauga survivorship. Decisions affecting wildlife management and conservation policy of imperiled species are often aided by population models. Reliable population models require accurate estimates of vital rates and an understanding of how vital rates vary geographically. The eastern massasauga (Sistrurus catenatus catenatus) is a rattlesnake species found in the Great Lakes region of North America. Populations of the eastern massasauga are fragmented and only a few areas harbor multiple, sizable populations. Eastern massasauga research has typically focused on single populations or local metapopulations but results suggest that demographic parameters vary geographically. We used 21 radiotelemetry datasets comprising 499 telemetered snakes from 16 distinct locations throughout the range of the eastern massasauga to characterize geographic patterns of adult survival using the known-fate model in Program MARK. Annual adult survival ranged from 0.35 to 0.95 (mean?=?0.67) and increased along a southwest to northeast geographic axis. Further analysis of 6 datasets indicated no consistent difference in survival between males and females. Our results provide a better understanding of the relationship between survivorship and geography for the eastern massasauga and suggest that such variation should be incorporated into population models as well as local and regional management plans. (c) 2012 The Wildlife Society.", "label": [4, 34, 43]}
+{"token": "Brain injury biomarkers are not dependent on -amyloid in normal elderly. Objective The new criteria for preclinical Alzheimer disease (AD) proposed 3 stages: abnormal levels of -amyloid (stage 1), stage 1 plus evidence of brain injury (stage 2), and stage 2 plus subtle cognitive changes (stage 3). However, a large group of subjects with normal -amyloid biomarkers have evidence of brain injury; we labeled them as the suspected non-Alzheimer pathophysiology (sNAP) group. The characteristics of the sNAP group are poorly understood. Methods Using the preclinical AD classification, 430 cognitively normal subjects from the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging who underwent brain magnetic resonance (MR), 18fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), and Pittsburgh compound B positron emission tomography (PET) were evaluated for FDG PET regional volumetrics, MR regional brain volumetrics, white matter hyperintensity volume, and number of infarcts. We examined cross-sectional associations across AD preclinical stages, those with all biomarkers normal, and the sNAP group. Results The sNAP group had a lower proportion (14%) with apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 genotype than the preclinical AD stages 2 + 3. The sNAP group did not show any group differences compared to stages 2 + 3 of the preclinical AD group on measures of FDG PET regional hypometabolism, MR regional brain volume loss, cerebrovascular imaging lesions, vascular risk factors, imaging changes associated with -synucleinopathy, or physical findings of parkinsonism. Interpretation Cognitively normal persons with brain injury biomarker abnormalities, with or without abnormal levels of -amyloid, were indistinguishable on a variety of imaging markers, clinical features, and risk factors. The initial appearance of brain injury biomarkers that occurs in cognitively normal persons with preclinical AD may not depend on -amyloidosis. ANN NEUROL 2013;73:472-480", "label": [2, 17, 21]}
+{"token": "Convergent-beam EMCD: benefits, pitfalls and applications. Energy-loss magnetic chiral dichroism (EMCD) is a versatile method for studying magnetic properties on the nanoscale. However, the classical EMCD technique is notorious for its low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), which is why many experimentalists have adopted a convergent-beam approach. Here, we study the theoretical possibilities of using a convergent beam for EMCD. In particular, we study the influence of detector positioning as well as convergence and collection angles on the detectable EMCD signal. In addition, we analyse the expected SNR and give some guidelines for achieving optimal EMCD results.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "BIFURCATIONS, CATASTROPHES AND CHAOS IN A PRE-BUCKLED BEAM. A comprehensive investigation of the bifurcational behaviour of a pre-buckled beam is presented. The Galerkin method is applied to convert the partial differential equation into a set of ordinary differential equations. A two-mode solution is sought that includes both symmetric and antisymmetric modes of the structural system. Both the pre-buckled amplitude and external loading are used as control parameters in the bifurcational plane. Qualitative as well as quantitative measures of critical points are obtained. Catastrophes associated with the global bifurcation are established. In the light of various established theories, global bifurcational analysis is performed. Further, the existence of a chaotic attractor is shown and routes to the chaos are interpreted using catastrophe classifications.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "Determination of trace sulfur in organic compounds by activated Raney nickel desulfurization method with non-dispersive gas detection system. A sensitive and precise method for the determination of trace amounts of total sulfur in organic mixtures is described. With this method bonded sulfur is reacted with activated Raney nickel and is reduced to nickel sulfide at 70 OC. Then, the residue is separated on a filter paper and pyrolysed by induction furnace technique for generation of SO2 which is then detected by a non-dispersive gas detector. This method is ideally suited for the determination of trace amounts of sulfur in petroleum distillates, organic solvents and pharmaceutical species such as antibiotics and vitamins. The effect of olefines and the amount of Raney nickel on the sensitivity and accuracy of the results is investigated. The 3 alpha detection limit was 100 ng g(-1) and at 1 mu g 8(-1) sulfur in iso-octane, the relative standard deviation (n = 5) was +/-5.5%.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Learning in ginnasio and liceo in Habsburg Milan (1814-1859). This article presents the results of research carried out using archival sources and the class registers of the high schools of Milan during the Restoration period. The sources used allow a quantitative analysis that produces a detailed picture of pupils' social family backgrounds and their school performances. Milan, the capital of the Kingdom of Lombardy and Venetia, had two Imperial ginnasi and licei, plus a municipal ginnasio and a private College. The research proves that many of the ginnasi's pupils came from the middle but also lower classes, whereas upper class pupils prevailed in the licei. The discipline in these schools was rigid, the teaching mainly by rote, with a strict and obsessive system of exams. Pupils' morality and behaviour were also controlled by the school as far as possible. The high levels of attendance were a constant worry for Vienna, which tried repeatedly to make high school more selective, fearing social mobility. However, Milan was a rich city, with many artisans and shopkeepers who desired a better education for their sons. The lack of Realschulen was one of the causes of the overcrowding of Gymnasien.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "A MEDITATION ON THE THEORETICS OF PRACTICE. Professor Dinerstein's Essay examines the value and liabilities of the theoretics of practice movement.  He tells the tale of a criminal case his clinic handled in which the client insisted on telling an inculpatory story.  Tracing the twists of the story and noting the advocates' practices of client-centered counseling and sensitivity to concerns raised by narrative theory, he points out the unpredictable impact of such theories about practice when actually applied.The Essay concludes that while the theoretics of practice literature offers rich insights to thoughtful practitioners and writers, to fulfill its potential it must speak more plainly to practitioners and strive to capture more authentically the voices and perspectives of clients.He criticizes the inaccessibility of much of the theoretics literature and questions the utility of much of it for those who actually practice law.  He calls for critical examination of whether the various alternative visions of legal practice advanced are likely to be effective and, if not, for analysis of the conditions under which they could become so.  Professor Dinerstein warns that blaming legal services lawyers for the phenomenon of client subordination without examining the bleak context within which they operate may lead us to lose sight of who or what really needs to change in order to empower clients.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Effects of root exudates from crop plants on the growth of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp niveum. The effects of root exudates from pepper, bean, wheat, oat, and onion were evaluated on the Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. niveum. Different concentrations of root exudates were added to potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium to investigate their effects on mycelial growth, and spore and fungal biomass production. The root exudates of pepper stimulated the mycelial growth, bean exudates had no effects, while, wheat, oat and onion root exudates were inhibitory. The inhibitory effects of wheat, oat, and onion root exudates on growth of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. niveum were concentration-dependent. Onion root exudates were most fungicidal to growth of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. niveum, followed by wheat and oat.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "The relative importance of sexual and asexual reproduction in the spread of Spartina alterniflora using a spatially explicit individual-based model. This study investigates a spatially explicit, individual-based model for simulating the spread of invasive smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) in Yancheng coastal wetlands from 1995 to 2010. The model, which considers the landscape heterogeneity and changes detected by remote sensing, also reveals the relative importance of sexual and asexual reproduction in the spread by global sensitivity analysis. The model was verified as suitable for simulating the range expansion of S. alterniflora. The results show that: (1) although seedling recruitment is low, it significantly contributes to the range expansion of S. alterniflora. Removing sexual propagation greatly reduces the expansion rate. Rapid expansion requires both sexual and asexual reproduction; (2) in the global sensitivity analysis, the most significant affecters of S. alterniflora invasion were seed dispersal distance, adult survival rate and asexual recruitment survival rate. Sexual propagation contributes much more significantly to quick range expansion than asexual reproduction, but asexual reproduction is the main source of recruitment. Invasion control strategies should target a single reproduction mode. Here, limiting the germination and dispersal of seeds is suggested as a realistic strategy for controlling and managing invasion by this species.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Religious Accommodation: An Egalitarian Defence. This paper offers a distinctively egalitarian defence of religious accommodation in contrast to the rights-based approaches of contemporary legal thinking. It argues that we can employ the Rawlsian idea of a fair framework of co-operation to model the way that accommodation claimants reason with others (such as their employers) when they wish to be released from generally applicable rules. While participants in social institutions have 'framework obligations' to adhere to the rules those institutions involve, they also have 'democratic obligations' to re-consider and on occasion revise those rules which set back participants basic interest, including individuals' interest in manifesting their religion or belief. A number of objections to accommodation are considered, and it's argued that the personal responsibility objection is most serious. It's argued that responsibility can be interpreted through the notion of identification which in turn can be conceptualised through the ideal of integrity, and that the value of integrity in fact counts in favour of accommodation claims. The paper also offers replies to other objections to religious accommodation including the problem of proliferation, the problem of illiberal beliefs and the rewarding the doctrinaire objection.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Copatching and lipid raft association of different viral glycoproteins expressed on the surfaces of pseudorabies virus-infected cells. Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a swine alphaherpesvirus that is closely related to human herpes simplex virus (HSV). Both PRV and HSV express a variety of viral envelope glycoproteins in the plasma membranes of infected cells. Here we show that at least four major PRV glycoproteins (gB, gC, gD, and gE) in the plasma membrane of infected swine kidney cells and monocytes seem to be linked, since monospecific antibody-induced patching of any one of these proteins results in copatching of the others. Further, for all four PRV glycoproteins, monospecific antibody-induced patches were enriched in GM1, a typical marker of lipid raft microdomains, but were excluded for transferrin receptor, a nonraft marker, suggesting that these viral proteins may associate with lipid rafts. However, only gB and, to a lesser extent, gE were found in lipid raft fractions by using detergent floatation assays, indicating that gC and gD do not show strong lipid raft association. Addition of methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (MCD), a cholesterol-depleting agent that is commonly used to disrupt lipid rafts., only slightly reduced copatching efficiency between the different viral proteins, indicating that other factors, perhaps tegument-glycoprotein interactions, may be important for the observed copatching events. On the other hand, MCD strongly reduced polarization of the antibody-induced viral glycoprotein patches to a cap structure, a gE-dependent process that has been described for specific PRV- and HSV-infected cells. Therefore, we hypothesize that efficient gE-mediated capping of antibody-antigen patches may require the lipid raft-associated signal transduction machinery.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Applications of low-cost sensing technologies for air quality monitoring and exposure assessment: How far have they gone?. Over the past decade, a range of sensor technologies became available on the market, enabling a revolutionary shift in air pollution monitoring and assessment. With their cost of up to three orders of magnitude lower than standard/reference instruments, many avenues for applications have opened up. In particular, broader participation in air quality discussion and utilisation of information on air pollution by communities has become possible. However, many questions have been also asked about the actual benefits of these technologies. To address this issue, we conducted a comprehensive literature search including both the scientific and grey literature. We focused upon two questions: (1) Are these technologies fit for the various purposes envisaged? and (2) How far have these technologies and their applications progressed to provide answers and solutions? Regarding the former, we concluded that there is no clear answer to the question, due to a lack of: sensor/monitor manufacturers' quantitative specifications of performance, consensus regarding recommended end-use and associated minimal performance targets of these technologies, and the ability of the prospective users to formulate the requirements for their applications, or conditions of the intended use. Numerous studies have assessed and reported sensor/monitor performance under a range of specific conditions, and in many cases the performance was concluded to be satisfactory. The specific use cases for sensors/monitors included outdoor in a stationary mode, outdoor in a mobile mode, indoor environments and personal monitoring. Under certain conditions of application, project goals, and monitoring environments, some sensors/monitors were fit for a specific purpose. Based on analysis of 17 large projects, which reached applied outcome stage, and typically conducted by consortia of organizations, we observed that a sizable fraction of them (similar to 30%) were commercial and/or crowd-funded. This fact by itself signals a paradigm change in air quality monitoring, which previously had been primarily implemented by government organizations. An additional paradigm-shift indicator is the growing use of machine learning or other advanced data processing approaches to improve sensor/monitor agreement with reference monitors. There is still some way to go in enhancing application of the technologies for source apportionment, which is of particular necessity and urgency in developing countries. Also, there has been somewhat less progress in wide-scale monitoring of personal exposures. However, it can be argued that with a significant future expansion of monitoring networks, including indoor environments, there may be less need for wearable or portable sensors/monitors to assess personal exposure. Traditional personal monitoring would still be valuable where spatial variability of pollutants of interest is at a finer resolution than the monitoring network can resolve.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Violence within intimate relationships through two developmental stages. Frequency and intensity of physical, psychological and sexual violence reported by males and females involved in an intimate relationship was analysed in a survey descriptive study. Dating (n = 30) and married (n = 30) couples completed Dyadic Adjustment Scale (Spanier) and Physical and Psychological Violence Inventory (Hudson and McIntosh). The 3.3% of dating persons reported being physical and psychologically abused, whereas, in married couples, these figures came up to 43.3% and 50%, respectively. No subject denounced being sexually abused, but 6.7% of males and 3.3% of females reported being sexually requested when tired. There were no statistically significant differences between gender. Pearson's r (between DAS and Total Violence) was -.72 (p < .01). It is concluded that, to eradicate intimate violence, \\\\'democratic\\\\' relationship skills are required.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Mitigation of multipath and NLOS with stochastic modeling for ground-based indoor positioning. A ground-based positioning system can provide outstanding location-based services in an indoor environment, benefiting from its flexible deployment and a similar positioning principle to the GNSS. However, positioning errors caused by indoor multipath and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) signals are inevitable. These path-dependent signal errors severely contaminate the positioning accuracy and are intractable. The observable-level multipath mitigation techniques are worth considering for a ground-based system since they do not rely on expensive hardware or a massive database. An effective stochastic model can be used for indoor multipath and NLOS mitigation since it focuses on the weights of errors and the determination of variances for the measurements at the observable level. As one of ground-based system observables, the carrier-to-noise power density ratio (C/N-0) can be received together with the carrier phase measurement. The C/N-0 correlates with the carrier phase multipath at a certain level if no significant noise-changing effects impact the noise level in the C/N-0. This research presents a new stochastic model to mitigate indoor path-dependent errors for a single receiver within a low-cost single-frequency ground-based network. The model for estimating the nominal C/N-0 for each phase measurement is developed first. The new stochastic model is then proposed based on evaluating the difference between observed and nominal C/N-0 values to weigh the path-dependent errors since C/N-0 is distorted from its nominal value when multipath or NLOS occurs. An elevation-dependent model upon the ground-based geometry using estimated C/N-0 is also considered a supplement to the proposed stochastic model when the antenna gain is weak at low elevation angles. Static and kinematic experiments demonstrate that the proposed stochastic model outperforms existing stochastic models in indoor multipath mitigation. Using the proposed model, the smallest multipath errors can be obtained in 84% and 72% of static and kinematic results. Moreover, the model is also verified to be efficient for NLOS mitigation. With the proposed new stochastic model, indoor precise point positioning is certainly achieved.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Inquiring in the Present Tense: The Dynamic Mechanism of Action Research. Lewin's contribution to social science is extensive. This paper takes Lewin's notion of defining the field at a given time and brings it into the arena of action research to make explicit links between attending and inquiring in the present tense and the collaborative dynamics of action research within the social space of a change process. Inquiring in the present tense in the field as it exists at a given time has hitherto not been explored explicitly. The paper highlights the unfolding and emergent nature of action research in terms of the inquiry process of first-, second- and third- person practices as they take place in the present tense. It advances a framework that can guide the action researcher in the practice of action research that enhances the integration of present tense into the collaborative effort. In doing so, it extends our knowledge of the richness of the Lewin legacy and elaborates a neglected and necessary mechanism in the field of organization development and action research.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "On the phrase-level function of f0 in Estonian. In intonation languages, prominence-lending pitch movements are frequently aligned with sentence focus. In some free word order languages f0 may act as an acoustic correlate of focus together with focus-sensitive variation in word order. With respect to Estonian, a flexible word order language, this raises the question of how word order, which is sensitive to focus structure, interacts with intonation. This study explored how focus and word positioning affect f0 via a production experiment involving elicitation of laboratory speech. The results showed that independently of word order, the focal word was aligned with prominence-lending f0 movement, thus demonstrating that in Estonian narrow focus is related to f0, as is typical in intonation languages. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Time as Experience/Experience as Temporality: Pragmatic and Perfectionist Reflections on Extemporaneous Creativity. The characteristic form of human action is an extemporaneous performance or improvisational exertion. An ordinary conversation (what C.S. Peirce calls \\\\'a wonderfully perfect kind of sign-functioning\\\\' [EP 2: 391]) provides us with an extremely useful model for understanding other forms of \\\\'unrehearsed intellectual adventure\\\\' (Oakeshott 1991: 490), not least of all jazz improvisation. But since our inquiry into this range of considerations turns on appealing to our experience as improvisational actors in the overlapping situations of everyday life, this appeal itself needs to be considered. Accordingly, the appeal to experience is here interrogated with the aid of what pragmatists but also perfectionists such as Stanley Cavell say about it. What Cavell asserts regarding checking one's experience, as a way of rendering it trustworthy, is of the utmost critical importance for the present inquiry. After exploring what is entailed by an appeal to experience, when conjoined to what Cavell identifies as the task of checking one's experience, the author turns to our quotidian experience as improvisational actors and, ultimately, to the rather singular achievements of jazz improvisers. In doing so, he hopes to illuminate the inherently creative dimension of human action, wherever it unfolds.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Reduction Kinetics of Vanadium Titano-Magnetite Carbon Composite Pellets Adding Catalysts Under High Temperature. Experiments were carried out by adding CaF2 and NaF as catalysts in an Ar atmosphere to study the isothermal reduction kinetics of vanadium titano-magnetite carbon composite pellets under high temperature in the range from 1 473 to 1 673 K. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to characterize the microstructure of product. By analyzing reduction mechanism, it was found that the rate controlling step was gas diffusion, and the activation energy was 178. 39 kJ/mol without adding any catalysts. Adding CaF2 or NaF of 3% to vanadium titano-magnetite carbon composite pellets can decrease the apparent activation energy of reduction, and the decrease extent was 14. 95 and 15. 79 kJ/mol, respectively. In addition, temperature was an important factor influencing on reaction rate.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Are rhetorical commitments to adolescents reflected in planning documents? An exploratory content analysis of adolescent sexual and reproductive health in Global Financing Facility country plans. Background The Global Financing Facility (GFF) offers an opportunity to close the financing gap that holds back gains in women, children's and adolescent health. However, very little work exists examining GFF practice, particularly for adolescent health. As momentum builds for the GFF, we examine initial GFF planning documents to inform future national and multi-lateral efforts to advance adolescent sexual and reproductive health. Methods We undertook a content analysis of the first 11 GFF Investment Cases and Project Appraisal Documents available on the GFF website. The countries involved include Bangladesh, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Kenya, Liberia, Mozambique, Nigeria, Tanzania and Uganda. Results While several country documents signal understanding and investment in adolescents as a strategic area, this is not consistent across all countries, nor between Investment Cases and Project Appraisal Documents. In both types of documents commitments weaken as one moves from programming content to indicators to investment. Important contributions include how teenage pregnancy is a universal concern, how adolescent and youth friendly health services and school-based programs are supported in several country documents, how gender is noted as a key social determinant critical for mainstreaming across the health system, alongside the importance of multi-sectoral collaboration, and the acknowledgement of adolescent rights. Weaknesses include the lack of comprehensive analysis of adolescent health needs, inconsistent investments in adolescent friendly health services and school based programs, missed opportunities in not supporting multi-component and multi-level initiatives to change gender norms involving adolescent boys in addition to adolescent girls, and neglect of governance approaches to broker effective multi-sectoral collaboration, community engagement and adolescent involvement. Conclusion There are important examples of how the GFF supports adolescents and their sexual and reproductive health. However, more can be done. While building on service delivery approaches more consistently, it must also fund initiatives that address the main social and systems drivers of adolescent health. This requires capacity building for the technical aspects of adolescent health, but also engaging politically to ensure that the right actors are convened to prioritize adolescent health in country plans and to ensure accountability in the GFF process itself.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "The Batum Subsystem as a Space of the Ottoman Hegemony in Transcaucasia in 1918: Addressing the Issue. The events and processes that unfolded in the post-imperial spaces during and after the Great War represent a very complex field of research, especially in regions with such a wide ethno-confessional variety as Transcaucasia (also known as the South Caucasus). The revival of ethno-national narratives of the period between 1914-1923 in the historiography of the countries of Eastern Europe and the Middle East projects modern conflicts into the past, distorting the analysis of the political landscape of the region. This makes it necessary to put forward new models for reconstructing the dynamics of transformation of post-imperial spaces, free from political conjuncture and schematic approaches of the nationally oriented historiographical tradition. An example of this is the system of international relations that has not yet attracted the attention of scholars, which was formed on the basis of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk concluded between the Major Powers and Soviet Russia, affecting also the South Caucasus. Its regional effect was marked by attempts to change, restructure, and even deform the system through the Treaty of Batum signed on June 4, 1918, between the Ottoman Empire and the three Transcaucasian states that emerged from the wreckage of the Russian Empire. The peculiarities of the negotiations and parallel military operations that took place in the region in February - May of 1918 not only revealed the existence of several territorial, political, and ethnic conflicts but also aggravated them. The end of the Great War on the Caucasian Front did not bring peace to the region: the struggle was not over, but transformed into a more complex, structurally multi-sided and multi-layered, struggle for hegemony in the Caucasus. Due to the collapse of the Russian Empire and the structural destabilisation of the Ottoman Empire in 1918, the German and British Empires began to play an unprecedented role in it. This requires placing the events and processes in the Caucasus, which are still considered within the framework of civil wars and wars of independence in the region, in a transnational context, which allows assessing differently the role of both the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and the Treaty of Batum in the history of all the countries affected by them. Considering the terms and consequences of these agreements outside the narratives of competing national historiographies makes it possible to clarify the logic of many geopolitical processes not only in 1914-1923 but also in the following decades.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "How different agricultural research models contribute to impacts: Evidence from 13 case studies in developing countries. In a context of a severe funding crisis, donors and policymakers expect increased accountability from research organizations and convincing proof that public investments in research have significant and positive societal impacts. This article takes stock of the lessons learned from the use of a method (ImpresS) designed by CIRAD to analyze the impact of research undertaken in partnership with a range of different actors in a developing-country context. The method uses a case study approach, and relies on the evaluation of the impact pathway and on contribution analysis. Thirteen case studies were selected to represent the diversity of partnerships, research activities and types of innovation. The results confirm the diversity and complexity of the innovation processes encompassing the non-linearity of changes over extended periods, the diversity of impacts, the shifting roles of actors engaged in the innovation process, and the diversity of activities carried out by the research community to contribute to outcome and impact generation. Interactions between researchers and other actors throughout the innovation process appeared to play key roles along the impact pathway. Based on the 13 case studies, we identified four generic models through which research contributes to impact: participatory transfer of knowledge and technologies, co-design of innovation, support for the innovation process, and promotion of open innovation. Our results underline the need for research institutions to recognize and accept the diversity of functions fulfilled by researchers if they want to contribute in an effective manner to the generation of impacts. Another challenge is to learn how to take advantage of clusters of projects embedded in innovation pathways in order to sustain research activities over a long timeframe.Significance statement Impact evaluation is increasingly being requested from the research community as a measure of accountability by both donors and civil society. Conducting it properly is challenging, especially in the context of developing countries. Quantitative studies are often biased toward expected and tangible impacts. Complementary qualitative approaches are focused on understanding causality and are more in line with the actors' participation in impact evaluation. CIRAD has developed a method and used it to assess 13 case studies involving research conducted in partnership in widely differing environments. Some main lessons learned include the long timeframe needed for impacts to be achieved, the diversity of impacts the research community needs to consider, and the multiple roles played by the research community in co-developing outcomes with diverse stakeholders. Results show that the research community can contribute to impacts by using several models of intervention.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "ANALYSIS OF THE STATIC RECRYSTALLIZATION AT TENSION TWINS IN AZ31 MAGNESIUM ALLOY. Due to the poor plasticity of magnesium alloys at room temperature (about 15%), twinning plays an important role ill the deformation of magnesium alloys, and twins will be the dominant, recrystallization nucleation sites. There are at least two types of twinning In magnesium the {10 (1) over bar2}-type tension twinning and the {10 (1) over bar1}-type compression twinning Tension twinning proceeds much more easily than compression twinning since its volume fraction is much higher than that of compression twins, which may have a promotion effect on the recrystallization to a certain degree Based on the previous research on the static recrystallization at compression twins, the evolution of microstructure and texture in AZ31 magnesium alloy during its static recrystallization at tension twins was further investigated, and the orientational characteristics of new grains formed at tension twins In the early stage of static recrystallization were analyzed by EBSD technique The results showed that tension twins played only a subordinate role in recrystallization nucleation and suppressed recrystallization rate, thus failed to refine gram size of tension twin The strong basal texture was retained and weakened with no new texture component being detected during annealing New grains were observed to nucleate preferentially at the intersections of tension twin variants or the intersections between tension twins and compression twins Their orientations were relative random and are strongly scattered from those of original tension twins or compression twins. A comparison of the recrystallization at tension twins and compression twins was made.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Management by values A theoretical proposal for strategic human resource management in China. Originality/value - This integration of three angles in values, management, and performance is novel in the field of SHRM. It not only contributes to the further development of the field, but also implies healthier and more sustainable practices in management, both in China and in the rest of the world.Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to integrate cultural value management into the high level of human resource management to propose a new direction of strategic human resource management (SHRM) development through management by the values (MBV) concept.Design/methodology/approach - The paper proposes an integrative MBV SHRM model for Chinese management, incorporating Neo-Confucian values for responsible, pragmatic and humanistic management, as well as two dynamic SHRM elements: leadership and learning. First SHRM in China is described; then the MBV concept and model are introduced. At that point, the evolution of cultural studies and Chinese Neo-Confucianism is introduced before proposing an integrative MBV SHRM model for Chinese management.Findings - Instead of the economic approach most often adopted by SHRM researchers, a harmonious managerial approach is argued for, based on the MBV triaxial model: ethical, economic, and emotional values, to orient the operations of the organisation.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "Genomic Surveillance of Enterococcus faecium Reveals Limited Sharing of Strains and Resistance Genes between Livestock and Humans in the United Kingdom. IMPORTANCE The rise in rates of human infection caused by vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREfm) strains between 1988 to the 2000s in Europe was suggested to be associated with acquisition from livestock. As a result, the European Union banned the use of the glycopeptide drug avoparcin as a growth promoter in livestock feed. While some studies reported a decrease in VREfm in livestock, others reported no reduction. Here, we report the first livestock VREfm prevalence survey in the UK since 2003 and the first large-scale study using whole-genome sequencing to investigate the relationship between E. faecium strains in livestock and humans. We found a low prevalence of VREfm in retail meat and limited evidence for recent sharing of strains between livestock and humans with bloodstream infection. There was evidence for limited sharing of genes encoding antibiotic resistance between these reservoirs, a finding which requires further research.Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREfm) is a major cause of nosocomial infection and is categorized as high priority by the World Health Organization global priority list of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. In the past, livestock have been proposed as a putative reservoir for drug-resistant E. faecium strains that infect humans, and isolates of the same lineage have been found in both reservoirs. We undertook cross-sectional surveys to isolate E. faecium (including VREfm) from livestock farms, retail meat, and wastewater treatment plants in the United Kingdom. More than 600 isolates from these sources were sequenced, and their relatedness and antibiotic resistance genes were compared with genomes of almost 800 E. faecium isolates from patients with bloodstream infection in the United Kingdom and Ireland. E. faecium was isolated from 28/29 farms; none of these isolates were VREfm, suggesting a decrease in VREfm prevalence since the last UK livestock survey in 2003. However, VREfm was isolated from 1% to 2% of retail meat products and was ubiquitous in wastewater treatment plants. Phylogenetic comparison demonstrated that the majority of human and livestock-related isolates were genetically distinct, although pig isolates from three farms were more genetically related to human isolates from 2001 to 2004 (minimum of 50 single-nucleotide polymorphisms [SNPs]). Analysis of accessory (variable) genes added further evidence for distinct niche adaptation. An analysis of acquired antibiotic resistance genes and their variants revealed limited sharing between humans and livestock. Our findings indicate that the majority of E. faecium strains infecting patients are largely distinct from those from livestock in this setting, with limited sharing of strains and resistance genes.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Predicting Natural Gas Hydrate Formation Temperature Using Levenberg-Marquardt Algorithm. In this study, two newcorrelations are proposed to predict the natural gas hydrate formation temperature as a function of pressure and specific gravity. The first correlation has been developed using Vandermonde matrix and the coefficients of the second correlation have been obtained by Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. The error analysis shows the good performance of the two new proposed correlations to predict hydrate formation temperature compared to correlations presented earlier and also the experimental values.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "Magnetosphere-Ionosphere-Thermosphere Coupling Study at Jupiter Based on Juno's First 30 Orbits and Modeling Tools. The dynamics of the Jovian magnetosphere is controlled by the interplay of the planet's fast rotation, its solar-wind interaction and its main plasma source at the Io torus, mediated by coupling processes involving its magnetosphere, ionosphere, and thermosphere. At the ionospheric level, these processes can be characterized by a set of parameters including conductances, field-aligned currents, horizontal currents, electric fields, transport of charged particles along field lines including the fluxes of electrons precipitating into the upper atmosphere which trigger auroral emissions, and the particle and Joule heating power dissipation rates into the upper atmosphere. Determination of these key parameters makes it possible to estimate the net transfer of momentum and energy between Jovian upper atmosphere and equatorial magnetosphere. A method based on a combined use of Juno multi-instrument data and three modeling tools was developed by Wang et al. (2021, ) and applied to an analysis of the first nine orbits to retrieve these parameters along Juno's magnetic footprint. We extend this method to the first 30 Juno science orbits and to both hemispheres. Our results reveal a large variability of these parameters from orbit to orbit and between the two hemispheres. They also show dominant trends. Southern current systems are consistent with the generation of a region of sub-corotating ionospheric plasma flows, while both super-corotating and sub-corotating plasma flows are found in the north. These results are discussed in light of the previous space and ground-based observations and currently available models of plasma convection and current systems, and their implications are assessed.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "THE FIRST CIRCUMBINARY PLANET FOUND BY MICROLENSING: OGLE-2007-BLG-349L(AB)c. We present the analysis of the first circumbinary planet microlensing event, OGLE-2007-BLG-349. This event has a strong planetary signal that is best fit with a mass ratio of q approximate to 3.4 x 10(-4), but there is an additional signal due to an additional lens mass, either another planet or another star. We find acceptable light-curve fits with two classes of models: two-planet models (with a single host star) and circumbinary planet models. The light curve also reveals a significant microlensing parallax effect, which constrains the mass of the lens system to be M-L approximate to 0.7 M-circle dot. Hubble Space Telescope (HST) images resolve the lens and source stars from their neighbors and indicate excess flux due to the star(s) in the lens system. This is consistent with the predicted flux from the circumbinary models, where the lens mass is shared between two stars, but there is not enough flux to be consistent with the two-planet, one-star models. So, only the circumbinary models are consistent with the HST data. They indicate a planet of mass m(c) = 80 +/- 13 M-circle plus, orbiting a pair of M dwarfs with masses of M-A = 0.41 +/- 0.07 and M-B = 0.30 +/- 0.07, which makes this the lowest-mass circumbinary planet system known. The ratio of the separation between the planet and the center of mass to the separation of the two stars is similar to 40, so unlike most of the circumbinary planets found by Kepler, the planet does not orbit near the stability limit.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Irritability and Its Clinical Utility in Major Depressive Disorder: Prediction of Individual-Level Acute-Phase Outcomes Using Early Changes in Irritability and Depression Severity. Methods: Mixed-model analyses were used to assess changes in irritability (as measured with the five-item irritability domain of the Concise Associated Symptom Tracking [CAST-IRR] scale) from baseline to week 4 after controlling for depression severity (as measured with the 16-item Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Clinician Rated [QIDS-C]) in the Combining Medications to Enhance Depression Outcomes (CO-MED) trial (N=664). An interactive calculator for remission (QIDS-C score <= 5) and no meaningful benefit (<30% reduction in QIDS-C score from baseline) at week 8 was developed with logistic regression analyses in the CO-MED trial using participants with complete data (N=431) and independently replicated in the Suicide Assessment and Methodology Study (SAMS) (N=163).Conclusions: Irritability is an important symptom domain of major depressive disorder that is not fully reflected in depressive symptom severity measures. Early reductions in irritability, when combined with changes in depressive symptom severity, provide a robust estimate of likelihood of remission or no meaningful benefit in outpatients with major depression.Objective: The authors evaluated improvement in irritability with antidepressant treatment and its prognostic utility in treatment-seeking adult outpatients with major depressive disorder.Results: In the CO-MED trial, irritability was significantly reduced (effect size=1.06) from baseline to week 4, and this reduction remained significant after adjusting for QIDS-C change (adjusted effect size=0.36). A one-standard-deviation greater reduction in CAST-IRR score from baseline to week 4 predicted a 1.73 times higher likelihood of remission and a 0.72 times lower likelihood of no meaningful benefit at week8, independent of baseline QIDS-C and CAST-IRR scores and reduction in QIDS-C score from baseline to week 4. The model estimates for remission (area under the curve [AUC]=0.79) and no meaningful benefit (AUC=0.76) in the CO-MED trial were used to predict remission (AUC=0.80) and no meaningful benefit (AUC=0.84) in SAMS and to develop an interactive calculator.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "In vivo quantification of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) in the alphaproteobacterial methanotroph, Methylocystis sp. Rockwell. Methane is a common industrial by-product that can be used as feedstock for production of the biopolymer polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) by alphaproteobacterial methanotrophs. In vivo assessment of PHB production would shed light on the biosynthesis process and guide design of improved production strategies, but it is currently difficult to perform efficiently. In this study, the alphaproteobacterial methanotroph Methylocystis sp. Rockwell was grown on methane with three different nitrogen sources (ammonium, nitrate, and atmospheric nitrogen), and biomass samples were harvested at defined time points during lag, exponential, and stationary growth phases. PHB cell content was analyzed at these sampling points via a standard gas chromatography-flame ionization detector method, which requires hydrolysis of PHB and esterification of the resulting monomer under acidic conditions, and a novel, rapid, cost-effective approach based on fixation and staining of bacterial cells via Nile Blue A fluorescent dye enabling differential staining of cell membranes and intracellular PHB granules for single-cell analysis through fluorescence microscopy. Overall, the two PHB quantification approaches were in agreement at all stages of growth and in all three growing conditions tested. The PHB cell content was greatest with atmospheric nitrogen as a nitrogen source, followed by ammonium and nitrate. Under atmospheric nitrogen and ammonium conditions, PHB cell content decreased with growth progression, while under nitrate conditions PHB cell content remained unchanged in all growth phases. In addition to presenting a rapid, efficient method enabling in vivo quantification of PHB production, the present study highlights the impact of nitrogen source on PHB production by Methylocystis sp. Rockwell.", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "Revisiting the Psychiatric Day Hospital Experience 6 Months After Discharge: How Was the Transition and What Have Clients Retained?. Psychiatric day hospitals offer intensive short-term multidisciplinary treatment. No study has examined in more depth the impact of this therapeutic experience in the life of participants and what they retained from their participation after discharge. A qualitative design using semi-structured individual interviews was completed with 18 participants of different gender, age and diagnosis, treated in a day hospital, 6 months after discharge. Interview themes addressed events and changes since discharge, learnings retained, appreciated components and suggestions. Results showed that the day hospital experience was particularly helpful to improve symptoms and relationship with self. It activated a self-transformation process that continued afterwards. Termination created for many an abrupt void. Issues at stake during the first 6 months were continuity of care, social support and putting learnings into practice. The program offered at the day hospital was generally appreciated but management of the waiting time and linkage to outpatient services needed improvement.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Identification of neurokinin B-expressing neurons as an highly estrogen-receptive, sexually dimorphic cell group in the ovine arcuate nucleus. Studies were undertaken to examine the hypothesis that neurons expressing neurokinin B (NKB) may represent an estrogen-receptive input to GnRH neurons in the sheep. Cells immunoreactive for NKB were located almost exclusively within the arcuate nucleus of the ovine hypothalamus. Dual labeling experiments revealed that essentially all NKB neurons (97%) were immunoreactive for estrogen receptor ru and that NKB-immunoreactive fibers were found in close proximity to approximately 40% of GnRH neurons located in the rostral preoptic area as well as intermingled with GnRH fibers in the median eminence. The analysis of male and female brains revealed a marked female-dominant sex difference in the numbers of NKB neurons, and sections obtained from in utero androgen-treated females indicated that this sex difference resulted from an organizational influence of testosterone during neural development. Tn adult ovariectomized awes, in situ hybridization studies failed to detect any significant effect of 8- to 26-h exposure of estrogen on cellular NKB messenger RNA levels. Together, these studies identify the first sexually differentiated neuronal cell population in the ovine hypothalamus and, remarkably, show that essentially all of these female-dominant NKB neurons express estrogen receptors. Although these neurons may be involved in any number of steroid-dependent, sexually differentiated functions in the sheep, the neuroanatomical evidence for potential NKB inputs to GnRH neurons suggests a role for this novel population in the regulation of reproductive function.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Reporting of demographic variables in the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis. Describing demographic variables (e.g., ethnicity/race, socioeconomic status, gender/sex, age) of participants may be important for identifying relations between these variables and behavior-analytic procedures. Previous research found that demographic variables were underreported in behavior-analytic studies dealing with particular populations (e.g., children with Autism Spectrum Disorder), interventions (e.g., verbal behavior), or for a subset of demographic variables. We evaluated the extent to which studies recently published in the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis included descriptions of demographic variables of participants. Demographic variables were often underreported, which may limit the broader dissemination of these behavior-analytic studies and the development of culturally responsive modifications to behavioral interventions.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Exploring Active Participation in Virtual Communities and the Role of Community Benefits: An Empirical Study of University Students in India. User-generated content (UGC) forms an indispensable part of virtual community (VC) based on marketing. It not only makes the community information-rich, but is also instrumental in generating more interactions on the community platform, involving more number of members, both actively and passively. With this backdrop, the present study aims to explore active participation (AP) of members in a VC, which leads to the creation of UGC for the community. Social media (SM) use being context dependent, the main objective of this article is to study the role of VC benefits in inducing AP among users in the Indian context. The mediating role of member's satisfaction with the community in the above relationship is also explored. The proposed model is tested on a convenience sample of 170 SM users using structural equation modeling (SEM). The results indicate that of the three benefit categories, selected, social and hedonic benefits, play an important role in inducing AP among community members. A bootstrap analysis is performed to check for mediation, wherein satisfaction is found to partially mediate the relationship between social benefits and AP, and indirect mediation is established between hedonic benefits and AP. The study offers useful insights to community managers, so as to strategically design their community content creating satisfied users and inducing AP.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "Body Mass Index, Weight Change, and Clinical Progression in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer Disease. The speed and severity of clinical progression after Alzheimer disease (AD) diagnosis varies and depends on multiple factors, most not well elucidated. We assessed whether body mass index (BMI) and 1-year weight change (WC) are associated with clinical progression in amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and early-stage AD. Longitudinal data comprising 2268 aMCI and 1506 AD participants in the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center's Uniform Data Set were used to examine nuances of clinical progression by BMI and WC, as well as potential variations in associations by age, sex, BMI (WC model), or apolipoprotein E genotype. In aMCI, high BMI (vs. moderate BMI) was associated with slower progression; weight loss (vs. no WC) was associated with faster progression. In AD, no significant differences were observed in clinical progression by BMI or WC. The association between BMI and clinical progression varied significantly by apolipoprotein E genotype in AD, and the association between WC and clinical progression varied significantly by sex and BMI in aMCI. Baseline BMI and 1-year WC in late life may serve as early prognostic indicators in aMCI and early-stage AD. If replicated, these results may help in counseling patients on anticipated clinical progression and suggest windows of opportunity for intervention.", "label": [2, 17, 21]}
+{"token": "Hellenistic and Roman Empires and Euro-Mediterranean Religion. This article argues that two important phenomena that are characteristic for the image and self-image of religions in and beyond Europe can be traced to Mediterranean antiquity in the Hellenistic and Roman periods. The first is the transformation of religious practices and beliefs that led to the formation of boundary-conscious and knowledge-based religious groups that could be called 'religions.' At the same time, however, religious individuality is shown to be much more important than is usually admitted in dealing with ancient pre-Christian religion. The first process is clearly gaining in momentum during the period analysed, as is shown by the history of several important terms and organisational developments; the second area does not allow a clear judgment on any progressive individualisation. The concept of axial ages is applied to stress the role of empire in these processes.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Study on Extraction of Iron From Chromite. Research about extraction of iron from chemical-grade South African chromite by carbothermic reduction and hydrochloric acid leaching was conducted in this study. It was found that temperature had a remarkable effect on the extraction yield of iron and that the optimum experimental temperature was 1100 degrees C, which coincides with the theoretically predicted value. The effect of reduction duration and the process of precipitate development at 1100 degrees C were also investigated. It was found that selective reduction of iron reached near completion within 2 h with only minor loss of chromium. Results also demonstrated that 20% hydrochloric acid was strong enough to extract iron from the reduction product selectively and at the same time increased the porosity of the chromium-rich solid particle. Ultimately, there is a clear improvement of the Cr/Fe ratio, Cr2O3% and specific surface area of chromite, and magnetite was obtained as by-product.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Analysis of Graphite Nuclear in Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron and Mechanism of Nodule Count Increase by Bismuth Oxide. In order to elucidate the mechanism of nodule count increase by Bi, we analyzed spheroidal graphite cast iron with increased nodule count by Bi addition. In the Scanning Electron Microscope - Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry (SEM-EDS) analysis, Bi was identified to be present near the center of the spheroidal graphite. The center of this spherical graphite was pretreated by Focused Ion Beam (FIB) micro sampling method to prepare analytical sample and analyzed by Transmission Electron Microscope - Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry (TEM-EDS). As a result, it was found that Bi exists as Bi-La-Ce-Sb oxide on the outer periphery of the graphite core centered on (MgCa) S.From these results, it is considered that the effect of increasing nodule count by Bi addition is that Bi acts on graphite nucleus as an oxide.To verify the effect of the Bi La-Ce-Sb oxide on the increase in nodule count, we first used mechanical alloying to prototype a Bi-La-CeSb oxide having the same composition as that observed via TEM-EDS. This oxide was then added to the molten spheroidal graphite cast iron. As a result, nodule count did not increase with the addition of the prototype Bi-La-Ce-Sb oxide alone, but when the prototype Bi-La-Ce-Sb oxide and Fe-Si inoculants were mixed and added, the nodule count increased more than when only the Fe-Si inoculants was added.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "THE INFLUENCE OF IMPELLER GEOMETRY ON THE GAS BUBBLES DISPERSION IN URO-200 REACTOR - RTD CURVES. URO-200 reactor belongs to batch reactors used in refining process of aluminium and its alloys in polish foundries. The appropriate level of hydrogen removal from liquid aluminium can be obtained when the mixing of inert gas bubbles with liquid metal is uniform. Thus, the important role is played by the following parameters: flow rate of refining gas, geometry of the impeller, rotary impeller speed.The article presents the results of research conducted on physical model of URO-200 reactor. The NaCl tracer was introduced to water (modelling liquid aluminium) and then the conductivity was measured. Basing on the obtained results the Residence Time Distribution (RTD) curves were determined. The measurements were carried out for two different rotary impellers, flow rate equaled 5, 10, 15 and 20 dm(3)/min and rotary impeller speed from 250 to 400 rpm every 50 rpm.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Growth and reproduction of Benghel dayflower (Commelina benghalensis) in response to drought stress. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate growth and reproduction of Benghal dayflower in response to daily (nondrought stress) and weekly (drought stress) irrigation. With daily irrigation, Benghal dayflower plants added one leaf per plant each week during the initial 6 wk of growth and then increased leaf number eightfold between the intervals of 6 and 10 wk after planting (WAP) and 10 and 15 WAP. By 15 WAP each plant had in excess of 400 leaves. Benghal dayflower plant height increased 2.4 cm wk(-1) between 5 and 14 WAP, increasing eightfold during this interval, while plant width increased 20-fold. Aerial spathe formation began between 7 and 8 WAP, with 26 spathes maturing (containing seeds ready for dispersal) each week beginning at 11 WAP. In another study, the influence of duration of drought stress at intervals between 7 and 56 d on early growth and development of cotton and Benghal dayflower was evaluated. Benghal dayflower aboveground biomass was 3.5 times greater than cotton. There was an inverse linear relationship between aboveground biomass and duration of drought stress for cotton and Benghal dayflower, though there was a more rapid decline for Benghal dayflower. A final study evaluated Benghal dayflower response to weekly moisture regimes that approximated 13, 25, 50, and 100% of soil field capacity. Benghal dayflower aerial spathes were 4.6 times more numerous than subterranean spathes. Rate of seed production decreased in a linear manner with decreasing water volume, however, rate of subterranean seed production was less affected by water volume than was aerial seed production. These data indicate that Benghal dayflower thrives under high soil moisture regimes, but that drought stress inhibits growth and reproduction. Cotton appears to be more drought tolerant than Benghal dayflower. Judicious water use in cotton cropping systems in the southeastern United States could be an important component of multiple-tactic Benghal dayflower management program.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Comparative Analysis on Alignment-Based and Pretrained Feature Representations for the Identification of DNA-Binding Proteins. The interaction between DNA and protein is vital for the development of a living body. Previous numerous studies on in silico identification of DNA-binding proteins (DBPs) usually include features extracted from the alignment-based (pseudo) position-specific scoring matrix (PSSM), leading to limited application due to its time-consuming generation. Few researchers have paid attention to the application of pretrained language models at the scale of evolution to the identification of DBPs. To this end, we present comprehensive insights into a comparison study on alignment-based PSSM and pretrained evolutionary scale modeling (ESM) representations in the field of DBP classification. The comparison is conducted by extracting information from PSSM and ESM representations using four unified averaging operations and by performing various feature selection (FS) methods. Experimental results demonstrate that the pretrained ESM representation outperforms the PSSM-derived features in a fair comparison perspective. The pretrained feature presentation deserves wide application to the area of in silico DBP identification as well as other function annotation issues. Finally, it is also confirmed that an ensemble scheme by aggregating various trained FS models can significantly improve the classification performance of DBPs.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "EFFECTS OF TECHNOLOGY-ENHANCED METACOGNITIVE LEARNING PLATFORM ON STUDENTS' MONITORING ACCURACY AND UNDERSTANDING OF ELECTRICITY. The aim of this research was to explore the effect of a Technology-enhanced Metacognitive Learning Platform (TeMLP) on student's monitoring accuracy and understanding of electricity. An interactive TeMLP was prepared on the electricity unit covering the topics of static and current electricity for 7th graders; the platform contained computer animations, science experiments, e-diaries, and metacognitive prompts. In this research, pre-test/post-test control group semi-experimental model was used. The Metacognition Scale and Essay Questions on Static and Current Electricity were used as data collection tools in this research. In addition, Essay Questions on the Learning Platform and the self-explanations of students in the learning platform database were also used in the experimental group. The pre-test and post-test comparisons regarding the Metacognition Scale for the group showed that the students in the experimental group had significantly higher post-test scores compared to control group students in terms of the control and monitoring subscales. The results of the essay questions on static and current electricity revealed an important difference between the groups favoring learning platform. The views of the students about the software support these results. The conclusions drawn by the research led to recommendations for researchers about the metacognitive prompts to be employed in technology-enhanced learning platforms.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Fuzzy clustering analysis of comprehensive hand of polyester fabric based on the CHES-FY system. Polyester fabrics are attributed with various performances and are currently applied widely in textiles. This necessitates a quick and effective selection process to choose polyester fabrics to correspond with engineers' designs for industrial textiles. Therefore, the main focus of this paper is to present the comprehensive handle evaluation system for fabrics and yarns (CHES-FY), which has been specially developed to measure the basic handle of textile materials, including softness, stiffness, smoothness and tightness. Several kinds of polyester fabrics were chosen to undergo subjective evaluation and testing by the CHES-FY system, and were assigned into corresponding clusters by the K-means cluster method. The basic hand indexes of polyester fabric were featured. Comparisons between subjective judgments and the objective K-means cluster method were conducted. Experimental results show that a good correlation exists between subjective judgment and the objective cluster method, indicating that the four basic hand indexes measured by the CHES-FY system can be utilized to characterize the comprehensive hand of industrial polyester fabrics, and that the CHES-FY system can be used to discriminate categories of polyester fabrics.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "Ancestral patterns of recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa mutations in Hispanic populations suggest sephardic ancestry. Recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB) is a rare genodermatosis caused by mutations in the gene coding for type VII collagen (COL7A1). More than 800 different pathogenic mutations in COL7A1 have been described to date; however, the ancestral origins of many of these mutations have not been precisely identified. In this study, 32 RDEB patient samples from the Southwestern United States, Mexico, Chile, and Colombia carrying common mutations in the COL7A1 gene were investigated to determine the origins of these mutations and the extent to which shared ancestry contributes to disease prevalence. The results demonstrate both shared European and American origins of RDEB mutations in distinct populations in the Americas and suggest the influence of Sephardic ancestry in at least some RDEB mutations of European origins. Knowledge of ancestry and relatedness among RDEB patient populations will be crucial for the development of future clinical trials and the advancement of novel therapeutics.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Sesame meal as the first protein source in piglet starter diets and advantages of a phytase: a digestive study. Soybean meal (SBM) is the protein source that is used most in feeding piglets, but its high price has prompted a search for alternatives. One option is sesame meal (SM), a by-product of sesame oil. This study evaluated the effects of SM and phytase on the intestinal morphology, total trypsin activity (TTA) and specific trypsin activity (STA), apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of amino acids (AAs), and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), and energy (E) in weaned piglets. Twenty piglets weaned at 17 days old were placed in metabolic cages in a temperature-controlled room. When the piglets were 21 days old, cannulas were fitted at the terminal ileum. From the fourth day after surgery, piglets received the experimental treatments for nine days, namely an SM or SBM diet, each with or without phytase. The protein source or phytase did not affect villus height, crypt depth, or TTA. However, phytase increased STA. The AID of dry matter (DM), E, crude protein (CP), and AA was similar among treatments, except for arginine, which was more digestible in the SM diets (85.8) than in the SBM ones (81.6). The ATTD of DM and E was higher in the SM than in the SBM diets. Phytase increased the ATTD of Ca (22.7 %) and P (27.9 %). The findings showed that SM can be used as a protein source for piglets and that its consumption increases arginine intake. The addition of phytase to the diet increases the ATTD of P and Ca.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Effect of Cooling Rate on Microstructure and Properties of a Cu-Containing Titanium Alloy. The Cu-containing titanium alloy has been proved to possess excellent antibacterial performance, which has great potential for clinical application. In this work, the effect of cooling rate on the microstructure, mechanical properties, corrosion resistance and antibacterial property of a Ti6Al4V-5Cu alloy was investigated. Results showed that the furnace-cooled alloy exhibited the best ductility because of the maximum size and volume fraction of the primary a phase in microstructure. The alloys water quenched from 740 and 820. respectively demonstrated low hardness and yield strength due to the existence of orthorhombic alpha'' phase in microstructure. The alloy quenched at 910 degrees C. showed the highest hardness and tensile strength, but the lowest plasticity because of the presence of acicular hcp alpha' phase. With the increase of heating temperature, the elemental distribution in the alloy became more uniform, and therefore the corrosion resistance increased gradually. However, the cooling rate did not obviously change the antibacterial property of the alloy. The Ti6Al4V-5Cu alloy showed excellent antibacterial property under different cooling rates.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Communication over hypercomplex Kahler manifolds: Capacity of dual-polarized multidimensional-MIMO channels. We consider the single-user communications scenario over joint space, pattern and polarization diversity providing dual-polarized multidimensional-MIMO (PMD-MIMO) channels established by the use of multiple dual-polarized transmit/receive antennas in the form of uniformly-spaced 1D, 2D and/or 3D MIMO arrays. Based on the equivalent channel-models formulated on hypercomplex manifolds, we subsequently identify the decomposition of dual-polarized PMD-MIMO channels into multiple independently-fading and attenuated classical MIMO channels in parallel through the algebraic properties of hypercomplex Kahler manifolds and consequently derive the corresponding ergodic capacities analytically. We show in essence via the diversity-reception over independent channels perspective deduction of the decomposition into parallel MIMO channels observation that the capacity gains achievable by PMD-MIMO Tx/Rx over classical single-polarized linear antenna array MIMO Tx/Rx may be notably large with equal number of transmit and/or receive antenna locuses and under same resource requirements/channel conditions whenever the cross-polar discrimination between dual antennas is good.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Home-prepared diets for cats. Current changes in lifestyle and a great number of commercial pet foots limit the necessity of using home-prepared diets. However, kin some cases preparing meals for animals at home can be a necessity. Cat diseases or lack of money may force an owner to resign from the convenient but rather expensive commercial pet foods. Depending on the animal's state, a veterinarian is obliged to compose an adequate diet and instruct owners how to prepare it. Because of the great popularity of cats as pets and their metabolic and nutritional peculiarities, adequate treatment and food are required. This artical characterizes physiologic and anatomic features as well as nutritional needs of cats and proposes some diets which can be used in case of diarrhea, allergy and food intolerance.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Technical-Oriented Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Body of Knowledge for Information Systems Programs: Content and Implementation. In this article, the author proposes a body of knowledge that the educators can use to incorporate the technical aspects of enterprise resource planning (ERP) into an information systems (IS) program, encapsulated as the ERP technical knowledge framework. To illustrate the application of this framework, the author discusses a course sequence that could be applied in a 4-year undergraduate degree program in ERP. The ERP technical knowledge framework provides an excellent starting point for IS instructors who attempt to expand their ERP courses or create a complete ERP program that will meet the needs of the industry.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "ANATOMY OF A STALLED REVOLUTION: Processes of Reproduction and Change in Russian Women's Gender Ideologies. Russia's gender revolution notoriously produced women's economic empowerment without domestic equality. Although the Soviet state vastly expanded women's employment, this had little impact on a starkly unequal gender division of domestic labor. Such stalling is common, but in Russia its extent and persistence presents a puzzle, requiring us to investigate linkages between macro-level factors and micro-level interactions regarding the gender division of domestic labor. We do this by focusing on gender ideology, an important variable explaining the gender division of domestic labor that bridges the macro level of the gender order and the micro-interactional level. We use longitudinal qualitative data to examine continuity and change in young Russian women's gender ideologies between 1999 and 2010. Based on an analysis of 115 in-depth interviews from 23 respondents, we identify traditional and egalitarian trajectories and the processes underlying them, showing how the male breadwinner schema and an ideology of women's independence support traditionalism, while non-traditional breadwinning and interactional support from men facilitate egalitarianism. Our analysis enables us to explain the Soviet gender paradox and distinguish sources of change in the post-Soviet era. Our theoretical contribution is to situate gender ideology in a multilevel framework, the efficacy of which we demonstrate in our empirical analysis.", "label": [5, 47, 51]}
+{"token": "Tillage and weed management effects on forage production in a barley-red clover rotation. Tillage and weed management practices used during the establishment year can likely affect forage yield during the subsequent production year(s). This study was conducted as part of a long-term experiment to determine the suitability of conservation tillage practices for red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) production on a Kamouraska clay from 1988 to 1995. Red clover was underseeded with spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in cropping systems including different tillage (MP: fall moldboard plow; CP: fall chisel plow; NT: no-till) and weed management (intensive, moderate, minimum) treatments applied during the establishment year. Red clover dry matter yields and weed biomass were measured twice in the subsequent forage production year. Tillage had no effect on red clover yields in 3 out of 7 yr. Yields were 16% greater with NT in 1 yr and 52% with MP tillage in 3 yr compared with other tillage treatments. Weed response to tillage was consistent over years. Dicot weed biomass increased as tillage intensity was reduced. Monocot biomass was much less with NT than with MP or CP treatments. Red clover yield was 11% greater with intensive weed management, but this yield increase was not associated with differences in dicot or monocot biomass during the forage production year. Red clover yield gain with intensive weed management would need to be weighed against economical and environmental costs to determine the relevance of increased herbicide use in a short-term cereal/forage rotation.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Occupational Similarity and Spousal Support: A Study of the Importance of Gender and Spouse's Occupation. This paper examines how gender and the occupation of one's spouse may explain differences in the amounts and types of spousal support individuals receive when coping with the stress of their job. We analyze survey data from a sample of married lawyers, some of whom are married to other lawyers and some of whom have spouses who are not lawyers. The results show that men receive more emotional support from their spouse than women, regardless of their spouse's occupation. In contrast, lawyers receive more informational support from their spouse if they are also a lawyer, regardless of their gender. Future research might explore not only the importance of shared statuses, such as occupation, but also the meaning of shared experiences in order to better understand spouses' support of one another.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Short-memory and the PPP hypothesis. The purchasing power parity (PPP)-puzzle has been framed in recent years in terms of half-lives of real-exchange rate shocks that exceed 3 years. Recent studies have attempted to solve that puzzle by adopting nonlinear stochastic models of real exchange rates. The notion of half-life is fundamentally linear, and therefore is inappropriate for those nonlinear models. We provide operational algorithms for estimating more general measures of persistence that are appropriate for nonlinear as well as linear models: memory-in-mean and memory-indistribution. We study three parametric models: autoregression, threshold autoregression and exponential smooth threshold autoregression. Our Monte Carlo simulations suggest that all three models can produce biased estimates of persistence measures, depending on the true data generating process. In addition, the sample size is found to be too small for reliable nonparametric estimation, suggesting that we need to impose parametric structure. In the empirical application, all three parametric models provided general support for the long-term PPP-hypothesis, suggesting that there is no puzzle, and questioning the need for recently introduced nonlinear models. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "The Daily Spiritual Experience Scale: Empirical Relationships to Resiliency-Related Outcomes, Addictions, and Interventions. The Daily Spiritual Experience Scale (DSES) is a 16-item self-report measure designed to assess a set of experiences that may occur in the context of daily life for many different kinds of people. These include awe, a merciful attitude, giving other-centered love, deep inner peace, finding strength, guidance, or consolation from a transcendent source, among others. The DSES includes theistic and non-theistic language and alternatives, and has proven useful for those from many religions and for the unaffiliated. Since its original publication, it has been translated into over 40 languages, used in hundreds of published studies, and adopted for use in many practical settings. Empirically, the DSES predicts greater resilience, stress buffering, post-traumatic growth, and a sense of meaning in the face of illness, trauma, and daily stressors, as well as less substance abuse and burnout. Intervention studies using the DSES show that a variety of interventions can increase the frequency of these experiences. In this article, we will provide a brief overview of the scale and review its use in the empirical literature with respect to resilience and related outcomes. Findings suggest that the experiences measured by the DSES may serve as a resource for those experiencing distress of various kinds.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "CORRECTIONS TO THE NOMENCLATURE OF THREE SPECIES OF NORTH AMERICAN LUCANIDAE (COLEOPTERA). While reviewing the literature, we discovered problems and confusion with three species of North American Lucanidae that require clarification and correction. The name Platycerus quercus (Weber, 1801) (Lucaninae: Platycerini) (formerly Platycerus virescens (Fabricius, 1775)) is revalidated since the Fabricius name is correctly classified as Temnochila virescens (Fabricius, 1775) (Coleoptera: Trogossitidae). Since there was much confusion over the classification of the name Temnochila virescens (Fabricius, 1775), a neotype is designated for this species. We use a reversal of precedence under Article 23.9.2 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature to give Lucanus piceus Weber, 1801 nomen protectum (now Ceruchus piceus (Weber, 1801), Syndesinae) precedence over the primary homonym Lucanus piceus Bonsdorff, 1785 nomen oblitum (now a junior synonym of Ceruchus chrysomelinus (Hochenwarth, 1785)). To clarify the author and date of Lucanus capreolus (Linnaeus, 1763) (Lucaninae: Lucanini), we detail the origin of the name. An updated checklist of the Lucanidae of North America north of Mexico is provided.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Control of volunteer glyphosate-resistant corn (Zea mays) in glyphosate-resistant soybean (Glycine max). Volunteer corn in soybean can reduce yields, interfere with harvest, and cause unacceptable levels of contamination by its presence in the harvested soybean. In Ontario, soybean frequently follow corn in rotation. The use of glyphosate-resistant corn and soybean varieties has increased dramatically in Ontario. Field studies were conducted at two locations in southwestern Ontario to determine whether quizalofop-p-ethyl, clethodim, and fenoxaprop-p-ethyl can be tank mixed with glyphosate to provide effective control of volunteer glyphosate-resistant corn in glyphosate-resistant soybean. Soybean plots were overseeded with glyphosate-resistant corn and treatments consisting of glyphosate applied alone and tank mixed with full and reduced rates of each graminicide with and without a recommended surfactant. Tank mixing the graminicides and adjuvants with glyphosate did not affect glyphosate weed control or crop tolerance. Use of a recommended adjuvant significantly improved the effectiveness of the graminicides, particularly when reduced rates were applied. Quizalofop-p-ethyl was the most effective graminicide for controlling glyphosate-resistant volunteer corn, followed by clethodim and fenoxaprop-p-ethyl.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Japan's Womenomics Diplomacy: Fighting Stigma and Constructing ODA Leadership on Gender Equality. Under conservative Prime Minister Abe Shinzo, Japan has embarked upon a high profile Womenomics' foreign policy agenda to highlight Japan's official development assistance (ODA) contributions to women's empowerment worldwide. This paper examines the puzzle of why such an avowedly conservative government would pursue a feminist foreign policy agenda. The paper finds that Japan's Womenomics diplomacy cannot be explained simply by materialist or domestic political explanations, but is best understood as a strategic campaign stemming from elite concern about Japan's national identity and esteem about its status in the world. Through Womenomics diplomacy, Japan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs attempts to construct Japan as a leader on women's rights and gender equality in response to the twin stigmas of Japan's treatment of wartime comfort women' and perennial low rankings on international indexes of gender equality.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Effect of anisotropy in thermal conductivity on grain boundary migration under temperature gradient - A phase field study. This work developed a phase field model to investigate the grain boundary migration in P-Sn under temperature gradient. It is demonstrated that the directional migration velocity of grain boundaries driven by the temperature gradient depends on the grain orientations. The grain boundary migrates faster when the grain at the cold side has a higher thermal conductivity, though the temperature gradient in the grain is lower. The migration velocity difference due to the anisotropy in thermal conductivity is larger under higher temperature gradient. It is revealed that faster grain boundary migration of the grain with higher thermal conductivity is induced by the higher heat flux across the grain boundary.", "label": [4, 1, 32, 11]}
+{"token": "A STUDY ABOUT THE BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF HISTORY OF EDUCATION (2001-2007): AUTHORS, TOPICS AND QUOTES. This article is the result of the international project Mapping the History of Education (2014-2019) and analyses the articles published by the Revista Brasileira de Historia da Educacao (RBHE). We are based on authors who have dedicated themselves to understanding the scientific field, such as Pierre Bourdieu and Norbert Elias. The articles were published in the period from 2001, when they first appeared, to 2017, analyzed and classified in the following nomenclatures: internationalization; genre of authorship; affiliation institutions (national and international); geographical origin of the authors (Brazilian countries and regions); citations; themes; key words. In addition to the conclusions regarding these indicators, we conclude with the reflection on the importance of the mapping of this production itself, believing that it can contribute to the formation of groups, the exchange of information and the exchange that has been practiced at an international level.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Meteorite falls in Bulgaria: Reappraisal of mineralogy, chemistry, and classification. We present a summary of the mineralogy, mineral chemistry, and magnetic characteristics of all the five Bulgarian meteorite falls. We report the first mineralogical descriptions, chemical analyses, and magnetic measurements of the Konevo (1931) and Silistra (1917) meteorites. We classify Konevo as LL5, and Silistra as an ungrouped achondrite with HED affinities. Pavel (1966; previously classified as an H5) is reclassified as H3-anomalous. We also provide precise mineralogy and mineral chemistry of the Virba meteorite (1873, L6), and more details on the mineral chemistry of Gumoschnik (1904, H5).", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "CONTRACT LAW AND EMERGENCY: INSTITUTION RECYCLE AND RETURN OF PRINCIPLES IN COVID-19 CONTEXT. This paper analyzes the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on Contract Law, specifically objective non-compliance and contractual remedies in the context of exceptionality. This study is dogmatic using analytical and comparative methods. The starting point is to verify whetherwhether the Covid-19 pandemic constitutes an act of God, by analyzing whether this phenomenon and its consequences meet the requirements of externality, unpredictability and irresistibility. From this response, contractual remedies are explored, such as rebus sic stantibus or the frustration of purpose of contract, its relationship with the principle of Contract Law pacta sunt servanda, and how they have been evoked in the legislation issued in exceptionality, for which a comparative analysis of the regulation of the leasing contract is developed. The nature of the principles as sources of law and their application in private law is then analyzed. Finally, it is concluded that contract law in exceptionality resorts to principles, understood as the rationalization of the rules, which allows for flexibility in the search for solutions to complexity.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Creep behaviour and microstructural stability of cast nickel based superalloy IN 792 5A. Creep behaviour and long-term microstructural stability of cast nickel based superalloy IN 792 5A were studied. This investment cast superalloy fully fulfils current requirements of gas turbine designers of turbine blades and other hot parts of gas turbines and turbochargers. The methodology for evaluation creep characteristics and measured creep properties such as creep strength, creep strength to 1 % strain and minimum creep rates are presented. The microstructure analysis of specimens before and after creep testing showed that the initial microstructure is unstable during long-term creep exposure. Coarsening of cuboidal gamma' precipitates and the development of rafted structure in some equiaxed grains are quantitatively analysed. The alloy fails by growth and coalescence of cavities and cracks formed at the grain boundaries, interfaces between eutectic regions and the gamma/gamma' matrix and within brittle carbide particles.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Identification of a single tryptophan residue as critical for binding activity in a humanized monoclonal antibody against respiratory syncytial virus. We have identified a single tryptophan (Trp) residue responsible for loss of binding and biological activity upon ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation in MEDI-493, a humanized monoclonal antibody (MAb) against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). This finding provides a better understanding of structure-function relationship in a 150-kDa protein. Irradiation of MEDI-493 with UV light resulted in spectral changes typical of Trp photoproducts and in a progressive loss of MEDI-493 binding and biological activity as measured by ELISA, Biacore, and cell-based assays. Mass spectrometric characterization of the proteolytic peptides generated from the UV irradiated MEDI-493 confirmed that most methionine (Met) and a few Trp residues were oxidized to various extents upon exposure to UV light. Among Trp residues, only Trp-105, containing the most solvent-exposed indole moiety in MEDI-493 and residing in a complementary-determining region (CDR) of the heavy chain, was significantly oxidized. When bound to a synthetic antigenic peptide, MEDI-493 showed significant resistance toward binding activity loss during UV irradiation. A second MAb (MEDI-524) with Trp-105 replaced by phenylalanine (Phe) showed a similar pattern of Met oxidation, but no loss of binding and biological activity following irradiation. Treatment of both MAbs with Met- and Trp-specific oxidizing reagents showed that oxidation of Trp-105 correlated with the activity loss, whereas Met oxidation did not affect the activity. These results demonstrate that Trp-105 in MEDI-493 is responsible for the UV light-induced effects.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Assessing Transcendental Experiences vs Mental Illnesses. In our experience, being able to differentiate between mental illness and transcendent experiences has led patients to remain engaged in treatment. This is important since those who have experienced religious preoccupation are the least likely to seek out mental health care. We have developed a Transcendent Assessment Tool to assist clinicians and clients in discerning whether an experience is a delusion or part of a transcendent experience.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "The Impact of Cultural Openness, Religion, and Nationalism on Entrepreneurial Intensity: Six Prototypical Cases of Turkish Family Firms. The literature on family business and entrepreneurship has not fully investigated the combined effects of cultural openness, religion, and nationalism on entrepreneurial intensity in a firm. This is especially true for firms outside of Western Europe and North America. To address this gap, the study examines the impact of these factors using a set of six Turkish entrepreneurial family firms. Entrepreneurial intensity is evaluated on the basis of the formulation put forth by Morris and Sexton (1996), highlighting the degree and frequency of entrepreneurship. Results show that Islam is conducive to entrepreneurial intensity within Turkish context. Nationalistic firms show lower frequency and degree of entrepreneurial intensity.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "Effects of Ammonium and Nitrite on Growth and Competitive Fitness of Cultivated Methanotrophic Bacteria. The effects of nitrite and ammonium on cultivated methanotrophic bacteria were investigated. Methylomicrobium album ATCC 33003 outcompeted Methylocystis sp. strain ATCC 49242 in cultures with high nitrite levels, whereas cultures with high ammonium levels allowed Methylocystis sp. to compete more easily. M. album pure cultures and cocultures consumed nitrite and produced nitrous oxide, suggesting a connection between denitrification and nitrite tolerance.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 40]}
+{"token": "CONTRIBUTION OF TECHNOLOGY PARKS ON THE COMPETITIVENESS OF COMPANIES: THE CASE OF TECNOPUC - RS. The technological evolution of recent decades, greatly represented by the development of the microelectronic-based Information Technology (IT) has caused changes in the competition process in different economic sectors, as well as in the organizations competitiveness, even in the IT companies. Otherwise, universities, research institutions and governments, among others, have promoted the structuring of Technological Parks, as a way of improving the regional development of specific economic segments, such as IT. Tecnopuc park, associated to the catholic university of Rio Grande do Sul state (PUCRS) is an example of this kind of parks. This research intends to analyze how does PUCRS Technological Park (Tecnopuc) contributes to the competitiveness of IT companies there settled. To reach the objective proposed in this work, a qualitative and explorative research was undertaken. Representatives of software development companies settled at Tecnopuc were interviewed, having as a framework the factors affecting the industry companies' competitiveness. As a result, it was identified that, considering the product and services developed by the companies settled there, as well as the corresponding markets where they operate, there are significant differences in the benefits they perceive the park brings and in the way such benefits affect their competitive factors. In addition, most of the interviewed companies have informed that they are settled at the Park aiming at the \\\\'status\\\\' attributed to their relationship with Tecnopuc Park.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "Medicine taking in Southampton: A second look. 2 Compared with a survey 9 years earlier, medicine taking had increased amongst men (44.1% vs 33.7% NS) and drugs acting on the respiratory system were in more widespread use (19 US 7 patients P < 0.05).1 A 1 in 200 sample of the Southampton electorate were sent a postal questionnaire in January 1993. Of the 756 adults surveyed, 400 (52.9%) returned completed questionnaires. One hundred and eighty-eight (47.0%) of the respondents had been prescribed a medicine within the previous month.3 Patterns of storage of medicines were almost identical to those found in 1984. However, methods of disposal were significantly different with 34% of the respondents stating that they would return left-over medicines to the Doctor or Pharmacist compared with 17% in the previous study (P < 0.01).6 Despite improvements in attitudes towards medicine taking over time patients awareness of potential adverse effects remains limited. Further research is necessary in order to determine how best to educate patients on this topic.4 Of those taking medicines 120 (63.8%) had received a manufacturers' information leaflet. Medicines used to treat disorders of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems were most likely to be accompanied by such a leaflet (74% and 70% respectively).5 Those who received a leaflet were almost all satisfied by it. However, patient awareness of potential side effects remained poor with only 30% being aware of any which their medicine might cause.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Continuity of care of outpatients with schizophrenia in Pretoria. Psychosocial needs: Participants had difficulty in accepting the illness and in understanding its consequences for their everyday functioning. Ninety-seven per cent of patients were aware that their illness had affected the health of their primary caregiver. The majority of participants had lost friendships since the diagnosis of schizophrenia. Eighty-eight of the primary caregivers supported the patient financially, despite the fact that many were over 60 years of age.Conclusions. As South African health policy is moving towards de-institutionalisation and treating mental health as part of primary care, support must be improved for sufferers of schizophrenia and their primary caregivers. Many people are prepared to face up to the challenge of caring for a mentally ill family member, yet are faced with significant needs that should be addressed.Methods. A qualitative descriptive design was selected to study the needs of a non-probability purposive sample of 50 outpatients with schizophrenia and their primary caregivers. Data were collected on their compliance-related needs as well as psychosocial and aftercare treatment needs.Aftercare treatment needs: A strong need was expressed for services such as day-care centres, workshops, and psycho-educational and social work services.Results. Compliance needs: Eighty-three per cent of the participants supported their medication treatment and aftercare, but needed more information on the illness than they had received or had managed to gather.Objective. To study the needs of outpatients suffering from schizophrenia and their primary caregivers.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "The Delay of the Parousia and the Changed Function of Eschatological Language. Although the New Testament texts show an awareness of the problems involved with the delay of the parousia, they still defend the legitimacy of the belief in its imminence. A similar pattern can also be found in other early Christian texts. The strategies for coping with and explaining the delay of the parousia change over time, and ultimately the understanding of \\\\'imminence\\\\' itself is developed. Although belief in the parousia appears to have been fundamental to early Christianity, the significance of this event is transformed from a hope of deliverance to a reason for moral exhortation.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Tragic Form in Kamila Shamsie's Home Fire. This article examines Kamila Shamsie's adaptation of Sophocles' Antigone in Home Fire (2017), a novel focused on Muslim identity, Islamophobia, and citizenship rights in contemporary Britain. It demonstrates that this novel is a multimedia work full of theatrical traces: a literary archive that preserves the dramatic quality of Sophocles' play but also encompasses multiple other forms of media and performance, from theatre and television to social media. The article focuses not so much on how Shamsie has adapted the plot of Antigone but on her reworking of tragedy's formal features or structures, such as dialogue, the chorus, and the messenger speech. In this polyphonic novel, such multimedia theatricality facilitates something that Greek tragedy itself produces: a contestation of multiple voices for audiences to hear, critique, and put against their own. Shamsie's manipulation of tragic form thus contributes to Home Fire's political import.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Philosophical-political potential to consider the identity, critical thinking and memory. The following paper tries to articulate, in a plexus of critical sense, the philosophical-political potential found in a series of stances like the Latin American philosophy, cultural control, critical theory and memory, that challenge, defend and support, in one same hermeneutic universe, the validity if the heterogeneous thinking, making the critique to sole thinking and the rescue for the other ontologies a \\\\'whistle amidst the cyclone\\\\'.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Effect of pressure on the luminescence of a series of methoxy phenylacetylene dendrimers neat and in dilute solution in solid poly(tert-butyl methacrylate). The effect of pressure up to 60 kbar was measured on the luminescence peak location and efficiency for a series of methoxy phenylacetylene dendrimers (MeO). Dendrimers MeO-3, MeO-7, MeO-15, MeO-31, MeO-63, and MeO-127 were studied as neat polymers. MeO-3, MeO-15, MeO-63, and MeO-127 were also investigated in dilute solutions in poly(tert-butyl methacrylate). According to measurements of the dilute solutions, there is a charge-transfer (CT) state that, for the smaller dendrimers, lies well above the pi* state; for the larger dendrimers, it is the emitting state at 1 atm. With increasing pressure, the intramolecular CT state is rapidly stabilized, so that at high pressure the emission is from this state for all dendrimers. For the neat polymers, there is an initial redshift that reverses direction at a pressure that is higher for smaller dendrimers. This reversal is attributed to intermolecular CT. There may be changes in the molecular geometry and/or relative orientation of adjacent dendrimers that tend to stabilize the intermolecular CT in the solid state. (C) 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Effect of Alloying Mn by Selective Laser Melting on the Microstructure and Biodegradation Properties of Pure Mg. This work studied the effect of alloying Mn by selective laser melting on the microstructure and biodegradation properties of pure Mg. The grains in the microstructure were quasi-polygon in shape. The average grain size was similar (similar to 10 mu m) for the SLMed Mg-xMn with different Mn contents. The XPS spectra of the corrosion surface showed that alloying Mn into Mg by SLM produced a relatively protective manganese oxide film, which contributed to decreasing the biodegradation rate. All the results of the electrochemistry test, immersion test and the corrosion surface morphologies coincided well. The SLMed Mg-0.8Mn had the lowest biodegradation rate. When Mn content was more than 0.8 wt.%, the influence of the undissolved Mn phase on the decrease of the biodegradation resistance counteracted the influence of the relatively protective manganese oxide layer on the increase of the biodegradation resistance.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Weight function for a crack in a two-dimensional orthotropic medium under impact shear loading. The paper examines the elastodynamic response of an infinite 2-D orthotropic medium containing a central crack under impact shear loading. Laplace and Fourier integral transforms are employed to reduce the problem to a pair of dual integral equations in the Laplace transformed plane. These equations are reduced to integral differential equations, which have been solved in the low frequency domain by iterations. To determine time dependence, these equations are inverted to yield the dynamic stress intensity factor (SIF) for shear point force loading that corresponds to the weight function for the crack under shear loading. It is used to derive SIF for polynomial loading.", "label": [1, 11, 12]}
+{"token": "Microdiversity reception of spread-spectrum signals on Nakagami fading channels. An analytical framework to evaluate the performance of different predetection diversity techniques in various mobile radio environments is developed. The average bit-error rate analysis applies to phase coded spread-spectrum systems, over Nakagami multipath fading channels. A simple and practical selection combining rule is considered. Our numerical results reveal that this new low-complexity receiver structure exhibits comparable performance to that of an optimum linear diversity combiner when the channel does not experience severe fading and for small diversity orders, conditioned on the situation that all the diversity branches have identical mean signal strengths. In this study, we also investigate the effect of variations in the mean signal and noise power levels on each of the independent diversity branches. This is an important consideration because in practice equal mean signal strengths rarefy occur, which results in loss of diversity gain. We found that the signal-plus-noise-and-interference selection model outperforms the traditional signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio selection scheme if the discrepancy between the mean signal strengths are small, owing to the statistical nature of the multiple-access interference.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
+{"token": "Efficacy of standard therapies against Ureaplasma species and persistence among men with non-gonococcal urethritis enrolled in a randomised controlled trial. Conclusions Persistent detection after treatment with doxycycline, azithromycin and moxifloxacin was common for UU and UP, but not associated with persistent urethritis.Methods From May 2007 to July 2011, men aged >= 16 attending a sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic in Seattle, Washington, with NGU (urethral discharge or urethral symptoms plus >= 5 polymorphonuclear leucocytes /high-powered field) enrolled in a double-blind, randomised trial. Participants received active azithromycin (1 g) + placebo doxycycline or active doxycycline (100 mg twice a day x7 days) + placebo azithromycin. Ureaplasma were detected in culture followed by species-specific PCR. Outcomes were assessed at 3, 6 and 9 weeks. At 3 weeks, men with persistent Ureaplasma detection received 'reverse therapy' (eg, active doxycycline if they first received active azithromycin). At 6 weeks, persistently positive men received moxifloxacin (400 mgx7 days).Objective Ureaplasma urealyticum biovar 2 (UU-2), but not Ureaplasma parvum (UP), has been associated with non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU), but little is known about species-specific responses to standard therapies. We examined species-specific treatment outcomes and followed men with treatment failure for 9 weeks.Results Of 490 men, 107 (22%) and 60 (12%) were infected with UU-2 and UP, respectively, and returned at 3 weeks. Persistent detection was similar for UU-2-infected men initially treated with azithromycin or doxycycline (25% vs 31%; p=0.53), but differed somewhat for men with UP (45% vs 24%; p=0.11). At 6 weeks, 57% of UU-2-infected and 63% of UP-infected men who received both drugs had persistent detection. Failure after moxifloxacin occurred in 30% and 36%, respectively. Persistent detection of UU-2 or UP was not associated with signs/symptoms of NGU.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Continuous spectrophotometric assay of peptide deformylase. A continuous assay for peptide deformylase has been developed using a formylated dipeptide, formyl-Met-Leu-p-nitroanilide, as substrate. Removal of the formyl group by a peptide deformylase renders the dipeptide product, which contains a free NH2 terminus, a substrate for an aminopeptidase from Aeromonas proteolytica. Sequential hydrolysis of the dipeptide by the aminopeptidase releases a p-nitroaniline, which is monitored spectrophotometrically at 405 nm. This assay was applied to determine the pH optimum and the catalytic activity of a peptide deformylase from Escherichia coli. The E. coli enzyme is most active near neutral pH (pH 7.0) and displays Michaelis-Menten kinetics toward the formylated dipeptide, with K-M = 20.3 +/- 1.3 mu M, k(cat) = 38 +/- 2 s(-1), and k(cat)/K-M = 1.9 x 10(6) M-1 s(-1). It also exhibits an acylase activity, capable of deacylating N-acetyl-Met-Leu-p-nitroanilide and N-trifluoroacetyl-Met-Leu-p-nitroanilide, albeit at drastically reduced rates. These results demonstrate that the current assay is a convenient, rapid, and sensitive method for kinetic studies of peptide deformylase. The strategy employed in this work should also be generally applicable to the characterization of other acylases. (C) 1997 Academic Press.", "label": [4, 33, 39]}
+{"token": "Ahmadinejad, Iran, and Foreign Policy Dysfunction in Tajikistan. Throughout the presidency of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, Tajikistan became, on the surface at least, an increasingly important political partner to Iran. Tajikistan according to Ahmadinejad was a \\\\'strategic partner\\\\' and in fact the two states' \\\\'common history and culture\\\\' made them inseparable. Ahmadinejad's emphasis on Tajikistan within Iran's broader foreign policy led to considerable discussion among regional observers and analysts who declared that the relationship between Iran and Tajikistan could potentially develop into a so-called \\\\'Persian alliance,\\\\' which could reorder the regional political balance. However, lying just below the surface of relations between Iran and Tajikistan was a disjuncture between rhetoric and reality. This article argues that despite the public amity that existed between the two states, strong and substantive Iran-Tajik relations were not achieved by the close of Ahmadinejad's presidency. This was due in part to a dysfunctional Iranian foreign policy approach, which often led to the mismanagement of this interstate relationship. This factor along with the unwillingness of Tajik elites to go from words to deeds and the broader impact of sanctions, international isolation, and regional rivalry, meant that Iran was largely unable to fulfill its prominent political and economic objectives in Tajikistan.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Field assessment of rapid market estimation techniques: a case study of dairy value chains in Tanzania. Three rapid market estimation techniques were used to quantify the informal milk market in two Tanzanian municipalities, namely Iringa and Tanga, with reference to producer-based estimates, retailer-based estimates and a stratified consumer survey. The nature of the milk market systems in the two study areas was reflected in the magnitude and dynamics of milk consumption; the informal market was particularly important for a 'subject to deprivation' group in both cases. Producer-based estimates did not account for milk from outside the study area, whereas retail surveys omitted details of the producers' own consumption and their direct sales. Consumer surveys captured the widest variety of informal milk sources but, like retail studies, omitted producers' consumption. Therefore the most accurate rapid estimation of markets for consumable products may be obtained by triangulating producer data with consumer surveys ( informal market) and adding reliable ( and usually relatively easily obtained) data from processors and retailers to capture trade through formal channels.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Impact of Renewable Energy Technology on the Economic Growth of the USA. This paper analyzes the contributions and effects of technological innovation on the US economy. Two effects on multifactor productivity are studied: the effect of the R&D investment and the effect of the R&D investment in renewable energy technologies. A cointegration analysis is used in order to understand the dynamic relationship among variables in the short and long run. A model is built based on GPT theoretical assumptions and uses a data of 33 years of the US economy. The conclusions show that technological innovation positively affects the US economy in the long run. In addition, the R&D investment in renewable energy technology impacts the economy in the short and long run. Thus, renewable energy technologies will play an important role in the future economy.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "THE VISUAL REPRESENTATIONS OF THE ETHNOCULTURAL COMMUNITIES OF THE NORTH IN THE DOCUMENTARIES (THE FILM OIL FIELD). The article investigates the one of types of contemporary visual sources in Anthropology - the ethnographic films about the indigenous peoples of the Russian North. The authors focus on the documentary film Oil Field (Oil Field; Ivan Golovnev 2012) that depicts a life of the family Piak in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug-Yugra. Focusing on the daily life of a Khanty family, authors develop a narrative structure, in which the protagonist Vasilii Piak received an identity and began to command the viewers' emotions. Particular attention is paid to the visual representation of the traditional forms of economy (reindeer herding) in Khanty and Nenets culture, including the indigenous people's relation to nature in the North. Authors consider also the interaction between indigenous peoples and oil companies in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug. The paper states that oil development has become the context of contemporary life among northern minorities. On the one hand, oil companies present an environmental and cultural threat to the indigenous inhabitants. On the other hand, they bring important elements of life to the North: fuel, food, roads, work, a system of benefits and other matters which have become part of the local northern reality. Thus, for many Khanty, oil companies are an important source of family income. This is perhaps one of the most difficult moments in situation of the relations of among contemporary northerners, who have already adapted to this tense but mutually advantageous proximity.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Highly Luminescent Phase-Stable CsPbl(3) Perovskite Quantum Dots Achieving Near 100% Absolute Photoluminescence Quantum Yield. Perovskite quantum dots (QDs) as a new type of colloidal nanocrystals have gained significant attention for both fundamental research and commercial applications owing to their appealing optoelectronic properties and excellent chemical processability. For their wide range of potential applications, synthesizing colloidal QDs with high crystal quality is of crucial importance. However, like most common QD systems such as CdSe and PbS, those reported perovskite QDs still suffer from a certain density of trapping defects, giving rise to detrimental nonradiative recombination centers and thus quenching luminescence. In this paper, we show that a high room-temperature photoluminescence quantum yield of up to 100% can be obtained in CsPbI3 perovskite QDs, signifying the achievement of almost complete elimination of the trapping defects. This is realized with our improved synthetic protocol that involves introducing organolead compound trioctylphosphinePbI(2) (TOP-PbI2) as the reactive precursor, which also leads to a significantly improved stability for the resulting CsPbI3 QD solutions. Ultrafast kinetic analysis with time-resolved transient absorption spectroscopy evidence the negligible electron or hole-trapping pathways in our QDs, which explains such a high quantum efficiency. We expect the successful synthesis of the \\\\'ideal\\\\' perovskite QDs will exert profound influence on their applications to both QD-based light-harvesting and -emitting devices.", "label": [4, 1, 33, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "Reduction of coercive measures under routine conditions in psychiatric hospitals 2004-2019: Strong effects in old age psychiatry, much less in general psychiatry. Background Many interventions to reduce the use of seclusion and restraint have been suggested in the last decades. Evidence-based interventions in old age psychiatry are different from those in general psychiatry. A common database for psychiatric hospitals introduced in 2004 allowed to examine the use of seclusion and restraint over 16 years under routine conditions. Methods A registry for coercive measures in the Federal State of Baden-Wuerttemberg has been available since 2015, and comprises all 32 hospitals licensed to admit involuntary patients. A study group had collected data prospectively since 2004 from a subsample of these hospitals. We analyzed the mean percentage of patients subjected to coercive measures and the mean cumulative duration of these interventions in ICD-10 diagnostic groups in psychiatric hospitals from 2004 to 2019 among a total of 1,038,239 admissions. Results The proportion of cases affected by coercive measures dropped significantly from 28.4 to 10.5% in patients with ICD-10 F0 disorders, while rates in patients with other diagnoses decreased insignificantly from 7.0 to 5.4%. The cumulated duration of coercive measures per affected case also dropped significantly among patients with F0 disorders, while changes in patients with other diagnoses remained insiginficant. Conclusions The use of coercive measures in patients with organic disorders could be reduced by about 50% in a State of 11 million inhabitants within 15 years, while in contrast no substantial reduction occurred among all other diagnostic groups. Specific interventions to reduce coercive interventions seem to be particularly successful for this patient group.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "US trainees' experiences of ethical challenges during research in low- and middle-income countries: A mixed methods study. High-income country (HIC) trainees are participating in research in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) in increasing numbers, yet the ethical challenges they face have not been well described. We conducted a mixed methods study of U.S. graduate and undergraduate students who conducted research in LMIC, including an online survey and semi-structured interviews. Among 123 online survey respondents, 31% reported ethical challenges and nearly two-thirds of respondents did not feel well prepared to deal with ethical challenges. Qualitative analysis of the 17 semi-structure interviews and narrative survey responses revealed many themes of 'ethics in practice': challenges in setting research priorities, navigating relationships with host country partners, scope of research practice, and human subject protections. Respondents reported that pre-departure trainings were not reflective of ethical frameworks or research contexts in LMIC, and few described seeking host mentor help in addressing ethical challenges. These results suggest a need for improvements in training, oversight and mentorship of trainee researchers, and to further engage both HIC and LMIC institutions, educators and researchers in addressing ethical issues.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Opportunities and constraints to biotechnological applications in the Caribbean: transgenic papayas in Jamaica and Venezuela. In this opinion article, we briefly review the status of crop biotechnology research-with emphasis on the development of GM crops-in Jamaica and Venezuela. We focus on the transgenic papayas developed for both countries, and examine the factors hindering not only the development and application of this biotechnological commodity for the improvement of agricultural productivity, but also on the challenges influencing societal acceptance of the technology.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "An investigation into lawyer attitudes towards the use of mediation in commercial property disputes in England and Wales. Research limitations/implications - The qualitative data are based on a relatively small sample of lawyers active within the UK commercial property sector. Nevertheless, a wide cross-section of practitioners was chosen.Originality/value - The paper provides original data on the attitudes and perspectives of lawyers active in commercial property disputes. This is an area that has yet to receive sustained attention.Design/methodology/approach - The paper is based on data from questionnaires and a series of qualitative interviews with a variety of landlord and tenant lawyers combined with a thorough examination of existing literature.Findings - Many lawyers were not keen to recommend the use of mediation. This was partly because of unfamiliarity as well as concerns that mediation is not a genuine legal process and that consequently it lacked status. Legal culture was identified as a problem here. Lawyers also felt that mediation was inappropriate in many cases. Education was suggested as having an important role in changing expectations, providing skills and raising awareness.Purpose - The paper seeks to examine empirically the attitudes of English lawyers towards mediation in commercial landlord and tenant disputes. Despite much support from numerous sources there has been very little actual take-up in this sector. It is premised that the future growth of mediation in commercial property disputes is hindered by the negative or sceptical perspectives held by some lawyers towards mediation.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "European penology: The rise and fall of prison population rates in Europe in times of migrant crises and terrorism. Prison population rates in many European countries have increased until the beginning of the 21st century. Prison overcrowding and questions around the New Punitiveness' have dominated the discourse. Recently a remarkable drop in prison population rates can be observed, in particular in Central and East European countries (for example, Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, the Baltic states), but also in West European jurisdictions (the Netherlands, Germany and, in the last few years, also Spain). Explanations are not always easy and in most cases this is not the result of a strategic policy but more likely of a sharp decrease in (serious) crime rates. The paper discusses the developments in a European comparative perspective and explores the potentials for a further reduction in prison population rates.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "A multi-model study of impacts of climate change on surface ozone in Europe. The impact of climate change on surface ozone over Europe was studied using four offline regional chemistry transport models (CTMs) and one online regional integrated climate-chemistry model (CCM), driven by the same global projection of future climate under the SRES A1B scenario. Anthropogenic emissions of ozone precursors from RCP4.5 for year 2000 were used for simulations of both present and future periods in order to isolate the impact of climate change and to assess the robustness of the results across the different models. The sensitivity of the simulated surface ozone to changes in climate between the periods 20002009 and 2040-2049 differs by a factor of two between the models, but the general pattern of change with an increase in southern Europe is similar across different models. Emissions of isoprene differ substantially between different CTMs ranging from 1.6 to 8.0 Tg yr(-1) for the current climate, partly due to differences in horizontal resolution of meteorological input data. Also the simulated change in total isoprene emissions varies substantially across models explaining part of the different climate response on surface ozone. Ensemble mean changes in summer mean ozone and mean of daily maximum ozone are close to 1 ppb(v) in parts of the land area in southern Europe. Corresponding changes of 95-percentiles of hourly ozone are close to 2 ppb(v) in the same region. In northern Europe ensemble mean for mean and daily maximum show negative changes while there are no negative changes for the higher percentiles indicating that climate impacts on O-3 could be especially important in connection with extreme summer events.", "label": [4, 5, 36, 47]}
+{"token": "Regulatory T Cells in Peripheral Blood and Cerebrospinal Fluid of Syphilis Patients with and without Neurological Involvement. Methodology/Principal Findings: We analyzed Treg frequencies and Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-beta) levels in the blood and CSF of 431 syphilis patients without neurological involvement, 100 neurosyphilis patients and 100 healthy donors. Suppressive function of Tregs in peripheral blood was also assessed. Among syphilis patients without neurological involvement, we found that secondary and serofast patients had increased Treg percentages, suppressive function and TGF-beta levels in peripheral blood compared to healthy donors. Serum Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) titers were positively correlated with Treg numbers in these patients. Compared to these syphilis patients without neurological involvement, neurosyphilis patients had higher Treg frequency in peripheral blood. In the central nervous system, neurosyphilis patients had higher numbers of leukocytes in CSF compared to syphilis patients without neurological involvement. CD4(+) T cells were the predominant cell type in the inflammatory infiltrates in CSF of neurosyphilis patients. Interestingly, among these neurosyphilis patients, a significant decrease in CSF CD4(+) CD25(high) Treg percentage and number was observed in symptomatic neurosyphilis patients compared to those of asymptomatic neurosyphilis patients, which may be associated with low CSF TGF-beta levels.Conclusions: Our findings suggest that Tregs might play an important role in both bacterial persistence and neurologic compromise in the pathogenesis of syphilis.Background: Syphilis, a sexually transmitted disease caused by spirochetal bacterium Treponema pallidum, can progress to affect the central nervous system, causing neurosyphilis. Accumulating evidence suggest that regulatory T cells (Tregs) may play an important role in the pathogenesis of syphilis. However, little is known about Treg response in neurosyphilis.", "label": [2, 17, 21, 24]}
+{"token": "Accelerated Aging of the Traditional Greek Distillate Tsipouro Using Wooden Chips. Part I: Effect of Static Maceration vs. Ultrasonication on the Polyphenol Extraction and Antioxidant Activity. The Greek traditional grape marc distillate Tsipouro was subjected to accelerated aging, using wooden chips from acacia, cherry, chestnut and oak wood. The processes included treatments under static maceration and ultrasonication and the evolution of the total polyphenol concentration was monitored over a period of 30 days. During this period, leaching of polyphenols from the chips into the distillate was found to obey first-order kinetics, but no statistical differences were shown between the two treatments regarding the enrichment of the liquid in polyphenolic substances. The determination of the antioxidant activity demonstrated that aging with chestnut chips may provide Tsipouro with particularly strong radical scavenging and reducing effects, highlighting its importance as a material that could be used to turn distillates into foods with functional properties.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Effects of sodium hypochlorite on Agave tequilana Weber bagasse fibers used to elaborate cyto and biocompatible hydrogel films. Waste bagasse of Agave tequilana-Weber fibers treated with sodium hydroxide was used to elaborate hydrogel films. The bagasse was offered in an alternative use for the preparation of hydrogel films by phase inversion method without crosslinking and further purification of cellulose. The effect on the properties of the obtained films was studied when the chemical treatment of the agave fibers was changed. It was found that the resultant hydrogels showed increment in tensile from 40 N/mm(2) to 56 N/mm(2) with the increase of sodium hypochlorite concentration from 1 to 10 vol.%, respectively. With regard to biocompatibility properties of the hydrogel films, platelet adhesion, clotting time and protein adsorption were investigated. Analysis of the morphology of adherent NIH3T3 fibroblast indicated that the projected cell area, aspect ratio and long axis gradually increased with the increment of sodium hypochlorite content in the agave treatment. It was presented that the chemical treatment affects cell adhesion and morphology and lignin content remains in the brown fibers. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "AGOSTIC B-H-]RU BONDS IN EXO-MONOPHOSPHINO-7,8-DICARBA-NIDO-UNDECABORATE DERIVATIVES. The reaction of [NMe(4)][7-PPh(2)-8-Me-7,8-C2B9H10] with RUCl(3) . H2O or RuCl2(DMSO)(4) leads to the formation of [Ru(7-PPh(2)-8-Me-7,8-C2B9H10)(2)]. Each carborane ligand is tridentate, forming one P-Ru bond and two B-H-Ru agostic bonds. The number of isomers obtained depends on the initial ruthenium form, giving one isomer (1) when RuCl3 . H2O is used and two isomers (1 and 2) in the case of the DMSO derivative. No reaction is found with similar thiocarborane ligands [NMe(4)][7-SR-8-Me-7,8-C2B9H10] (R = Ph,Me), suggesting that the surrounding P-2(BH)(4) is a better stabilizing system. The complexes have been characterized by an X-ray diffraction study.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Adapting Problem Management Plus for Implementation: Lessons Learned from Public Sector Settings Across Rwanda, Peru, Mexico and Malawi. Problem Management Plus (PM+) is a low-intensity psychological intervention developed by the World Health Organization that can be delivered by nonspecialists to address common mental health conditions in people affected by adversity. Emerging evidence demonstrates the efficacy of PM+ across a range of settings. However, the published literature rarely documents the adaptation processes for psychological interventions to context or culture, including curriculum or implementation adaptations. Practical guidance for adapting PM+ to context while maintaining fidelity to core psychological elements is essential for mental health implementers to enable replication and scale. This paper describes the process of contextually adapting PM+ for implementation in Rwanda, Peru, Mexico and Malawi undertaken by the international nongovernmental organisation Partners In Health. To our knowledge, this initiative is among the first to adapt PM+ for routine delivery across multiple public sector primary care and community settings in partnership with Ministries of Health. Lessons learned contribute to a broader understanding of effective processes for adapting low-intensity psychological interventions to real-world contexts.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Informing Stewardship Measures in Canadian Food Animal Species through Integrated Reporting of Antimicrobial Use and Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Data-Part I, Methodology Development. This study explores methodologies for the data integration of antimicrobial use (AMU) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) results within and across three food animal species, surveyed at the farm-level by the Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (CIPARS). The approach builds upon existing CIPARS methodology and principles from other AMU and AMR surveillance systems. Species level data integration involved: (1) standard CIPARS descriptive and temporal analysis of AMU/AMR, (2) synthesis of results, (3) selection of AMU and AMR outcomes for integration, (4) selection of candidate AMU indicators to enable comparisons of AMU levels between species and simultaneous assessment of AMU and AMR trends, (5) exploration of analytic options for studying associations between AMU and AMR, and (6) interpretation and visualization. The multi-species integration was also completed using the above approach. In addition, summarized reporting of internationally-recognized indicators of AMR (i.e., AMR adjusted for animal biomass) and AMU (mg/population correction unit, mg/kg animal biomass) is explored. It is envisaged that this approach for species and multi-species AMU-AMR data integration will be applied to the annual CIPARS farm-level data and progressively developed over time to inform AMU-AMR integrated surveillance best practices for further enhancement of AMU stewardship actions.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Telophase enucleation: An improved method to prepare recipient cytoplasts for use in bovine nuclear transfer. The enucleation of oocytes to be used as host cytoplasts for embryo reconstruction by nuclear transfer is an important limiting step when cloning mammals. We propose an enucleation technique based on the removal of chromatin after oocyte activation, at the telophase stage, by aspirating the second polar body and surrounding cytoplasm. In a preliminary experiment to determine an optimal activation protocol, oocytes were matured for 26 and 30 hr and exposed for 5 min to 7% ethanol and/or for 3 hr at either 25 or 4 degrees C. Relative to most activation treatments tested, oocytes matured for 30 hr and exposed to ethanol alone showed highest activation rates, as determined by low levels of H1 kinase activity within 90 min. from exposure and high pronuclear formation (82%) after 12 hr of culture. No synergistic effect on activation rates was observed when oocytes also were exposed to reduced temperature after ethanol treatment. Microsurgical removal of the telophase-stage chromatin in a small volume of cytoplasm adjacent to the second polar body was significantly more effective in enucleating than aspiration of a larger cytoplasm volume surrounding the first polar body of metaphase-arrested oocytes (98% versus 59%; P < 0.01). Moreover, compared with a nuclear transfer protocol based on enucleation of metaphase-arrested oocytes followed by aging and cooling, move (38% versus 16%; P < 0.001) and better-quality blastocytes (126 versus 84 nuclei per blastocyst; P < 0.02) were obtained from embryos reconstructed using the telophase procedure. Higher development potential of embryos reconstructed by the telophase procedure may be attributed to (1) the selection of oocytes that activate and respond by extruding the second polar body, (2) avoiding the use of DNA dyes and ultraviolet irradiation, and (3) the limited removal of cytoplasm during enucleation. The ease with which telophase enucleation can be per formed is likely to render this technique widely useful for research and practice on mammalian cloning. (C) 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Functionally graded curved Timoshenko microbeams: A numerical study using IGA and modified couple stress theory. Studies on functionally graded (FG) curved microbeam structures are rather rare in the literature, and we thus present an effective computational approach on the basic combination of isogeometric analysis (IGA) and modified couple stress theory (MCST) for mechanical behavior analysis of such FG curved microbeams. The proposed method can cope with simultaneous complexities in material properties and geometries of the FG curved microbeams. The material properties of microbeams vary continuously along the thickness direction. The non-uniform rational B-spline (NURBS) basis functions are used to describe exactly geometries of the curved beams and displacement approximation. The MCST is adopted to capture the small-scale effects. Several examples of static bending and free vibration behaviors are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness and accuracy of the developed method. The effects of some factors (e.g., material gradient, size effect, boundary conditions, curvature, and aspect ratio of the beams) on mechanical behaviors of FG curved microbeams are investigated. The numerical results reveal that the small-scale effects decrease the deflection and increase the natural frequency because of increasing the stiffness.", "label": [1, 11, 12]}
+{"token": "How conflict 'bleeds over' for correctional staff: exploring work-family conflict through correctional subculture. In recent decades, researchers have produced a wealth of knowledge on the consequences of working within the prison for correctional staff and have documented an array of negative work-related outcomes. Within this line of inquiry, a small but growing area of study has emerged that examines the imbalance between work demands and home life - termed work-family conflict. Researchers categorize work-family conflict into three dimensions, including strain-based, behavior-based and time-based conflict. However, the work-family conflict literature for correctional staff lacks in-depth qualitative investigation that explores how these types of conflict emerge. In this study, we draw from 18 focus groups of correctional staff across all adult facilities in one state to explore how the types of work-family conflict manifest for correctional staff. We find that each dimension of conflict reportedly manifested through a different theme: emotional disconnection for strain-based conflict, correctional instinct for behavior-based conflict, and prisonizing the home for time-based conflict. Furthermore, we analyzed the manifestations of work-family conflict within a correctional subculture lens to understand the mechanisms that drive these manifestations.", "label": [3, 5, 26, 51]}
+{"token": "Reasoning from out of Particularity: Possibilities for Conversation in Theological Ethics. Frequently, theological particularity can hinder attempts at inter-religious conversations in theological ethics, as each tradition's reasoning is inextricably bound up with core doctrinal elements not shared by other traditions. I argue, however, that elements of particularity can facilitate conversation when emphasis is placed on movements of ethical reasoning between particular statements within each tradition. By examining the classical rabbinic practice of verbal forewarning in capital cases, I show that although the starting point and ending point of an instance of theological reasoning may be 'exclusivistic', the relationship between those points can serve as the basis for comparison and dialogue.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Memory orientation and success: separable neurocognitive components underlying episodic recognition. Episodic recognition can be based on recollection of contextual details, on a sense of recent encounter, or some combination of the two. According to several cognitive models, selectively attending to these distinct aspects of memory may require different retrieval orientations and result in different neural responses depending upon whether or not retrieval is successful. Using event-related fMRI, we examined retrieval orientation by having subjects discriminate between two test words in one of two manners. During source recollection, they selected the member of the pair previously associated with a particular encoding task. In contrast, recency judgment required selection of the most recently encountered item of the pair, regardless of how it had been encoded. Furthermore, successful and unsuccessful trials within each retrieval task were contrasted to determine whether retrieval success effects occurred in overlapping or dissimilar neural populations compared to those associated with each retrieval orientation. The results revealed distinct lateral prefrontal and parietal activations that distinguished attempted source recollection from judgments of relative recency; these orientation effects were largely independent of retrieval success. In contrast, medial temporal lobe structures (hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus) were differentially more active during successful recollection of encoding context, showing similar reduced responses during failed source recollection and judgments of recency. These results indicate that different memory orientations recruit distinct prefrontal and parietal networks and that the recovery of episodic context is associated with the hippocampus and surrounding medial temporal cortices. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 5, 17, 50]}
+{"token": "APPLICATION OF THE COEFFICIENT OF USING THE ACTIVE SUBSTANCE FOR THE EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF CHANGES OF NOZZLE OPERATING PARAMETERS ON THE SPRAYING PROCESS. The aim of the research was to determine the coefficient of using the active substance (Ks. a.), which was used to assess the quality of the spray. The quality of spraying was determined by the amount of copper deposited used for spraying from two different preparations. Two standard nozzles, flat fan XR 110-02 and double flat fan DF 120-02, were used for testing, which operated at a constant speed of 0.86 m.s(-1) and two pressures of 0.2 and 0.28 MPa. The foliar fertilizer containing copper and a preparation containing the nano copper particles were used for spraying. The deposition tests were performed in the \\\\'Aporo1\\\\' spraying chamber. Mineralization was carried out in order to determine the deposition of copper on winter rape plants, and then the concentration of the copper element in the tested plants was measured using a spectrometer. After obtaining the deposition results the coefficient of using the active substance (K-s.a.) was calculated. It was observed that the K-s.a. coefficient increases with the growth of the plant regardless of the spraying process parameters used.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "A review of the genus Pseudokuzicus Gorochov, 1993 (Orthoptera : Tettigoniidae : Meconematidae). A key to species of Pseudokuzicus Gorochov, 1993 is presented. Generic diagnosis are presented. One subgenus and three species are described as new: Similkuzicus subgen. nov., P. ( P.) spinus sp. nov., P. ( P.) acinacus sp. nov. and P.( S.) quadridentatus sp. nov.. The type specimens are deposited in Museum of Hebei University, Baoding.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Specific features of low-temperature phase transformations in nitrogen-Containing Cr-Mn-based steels. Physical and mechanical properties of nitrogen-containing austenitic steels of different alloying systems have been studied at temperatures from -196 to 700A degrees C in the quenched state. It has been found that nitrogen-containing Cr-Mn-based steels undergo a paramagnetic to antiferromagnetic ordering (with a manifestation of invar properties), the Delta E effect, and a resistivity anomaly. It has been shown that the behavior of the temperature dependence of the yield stress in nitrogen austenite is determined by several factors. Along with specific features of the dislocation structure determined by a low energy of stacking faults, the strengthening of nitrogen austenite is influenced by its magnetic state.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Science and religion in the classroom: A philosophical approach. This article is intended to contribute to the debate about the nature of a Catholic philosophy of education by exploring the philosophical issues involved in the apparent conflict between scientific and religious knowledge claims. The claim that modern science has rendered religious truth claims unreasonable appears to be influential among students of secondary school age. The suggestion is made here that the thought of Bernard Lonergan can usefully be deployed to help students in this age group to explore the nature of scientific and religious knowledge claims in greater depth. The contribution which Lonergan's philosophy can make to philosophy of education more generally is also indicated. Finally, the advantages of this approach for those involved in Catholic education are discussed.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "A retrospective study of long-term psychosocial consequences and satisfaction after carrier testing in childhood in an autosomal recessive disease: aspartylglucosaminuria. This study indicates that carrier testing in childhood for an autosomal recessive disorder (AGU) had caused no measurable disturbance of quality of life in adulthood, and those tested reported being satisfied. However, we do not recommend testing in childhood, as the result is not needed prior to the time for reproductive decisions.Genetic carrier testing of children is usually not recommended. However, there are no data concerning long-term psychological consequences, experience, and satisfaction of those tested as well as their recall of the test results. We evaluated these items retrospectively 10-24 years after carrier testing performed in childhood. Study material comprised 25 families with aspatylglucosaminuria (AGU), an autosomal recessive disorder, with 35 healthy sibs from all parts of Finland tested for carriership during childhood between 1973 and 1987. Of these sibs, 25 participated in our study. The questionnaire comprised multiple-choice and open-ended questions. The psychosocial well-being of the study subjects measured by the RAND 36 item Health Survey 1.0 (RAND) was, in general, at least as good as that of controls, and showed no significant differences between carriers and non-carriers (p > 0.154). All tested individuals were satisfied with the fact that they had been tested and stated that the decision to perform carrier testing on a child can be made by the parents. Of the 25 tested, 23 knew and understood their test result correctly at the time of our study. Most of the tested individuals (60%) stated that the best time for carrier testing would be in the childhood or in the teen years.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Conspiracy and Ambition in Russian Politics before the February Revolution of 1917: The Case of Prince Georgii Evgen'evich L'vov. This article uses new and previously known but under-exploited sources to reexamine the significance of pre-revolutionary conspiracies centered around Prince G.E. L'vov for the liberals' dilemma about the leadership and form of a popular cabinet. The article sheds new light on L'vov's efforts and motives to organize these plots, challenges his traditional depiction as a 'soft' and ineffectual politician, and questions his long-assumed rivalry with the Duma President M.V. Rodzianko for the premiership in a post-Nikolaevan government.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Anatomical specificities of the degenerated cervical spine: a narrative review of clinical implications, with special focus on targeted spinal injections. Results: Vertebral bodies of the lower cervical spine are characterized by 2 lateral prismatic bony protuberances, the uncinate processes, located on C3 to C7 superior vertebral endplates, that are involved in the stabilization of the cervical spine. Degenerative changes at the lower cervical spine can affect different anatomical structures: the intervertebral disc, uncovertebral joints, and facet joints. The incidence and severity of changes increase with age. Furthermore, uncovertebral osteoarthritis is characterized by the presence of transverse fissures in the annulus fibrosus.Objectives: To describe anatomical specificities of the degenerated cervical spine.Methods: A critical narrative review was conducted. Articles were non-systematically selected and based on authors' expertise, self-knowledge, and reflective practice.Background: Cervical radiculopathy is most often related to foraminal stenosis due to osteoarthritic changes of the uncovertebral joints anteriorly or zygapophyseal joints posteriorly, rather than disc herniation.Discussion: These specific anatomical features of the cervical spine may have clinical implications, including more targeted spinal injections for managing disabling persistent or recurrent symptoms related to cervical spine degenerative changes such as cervical radicular pain. (C) 2016 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Respiratory syncytial virus infection among adults after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Introduction: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common cause of morbidity among hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients, with RSV-associated lower respiratory tract infection carrying high mortality rates. There have been no large studies till date, describing the incidence, clinical features, and outcomes of RSV infection among adult HSCT recipients in India. Methods: A prospective cohort of 100 adults who underwent HSCT was followed up for a maximum period of 18 months starting from the date of transplantation for any episode of respiratory tract infectious disease (RTID). Respiratory samples were collected for laboratory confirmation of the presence and subtyping of RSV by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Results: The study population comprised of 66% (66/100) males and 34% (34/100) females. Autologous HSCT recipients constituted 78% (78/100) and allogeneic HSCT recipients constituted 22% (22/100) of the study population. The incidence of RSV-RTID among adults after HSCT was 0.82/100 patient months. Most cases occurred during the winter season and the predominant subtype was RSV-A (9/11, 81.8%). Lower RTID was the most common clinical diagnosis made at presentation (9/11, 81.8%). Female gender was predictive of RSV-RTID (log rank P = 0.002). All the RSV-RTID episodes recovered completely without targeted therapy. Conclusion: RSV is a significant cause of morbidity among adult HSCT recipients in India. Prophylaxis and treatment measures need to be instituted after a proper risk-benefit assessment. Longitudinal studies with larger sample sizes are needed to confirm these results.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Ion exchange resins as reversible acid gas absorbents. Strongly basic anion exchange resins containing quaternary ammonium functionality and fluoride or acetate anions were found to remove carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide from gas streams. The absorption/desorption isotherms, heats of absorption, and gas separation properties were determined for a series of such resins. The fluoride form of Amberlyst(R) A-26, for example, absorbed CO2 and H2S reversibly, 0.23 mol CO2/mol F- and 0.24 mol H2S/mol F- at 100kPa and 22 and 30degreesC, respectively. Absorption Of CO2 was fast compared to its desorption. Characterization by NMR indicated that bicarbonate was formed by reaction Of CO2 with F- containing resins. Heats Of CO2 absorption by F- Amberlyst(R) A-26 were pressure dependent and ranged from -5.0 to -3.2kcal/mole CO2 for pressures of 50 to 1000 kPa. The fluoride and acetate containing resins were effective for removal Of CO2 and H2S from gas mixtures. Passage of a gas mixture containing 1% CO2 or 5% H2S through a packed column of F- Amberlyst(R) A-26 at 22degreesC reduced the CO2 or H2S concentration to less than 25 ppm. Regeneration of the absorbents was accomplished by purging with inert gas at 50degreesC. Removal Of CO2 from gas streams containing substantial water vapor concentrations was achieved using F- Amberlyst(R) A-26 resin.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 33]}
+{"token": "Supply chain design to guarantee quoted lead time and inventory replenishment: model and insights. Do lead time constraints only lead to re-think and re-optimise the inventory positioning along the supply chain or can they impact on the design of the supply chain itself? To answer such a question, we integrate the lead time constraints in a multi-echelon supply chain design model and challenge the difficulty of combining in the same model the long-term decisions (facility location, supplier selection) with the midterm decisions (inventory placement and replenishment, delivery lead time). The model guarantees the respect of the quoted lead time associated with each customer order and the replenishment of the different stocks (raw materials, intermediate and final products) in the different stages of the supply chain between any pair of consecutive orders. We use the model to investigate the impact of the quoted lead time and customer's order frequency on supply chain design decisions and costs. Some of our results indicate that the lead time constraints can lead to bringing the sites of manufacturing and distribution close to the demand zone and to select local suppliers in spite of their higher cost.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Effects of maternal depression and prenatal SSRI exposure on executive functions and susceptibility to household chaos in 6-year-old children: prospective cohort study. ConclusionsThe impact of household chaos depended on whether mothers were prenatally depressed and whether mothers were SSRI-treated.MethodTo examine the impact of prenatal depressed maternal mood and SSRI exposure on child executive functions and to determine whether these exposures shape a susceptibility to household chaos.A prospective cohort study of mothers and their children (118 mother-children dyads (47 SSRI-exposed, 71 non-exposed)) followed from the second trimester to 6 years. Regression models examined relationships between maternal depressed mood and household chaos on maternal report of child executive functions. Competitive-confirmatory regression models examined whether children were susceptible to household chaos or were positively influenced by less chaos.BackgroundResultsPrenatal SSRI exposure, third-trimester maternal depressed mood and household chaos in a three-way interaction were associated with executive functions within a model of differential susceptibility. When household chaos was low, children of non-prenatally depressed mothers had better executive function than children of prenatally depressed mothers, regardless of whether the mothers were SSRI-treated. However, when household chaos was high, SSRI-exposed children of mothers who were not depressed during pregnancy had poorer executive functions at 6 years of age compared with SSRI-exposed children whose mothers were symptomatic during pregnancy.AimsMaternal depressed mood during pregnancy may shape a child's adaptation to their environment and engagement in goal-directed behaviour such as executive functions. Whether everyday household context also alters executive functions in children with prenatal selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressant exposure remains to be determined.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Performance responses to competition across skill levels in rank-order tournaments: field evidence and implications for tournament design. Tournaments are widely used in the economy to organize production and innovation. We study individual data on 2775 contestants in 755 software algorithm development contests with random assignment. The performance response to added contestants varies nonmonotonically across contestants of different abilities, precisely conforming to theoretical predictions. Most participants respond negatively, whereas the highest-skilled contestants respond positively. In counterfactual simulations, we interpret a number of tournament design policies (number of competitors, prize allocation and structure, number of divisions, open entry) and assess their effectiveness in shaping optimal tournament outcomes for a designer.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Mineralogy, provenance, and diagenesis of a potassic basaltic sandstone on Mars: CheMin X-ray diffraction of the Windjana sample (Kimberley area, Gale Crater). The Windjana drill sample, a sandstone of the Dillinger member (Kimberley formation, Gale Crater, Mars), was analyzed by CheMin X-ray diffraction (XRD) in the MSL Curiosity rover. From Rietveld refinements of its XRD pattern, Windjana contains the following: sanidine (21% weight, similar to Or(95)); augite (20%); magnetite (12%); pigeonite; olivine; plagioclase; amorphous and smectitic material (similar to 25%); and percent levels of others including ilmenite, fluorapatite, and bassanite. From mass balance on the Alpha Proton X-ray Spectrometer (APXS) chemical analysis, the amorphous material is Fe rich with nearly no other cationslike ferrihydrite. The Windjana sample shows little alteration and was likely cemented by its magnetite and ferrihydrite. From ChemCam Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectrometer (LIBS) chemical analyses, Windjana is representative of the Dillinger and Mount Remarkable members of the Kimberley formation. LIBS data suggest that the Kimberley sediments include at least three chemical components. The most K-rich targets have 5.6% K2O, similar to 1.8 times that of Windjana, implying a sediment component with >40% sanidine, e.g., a trachyte. A second component is rich in mafic minerals, with little feldspar (like a shergottite). A third component is richer in plagioclase and in Na2O, and is likely to be basaltic. The K-rich sediment component is consistent with APXS and ChemCam observations of K-rich rocks elsewhere in Gale Crater. The source of this sediment component was likely volcanic. The presence of sediment from many igneous sources, in concert with Curiosity's identifications of other igneous materials (e.g., mugearite), implies that the northern rim of Gale Crater exposes a diverse igneous complex, at least as diverse as that found in similar-age terranes on Earth.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Trait Anxiety Is Associated with Negative Interpretations When Resolving Valence Ambiguity of Surprised Faces. The current research examines whether trait anxiety is associated with negative interpretation bias when resolving valence ambiguity of surprised faces. To further isolate the neuro-cognitive mechanism, we presented angry, happy, and surprised faces at broad spatial frequency (BSF), high spatial frequency (HSF), and low spatial frequency (LSF) and asked participants to determine the valence of each face. High trait anxiety was associated with more negative interpretations of BSF (i.e., intact) surprised faces. However, the modulation of trait anxiety on the negative interpretation of surprised faces disappeared at HSF and LSF. The current study provides evidence that trait anxiety modulates negative interpretations of BSF surprised faces. However, the negative interpretation of LSF surprised faces appears to be a robust default response that occurs regardless of individual differences in trait anxiety.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "The Big Five's relation with the facets of Right-Wing Authoritarianism and Social Dominance Orientation. Recent research suggests that Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA) and Social Dominance Orientation (SDO) constructs are actually multifaceted. We studied the underlying personality structure of both RWA and SDO by examining their facet correlates with the Big Five personality dimensions. In a sample of 406 participants, Openness and Conscientiousness appear to be the most important personality correlates for all RWA facets, thus supporting findings conducted with the RWA total measure. Unexpectedly, for the two SDO facets and SDO total scale, Openness was the most important correlate, followed by the anticipated significant relation with Agreeableness. The SDO and RWA facets were differentially correlated with the Big Five, suggesting that they may not have the same latent structure. These results suggest that some accuracy may be lost when using only the total RWA and SDO scales and that research should explore the similarity and differences in which the facets correlate and predict other variables. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Diversity of methanotroph communities in a basalt aquifer. Methanotrophic bacteria play an important role in global cycling of carbon and co-metabolism of contaminants. Methanotrophs from pristine regions of the Snake River Plain Aquifer (SRPA; Idaho, USA) were studied in order to gain insight into the native, groundwater communities genetic potential to carry out TCE co-metabolism. Wells were selected that were proximal to a TCE plume believed to be undergoing natural attenuation. Methane concentrations ranged from I to >1000 nM. Carbon isotope ratios and diversity data together suggest that the SRPA contains active communities of methanotrophs that oxidize microbially produced methane. Microorganisms removed from groundwater by filtration were used as inocula for enrichments or frozen immediately and DNA was subsequently extracted for molecular characterization. Primers that specifically target methanotroph 16S rRNA genes or genes that code for subunits of soluble or particulate methane monooxygenase, mmoX and pmoA, respectively, were used to characterize the indigenous methanotrophs via PCR, cloning, RFLP analysis, and sequencing. Type I methanotroph clones aligned with Methylomonas. Methylocaldum, and Methylobacter sequences and a distinct 16S rRNA phylogenetic lineage grouped near Methylobacter. The majority of clone sequences in type 11 methanotroph 16S rRNA, pmoA, and mmoX gene libraries grouped closely with sequences in the Methylocystis genus. A subset of the type 11 methanotroph clones from the aquifer had sequences that aligned most closely to Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b and Methylocystis spp., known TCE-co-metabolizing methanotrophs. (C) 2004 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Elsevier B.V. All right, reserved.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Trisomy 13 mosaicism at prenatal diagnosis: Dilemmas in interpretation. We describe six cases of trisomy 13 mosaicism detected al prenatal diagnosis. Most level I and level II trisomy 13 mosaicism detected at prenatal diagnosis is pseudomosaicism or confined placental mosaicism. Rarely, low-level mosaicism at chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis reflects a true fetal mosaicism. In this case, a normal phenotype is a possible, but not a certain, outcome. Genetic counselling is not straightforward. (C) 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [2, 21, 19]}
+{"token": "Evaluation of a rating-based variant of check-all-that-apply questions: Rate-all-that-apply (RATA). The current research explored the possibility of using attribute ratings as a variant (RATA: rate-all-that-apply) to CATA questions (check-all-that-apply), in order to improve sample description and discrimination and to engage participants in greater cognitive processing. The RATA question variant was implemented by asking participants, for the terms they ticked as \\\\'apply\\\\', to indicate intensity (using a 3-pt scale with anchors 'low', 'medium' or 'high') or rate applicability (using a 5-pt scale anchored at 'slightly applicable' and 'very applicable'). A total of four studies with 328 consumers were conducted. Studies 1-3 involved the consumption of products (milk desserts, bread and gummy lollies), whereas Study 4 was performed with yogurt labels. A between-subjects design was used in all studies to compare product characterizations from CATA and RATA questions. Across the four studies, compared to the simple CATA questions, the RATA variant led to an increase in the total number of selected terms and a small increase in the percentage of terms for which significant differences among samples were identified. Although the stability of sample and term configurations from CATA and RATA questions, calculated using a bootstrapping re-sampling approach, were similar, for two of the four studies RATA questions provided more stable sample and term configurations. Results from the present work reveal the potential of intensity-based CATA variants with consumers for sensory product characterization, but also suggest that these may be study and sample specific. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Needle Arthroscopy of the Scapulohumeral Joint and Bicipital BURSA in Horses: An Ex Vivo Study. To evaluate the feasibility of performing needle arthroscopy of the scapulohumeral joint and bicipital bursa in standing horses by using the thoracic limbs of euthanized horses. To that purpose, this experimental study was designed. Ten thoracic limbs, five left and five right from euthanized horses were retained in an upright position to simulate a standing horse. The craniolateral and lateral scapulohumeral arthroscopic portals were used to access the articular structures. A third (caudal) portal was also identified and described. The degree of difficulty in accessing the articular space and the optic maneuverability within the joint were compared between portals. The needle arthroscopy image lacks in quality, but the procedure was considered useful as a diagnostic aid for examination of the scapulohumeral joint of horses. Needle arthroscopy of the bicipital bursa was not possible. Needle arthroscopy has a great diagnostic potential for lesions in the scapulohumeral joint of horses. A new access (caudal) to the scapulohumeral joint of horses has been identified. (c) 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Sensory and physicochemical quality of 'Reduced sodium' hot sauces from 'Dwarf' golden apples (Spondias cytherea): Effects of brining and debrining. Unpeeled 'dwarf' golden apples (Spondias cytherea) were brined in 10, 12, and 15% NaCl brine and peeled fruits in 10% NaCl brine and then debrined in water at 30 degreesC or 60 degreesC for use in sauces. Fruits in 15% brine had a storage life of 15 d at 30 degreesC. Effects of brining and debrining were significant (p < 0.05) on all sensory and physicochemical attributes of sauces. The taste of sauces from unpeeled fruits was preferred (p < 0.05) to peeled fruits. The most acceptable products were liked slightly to moderately. No differences (p > 0.05) were observed in either descriptor (or attribute) intensities or hedonic scores between the fruit sauces. Sauces had reduced sodium of 20 to 55 mg per reference amounts customarily consumed (RACC).", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Civil Disputes and Crime Recording Refusals, Disinterest And Power In Police Witcraft. This paper explores the rhetorical skills or witcraft of police officers as they adjudicate on disputes and crimes reported to them. The first author accompanied officers 'on the beat' to record these interactions with members of the public. A discourse analysis of the data revealed officers regularly use a discursive strategy that we term the that's civil device. Exploiting an epistemological imbalance that exists in police/public interactions, the device not only allows officers to externalize their judgments as matters of law; it also assists them to manage the conversationally and operationally difficult task of refusing. Moreover, it allows officers to resist claims of disinterestedness or neglect of duty as they limit or disbar their involvement in potentially insoluble disputes.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Common pheromone use among host-associated populations of the browntail moth, Euproctis chrysorrhoea, displaying different adult phenologies. The diversity of herbivorous insects may arise from colonization and subsequent specialization on different host plants. Such specialization requires changes in several insect traits, which may lead to host race formation if they reduce gene flow among populations that feed on different plants. Behavioural changes may play a relevant role in host race formation, for example if different races evolve distinct sexual communication signals or adult phenology. Previous research has revealed differences in larval phenology in different host-associated populations of the browntail moth, Euproctis chrysorrhoea (Lepidoptera: Erebidae). Here, sex pheromones among populations of this species are compared, and pheromone trapping data obtained is used in the field to build a phenological model that tests whether populations that feed on different plants differ in their adult flight period. The chemical and electrophysiological analyses revealed that two E. chrysorrhoea populations (on Prunus and on Arbutus unedo) use the same sex pheromone component for mate finding. Our trapping data, however, showed that males fly on average 25 days earlier in populations whose larvae feed on A. unedo compared to those whose larvae feed on Quercus species. Although the shifted phenology described here may underlie host-plant specialization in E. chrysorrhoea, and adults of this species are short-lived, the use of a common sexual pheromone and a large overlap in flight periods suggest that host race formation via allochronic isolation is unlikely in this moth.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Economic evaluation of seizures associated with solitary cysticercus granuloma. Background: Patients with solitary cysticercus granuloma, (SCG) develop acute symptomatic seizures because of the inflammatory response of the brain and the seizures are self-limiting. Thus seizure disorder associated with SCG provides a good model to study the total cost of illness (COI). Materials and Methods: COI of new-onset seizures associated with SCG was studied in 59 consecutive patients registered at the epilepsy clinic. Direct treatment-related costs and indirect costs, man-days lost and wages lost were evaluated. The relative cost was calculated as the percentage of per capita gross national product (GNP) at current prices for the year 1997-1998. Results: The total COI, for treating seizure disorder associated with SCG per the period of CT resolution of the lesion per patient was INR 7273.7 (US$ 174.66, I$ 943.16) and he/she would be spending 50.9% of per capita GNP The direct cost per patient was INR 5916 (US$ 137.14, 41.4% of per capita GNP). If the patient had received only AEDs for the period of resolution of CT lesion, the cost would be INR 5702.48 (US$ 132.2, 40% of per capita GNP). The extra expenditure on albendazole and steroid was INR 213.72 (US$ 4.95), 3.6% of the total direct cost and 20.7% of the medication cost. Indirect cost (average wage loss) per patient was INR 1312.7 (US$ 30.42) and it accounted for 9% of per capita GNP. The one-time expenditure at present costs (adjusted for inflation) to the nation to treat all the prevalence cases is to the tune of INR 1.184 billion (US$ 2.605) and 0.0037% of GNP. Conclusions: This study suggests that seizure disorder associated with SCG, a potentially preventable disorder, is a good model to study the total COI. The one-time expenditure at present costs to the nation to treat all the prevalence cases of seizure disorder associated with SCG is to the tune of INR 1.184 billion (US$ 2.605 million) and 0.0037% of GNP.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "Multi-sensory integration of spatio-temporal segmentation cues: one plus one does not always equal two. How are multiple, multi-sensory stimuli combined for use in segmenting spatio-temporal events? For an answer, we measured the effect of various auditory or visual stimuli, in isolation or in combination, on a bistable percept of visual motion (\\\\'bouncing\\\\' vs. \\\\'streaming\\\\'). To minimize individual differences, the physical properties of stimuli were adjusted to reflect individual subjects' sensitivity to each cue in isolation. When put into combination, perceptual influences that had been equipotent in isolation were substantially altered. Specifically, auditory cues that had been strong when presented alone were greatly reduced in combination. Evaluation of alternative models of sensory integration showed that the state of the visual bistable percept could not be accounted for by probability summation among cues, as might occur at the level of decision processes. Instead, the state of the bistable percept was well predicted from a weighted sum of cues, with visual cues strongly dominating auditory cues. Finally, when cue weights were compared for individual subjects, it was found that subjects differ somewhat in the strategy they use for integrating multi-sensory information.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "Geometrically non-linear analysis of laminated composite structures using a 4-node co-rotational shell element with enhanced strains. To demonstrate the solutions of linear and geometrically non-linear analysis of laminated composite plates and shells, the co-rotational non-linear formulation of the shell element is presented. The combinations of an enhanced assumed strain (EAS) in the membrane strains and assumed natural strains (ANS) in the shear strains improve the behavior of 4-node shell element. To secure computational efficiency in the incremental non-linear analysis, the present element uses the form of the resultant forces pre-integrated through the thickness. The transverse shear stiffness of the laminates is defined by an equilibrium approach instead of the shear correction factor. Numerical examples of this study show very good agreement with the references. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "Handling the failure of a government-sponsored enterprise. Fannie Mae and Freddie Mae are huge, fast-growing, highly leveraged, lightly regulated, and susceptible to failure. Prudence calls for having a legal mechanism adequate for handling their failure. Yet no adequate insolvency mechanism currently exists for them. Unlike ordinary business firms, these govemment-sponsored enterprises (GSEs) cannot liquidate or reorganize under the Bankruptcy Code. If Fannie Mae or Freddie Mae became sufficiently troubled, its regulator could appoint a conservator to take control of the firm and attempt to restore its financial health. But by then the firm's problems could well have become too severe for the conservator to resolve. The conservatorship statute provides no means for effectuating a reorganization and does not expressly authorize a liquidation. Uncertainty about the priority of and process for handling creditors' claims could worsen the firm's problems and increase the risk of disrupting financial markets and eliciting a costly congressional rescue. By enacting a workable insolvency mechanism, Congress could avoid using public money or credit to rescue a troubled GSE's creditors. Congress should specify priorities among creditors' claims, authorize appointment of a receiver, and empower the receiver to reorganize the GSE or establish an interim firm to carry on the GSE's business. Alternatively, Congress could allow GSEs to liquidate or reorganize under the Bankruptcy Code.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Manipulating perception: The effect of product similarity on valuations and markets. We study the economic impact of perceptual limitations using experimental goods for which the difficulty of perceiving the difference between them can be manipulated by altering the similarity of their visual representation. In our first experiment, we found that subjects' willingness-to-pay for goods became more similar when it was harder to discrim-inate between them. Building on this result, we ran a second experiment where the same experimental goods were traded in a market with heterogeneous buyer preferences and seller market power. Buyers were less likely to choose the option which maximises con-sumer surplus when discriminating between products was harder, and buyer payoffs were lower. We find indications that buyers used a different method of constructing their val-uations in the market than in individual choice, and there was weak evidence that using different methods were beneficial for buyers. Seller prices and profits were not dependent on how easy it was for buyers to discriminate between goods. (c) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "NANOFILTRATION - ION EXCHANGE SYSTEM FOR EFFECTIVE SURFACTANT REMOVAL FROM WATER SOLUTIONS. A system combining nanofiltration and ion exchange for highly effective separation of anionic surfactant from water solutions was proposed. The subjects of the study were nanofiltration polyethersulfone membranes and ion-exchange resins differing in type and structure. The quality of the treated solution was affected by numerous parameters, such as quality of the feed solution, membrane cut-off, resin type, dose and the solution contact time with the resin. A properly designed purification system made it possible to reduce the concentration of anionic surfactant below 1 mg L-1 from feed solutions containing surfactant in concentrations above the CMC value.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "Habitat loss and fragmentation affecting mammal and bird communities-The role of interspecific competition and individual space use. Fragmentation and loss of habitat are major threats to animal communities and are therefore important to conservation. Due to the complexity of the interplay of spatial effects and community processes, our mechanistic understanding of how communities respond to such landscape changes is still poor. Modelling studies have mostly focused on elucidating the principles of community response to fragmentation and habitat loss at relatively large spatial and temporal scales relevant to metacommunity dynamics. Yet, it has been shown that also small scale processes, like foraging behaviour, space use by individuals and local resource competition are also important factors. However, most studies that consider these smaller scales are designed for single species and are characterized by high model complexity. Hence, they are not easily applicable to ecological communities of interacting individuals. To fill this gap, we apply an allometric model of individual home range formation to investigate the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on mammal and bird communities, and, in this context, to investigate the role of interspecific competition and individual space use. Results show a similar response of both taxa to habitat loss. Community composition is shifted towards higher frequency of relatively small animals. The exponent and the 95%-quantile of the individual size distribution (ISD, described as a power law distribution) of the emerging communities show threshold behaviour with decreasing habitat area. Fragmentation per se has a similar and strong effect on mammals, but not on birds. The ISDs of bird communities were insensitive to fragmentation at the small scales considered here. These patterns can be explained by competitive release taking place in interacting animal communities, with the exception of bird's buffering response to fragmentation, presumably by adjusting the size of their home ranges. These results reflect consequences of higher mobility of birds compared to mammals of the same size and the importance of considering competitive interaction, particularly for mammal communities, in response to landscape fragmentation. Our allometric approach enables scaling up from individual physiology and foraging behaviour to terrestrial communities, and disentangling the role of individual space use and interspecific competition in controlling the response of mammal and bird communities to landscape changes. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Plotting the Modern City: John Dryden's Sir Martin Mar-All on the Dorset Garden Stage. Over the course of four days in September, 1666, a fire sparked in a bakery turned four-fifths of central London to dust. Wandering the streets around his home three days after the Great Fire subsided, the diarist John Evelyn describes a city in ruins-its buildings and landmarks \\\\'mealted, & reduc'd to cinders by the vehement heats,\\\\' its \\\\'bielanes & narrower streetes horizontal ellipsis quite fill'd up with rubbish, nor could one have possibly known where he was, but by the ruines of some church, or hall, that had some remarkable towre or pinacle remaining.\\\\' John Dryden echoes Evelyn's sense of disorientation in Annus Mirabilis, his poem dedicated to the people of London and published in 1667; he describes \\\\'the Cracks of Falling houses,\\\\' the \\\\'Shrieks of Subjects\\\\' as the Fire \\\\'wades the Streets,\\\\' threatens the palace, and lays the city's famed financial centers \\\\'to waste.\\\\' And he describes, too, the desperate attempts by those left homeless by the Fire to make spaces for themselves in the ruins:Those who have [no home] sit round where once it was,And with full Eyes each wonted Room require:Haunting the yet warm ashes of the place,As murder'd Men walk where they did expire.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Production of H2S and properties of sulfite reductase from selected strains of wine-producing yeasts. Correlation between H2S productivity (p) and sulfite reductase activity (A) was estimated for seven wine-producing yeasts. It was described by a linear function p=f(A), the slope of which depended on the yeast strain. The most intensive H2S synthesis by all the examined yeasts was observed within the early logarithmic growth phase, either in nitrogen abundance and SO2 presence, or in nitrogen deficient and SO2-free medium. Sulfite reductase from all the strains was optimally active at pH close to 7.4. The enzyme from cryophilic yeasts displayed maximum activity at approximately 16 degreesC, and from mesophiles at 22-26 degreesC. The preparations showed different affinities toward sulfite (K-m of 16.7-67.5 muM). Values of activation energy in sulfite reduction depended on the yeast, and ranged from 14.07 to 67.04 kJ mol(-1).", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Exact and variational theorems for fracture mechanics of composites with residual stresses, traction-loaded cracks, and imperfect interfaces. By partitioning the total stresses in a damaged composite into either mechanical and residual stresses or into initial and perturbation stresses, it was possible to derive several exact results for the energy release rate due to crack growth. These general results automatically include the effects of residual stresses, traction-loaded cracks, and imperfect interfaces. The exact energy release rate results were expressed in terms of exact solutions to reduced composite stress analysis problems. By considering the common situation where the initial stresses are known exactly, but the perturbation stresses are only known approximately, it was possible to derive rigorous upper and lower bounds to the energy release rate for crack growth. Some of the new fracture mechanics equations were applied to crack closure calculations, to fiber fracture and interfacial debonding in the fragmentation test, and to microcracking in composite laminates.", "label": [1, 11, 12]}
+{"token": "Using the constant comparative method in the foreign classroom: Shopping as a social problem in Romania. This paper describes how the senior author introduced the constant comparative method as a teaching and research tool to a class on the sociology of deviance. The students selected the topic of shopping as a social problem for a class project. The project not only held the interest of students but also generated information relevant to understanding the transformation of the former Soviet Union. Consumers were found to be developing their own procedures for responding to the difficult conditions created by the dual market economy. constant comparative method. The procedure may be especially applicable for teaching sociology to small numbers of committed students in the foreign classroom.", "label": [5, 48, 51]}
+{"token": "Declining Education Levels in Young Male Farmers in Southwestern Ontario. Environmental decisions taken by farmers often depend on their age, gender, and formal education. Changes in these demographic variables are therefore important for designing long-term environmental policies. However, studies on the effect of demographic variables on environmental behavior often show conflicting results. Here, we used mail survey data (n = 3069) to determine whether education levels of landowners in rural southwestern Ontario, Canada, varied with age, gender, and occupation (\\\\'farmer\\\\' or \\\\'non-farmer\\\\'). Education level increased with decreasing age in all landowners with the exception of male farmers, where the opposite trend was observed. This striking result highlights the importance of taking into account interactions among demographic variables. The unexpected decrease in education level in young male farmers is cause for concern and may need to be taken into consideration by policymakers in the design and implementation of agri-environmental programming.", "label": [0, 5, 6, 47]}
+{"token": "SPANNERS FOR GEOMETRIC INTERSECTION GRAPHS WITH APPLICATIONS. A ball graph is an intersection graph of a set of balls with arbitrary radii. Given a real number t > 1, we say that a subgraph G' of a graph G is a t-spanner of G, if for every pair of vertices 'a, v in G, there exists a path in G' of length at most t times the distance between a and v in G. In this paper, we consider the problem of efficiently constructing sparse spanners of ball graphs which supports fast shortest path distance queries.The algorithm extends naturally to other \\\\'disk-like\\\\' objects, also in higher dimensions. The algorithm uses an efficient subdivision of space to construct a sparse graph having many of the same distance properties as the input ball graph. Additionally, the constructed spanners have a small vertex separator decomposition (hereditary). In dimension 2, the disk graph spanner has an 0( root n is an element of(-3/2) + is an element of(-3) log S) separator. The presence of a small separator is then exploited to obtain very efficient data structures for approximate distance queries. The results on geometric graph separators might be of independent interest. For oxample, since complete Huclidean graphs are just a special case of (unit) ball graphs, our results also provide a new approach for constructing spanners with small separators in these graphs.We present the first algorithm for constructing spanners of ball graphs. For a disk graph in R-2 we construct a (1 + is an element of)-spanner for any is an element of > 0 with 0(n is an element of(-2)) edges in 0(n(4/3+delta) is an element of(-4/3) log(2/3) S) time, using an efficient partitioning of the plane into squares and solving intersection problems. Here delta is any positive constant, and S is the ratio between the largest and smallest radius. For the special case when the disks all have unit size, we show that the complexity of constructing a (1+is an element of)-spanner is almost equal to the complexity of constructing a Euclidean minimum spanning tree.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Addiction-Related Outcomes of Nicotine and Alcohol Co-use: New Insights Following the Rise in Vaping. Purpose Nicotine and alcohol-containing products are some of the most commonly used substances of abuse and are both leading causes of preventable death. These substances also have significant interactions that have additive and, in some cases, multiplicative effects on the health consequences of their use. Thus, to reduce these negative consequences, it is important to understand the abuse liability of nicotine and alcohol in combination, especially in the most relevant use cases among those who are most vulnerable. Specifically, as tobacco cigarette use is continually decreasing, vaping is quickly replacing cigarettes as the primary mode of nicotine use. This pattern is especially true in adolescent populations in which vaping has grown considerably. Particularly concerning is that adolescents are more vulnerable than adults to the negative consequences of substance use. It is therefore imperative to revisit the literature as it relates to the rising state of co-use of vaping products with alcohol. Here, we review the clinical outcomes of nicotine and alcohol co-use as they relate to the abuse liability of each individually. Special attention is paid to adolescent findings, where available, as well as investigations that use nontobacco nicotine products as these may more accurately reflect the more recent trends of co-use. Implications Though nicotine alone has previously been considered a proxy for tobacco and tobacco cigarette use, combustible routes of administration have been decreasing. They are, instead, being replaced by e-cigarettes that do not involve other tobacco constituents and contain additional nonnicotine constituents of their own. Unfortunately, the literature remains limited with regard to e-cigarettes and their interactions with other substances, especially their prevalent co-use with alcohol. This review attempts to discuss the current literature on nicotine and alcohol co-use in the context of the vaping epidemic, predominantly focusing on addiction-related outcomes and why e-cigarette use may be unique.", "label": [2, 21, 23]}
+{"token": "Natural diet and predation impacts of Pelagia noctiluca on fish eggs and larvae in the NW Mediterranean. Jellyfish are important predators of fish eggs and larvae and predation is believed to be the main factor determining fish recruitment. The diet of different life stages of Pelagia noctiluca and their potential predation impact on ichthyoplankton were investigated in the NW Mediterranean Sea. In June, the spatial distribution of jellyfish and fish larvae, particularly those of anchovy, overlapped in the study area. Gut content analyses showed relatively high abundance of ichthyoplankton in large medusae, while siphonophores were the most numerous prey of ephyrae. Gut contents, digestion times (DT), and prey and predator abundances were used to estimate predation effects (% of standing stock consumed time(-1)) of P. noctiluca. Medusae consumed 0.1-0.9% h(-1) of the anchovy larvae, while ephyrae consumed 1.5-2.7% h(-1) of all fish larvae and 1.5-10.4% h(-1) of anchovy larvae. We estimate that medusae and ephyrae consumed 0.02-3.2% h(-1) and 0.4-7.1% h(-1) of fish eggs, respectively. P. noctiluca can reach extremely high numbers and in a bloom situation it can be an important predator of fish larvae, in particular anchovy. Hence it may play an important role in the planktonic food web with a possible impact on anchovy populations.", "label": [4, 42, 36]}
+{"token": "Contribution to the knowledge of the lichenized biota of the East Aegean island Kos, Dodekanisos island group, Greece. One hundred and sixteen taxa are reported from Kos. One species, Candelariella subdeflexa, is new for Greece and 54 are new for Kos. The number of lichen species known from Kos is thus raised from 227 to 282. The distribution in the Aegean of the lichens new for Kos is briefly discussed. Contrary to what is observed for vascular plants, an Asian element among the lichens recorded from Kos is not detected. The species composition of different trees and substrata is presented, including lichens on Pinus halepensis subsp. brutia, Pistacia terebinthus and Prunus dulcis.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Cerebrovascular Lesions in Mixed Neurodegenerative Dementia: A Neuropathological and Magnetic Resonance Study. Background: In elderly brains of demented patients, Alzheimer and Lewy body pathology (LBP) are frequently associated. Cortical microinfarcts (CoMIs) are more observed in Lewy body disease, even in the absence of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). The present neuropathological and 7.0-tesla MRI studies investigate whether CoMIs are also more frequent in mixed neurodegenerative dementia syndromes. Summary: Both examinations revealed that CoMIs are increased to different degrees in mixed dementia syndromes according to the severity of the LBP. They were mainly associated with a trend of older age and arterial hypertension in the patients with the most severe LBP. Messages: The increased number of CoMIs in mixed dementia syndromes with LBP is mainly due to the associated cerebrovascular pathology, even in the absence of CAA. (C) 2017 S. Karger AG, Basel", "label": [2, 17, 21]}
+{"token": "A nonlinear geometric couple stress based strain gradient Kirchhoff-Love shell formulation for microscale thin-wall structures. We present a nonlinear Kirchhoff-Love micro-shell element based on isogeometric analysis (IGA) and couple stress theory. Higher-order NURBS functions are exploited for analyzing the strain gradient effect which automatically fulfill the higher-order continuity requirements. We express the strain gradient elastic formulation in natural curvilinear coordinates, which leads to an efficient numerical tool to examine geometric nonlinearities of thin micro-shell structures. The presented IGA formulation is verified through comparisons to analytical solution, experimental data as well as other popular benchmark problems of nonlinear geometric shells. We believe that the presented formulation is particularly suitable for analyzing two-dimensional materials at larger length scales, which are commonly studied at nanoscale.", "label": [1, 15, 12]}
+{"token": "The place of problem solving in contemporary mathematics curriculum documents. This paper reviews the presentation of problem solving and process aspects of mathematics in curriculum documents from Australia, UK, USA and Singapore. The place of problem solving in the documents is reviewed and contrasted, and illustrative problems from teachers' support materials are used to demonstrate how problem solving is now more often treated as a teaching method, rather than a goal in itself. The paper also analyses how the curriculum documents describe the growth of students' abilities in the process areas of mathematics, and assesses the guidance that this provides for teachers. At each stage, the paper suggests directions for research that would be useful in assisting curriculum documents to promote the fundamental but elusive goal of making students better problem solvers. (C) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Eschatological Failure as God's Mystery: Reassessing Prophecy and Reality at Qumran and in Nascent Christianity. The article discerns in both Qumranic sources and in those coming from the nascent Jesus movement responses to their shared experience of disappointment vis-a-vis postponement of the expected redemption. The discussion, focusing on 1QpHab and a number of New Testament epistles, highlights the usage in this context of the language of God's mystery, standing for reinterpretation of redemption-centered prophecies and their adjustment to a new timetable. While no clear direct links can be posited, the comparative study of the texts independently penned within the two eschatological groups allows to single out an underlying more general late Second Temple religious pattern of coping with delay in the anticipated end-of-days deliverance.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "A framework for differentially-private knowledge graph embeddings. Knowledge graph (KG) embedding methods are at the basis of many KG-based data mining tasks, such as link prediction and node clustering. However, graphs may contain confidential information about people or organizations, which may be leaked via embeddings. Research recently studied how to apply differential privacy to a number of graphs (and KG) analyses, but embedding methods have not been considered so far. This study moves a step toward filling such a gap, by proposing the Differential Private Knowledge Graph Embedding (DPKGE) framework. DPKGE extends existing KG embedding methods (e.g., TransE, TransM, RESCAL, and DistMult) and processes KGs containing both confidential and unrestricted statements. The resulting embeddings protect the presence of any of the former statements in the embedding space using differential privacy. Our experiments identify the cases where DPKGE produces useful embeddings, by analyzing the training process and tasks executed on top of the resulting embeddings. (c) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "National Identity and Support for the Welfare State. This paper examines the role of national identity in sustaining public support for the welfare state. Liberal nationalist theorists argue that social justice will always be easier to achieve in states with strong national identities, which, they contend, can both mitigate opposition to redistribution among high-income earners and reduce any corroding effects of ethnic diversity resulting from immigration. We test these propositions with Canadian data from the Equality, Security and Community survey. We conclude that national identity does increase support for the welfare state among the affluent majority of Canadians and that it helps to protect the welfare state from toxic effects of cultural suspicion. However, we also find that identity plays a narrower role than existing theories of liberal nationalism suggest and that the mechanisms through which it works are different. This leads us to suggest an alternative theory of the relationship between national identity and the welfare state, one that suggests that the relationship is highly contingent, reflecting distinctive features of the history and national narratives of each country. National identity may not have any general tendency to strengthen support for redistribution, but it may do so for those aspects of the welfare state seen as having played a particularly important role in building the nation or in enabling it to overcome particular challenges or crises.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Comparing the impact of a grazing regime with European bison versus one with free-ranging cattle on coastal dune vegetation in the Netherlands. Woody plant encroachment has increased across the globe and threatens biodiversity associated with open habitats. In order to prevent or reduce woody encroachment, conservation managers across Europe introduce large mammalian herbivores. While up to recently, managers were mostly using free-ranging domestic cattle and horses for this, there is an increasing interest in the use of European bison for nature management. However, we lack studies that compare the impact of these different grazers on vegetation. We report results from a unique grazing pilot in the National Park Zuid-Kennemerland, a heterogeneous coastal dune landscape in the Netherlands, where European bison, horses, and cattle were introduced to reverse the encroachment of grass and shrub species. We present results of an 8-year study on the development of woody and grassy vegetation on fixed transects in three different grazing areas within the national park; one area with European bison and horses, one area with cattle and horses, and one area where these large grazers were excluded. In all three areas, rabbit, fallow deer, and roe deer were present. Over time, we observed strong reductions in the vitality of several woody species, such as spindle tree, and this decline was similar across all areas. Grass height and cover also declined and the proportion of herbs increased in all three grazing areas in similar ways. However, the type of herbivore use (debarking, foraging on buds, branches) of several woody species differed significantly among areas. For instance, maple tree was only debarked in the E. bison area, while hawthorn branches were eaten significantly more in the cattle than in the bison area. Due to differences in herbivore densities among areas, it was difficult to draw strong conclusions on how the different herbivore species differed in their impact, but, importantly, we found that grazing regimes with bison can lead to as strong effects on vegetation structure and composition as grazing regimes with cattle. This is an important result since certain conditions, such as legal aspects, may motivate managers to introduce a wild large grazer rather than a domesticated one.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Legal issues associated with international Internet marketing. Marketing organizations are establishing Websites at an unprecedented rate. Despite this rapid growth, many firms are developing Websites with an inadequate understanding of the domestic and international legal issues associated with having a presence on the Internet. This lack of knowledge can result in firms facing expensive and time-consuming litigation. We therefore present the major legal issues that may arise as a result of creating, maintaining, and protecting Websites. In particular, we discuss and provide managerial recommendations regarding consumer protection, defamation and disparagement, intellectual property violations, and jurisdictional issues for international Internet marketers.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "Effect of xanthan gum on the physical and mechanical properties of gelatin-carboxymethyl cellulose film blends. The aim of this study is to develop composite edible films from three different polymers to induce cross-link reactions that improved the quality of films made from two polymer types. Gelatin-carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)-xanthan gum films were prepared by casting to study effects from the addition of different concentrations (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25%, w/w solid) of xanthan gum to gelatin-CMC film. Physical and mechanical properties of the respective films were evaluated. The addition of xanthan gum increased the thickness, moisture content and water vapour permeability of gelatin-CMC film (p < 0.05). Furthermore, Ultraviolet (UV) light shielding increased along with reduced visible light transparency (p < 0.05) and increased thermal stability (T-g) (p < 0.05). No new functional groups formed although slight shifts in intensity values by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were observed. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed a diminished crystalline peak. The resulted films also demonstrated lower tensile strength with diminished elongation at the break point, as well as higher puncture force and lower puncture deformation, indicating higher puncture resistance than comparable gelatin-CMC film. Overall, gelatin-CMC film with xanthan gum (5%, w/w solid) demonstrated improved physical and mechanical properties more than films prepared from comparable formulations. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Trajectory of criterion symptoms of major depression under newly started antidepressant treatment: sleep disturbances and anergia linger on while suicidal ideas and psychomotor symptoms disappear early. Objective In modern psychiatry, depression is diagnosed with the diagnostic criteria; however, the trajectory of each of the criterion symptoms is unknown. This study aims to examine this. Methods We made repeated assessments of the nine diagnostic criterion symptoms with the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) among 2011 participants of a 25-week pragmatic randomised controlled trial of sertraline and/or mirtazapine for hitherto untreated major depressive episodes. The changes from baseline were estimated with the mixed-effects model with repeated measures. The time to disappearance of each symptom was modeled using the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Results The total score on PHQ-9 was 18.5 (SD = 3.9, n = 2011) at baseline, which decreased to 15.3 (5.2, n = 2011) at week 1, to 11.5 (5.9, n = 1953) at week 3, to 7.8 (6.0, n = 1927) at week 9, and to 6.0 (5.9, n = 1910) at week 25. Suicidal ideas, psychomotor symptoms decreased rapidly, while anergia and sleep disturbance also decreased but only slowly. The survival analyses confirmed the primary analyses. Conclusions Upon initiation of antidepressant treatment, patients with newly treated major depressive episodes can expect their suicidal ideas and psychomotor symptoms to disappear first but sleep disturbances and anergia to linger on.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Synthesis and properties of fully-conjugated indacenedithiophenes. The synthesis and characterization of four fully-conjugated indacenedithiophenes (IDTs) are disclosed. In contrast to anthradithiophenes, regioselective synthesis of both syn and anti isomers is readily achieved. Thiophene fusion imparts increased paratropic character on the central indacene core as predicted by DFT calculations and confirmed by H-1 NMR spectroscopy. IDTs exhibit red-shifted absorbance maxima with respect to their all-carbon analogues and undergo two-electron reduction and one-electron oxidation.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Steiner pentagon covering designs. Let k(n), denote the complete undirected graph on n vertices. A Steiner pentagon covering design (SPCD) of order n is a pair (K-n, B), where B is a collection of c(n)=[n/5[n - 1/2]] pentagons from K-n such that any two vertices are joined by a path of length 1 in at least one pentagon of B, and also by a path of length 2 in at least one pentagon of B. The existence of SPCDs is investigated. The main approach is to use certain types of holey Steiner pentagon systems. For n even, the existence of SPCDs is established with a few possible exceptions. For n odd, new SPCDs are found which improve an earlier known result. In addition, new results are also found for Steiner pentagon packing designs. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "How to introduce the connective implication in orthomodular posets. Since orthomodular posets serve as an algebraic axiomatization of the logic of quantum mechanics, it is a natural question how the connective of implication can be defined in this logic. It should be introduced in such a way that it is related with conjunction, i.e. with the partial operation meet, by means of some kind of adjointness. We present here such an implication for which a so-called unsharp residuated poset can be constructed. Then this implication is connected with the operation meet by the so-called unsharp adjointness. We prove that also conversely, under some additional assumptions, such an unsharp residuated poset can be converted into an orthomodular poset and that this assignment is nearly one-to-one.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "The Use of Underbuilt Wires to Improve the Lightning Performance of Transmission Lines. An unconventional technique to improve the lightning performance of transmission lines, consisting of the addition of grounded wires properly positioned below the phase conductors, is assessed. Overvoltages developed across insulator strings of existing 230-kV lines in response to direct strikes to the towers were simulated using an electromagnetic model. Minimum reductions of these voltages in the ranges of 19%-32% and 26%-44% were achieved for 20- to 80-Omega tower-footing grounding resistances due to the addition of one and two underbuilt wires, respectively. This practice was shown to be more efficient than reducing the tower grounding resistance to its half value.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Causal Overdetermination and Modal Compatibilism. Compatibilists respond to the problem of causal exclusion for nonreductive physicalism by rejecting the exclusionist's ban on overdetermination. By the compatibilist's lights there are two forms of overdetermination, one that's problematic and another that is entirely benign. Furthermore, multiple causation by \\\\'tightly related\\\\' causes requires only the benign form of overdetermination. Call this the tight relation strategy for avoiding problematic forms of overdetermination. To justify the tight relation strategy, modal compatibilists appeal to a widely accepted counterfactual test. The argument of this paper is that the counterfactual test fails to legitimize the tight relation strategy as it fails to adequately distinguish between problematic and benign overdetermination. Contrary to modal compatibilists, modal dependence does not suffice for benignity. I conclude by arguing that adequately addressing overdetermination worries requires a much heavier metaphysical burden than modal compatibilists have typically recognized.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Study on Characteristic of CO2 Hydrate Formation Using Micro-sized Ice. Gas hydrate is an inclusion compound consisting of water and low molecular weight gases, which are incorporated into the lattice structure of water. Owing to its promising aspect to application technologies, gas hydrate has been widely studied recently, especially CO2 hydrate for the CCS (Carbon Capture and Storage) issue. The key point of CO2 hydrate technology for the CCS is how to produce gas hydrate in an efficient and economic way. In this study, we have tried to study the characteristic of gas hydrate formation using micro-sized ice through an ultrasonic nozzle which generate 2.4 MHz frequency wave. CO2 as a carrier gas brings micro-sized mist into low-temperature reactor, where the mist and carrier gas forms CO2 hydrate under -55 degrees C and atmospheric pressure condition and some part of the mist also remains unreacted micro-sized ice. Formed gas hydrate was average 10.7 of diameter at average. The starting ice particle was set to constant pressure to form CO2 hydrate and the consumed amount of CO2 gas was simultaneously measured to calculate the conversion of ice into gas hydrate. Results showed that the gas hydrate formation was highly suitable because of its extremely high gas-solid contact area, and the formation rate was also very high. Self-preservation effect of CO2 hydrate was confirmed by the measurement of CO2 hydrate powder at normal and at pressed state, which resulted that this kind of gas storage and transport could be feasible using CO2 hydrate formation.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "A Sub-100 fs-Jitter 8.16-GHz Ring-Oscillator-Based Power-Gating Injection-Locked Clock Multiplier With the Multiplication Factor of 68. This work presents an ultralow-jitter ring-oscillator (RO)-based injection-locked clock multiplier (ILCM). Using the power-gating (PG) injection method that can completely remove the accumulated phase error of the RO, the proposed ILCM can achieve a very wide injection bandwidth, and, thus, an ultralow-jitter, even when the multiplication factor, N, is increased above 60. To overcome the natural limitation of the PG injection, two digitally controlled oscillators (DCOs) were used to operate in a complementary manner. Since the background multi-functional calibrator (MFC) continuously synchronizes the outputs of the two DCOs, the PG-ILCM can generate a seamless output signal by combining these two signals. The proposed injection pulsewidth controller (IPWC) decreased the required delay of the digital-to-time converter (DTC), further reducing the jitter of the output signal. A phase-rotational divide-by-4 divider (PR-DIV4) also was proposed to reduce the operating frequency and the power consumption of the MFC while maintaining the fine resolution of the output frequency. The PG-ILCM, fabricated in a 65-om CMOS process, used the power of 143 mW and an area of 0.102 mm(2). The rms jitter measured at 8.16 GHz (N = 68) was 97 fs.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "A 'Diminished Nation'? The Racial Discrimination Act 1975, the Native Title Act 1993 and Constitutional Recognition of Indigenous Australians. The Native Title Act 1993 (Cth) is discriminatory in its treatment of Indigenous peoples' land interests compared with those of freeholders, particularly in relation to the provision of public infrastructure on their land. Section 7 of the Native Title Act does not permit the Racial Discrimination Act 1975 (Cth) to be used to effect a cure of that defect. Constitutional recognition for Indigenous Australians must address this incongruity. Indigenous Australians want it to be addressed in the referendum questions. Some commentators have warned against addressing it. Father Frank Brennan, for example, believes addressing such discrimination will lead to the failure of the referendum. This article asks if there can be an accommodation of the two views, both of which are compelling in their own way. It also suggests ways in which the Constitution and legislation might be amended to address such discrimination if ultimately the politics of the referendum questions does not allow discrimination to be dealt with in the Constitution in the way many Indigenous people would prefer.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "An Interactive Learning Environment for Information and Communication Theory. Interactive learning tools are emerging as effective educational materials in the area of computer science and engineering. It is a research domain that is rapidly expanding because of its positive impacts on motivating and improving students' performance during the learning process. This paper introduces an interactive learning environment for teaching and learning information and communication theory and related courses. The environment integrates several modules to meet the students' different learning styles. It contains a movie-like module, an animated hypertext introductory module that fully explains the fundamental concepts of information and communication theory. Besides those important learning modules, it also contains a self-assessment module that contains a set of interactive tests and examinations. Learners can use the environment as a standalone application or as an applet from within any web browser. Some evaluation experiments and comparative analyses of the results were performed to measure the performance of our environment in the classroom.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "The right in the service of trade unionism. The jurists of the CFDT. Driven by the demands of their members and the legalization of employment relations, trade unions have engaged in processes of internalization of the law in the form of internal legal services. The legal professionals employed in those services have to work in organizations where forms of political rationality predominate and may conflict with the professional logic they represent. This article examines the conditions under which they exercise their profession between expert knowledge and militant logic and questions the hybrid professionalization process they manage to build.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Investigation of SAM measures during selected MBLOCA sequences along with Station Blackout in a generic Konvoi PWR using ASTECV2.0. The Fukushima accidents have shown that further improvement of Severe Accident Management Guidelines (SAMGs) is necessary for the current fleet of Light Water Reactors. The elaboration of SAMGs requires a broad database of deterministic analyses performed with state-of-the art simulation tools. Within this work, the ASTECV2.0 integral severe accident code is used to study the efficiency of core reflooding (as a SAM measure) during postulated Medium Break LOCA (MBLOCA) scenarios in a German Konvoi PWR.Reflooding mass flow rates above 60 kg/s have to be supplied as soon as the CET exceeds 650 degrees C in order to prevent core melting.The performed investigations elucidate the ASTECV2.0 capabilities to describe the in-vessel phase of a severe accident in a German Konvoi PWR and to assess the performance of core reflooding for slightly degraded cores. Moreover, they form the basis of future analysis on sequences with a higher contribution to the overall risk of such nuclear plant. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Reflooding mass flow rates lower than 10 kg/s cannot prevent RPV failure.Reflooding mass flow rates ranging from 25-40 kg/s at CET = 650 degrees C mitigate the accident without major core damage depending on when the plant enters in SBO.In a first step, the progression of selected MBLOCA sequences without SAM measures has been analysed. The sequences postulate a break in the cold leg of the pressurizer loop and the total loss of AC power at a given stage of the accident. Results show the existence of a 40 min grace time up to the detection of a Core Exit Temperature (CET) of 650 C providing that the AC power has been maintained at least 1 h after SCRAM.In a second step, an extensive analysis on core reflooding has been carried out. The sequences assume that the plant remains in Station Blackout (SBO) and that reflooding occurs at different times with different mobile pumps. The simulations yield the following results:", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Evaluation of the 6-Minute Walk Test in Pet Dogs. BackgroundThe 6MWT will be easy to perform and well-tolerated in pet dogs. Dogs with pulmonary disease will walk shorter distances than healthy dogs.Healthy dogs walked 522.7 +/- 52.4 m, while sick dogs (n = 6) walked 384.8 +/- 41.0 m (P < .001). There was low (r = 0.13) to moderate (r = 0.27) correlation in the healthy dogs between physical characteristics and distances walked.AnimalsSixty-nine healthy dogs were recruited from the hospital community. Six dogs with mild to moderate pulmonary disease were recruited from animals presented for evaluation at the teaching hospital.The 6MWT was easy to perform and discriminated between healthy dogs and dogs with pulmonary disease.MethodsProspective study. Dogs walked for 6 minutes in a hallway and the distance covered was measured. Pulse oximetry and heart rate were recorded before and after walking. Physical characteristics of the dogs, including age, leg length, body condition score, and weight, were recorded. Healthy dogs were compared with affected dogs by a Student's t-test (P < .05). Correlations were calculated between the age, physical characteristics, and distances walked in the healthy dogs.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceThe 6-minute walk test (6MWT) is widely used in human medicine to objectively assess the degree of impairment, and to provide objective evidence of disease progression or response to therapy.Hypothesis/ObjectivesResults", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Prospects for the gliding mechanism of Mycoplasma mobile. Mycoplasma mobile forms gliding machinery at a cell pole and glides continuously in the direction of the cell pole at up to 4.5 mu m per second on solid surfaces such as animal cells. This motility system is not related to those of any other bacteria or eukaryotes. M. mobile uses ATP energy to repeatedly catch, pull, and release sialylated oligosaccharides on host cells with its approximately 50-nm long legs. The gliding machinery is a large structure composed of huge surface proteins and internal jellyfish-like structure. This system may have developed from an accidental combination between an adhesin and\\\\' a rotary ATPase, both of which are essential for the adhesive parasitic life of Mycoplasmas.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "The antecedents and outcomes of transformational leadership: leader's self-transcendent value, follower's environmental commitment and behavior. Purpose The primary purpose of this paper is to identify the antecedent (i.e. leader's self-transcendent value) and outcomes (i.e. follower's environmental commitment and behavior) of transformational leadership. The second purpose is to examine the mediating role of transformational leadership plays in the relationship between leader's self-transcendent value and follower's environmental commitment and behavior. Design/methodology/approach Multi-source data were collected at multiple times in China. A total of 262 employees and their 64 supervisors completed the survey. The authors conducted a series of confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) to verify the validity of the constructs and adopted the SPSS PROCESS macro with bootstrapping techniques to test the hypotheses. Findings The authors find that leader's self-transcendent value is an important antecedent of transformational leadership, and transformational leadership can enhance followers' environmental commitment and foster their environmental behavior. Besides, transformational leadership plays a significant mediating role between leader's self-transcendent value and follower's environmental commitment and behavior. Originality/value This study has developed an integrated model of the antecedents and outcomes of transformational leadership in the Chinese context. It also confirmed that transformational leadership mediates the process through which leader's self-transcendent value has a positive impact on follower's environmental commitment and behavior.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "Allelopathic Impact of Cover Crop Species on Soybean and Goosegrass Seedling Germination and Early Growth. Cover crops can provide a variety of benefits to an agricultural system: weed suppression, soil quality improvement, and soil water infiltration. Although there is ample research documenting weed suppression from cover crops, the mechanics of the suppression are not implicitly understood. Along with the aforementioned positive attributes, negative allelopathic effects on row crops planted into cover crop systems have been documented. The objective of this study was to evaluate the allelopathic potential of certain cover crop species on soybean (Glycine max L.) and goosegrass (Eleusine indica L.) germination and early seedling growth under controlled environments in petri dish and pot experiments. Leachates from above-ground biomass of five cover crop species, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), cereal rye (Secale cereale), hairy vetch (Vicia villosa), crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.), and canola (Brassica napus L.), from two locations (East and Middle Tennessee) were extracted and applied at 0 (water) and 50 v/v. In experiment I, both soybean and goosegrass seeds were examined, and, in experiment II, only soybean seeds were examined under the application of cover crop leachates. Most cover crop leachates from both locations significantly reduced the soybean seedling root length (p < 0.01). Overall, the application of canola extract (East Tennessee) suppressed soybean seed germination the most (28%) compared to deionized water. For goosegrass, the wheat cover crop leachate significantly reduced seedling root length (p < 0.01). In experiment II, the soybean root nodulation was significantly increased with the wheat extract treatment compared to deionized water. While the results indicate that the location and environment may change cover crop species allelopathic potential, the wheat cover crop leachate had the most potent allelopathic impact on goosegrass germination and growth; however, had the lowest observed adverse effect on our tested row crop, soybean.</p>", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "Gratitude and academic engagement among primary students: Examining a multiple mediating model. The current study investigated 745 primary students by using a gratitude scale, a teacher-student relationship scale, an academic self-efficacy scale, an academic anxiety scale, and an academic engagement scale to examine the multiple mediating roles of the teacher-student relationship, academic self-efficacy, and academic anxiety in the relationship between gratitude and academic engagement. Our findings indicated that gratitude had a direct and positive impact on academic engagement. In addition, gratitude could exert a positive effect on academic engagement by boosting the teacher-student relationship. Gratitude could positively affect academic engagement through a two-step path from the teacher-student relationship to academic self-efficacy. The positive effect of gratitude on academic engagement could also be achieved through a three-step path from the teacher-student relationship to academic anxiety via academic self-efficacy. Therefore, parents and educators can foster students' experience and expression of gratitude in school life to further improve their academic engagement. The research findings and limitations were discussed in detail.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Online Translation Pricing Issues. Digital technologies such as translation platforms, crowdsourcing and neural machine translation disrupt the economics of translation. Benchmarking the pricing policies of nine global language services firms uncovers a shift towards online business models that contribute to reshaping the traditional volume-based content-oriented model of translation towards a range of linguistic services focused on user experience.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Regional flea and host assemblages form biogeographic, but not ecological, clusters: evidence for a dispersal-based mechanism as a driver of species composition. We used data on the species composition of regional assemblages of fleas and their small mammalian hosts from 6 biogeographic realms and applied a novel method of step-down factor analyses (SDFA) and cluster analyses to identify biogeographic (across the entire globe) and ecological (within a realm across the main terrestrial biomes) clusters of these assemblages. We found that, at the global scale, the clusters of regional assemblage loadings on SDFA axes reflected well the assemblage distribution, according to the biogeographic realms to which they belong. At the global scale, the cluster topology, corresponding to the biogeographic realms, was similar between flea and host assemblages, but the topology of subtrees within realm-specific clusters substantially differed between fleas and hosts. At the scale of biogeographic realms, the distribution of regional flea and host assemblages did not correspond to the predominant biome types. Assemblages with similar loadings on SDFA axes were often situated in different biomes and vice versa. The across-biome, within-realm distributions of flea vs host assemblages suggested weak congruence between these distributions. Our results indicate that dispersal is a predominant mechanism of flea and host community assembly across large regions.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "The impact of relationships on changes in internationalisation strategies of SMEs. Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to study how existing relationships influence changes in SMEs' internationalisation strategies in terms of markets and modes.Findings - Using the conceptual model as a framework to analyse the data, it was found that existing relationships play an important role in 59 market strategy changes and 57 mode strategy changes. The main findings are that business relationships are more influential in internationalisation strategy changes than social relationships, especially with regard to mode changes in foreign markets. Most mode changes are reactive. Market strategy changes, however, are evenly balanced between proactive and reactive changes. Overall, more changes can be attributed to direct relationship influences than indirect third party influences. The findings from this study are used to develop seven propositions.Design/methodology/approach - This paper provides a detailed examination of the dynamics of 116 strategy changes, which are influenced by a firm's relationships in 20 New Zealand and Swedish internationalising SMEs. It uses the qualitative research method to develop theory. A conceptual model with eight categories relating to relationships and strategic change during the internationalisation process of the firm is developed.Originality/value - The paper focuses on strategic change and highlights the importance of relationships, in particular their influence in market and mode changes.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "Content integration as a factor in math-game effectiveness. In this study we focus on the integration of mathematical learning content (i.e., proportional reasoning) in game-based learning environments (GBLE). More specifically, two kinds of GBLEs are set up: an extrinsically integrated GBLE and an intrinsically integrated GBLE. In the former environment, the mathematical content is not part of the core mechanics and structure of the gaming world. In the latter environment, the mathematical content is delivered through the parts of the game that are the most fun to play and embodied within the structure of the gaming world and the players' interactions with it. Sixty-four vocational track students participated in the study, all of them working in either version of the self-developed GBLE \\\\'Zeldenrust\\\\'. The results of this study suggest that the way the content is integrated in a GBLE (i.e., intrinsically or extrinsically) matters: contrary to our expectations, students who played the extrinsically integrated game showed higher learning gains, motivational gains and perceived usefulness than students who played the game in which the content was intrinsically integrated.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Litter size and cub age influence weight gain and development in American black bears (Ursus americanus). We assessed the effects of cub age, litter size, and sex, on body mass (BM), absolute and relative growth rates (AGR, RGR), opening of ears and eyes, and deciduous teeth eruption from 129 cubs of American black bears (Ursus americanus) born at Virginia Tech's Black Bear Research Center. Specific ages, related to maternal food consumption, and litter size, best described BM, AGR, RGR, and ear and eye development. Overall, newborns weighed similar to 0.44 kg at birth and increased similar to 9-fold by similar to 14 weeks. Twins were greater in BM than single cubs and triplets. Single and triplet cubs had higher AGR and RGR than twins after mothers resumed food consumption post-hibernation. Newborns displayed RGR > 3.5% that decreased until den emergence (RGR < 3.5% after emergence). RGR differed among litter sizes, particularly after den emergence. Ear and eye opening occurred concurrently at similar to 44 days of age, while teeth erupted similar to 10 days later. Single cubs experienced delayed development of these organs compared to other litter sizes. Postnatal developmental differences between black bears and other carnivores likely stem from strategies allowing black bears to minimize energy expenditure during the gestational period when hibernating.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Assisting translations in border crossing An analysis of the Traducta translation grants in Estonia. This contribution explores the position of translation policy and its connection to translation flows in translation studies research. Power relationships (among languages, cultures, etc.) are essential when assessing and interpreting translation flows. Despite the hyper-centrality of English, other countries and language areas develop cultural policies to export their own literature through translation. The case study furnished here deals with the state agents responsible for the literary translation policy of Estonia, viz., the Estonian Literature Centre and the Traducta translation grants of the Estonian Cultural Endowment (Eesti Kultuurkapital). The statutes of the Traducta program, including the selection criteria, express an instrumental view on translation that is partly in conflict with the findings of modern translation studies. The data on the awards of the Traducta program not only confirm that the publishing of a translation often depends on the additional financial support for the program, but also highlight the significant differences between different target language areas, in a complex interplay of economic factors with elements of cultural image-building and geographical proximity.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Filamin is essential in actin cytoskeletal assembly mediated by p21-activated kinase 1. The serine/threonine kinase p21-activated kinase 1 (Pak1) controls the actin cytoskeletal and ruffle formation through mechanisms that are independent of GTPase activity. Here we identify filamin FLNa as a Pak1-interacting protein through a yeast two-hybrid screen using the amino terminus of Pak1 as a bait. FLNa is stimulated by physiological signalling molecules to undergo phosphorylation by Pak1 and to interact and colocalize with endogenous Pak1 in membrane ruffles. The ruffle-forming activity of Pak1 is functional in FLNa-expressing cells but not in FLNa-deficient cells. In FLNa, the Pak1-binding site involves tandem repeat 23 in the carboxyl terminus and phosphorylation takes place on serine 2152. The FLNa-binding site in Pak1 is localized between amino acids 52 and 132 in the conserved Cdc42/Rac-interacting (CRIB) domain; accordingly, FLNa binding to the CRIB domain stimulates Pak1 kinase activity. Our results indicate that FLNa may be essential for Pak1-induced cytoskeletal reorganization and that the two-way regulatory interaction between Pak1 and FLNa may contribute to the local stimulation of Pak1 activity and its targets in cytoskeletal structures.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Integrated pest management of Tuta absoluta: practical implementations across different world regions. The South American tomato pinworm, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), has invaded most Afro-Eurasian countries and is threatening worldwide tomato production. Various strategies have been developed and implemented to manage this pest. Here, we present a timely review on the up-to-date development and practical implementation of integrated pest management (IPM) programs for tomato crops across different world regions infested by T. absoluta. While insecticide resistance is a growing concern, biological control via releasing or conserving arthropod natural enemies and sex pheromone-based biotechnical control are the most successful management practices. Agronomic control-related research is an emerging area where the soil fertilization and/or irrigation, as well as breeding of resistant cultivars, has the potential to enhance IPM effectiveness. Grower survey responses in the native areas (i.e., South America), early-invaded areas (i.e., first report between 2006 and 2012) and newly invaded areas (i.e., first report after 2012) showed that the control programs evolved along with the areas and time since invasion. Growers in the early-invaded areas shifted more rapidly from chemical control to biological control compared to those from the native area. In all concerned regions, the pest control failure risk following chemical insecticide applications and the high cost associated with either biological or biotechnical control methods have been the greatest concerns for growers. The information gathered from the native and/or early-invaded areas may help achieve a more effective management in newly invaded areas. Lastly, researchers are expected to break the bottlenecks of some key issues that would enable lowering application cost of novel biorational alternative management options.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Transport of water vapor and inert gas mixtures through highly selective and highly permeable polymer membranes. This paper studies in detail the measurement of the permeation properties of highly permeable and highly selective polymers for water vapor/nitrogen gas mixtures. The analysis of the mass transport of a highly permeable polymer is complicated by the presence of stagnant boundary layers at feed and permeate side. Such resistances are generally specific to the permeation cell used and can be extracted from the measurement of the overall resistance of polymeric films having different thickness. Water vapor permeabilities of ethyl Cellulose and polysulfone films are determined and corrected for the resistance in the stagnant boundary layer and measured values correspond to those in literature. Permeability values of even higher permeable and more selective poly(ethylene oxide) poly(butylene terephthalate) multi-block copolymer (PEO-PBT) are presented to illustrate the contribution of the stagnant boundary layer at various process conditions. The mixed gas nitrogen permeability remains constant with an increase of water vapor activity on the feed side of the membrane, but increases significantly when the sweep gas is humidified. The water vapor permeability shows a strong dependence on the feed pressure. An increase of the feed pressure results in a larger resistance of the stagnant feed boundary layer, thereby lowering the total water vapor flux. The mixed gas nitrogen permeability decreases slightly with an increase of pressure most likely due to the compaction of the material. (c) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 33]}
+{"token": "Effect of edge roughness in graphene nanoribbon transistors. The effects of edge irregularity and mixed-edge shapes on the characteristics of graphene nanoribbon transistors are examined by self-consistent atomistic simulations based on the nonequilibrium Green's function formalism. The minimal leakage current increases due to the localized states induced in the band gap, and the on current decreases due to smaller quantum transmission and the self-consistent electrostatic effect in general. Although the ratio between the on current and minimal leakage current decreases, the transistor still switches even in the presence of edge roughness. The variation between devices, however, can be large, especially for a short channel length. (C) 2007 American Institute of Physics.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "The impact of energizing interactions on voluntary and involuntary turnover. In this paper we build from the theory of energetic activation to highlight the role energizing interactions play in relation to performance and turnover. We theorize that the association between energizing interactions within organizations and turnover is mediated by individual performance. We test our hypotheses using longitudinal network data collected annually within the IT department of a global engineering consulting firm over a four-year period. Our study shows that when an individual perceives their interactions with others inside the organization as increasing their level of energetic activation, they have a reduced likelihood of voluntary turnover, but that this relationship is mediated by individual performance. Perceiving interactions as increasing energetic activation results in higher performance, which in turn actually increases voluntary turnover. In contrast, when others perceive interactions with the focal actor as increasing their level of energetic activation it reduces the focal actor's risk of involuntary turnover. This relationship is also mediated by performance. When others within the organization perceive interactions with the focal actor as increasing their level of energetic activation, it results in the focal actor having higher performance, which in turn reduces the focal actor's involuntary turnover. In conclusion, we note that our findings are specific to knowledge workers with IT skills and may not be generalizable to all employees. We also suggest implications for managers and potential areas for future research.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "Teaching bayesian and markov methods in business analytics curricula: An integrated approach. In the era of artificial intelligence (AI), big data (BD), and digital transformation (DT), analytics students should gain the ability to solve business problems by integrating various methods. This teaching brief illustrates how two such methods-Bayesian analysis and Markov chains-can be combined to enhance student learning using the Analytics Project Life Cycle Management (APLCM) approach and a case study involving qualitative forecasting. The theoretical frameworks for combining Bayesian and Markov methods are developed, and a forecasting solution is implemented in both MS Excel and Python. Based on an assessment of student learning, applying this pedagogical approach helps students better use these disjoint methods and appreciate the value of integrating them. Although this teaching brief is designed and most appropriate for graduate students with previous BA courses, it can also be used in upper-level courses within an undergraduate BA curriculum. Finally, this teaching brief provides the instructors wishing to use this pedagogical approach in their appropriate courses with the necessary resources (i.e., case study, in-class example, and the MS Excel and Python templates).", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "X-ray characterization of BUSARD chip: A HV-SOI monolithic particle detector with pixel sensors under the buried oxide. This work presents the design of BUSARD, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) for the detection of ionizing particles. The ASIC is a monolithic active pixel sensor which has been fabricated in a High-Voltage Silicon-On-Insulator (HV-SOI) process that allows the fabrication of a buried N+ diffusion below the Buried OXide (BOX) as a standard processing step. The first version of the chip, BUSARD-A, takes advantage of this buried diffusion as an ionizing particle sensor. It includes a small array of 13 x 13 pixels, with a pitch of 80 mu m, and each pixel has one buried diffusion with a charge amplifier, discriminator with offset tuning and digital processing. The detector has several operation modes including particle counting and Time-over-Threshold (ToT). An initial X-ray characterization of the detector was carried out, obtaining several pulse height and ToT spectra, which then were used to perform the energy calibration of the device. The Molybdenum K-alpha emission was measured with a standard deviation of 127 e(-) of ENC by using the analog pulse output, and with 276 e(-) of ENC by using the ToT digital output. The resolution in ToT mode is dominated by the pixel-to-pixel variation.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Seeing a Page in a Flipbook: Shorter Visual Temporal Integration Windows in 2-Year-Old Toddlers with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) experience differences in visual temporal processing, the part of vision responsible for parsing continuous input into discrete objects and events. Here we investigated temporal processing in 2-year-old toddlers diagnosed with ASD and age-matched typically developing (TD) toddlers. We used a visual search task where the visibility of the target was determined by the pace of a display sequence. On integration trials, each display viewed alone had no visible target, but if integrated over time, the target became visible. On segmentation trials, the target became visible only when displays were perceptually segmented. We measured the percent of trials when participants fixated the target as a function of the stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) between displays. We computed the crossover point of the integration and segmentation performance functions for each group, an estimate of the temporal integration window (TIW), the period in which visual input is combined. We found that both groups of toddlers had significantly longer TIWs (125 ms) than adults (65 ms) from previous studies using the same paradigm, and that toddlers with ASD had significantly shorter TIWs (108 ms) than chronologically age-matched TD controls (142 ms).Lay Summary We investigated how young children, with and without autism, organize dynamic visual information across time, using a visual search paradigm. We found that toddlers with autism had higher temporal resolution than typically developing (TD) toddlers of the same age - that is, they are more likely to be able to detect rapid change across time, relative to TD toddlers. These differences in visual temporal processing can impact how one sees, interprets, and interacts with the world.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Species richness changes across two trophic levels simultaneously affect prey and consumer biomass. Increasing species richness of primary producers or consumers is proposed to increase primary and secondary production; however, the consequences of biodiversity change across trophic levels has been poorly investigated. We used a controlled marine microbial system to investigate the effects of simultaneous changes in biodiversity of consumer and prey species. Consumer (ciliates) and prey (algae) richness and identity were manipulated independently in a complete factorial design. The results showed clear biodiversity effects of both consumers and prey, within and across trophic levels. We found reduced prey and increased consumer biomass with increased consumer richness, with the most diverse prey assemblage supporting the highest biomass of consumers at the highest richness of consumers. Increasing prey richness did not increase resistance to consumption when consumers were present. Instead, our results indicated enhanced energy transfer with simultaneous increasing richness of consumers and prey.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "The Quantity and Focus of Publications in the Zeitschrift fur Padagogik within the Framework of a German-British Comparison. The authors present initial and selected results of a project sponsored by the German Research Association (DFG) in which leading journals of educational science in both England and Germany are analyzed, among them the Zeitschrift fur Padagogik. With a view to topics, methodological procedures, and the composition of authorships, about 2.000 articles published between 2001 and 2009 were analyzed. It appears that the manner and amount of publications allows to draw conclusions as to trends and deficits in the educational debate from a culture-specific and internationally comparative perspective and that, in this respect, the Zeitschrift fur Padagogik reveals its very own and distinct profile.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Effects of experimental small-scale habitat fragmentation on above-and below-ground plant biomass in calcareous grasslands. The effect of small-scale fragmentation on the above-ground plant biomass was examined in nutrient-poor calcareous grasslands in the northern Swiss Jura mountains in three successive years. In the same field experiment, the fragmentation effect on the below-ground plant biomass was evaluated in I year. Additionally, species richness and abundance of plants were recorded. The experimental set-up consisted of 12 blocks with 48 fragments (24 small, 12 medium and 12 large) and 48 corresponding control plots distributed over three study sites. Fragmentation was maintained by frequently mowing the area between the fragments. Three to 5 years after the beginning of the experiment, plant biomass was harvested in all fragments and control plots in late autumn every year. In general, fragments contained more above- and below-ground plant biomass than control plots. The increase in above-ground plant biomass was partly due to an increased density of plants, and partly due to a change in species composition in fragments. In particular, a competitive shift of dominance towards tall grasses and forbs at the expense of smaller forbs was observed. Beside the main fragmentation effect on above-ground plant biomass, interactive effects with year of investigation, study site and plot size were found. This indicates that the observed fragmentation effect is a combined result of various factors acting to a different extent at different sites and plot sizes. The fragmentation-related increase in plant productivity could affect higher trophic levels such as herbivore and predator communities. (C) 2004 Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Using bankruptcy law to implement or combat hostile takeovers of targets in chapter 11. While most business lawyers are familiar with the strategies for implementing or combating hostile takeovers of targets outside of Chapter 11, few are familiar with the additional concerns that arise when the target is in Chapter 11. Meanwhile, investors have become less fearful of the bankruptcy process and more willing to attempt hostile takeovers of targets in Chapter 11. This Article provides a detailed review of the bankruptcy law weapons available to a hostile bidder and a debtor's management iri their battle for control of the debtor. In particular, Part I provides an overview of the applicable legal principles; Part II discusses the use of claims trading to gain leverage and standing to file a competing plan; Part III discusses the role of non-bankruptcy corporate governance principles in the context of competing plan proposals; Part TV discusses the debtor's use of its exclusive right to file a plan to combat a hostile takeover in bankruptcy; and Part V discusses issues arising when competing plans are proposed, including the requirements that plans be proposed in, and that votes be cast in, good faith.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Redescriptions of two incompletely described species of mole cricket genus Gryllotalpa (Grylloidea; Gryllotalpidae; Gryllotalpinae) from China with description of two new species and a key to the known Chinese species. Gryllotalpa jinxiuensis You et Li, 1990 and Gryllotalpa henana Cai et Niu, 1998, which were incompletely described, are redescribed and illustrated here based on a fuller character set of tegmen veins, stridulatory file and genitalia. Two new species of Gryllotalpa from Henan and Zhejiang, China are also described.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Influence of Brettanomyces ethylphenols on red wine aroma evaluated by consumers in the United States and Portugal. Brettanomyces may add complexity to wine at low concentrations but at high concentrations, can result in objectionable wines. The objective of this study was to determine the concentrations at which consumers from two different locations were able to detect Brettanomyces volatile compounds present in a red wine. A red wine blend, used in both countries, was spiked to create five treatments containing different concentrations of 4-ethylphenol (4-EP), 4-ethylguiacol (4-EG), and 4-ethylcatechol (4-EC) in a 5:1:1 ratio, respectively. These treatments were evaluated by consumers in the United States and Portugal (n = 121) using a difference from control test. Consumers were also classified as having low, medium, or high wine knowledge. Among the spiked samples, the greatest degree of difference was found between the second and third treatments, corresponding to reported detection and recognition threshold ranges of 4-EP and 4-EG. For some treatments, consumers from Portugal classified in the medium or high knowledge level reported significantly higher mean differences from the control than those in the low knowledge group (p < 0.05). Results demonstrated consumers' ability to detect differences in red wines due to Brettanomyces volatile compounds. Results provide useful context on how wine knowledge and cultural variants may affect the detection of Brettanomyces.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Is Turkey Ready for the Post COVID-19 World Order?. The COVID-19 outbreak has had a huge impact on the global economy and politics. Closures and lockdowns stopped international trade resulting in an economic slowdown. It has changed the daily lives of people and the way business takes place. Politics has also been affected by the pandemic. Discussions about the changing world order have gained a new dimension and momentum. In this article, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in international relations is analyzed. Has COVID-19 triggered a change in the world order? If it has, what are the nature, scope, and content of this change? As a rising regional power in the Eastern Mediterranean region, how has Turkey been affected by this, and how did it respond to the changing situation? Signs of deteriorating world order, declining U.S. leadership, escalating geopolitical competition amongst global powers were in the air before the pandemic. Turkey's adaptation to this new world order pre-dates the pandemic, when it changed its political system, and invested in its security and cohesion.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Recombination networks as genetic markers in a human variation study of the Old World. We have analyzed human genetic diversity in 33 Old World populations including 23 populations obtained through Genographic Project studies. A set of 1,536 SNPs in five X chromosome regions were genotyped in 1,288 individuals (mostly males). We use a novel analysis employing subARG network construction with recombining chromosomal segments. Here, a subARG is constructed independently for each of five gene-free regions across the X chromosome, and the results are aggregated across them. For PCA, MDS and ancestry inference with STRUCTURE, the subARG is processed to obtain feature vectors of samples and pairwise distances between samples. The observed population structure, estimated from the five short X chromosomal segments, supports genome-wide frequency-based analyses: African populations show higher genetic diversity, and the general trend of shared variation is seen across the globe from Africa through Middle East, Europe, Central Asia, Southeast Asia, and East Asia in broad patterns. The recombinational analysis was also compared with established methods based on SNPs and haplotypes. For haplotypes, we also employed a fixed-length approach based on information-content optimization. Our recombinational analysis suggested a southern migration route out of Africa, and it also supports a single, rapid human expansion from Africa to East Asia through South Asia.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Remote substituent effects on N-X (X = H, F, Cl, CH3, Li) bond dissociation energies in para-substituted anilines. UB3LYP/6-311++g**//UB3LYP/6-31+g* and ROMP2/6-311++g**//UB3LYP/6-31+g* methods were used to calculate (i) N-X bond dissociation energies (BDE) in 4-YC6H4NH-X and (ii) N-H BDEs in 4-YC6H4NU-H, where Y = H, Me, OCH3, SMe, NH2, NMe2, SiMe3, F, Cl, CN, COOH, CF3, and NO2, X = H, CH3, F, Cl, and Li, and U = H, F, and CH3. It was found that N-H BDEs of 4-YC6H4NH2 have a positive correlation with the substituent sigma(p)(+) constants. The slope (rho(+)) is about 3.0-4.3 kcal/mol, which is in good agreement with the experimental results. It was also found that the substituent effects on N-X BDEs of 4-YC6H4NH-X change considerably when X changes. p+ values for N-CH3, N-F, N-Cl, and N-Li BDEs were calculated to be 3.1-4.6, 1.3-1.9, 1.8-2.6, and 4.9-6.8 kcal/mol, respectively. The reason for the variation of substituent effects was proposed to be the ground-state effect, i.e., the interaction between the intact NH-X moiety and the para substituents. Finally, alpha-substitution was found to be able to significantly change the substituent effects. rho(+) values for N-H BDEs of 4-C6H4NCH3-H and 4-C6H4NF-H are 2.5-4.0 and 1.7-1.9 kcal/mol, respectively.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Response to upfront azacitidine in juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia in the AZA-JMML-001 trial. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the only curative therapy for most children with juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML). Novel therapies controlling the disorder prior to HSCT are needed. We conducted a phase 2, multicenter, open-label study to evaluate the safety and antileukemic activity of azacitidine monotherapy prior to HSCT in newly diagnosed JMML patients. Eighteen patients enrolled from September 2015 to November 2017 were treated with azacitidine (75 mg/m(2)) administered IV once daily on days 1 to 7 of a 28-day cycle. The primary end point was the number of patients with clinical complete remission (cCR) or clinical partial remission (cPR) after 3 cycles of therapy. Pharmacokinetics, genome-wide DNA-methylation levels, and variant allele frequencies of leukemia-specific index mutations were also analyzed. Sixteen patients completed 3 cycles and 5 patients completed 6 cycles. After 3 cycles, 11 patients (61%) were in cPR and 7 (39%) had progressive disease. Six of 16 patients (38%) who needed platelet transfusions were transfusion-free after 3 cycles. All 7 patients with intermediate- or low-methylation signatures in genome-wide DNA-methylation studies achieved cPR. Seventeen patients received HSCT; 14 (82%) were leukemia-free at a median follow-up of 23.8 months (range, 7.0-39.3 months) after HSCT. Azacitidine was well tolerated and plasma concentration-time profiles were similar to observed profiles in adults. In conclusion, azacitidine monotherapy is a suitable option for children with newly diagnosed JMML. Although long-term safety and efficacy remain to be fully elucidated in this population, these data demonstrate that azacitidine provides valuable clinical benefit to JMML patients prior to HSCT.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "The NOPP operational wave model improvement project. The National Oceanographic Partnership Program (NOPP) has recently initiated a five-year project entitled \\\\'Improving Wind Wave Predictions: Global to Regional Scales\\\\'. This project focuses on improving operational wind wave modeling, by transitioning new science into such models, and by developing new physics parameterizations for such models. The paper describes the general goals of the project, and the science and operations gaps it attempts to bridge. Further attention is given to data sets and validation techniques for operational models. Finally, an outlook with desired and already achieved outcomes of this project is presented. Published by Elsevier Ltd.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Assessing an integrated government documents collection. Design/methodology/approach - This paper is based on the Library's experience conducting an assessment of its integrated government documents collection using an adaptation of the WLN conspectus method.Purpose - This paper proposes describing the collection assessment process adapted to fit the integrated government documents collection at Jacksonville State University's Houston Cole Library.Practical implications - As a result of this assessment, procedures were established for future assessments of the collection, and the results of the assessment were used to aid in the selection process.Originality/value - This paper provides a model for conducting an assessment of an integrated government documents collection that other libraries can follow and fills a gap in the literature of government documents collection management.Findings - The author describes the adaptations made, obstacles overcome, results of the assessment, and conclusions drawn from it.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "A Future for Hashima Pornography, representation and time. This article sets out to investigate the relationship between ruins, futurity, and ruin porn' - a visual mode of representation that all too often seeks to fix post-industrial ruins as mere aesthetic objects, devoid of history and/or temporality. It does so by focusing on performance, which, in this context, is understood as a processual mode of art-making that provides spectators with an experience of time. In this expanded definition of performance, as one may perhaps expect, the performativity of the object is not limited to the theatrical event alone; rather, it now inheres in sometimes uncanny durational aspects of both still and moving images. The essay proceeds in three stages. Part one provides a historical and theoretical overview of the type of performance inherent in ruin porn'; part two critiques two images from Yves Marchand's and Romain Meffre's Gunkanjima (2013), a photo album that attempted to document the ruins of Hashima, an island situated 15 kilometres from Nagasaki City in the East China Sea; and part three investigates the very different aesthetic at work in Lee Hassall's film Return to Battleship Island (2013) which was made in response to AHRC- funded project, The Future of Ruins: Reclaiming Abandonment and Toxicity on Hashima Island' (2013). In this reading of Return to Battleship Island , the onus is on showing how Hassall's film, in its representation of Hashima's crumbling apartment blocks and industrial buildings, intentionally sought to contest the atemporal logic of ruin porn' by attempting to endow the viewing experience with a sense of futurity. Crucially, this does not mean that film represented the future as an object, but, on the contrary, tried to make it palpable, as something one undergoes physically in the very act of reception.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Optimizing Treatment in Undertreated Late-Stage Parkinsonism: A Pragmatic Randomized Trial. Conclusions: The findings suggest that therapeutic gains may be reached even in this vulnerable group of patients with late-stage parkinsonism, but also emphasize that specialist recommendations need to be accompanied by better strategies to implement these to further improve outcomes.Results: Sample size calculation required 288 patients, but only 91 patients could be included. Treating physicians followed recommendations fully in 16 (28%) and partially in 21 (36%) patients. The intention-to-treat analysis showed no difference in primary outcome (between-group difference = -1.2, p = 0.45), but there was greater improvement for PDQ-8 in the intervention group (between-group difference = -3.7, p = 0.02). The per-protocol analysis confirmed these findings, and showed less deterioration in UPDRS-part I, greater improvement on UPDRS-total score and greater increase in LEDD in the intervention group.Methods: Ninety-one patients with late-stage parkinsonism considered undertreated were included in a pragmatic multi-center randomized-controlled trial with six-month follow-up. The intervention group received a letter with treatment recommendations to their primary clinician based on an extensive clinical assessment. Controls received care as usual. The primary outcome was the Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS)part-II (Activities of Daily Living). Other outcomes included quality-of-life (PDQ-8), mental health (UPDRS-I), motor function (UPDRS-III), treatment complications (UPDRS-IV), cognition (Mini-mental-state-examination), non-motor symptoms (Non-Motor-Symptoms-scale), health status (EQ-5D-5L) and levodopa-equivalent-daily-dose (LEDD). We also assessed adherence to recommendations. In addition to intention-to-treat analyses, a per-protocol analysis was conducted.Objective: To test the effectiveness of recommendations by a movement disorder specialist with expertise in late-stage parkinsonism.Background: Treatment of patients with late-stage parkinsonism is often sub-optimal.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "Supplemental fat in equine diets. Conventional concentrated energy sources, such as cereals, have been associated with metabolic problems (laminitis, colic) and there is a need for safer energy sources. Fats can be used to reduce starch bulk as they are a more concentrated energy source than cereals. It appears that equines can digest and utilize supplemental amounts of fat or oil effectively, and there also appears to be some extra-energetic effects. But additional research is needed to determine safe and effective limits of various fats in equine diets.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Key questions about the future of laboratory medicine in the next decade of the 21st century: A report from the IFCC-Emerging Technologies Division. This review advances the discussion about the future of laboratory medicine in the 2020s. In five major topic areas: 1. the \\\\'big picture\\\\' of healthcare; 2. pre-analytical factors; 3. Analytical factors; 4. post-analytical factors; and 5. relationships, which explores a next decade perspective on laboratory medicine and the likely impact of the predicted changes by means of a number of carefully focused questions that draw upon predictions made since 2013. The \\\\'big picture\\\\' of healthcare explores the effects of changing patient populations, the brain-to-brain loop, direct access testing, robots and total laboratory automation, and green technologies and sustain ability. The pre-analytical section considers the role of different sample types, drones, and biobanks. The analytical section examines advances in point-of-care testing, mass spectrometry, genomics, gene and immunotherapy, 3D-printing, and total laboratory quality. The post-analytical section discusses the value of laboratory medicine, the emerging role of artificial intelligence, the management and interpretation of omics data, and common reference intervals and decision limits. Finally, the relationships section explores the role of laboratory medicine scientific societies, the educational needs of laboratory professionals, communication, the relationship between laboratory professionals and clinicians, laboratory medicine financing, and the anticipated economic opportunities and outcomes in the 2020's.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "An analytical method for thermal stresses of a functionally graded material cylindrical shell under a thermal shock. In this paper, the thermal stresses of a thin functionally graded material (FGM) cylindrical shell subjected to a thermal shock are studied. An analytical method is developed. The studied problem for an FGM cylindrical shell is reduced to a plane problem. A perturbation method is used to solve the thermal diffusion equation for FGMs with general thermal properties. Then, the transient thermal stresses are obtained. The results show that the thermal shock is much easier to result in failure than the steady thermal loading. The present method can also be used to solve the crack problem of an FGM cylindrical shell with general thermal properties.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "Experimentally increased aggressiveness reduces population kin structure and subsequent recruitment in red grouse Lagopus lagopus scoticus. 4. Increased aggressiveness reduced not only subsequent density but also kin structuring among territorial cocks. This is consistent with the 'kinship' hypothesis that changes in the kin structure of male populations mediate year-to-year changes in male aggressiveness.2. A population-level manipulation of male aggressiveness in autumn affected the kin structure of male populations, their subsequent aggressiveness, and recruitment of both sexes. On two moors, we implanted the old territorial cocks in autumn with testosterone on an experimental area (T-areas) and with sham implants on a control area (C-areas).3. Increased aggressiveness in autumn t reduced recruitment in autumns t and t+ 1, and breeding density of both sexes in springs t+ 1 and t+ 2, confirming previous studies elsewhere. A new observation was that cocks on T-areas had bigger combs (an ornament whose size is testosterone-dependent) than those on C-areas for at least 1.5 years after treatment, evidence that they remained more aggressive.1. According to the 'territorial behaviour' hypothesis, red grouse population cycles are caused by delayed density-dependent changes in male aggressiveness influencing recruitment. These lagged changes in aggressiveness might be caused by changes in the kin structuring of male populations and differential aggressive behaviour between kin and non-kin ('kinship' hypothesis).6. The results show for the first time that increased aggressiveness affects both kin structure and subsequent recruitment, supporting a key assumption of the kinship hypothesis for red grouse population cycles.5. Increased aggressiveness did not increase intensity of infection by the dominant intestinal nematode Trichostrongylus tenuis, which might have affected recruitment through reduced breeding success. Moreover, breeding success after treatment was no lower on the T- than on the C-areas.", "label": [4, 34, 43]}
+{"token": "Effects of sampling intensity on the collection of spider (Araneae) species and the estimation of species richness. In this study I compare the relative effectiveness of temporally and spatially constrained sampling strategies on the collection of spiders, and discuss how the sampling strategy used may affect estimates of spider species richness. Using 3 time-based collecting methods (ground sampling, above ground sampling, and vegetation beating) and 1 area-based method (Tullgren leaf litter extraction), 3 collectors sampled spiders from 10- by 50-m plots in a cove forest in the Ellicott Rock Wilderness Area of northern Georgia between 18 May and 4 June 1993. Eighty samples collected from four 10- by 50-m plots (0.2 ha) contained 77 species, and 77 samples from 24 such plots (1.2 ha) contained 78 species. A total of 2,842 adults spiders was collected from the 1.4 ha sampled, representing 92 species, 64 genera, and 20 families. Increasing the collecting effort per unit area (repetitive collecting) is a more efficient strategy for collecting cryptic or covert species as opposed to spreading the sampling effort over a larger area (nonrepetitive collecting). It is suggested that before arthropod assemblages are included in management decisions, the methods used to collect the species must by fully examined. Richness estimates for the site ranged from 85 to 144 species using the repetitive strategy, from 88 to 95 for the nonrepetitive strategy, and from 102 to 112 for the entire dataset.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Morphological and yield responses of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to raised bed planting in Northern China. Six winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties (Jimai 19, Jimai 20, Jimai 21, Yannong 19, Jining 12 and Jining 16) were grown in 8 crop seasons/site combinations to investigate the effect of raised bed planting as compared to the conventional flat planting on wheat plant morphology, grain yield and associated yield components in Northern China. Raised bed planting produced a more ideal plant structure composed of larger basal leaves with smaller top leaves. Crop canopy analysis indicated that raised bed planting produced more durable dry matter weight of green leaves from the top of the canopy to the bottom as compared to conventional flat planting. In addition, raised bed planting shortened the basal first and second internodes and reduced plant height, leading to less crop lodging when compared with conventional flat planting. Under bed planting, the spike number per unit area was decreased, but the number of grains per spike and the 1000-grain weight of wheat were significantly increased in comparison with flat planting. Ultimately, raised bed planting produced more grain yield than flat planting through the integrative effect of these yield components. It is concluded that raised bed planting can optimize wheat morphological traits, enhance plant lodging resistance, and thereby increase the wheat productivity and yield difference between two planting systems varied from 6.6 to 12% over 5 locations in favour of raised bed planting.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Proposing a new model to aggregate ratings in multi-source feedback approach based on the evidence theory. Researchers and practitioners in multi-source feedback (MSF) context generally use the average-based methods to aggregate ratings. Because of the uncertainties in the raters' opinions, it is believed that the use of conventional averaging methods is not appropriate for aggregating MSF data. So, in MSF approach, there is a need to design a proper aggregation method that is capable to cope with the uncertainty in ratings. In this regard, in this paper, each rating group has been considered as a source of evidence, and a new aggregation model based on evidence theory has been proposed. In the proposed model, the collected data from each rating group by designing three different methods have been converted to the basic belief assignments and then aggregated using the Dempster rule of combination. In order to resolve the conflict between evidences, the discounting and compromise methods were used, and the output of the combination process was extracted using three different methods including the pignistic probability criterion, the plausibility transformation method and the expected value method. Finally, through a simulation study, the performance of the proposed model under various configurations was investigated. The results of the simulation study show that the proposed model, in almost all configurations, provides more accurate results than traditional aggregation method in MSF approach.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Effects of a high-dose Saccharomyces cerevisiae inoculum alone or in combination with Lactobacillus plantarum on the nutritional composition and fermentation traits of maize silage. Implications. The inoculation of maize silage with a high dose of S. cerevisiae needs to be performed with caution.Compared with the control, the S and SL groups showed increases (P < 0.001) in average pH (3.98 in S and 4.01 in SL vs 3.65 in the control), crude protein (85 g/kg DM in S and 80 g/kg DM in SL vs 63 g/kg DM in the control) and ammonia nitrogen/total nitrogen (122.2 g/kg in S and 163.9 g/kg in SL vs 52.9 g/kg in the control) but a lower (P < 0.001) average concentration of water-soluble carbohydrate (0.9 g/kg DM in S and 0.7 g/kg DM in SL vs 2.3 g/kg DM in the control). The levels of neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre were greater (P < 0.001) in S silage than in the control and SL silages, and the hemicellulose level was lower (P = 0.004) in the SL group than the control and S groups. Starch and aerobic stability were unaffected by treatment, and the average lactate and ethanol concentrations were higher (P < 0.001) in the S (53.7 g lactate/kg DM and 28.7 g ethanol/kg DM) and SL (56.9 g lactate/kg DM and 21.4 g ethanol/kg DM) groups than the control (40.1 g lactate/kg DM and 5.3 g ethanol/kg DM) over 90 days of ensiling.The inoculation of silage with Saccharomyces cerevisiae to deliver viable yeast cells is a novel concept.ConclusionsAimsThe effects of a high-dose S. cerevisiae inoculum alone or combined with Lactobacillus plantarum on the nutritional composition, fermentation traits and aerobic stability of maize silage were studied after 30, 60 and 90 days of storage.MethodsKey resultsWhole-crop maize (309.3 g dry matter (DM)/kg as fed) was subjected to one of three treatments: deionised water (untreated control); S. cerevisiae at an estimated concentration of 10(8) CFU/g fresh forage (S); or S. cerevisiae at an estimated concentration of 10(8) CFU/g and L. plantarum at an estimated concentration of 10(5) CFU/g of fresh forage (SL).Overall, a high-dose inoculum of S. cerevisiae alone or combined with L. plantarum affected the nutritional composition and fermentation traits of maize silage.Context", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Enemies and brothers in arms: Candida albicans and gram-positive bacteria. Candida albicans is an important human opportunistic fungal pathogen which is frequently found as part of the normal human microbiota. It is well accepted that the fungus interacts with other components of the resident microbiota and that this impacts the commensal or pathogenic outcome of C. albicans colonization. Different types of interactions, including synergism or antagonism, contribute to a complex balance between the multitude of different species. Mixed biofilms of C. albicans and streptococci are a well-studied example of a mutualistic interaction often potentiating the virulence of the individual members. In contrast, other bacteria like lactobacilli are known to antagonize C. albicans, and research has just started elucidating the mechanisms behind these interactions. This scenario is even more complicated by a third player, the host. This review focuses on interactions between C. albicans and gram-positive bacteria whose investigation will without doubt ultimately help understanding C. albicans infections.", "label": [4, 40, 39]}
+{"token": "Soft tissue sarcomas in the African hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris): microscopic and immunohistologic study of three cases. Three soft tissue tumors from 2 female hedgehogs were examined microscopically and immunohistochemically. Two tumors involved haired skin and the third one was vaginal. Microscopically, the cutaneous tumors had features of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST), whereas the vaginal tumor was classified only as a spindle cell sarcoma. Immunohistochemically, all 3 tumors were strongly positive for vimentin and strongly to moderately positive for CD10 and neuron-specific enolase but did not stain with antibody to S100 protein, an antigen typically present in human MPNST The cutaneous tumor from hedgehog no. 1 was examined ultrastructurally and the neoplastic cells resembled fibroblasts. Hedgehog no. 1 was euthanized at the time of the biopsy. The outcome of the other hedgehog was unknown.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Effect of age on sensory perception of beef patties with varying firmness. Sensorial perceptions change as people age; hence the aim of this study was to test if there were differences between younger (n = 95; aged 20-56) compared to older (n = 97; aged 60-81) consumers in sensory assessment of beef patties with varying firmness ('soft', 'medium', 'hard') and the influence of adding plum sauce as a lubricant and flavouring. The firmness of patties influenced consumer scores for overall liking, appearance, texture, flavour, and saltiness for both age groups. Both groups preferred the 'soft' patty regardless of sauce addition. When sauce was added, there was an increase in appearance and texture liking for younger consumers, but it did not influence liking for older people. In contrast to older consumers, younger subjects noted a 'sour-acidic' taste in samples. Sensorial perception of flavour does change as people age, and this is important to consider when developing suitable foods for older adults' consumption.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Three-Party Quantum Network Communication Protocols Based on Quantum Teleportation. By utilizing the delocalized correlation of entangled states in quantum information theory, a novel method on acknowledgments of quantum information among three-party is presented, and then two three-party quantum network communication protocols based on quantum teleportation are presented, namely, three-party stop-wait quantum communication protocol and three-party selective automatic repeat quantum communication protocol. In the two proposed protocols, the data frames composed of qubits are teleported via three-party quantum teleportation, the two receivers simultaneously receive quantum frames from the sender, and then return quantum acknowledgment frames or quantum negative acknowledgment frames via quantum entanglement channels. The sender simultaneously receives and deals with quantum acknowledgment frames and quantum negative acknowledgment frames from the two receivers, thus the processing delay on returning quantum frames is reduced. And due to the transience of transferring quantum information, the returning of quantum acknowledgment frames and quantum negative acknowledgment frames are completed instantaneously, the proposed protocols reduce the transmission delay and improve the communication efficiency. During the whole course of communications, the classical channels are only used to transmit the measurement message, so the burdens of classical channels are reduced.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Towards a more effective detective. The characteristics that detectives believe are required to be an effective detective' were explored in this study. A Repertory Grid Technique and Critical Incident Technique were used to explore in detail the views of experienced detectives (N = 30) from five different police services in Australia and New Zealand about what makes an effective detective. The findings suggest that detectives hold a complex and challenging role that requires 11 key skills. By far, the most important factor was communication skills, particularly how to communicate effectively with a variety of people varying from victims and suspects to colleagues and scientific experts. High levels of motivation and thoroughness closely followed communication as essential skills. The implications of these findings for the recruitment, training and management of detectives are discussed.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Sliding behaviour of nanophased AISI M2 tool steel obtained by mechanomaking and hot isostatic pressing. The friction and wear behaviour of a nanophased AISI grade M2 tool steel was studied under dry sliding conditions and compared with that of a conventional AISI M2 steel. The nanocrystalline steel was produced by mechanosynthesis followed by cold and hot isostatic pressing. Slider-on-cylinder tests were performed against a ceramic coated countermaterial under loads of 10, 20, and 30 N and sliding speeds of 0.3 and 1.2 m s(-1) up to 10 km sliding distance. The nanocrystalline material underwent mild wear with low coefficient of friction under all testing conditions. The commercial M2 steel displayed distance dependent transitions from a regime of mild wear with low coefficient of friction, to a regime of severe wear with high coefficient of friction. The first tribological regime was due to the formation of a layer of iron oxides on the worn surfaces. In this regime, the wear resistance of both steels is mainly dominated by the mechanical properties of the carbides which have high load carrying capability. The second tribological regime, observed in the commercial steel, was due to the formation of cracks both on the mechanically mixed layer and at a depth beneath this layer, which also led to the detachment of carbides from the matrix. This abrasive 'third body' produced high wear damage of the commercial steel under high applied loads. (C) 2001 IoM Communications Ltd.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "EFFECT OF INITIAL STRESS AND GRAVITY FIELD ON MICROPOLAR THERMOELASTIC SOLID WITH MICROTEMPERATURES. The purpose of the present article is the study of the effect of the gravity field on an initially stressed micropolar thermoelastic medium with microtemperatures. The analytical method used to obtain the formula of the physical quantities is the normal mode analysis. The comparisons are established graphically in the presence and the absence of gravity, initial stress and micropolar thermoelasticity. The main conclusions state that the gravity, initial stress and the micropolar thermoelasticity are effective physical operators on the variation of the physical quantities. The microtemperatures are very useful theory in the field of geophysics and earthquake engineering.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "Structural Characterization of Cuta- and Tusavirus: Insight into Protoparvoviruses Capsid Morphology. Several members of theProtoparvovirusgenus, capable of infecting humans, have been recently discovered, including cutavirus (CuV) and tusavirus (TuV). To begin the characterization of these viruses, we have used cryo-electron microscopy and image reconstruction to determine their capsid structures to similar to 2.9 angstrom resolution, and glycan array and cell-based assays to identify glycans utilized for cellular entry. Structural comparisons show that the CuV and TuV capsids share common features with other parvoviruses, including an eight-stranded anti-parallel beta-barrel, depressions at the icosahedral 2-fold and surrounding the 5-fold axes, and a channel at the 5-fold axes. However, the viruses exhibit significant topological differences in their viral protein surface loops. These result in three separated 3-fold protrusions, similar to the bufaviruses also infecting humans, suggesting a host-driven structure evolution. The surface loops contain residues involved in receptor binding, cellular trafficking, and antigenic reactivity in other parvoviruses. In addition, terminal sialic acid was identified as the glycan potentially utilized by both CuV and TuV for cellular entry, with TuV showing additional recognition of poly-sialic acid and sialylated Lewis X (sLeXLeXLeX) motifs reported to be upregulated in neurotropic and cancer cells, respectively. These structures provide a platform for annotating the cellular interactions of these human pathogens.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Interaction between structure of small mammal population and occurrence of antibodies to leptospira. Five rodent species (Apodemus flavicollis, A. agrarius, A. microps, Clethrionomys glareolus and Microtus arvalis) were examined serologically for presence of antibodies to leptospira. Small mammals were caught in several areas of eastern Slovakia, an important part of host material comming from East Slovakian Lowland (45.7%), south part of Kosice basin (26.5%) and Slovak carst (10.1%). Serological examinations were used by Kmety and Bakoss (1978), the sexual condition of rodents were ascertained after Pelikan (1965). Altogether, 2113 individuals of rodent species were examined during five years (1991-1995), antibodies to leptospires were demonstrated in 5.02% of examined hosts. In examined hosts antibodies to six serovars of leptospira (Leptospira grippothyphosa, L. sejroe, L. bataviae, L. bratislava, L. pomona and L. sorex-jalna) were found. The most frequently observed antibodies were those of the serovar L. grippothyphosa (65.1%) and L. sejroe (25.5%). Slightly higher percentage of positive hosts in mature group rodents (5.4%) comparing with immature rodents (4.6%) were statistically insignificant. Similarly, no differences were found between percentage of positive rodent females (5.3%) and group of males (4.7%). No statistical differences were found in positivities to leptospira antibodies among sexual and age groups of individual rodent species, too. Proportion of serological positivities to L. grippothyphosa and L. sejroe in compared sex and age rodent groups were very similar. In evaluated rodent species trend of increases of serological positive values from spring to autumn was observed, but it was statistically confirmed only in A. agrarius.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Numerical simulation of coal gasification in entrained flow coal gasifier. This paper presents modeling of a coal gasification reaction, and prediction of gasification performance for an entrained flow coal gasifier. The purposes of this study are to develop an evaluation technique for design and performance optimization of coal gasifiers using a numerical simulation technique, and to confirm the validity of the model. The coal gasification model suggested in this paper is composed of a pyrolysis model, char gasification model, and gas phase reaction model. A numerical simulation with the coal gasification model is performed on the CRIEPI 2 tons/day (T/D) research scale coal gasifier. Influence of the air ratio on gasification performance, such as a per pass carbon conversion efficiency, amount of product char, a heating value of the product gas. and cold gas efficiency is presented with regard to the 2 T/D gasifier. Gas temperature distribution and product gas composition are also presented. A comparison between the calculation and experimental data shows that most features of the gasification performance were identified accurately by the numerical simulation. confirming the validity of the current model. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "Morphology-based phylogeny of Eigenmanniinae Mago-Leccia, 1978 (Teleostei: Gymnotiformes: Sternopygidae), with a new classification. We advance on the knowledge of Eigenmanniinae by proposing a hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships based on the parsimony analysis of a diverse set of 144 anatomical characters, 12% of them treated as quantitative and 88% treated as qualitative (8% external morphology, 51% osteology, 21% myology, and 8% neuroanatomy). Thirty-seven of 45 valid species of Eigenmanniinae are examined in the study, including the incertae sedis species \\\\'Eigenmannia\\\\' goajira. The final tree yields new insights on species relationships, thus, producing a new classification to Eigenmanninae. Our analysis recovered the monophyly of Eigenmanniinae, Archolaemus, Eigenmannia, and Rhabdolichops. Eigenmannia is proposed as monophyletic based on four morphological synapomorphies, one of which exclusive to the genus. Japigny is proposed to be the sister group of all remaining Eigenmanniinae and \\\\'E.\\\\' goajira to be the sister group of Archolaemus. The hypothesis of monophyly of Distocyclus including D. conirostris and D. guchereauae is rejected. Consequently, D. guchereauae is included in Eigenmannia, and a new genus is established to include \\\\'E.\\\\' goajira. A taxonomic key to all genera is provided. In addition, this study highlights the critical played by a diverse set of anatomical and quantitative characters without discretization on phylogenetic reconstructions.", "label": [4, 39, 43]}
+{"token": "On behalf of the consequence argument: time, modality, and the nature of free action. The consequence argument for the incompatibility of free action and determinism has long been under attack, but two important objections have only recently emerged: Warfield's modal fallacy objection and Campbell's no past objection. In this paper, I explain the significance of these objections and defend the consequence argument against them. First, I present a novel formulation of the argument that withstands their force. Next, I argue for the one controversial claim on which this formulation relies: the trans-temporality thesis. This thesis implies that an agent acts freely only if there is one time at which she is able to perform an action and a distinct time at which she actually performs it. I then point out that determinism, too, is a thesis about trans-temporal relations. I conclude that it is precisely because my formulation of the consequence argument emphasizes trans-temporality that it prevails against the modal fallacy and no past objections.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Teacher perspectives on their alternative fast-track induction. The purpose of this study was to explore the professional challenges and concerns of 30 second career teachers (SCTs) participating in an alternative fast-track induction program during their first year of teaching. Additionally, the study investigated their perspectives of the institutional support provided to them. The main source of data was online case study discussions and reflective journals which were analyzed qualitatively through content analysis. The results suggest that the challenges and concerns of SCTs trained through a fast-track program are essentially not dissimilar from novice teachers trained in traditional programs. Even though SCTs entered the profession with extensive life and work experience, they seemed to perceive the same mismatch experienced by other first-year teachers between what they had expected and what they actually encountered. Their main challenges and concerns centered on: classroom teaching, teacher-student relations, the extensive workload, and their emotional involvement. Nevertheless, these SCTs demonstrated the ability to apply strategies acquired in their previous professions to cope with the professional challenges they had encountered in the school context. Drawing on transition theory proposed by Schlossberg, the process of transition into the teaching profession was explored. Applying Schlossberg's model, the professional concerns and the types of strategies used by SCTs to cope with the various challenges were identified. This theory also provided the framework for understanding the perceptions of SCTs of the institutional support provided to them and the use they made of it throughout this year. Implications for teacher education programs are discussed.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "The foraging profile of a wandoo woodland avifauna in early spring. This study reports on the foraging profile of a wandoo woodland avifauna at Dryandra in Western Australia, Australia. Despite its geographical isolation, wandoo woodland shares a large number of species with woodland bird communities in eastern Australia and there are broad similarities in community foraging profiles. Insect-eating birds using ground, bark, foliage, and aerial substrates dominate eucalypt bird communities. Nectar-feeding and seed/fruit-eating guilds are important components of the Australian avifauna, but have fewer species, and vary in composition and abundance as nectar, seed, and fruit availability changes seasonally and from year to year, and from one locality to another. Despite similarities, there are also differences between the foraging profile of the wandoo avifauna and those in eastern Australia. Specifically, the wandoo avifauna is characterized by a high proportion of ground-foraging species. In addition, many wandoo woodland birds appear to spread their foraging over a wider range of substrates (i.e., ground, bark, and foliage) than eastern species. Differences in habitat structure do not explain these differences in community foraging profiles, and there may be differences in the abundance, kind, and spatial distribution of resources between different eucalypt ecosystems. Possibly the eastern communities have lost ground-dwelling components of their avifauna since European settlement, while the woodlands at Dryandra retain a more intact avifauna. The reasons why some species and not others are lost from woodlands as a result of European land management practices are discussed.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Lactate flux in astrocytes is enhanced by a non-catalytic action of carbonic anhydrase II. Rapid exchange ofmetabolites between different cell types is crucial for energy homeostasis of the brain. Besides glucose, lactate is a major metabolite in the brain and is primarily produced in astrocytes. In the present study, we report that carbonic anhydrase 2 ( CAII) enhances both influx and efflux of lactate in mouse cerebellar astrocytes. The augmentation of lactate transport is independent of the enzyme's catalytic activity, but requires direct binding of CAII to the C-terminal of the monocarboxylate transporter MCT1, one of the major lactate/proton cotransporters in astrocytes and most tissues. By employing its intramolecular proton shuttle, CAII, bound to MCT1, can act as a 'proton collecting antenna' for the transporter, suppressing the formation of proton microdomains at the transporter-pore and thereby enhancing lactate flux. By this mechanism CAII could enhance transfer of lactate between astrocytes and neurons and thus provide the neurons with an increased supply of energy substrate.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "An efficient approach for multilayered beams and wide plates with imperfect interfaces and delaminations. In multilayered systems with interfacial imperfections, such as imperfect bonding of the layers or delaminations, or where the plies are separated by thin interlayers allowing relative motion, the displacement field is highly discontinuous in the thickness, with a characteristic zig-zag pattern and interfacial jumps. Stresses also have large variations, especially for highly deformable interlayers or fully debonded layers. These effects cannot be captured using classical, first- or higher-order single-layer theories. A mechanical model is formulated for the solution of multilayered beams/wide plates with an arbitrary number of imperfect interfaces/delaminations loaded dynamically. The formulation is in the framework of the discrete-layer approach and the interfaces are described through affine traction laws which relate interfacial tractions and relative displacements. Homogenization and variational techniques define novel equilibrium equations depending on only four generalized displacement functions. Comparison with 2D elasticity solutions shows that complex discontinuous fields in thick, highly-anisotropic plates with an arbitrary number of sliding-interfaces are accurately predicted. The approach extends the range of problems which can be solved analytically compared to discrete-layer models where the unknowns depend on the number of layers/interfaces. The affine traction laws describe arbitrary branches of piecewise linear functions approximating nonlinear traction laws to represent different interfacial mechanisms. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 11, 12]}
+{"token": "Long-term dynamics of phytoplankton assemblages: Microcystis-domination in Lake Taihu, a large shallow lake in China. Long-term phytoplankton assemblages in a large shallow Chinese lake, Lake Taihu, were presented using the monthly monitoring data from October 1991 to December 1999. Earlier research results (1960, 1981 and 1988) were applied to discuss the different trophic stages of the lake. The species composition in the lake was more closely related to eutrophication level than to lake-size, shallowness, or turbidity. Each summer, a single peak of phytoplankton biovolume appeared in Meiliang Bay. The results of principal components analysis showed a distinct temporal shift in species composition between summer and winter. A clear spatial difference in phytoplankton occurred between Meiliang Bay and the lake centre. Wind speed and direction affected the horizontal distribution of phytoplankton, especially Microcystis, in the lake. Temperature, underwater light climate, nutrients and grazing by zooplankton and by fish were discussed to explain the overwhelming dominance of Microcystis. Four nutrient-phytoplankton stages were identified in the lake: an oligo-mesotrophic stage with low algal biomass until 1981, a eutrophic situation with blooms of Microcystis during 1988-1995, hypertrophic conditions with the dominance of Planctonema and total phosphorus up to 200 mg m(-3) from 1996 to 1997 and the restoration period after 1997. The wax and wane of the phytoplankton assemblages were mainly controlled by temperature, wind and turbidity while long-term biomass dynamics were influenced by the level of nutrients.", "label": [4, 42, 36]}
+{"token": "Endogenous Stackelberg leadership. We consider a linear quantity setting duopoly game and analyze which of the players will commit when both players have the possibility to do so. To that end, we study a two-stage game in which each player can either commit to a quantity in stage 1 or wait till stage 2. We show that committing is more risky for the high cost firm and that, consequently, risk dominance considerations, as in Harsanyi and Selten (1988), allow the conclusion that only the low cost firm will choose to commit. Hence, the low cost firm Will emerge as the endogenous Stackelberg leader. (C) 1999 Academic Press.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Orthogonality of cosets relative to irreducible characters of finite groups. Studied is an assumption on a group that ensures that no matter how the group is embedded in a symmetric group, the corresponding symmetrized tenser space has an orthogonal basis of standard (decomposable) symmetrized tensors.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Nutrition for Elder Care: a nutritional semantic recommender system for the elderly. The awareness and familiarity of elderly people with the use of new technologies have increased considerably in the last few years, which consequently cause a higher willingness to the use of these technologies in their daily lives. This allows the elderly to benefit from technology through active and conscious participation in activities related to health, leisure and promotion of social relationships, fostering active ageing. Three large dimensions cover almost a major part of health care within the framework of early and intermediate stages of active ageing: physical exercise, healthy nutrition and cognitive stimulation. In this paper, we present a nutritional recommender system, Nutrition for Elder Care, intended to help elderly users to draw up their own healthy diet plans following the nutritional experts guidelines. The system has been developed with the intensive use of Semantic Web technologies pursuing knowledge sharing and reuse between different applications and agents and the discovering of implicit new knowledge.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Assessment of mathematical models to describe the rate of passage of enzyme-treated or sugar beet pulp-substituted lucerne silage in equids. A 3 x 3 Latin-square design experiment was used to assess the ability of mathematical models to describe the rate of passage of enzyme-treated or sugar beet pulp (SB) substituted lucerne silage in equids. Three experimental diets were evaluated: a lucerne silage control (WS), enzyme-treated lucerne(WE) and lucerne substituted with 300 g/kg DM of SB (WSB). Each diet was fed to give a total DM intake of 17.5 g/kg of liveweight per day. The control diet, WE, and the basal silage in the WSB diet were labelled with ytterbium chloride (Yb). Labelled feeds (60 g) were offered as an oral dose on the first day of each recording period prior to the morning meal. Faecal sampling was initiated immediately after marker administration and continued for 120 h. Faecal excretion data were subjected to the algebraic models of Faichney (1975) and Theilmans et al. (1978), and to the compartmental models of Grovum and Williams (1973), Dhanoa et al. (1985) and Pond et al. (1988). The models of Grovum and Williams (1973), Dhanoa et al. (1985) and the G2G1 model of Pond et al. (1988) failed to converge with 6 out of the 9 faecal excretion data collected; thus were rejected from further analysis. For the remaining models, similar total tract MRT values were recorded for the algebraic and compartmental models. Furthermore, enzyme treatment or SB substitution did not affect the total tract MRT of lucerne silage in ponies, with values ranging from 25 to 27.4 h. Of the compartmental models, the time-dependent G3G1 model of Pond et al. (1988) yielded the highest R(2) values and was chosen to compare differences between the marked feeds. However, results indicated that further studies, aimed at developing equine-specific models, are required to conclusively determine digesta MRT within the different segments of the equid gut. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Profound and Sustained Reduction in Chlamydia trachomatis in The Gambia: A Five-Year Longitudinal Study of Trachoma Endemic Communities. Conclusions/Significance: A single round of mass antibiotic treatment may be sufficient in low prevalence settings to control C. trachomatis infection when combined with environmental conditions, which suppress transmission, such as a good water supply and sanitation.Background: The elimination of blinding trachoma focuses on controlling Chlamydia trachomatis infection through mass antibiotic treatment and measures to limit transmission. As the prevalence of disease declines, uncertainty increases over the most effective strategy for treatment. There are little long-term data on the effect of treatment on infection, especially in low prevalence settings, on which to base guidelines.Methodology/Principal Findings: The population of a cluster of 14 Gambian villages with endemic trachoma was examined on seven occasions over five years (baseline, 2, 6, 12, 17, 30 and 60 months). Mass antibiotic treatment was given at baseline only. All families had accessible clean water all year round. New latrines were installed in each household after 17 months. Conjunctival swab samples were collected and tested for C. trachomatis by PCR. Before treatment the village-level prevalence of follicular trachoma in 1 to 9 year olds (TF(%1-9)) was 15.4% and C. trachomatis was 9.7%. Antibiotic treatment coverage was 83% of the population. In 12 villages all baseline infection cleared and few sporadic cases were detected during the following five years. In the other two villages treatment was followed by increased infection at two months, which was associated with extensive contact with other untreated communities. The prevalence of infection subsequently dropped to 0% in these 2 villages and 0.6% for the whole population by the end of the study in the absence of any further antibiotic treatment. However, several villages had a TF(%1-9) of >10%, the threshold for initiating or continuing mass antibiotic treatment, in the absence of any detectable C. trachomatis.", "label": [2, 17, 21, 24]}
+{"token": "Orthodoxy and Modernity in Cyprus: The 2006 Archepiscopal Elections in Historical Perspective. This article offers an analysis of the 2006 Archepiscopal elections of the Orthodox Church of Cyprus (OCC). It uses this analysis to develop an interpretation of the OCC's evolution over the last two centuries. Unlike other Orthodox churches, it is the laity and the clergy-through a system of proxy voting-that elect the OCC's high clergy. In the 2006 elections, the first contested elections since 1950, the contenders and the public divided into mainstream modernizers and traditionalists. The election of Chrysostomos II signifies continuation with the OCC's conventional interventionist role in the island's social, economic, and political life. The election also led to the creation of additional eparchies, which suggests the normalization of the OCC's organizational structures. These developments point to a conventional pattern of coexistence between Orthodox religious institutions and modernization. Therefore, the Cyprus case casts doubt on scholarly arguments advocating Eastern Orthodox Christianity's exceptionalism vis-a-vis Western Christianity.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Numerical validation of solutions of complementarity problems: The nonlinear case. This paper proposes a validation method for solutions of nonlinear complementarity problems. The validation procedure performs a computational test. If the result of the test is positive, then it is guaranteed that a given multi-dimensional interval either includes a solution or excludes all, solutions of the nonlinear complementarity problem.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Joint ancestry and association test indicate two distinct pathogenic pathways involved in classical dengue fever and dengue shock syndrome. Ethnic diversity has been long considered as one of the factors explaining why the severe forms of dengue are more prevalent in Southeast Asia than anywhere else. Here we take advantage of the admixed profile of Southeast Asians to perform coupled association admixture analyses in Thai cohorts. For dengue shock syndrome (DSS), the significant haplotypes are located in genes coding for phospholipase C members (PLCB4 added to previously reported PLCE1), related to inflammation of blood vessels. For dengue fever (DF), we found evidence of significant association with CHST10, AHRR, PPP2R5Eand GRIP1 genes, which participate in the xenobiotic metabolism signaling pathway. We conducted functional analyses for PPP2R5E, revealing by immunofluorescence imaging that the coded protein co-localizes with both DENV1 and DENV2 NS5 proteins. Interestingly, only DENV2-NS5 migrated to the nucleus, and a deletion of the predicted top-linking motif in NS5 abolished the nuclear transfer. These observations support the existence of differences between serotypes in their cellular dynamics, which may contribute to differential infection outcome risk. The contribution of the identified genes to the genetic risk render Southeast and Northeast Asian populations more susceptible to both phenotypes, while African populations are best protected against DSS and intermediately protected against DF, and Europeans the best protected against DF but the most susceptible against DSS.", "label": [2, 17, 21, 24]}
+{"token": "Non-linear viscoelastic laws for soft biological tissues. The development of a conceptual framework to test different viscoelastic constitutive laws is presented. This framework has the advantage of satisfying a priori the thermodynamic restrictions and is valid for large deformations. In addition, the different mechanical contributions are separated according to the time scale of their effects. As an illustration of its ability to model the immediate, short time memory and long time memory contributions, the framework is used to identify mechanical tests performed on human patellar tendons. The resulting viscoelastic law is then proposed to model the soft biological tissues as these tissues present an important viscoelastic behaviour. (C) 2000 Editions scientifiques et medicales Elsevier SAS.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "Acute and transient psychotic disorders: An overview of studies in Asia. Acute and transient psychotic disorders (ATPD), introduced in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) diagnostic system, have not received much attention in Asia. As the World Health Organization (WHO) is in the process of revising the ICD-10 and ICD-11 is expected to be published in the near future, it seems appropriate to review the status of ATPD in this region. A PubMed search using appropriate keywords was conducted to identify literature describing samples from Asian countries with the diagnosis of ATPD for evidence of ATPD as a distinct diagnostic group. A total of 103 papers were found, but only nine publications were specifically related to ATPD and the ICD-10 criteria. The total number of patients receiving a diagnosis of ATPD in these studies was 390. Immigrants appear prone to ATPD, especially foreign domestic workers. When compared to schizophrenia, ATPD as a group had a different family history, course and outcome. However, ATPD was diagnostically unstable over time. A range of 35.5% to 73.3% in Asian patients with baseline ATPD retained their diagnoses over 3-12 years. Most individuals with polymorphic subtypes of ATPD in India and Hong Kong were rediagnosed with bipolar disorder after 3-5 years. In Japan, 31.2% of polymorphic cases were diagnosed as schizophrenia after 12 years of follow-up. This review supports the ICD-10 concept of separating ATPD into its own group; however, polymorphic subtypes may need revision in ICD-11. Before firm suggestions are submitted to the WHO, further research and data review from other regions is necessary.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "CLOCKWISE ROTATION OF THE RED RIVER FAULT INFERRED FROM PALEOMAGNETIC STUDY OF CRETACEOUS ROCKS IN THE SHAN-THAI-MALAY BLOCK OF WESTERN YUNNAN, CHINA. More than 150 samples were collected at 23 sites from the Lower Cretaceous Jingxing Formation near the city of Yongping (25.5-degrees-N, 99.5-degrees-E), which is located on the west side of the Red River fault. Sixteen sites have characteristic directions with a high-temperature component above 500-degrees-C. The high-temperature component of magnetization from twelve sites is of pre-fold origin, and reveals clockwise deflection in declination (D = 42.0-degrees, I = 51.1-degrees and alpha95 = 15.7-degrees). The easterly declination of more than 40-degrees at Yongping is consistent with the Cretaceous paleomagnetic direction (D = 45-degrees) of Chuxiong (25-degrees-N, 101.5-degrees-E), which is located on the east side of the Red River fault. Both areas were subjected to about 25-degrees clockwise rotation with respect to the eastern part of the Yangtze block since Cretaceous time. We conclude that the Red River fault was rotated through 25-degrees +/- 16-degrees with respect to the eastern part of the Yangtze block, associated with rotation of the Yongping and Chuxiong areas. Removal of the rotation from the Red River fault indicates that the latter and the Jinsha suture formed a straight line along N55-degrees-W-S55-degrees-E within the Asian continent from Vietnam to the Tibetan Plateau in the present coordinate system during the Cretaceous. The linear feature of the Red River fault and Jinsha suture was probably deformed to the present curved shape as a result of collision of the Indian continent with the Asian continent.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Pickering emulsion stabilized by organoclay and intermediately hydrophobic nanosilica for high-temperature conditions. Pickering emulsions show great promise for many applications in the oil and gas industry. However, the thermal stability of Pickering emulsions reported thus far has been unfavorable for safe operation in the always high-temperature deep underground condition. Here we report a Pickering water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion that exhibits high temperature tolerance in the absence of any surfactant due to the synergistic effect between organoclay and silica nanoparticles (NPs) with intermediate hydrophobicity. The interaction between silica NPs and organoclay was characterized by X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, zeta potentials, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The results of gel volume and water contact angle measurement confirmed the hydrophobicity of the organoclay. The effects of varying the hydrophobicity and concentration of the silica NPs, the clay concentration of the organoclay, and the thermal-rolling temperature on the emulsion stability, droplet size, morphology, and rheology were investigated in detail. The optimal synergy for stabilizing the W/O emulsion was found to occur with 1 wt% silica NPs exhibiting intermediate hydrophobicity and 1 wt% organoclay. As expected, neither hydrophobic nor hydrophilic silica NPs could improve the emulsion stability due to inefficient adsorption at the water-oil interface. Organoclay was found to have a significant influence on the stability and rheological properties of the W/O Pickering emulsion since it dominates the formation of networks in the continuous phase due to its excellent swelling and exfoliation. The adsorption of silica NPs further enhanced the interactions between the particles and the medium, making it possible for the retainment of rheology even after thermal rolling at 220 degrees C. The increase in temperature tolerance achieved through a simple and environmentally friendly method makes this Pickering emulsion applicable in potential drilling fluids for the oil and gas field.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Treating cardiovascular disease with antimicrobial agents: A survey of knowledge, attitudes, and practices among physicians in the United States. To assess physicians' knowledge, attitudes, and prescribing behaviors with regard to the association between Chlamydia pneumoniae and cardiovascular disease, we surveyed 750 physicians in Alaska, 1172 in West Virginia, and 569 infectious disease (ID) specialists in a nationwide network during February-May 1999. Eighty-five percent knew of the association between C. pneumoniae and atherosclerosis, but this awareness was more common among ID specialists and cardiologists than among generalists (96% vs. 77%;). Knowledge P <.001 scores were significantly higher among ID specialists and cardiologists (P<.001) and among physicians who saw relatively more patients who had myocardial infarction and/or were at risk of atherosclerotic disease. Four percent of physicians had treated or recommended treating cardiovascular diseases with antimicrobial agents; this percentage was significantly higher among cardiologists, physicians who empirically treat patients with peptic ulcers with antimicrobial agents, and physicians with a relatively high knowledge score.", "label": [2, 4, 17, 24, 40]}
+{"token": "Descriptive representation and public support for Supreme Court nominees. Though the demographic characteristics of judicial nominees in the United States have gained increased political attention in recent years, relatively little is known about how they affect public opinion toward judicial nominees and courts. We evaluate these relationships in the context of race and gender using a conjoint experiment conducted during a recent vacancy on the U.S. Supreme Court. We find consistent evidence that Americans are more supportive of coracial nominees, particularly among white Republicans and Black Democrats, but no evidence of a similar effect on the basis of gender. Our results have important implications for theories of descriptive representation and suggest limits to its use as a means for generating political support for judicial nominees.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "The growth and hydrodynamic collapse of a protoplanet envelope. We have conducted three-dimensional self-gravitating radiation hydrodynamical models of gas accretion on to high-mass cores (1533 M?) over hundreds of orbits. Of these models, one case accretes more than a third of a Jupiter mass of gas, before eventually undergoing a hydrodynamic collapse. This collapse causes the density near the core to increase by more than an order of magnitude, and the outer envelope to evolve into a circumplanetary disc. A small reduction in the mass within the Hill radius (RH) accompanies this collapse as a shock propagates outwards. This collapse leads to a new hydrostatic equilibrium for the protoplanetary envelope, at which point 97 per cent of the mass contained within the Hill radius is within the inner 0.03RH which had previously contained less than 40?per cent. Following this collapse the protoplanet resumes accretion at its prior rate. The net flow of mass towards this dense protoplanet is predominantly from high latitudes, whilst at the outer edge of the circumplanetary disc there is net outflow of gas along the midplane. We also find a turnover of gas deep within the bound envelope that may be caused by the establishment of convection cells.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Recovery of Mo and Ni from spent acrylonitrile catalysts using an oxidation leaching-chemical precipitation technique. An oxalic acid (H2C2O4) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) leaching chemical precipitation process was developed to recover valuable metals from the spent acrylonitrile catalysts that primarily contain Mo, Ni, Fe and Bi. H2C2O4 and H2O2 leaching studies indicated good leaching efficiencies for Mo and very low efficiencies for Ni because of the formation of soluble molybdenum oxalate complexes and a nickel oxalate (NiC2O4) precipitate, which was separated by filtration. Under the optimal leaching conditions (H2C2O4 concentration of 1.25 mol/L,11202 concentration of 0.20 mol/L, leaching temperature of 50 degrees C, liquid-to-solid (L/S) ratio of 20 mL/g and leaching time of 2.5 h), 99.7% of Mo was dissolved into the liquid phase, and 98.4% of Ni remained in the residues. For purification, the molybdenum oxalate complexes in the leaching liquor were broken down by adding the emulsion of Ca(OH)(2) to form calcium molybdate (CaMoO4) and calcium oxalate (CaC2O4) precipitates; molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) was then recycled, followed by processes of acid dissolution; ammonium molybdate deposition, and calcining. The NiC2O4 in the leaching residues was dissolved and converted into soluble nickel-oxalate-ammonium complexes by adding ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH), and pure NiC2O4 powders were obtained from the filtered liquor through an ammonia stilling process after filtration. In this case, 95% of the Mo and 97% of the Ni in the spent catalyst were recovered as MoO3 and NiC2O4 with purities of 97.88% and 99.91%, respectively. Based on the results of the present study, a tentative process flow sheet is proposed. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Construction of a Novel Zn-Ni Trinuclear Schiff Base and a Ni2+ Chemosensor. A novel Zn-Ni heterotrinuclear Schiff base compound bearing acacen(2-) moieties was constructed through the selective assembly of a chemosensor Schiff base zinc compound with a Ni2+ ion. Its crystal structure not only clearly explains the binding mode between the chemosensor molecule and the detected metal ion but also represents the first trinuclear complex based on a symmetric acacen(2-) base Schiff base.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Growth morphology and mechanism of MC carbide under quasi-rapid solidification conditions. The carbide of group IVB and group VB elements, i.e. MC carbide, is an important constitution and strengthening phase for many alloy tool steels and cast nickel-base superalloys. Since the as-solidified growth morphology, size and distribution have an important influence on both the mechanical properties and hot workability, research on the solidification behavior of MC carbide is an important subject for cast superalloys and many high alloy tool steels. The growth morphology and mechanisms of MC carbide, under slow -cooling and rapid solidification conditions, has been studied intensively as functions of the solidification cooling rate. The solidification behavior of MC carbide under quasi-rapid solidification conditions has not been reported in open literature. In this paper, the growth morphology and mechanism of an MC carbide (TiC type) under quasi-rapid solidification conditions is studied in a laser surface alloyed coating on a titanium aluminide alloy Ti-48A1-2Cr-2Nb (at.%). The growth morphology of the quasi-rapidly solidified MC carbide with a cooling rate of 4 X 10(2)degrees C is found to be dendritic with strong faceted, double zigzag brick-stacking growth characteristics on the dendrite arms. The growth mechanism of the MC carbide is found to be a brick-stacking/double zigzag micro-branching lateral growth from steps on the intersecting {111} planes. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "SEQUENTIAL TESTING OF TWO HYPOTHESES FOR A STATIONARY ORNSTEIN-UHLENBECK PROCESS. The present paper is concerned with the conditionally extremal settings of the sequential testing problem of two simple hypotheses about a parameter responsible for the local return rate of a stationary Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process to its mean value. Minimization of the Kullback-Leibler divergence is considered as an optimality test. An asymptotically optimal scheme is put forward, first, in the case when the error probabilities of the first and the second kind tend to zero, and, second, in the case when the tested parameters go off to infinity but the distance between them is fixed.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Expression of Myoferlin in Human and Murine Carcinoma Tumors Role in Membrane Repair, Cell Proliferation, and Tumorigenesis. Cancer cells are often characterized by high proliferation rates, a consequence of increased mitotic signaling coupled with unchecked cellular growth. We recently demonstrated that vascular endothelial cells unexpectedly express ferlins, a family of muscle-specific proteins capable of regulating the fusion of lipid patches to the plasma membrane, and that these highly regulated membrane fusion events are essential to endothelial cell proliferation and homeostasis. Here, we show that human and mouse breast cancer cell Lines also express myoferlin at various Levels, and that the processes of transformation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and metastasis do not appear to have any effect on myoferlin expression in vitro. In vivo, we observed that solid mouse and human carcinoma tissues also express high levels of myoferlin protein. Loss-of-function studies performed in mice revealed that myoferlin gene knockdown can attenuate cancer cell proliferation in vitro and decrease tumor burden, and that accelerated tumor cell growth appears to rely on intact myoferlin-dependent membrane repair and signaling under exponential growth conditions. To our knowledge, these data provide the first evidence of myoferlin expression in solid human and mouse tumors. We have thus identified a novel membrane repair process that likely helps sustain the high growth rates characteristic of tumors, and we suggest that interfering with normal myoferlin expression and/or membrane repair and remodeling may provide therapeutically relevant antiproliferative effects.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "Working Memory and Note Quantity: Their Relationship with Consecutive Interpreting in Proficient Bilinguals. Implications for Aptitude Tests of Interpreting. The present study examined the association between working memory (WM) and note quantity and their relationship with consecutive interpreting (CI) performance in order to evaluate their predictive efficiency for aptitude tests in CI. To follow the objectives of the study, two WM tests and one CI task were administered to 30 MA translation students. The results indicated a positive and significant relationship between one of the WM measures (Reading Span) and note quantity. Moreover, there was a significant relationship between both measures of WM and CI performance, and also between note quantity and CI performance. Furthermore, the results of the regression analysis indicated that both measures of WM were predictors of CI performance while the variable 'note quantity' failed to be a predictor. Based on the results, it was further proved that WM is an efficient component in aptitude tests whereas note quantity did not completely comply with the criteria and was rejected as a reliable criterion and could not be included as a subcomponent in the aptitude tests.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Isolation and identification of a lactic acid bacterial strain KJ-108 and its capability for deodorizing malodorous gases under anaerobic culture conditions. A number of different sources, such as composts, leachates, and pig feces samples, were collected from different pig farms in Korea, and several microorganisms were screened for their ability to deodorize the malodorous gases. Consequently, a novel malodorous gases-deodorizing bacterial strain, KJ-108, was isolated, because it was highly abundant in nitrate-supplemented minimal medium (MM-NO3-) under anaerobic culture conditions. Airtight crimp-sealed serum bottles containing MM-NO3- medium were inoculated with KJ-108. Nitrate concentration was decreased rapidly after 20 h of incubation, and incubation was carried out until nitrite production reached almost zero. Taxonomic identification, including 16S rDNA base sequencing and phylogenetic analysis, indicated that the isolate had 100% homology in its 16S rDNA base sequence with Lactobacillus pentosus. Among the volatile fatty acids, acetic acid contained in large amounts in fresh piggery slurry was decreased by about 40% after 50 h incubation with strain KJ-108. n-Butyric acid, n-valeric acid, and isovaleric acid were gradually decreased, and isobutyric acid and capronic acid were dramatically eliminated at the initial period with the treatment. Moreover, NH3 removal efficiency reached a maximum of 98.5% after 50 h of incubation, but the concentration of H2S was not changed.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 40]}
+{"token": "Observations on the Acanthostichus quadratus (Hymenoptera : Formicidae : Cerapachyinae) visiting underground bait and fruits of the Syagrus romanzoffiana, in an area of the Atlantic Forest, Brazil. The occurrence of the Acanthostichus quadratus Emery in Mogi das Cruzes, state of Sao Paulo, Brazil is reported and a new method is described for collecting ants that do not live in the understorey or the superficial soil layer. Using an underground trap, it was possible to collect a total of 433 worker ants and approximately 200 larvae of a species characterized by cryptic habits which, as a consequence, are rarely collected using the techniques commonly employed in surveys of ant fauna.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "CROSS-RESISTANCE OF SEVERAL DICLOFOP-RESISTANT WILD OAT (AVENA-FATUA) BIOTYPES FROM THE WILLAMETTE VALLEY OF OREGON. The first occurrences of wild oat resistance to diclofop in the Willamette Valley of Oregon were reported in 1990. Among eight resistant biotypes, GR50 values for diclofop were 3 to 64 times greater than the GR50 for a susceptible wild oat biotype. GR50 Values for other aryloxyphenoxypropionate herbicides varied from 1 to over 100 times greater than a susceptible biotype. Only one resistant biotype was resistant to cyclohexanedione herbicides, and this was only a three-fold increase in GR50. Except for one biotype that had a low level of resistance to pronamide, none of the wild oat biotypes were cross-resistant to any other commonly used wild oat herbicide. Levels of resistance and cross-resistance did not follow a consistent pattern among biotypes in this study, suggesting more than one resistance trait. There were significant differences in the light use efficiency, height, dry weight, leaf area, and extent and timing of tillering and flowering of four wild oat biotypes studied. These physiological and morphological differences suggest that these resistant biotypes were selected independently. The diversity of resistance patterns and the coevolution of resistance at several locations will add to the difficulty of resistance management.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Effect on survey response rate of hand written versus printed signature on a covering letter: randomised controlled trial [ISRCTN67566265]. Methods: Randomised controlled trial. Questionnaires about surgical techniques of caesarean section were mailed to 3,799 Members and Fellows of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists resident in the UK. Individuals were randomly allocated to receive a covering letter with either a computer printed signature or a hand written signature. Two reminders were sent to non-respondents. The outcome measures were the proportion of questionnaires returned and their time to return.Background: It is important that response rates to postal surveys are as high as possible to ensure that the results are representative and to maximise statistical power. Previous research has suggested that any personalisation of approach helps to improve the response rate. This experiment tested whether personalising questionnaires by hand signing the covering letter improved the response rate compared with a non-personalised group where the investigator's signature on the covering letter was scanned into the document and printed.Results: The response rate was 79.1% (1506/1905) in the hand-signed group and 78.4% (1484/ 1894) in the scanned and printed signature group. There was no detectable difference between the groups in response rate or time taken to respond.Conclusion: No advantage was detected to hand signing the covering letter accompanying a postal questionnaire to health professionals.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Gas permeability of polydimethylsiloxane membranes filled with clinoptilolite in different cationic forms. Zeolite-polymer mixed matrix membranes were prepared by filling polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) with clinoptilolite in various cationic forms of K, Mg, H, and Na. The membranes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy as well as measurements of O-2, N-2 and CO2 gas permeabilities. The results indicated the presence of an optimum zeolite loading in the mixed matrix membranes maximizing permeability. The type of the cationic form of clinoptilolite used affected the permeabilities and ideal selectivities of the zeolite-polymer mixed matrix membranes investigated to some degree and some improvements were obtained when compared to the ideal selectivities of the original polymeric membranes.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 33]}
+{"token": "Measuring diversity in disciplinary collaboration in research teams: An ecological perspective. This study proposes an alternative and complementary method to bibliometric analysis to measure disciplinary diversity in research teams. Shannon's entropy index, which is used in ecology to measure biodiversity in habitats, is adapted to measure disciplinary diversity of a research team (habitats become teams, and biodiversity becomes disciplinary diversity). Data come from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Astrobiology Institute, which funded 14 interdisciplinary virtual research teams in 2012. Authors examined not only team rosters but also the project rosters (167 projects for 2012) of each team to calculate disciplinary diversity. Results suggest that the intended diversity is being achieved for some teams. However, for more than half of the teams, disciplinary diversity scores are lower on the project level compared to the overall team level, which suggests that for these teams, the intended diversity is not being achieved.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISATION AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF ANNEALED ZnSSe THIN FILMS. ZnSSe thin films were thermally evaporated on unheated quartz substrates using ZnS/ZnSe thin film layers. The prepared films were subjected to post deposition pulsed laser annealing (PLA) at different powers of 15, 20 and 30W. XRD analysis indicates that all ZnS/ZnSe layers after annealing possess a single phase cubic structure with a strong preferred (111) orientation. The evaluated average crystallite size as deduced from the FWHM of the XRD layer peaks was varied from 26.5 nm for the as deposited sample to 34.80 nm for the sample annealed at PLA power of 30 W. The optical characteristics of the samples were studied by measuring the spectral transmittance and reflectance. The optical energy gap as well as refractive index were measured and then correlated with the PLA power.", "label": [4, 1, 32, 11]}
+{"token": "New loci associated with birth weight identify genetic links between intrauterine growth and adult height and metabolism. Birth weight within the normal range is associated with a variety of adult-onset diseases, but the mechanisms behind these associations are poorly understood(1). Previous genome-wide association studies of birth weight identified a variant in the ADCY5 gene associated both with birth weight and type 2 diabetes and a second variant, near CCNL1, with no obvious link to adult traits(2). In an expanded genome-wide association metaanalysis and follow-up study of birth weight (of up to 69,308 individuals of European descent from 43 studies), we have now extended the number of loci associated at genome-wide significance to 7, accounting for a similar proportion of variance as maternal smoking. Five of the loci are known to be associated with other phenotypes: ADCY5 and CDKAL1 with type 2 diabetes, ADRB1 with adult blood pressure and HMGA2 and LCORL with adult height. Our findings highlight genetic links between fetal growth and postnatal growth and metabolism.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Livestock and large wild mammals in the Kilombero Valley, in southern Tanzania. Livestock encroachment is threatening the populations of large wild mammals in Tanzania. Competition for quality grazing land by domestic stocks is one of the main factors impacting wild species during this encroachment. In the Kilombero Game Controlled Area (KGCA), extensive livestock husbandry is negatively associated with wildlife populations, especially outside the hunting season. This study assessed the relationship between livestock number and the abundance of three wild species: puku, buffalo and elephant. Spoor transects during the hunting season found the three wild species to be negatively correlated with livestock number. Direct point count surveys, both during and outside the hunting season found cattle and goat to be negatively associated with puku. The results from this study indicate that areas heavily grazed by livestock will be used to a lesser extent by wild populations, and that those areas previously used by wild species will be avoided following livestock encroachment. The protection offered by the KGCA is an ineffective tool for conserving wild large mammal populations, and an alternative conservation status whereby extensive livestock encroachment is prohibited, particularly for the more important grazing sites, is recommended.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Could biodynamics help bridge the gap in developing farmer intuition?. Several scientific studies indicate that farmers do not often use formalised decision support tools as expected, and many prefer to rely on their intuition to make practical management decisions. While agricultural science and education acknowledge the different types of knowledge that farmers utilize, intuition continues to receive little attention in agricultural science, indicating a gap in farmer decision-making research.There may be value in collaborative, transdisciplinary exploration between agricultural research and biodynamic theory and practice, for supporting farmers to develop their intuitive knowing. Such an alliance could help increase the awareness and practice of biodynamics, expand the knowledge base and lexicon for the emerging research field of intuitive farming, and help reinvigorate agricultural research toward more efficient, customized and connected farming practices.The mechanism driving intuition remains under debate, but is described as a pervasive, involuntary, rapid way of knowing, offering access to tacit (internal, intangible) knowledge that complements analytic processes. Many studies agree that intuition can be trained to increase accuracy and reliability. However, the comprehensive works on intuition by Rudolf Steiner hardly feature in modern science, and yet his writings and biodynamic agriculture approach offer farmers and non-farmers guidelines for systematic development of subtle abilities like intuition.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Introducing and Analyzing a Novel Three-Degree-of-Freedom Spatial Tensegrity Mechanism. The objective of the present paper is to introduce and analyze a particular spatial mechanism as a modification of the Stewart robot. The three limbs of the Stewart parallel robot are replaced by springs. Three hydraulic actuators control translational motion of the mechanism. Kinematics of the mechanism is studied and its static equations are derived and for a special case where external and gravitational forces are neglected, an analytical solution is presented. Also, the principle of virtual work is employed to derive the equations of motion of the proposed mechanism. Based on the dynamical equations, the motion of the system is simulated.", "label": [1, 15, 12]}
+{"token": "Cation channel activity of mucolipin-1: the effect of calcium. Mucolipidosis type IV (MLIV) is a rare, neurogenetic disorder characterized by developmental abnormalities of the brain, and impaired neurological, ophthalmological, and gastric function. Considered a lysosomal disease, MLIV is characterized by the accumulation of large vacuoles in various cell types. Recent evidence indicates that MLIV is caused by mutations in MCOLN1, the gene that encodes mucolipin-1 (ML1), a 65-kDa protein showing sequence homology and topological similarities with polycystin-2 and other transient receptor potential (TRP) channels. In this report, our observations on the channel properties of ML1, and molecular pathophysiology of MLIV are reviewed and expanded. Our studies have shown that ML1 is a multiple sub-conductance, non-selective cation channel. MLIV-causing mutations result in functional differences in the channel protein. In particular, the V446L and Delta F408 mutations retain channel function but have interesting functional differences with regards to pH dependence and Ca2+ transport. While the wild-type protein is inhibited by Ca2+ transport, mutant ML1 is not. Atomic force microscopy imaging of ML1 channels shows that changes in pH modify the aggregation and size of the ML1 channels, which has an impact on vesicular fusogenesis. The new evidence provides support for a novel role of ML1 cation channels in vesicular acidification and normal endosomal function.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "Rice susceptibility to root-knot nematodes is enhanced by the Meloidogyne incognita MSP18 effector gene. Main conclusion This study revealed novel insights into the function of MSP18 effector during root-knot nematode parasitism in rice roots. MSP18 may modulate host immunity and enhance plant susceptibility to Meloidogyne spp. Rice (Oryza sativa) production is seriously impacted by root-knot nematodes (RKN), including Meloidogyne graminicola, Meloidogyne incognita, and Meloidogyne javanica, in upland and irrigated culture systems. Successful plant infection by RKN is likely achieved by releasing into the host cells some effector proteins to suppress the activation of immune responses. Here, we conducted a series of functional analyses to assess the role of the Meloidogyne-secreted protein (MSP) 18 from M. incognita (Mi-MSP18) during rice infection by RKN. Developmental expression profiles of M. javanica and M. graminicola showed that the MSP18 gene is up-regulated throughout nematode parasitic stages in rice. Reproduction of M. javanica and M. graminicola is enhanced in rice plants overexpressing Mi-MSP18, indicating that the Mi-MSP18 protein facilitates RKN parasitism. Transient expression assays in onion cells suggested that Mi-MSP18 is localized to the cytoplasm of the host cells. In tobacco, Mi-MSP18 suppressed the cell death induced by the INF1 elicitin, suggesting that Mi-MSP18 can interfere with the plant defense pathways. The data obtained in this study highlight Mi-MSP18 as a novel RKN effector able to enhance plant susceptibility and modulate host immunity.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Influence of Binder Dosage on Granule Structure and Packed Bed Properties in Iron Ore Sintering Process. This paper investigates the influence of binder dosage on the iron ore sintering process. The granule structure and packed bed properties were explored under a wide range of water and hydrated lime addition levels. At the same moisture content, the addition of more hydrated lime improved the granulation efficiency by forming a more cohesive initial layer on the surface of nuclei particles and producing more agglomeration during granulation. The bed voidage-moisture curve could be divided into three regions, and this curve became flatter with higher hydrated lime addition level. A more mechanistic model of bed void age [epsilon = 60-1-(1 -epsilon(0))exp(-mR(-n)), epsilon(0) = 0.36 x (epsilon(-sigma))(-03209)] was proposed which represents the influence of cohesive forces and potential for granule deformation by linking voidage to the spread of granule size distribution (a) as well as the adhering mass ratio (R). For the tested Asia-Pacific region ore blend, adding hydrated lime improved the bed permeability significantly due to the increase in granule size and bed voidage. However, there is a saturation value of solid binder dosage. The improving action becomes limited at 3 wt% since further increase of hydrated lime addition had no further benefit to bed voidage.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "A Conceptual Model for Integration of Indian Food Supply Chains. This article is an attempt to explore the problems faced by Indian agriculture for food security in terms of inadequate infrastructure and highly inefficient supply chain. Due to lack of efficient infrastructure, supply chain mechanism and food processing, around 30-35 per cent of all foods produced in India are wasted. This article examines the critical issues at subsystem of agriculture supply chain, with a view to integrating them in efficient and effective manner. This article broadly covers some important aspects of agriculture supply chain in India-identification of issues at different levels in the supply chain; transformation in the agriculture due to various supply chain interventions; and the role of information technology in supply chain management. As this article is based on both primary and secondary research methodology, it has led us to finding that there is not much research in this field in India and importance of integration in agricultural development. The article concludes that efficient supply chain plays a very important role for development and is a contemporary issue for agriculture, therefore, the government and the corporates must address the issue of integration, infrastructure development and information management to achieve the objective of a feasible agricultural sector which will lead to food security for all.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "Films on 'euthanasia' under the National Socialist government. Socio-historical and film-historical background of National Socialist propaganda fflms designed to make murder seem acceptable. This paper surveys the film propaganda used in the Third Reich to provide a justification for sterilisation and euthanasia on the basis of the social-Darwinistic paradigm in the period 1933-1945. Relevant aspects of film history are described, including the conflict between the use of documentaries and feature films in propaganda. Special reference is made to documentary film projects in 1940-1943.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Determination of energy release rate and mode mix in three-dimensional layered structures using plate theory. A plate theory-based method for determining energy release rates is presented for general loadings of three dimensional layered structures. Mode decomposition is performed for cases that exhibit an inverse square root singularity and for which certain other restrictions apply. Predictions for energy release rate and mode mix for typical problems are presented and verified by comparison with results obtained by three dimensional finite element analyses.", "label": [1, 11, 12]}
+{"token": "Network management in emergent high-tech business contexts: Critical capabilities and activities. Due to their inherent uncertainty, emerging high-tech business fields require a unique set of network management capabilities. Drawing from the dynamic capabilities literature and the networking capability literature, we develop a framework for network management in such environments. The framework consists of three interrelated capabilities context handling, network construction, and network position consolidation. A longitudinal case study of a start-up company in the smart energy sector validates and provides an illustrative understanding of the three capabilities. The findings identify how they are enacted through a portfolio of activities, providing a microfoundational insight into how a focal actor in an entrepreneurial and explorative manner navigates and manages a business field in the making. Our research contributes a novel conceptualization of network management capabilities with an explicit focus on attracting, establishing and managing relationships in the complex and uncertain environment of emerging high-tech fields. In addition, our research offers guidance to managers with respect to the capabilities they need to galvanize and coalesce actors in an emerging business network.", "label": [5, 44, 46]}
+{"token": "Inductive Teaching and Learning in Engineering Pedagogy on the Example of Remote Labs. Inductive principles in Engineering Pedagogy have been presented in the present paper on the example of remote labs. Inductive teaching is one way to help students learn to use the fundamental concepts for problem solving focusing on cases that students could work on to help develop an understanding of the phenomenon. For effective inductive teaching and problem solving tasks a supportive technical concept is needed. Here remotely controlled and virtual labs, which have got into focus during last years, can help a lot and offer flexibility and freedom for students. In this paper we are presenting an Engineering Pedagogy program and holistic technical solution based on remote labs for supporting the engineering studies.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Nonlinear vibrations of a single-walled carbon nanotube for delivering of nanoparticles. The capability of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in efficient transporting of drug molecules into the biological cells has been the focus of attention of various scientific disciplines during the past decade. From applied mechanics points of view, translocation of a nanoparticle inside the pore of a CNT would result in vibrations. The true understanding of the interactive forces between the moving nanoparticle and the inner surface of the CNT is a vital step in factual realization of such vibrations. Herein, by employing the nonlocal Rayleigh beam theory, nonlinear vibrations of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) as nanoparticle delivery nanodevices are studied. The existing van der Waals interactional forces between the constitutive atoms of the nanoparticle and those of the SWCNT, frictional force, and both longitudinal and transverse inertial effects of the moving nanoparticle are taken into account in the proposed model. The nonlinear-nonlocal governing equations are explicitly obtained and then numerically solved using Galerkin method and a finite difference scheme in the space and time domains, respectively. The roles of the velocity and mass weight of the nanoparticle, small-scale effect, slenderness ratio, and vdW force on the maximum longitudinal and transverse displacements as well as the maximum nonlocal axial force and bending moment within the SWCNT are examined. In general, the obtained results reveal that the nonlinear analysis should be performed when the nanotube structure is traversed by a moving nanoparticle with high levels of the mass weight and velocity.", "label": [1, 15, 12]}
+{"token": "Prediction of maternal and neonatal adverse outcomes in pregnant women treated for hypothyroidism. OBJECTIVE: To examine whether the concentrations of maternal serum TSH and free thyroxine (fT(4)) through pregnancy, the presence of thyroid autoimmunity (TAI) or the dose of levo-thyroxine (LT4) replacement can predict the occurrence of maternal or fetal/neonatal complications in pregnant women treated for maternal hypothyroidism. DESIGN: The study included 92 women with singleton pregnancies and primary hypothyroidism on LT4 replacement. Maternal serum TSH, fT(4), thyroid auto-antibodies and doses of LT4 were monitored throughout pregnancy. All maternal and fetal/neonatal complications were recorded. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of maternal and neonatal complications was 24.1%. Neither maternal TSH/fT(4) concentrations, presence of TAI nor dose of LT4 could predict the occurrence of complications. Pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) was higher in women who developed maternal complications [odds ratio (OR) 1.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1-1.5, p=0.007) and gestational week at delivery was lower in pregnancies complicated by neonatal (OR 0.5, 95% CI 0.3-0.8, p=0.001) or any type of complications (OR 0.6, 95% CI 0.4-0.9, p=0.008). CONCLUSIONS: The occurrence of maternal or fetal/neonatal complications in pregnant women treated for hypothyroidism cannot be predicted by maternal TSH/fT4 through pregnancy, presence of TAI or dose of LT4 replacement.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Twinning of Second Phase and Formation of LPSO Structure in Extruded Billets of Nd-Contained Magnesium Alloy by Spray Deposition. The deposited billets of Mg-9Al-3Zn-1Mn-9Ca-lNd alloy were prepared by spray deposition technique and pre-deformed by extrusion (extrusion temperature 340 degrees C, extrusion ratio 25:1). The formation of Mg-Nd-Zn type LPSO structure on the second phase of magnesium alloy and the relationship between the LPSO phase and the twinning of the second phase were studied by SEM, TEM and XRD. The results show that the 6H-LPSO structure phase is formed on the Al-2(Ca,Nd)-type C15 phase. The formation of dislocation entanglement around the C15 particles and the high concentration of stress around C15 particles are the main cause of the twinning of the C15 particles. The nano-scale C15 particles, pinning dislocations and inhibition of recrystallization grain growth, are the main reasons for the formation of (0002) basal and prismatic (10 (1) over bar0) and pyramidal (10 (1) over bar1) textures. However, it is easy to form LPSO structure phase when the Nd content is higher in the smaller C15 particles, while the C15 particles are prone to twinning when the Nd content is lower in the micron-sized C15 particles with larger average size.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Ergodic characterization of linear cellular automats over Z(m). In this paper, we introduce a set E(f(infinity)) which consists of all points r is an element of Z(2) such that the composite map sigma(r)(f(infinity)) of a shift transformation sigma(r) and a parallel map f infinity is non-ergodic.We then show that the properties of parallel maps f(infinity) such as finite orderedness, infinite orderedness, injectivity, sujectivity and non-surjectivity are characterized by the cardinality of E(f infinity). (C) 1998-Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Maximum possible weaving volume for effective operations of ramp-weave areas - Online estimation. Understanding the behavior of weaving flows and estimating the effects of time-variant traffic conditions on the capacity of weaving areas are of critical importance in developing effective operational strategies for freeway management. An online procedure for estimation of the maximum possible weaving volume over time for a given ramp-weave area is presented. The method is based on the findings from weaving behavior analysis, which indicates that under moderate to heavy flow conditions the diverging vehicles, that is, the freeway-to-ramp vehicles, tend to move to the auxiliary lane on entering the weaving area, whereas the ramp-to-freeway vehicles travel a short portion of the auxiliary lane before they merge to the main line. Therefore, the beginning portion of an auxiliary lane in a ramp-weave area is shared by both merging and diverging vehicles, and the length of such a shared area, called the effective weaving zone, varies depending on the length of a given weave section and the amount of weaving flow. Such join-then-split weaving behavior implies that the maximum value of the weaving volume in a ramp-weave area with one auxiliary lane is limited by the maximum through capacity of one lane. The proposed method reflects the weaving behavior described above and determines the maximum possible weaving volume for a given time interval as a function of exit and merge capacities, which are dependent on the traffic conditions downstream of weaving areas. Preliminary test results with 5 min of data from a ramp-weave site indicate that the maximum possible weaving volume is estimated with reasonable accuracy.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "BEYOND INTIMATE FEMICIDE: FEMALE HOMICIDE VICTIMIZATION AND TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME IN PERU. The renovated academic interest on Criminology in Peru has offered little contribution to understand female victimization from a multidisciplinary perspective. Research in this field is required in order to discuss Criminal Policy initiatives to reduce violence against women in the country. This study approaches female victimization in Peru through official records of homicides from recent years. Regional and year variations in female and male homicide rates were identify and compared using an ad hoc scale. Higher levels of female homicide rates (5 to 15 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants) were found in regions with higher male homicide rates. Regions concerned were international border territories or regions characterized by widespread organized crime activities (illegal mining, drug trafficking, human trafficking, etc.).", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Configurationally Stable Platinahelicene Enantiomers for Efficient Circularly Polarized Phosphorescent Organic Light-Emitting Diodes. Chiral materials with circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) are potentially applicable for 3D displays. In this study, by decorating the pyridinyl-helicene ligands with -CF3 and -F groups, the platinahelicene enantiomers featured superior configurational stability, as well as high sublimation yield (>90 %) and clear CPPL properties, with dissymmetry factors (|g(PL)|) of approximately 3.7x10(-3) in solution and about 4.1x10(-3) in doped film. The evaporated circularly polarized phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes (CP-PhOLEDs) with two enantiomers as emitters exhibited symmetric CPEL signals with |g(EL)| of (1.1-1.6)x10(-3) and decent device performances, achieving a maximum brightness of 11 590 cd m(-2), a maximum external quantum efficiency up to 18.81 %, which are the highest values among the reported devices based on chiral phosphorescent Pt-II complexes. To suppress the effect of reverse CPEL signal from the cathode reflection, the further implementation of semitransparent aluminum/silver cathode successfully boosts up the |g(EL)| by over three times to 5.1x10(-3).", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "International Studies in the Global Information Age. The Global Information Age poses new and interesting questions for the study of international affairs. This Presidential Address surveys recent developments in commercialized and globalized information technologies that have and will continue to impact political and social relationships around the world. These new technologies affect power relationships among states, as well between states and civil society. They also present possibilities for new forms of global accountability and participation in governance. Finally, a range of technologies offer new and powerful ways to collect data for our research that allow us to ask new questions. President Simmons concludes as a result that exploratory empirical research is more enticing than ever before, but cautions that we should never think we can outsource the hard job of thinking to the very technologies that make innovative research possible in the first place.", "label": [5, 47, 49]}
+{"token": "Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome: Genotype/phenotype analysis of 18 affected males from 7 unrelated families. Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome (SGBS) is an X-linked overgrowth disorder recently shown to be caused by mutations in the heparan sulfate proteoglycan GPC3 [Pilia et al., Nat Genet; 12:241-247 1996]. We have used Southern blot analysis and polymerase chain reaction amplification of intra-exonic sequences to identify four new GPC3 mutations and further characterize three previously reported SG;BS mutations. De novo GPC3 mutations were identified in 2 families. In general, the mutations were unique deletions ranging from less than 0.1 kb to more than 300 kb in length with no evidence of a mutational hot spot discerned. The lack of correlation between the phenotype of 18 affected males from these 7 families and the location and size of the GPC3 gene mutations suggest that SGBS is caused by a nonfunctional GPC3 protein. (C) 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of admissions to women's crisis houses compared with traditional psychiatric wards: pilot patient-preference randomised controlled trial. MethodWe used a PP-RCT study design to investigate women presenting in crisis needing informal admission. The four study arms were the patient preference arms of women's crisis house or hospital admission, and randomised arms of women's crisis house or hospital admission.ResultsConclusionsWomen's crisis houses have been developed in the UK as a less stigmatising and less institutional alternative to traditional psychiatric wards.AimsBackgroundForty-one women entered the randomised arms of the trial (crisis house n=19, wards n=22) and 61 entered the patient-preference arms (crisis house n=37, ward n=24). There was no significant difference in outcomes (symptoms, functioning, perceived coercion, stigma, unmet needs or quality of life) or costs for any of the groups (randomised or preference arms), but women who obtained their preferred intervention were more satisfied with treatment.To examine the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of women's crisis houses by first examining the feasibility of a pilot patient-preference randomised controlled trial (PP-RCT) design (ISRCTN20804014).Although the sample sizes were too small to allow definite conclusions, the results suggest that when services are able to provide interventions preferred by patients, those patients are more likely to be satisfied with treatment. This pilot study provides some evidence that women's crisis houses are as effective as traditional psychiatric wards, and may be more cost-effective.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "LEPTOSPIRA INFECTIONS AS CAUSE OF ABORTION IN DOMESTIC-ANIMALS. Following a general overview of bacteriology, epidemiology, clinic and therapy, the route of infection of acute and chronic leptospirosis is presented.  In particular, this presentation concentrates on abortions in cattle and pigs.  Investigations performed during recent years have shown that leptospires do not only persist in the kidneys but also in the genital tract resulting frequently in abortions.  This fact is of importance for diagnosticians and for the prevention of the disease.  Abortion in cattle occurs during the last third and in pigs, during the second half of pregnancy.  A detection of leptospires in the mother animal and the fetus is not always possible.  Leptospiria serovars from the group sejroe (hardjo) and australis (bratislava) are of particular importance.  While serovar hardjo causes abortion in cattle, serovar bratislava is predominantly isolated from pigs.  Considerable economic losses may result.In order to prevent the introduction of leptospires in free herds and breeding stations, corresponding provisions must be adhered to when animals are added to the stock or when sperm or embryos are imported.  Cultural investigations performed for the direct detection of the pathogen are time-consuming and rarely successful.  Due to the limited evidence of serological investigations, streptomycin treatments performed prior to importation are required.  In spite of this treatment a limited number of carriers will not be cured.  Therefore, it should be possible to perform, on the basis of joint efforts made by the responsible authorities, additional investigations which contribute to reduce the risk of infection.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Prediction of Product Yields for Different Reactor Types in Catalytic Pyrolysis. For the change to a post-fossil society, raw material-variable processes like catalytic cracking (catalytic pyrolysis) of solid hydrocarbons are needed. For the prediction of the product yield from different feedstocks, model approaches have been developed, taking into account raw material quality, catalyst properties, and process conditions. A good description of the substantial use of lignite is possible with few influencing variables and significant model parameters. Perspectively, these models will be transferred to the cracking of polyolefinic recyclates and fat-rich biomass.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "Rotation crop root performance and its effect on soil hydraulic properties in a clayey Utisol. Poor soil hydraulic properties (SPH) limit the productivity of clayey Utisol (red soil) under a humid subtropical climate in southern China. The roots performance of rotation crops was compared, and the effects on SPH were investigated in the field. Five treatments (two cultivars of oilseed rape, one-year-old lucerne, and one- and fiveyear-old vetiver) were employed as pre-crops before summer maize, and their root performances were examined in spring. The soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC) and soil porosity were measured with soil cores, saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks), and near-saturated hydraulic conductivity with a tension infiltrometer in situ. The two rape cultivars had the thinnest root diameter at an average of 0.45-0.50 mm and the shallowest distribution at a depth of 40 cm, while two vetivers had the thickest mean root diameter at 0.79 mm and the deepest distribution 80 cm. Taproot crops of rape and lucerne did not show stronger rooting ability than fibrous root crops of vetivers. All crops increased soil total and aeration porosity, but no bio-pores larger than 2 mm were formed. Rapes were beneficial for increasing soil aeration porosity (diameter >30 mu m), while vetivers increased active capillary porosity (30-0.2 mu m). The SHP, namely, SWCC and Ks, was improved by all crops, with the best effects in the five-year old vetiver due to its higher root length density (RLD) and the balanced distribution between diameter classes. Ks was significantly correlated with RLD (p < 0.001) but insignificantly correlated with root diameter (p = 0.9929). The SHP was improved mainly by RLD and influenced by root diameter distribution, suggesting that fine roots played a key role in forming aeration and active capillary pores.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Bidirectional reflectance spectroscopy 8. The angular width of the opposition effect in regolith-like media. The opposition effect is the sharp, narrow surge observed in the reflectance of a scattering medium near zero phase angle. Numerous observations and experiments have shown that the primary cause of the phenomenon in particulate media is coherent backscattering, in which wavelets traveling in opposite directions along chains of scatterers interfere constructively and generate the peak. A broader opposition surge caused by shadow hiding and preferential escape is also present, but is entangled with the incoherent continuum reflectance on which the coherent peak is superposed, making it difficult to identify and isolate. Theoretical models of media of independent scatterers predict that the angular width and shape of the coherent backscatter peak depend on the wavelength, porosity and particle size. It was hoped that remote measurements of the opposition effect would give information on the latter two quantities in planetary regoliths. However, observations and laboratory studies of media of large particles in contact with one another find little dependence on any of these quantities. Instead, these studies imply that the opposition effect in regolith-like media comes from reflection by short chains only a few scatterers long located on the surfaces of the particles of the medium, and that the lengths of these chains are proportional to the wavelength. Since the angular width of the peak is controlled by the ratio of the wavelength to the mean scattering chain length, the width is independent of wavelength. Because the wavelets never enter a particle, low albedo media can exhibit a strong coherent backscatter peak. Opposition effect peaks less than a degree wide on solar system bodies can imply an immature regolith; peaks several degrees wide imply a mature regolith.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "ENDOTHELIAL-CELL GROWTH-FACTOR AND HEPARIN REGULATE COLLAGEN GENE-EXPRESSION IN KELOID FIBROBLASTS. Keloids are benign cutaneous tumours characterized by excess deposition of collagen, specifically type I collagen.  We report here that collagen biosynthesis, as measured by hydroxyproline synthesis, was markedly inhibited by 65-80% by the combination of endothelial cell growth factor (ECGF) supplement and heparin in keloid fibroblast cultures.  Fibroblast cultures that were incubated with ECGF alone also demonstrated a measurable decrease of approx. 50% in collagen synthesis compared with control cultures.  The inhibition of collagen synthesis was related to the down-regulation of collagen gene expression.  Quantitative measurements of mRNA-cDNA hybrids revealed that the gene expression of collagen type I was decreased by more than 80 % by heparin and ECGF.  Markedly diminished levels of mRNA encoding collagen type I were also observed in cultures incubated with ECGF alone.  The results show that ECGF and heparin elicit a negative regulatory effect on collagen production, and that this inhibition is due largely to the down-regulation of the pro-alpha-1(I) of type I collagen gene.  Furthermore, ECGF has a potent suppressive effect, and heparin provides an additive effect to this inhibitory phenomenon.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Are Roma People Descended from the Punjab Region of Pakistan: A Y-Chromosomal Perspective. Gypsies are a separate ethnic group living in Pakistan and some other countries as well. They are mostly known as 'Roma' and 'untouchables'. They have different types of lifestyles as compared to other common people, as they always keep migrating from one place to another. They do not have proper houses; they live in tent houses and most probably work on daily wages to earn their living. Gypsies cannot be specified according to the place of residence and can only be classified according to their migration route. Previous historical and linguistic research showed the north Indian origin of Roma people. The present study collected 285 unrelated Roma individuals living in Punjab and typed with the Goldeneye Y20 system. Allelic frequencies ranged between 0.0035 and 0.5266, with haplotype diversity (HD) of 0.9999 and discrimination capacity (DC) of 0.8790. Gene diversity (GD) ranged from 0.6489 (DYS391) to 0.9764 (DYS391) (DY385ab). A total of 223 unique alleles were observed. Interestingly, the haplogroup R accounted for 40.56% and J for 22.06%. In MDS analysis, Pakistani Roma formed a close cluster with Roma from Constanta, Romania. The migration pattern of the Roma population from Pakistan, India and Europe was inferred using coalescence theory in the Migrate-n program. Overlapping Y-STR data were used to test different migration models. These migration models showed us the dominant gene flow from Pakistan to India and Europe to Pakistan. The results of our study showed that Y STRs provided substantially stronger discriminatory power in the Pakistani Roma population.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Gas separation performance of polyethersulfone/multi-walled carbon nanotubes mixed matrix membranes. Mixed matrix membranes (MMM) comprised of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) inside polyethersulfone (PES) matrix were fabricated and characterized for gas separation performance. The MWCNTs were purified with acid mixtures (HNO3/H2SO4; v/v = 1:3) to remove carbonaceous impurities followed by surface functionalization with 3-aminopropyltriethoxylsilane (APTES) to allow well dispersion of the tubes in organic solvent such as N-methlypyrrolidone (NMP) during the preparation of PES/MWCNTs suspension. Effects of purification, functionalization and MWCNTs loading on the gas permeation properties of the MMM were investigated by varying the MWCNTs loading in the PES matrix from 0.5-3.0 wt.%. The fabricated MWCNTs/PES MMM were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) and pure gas permeation test. Gas permeation measurement showed that MMMs embedded with different kinds of applied CNTs exhibited different separation performances. For example, gas permeation measurement showed that MMM embedded with 1.0 wt.% purified and functionalized MWCNTs possessed better performances in terms of permeability and selectivity in comparison to raw MWCNTs. The highest gas selectivity was achieved at 0.5 wt.% MWCNTs loadings (alpha(CO2/CH4) = 250.13; alpha(O2/N2) = 10.65) and decreased as the loadings were increased from 1.0 to 3.0 wt.%. The reduction in performance possibly due to the presence of interface voids which became prominent at higher MWCNTs loading. The high selectivity of fabricated MMM suggested that the present works have a great potential to be utilized practically in gas separation technology. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "Postweaning Isolation Alters the Responses of Auditory Neurons to Serotonergic Modulation. Juvenile social experience, such as social isolation, has profound effects on communicative behavior, including signal production and reception. In the current study, we explored responsiveness to the neuromodulator serotonin as a potential mechanistic link between early life social isolation and auditory processing. The serotonergic system is sensitive to social isolation in many brain regions including the inferior colliculus (IC), an auditory midbrain nucleus. We investigated the effects of social experience on serotonergic responsiveness by measuring cFos, an immediate early gene product, in the IC of female mice. Serotonin was manipulated pharmacologically by administering fenfluramine, pCPA, or saline to mice that had undergone an extreme dichotomy in social experience after weaning: being housed in social groups versus individually. These mice were exposed to a 60-min recording of vocalizations from an opposite-sex interaction and perfused. Using immunohistochemistry, we measured the density of cFos-positive (cFosthorn) nuclei in the major subdivisions of the IC. Housing condition, drug treatment, and IC subregion all had a significant effect on cFosthorn density. The central IC showed the highest density of cFosthorn cells and also the most pronounced effects of housing condition and drug treatment. In the central IC, cFosthorn density was higher following fenfluramine treatment than saline, and lower following pCPA treatment than fenfluramine. Individually housed mice showed a higher cFosthorn density than socially housed mice in both of the pharmacological treatment groups, but not in the saline group. Drug treatment but not housing condition had strong effects on the behaviors of grooming, digging, rearing, and movement. Once the effects of drug condition were controlled, there were no across-individual correlations between cFosthorn densities and behaviors. These findings suggest that the responses of auditory neurons to neuromodulation by serotonin are influenced by early life experience.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Occupancy models for citizen-science data. Large-scale citizen-science projects, such as atlases of species distribution, are an important source of data for macroecological research, for understanding the effects of climate change and other drivers on biodiversity, and for more applied conservation tasks, such as early-warning systems for biodiversity loss. However, citizen-science data are challenging to analyse because the observation process has to be taken into account. Typically, the observation process leads to heterogeneous and non-random sampling, false absences, false detections, and spatial correlations in the data. Increasingly, occupancy models are being used to analyse atlas data. We advocate a dual approach to strengthen inference from citizen science data for the questions the programme is intended to address: (a) the survey design should be chosen with a particular set of questions and associated analysis strategy in mind and (b) the statistical methods should be tailored not only to those questions but also to the specific characteristics of the data. We review the consequences of particular survey design choices that typically need to be made in atlas-style citizen-science projects. These include spatial resolution of the sampling units, allocation of effort in space, and collection of information about the observation process. On the analysis side, we review extensions of the basic occupancy models that are frequently necessary with atlas data, including methods for dealing with heterogeneity, non-independent detections, false detections, and violation of the closure assumption. New technologies, such as cell-phone apps and fixed remote detection devices, are revolutionizing citizen-science projects. There is an opportunity to maximize the usefulness of the resulting datasets if the protocols are rooted in robust statistical designs and data analysis issues are being considered. Our review provides guidelines for designing new projects and an overview of the current methods that can be used to analyse data from such projects.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "SPAIN AND GREAT BRITAIN IN THE FIRST WORLD WAR: A COLLABORATION SEARCHED AND DESIRED BEYOND THE NEUTRALITY. As is well known, in the face of the outbreak of the Great War, Spain chose neutrality. However, in a clash of such dimensions it was impossible for any European country to remain outside the conflict. Neither the successive Spanish governments, or its authorities, or very different sectors of Spanish society maintained an strict neutrality and equidistance. Nor the belligerent countries were indifferent to the attitude adopted by Spain and the advantages their collaboration could offer in the fight.On the centenary of the First World War, it is taking a historiographical review in which the concepts, practices and content of neutrality are reframed. Different historiographies discussed today what really meant for their countries neutrality, why they chose the option of stand aside from a general conflict, what pressures they had to favor the position of the various combatants, what answers given to these pressures, and what consequences had the different attitudes..From those perspectives, this paper will be analyzed British consideration of Spain during the First World War as well as the efforts made by the representatives of Great Britain to win the Spanish support, beyond its theoretical neutrality. For this, they will be studied two especially interesting moments, 1914 and 1917, in which the possibility that Spain entered the war was raised, evaluating the interest that this situation could have for Britain and the actions taken by the British to get Spanish support.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Continuously Distributed Glass Transition of Maca (Lepidium meyenii Walpers) Powder and Impact on Caking Properties. Water sorption isotherm, glass transition temperature (T-g), and caking properties of maca (Lepidium meyenii Walpers) powder were investigated. A broad endothermic shift reflecting continuously distributed glass transition was detected by differential scanning calorimetry, which prompted the evaluation of onset T-g and offset T-g. From the onset and offset T-g curves and water sorption isotherm, critical water activity (water activity at glass transition temperature of 25 degrees C) was determined to be 0.258 for the onset T-g and 0.480 for the offset T-g. The critical water activity values were validated by isothermal mechanical relaxation measurement. Caking properties of maca powder were compared with maltodextrin. The degree of caking and cake hardness for maltodextrin increased at a water activity just above critical water activity for onset T-g. Maca powder, on the other hand, showed a small degree of caking in the water activity range of 0.225 to 0.576, and the degree of caking drastically increased at a higher water activity. The hardness of maca cakes increased gradually at water activity values greater than 0.432. Since maca powder showed a continuously distributed glass transition, the molecular mobility required for caking was considered to have been provided incrementally by the increase in water activity above critical water activity for the onset T-g.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Here and Then: Theatricalizing Space-Time Compression in Philip Ridley's Mercury Fur. Philip Ridley has made a career of courting controversy in his work for the stage, from the claustrophobia and anxiety of his first play, 1991's The Pitchfork Disney, to the sprawling, ragtag Karagula, whose one-star review in the Telegraph led with the provocative headline, Is Karagula the Worst Play of 2016? But perhaps no play in Ridley's oeuvre has attracted as much notoriety as 2005's Mercury Fur, an intense, unrelenting, interval-less two-hour piece whose premiere divided critical opinion and provoked walkouts. Paines Plough, the company that commissioned the play, reports that at least ten audience members a night left every show, unable to take the atmosphere of threat and violence portrayed on stage. Mercury Fur is set in a futuristic English dystopia whose aimless youth find their grasp on historyand their own memoriesslipping away as they become addicted to hallucinogenic butterflies released upon the populace by an ambiguous invading power. While the protagonist, Elliot, ekes out a living peddling butterflies in an ice cream van, he and his brother, Darren, make their real money from throwing parties, clandestine meetings for rich clients who pay exorbitantly to fulfill their most violent and murderous sexual fantasies. The play, performed in real time, sees the frantic preparation forand eventual botched execution ofone such party for a City of London executive (the Party Guest), whose Vietnam War-themed fantasy involves torturing and killing a child Elvis Presley impersonator (the Party Piece) with a meat hook. Unsurprisingly, given the subject matter, moral outrage attended Mercury Fur's initial run, with Faber, Ridley's longtime publisher, going so far as to refuse to print the play. But a number of critics and spectators rose to defend the integrity and artistic merit of Ridley's work, a position I extend in this paper.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Desertification, drought, and surface vegetation: An example from the West African Sahel. Many assumptions have been made about the nature and character of desertification in West Africa. This paper examines the history of this issue, reviews the current state of our knowledge concerning the meteorological aspects of desertification, and presents the results of a select group of analyses related to this question. The common notion of desertification is of an advancing \\\\'desert,\\\\' a generally irreversible anthropogenic process. This process has been Linked to increased surface albedo, increased dust generation, and reduced productivity of the land. This study demonstrates that there has been no progressive change of either the Saharan boundary or vegetation cover in the Sahel during the last 16 years, nor has there been a systematic reduction of \\\\'productivity\\\\' as assessed by the water-use efficiency of the vegetation cover. While it also showed little change in surface albedo during the years analyzed, this study suggests that a change in albedo of up to 0.10% since the 1950s is conceivable.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Taking aim on bacterial pathogens: from phage therapy to enzybiotics. The bactericidal activity of bacteriophages has been used to treat human infections for years as an alternative or a complement to antibiotic therapy. Nowadays, endolysins (phage-encoded enzymes that break down bacterial peptidoglycan at the terminal stage of the phage reproduction cycle) have been used successfully to control antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacteria in animal models. Their cell wall binding domains target the enzymes to their substrate, and their corresponding catalytic domains are able to cleave bonds in the peptidoglycan network. Recent research has not only revealed the surprising rich structural catalytic diversity of these murein hydrolases but has also yielded insights into their modular organization, their three-dimensional structures, and their mechanism of recognition of bacterial cell wall. These results allow endolysins to be considered as effective antimicrobials with potentially important applications in medicine and biotechnology.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Does equestrian knowledge and experience influence selection and training practices for showjumping horses?. Selection and training methods for showjumping horses are largely anecdotal, and performance analysis has been proposed as a method for scientifically improving competitive outcomes. To employ performance analysis in showjumping, an understanding of the tacit and explicit knowledge and practices of equestrians is required to identify relevant performance indicators. This study aimed to examine the knowledge and practices of equestrians with varying levels of experience (advanced and novice) for selecting horses, based on evaluation of movement, and training showjumping horses using an original questionnaire. It was hypothesised that differences would be present between advanced and novice responses. The questionnaire was composed of closed-end and follow-up open-end questions and 225 equestrians (66.7% advanced, 33.3% novice) participated. Closed-end responses from advanced and novice groups were analysed separately using Chi-Squared tests and open-end responses were subjected to thematic and content analysis. Closed-end responses showed significant within-group preferences (P<0.0001) for specific movement traits and training methods and between-group response differences <13% revealed that advanced and novice groups displayed similar preferences. Thematic analysis indicated different preferences for movement traits when selecting showjumping horses, as well as differences in the level of tacit knowledge between advanced and novice groups. Advanced equestrians placed greater emphasis on aesthetic forelimb traits than novice equestrians, who emphasised traits that they may be less capable of influencing, such as hindlimb impulsion and position of the horse at take-off. An emphasis on hindlimb movement and flatwork/non-jumping exercises for showjumping training was observed across both groups. Understanding equestrian tacit knowledge and its application is fundamental for developing research that is relevant to equestrians. Findings from this study may form a basis for research to identify relevant, objective performance indicators for performance analysis in showjumping, with the ultimate goal of improving competitive performance and welfare for equine athletes.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Homology modelling and in silico substrate-binding analysis of a Rhizobium sp RC1 haloalkanoic acid permease. Rhizobium sp. RC1 grows on haloalkanoic acid (haloacid) pollutants and expresses a haloacid permease (DehrP), which mediates the uptake of haloacids into the cells. For the first time, we report the homology model and docking analysis of DehrP and propose its putative binding residues. Ligand structures were retrieved from the ChemSpider database. The three-dimensional (3D) structure of DehrP was modelled based on the structure of Staphylococcus epidermidis glucose:H+ symporter (GlcPse) by Phyre(2), refined by 3D(refine) and evaluated by ProSA z-score, ERRAT and RAMPAGE. The 3D structure of the DehrP protein has 12 transmembrane helices. The overall quality factor of the model is approximate to 91%, with 93.6% of the residues in the favoured region and the z-score (-2.86) falls within the range (10) for a good model. Subsequent docking of monobromoacetate, monochloroacetate, dibromoacetate, dichloroacetate, trichloroacetate and 2,2-dichloropropionate ligands via AutoDock Vina1.1.2 showed that residues Gln(133), Asp(36) and Arg(130) are the putative H+-binding site, while the probable haloacid interacting residues are Glu(33), Trp(34), Phe(37), Phe(38), Gln(165) and Glu(370). The DehrP-haloacid complexes exhibited binding affinities between -2.9 and -4.0kcal/mol. Both the putative H+ and haloacid-binding sites of DehrP possibly aided in co-transportation of substrates H+ and haloacids into the bacterial cells through the alternating access mechanism, which occurs by formation of halogen bonds and van der Waals interactions with the substrates. Hence, site-directed mutagenesis on the DehrP binding residues could improve the haloacid-binding affinity for efficient haloacid degradation.", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "Cohort fertility patterns in the Nordic countries. Previous analyses of period fertility suggest that the trends of the Nordic countries are sufficiently similar that we may speak of a common \\\\'Nordic fertility regime\\\\'. We investigate whether this assumption can be corroborated by comparing cohort fertility patterns in the Nordic countries. We study cumulated and completed fertility of Nordic birth cohorts based on the childbearing histories of women born in 1935 and later derived from the population registers of Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden. We further explore childbearing behaviour by women's educational attainment. The results show remarkable similarities in postponement and recuperation between the countries. Median childbearing age is about two to three years higher in the 1960-64 cohort than in the 1950-54 cohort, but the younger cohort recuperates the fertility level of the older cohort at ages 30 and above. A similar pattern of recuperation can be observed for highly educated women compared to women with less education, resulting in small differences in completed fertility across educational groups. Another interesting finding is that of a positive relationship between educational level and the final number of children when women who become mothers at similar ages are compared. Despite some differences in the levels of childlessness, country differences in fertility outcome are generally small. The cohort analyses thus support the notion of a common Nordic fertility regime.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Sphingosine kinase 1 and 2 regulate the capacity of mesangial cells to resist apoptotic stimuli in an opposing manner. Sphingosine kinases (SKs) are key enzymes regulating the production of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), which determines important cell responses including cell growth and death. Here we show that renal mesangial cells isolated from wild-type, SK-1(-/-),and SK-2(-/-) mice show a differential response to apoptotic stimuli. Wildtype mesangial cells responded to staurosporine with increased DNA fragmentation and caspase-3 processing, which was enhanced in SK-1(-/-) cells. In contrast, SK-2(-/-) cells were highly resistant to staurosporine-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, the basal phosphorylation and activity of the anti-apoptotic protein kinase B (PKB) and of its substrate Bad were decreased in SK-1(-/-) but not in SK-2(-/-) cells. Upon staurosporine treatment, phosphorylation of PKB and Bad decreased in wild-type and SK-1(-/-) cells, but remained high in SK-2(-/-) cells. In addition, the anti-apoptotic Bcl-X-L was significantly upregulated in SK-2(-/-) cells, which may further contribute to the protective state of these cells. In summary, our data show that SK-1 and SK-2 have opposite effects on the capacity of mesangial cells to resist apoptotic stimuli. This is due to differential modulation of the PKB/Bad pathway and of Bcl-X-L expression. Thus, subtype-selective targeting of SKs will be critical when considering these enzymes as therapeutic targets for the treatment of inflammation or cancer.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Heat conduction analysis of laminated shells by a sampling surfaces method. A paper focuses on the use of the method of sampling surfaces (SaS) for the exact three-dimensional (3D) heat conduction analysis of laminated orthotropic and anisotropic shells. This method is based on selecting inside the nth layer I-n not equally spaced SaS parallel to the middle surface of the shell in order to choose the temperatures of these surfaces as basic variables. Such an idea permits the representation of the proposed thermal laminated shell formulation in a very compact form. The SaS are located inside each layer at Chebyshev polynomial nodes that improves the convergence of the SaS method significantly. As a result, the SaS method can be applied efficiently to exact 3D solutions of the steady-state heat conduction problem for cross-ply and angle-ply composite shells with a specified accuracy using a sufficient number of SaS. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "The bishop and the monk: Desiderius of Vienne and the Columbanian movement. This paper analyses the uses made by hagiographers and chroniclers of the character of Desiderius of Vienne. Desiderius, a bishop in Merovingian Burgundy, was the protagonist of two seventh-century Lives, and appears in numerous other hagiographical works and chronicles. Desiderius also figures prominently in works composed within the context of Columbanian monasticism, most notably Jonas of Bobbio's Vita Columbani. His appearance in these works paints a multifaceted picture not only of his own political activities, but also of the agendas of the hagiographers themselves, who exploited his literary image to further their ends. It is the contention of this paper that despite the frequent mentions of Desiderius in Columbanian compositions, he did not, in fact, play a part in the Columbanians' success.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Presence of a trs-Like Motif Promotes Rep-Mediated Wild-Type Adeno-Associated Virus Type 2 Integration. High-throughput integration site (IS) analysis of wild-type adeno-associated virus type 2 (wtAAV2) in human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) and HeLa cells revealed that juxtaposition of a Rep binding site (RBS) and terminal resolution site (trs)-like motif leads to a 4-fold-increased probability of wtAAV integration. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) confirmed binding of Rep to off-target RBSs. For the first time, we show Rep protein off-target nicking activity, highlighting the importance of the nicking substrate for Rep-mediated integration.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Divine Ideas and the Dependent Nature of Creation. In the first part of this essay, I explain why Aquinas thinks that it is better to understand 'creation' as a relation rather than a change, and I establish what it means in Christian theology to say that the world depends on God. I then argue that one of the most philosophically and theologically persuasive ways of articulating this relation of dependence is via the Platonic metaphysics of divine ideas. Through a careful reading of Aquinas and Eckhart, I respond to some of the pantheistic fears which led to the virtual disappearance of the divine ideas paradigm in the Christian tradition after the medieval period, and argue that a keen sense of our own ontological fragility is a good thing - both metaphysically and spiritually.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Perceived managerial and leadership effectiveness within a Moroccan Higher Education Institution. The purpose of this research was to determine what behaviourally distinguishes effective and ineffective managers within a Moroccan Higher Education Institution (HEI). The critical incident technique (CIT) was the methodology deployed to collect data from participants in terms of how they perceive managers as either effective or ineffective. The collected data (CIs) were subjected to content and thematic analysis that resulted in derived positive and negative behavioural statements (BSs). A total of 42 participants/informants were interviewed and revealed a total of 418 CIs, of which 189 were positive CIs and 229 were negative. The analysis revealed a total of 49 BSs, of which 19 were positive and 30 were negative behavioural indicators. The findings of this investigation bring empirical evidence to understand what and how managers are perceived as effective or ineffective in the Moroccan academic context and, therefore, adds to the literature. The information obtained can also provide rich information/knowledge that can be used as a basis to address the behavioural developmental needs of managers in HEIs. This research adds value by following by following two previous replication studies in a French and a Hungarian HEI; moreover, this study is the first to be conducted in the Moroccan/North African region.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "Effect of Different Water Salinity Levels on the Germination of Imazamox-Resistant and Sensitive Weedy Rice and Cultivated Rice. Weeds that have become resistant to herbicides may threaten rice production. Rice cultivation is mainly carried out in coastal and river delta areas that often suffer salinity problems. The aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of salinity upon germination and the root and shoot seedling growth of Italian weedy rice and cultivated rice (Oryza sativa), and to find a possible correlation between salinity and herbicide resistance. Seed germination tests were conducted in Petri dishes on four imazamox-sensitive and one resistant weedy rice populations and two rice varieties: Baldo (conventional) and CL80 (imidazolinone-resistant Clearfield (R) variety). Different salt concentrations were tested: 0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350 and 400 mM NaCl. Germination percentage, germination speed, seedling root and shoot length were affected by increasing the salt concentration in all tested populations and varieties. The germination percentage was in general more affected in resistant weedy rice and CL80. In resistant weedy rice this was partially compensated by a faster germination up to 100 mM. In terms of seedling root and shoot length, CL80 and Baldo showed the highest tolerance to salt; resistant weedy rice was not able to produce seedling roots and shoots at concentrations > 300 mM.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "The 'Republican' Publican: 'Honest' Sam House, Visual Culture, and the General Election of 1784. Despite his 'highest situation' in life being that of a publican, Samuel House was the most frequently depicted member of the lower orders during the 1784 Westminster election and was directly credited in at least 33 different caricatures. To warrant such attention and depiction implies that House played a significant role as Fox's primary bridge to the plebeian Westminster vote; a demographic that was essential for Fox's victory. In spite of his positive electoral role in the Foxite campaign, House was effectively weaponised in hostile caricature as a discrediting plebeian anti-Foxite caricature symbol, emphasising the vulnerabilities of the mingling of aristocratic-plebeian sociability. Yet, in spite of his significance, and consistent inclusion in contemporary caricature, pamphlets and songs, House has remained largely unexplored by historians. Only John Brewer has produced a dedicated work on House, though the likes of H.T. Dickinson, Herbert Atherton, Diana Donald, Marc Baer, George Rude, Harriet Guest and E.P Thompson have studied the role and impact of the mob and plebeian electoral contribution. Based on new work on the Foxites and visual culture and using contemporary biographical sources, poll books, parliamentary registers and contemporary newspapers this article will redress this imbalance and attempt to establish House's significance as a plebeian electoral campaigner for Fox, and as a discrediting symbol of plebeian drunkenness, sociability, and electoral corruption deployed by hostile caricaturists to disgrace his patron. So effective was the anti-Fox campaign, bolstered by the activities of caricaturists, that Fox was prevented from taking his Westminster seat for ten months - from May 1784 until March 1785 - during a Pittite enforced scrutiny.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "STRESS-STRAIN STATE OF A MATERIAL UNDER FORCES ACTING ALONG A PERIODIC SET OF COAXIAL MODE II PENNY-SHAPED CRACKS. Approaches of linearized solid mechanics are used to solve the axisymmetric problem of interaction of a periodic set of coaxial penny-shaped mode II cracks in an unbounded prestressed material. Two nonclassical fracture mechanisms are considered: fracture of a body with prestresses parallel to the crack plane and fracture of a body compressed along cracks. The fracture parameters for hyperelastic materials with elastic potentials of different types are calculated and their dependence on the loading conditions, the mechanical characteristics of the materials, and the geometrical parameters of the problem is studied", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "Behavioral Counseling and Varenicline Treatment for Smoking Cessation. Results: Intent-to-treat analyses revealed relatively high percentages of abstinence at 3 months (38.9%, 48.5%, 43.4%) and at 6 months (30.7%, 34.3%, 33.8%) for the web, PTC, and PTC web groups, respectively. The PTC group had a significantly higher percentage of abstinence than the web group at 3 months (OR=1.48,95% CI=1.12, 1.96), but no between-group differences in abstinence outcomes were seen at 6 months.Background: Smoking remains the primary preventable cause of death and illness in the U.S. Effective, convenient treatment programs are needed to reduce smoking prevalence.Purpose: This study compared the effectiveness of three modalities of a behavioral smoking-cessation program in smokers using varenicline.Methods: Current treatment-seeking smokers (n=1202) were recruited from a large healthcare organization between October 2006 and October 2007. Eligible participants were randomized to one of three smoking-cessation interventions: web-based counseling (n=401); proactive telephone-based counseling (PTC; n=402); or combined PTC and web counseling (n=399). All participants received a standard 12-week FDA-approved course of varenicline. Self-report determined the primary outcomes (7-day point prevalent abstinence at 3- and 6-month follow-ups); the number of days varenicline was taken; and treatment-related symptoms. Behavioral measures determined utilization of both the web- and Phone-based counseling.Conclusions: Phone counseling had greater treatment advantage for early cessation and appeared to increase medication adherence, but the absence of differences at 6 months suggests that any of the interventions hold promise when used in conjunction with varenicline. (Am J Prev Med 2010;38(5):482-490) (C) 2010 American Journal of Preventive Medicine", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Learning about digital media in chemistry teacher training - A project Participatory Action Research. This paper reports the systematic development of an already implemented course on the use of digital media in chemistry education at the University of Bremen. Following the model of Participatory Action Research for innovations in higher education the course was cyclically developed over a time span of three years. Accompanying research was done to evaluate selected effects of the course on the student teachers. Foci of the research were changes in student teachers I attitudes and self-efficacy beliefs concerning the use of digital media in general and in chemistry education in particular. The structure of the course is presented, experiences and effects are discussed.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "On the effectiveness of elected male and female leaders and team coordination. We study the effect on coordination in a minimum-effort game of a leader's gender depending on whether the leader is democratically elected or is randomly selected. Leaders use non-binding messages to try to convince followers to coordinate on the Pareto-efficient equilibrium. We find that teams with elected leaders coordinate on higher effort levels. Initially, the benefits of being elected are captured solely by male leaders. However, this gender difference disappears with repeated interaction because unsuccessful male leaders are reelected more often than unsuccessful female leaders.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Actinomyces bowdenii sp nov., isolated from canine and feline clinical specimens. Four strains of a previously undescribed Actinomyces-like bacterium were isolated from canine and feline clinical specimens. Phenotypic studies indicated the strains were members of the genus Actinomyces, and most closely resembled Actinomyces viscosus serotype I and Actinomyces slackii. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequencing studies demonstrated the unknown bacterium constitutes a new subline within a group of Actinomyces species, which includes Actinomyces bovis, the type species of the genus. Based on phylogenetic and phenotypic evidence it is proposed that the unknown bacterium be classified as Actinomyces bowdenii sp. nov. The type strain of Actinomyces bowdenii is CCUG 37421(T).", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "The historical past of Tubingen university within the 1927 jubilee context. This article reviews the history writing practices employed at Tubingen University on the occasion of its 450th anniversary. The author examines an anniversary edition of the university's history and the speeches of professors, identifying in them the ways in which they represent historical plots and their role in the self- identification of the academic community.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Origin and Proliferation of Multiple-Drug Resistance in Bacterial Pathogens. Many studies report the high prevalence of multiply drug-resistant (MDR) strains. Because MDR infections are often significantly harder and more expensive to treat, they represent a growing public health threat. However, for different pathogens, different underlying mechanisms are traditionally used to explain these observations, and it is unclear whether each bacterial taxon has its own mechanism(s) for multidrug resistance or whether there are common mechanisms between distantly related pathogens. In this review, we provide a systematic overview of the causes of the excess of MDR infections and define testable predictions made by each hypothetical mechanism, including experimental, epidemiological, population genomic, and other tests of these hypotheses. Better understanding the cause(s) of the excess of MDR is the first step to rational design of more effective interventions to prevent the origin and/or proliferation of MDR.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Novosphingobium naphthalenivorans sp nov., a naphthalene-degrading bacterium isolated from polychlorinated-dioxin-contaminated environments. Three strains of strictly aerobic, Gram-negative, naphtha lene-degrading bacteria isolated from polychlorinated-dioxin-contaminated soil and sediment were characterized. These isolates grew well with naphthalene as the sole carbon and energy source, degrading it completely within 24 h of incubation. The isolates also degraded dibenzofuran co-metabolically in the presence of naphthalene with the concomitant production of yellow intermediate metabolite(s). A 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that the isolates affiliated to the genus Novosphingobium with Novosphingobium pentaromativorans and Novosphingobium subarcticum as their nearest phylogenetic neighbors (97.4-97.5% similarity). The isolates had a genomic DNA G+C ratio of 64.5-64.6 mol% and formed a genetically coherent group distinguishable from any established species of the genus Novosphingobium at a DNA-DNA hybridization level of less than 46%. The cellular fatty acids were characterized by the predominance of 18: 1 omega 7c with significant proportions of 16: 0, 16: 1 w7c, 17: 1 omega 6c and 2-OH 14:0. Sphingoglycolipids were present. The major respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-10. Spermidine was detected as the major polyamine. The distinct taxonomic position of the isolates within the Novosphingobium was also demonstrated by physiological and biochemical testing. Based on these phylogenetic and phenotypic data, we propose Novosphingobium naphthalenivorans sp. nov. to accommodate the novel isolates. The type strain is strain TUT562(T) (DSM 18518(T), JCM 13951(T), NBRC 102051(T)).", "label": [2, 4, 18, 40]}
+{"token": "EFFECT OF ADDITION OF DIFFERENT LEVELS OF FORMIC ACID AND UREA ON CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND FERMENTATION CHARACTERISTICS OF WILD REED PHRAGMITIS COMMUNIS SILAGE. This study was carried out in the laboratory to investigate the effect of addition of different levels of formic acid (FA) and urea on chemical composition and fermentation characteristics of common reed silages. About 400-500g of silage samples were prepared by treating chopped reed plants (2-3 cm) with solutions containing 10% of date juice, 0.5, 1 or 1.5% of FM and 0, 1 or 2% of urea. Silage samples were packed in double nylon bags and stored anaerobically for 60 days. Results showed that green color was roughly dominant in most samples of silage with vinegar odor. Samples were well aggregated with little mold was observed in few urea untreated silages. Results revealed also that increasing level of FA from 0.5 to 1 and 1.5% increased (P<0.01) contents of dry matter (DM) by 0.79 and 1.15%, and crude protein (CP) by 1.42 and 2.11% respectively, and decreased (P<0.01) ether extract (EE), by 0.29 and 0.63%. About effect of urea levels, most variables pointed out that there was a decrease may be occurred in fermentations due to a significant decrease in contents of DM (P<0.01) and EE (P<0.05). Content of crude fiber (CF) was decreased (P<0.01) from 44.7 to 43 and 41.1% for 0, land 2% levels of urea respectively. Results showed that there was a decrease (P<0.01) in pH values from 5.90 to 4.99 and 4.88, concentrations of ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), from 1.19 to 0.75 and 0.66% of total nitrogen and total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) from 6.56 to 4.61 and 4.14 mmol/100 g DM of silage samples as a result of addition of FA at levels of 0.5, 1 and 1.5% respectively. However, increasing urea levels from 0 to 1 and 2% associated with an increase (P<0.01) in fermentation parameters, 5.02, 5.06 and 5.70 for pH, 0.67, 0.98 and 0.95 for NH3-N and 3.70, 5.53 and 6.07 mmol/100 g DM for TVFA respectively", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "In vitro evaluation of intraluminal factors that may alter intestinal permeability in ponies with carbohydrate-induced laminitis. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance - In vitro exposure of colonic mucosa to cecal contents incubated with starch resulted in increased paracellular permeability. Fermentation of excessive amounts of carbohydrate in the intestinal lumen of horses may directly induce increased intestinal permeability associated with carbohydrate-induced laminitis.Results - Incubation of cecal contents with corn starch for 8 hours resulted in a decrease in cecal content pH and an increase in lactic acid concentration. These changes were similar to those reported in vivo for ponies given corn starch. Exposure of colonic mucosa to cecal contents incubated with corn starch resulted in an increase in tissue conductance and permeability of technetium Tc 99m pentetate, compared with mucosa exposed to cecal contents alone.Animals - 4 healthy adult ponies.Objectives - To study the in vitro effects of cecal contents incubated with corn starch on colonic permeability in horses.Procedure - Mucosal specimens were obtained from the right ventral colon and mounted in Ussing chambers. Changes in short circuit current, conductance, and large-molecule permeability in response to addition of cecal contents and cecal contents incubated with corn starch were evaluated for 120 minutes.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Ambipolar diffusion in the Bifrost code. Context. Ambipolar diffusion is a physical mechanism related to the drift between charged and neutral particles in a partially ionized plasma that is key to many different astrophysical systems. However, understanding its effects is challenging due to basic uncertainties concerning relevant microphysical aspects and the strong constraints it imposes on the numerical modeling.Aims. Our aim is to introduce a numerical tool that allows us to address complex problems involving ambipolar diffusion in which, additionally, departures from ionization equilibrium are important or high resolution is needed. The primary application of this tool is for solar atmosphere calculations, but the methods and results presented here may also have a potential impact on other astrophysical systems.Methods. We have developed a new module for the stellar atmosphere Bifrost code that improves its computational capabilities of the ambipolar diffusion term in the generalized Ohm's law. This module includes, among other things, collision terms adequate to processes in the coolest regions in the solar chromosphere. As the main feature of the module, we have implemented the super time stepping (STS) technique, which allows an important acceleration of the calculations. We have also introduced hyperdiffusion terms to guarantee the stability of the code.Results. We show that to have an accurate value for the ambipolar diffusion coefficient in the solar atmosphere it is necessary to include as atomic elements in the equation of state not only hydrogen and helium, but also the main electron donors like sodium, silicon, and potassium. In addition, we establish a range of criteria to set up an automatic selection of the free parameters of the STS method that guarantees the best performance, optimizing the stability and speed for the ambipolar diffusion calculations. We validate the STS implementation by comparison with a self-similar analytical solution.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Organisation Todt as builder in Norway. All of Norway was a building site during the German occupation. Several German government agencies and companies served as builders. As Norway's strategic importance grew, the Reich Commissariat registered 1600 projects by the end of 1941, of which some were extremely ambitious. In addition to buildings for the large and increasing Wehrmacht garrison, the building activities covered projects such as naval bases, fortifications, airports, roads, bridges, railway lines, industry and even a new German city. The bulk of the necessary resources was funded largely through forced credits and resources allocated from within the country. This changed in spring 1942 as Albert Speer ordered Organisation Todt (OT) to send a construction task force to Norway, named Einsatzgruppe Wiking (EW). Through a written order from the Fuhrer, Hitler formalized its mission through a program. The article regards the program as a response to the increasing discrepancy between building goals and available resources and emphasizes that Speer saw OT's mode of operating as an instrument to reach its goals. Whereas Speer anticipated that the EW would allocate resources more efficiently and thus increase the productivity of companies and labour, the task force procured the bulk of organizational (firms), physical (building materials) and human resources (forced labour) from abroad. Although the program was a wishful dream of overstretched ambitions-so common among the Nazis-in cooperation with the Wehrmacht the EW nevertheless went a long way towards its goals. Focusing on the institutional and financial aspects of the program, the article strengthens the hypothesis that the program contributed to the quick post-war recovery of the Norwegian economy while foreign forced labour suffered the costs of EW's pursuit of efficiency most severely.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "HIGH NUCLEARITY MOLECULAR-SPECIES EXHIBITING SPIN FRUSTRATION - FUSION OF 2 MNIII4O2 BUTTERFLY COMPLEXES TO YIELD AN INTERMEDIATE SPIN GROUND-STATE MNIII7O4 COMPLEX. The preparation and characterization of (NEt4)[Mn7O4(OAc)10(dbM)4].3CH2Cl2.2C6Hl4 (1.3CH2Cl2.2C6H14) (H dbm = dibenzoylmethane) are reported; the Mn(III)7O4 core of 1 consists of two Mn4O2 butterfly units fused together by sharing of one wing-tip manganese atom and it is shown using magnetization data that complex 1 has either an S = 3 or S = 4 ground state.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Response of adzuki bean to pre-emergence herbicides. Limited herbicide options are available to adzuki bean growers in southwestern Ontario. Six field trials were conducted in Ontario during 2003 and 2004 to evaluate the tolerance of adzuki bean to dimethenamid (1250 and 2500 g a.i. ha(-1)), S-metolachlor (1600 and 3200 g a.i. ha-1), clomazone (1000 and 2000 g ad. ha-1), and imazethapyr (75 and 150 g a.i. ha(-1)) applied pre-emergence. Dimethenamid caused up to 37% visual injury and reduced plant height, shoot dry weight and yield 27, 59 and 52%, respectively. Seed maturity was also delayed by dimethenamid at 2500 g ha-1. S-metolachlor caused up to 34% visual injury and reduced plant height, shoot dry weight and yield 27, 48 and 48%, respectively. Clomazone caused 53% visual injury and reduced plant height, shoot dry weight and yield 47, 84 and 78%, respectively. Imazethapyr caused up to 6% visual injury; however, this injury was transient with no adverse effect on plant height, shoot dry weight, seed moisture content and yield of adzuki bean. Based on these results, dimethenamid, S-metolachlor and clomazone applied pre-emergence (PRE) do not have an adequate margin of crop safety for use in adzuki bean at the doses evaluated. However, imazethapyr applied PRE has an adequate margin of crop safety for weed management in adzuki bean production in Ontario at the doses evaluated.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "A demand-based perspective on technology life cycles. This article considers the relationship between consumers' valuation of performance improvements and technology development over the technology life cycle. Presenting a demand-based perspective, it explores how the character of life cycle maturity, the nature of competitive threats, and firms' innovation incentives all change when consumer demand for performance matures in advance of a technology's performance trajectories. It characterizes demand maturity by introducing the idea of a demand S curve as a complement to the traditional technology S curve. In doing so, it offers a new lens for assessing firms prospects of achieving superior performance through the commercialization of new technologies.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "Evaluating the Impact of Training in Self-Help Groups in India. This article evaluates the impact of widespread training programmes provided by the Self-Help Group (SHG) programme. Indian SHGs are primarily non-governmental organisation (NGO)-formed microfinance groups funded by commercial banks. This article employs evaluation techniques appropriate for current borrowers of a national programme. In addition, the article addresses the double selection issue of membership and training. We correct for membership selection bias using a pipeline method. We then account for training endogeneity with propensity score matching. The results of regression-adjusted matching (which controls for both participation and training selection bias) reveal that specialised training, such as business training, has a greater impact on assets than general training. Furthermore, NGOs should specialise in business training. Sensitivity analyses confirm the robustness of these results.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "A Systematic Analysis on the Impact of Contextual Information on Point-of-Interest Recommendation. As the popularity of Location-based Social Networks increases, designing accurate models for Point-of-Interest (POI) recommendation receives more attention. POI recommendation is often performed by incorporating contextual information into previously designed recommendation algorithms. Some of the major contextual information that has been considered in POI recommendation are the location attributes (i.e., exact coordinates of a location, category, and check-in time), the user attributes (i.e., comments, reviews, tips, and check-in made to the locations), and other information, such as the distance of the POI from user's main activity location and the social tie between users. The right selection of such factors can significantly impact the performance of the POI recommendation. However, previous research does not consider the impact of the combination of these different factors. In this article, we propose different contextual models and analyze the fusion of different major contextual information in POI recommendation. The major contributions of this article are as follows: (i) providing an extensive survey of context-aware location recommendation; (ii) quantifying and analyzing the impact of different contextual information (e.g., social, temporal, spatial, and categorical) in the POI recommendation on available baselines and two new linear and non-linear models, which can incorporate all the major contextual information into a single recommendation model; and (iii) evaluating the considered models using two well-known real-world datasets. Our results indicate that while modeling geographical and temporal influences can improve recommendation quality, fusing all other contextual information into a recommendation model is not always the best strategy.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Fellhanera ochracea, a new corticolous lichen species from sheltered habitats in western Europe. Fellhanera ochracea Sparrius & Aptroot is described from material found in sheltered habitats in Great Britain, Switzerland and The Netherlands, where it grows on acidic and neutral bark of, for example, Pinus, Pseudotsuga, Ulmus, Quercus, Acer, Hedera and Sambucus. The species is close to Fellhanera subtilis and Fellhaneropsis myrtillicola, but distinguished by the abundant tiny, pale or orange-brown pigmented (frequently discolouring to bluish green) conidiomata with paler centrum, containing small, pyriform conidia, and by the 3-septate ascospores and the absence of lichen products in the thallus. A key to Fellhanera and Fellhaneropsis species known from western Europe is provided. (C) 2000 The British Lichen Society.", "label": [4, 0, 39, 9]}
+{"token": "A conductive rigid spheroidal inclusion in a transversely isotropic piezoelectric body subjected to an axial pull. The exact axisymmetric solution is derived for an infinite transversely isotropic piezoelectric body containing an electrically conductive, rigid spheroidal inclusion under an axial pull. A simple general solution is employed in which three quasi-harmonic functions are involved and can be assumed in a closed form. The arbitrary constants are determined from the continuity conditions at the surface of the inclusion. The load-deflection and load-potential relations are derived, especially for two degenerated cases that are very important in the strength analysis of composite piezoelectric materials. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "Evaluating the establishment success of Microctonus aethiopoides (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a parasitoid of the alfalfa weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), across the northern Great Plains of North America. The alfalfa weevil (Hypera postica (Gyllenhal); Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is a destructive pest of alfalfa (Medicago sativa Linnaeus; Fabaceae) worldwide. The biological control parasitoid, Microctonus aethiopoides Loan (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), was successfully introduced, and considered highly effective, in the eastern and mid-western United States of America. Redistribution efforts carried out throughout the 1980s reported initial establishment in the northern Great Plains, however follow-up studies to assess long-term persistence and efficacy are lacking. We resurveyed the counties in which M. aethiopoides had been initially recovered following redistribution in Montana (Flathead and Petroleum counties), Wyoming (Platte County), and South Dakota (Brookings County), to gauge whether this species has become permanently established and, if so, assess levels of parasitism in the field. We collected adult weevils from five fields in each county, and reared them in the laboratory to assess parasitism. Despite rearing more than 1000 weevils, no parasitoids were recovered from any of the locations sampled in our study, suggesting a widespread failure of M. aethiopoides to persist in the region. Thus, M. aethiopoides does not currently appear to be an important biological control agent of alfalfa weevil in the northern Great Plains. More intensive surveys will be required to assess the extent of the distributional limits of this species throughout the region.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Evaluating progress of chestnut quality: A review of recent developments. Scope and approach: nowadays, chestnuts are essential food items for many people around the world. This state-of-the-art review covers the recent advances in chestnut quality assessment, with particular emphasis on their nutritional characteristics, health benefits and the impacts of processing on shelf life. Our aim is to provide a general framework for enhancing chestnut quality and supply chain sustainability.Background: worldwide chestnut production is similar to 2.353 Tg (FAO, 2020). The global chestnut production has increased steadily over the last decade, which is due to consumers' salient beliefs in the health benefits of chestnut consumption. Chestnuts have extraordinary nutritional and organoleptic characteristics and chestnut quality evaluation is paramount.Key findings and conclusions: According to literature, chestnuts may also provide several health benefits, and represent a great economic resource, due to their availability and affordability. This review will be of interest to consumers, will help commercial chestnut producers to select the best chestnut varieties to grow in a particular geographical region and will ultimately improve the quality of the chestnuts produced.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Mechanism of influence of chloride ions on electrogenerative leaching of sulfide minerals. A dual cell system was used to study the influence of chloride ions on the electrogenerative leaching of sulfide minerals. The results show that the influences of chloride ions on a series of electrogenerative leaching system are similar, and chlorine ion is involved in the electrogenerative leaching process of sulfide minerals directly. The output power increases with the increase of Cl- concentration. The influence on the electrogenerative leaching rate decreases when the Cl- concentration reaches a certain value. The mechanisms of anodic reaction are deduced based on the reasonable hypothesis, and kinetic equations with respect to chlorine ions for each sulfide mineral are obtained. The kinetic equations show that when concentration of Cl- is relatively low, the electrogenerative leaching rates are predicted to have 5/7, 7/2, 3/1 and 3/1 order dependence on Cl- concentration for chalcopyrite concentrate, nickel concentrate, sphalerite and galena. As concentration of Cl- increases, the correlative dependence of electrogenerative leaching rate on concentration of Cl- becomes weak.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Effects of ECT in treatment of depression: study protocol for a prospective neuroradiological study of acute and longitudinal effects on brain structure and function. Background: Major depression can be a serious and debilitating condition. For some patients in a treatment resistant depressive episode, electroconvulsive treatment (ECT) is the only treatment that is effective. Although ECT has shown efficacy in randomized controlled trials, the treatment is still controversial and stigmatized. This can in part be attributed to our lack of knowledge of the mechanisms of action. Some reports also suggest potential harmful effects of ECT treatment and memory related side effects have been documented.Methods/design: The present study will apply state of the art radiology through advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques to investigate structural and functional brain effects of ECT. As a multi-disciplinary collaboration, imaging findings will be correlated to psychiatric response parameters, neuropsychological functioning as well as neurochemical and genetic biomarkers that can elucidate the underlying mechanisms. The aim is to document both treatment effects and potential harmful effects of ECT. Sample: n = 40 patients in a major depressive episode (bipolar and major depressive disorder). Two control groups with n = 15 in each group: age and gender matched healthy volunteers not receiving ECT and patients undergoing electrical cardioversion (ECV) for atrial fibrillation (AF). Observation time: six months.Discussion: The study will contribute to our understanding of the pathophysiology of major depression as well as mechanisms of action for the most effective treatment for the disorder; ECT.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Carbothermic reduction of mechanically activated hematite-graphite-copper mixture. In this research carbothermic reduction of mechanically activated hematite-graphite-copper mixture was investigated. The effects of Copper and milling time on reduction behaviour of mixtures were studied by differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetry experiments. SEM and XRD techniques were also used to evaluate microstructure and phase constituent of the samples. By mechanical activation of the hematite-graphite-copper mixture the reduction temperature could be decreased >200 degrees C. The presence of copper in mixture has an additional effect on the initiation of the Boudouard reaction at lower temperatures. Thus the gaseous reduction of Hematite with CO was started at a temperature as low as 790 degrees C when Cu was used in the activated mixture.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Assessing the service-profit chain. The implementation approach is illustrated using data from a national bank in Brazil. We used customer surveys from more than 500 branches of the bank. Each individual customer's marketing survey data was linked to a number of operational metrics. First, behavioral measures of retention, such as the length of the customer's relation with the bank, the deposit amount, and number of transactions with the bank, were obtained and merged with the survey data. Second, the main branch used by each customer was identified and operational inputs (e.g., number of employees, number of available automated teller machines (ATMs)) used at that branch were obtained and merged with the data set. This data set was used to model the SPC at a strategic and operational level.Implementing the SPC is a pervasive problem among most service firms, and several attempts have been made to model various aspects of the SPC. However, comprehensive approaches to model the SPC are lacking, as most studies have only focused on discrete aspects of the SPC. There is a need for approaches that combine data such as measures of operational inputs, customer perceptions and behaviors, and financial outcomes from multiple sources, providing the firm with not only comprehensive diagnosis and assessment but also with implementation guidelines. Importantly, an approach that is sensitive to and can accommodate the strengths and weaknesses of such data sets is required. We outline and illustrate such an approach in this paper. Our approach has the potential to both identify and quantify the benefits of implementing a service strategy, especially for firms having multiple units (e.g., banks with branches, retail outlets, and so forth).The strategic analysis consisted of a structural-equation model that identified the critical conceptual relationships that parsimoniously articulate the SPC for this bank. For instance, from among a variety of attribute-level perceptions, the bank was able to identify those perceptions that were critical determinants of behavioral intentions. Similarly, from a variety of available behavioral metrics, the bank was able to identify those behaviors most relevant to profitability. The operational analysis utilized Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and provides customized feedback to each branch in implementing the strategic model. It provides each branch with a metric of its relative efficiency in translating inputs such as employees and ATMs into relevant strategic outcomes such as customer intentions and behaviors. Our illustration shows how top management can use the strategic and operational analysis in tandem. Whereas the strategic model provides the key relationships and metrics that are needed to ensure that all subunits of the firm follow a consistent strategy, the operational analysis enables each branch to benchmark its unique position so that the branch can implement the strategic model in the most efficient way. Thus, simultaneously implementing the strategic and operational model enables a firm to have a centralized focus with decentralized implementation. For this bank, the operational analysis shows that for a branch to achieve superior profitability, it is important that the branch manager not only be efficient in achieving superior satisfaction (as indicated in positive behavioral intentions) but also be efficient in translating such attitudes and intentions into relevant behaviors. In other words, superior satisfaction alone is not an unconditional guarantee of profitability.The service-profit chain (SPC) is a framework for linking service operations, employee assessments, and customer assessments to a firm's profitability (Heskett et al. 1994). The SPC provides an integrative framework for understanding how a firm's operational investments into service operations are related to customer perceptions and behaviors, and how these translate into profits. For a firm, it provides much needed guidance about the complex interrelationships among operational investments, customer perceptions, and the bottom line.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "The influx of International Baccalaureate (IB) programmes into local education systems in Hong Kong, Singapore, and South Korea. This comparative analysis aims to capture the complex roles and positionings of the International Baccalaureate (IB) in conjunction with local education systems in Hong Kong, Singapore, and South Korea. Our analysis focused on how the IB's institutional legitimacy is presented in the three societies. We conducted a documentary analysis of texts on the introduction and implementation of IB programmes into local school systems. Our findings suggest that there are commonalities and variations in how the IB is interpreted by key local agents and is positioned into local education systems. Specifically, across the three societies, the IB has expanded continuously. At the same time, its institutionalisation process varies by each society's socio-historical context and needs: substantive legitimacy as the international curriculum of choice in Hong Kong, a quiet supplement to elite education in Singapore, and instrumental curriculum borrowing for fixing the education system in Korea. We also find that the institutionalisation of the IB is limited at a symbolic level and controlled by the Singaporean government, while the IB is saliently promoted by local education authorities in the context of education reform in Korea. The institutionalisation process of the IB in Hong Kong is primarily swayed by market principles under the existing school choice system.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Evolution of the North American Lineage H7 Avian Influenza Viruses in Association with H7 Virus's Introduction to Poultry. The incursions of H7 subtype low-pathogenicity avian influenza virus (LPAIV) from wild birds into poultry and its mutations to highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) have been an ongoing concern in North America. Since 2000, 10 phylogenetically distinct H7 virus outbreaks from wild birds have been detected in poultry, six of which mutated to HPAIV. To study the molecular evolution of the H7 viruses that occurs when changing hosts from wild birds to poultry, we performed analyses of the North American H7 hemagglutinin (HA) genes to identify amino acid changes as the virus circulated in wild birds from 2000 to 2019. Then, we analyzed recurring HA amino acid changes and gene constellations of the viruses that spread from wild birds to poultry. We found six HA amino acid changes occurring during wild bird circulation and 10 recurring changes after the spread to poultry. Eight of the changes were in and around the HA antigenic sites, three of which were supported by positive selection. Viruses from each H7 outbreak had a unique genotype, with no specific genetic group associated with poultry outbreaks or mutation to HPAIV. However, the genotypes of the H7 viruses in poultry outbreaks tended to contain minor genetic groups less observed in wild bird H7 viruses, suggesting either a biased sampling of wild bird AIVs or a tendency of having reassortment with minor genetic groups prior to the virus's introduction to poultry. IMPORTANCE Wild bird-origin H7 subtype avian influenza viruses are a constant threat to commercial poultry, both directly by the disease they cause and indirectly through trade restrictions that can be imposed when the virus is detected in poultry. It is important to understand the genetic basis of why the North American lineage H7 viruses have repeatedly crossed the species barrier from wild birds to poultry. We examined the amino acid changes in the H7 viruses associated with poultry outbreaks and tried to determine gene reassortment related to poultry adaptation and mutations to HPAIV. The findings in this study increase the understanding of the evolutionary pathways of wild bird AIV before infecting poultry and the HA changes associated with adaptation of the virus in poultry.Wild bird-origin H7 subtype avian influenza viruses are a constant threat to commercial poultry, both directly by the disease they cause and indirectly through trade restrictions that can be imposed when the virus is detected in poultry. It is important to understand the genetic basis of why the North American lineage H7 viruses have repeatedly crossed the species barrier from wild birds to poultry.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Break philosophy through internally. This paper contrasts and illustrates two types of breakthroughs in philosophy; i.e., external and internal ones. Both are made possible through its application to a new field. In the external breakthrough, a new field is discovered by such factors without philosophy as encounters with different traditions of thought and advance in technology. In the internal one, a new field is brought into attention by critical examination of one or another assumption within philosophy that has once dismissed the field as too trivial or insignificant to be its proper subject. Based on this distinction, a research guideline for philosophy is proposed that one must always seek the possibility of its internal breakthrough. It is also suggested that the philosophy of science and epistemology can be innovated internally when they are applied to a new field, that is, statistics. Finally the distinction between pure and applied philosophy is reinterpreted in the light of the internal breakthrough.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Synthesis of nanoscale CNx/TiAlN multilayered coatings by ion-beam-assisted deposition. CNx/TiAlN multilayered coatings with different nanoscale modulation periods and ratio of CNx within each period were prepared by ion-beam-assisted deposition at room temperature. Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and nanoindenter and a profiler were used to characterize the microstructure and mechanical properties of the coatings. The low-angle XRD pattern and AES indicated a well-defined multilayered structure of the coating. Although monolithic CNx and TiAlN coatings formed amorphous and nanocrystalline structures, respectively, the CNx/TiAlN multilayers exhibited coherent epitaxial growth due to the mutual growth-promoting effect at small CNx layer thickness (< 0.6 nm). At modulation period Lambda = 2.83 nm and CNx thickness of 10% within each period, the multilayers exhibited strong TiAlN (111) and weak AlN (111) textures and showed the highest hardness (32 GPa), elastic modulus (409 GPa), and critical fracture load (65.7 mN). (C) 2008 American Vacuum Society.", "label": [4, 1, 32, 11]}
+{"token": "Which adolescent experimenters progress to established smoking in the United States. Results: At follow-up, 31% of the experimenters at baseline had progressed to established smoking. Baseline level of smoking experience was the strongest independent predictor of established smoking, with current experimenters (smoked in the past 30 days but less than 100 cigarettes in lifetime) having the greatest risk of progressing to established smoking compared to puffers (puffed but have not smoked a whole cigarette). Furthermore, this effect was modified by age; older current experimenters at baseline had more than double the risk of younger current experimenters of progressing to established smoking at follow-up. Absence of a firm commitment not to smoke was a significant predictor among older experimenters but not in younger experimenters. Other important predictors of the transition from experimentation to established smoking were exposure to other smokers and perceived school performance.Conclusions: We found that, even among experimenters, there is an identifiable group of adolescents who are at higher risk of progressing to established smoking that can be targeted for intervention.Methods: Using a nationally representative sample of adolescents between the ages of 12 and 18 at baseline, we examined their transition from experimentation (had at least a puff but has not smoked 100 cigarettes) to established smoking (smoked at least 100 cigarettes in lifetime) four years later.Introduction: This study examined the adolescent smoking uptake process, specifically, the progression from experimentation to established smoking. Although adolescent smoking uptake has been described as consisting of five stages (preparation, initial trying, experimentation, regular smoking, and addiction), there is no accepted method of identifying which experimenters will proceed to become addicted.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Cessation of intravaginal practices to prevent bacterial vaginosis: a pilot intervention in Zimbabwean women. Results Self-reported intravaginal practices declined significantly over follow-up, with 100% of women reporting at least one intravaginal practice at enrolment compared with 8% at the final visit. However, we found no significant effect of this reduction on bacterial vaginosis prevalence in unadjusted or adjusted multivariable models (adjusted prevalence ratio for any practice vs none: 0.94, 95% CI 0.61 to 1.43).Objectives Intravaginal practices-including behaviours such as washing with soap or other materials, using fingers or cloth, or insertion of herbs, powders or other products to dry, cleanse or 'tighten' the vagina-may increase women's risk of bacterial vaginosis by disrupting the vaginal microbiota. In Zimbabwe, intravaginal practices are common. The objective of this study was to assess the feasibility of an intervention based on the transtheoretical model of behaviour change (also called the 'stages of change' model) to encourage cessation of vaginal practices among a sample of Zimbabwean women.Conclusions While the intervention was successful in reducing women's self-reported engagement in intravaginal practices, we observed no corresponding benefit to vaginal health.Methods We conducted a 12-week behaviour change intervention to encourage cessation of intravaginal practices (other than cleansing with water) among 85 Zimbabwean women who reported these practices.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "The a subunit of the A(1)A(O) ATP synthase of Methanosarcina mazei Go1 contains two conserved arginine residues that are crucial for ATP synthesis. Like the evolutionary related F1FO ATP synthases and V1VO ATPases, the A(1)A(O) ATP synthases from archaea are multisubunit, membrane-bound transport machines that couple ion flow to the synthesis of ATP. Although the subunit composition is known for at least two species, nothing is known so far with respect to the function of individual subunits or amino acid residues. To pave the road for a functional analysis of A(1)A(O) ATP synthases, we have cloned the entire operon from Methanosarcina mazei into an expression vector and produced the enzyme in Escherichia coli. Inverted membrane vesicles of the recombinants catalyzed ATP synthesis driven by NADH oxidation as well as artificial driving forces. Delta(mu) over tilde (H+) as well as Delta pH were used as driving forces which is consistent with the inhibition of NADH-driven ATP synthesis by protonophores. Exchange of the conserved glutamate in subunit c led to a complete loss of ATP synthesis, proving that this residue is essential for H+ translocation. Exchange of two conserved arginine residues in subunit a has different effects on ATP synthesis. The role of these residues in ion translocation is discussed. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Caring for waste: Handling tailings in a Chilean copper mine. How do we practically deal with the waste produced by industrial processes? Until now this question has overwhelmingly been answered in one way: through the deployment of different kinds of waste management programs, technology-based top-down actions for waste whose ultimate aim is to make it disappear both physically by leaving it in fully enclosed dumps and politically by eliminating it as a matter of concern that must be dealt with. Due to the multiple setbacks that this approach has faced in terms of large spills and continual pollution, this paper states the need to consider a parallel set of practices that have been enacted, that is, the practice of caring for waste. Based on current developments in science and technology studies, care is presented as a way to deal with waste that, based on everyday practices and the inescapability of failure, proposes temporary and experimental ways to involve all the concerned parties in the search for alternative ways to live with our waste, in material, ethical and political terms. In order to explore the challenges that such an approach entails this paper will present some examples of caring for waste developed by the personnel of a large copper mine located in central Chile.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Shaoshia, an unusual new cicada genus from Pakistan with the description of a new species (Hemiptera: Cicadidae). Shaoshia zhangi gen. & sp. n., from Pakistan, is described and placed in the cicada tribe Cicadatrini. The new genus is characterized by its completely hyaline wings with seven apical cells in the forewing and four apical cells in the hind wing, which is unique among Cicadidae. The relationship between the new genus and other taxa is discussed.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "From Research to Practice: Bridging the Gaps for Psychologists Working in Indigenous Communities Affected by Gangs. Canadian Psychologists have several challenges regarding our research and practice in the development and application of efficacious treatment models for disrupting the progression of gangs and youth crime. Empirically supported model programs for crime prevention and gang intervention require significant study in the Indigenous community context. Indigenous communities affected by gangs and the practitioners serving in these diverse communities require effective models to coordinate treatments across multiple systems and jurisdictions for health, social service, and justice. As a way of bridging the research gaps, we present an overview of the literature on treatment models deemed by the National Crime Prevention Centre (NCPC) to meet the highest standard for treatment efficacy and cost effectiveness (Public Safety Canada, 2012) and review the evidence generated by studies that engaged Indigenous peoples' experiences in gangs. In doing so, we contribute a synthesis of recommendations for gang intervention programming in Indigenous communities, and critique the body of literature on what is considered best practices for crime prevention/intervention in Canada. We offer practical strategies for abiding by the needs and healing processes of Indigenous peoples, and identify challenges and opportunities for future research.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Reduced-cost sparsity-exploiting algorithm for solving coupled-cluster equations. We present an algorithm for reducing the computational work involved in coupled-cluster (CC) calculations by sparsifying the amplitude correction within a CC amplitude update procedure. We provide a theoretical justification for this approach, which is based on the convergence theory of inexact Newton iterations. We demonstrate by numerical examples that, in the simplest case of the CCD equations, we can sparsify the amplitude correction by setting, on average, roughly 90% nonzero elements to zeros without a major effect on the convergence of the inexact Newton iterations.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Lightning Return Strokes to Tall Towers: Ability of Engineering and Electromagnetic Models to Reproduce Nearby Electromagnetic Fields. We present measurements of nearby vertical and horizontal electric fields from leaders and return strokes associated with lightning strikes to the 100-m-tall Gaisberg Tower in Austria obtained in 2007 and 2008. The fields were measured at a distance of about 20m from the tower's vertical axis. Simultaneously with the fields, return-stroke currents were also measured at the top of the tower. The measured data are used to test engineering and electromagnetic models for the return stroke. In general, the agreement between measured waveforms and model-predicted ones is satisfactory.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
+{"token": "Non-Hermitian noncommutative quantum mechanics. In this work we present a general formalism to treat non-Hermitian and noncommutative Hamiltonians. This is done employing the phase-space formalism of quantum mechanics, which allows to write a set of robust maps connecting the Hamitonians and the associated Wigner functions to the different Hilbert space structures, namely, those describing the non-Hermitian and noncommutative, Hermitian and noncommutative, and Hermitian and commutative systems. A general recipe is provided to obtain the expected values of the more general Hamiltonian. Finally, we apply our method to the harmonic oscillator under linear amplification and discuss the implications of both non-Hermitian and noncommutative effects.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Influence of Al2O3 Content on Liquid Phase Proportion and Fluidity of Primary Slag and Final Slag in Blast Furnace. The objective of this study is to understand the influence of Al2O3 on blast furnace operation by studying the properties of primary slag and final slag. The effects of Al2O3 on liquidus temperature, liquid phase proportion and fluidity in the CaO-MgO-SiO2-Al2O3-FeO quinary slag system have been discussed in this paper. The results show that the influence of Al2O3 on primary slag is decreasing the liquidus temperature and increasing the proportion of liquid phase, which lead to a high-pressure drop in the blast furnace, while the influence of Al2O3 on final slag is increasing the liquidus temperature and degrading the slag fluidity. It indicates that increasing MgO content will optimize the influence of Al2O3 and the proper MgO content ought to be greater than 9% in the primary slag. In addition, improving the value of CaO/SiO2 will also optimize the influence of Al2O3, but it is not obvious.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "VALUES OF SELF-PRESERVING BEHAVIOR IN THE SYSTEM OF VALUE ORIENTATIONS OF MODERN RUSSIAN YOUTH. The purpose of the publication is to analyze the proposed values, as a measure of self-preservation behavior within the system of value orientations, to describe their status, as well as to formulate the proposed patterns of self-preserving behavior and social and communicative factors of self-preserving behavior of modern youth. The authors touch upon such an important and relevant scientific problem for the first time. They provide a theoretical and methodological approach to solving this problem by proposing patterns of self-preserving behavior of young people and ways of inculcating self-preserving strategies among the student youth. In order to form a holistic picture of the value orientations of the youth, authors use the adapted methodology of M. Rokich. The study participants were students of universities in Ufa, a total of 1140 people gave interview. Authors also used an analysis of a focus group interview on the topic of \\\\'self-preserving behavior of students\\\\'. Participants were the students of universities in Ufa, represented by different age groups, from the 1st year students to the masters of the 1st year. Authors also conducted narrative interviews with medical personnel of polyclinics No. 49 and No. 2, as well as some self-preservation behavior experts in the field of social networking. As a result of sociological studies, authors came to a conclusion that the main problem of value orientations of young people lies in their polarization, ambivalence. Among the terminal values, \\\\'health\\\\' is in the first place. Based on qualitative methods of sociological studies, authors identified and described patterns of self-preserving behavior. They are comprehensive pattern; informed pattern; pattern aimed at the forming of the cult of the physical body; pattern of \\\\'forced health care\\\\'; pattern of \\\\'Selfie Image\\\\'; pattern of \\\\'Idols Imitation - Fans / Followers\\\\'; pattern of \\\\'Indifference to One's Own Health\\\\'; pattern of destructive behavior; ethnic pattern.The use of the materials of the study can contribute to the development of various health-saving programs and the introduction of quality government measures to build constructive self-preserving behavior of young people, as well as to form positive technologies for self-preserving behavior of young people.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Rebuilding process of the outer radiation belt during the 3 November 1993 magnetic storm: NOAA and Exos-D observations. [1] Using the data from the NOAA and Exos-D satellites during the 3 November 1993 magnetic storm, the dynamic behavior of electrons with energies from a few tens of kiloelectronvolts to a few and its relation to plasma waves were examined. After the late main phase, relativistic electron flux started to recover from the heart of the outer radiation belt, where the cold plasma density was extremely low, and intense whistler mode chorus emissions were detected. The phase space density showed a peak in the outer belt, and the peak increased gradually. The simulation of the inward radial diffusion process could not reproduce the observed energy spectrum and phase space density variation. On the other hand, the simulated energy diffusion due to the gyroresonant electron-whistler mode wave interactions, under the assumption of the Kolmogorov turbulence spectrum, could generate the relativistic electrons without the flux transport from the outer region. The present study suggested that the seed population of relativistic electrons, which appeared in the heart of the outer radiation belt during the late main phase, was the ring current electrons injected from the plasma sheet, and that the acceleration by whistler mode chorus via gyroresonant wave-particle interactions outside the plasmapause could play an important role to generate the relativistic electrons.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Molecular Basis for Differential Metabolic Responses to Monosulfuron in Three Nitrogen-Fixing Cyanobacteria. Nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria are vital photosynthetic microorganisms that contribute to soil fertility by fixing atmospheric nitrogen and are also important for maintaining ecosystem stability. These microorganisms can be very sensitive to herbicides because they possess many characteristics of higher plants. Six days after the application of monosulfuron at 0.03 to 0.3 nmol L-1 under laboratory conditions, growth of the nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria Anabaena flos-aquae, Anabaena azollae, and Anabaena azotica was stimulated, but at higher concentrations (30 to 300 nmol L-1) protein synthesis was inhibited. The production of 16 amino acids in A. flos-aquae was reduced from 7 to 69% with increasing monosulfuron concentration. Application of monosulfuron at 3 to 300 nmol L-1 substantially inhibited in vitro acetolactate synthase (ALS) activity as indicated by 50% inhibition index values of 3.3, 65.2, and 101.3 nmol L-1 for A. flos-aquae, A. azollae, and A. azotica, respectively. In contrast, extractable ALS activity was not affected in these algal species with monosulfuron treatments ranging from 0.03 to 300 nmol L-1 except in A. flos-aquae at higher concentrations (30 to 300 nmol L-1). The most sensitive species to monosulfuron was A. flos-aquae, followed by A. azollae and A. azotica. Molecular analyses showed that the genomic DNA of A. azollae and A. azotica differed in only one amino acid. Results from photogenetic analyses revealed a high degree of homology between these algae. In contrast, the genomic DNA of A. flos-aquae differed from that of A. azollae and A. azotica in 44 and 45 amino acids, respectively. Our findings support the view that monosulfuron toxicity in these three nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria is due to interference with protein metabolism via inhibition of branch-chain amino acid biosynthesis, and particularly ALS activity.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Effect of rheo-diecast process on the mechanical properties of A390 alloy by serpentine channel. In this paper, the effects of rheo-diecast process parameters and T6 heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the rheo-diecasting (RDC) semi-solid A390 alloy prepared through pure copper serpentine channel were investigated. The results indicate that the mechanical properties of the RDC samples change with the pouring temperature and injection pressure. In this case, a lower pouring temperature results in better tensile strength and elongation of the RDC A390 alloy; however, the tensile strength and elongation decrease when the pouring temperature decreases to 660A degrees C. Higher injection pressures result in the improved mechanical properties of the RDC A390 alloy. To some extent, T6 heat treatment improves the tensile strength and ductility of the RDC A390 alloy compared to those of the non-heat treated alloy. However, when the pouring temperature and injection pressure are greater than 670A degrees C and 70 MPa, respectively, the mechanical properties are sharply diminished.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "A new species of Stephos T. Scott, 1892 (Copepoda : Calanoida) from coastal waters of Sicily, Italy. Stephos cryptospinosus sp. nov., a new species of calanoid copepod, is described from Western Mediterranean coastal waters. It differs from other species of the genus in the structure of the fifth legs in both sexes, and in having a small spinous process on the posterolateral margins of the last prosomite in both sexes.", "label": [4, 42, 36]}
+{"token": "A practical application of statistical process control to evaluate the performance rate of academic programmes: implications and suggestions. Purpose This study aims to properly and objectively assess the students' study progress in bachelor programmes by applying statistical process control (SPC). Specifically, the authors focused their analysis on the variation in performance rates in business studies courses taught at a Spanish University. Design/methodology/approach A qualitative methodology was used, using an action-based case study developed in a public university. Previous research and theoretical issues related to quality indicators of the training programmes were discussed, followed by the application of SPC to assess these outputs. Findings The evaluation of the performance rate of the courses that comprised the training programs through the SPC revealed significant differences with respect to the evaluations obtained through traditional evaluation procedures. Similarly, the results show differences in the control parameters (central line and control interval), depending on the adopted approach (by programmes, by academic year and by department). Research limitations/implications This study has inherent limitations linked to both the methodology and selection of data sources. Practical implications The SPC approach provides a framework to properly and objectively assess the quality indicators involved in quality assurance processes in higher education. Originality/value This paper contributes to the discourse on the importance of a robust and effective assessment of quality indicators of the academic curriculum in the higher education context through the application of quality control tools such as SPC.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "The Problem of Selectivity in Memory Research: A Response to Zeba Crook. Zeba Crook argues that there is an emerging consensus that the Gospels are reliable historical narratives by those to have applied 'memory' theories to historical Jesus research. Crook argues that this emerging consensus betrays a selective reading of research done on 'memory distortion' in interdisciplinary study. This essay demonstrates that Crook misunderstands and misrepresents social memory theory both in and outside Jesus studies. A better understanding would have properly represented the spectrum from theoretical 'presentism' to 'continuitism' in memory applications/adaptations.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Comparison of quality attributes of refined and whole wheat extruded pasta. This work aimed at developing pasta with different types of flour to evaluate how different raw materials and particle size affect pasta quality. Triticum aestivum flour was obtained from two cultivars: Klein Guerrero and Baguette Premium 11. Grains were milled into white flour, whole-grain flour A (obtained by a cyclonic mill) and whole-grain flour B (obtained by a blade mill) to make white flour (FP), whole-grain A (WFAP) and whole-grain B (WFBP) extruded pasta. Particle size distribution and flour composition were determined in all flour samples, as were pasta cooking and nutritional properties. All types of flour showed different particle size distribution depending on composition and milling method. Both whole-grain flour pasta showed shorter optimal cooking time than FP samples due to disruptions in the gluten matrix by bran-germ particles. Cooked WFAP and WFBP samples were harder than FP samples. The highest antioxidant properties were obtained for whole-grain pasta although flour particle size did not influence protein and antioxidant contents. Even though whole-grain pasta did not show the same technological quality as that in FP, they offered a better nutritional profile due to higher protein and antioxidant levels and other healthy compounds, like fiber, found in the whole grain.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "TRENDS IN YOUTH CRIME AND POLICE RESPONSE, PRE-YOA AND POST-YOA. Most research on the impact of the Young Offenders Act (YOA) has dealt with youth court process and its outcomes, particularly custodial dispositions. However, numbers and rates of young persons sentenced to custody are a function not only of court process, but also of ''actual'' youth crime, police practices, and pre-court screening. As the key gatekeepers of the youth justice system, it is primarily the police who determine the numbers of young persons entering the system, and the offences with which they are charged This paper attempts to gauge the impact of the YOA on official youth crime and the police response to it. It describes trends from 1980 to 1990 in the amount and seriousness of official youth crime and the number and rate of young persons charged by police and explores reasons for the observed reduction in police diversion under the YOA. The most plausible explanation is that police are less likely to divert 16 and 17 year old suspects than 12 to 15 year olds, and the older group was added to the jurisdiction of the juvenile justice systems of most of the provinces and territories by the Uniform Maximum Age (UMA) provision of the YOA.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Interest rate policy and interbank market breakdown. Using a DSGE-model with interbank market frictions, calibrated to match the frequency of financial crises, I investigate central banks' ability to prevent credit-related recessions by following an interest rate rule which accounts for financial conditions -an approach called 'leaning against the wind'. The model's key feature is that boom-bust cycles emerge as a result of a savings glut and moral hazard in the banking sector. Although financial conditions predict crises, the policy maker cannot break the boom-bust cycle and reduce the crisis-frequency. When crises become more likely, low inflation forces the central bank to decrease the interest rate despite its intention to do otherwise. Responding to crisis-predictors eventually dilutes the primary objective of stabilizing inflation and leads to higher inflation volatility. The results suggest that central banks should refrain from leaning against the wind.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "A formal metamodeling approach to a transformation between the UML state machine and object-Z. A significant problem with currently suggested approaches for transforming between models in different languages is that the transformation is often described imprecisely, with the result that the overall transformation task may be imprecise, incomplete and inconsistent. This paper presents a formal metamodeling approach for transforming between UML and Object-Z. In the paper, the two languages are defined in terms of their formal metamodels, and a systematic transformation between the models is provided at the meta-level in terms of formal mapping functions. As a consequence, we can provide a precise, consistent and complete transformation between them.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Polish economic policy at the time of detente, 1966-78. This article focuses on Polish economic policy during the detente era to explore Poland's growing connection with the West as well as assesses the importance of domestic and external factors in influencing the choices of the Polish ruling elite. The two party first secretaries of the period, Gomulka and Gierek, were often opposed to each other, and the merit of Poland's opening up to the West is usually attributed to the second. By analysing Gomulka's and Gierek's leadership respectively, the author appraises the different ideas that characterised their economic policy, as well as the domestic and external constraints they faced, in order to assess the limits and flaws of their attempts at integrating the country into the world economy. This article offers a double reappraisal of the Polish leaderships' policies. First, it demonstrates that the economic opening up to the West had already started in the 1960s under Gomulka, despite limited East-West contacts at the time, and was driven by a proactive Polish government. Second, it downsizes the success of Gierek's economic policy and shows that it was mostly merely reactive to domestic pressure and foreign trends; its shortsightedness got Poland into the trap of spiralling indebtedness and irremediable social discontent with the regime.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Straight talk: conceptions of sincerity in speech. What is it for a speech act to be sincere? The most common answer amongst philosophers is that a speech act is sincere if and only if the speaker is in the state of mind that the speech act functions to express. However, a number of philosophers have advanced counterexamples purporting to demonstrate that having the expressed state of mind is neither necessary nor sufficient for speaking sincerely. One may nevertheless doubt whether these considerations refute the orthodox conception. Instead, it may be argued, they expose other ways of elucidating sincerity in speech. \\\\'Sincerity in speech\\\\' is ambivalent between a number of different conceptions. Against this background this paper presents two alternative conceptions, viz., Sincerity as Spontaneity and Sincerity as Presenting Oneself as one takes Oneself to be and develops a third conception which we may call Sincerity as a Communicative Virtue. This conception emphasizes the speaker's intention in communicating her attitudes and the need to be properly justified in saying what one does.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Topography of rodent whisking - I. Two-dimensional monitoring of whisker movements. During 'active touch' the rodent whiskers scan the environment in a series of repetitive movements ('whisks') generating afferent signals which transform the spatial properties of objects into spatio-temporal patterns of neural activity. Based upon analyses carried out in a single movement plane, it has been generally assumed that these trajectories are essentially uni-dimensional, although more complex movements have been described in some rodents. The present study was designed to examine this assumption and to more precisely characterize whisking topography by monitoring whisking trajectories along both the antero-posterior and dorso-ventral axes. Using optoelectronic monitoring techniques with high-spatio-temporal resolution, movement data were obtained from a population of vibrissae sampled at different locations on the mystacial pad in head-fixed rats isolated from the perturbing effects of contact. For a substantial proportion of the population of whisking movements sampled, the trajectories generated by a single whisker is most accurately described as occupying an expended two-dimensional space in which the A-P component predominates. However, the whisker system exhibits a considerable range of trajectory types, suggesting a high degree of movement flexibility. For each vibrissa position, it was possible to delineate a 'trajectory' domain-that portion of the animal's whisking space which is scanned by the movements of that vibrissa during whisking. Since the 'domains' of adjacent whiskers in the same row tend to overlap, synchronized movements of a subset of whiskers could generate a set of overlapping somatosensory fields analogous to overlapping retinal receptive fields. The organization of such trajectory domains within the rats' whisking space could provide the spatial component of the spatio-temporal integration process required to extract information about environmental features from the inputs generated by its recursive whisking movements.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "Clarifying decisions: Assessing the impact of decision structures on foreign policy choices during the 1970 Jordanian Civil War. This study examines situation versus personality effects on foreign policy decision making. It proposes that while both factors are important in explaining decision outcomes, the relative importance of each in a given circumstance is a function of the structural constraints imposed by the policy decision environment. Following Maoz (1990) and Maoz and Astorino (1992b), a decision-game theoretic framework is used to \\\\'reconstruct\\\\' policy decision problems in order to study individual and environment effects concurrently. The substantive focus is the ten decisions that comprised the major events of the 1970 Civil War in Jordan. The decision reconstructions are used to rate these decision tasks according to the presence and degree of structural constraint. Although it represents a preliminary test, the decision analysis indicates that in structurally constrained decision settings, policymakers tended to respond in accordance with environmental clues, while response variability and evidence of simplifying decision heuristics was greater in more fluid decision settings.", "label": [5, 47, 49]}
+{"token": "The institutional role of business school accreditation agencies: a systematic literature review. Originality/value - By investigating the performance of these agencies as global institutional bodies, the authors extrapolated the traditional discussion on the dynamic of interaction between local actors who both influence the field and are influenced by it, a recurring theme in institutional theory.Purpose - Accreditation is a growing phenomenon and has begun to permeate scientific studies, most of which are quantitative, since they focus on the process of accreditation and its positive or negative effects. Only a few studies have analyzed this phenomenon from the perspective of institutional theory. As there is no consensus regarding the performance of accreditation agencies, the purpose of this paper is to identify their institutional role in the global orientation of the organizational practices, values and decisions of business schools (BS).Design/methodology/approach - A systematic literature review enabled us to identify scientific publications since 2002 that have used institutional theory when discussing BS accreditation agencies. An in-depth reading of these articles led us to identify the most frequent, similar and contrasting perspectives. Seven aspects were analyzed in each article: theme, research assumption, theoretical basis, method, research context, result and suggestions for future studies.Findings - The findings suggest a certain duality in the role of these agencies. If, on the one hand, they are responsible for providing a quality seal, on the other hand, they promote legitimacy in the field by institutionalizing international rules.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "Using distance sampling and hierarchical models to improve estimates of Dall's sheep abundance. Management of large mammal populations has often been based on aerial minimum count surveys that are uncorrected for incomplete detection and lack estimates of precision. These limitations can be particularly problematic for Dall's sheep (Ovis dalli dalli) due to the high cost of surveys and variation in detection probability across time and space. The limitations of these methods have been recognized for some time, but previously proposed alternatives for sheep surveys proved to be too costly and logistically unfeasible in most circumstances (Udevitz et al. 2006). We assessed the potential for a combination of distance sampling surveys and a hierarchical modeling approach to provide a more efficient means for estimating Dall's sheep abundance by conducting aerial contour transect surveys over all sheep habitat in Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve (GAAR), Alaska in 2009 and 2010. We estimated the population of Dall's sheep was 8,412 (95% CI: 6,51711,090) and 10,072 (95% CI 8,08112,520) in 2009 and 2010, respectively. Abundance within the Itkillik Preserve area within GAAR was 1,898 (95% CI: 1,4212,578) and 1,854 (95% CI: 1,3422,488) in 2009 and 2010, respectively. Estimates of lamb abundance in 2010 were more than double those of 2009 after correcting for detection bias related to group size, suggesting that the apparent estimate of lambs in the population may be biased in some years depending on the degree of aggregation. Overall, the contour transect surveys were feasible logistically, cost 7080% less than minimum count surveys, and produced precise estimates of abundance, indicating that the application of these methods could be used effectively to increase the statistical rigor and spatial extent of Dall's sheep abundance surveys throughout Alaska. These methods could be used to improve the assessment of long-term trends in populations and productivity and provide valuable information for harvest management at both local and landscape scales at reduced costs in comparison to traditional minimum count surveys. (C) 2011 The Wildlife Society.", "label": [4, 34, 43]}
+{"token": "Environmental issues in the post-communist Ukraine. The Ukraine, which gained independence in 1991, faces serious problems related to environmental degradation. Environmental problems contribute to a deterioration in human health and a negative trend in population growth. Both form part of a raft of socio-economic problems encountered during the country's transition to a free market economy. The most serious problems are found in cities and areas near the Black and Azov Seas, the Dnipro river basin and in the Polissya region. This paper provides an overview of the situation. Social and managerial implications of environmental management are considered alongside associated environmental and human health problems in the country. It is concluded that a desired change in the mindset of policy makers and, indeed, the population at large, is required in parallel with legal and technocratic instruments, while real improvements can only be achieved through economic development, which can be facilitated by Western assistance. (C) 2001 Academic Press.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Real-time bus route state forecasting using particle filter and mesoscopic modeling. In the absence of system control strategies, it is common to observe bus bunching in transit operations. A transit operator would benefit from an accurate forecast of bus operations in order to control the system before it becomes too disrupted to be restored to a stable condition. To accomplish this, we present a general bus prediction framework. This framework relies on a stochastic and event-based bus operation model that provides sets of possible bus trajectories based on the observation of current bus positions, available via global positioning system (GPS) data. The median of the set of possible trajectories, called a particle, is used as the prediction. In particular, this enables the anticipation of irregularities between buses. Several bus models are proposed depending on the dwell and inter-stop running time representations. These models are calibrated and applied to a real case study thanks to the high quality data provided by TriMet (the Portland, Oregon, USA transit district). Predictions are finally evaluated by an a posteriori comparison with the real trajectories. The results highlight that only bus models accounting for the bus load can provide valid forecasts of a bus route over a large prediction horizon, especially for headway variations. Accounting for traffic signal timings and actual traffic flows does not significantly improves the prediction. Such a framework paves the way for further development of refined dynamic control strategies for bus operations. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Chemical structure and molecular mass characteristics of products in the glycolysis of a flexible poly(urethane) foam. The chemical structure and molecular mass characteristics of the products of glycolysis of flexible poly(urethane) foam under the action of N,N,N',N'-tetrahydroxypropylenethylenediamine were studied by IR spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography. It was shown that glycolyzate is a mixture of polyols, urethane polyols, polyols with urethane and urea groups, and amines. Variations in molecular mass, molecular mass distribution, functionality-type distribution, and the content of hydroxyl and amine groups in the course of hydrolysis and depending on degradation conditions were examined.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Ratification vote on taxonomic proposals to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2016). This article lists the changes to virus taxonomy approved and ratified by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) in April 2016.Changes to virus taxonomy (the Universal Scheme of Virus Classification of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses [ICTV]) now take place annually and are the result of a multi-stage process. In accordance with the ICTV Statutes http://www.ictvonline.org/statutes.asp), proposals submitted to the ICTV Executive Committee (EC) undergo a review process that involves input from the ICTV Study Groups (SGs) and Subcommittees (SCs), other interested virologists, and the EC. After final approval by the EC, proposals are then presented for ratification to the full ICTV membership by publication on an ICTV web site (http://www.ictvonline.org/) followed by an electronic vote. The latest set of proposals approved by the EC was made available on the ICTV website by January 2016 (https://talk.ictvonline.org/files/proposals/). A list of these proposals was then emailed on 28 March 2016 to the 148 members of ICTV, namely the EC Members, Life Members, ICTV Subcommittee Members (including the SG chairs) and ICTV National Representatives. Members were then requested to vote on whether to ratify the taxonomic proposals (voting closed on 29 April 2016).", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Fate of Alkali Metals and Phosphorus of Rapeseed Cake in Circulating Fluidized Bed Boiler Part 1: Cocombustion with Wood. This paper is part I in it series of two describing the fate of alkali metals and phosphorus during cocombustion of rapeseed cake pellets in a 12 MW thermal CFB boiler. In paper I the results of using the mixture of wood chips and wood pellets as a base fuel are described. Up to 45% on energy basis of rapeseed cake was cocombusted during it 4 h test. Two approximately 12 h tests with energy fractions of rapeseed cake of 12 and 18% were performed with limestone as a varying parameter. Fuels were characterized by means of chemical fractionation and standard methods. Elemental mass balances were calculated for ingoing and Outgoing streams of the boiler. In addition SEM/EDX analyses of ashes were performed. Gaseous (KCl + NaCl) its well its HCl and SO2 were Measured upstream of the convection pass, where deposit samples were also collected with deposit probe. The deposit samples were analyzed semiquantitatively by means of SEM/EDX. The elemental mass balances Show accumulation of alkali metals and phosphorus ill the boiler. Analyses of bed material particle cross sections show the presence of phosphorus Compounds within it K-silicates matrix between the agglomerated sand particles, indicating it direct attack of gaseous potassium compounds on the bed surface followed by adhesion of ash particles rich in phosphorus. Build-up of deposit during the cocombustion tests mainly took place on the windward side of the probe; where in increase of K, Na, and P has been observed. Addition of limestone prevented formation of K-silicates and increased retention of phosphorus in the bed, most probably due to formation of high-melting calcium phosphates. During the tests with limestone,,in increase of potassium chloride upstream of the convection pass and it decrease of phosphorus in the fly ash fraction could be noticed. Agglomeration and slagging/fouling when cofiring wood with rapeseed cake may be linked to its high content of organically bonded phosphorus-phytic acid salts-together with high contents of water-soluble alkali metals chlorides and sulfates in the fuel mixture.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "THE TRANSLATION OF THE ENGLISH-SPANISH CODE CHANGE IN THE WORK 'THE BRIEF WONDROUS LIFE OF OSCAR WAO', BY JUNOT DIAZ. The use of English-Spanish code-switching by people of Hispanic origin in the United States has been the subject of studies in several disciplines; however, little has been said from the point of view of Translation Studies, even though the constant presence of two languages intermingled in a text is a feature that poses translation problems and requires the translator to adopt specific translation strategies. In this paper, I will firstly determine the characteristics of English- Spanish code-switching, focusing on its use in the so-called \\\\'Latin literature\\\\' in the United States. I will then analyze the code-switching present in Junot Diaz's The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao, winner of the 2008 Pulitzer Prize for fiction, as well as the strategies employed in its only Spanish translation to date.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "THE CLASSIFICATION OF GENERALIZED RIEMANN DERIVATIVES. The above sum Delta(A) is called an nth generalized Riemann difference. The data vector A = {A(1), ... , A(m); a(1) ,... , a(m)} satisfies suitable conditions that make the limit agree with f((n))(x) whenever this exists. We explain the underlying reason for a surprising relationship between certain generalized nth Riemann derivatives recently discovered by Ash, Catoiu, and Csornyei. We characterize all pairs (Delta(A), Delta(B)) of generalized Riemann differences of any orders for which A-differentiability implies B-differentiability. Two generalized Riemann derivatives A and B are equivalent if a function has a derivative in the sense of A at a real number x if and only if it has a derivative in the sense of B at x. We determine the equivalence classes for this equivalence relation. The classification of these by now classical objects of real analysis was made possible by using a less known and less studied notion from algebra, the group algebra of the multiplicative group R+ of the positive reals over the field R of real numbers.A generalized nth Riemann derivative of a real function f at x is given bylim(h -> 0) 1/h(n) (m)Sigma(i=1) A(i)f(x+a(i)h).", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Experimental investigation into gas production from methane hydrate in sediment by depressurization in a novel pilot-scale hydrate simulator. The gas production behavior from methane hydrate in the sediment by depressurization was investigated in a novel pilot-scale hydrate simulator (PHS), a three-dimensional pressure vessel of 117.8 L Experimental results are compared with those in a cubic hydrate simulator (CHS) with the effective volume of 5.8 L to reveal the dependence of the production behavior on the size of the hydrate reservoir. Results show that the gas production processes in the two simulators consist of three periods: the free gas production, mixed gas (free gas and gas dissociated from the hydrate) production and gas production from hydrate dissociation. The first and second periods are mainly controlled by the pressure reduction rate. The heat conduction from the ambient is main driving force to dissociate the hydrate in the third period. The cumulative gas production in the third period with the PHS and CHS is much higher than those in the first and second periods. However, the gas production rate in the period is low. The duration for gas production with the PHS is approximately 20 times as many as that with the CHS. Water production behavior with the PHS is different with that with the CHS during the gas production. The system temperature change tendency with the PHS is the same with that with the CHS during the gas production. The unique difference is that there is also a temperature rise period with the CHS. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "Relationships between inflammatory markers and suicide risk status in major depression. Pro-inflammatory status has been implicated in depression and suicidal behaviors. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and cytokines, two types of inflammatory biomarkers, have been associated with suicide, independent of depression severity. How these biomarkers relate to each other is less clear. We measured plasma phospholipid levels of arachidonic acid (AA%), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA%), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA%) as a percentage of total phospholipids, as well as serum interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), in 80 patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and 24 healthy controls (HC). Individual PUFA and cytokine species were compared using ANOVA across four suicide risk-stratified groups: 1) highest risk, recent (within 5 years) suicide attempters (n = 20); 2) high-risk, severe current suicidal ideators (having intent or plan) with no recent attempt history (n = 22); 3) low-risk, current non-ideators who were also lifetime non-attempters (n = 38); and 4) HC (n = 24). None of the participants were enrolled following an acute suicide attempt. Of biomarkers studied, only DHA% (p = 0.012) and IL-1 beta (p = 0.002) differed between groups. In post hoc testing, DHA% was lower in attempters than ideators (p = 0.018) or MDD non-ideators (trend level, p = 0.073). IL-1 beta was lowest in attempters, differentiating them from ideators (p = 0.009) and HC (p = 0.004). Recent suicide attempt, one of the most powerful predictors of suicide risk, was also most closely tied to inflammatory indices in this study. Low DHA% as an indicator of suicide risk is consistent with previous reports; however, lower IL-1 beta was unexpected and may relate to acuity/chronicity of inflammation. There is a need for prospective studies of immune status with respect to suicidal behaviors.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "On the Difference Between Duhem and Quine's Theses. Although there are numerous similarities between Duhem and Quine, there are strong arguments which suggest that what can be isolated as Quine's thesis would be unacceptable to Duhem. On the other hand, they both share Duhem's holistic thesis: empirical statements are interconnected in such a way that they cannot be confirmed or refuted taken in isolation. Since Quine's holism is more radical, as we shall show, his thesis claims that we can always keep a statement by making necessary adjustments somewhere else in the system. We will try to show that only the first thesis can be rightfully ascribed to Duhem, that these two thesis are not identical, and that they are both different from what is usually called the theses of underdetermination. As we shall see, neither of them speaks about the possibility of empirically equivalent theories. They are, first and foremost, holistic theses which, under certain additional assumptions, have the thesis of underdetermination as their consequence.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Meta-analysis of scientific studies related to pesticide application techniques-air assistance and adjuvant addition. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of air-assisted boom sprayers and addition of adjuvants in the spray solution on control levels of pesticide sprays against weeds and pathogenic fungi by meta-analysis of scientific literature. To perform the meta-analysis, data were collected from the results presented in scientific papers. By these data, a variable was created, denominated as relative control that was used to quantify and test whether the use of air assistance or adjuvants affects the effectiveness of pesticide sprays. This variable was calculated as a difference between percentage of pesticide control in treatments with air assistance or adjuvants and treatments without these spray techniques. Data were analyzed statistically using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software. Results showed that the use of air assistance did not have any effect on the control levels of weeds and pathogenic fungi; whereas, the addition of adjuvants increased these levels by 6.45%.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "Purification of a 6.5 kDa protease inhibitor from amazon Inga umbratica seeds effective against serine proteases of the boll weevil Anthonomus grandis. A 6.5 kDa serine protease inhibitor was purified by anion-exchange chromatography from the crude extract of the Inga umbratica seeds, containing inhibitor isoforms ranging from 6.3 to 6.7 kDa and protease inhibitors of similar to 19 kDa. The purified protein was characterized as a potent inhibitor against trypsin and chymotrypsin and it was named I. umbratica trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor (IUTCI). MALDI-TOF spectra of the IUTCI, in the presence of DTT, showed six disulfide bonds content, suggesting that this inhibitor belongs to Bowman-Birk family. The circular dichroism spectroscopy indicates that IUTCI is predominantly formed by unordered and P-sheet secondary structure. It was also characterized, by fluorescence spectroscopy, as a stable protein at range of pH from 5.0 to 7.0. Moreover, this inhibitor at concentration of 75 mu M presented a remarkable inhibitory activity (60%) against digestive serine proteases from boll weevil Anthonomus grandis, an important economical cotton pest.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "To fear the unknown: Covid-19 confinement, fear, and food choice. The coronavirus outbreak in December 2019 completely changed the dynamic of consumption in different sectors of industry. The food and beverage industries have been profoundly affected, from production, to modifications in consumers' choices. Among the different reasons behind those modifications is confinement, which forces consumers to stay at home for an extended period and just go out to perform essential tasks, such as going to the supermarket. We hypothesized that this new dynamic of consumption could create a situation of fear that changes food choice. To test this hypothesis, two studies were conducted in three countries with a different degree of confinement: Mexico (flexible), Spain (strict), and Peru (hard). Study one consisted of a free association task with 60 participants in each country with the inductor word \\\\'coronavirus and food\\\\'. The different associations served as the basis to build a structured questionnaire, which was used in the second study focused on fear and food choice. The second study was applied to 450 participants in the same three countries. Results showed that fear can be separated into nine dimensions: social, emotional, food supply, government, basic needs, food-delivery, overeating, immunity, and family conflicts. The participants could also be clustered into four different groups that differ in their country of origin and sex, but also in their food choice. Overall, the results showed that fear influenced consumer's food choices during a confinement period.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "CONSTRAINTS AND OPPORTUNITIES OF STIGMA: ENTREPRENEURIAL EMANCIPATION IN THE SEX INDUSTRY. Entrepreneurs work not only in socially accepted and valued domains but also in highly contested, stigmatized industries. Despite the extreme constraints of working in stigmatized domains, entrepreneurs manage to thrive. The fact that entrepreneurs in these industries appear to over come the constraints of stigma raises questions about the actual impacts ofstigmaonentrepreneursandtheirventures. Our qualitative study of entrepreneurs in the sex industry in Canada reveals that the many constraints faced by entrepreneurs in stigmatized industries also create opportunities. Actualizing such stigma-based opportunities loosens the constraints of stigma and enables entrepreneurs to experience structural, cognitive, and emotional emancipation. However, such emancipation is confined to the context, and thus threatened by interactions with those outside the industry. Based on our findings, we develop a model of entrepreneurial emancipation in stigmatized industries.", "label": [5, 44, 46]}
+{"token": "Notes on Magnetohydrodynamics of Magnetic Reconnection in Turbulent Media. Astrophysical fluids have very large Reynolds numbers and therefore turbulence is their natural state. Magnetic reconnection is an important process in many astrophysical plasmas, which allows restructuring of magnetic fields and conversion of stored magnetic energy into heat and kinetic energy. Turbulence is known to dramatically change different transport processes and therefore it is not unexpected that turbulence can alter the dynamics of magnetic field lines within the reconnection process. We shall review the interaction between turbulence and reconnection at different scales, showing how a state of turbulent reconnection is natural in astrophysical plasmas, with implications for a range of phenomena across astrophysics. We consider the process of magnetic reconnection that is fast in magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) limit and discuss how turbulence-both externally driven and generated in the reconnecting system-can make reconnection independent on the microphysical properties of plasmas. We will also show how relaxation theory can be used to calculate the energy dissipated in turbulent reconnecting fields. As well as heating the plasma, the energy dissipated by turbulent reconnection may cause acceleration of non-thermal particles, which is briefly discussed here.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Swan Choirs, Siren Songs: An Approach to the Music in the Monasteries of Colonial Chile. This is the first study about the musical practice in convents of Colonial Chile on the basis of new data collected in the archive of the convent of La Victoria in Santiago. It considers historical and musical aspects such as the image of the nun musician in traditional and postmodern historiography, her social status during the colonial period, the evolution of music groups (instrumentalists and singers), the stylistic changes associated with them, and the role played by foreign male musicians in the monastery. Finally, it questions the assumption that nun musicians enjoyed an independence from masculine gender Furthermore it puts forward as a hypothesis that the frequent prohibitions of their musical and artistic practices originated not only in moralistic purposes, but also in the need of the secular clergy and civic authorities of limiting the growth of monastic institutions.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Adaptive mixed-norm seismic inversion for non-Gaussian errors. The discrepancies between geophysical measurements and forward-modelled data are commonly modelled as Gaussian errors, thereby necessitating the use of least-squares optimisation methods. However, given the many inevitable difficulties and ambiguities in data acquisition, processing, and interpretation, subsurface-property estimation from remote geophysical measurements is subject to non-Gaussian errors. We propose to minimise the misfit with a robust error measure, which is based on a generalised Gaussian distribution. A suboptimal solution is proposed through a mixed-norm functional combination of the l(1) norm and l(2) norm. A mixed-norm parameter is introduced to determine the relative importance between the l(1) norm and l(2) norm functional, which is a function of the kurtosis of the errors. The novelty of the proposed mixed-norm algorithm is that no knowledge of the seismic errors is required. The relative contributions of the l(1) norm and l(2) norm are adjusted based on the partially inverted elastic properties. Both synthetic and field data demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "FERROELECTRIC PROPERTIES IN POLYAMIDES OF M-XYLYLENEDIAMINE AND DICARBOXYLIC-ACIDS. The relationship between electric displacement D and electric field E was studied for polyamides consisting of m-xylylenediamine and aliphatic dicarboxylic acids with numbers of carbon atoms from 6 to 11 and 13. Regardless of the number of carbon atoms in the acids, quenched samples of these polyamides exhibit a D-E hysteresis loop with remanent polarization of 23-67 mC.m-2. polarization is related to the amide groups aligned by the electric field.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Extraction, entanglements, and (im)materialities: Reflections on the methods and methodologies of natural resource industries fieldwork. This multi-authored collection of papers examines the complex realities of research on natural resource industries, including the messy entanglements of extraction, materiality, and everyday social life this research entails. Of central importance to the contributors is how scholars confront fieldwork challenges ethically, methodologically, and corporeally. The collection has two key objectives. First, it expands our understanding of extractive industry by bringing together work on resources conventionally understood as extractive (e.g. oil and minerals) alongside resource-intensive industries not typically examined through an extractive lens, for instance fisheries, agricultural monocultures, water, and tourism. As such, it considers the historical and current conditions that facilitate the extraction of resources in parallel, cyclical, and reproducing forms. Second, the collection examines scholarly positionalities, methodologies, and dilemmas that arise when studying nature-intensive industries, including the extractive dimensions associated with social research itself. Together, the pieces argue that research concerning extractive industries entails multiple scholarly positions-positions problematically inflected with colonialism and always shaped by power relations. Contributors to the section draw largely from feminist, postcolonial, anti-racist, and historical materialist insights to frame and problematize the corporeal and representational concerns arising from their scholarship on nature-intensive industries, including personal dilemmas that they have encountered in their work. Overall, the collection is driven by the realization that research, and the analyses it entails, may serve as a tool for emancipatory intervention yet also reproduce inequality. The futures of the people and ecosystems at the center of our studies impel constant reflection so that our work, and that of the next generation of scholars, may offer critical analysis that contributes to transforming-rather than reinforcing-oppressive relations associated with extractive sectors and industries.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Antibiotic Sensitivity Profile of Mastitis Pathogens from Dairy Cows in a Selected Farm in Laguna, Philippines. Due to their inappropriate and indiscriminate use in treating mastitis, most antibiotics are now ineffective. The aim of the study was to determine the antibiotic sensitivity profile of identified bovine mastitis pathogens. Twenty-seven out of 38 isolates were revived from a previous work and were identified for antibiotic sensitivity. Gram-negative isolates were Klebsiella pneumoniae, Brevundimonas diminuta, Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumanii, Vibrio metschnikovii, Flavimonas oryzihabitans and Pantoea agglomerans. Gram- positive isolates were Streptococcus agalactiae, Lactococcus lactis, Streptococcus sp. group C or G, and Corynebacterium renale. Enterobacteriaceae isolates were resistant to Beta lactams, Erythromycin, Nitrofurantoin, Novobiocin, and Clindamycin but were sensitive to Fluroquinones. Miscellaneous Gram-negative isolates were sensitive to Colistin and Ofloxacin but were resistant to Beta lactams, Novobiocin, and Clindamycin. Str. agalactiae isolates were sensitive to Cefaclor, Ofloxacin, and Gentamicin but were resistant to Cloxacillin and Trimethoprim. Gram-positive isolates were sensitive to Oxytetracycline, Ofloxacin, Erythromycin, and Gentamicin. Mastitis treatment guided by antibiotic sensitivity testing is a promising course of therapy likely to succeed. The regimen can be further improved by a combination of non-antibiotic therapeutic methods, responsible use of suitable antibiotics, good sanitation protocols, and organized recording of data.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Renaissance of field placement in Taiwan's teacher education: designing two-stage professional development in an overseas practicum for preservice teachers. This study presents the design of an overseas practicum project in the early stage of preservice teacher education as a strategy to promote teacher candidates' professional development in teaching knowledge. A five-month practicum that provided both mock-up training via cloud platforms and 15-day residential experience at a Taiwanese overseas school in China was developed and implemented in 2017 and 2018. An iterative action research approach was designed with multifaceted data collection, analyses, and triangulations, to evaluate the effectiveness and student satisfaction of the programme. Results are presented and discussed following the order of programme phases to suggest the design of the overseas pre-service practicum regarding developing teaching knowledge via various phases.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Bicrossproduct Revisited. We give the factorization of a class of bialgebras into bicrossproduct introduced by Kim-Park-Yoon in [7], which generalizes Radford's known results in [10].", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Loss of correlation between HIV viral load and CD4+T-cell counts in HIV/HTLV-1 co-infection in treatment naive Mozambican patients. Seven hundred and four HIV-1/2-positive, antiretroviral therapy (ART) naive patients were screened for HTLV-1 infection. Antibodies to HTLV-1 were found in 32/704 (4.5%) of the patients. Each co-infected individual was matched with two HIV mono-infected patients according to World Health Organization clinical stage, age +/-5 years and gender. Key clinical and laboratory characteristics were compared between the two groups. Mono-infected and co-infected patients displayed similar clinical characteristics. However, co-infected patients had higher absolute CD4+ T-cell counts (P = 0.001), higher percentage CD4+ T-cell counts (P < 0.001) and higher CD4/CD8 ratios (P < 0.001). Although HIV plasma RNA viral loads were inversely correlated with CD4+ T-cell-counts in mono-infected patients (P < 0.0001), a correlation was not found in co-infected individuals (P = 0.11). Patients with untreated HIV and HTLV-1 co-infection show a dissociation between immunological and HIV virological markers. Current recommendations for initiating ART and chemoprophylaxis against opportunistic infections in resource-poor settings rely on more readily available CD4+ T-cell counts without viral load parameters. These guidelines are not appropriate for co-infected individuals in whom high CD4+ T-cell counts persist despite high HIV viral load states. Thus, for co-infected patients, even in resource-poor settings, HIV viral loads are likely to contribute information crucial for the appropriate timing of ART introduction.", "label": [2, 17, 24]}
+{"token": "Integrated geophysical studies in the East-Indian geothermal province. Integrated geophysical surveys using vertical electrical sounding (VES), very low frequency (VLF) EM, radiation counting, total magnetic field and self-potential (SP) measurements are carried out to characterize the geothermal area around a hot spring in the Nayagarh district, Orissa, India that lies in the East Indian geothermal province. The study was performed to delineate the fracture pattern, contaminated groundwater movement and possible heating source. VES interpretations suggest a three- to four-layer structure in the area. Resistivity survey near the hot spring suggests that weathered and fractured formations constitute the main aquifer system and extend to 60 m depth. Current flow measured at various electrode separations normalized by the applied voltage suggests that fractures extend to a greater depth. Detailed VLF study shows that fractures extend beyond 70 m depth. VLF anomaly has also very good correlation with the total magnetic field measured along the same profiles. Study results suggest that a gridded pattern of VLF survey could map the underground conductive fracture zones that can identify the movement of contaminated groundwater flow. Therefore, precautionary measures can be taken to check further contamination by delineating subsurface conducting structures. Self potential (SP) measured over the hot spring does not show a large anomaly in favor of the presence of a sulphide mineral body. A small positive (5-15mV) SP anomaly is measured which may be streaming potential due to subsurface fluid flow. A high radiation is measured about four kilometers from the hot spring, suggesting possible radiogenic heating. However, the exact nature of the heating source and its depth is not known in the area. Deep resistivity followed by a magneto-telluric survey could reveal the deeper structures.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "A status report on delamination resistance testing of polymer-matrix composites. The development of fracture mechanics test methods for the determination of delamination resistance or fracture toughness of fiber-reinforced, polymer-matrix composites is an active area of research. The emphasis in this review is on standardisation of test methods. Recent developments leading towards new standardized test procedures will be presented, complementing and updating earlier reviews. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "Insecticidal activities of Ginkgo biloba seed coat extracts against Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). The present study relates to a methanol extract of the seed coat of Ginkgo biloba, and tested particularly on the third instar larvae of Spodoptera exigua. The extract was found to have an inhibitory effect on the growth of the larvae besides bringing a change in the nutrient reserves in the body of the insect. Topical application of five different doses of the methanol extract resulted in a mortal effect to third instar larvae of S. exigua that is very much dependent on the dose as well as duration of exposure. Lower doses revealed lower mortality after 24 h of application. At doses of 1.00, 2.00, 4.00, 8.00 and 16.00 ng/larva, mortalities were 9.25, 26.07, 50.32, 56.28 and 92.44%, respectively. The dose for 50% mortality (LD50) of methanol extracts by applied by a topical method with 1 mu L of acetone solution was 1.92 ng/larva. Nutrient reserves like protein, glycogen and lipid are known to regulate pupation and adult emergence. These reserves have been found to be lower in treated larvae, indicating the insecticidal role of methanol extracts from G. biloba against third instar larvae of S. exigua.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Molecular characterization of a novel fusagravirus in the phytopathogenic fungus Streptobotrys caulophylli. Streptobotrys caulophylli is a pathogenic fungus that causes leaf and stem blight in many plants. We report a novel fusagravirus identified in S. caulophylli strain STB-2, provisionally named \\\\'Streptobotrys caulophylli fusagravirus 1\\\\' (ScFV1). The full-length genome of ScFV1 is 9270 nucleotides (nt) long and putatively possesses two large open reading frames (ORF1 and ORF2), which are separated by an intergenic region of 955 nt. A conserved domain search revealed that ORF2 (1051 aa) encodes a putative RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), whereas ORF1 (1404 aa) encodes a protein of unknown function. Homology searches and phylogenetic analysis of the putative RdRp suggest that ScFV1 is a new member of the proposed family \\\\'Fusagraviridae\\\\'. This is the first report of a mycovirus infecting the fungus S. caulophylli.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Exploratory Analysis to Identify Concepts, Skills, Knowledge, and Tools to Educate Business Analytics Practitioners. Recent technological advancements in data storage and processing have changed how companies conduct their business. An increasing number of firms have started putting their efforts in extracting information from their databases to improve profitability and reduce costs using quantitative approaches. Thus, the job market has been experiencing a rapidly growing demand for business analytics (BA) practitioners, and universities across the globe are increasingly responding to this newly emerged field by offering both undergraduate and graduate level degrees as well as certificate programs. Thus, this research aims to provide a framework for academic institutions to develop a state-of-the-art master's in business analytics (MSBA) curriculum by identifying concepts, skills, knowledge, and tools (CSKT) that industry seeks in BA practitioners. Our data-driven methodology utilizes peer institution analysis, indeed.com web scraping, and focus group analysis with mid- and senior-level analytics leaders from major companies. Our contribution to the literature and recommendations to institutions developing MSBA programs are offered at the end.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Evaluation of Potential Microencapsulated Agents for Oral Entomopathogens with Phagostimulant Activity against Spodoptera exigua (Huber). The efficacy of bioinsecticides that act by ingestion can be improved using phagostimulants that increase the consumption of the pathogen. Three biopolymers, gelatin, pectin, and corn starch, with five additive phagostimulants, maize spike, fresh maize cobs, alfalfa, sorghum leaves, and cabbage, were used to form 18 microencapsulant matrices. The matrices were evaluated for feeding preferences by beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Ten neonate larvae were given a choice between two different matrices or between one matrix and a small piece of fresh cabbage used as a check. Results showed that beet armyworm larvae preferred matrices of gelatin and pectin biopolymers and additives of cabbage powder or maize spike over fresh cabbage. The best microencapsulant agents were gelatin-cabbage and gelatin-maize spike, attracting 5.47 and 5.42 larvae, respectively. The larvae preferred fresh cabbage when given a choice between fresh cabbage and a biopolymer without any phagostimulant. Phagostimulants can be added to biopesticides to increase the consumption rate and kill more pests. Gelatin was the best biopolymer and the phagostimulants maize spike and cabbage were very palatable to beet armyworm larvae.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Out with the old, in with the new? Younger Daphnia clones are competitively superior over centuries-old ancestors. A laboratory microcosm experiment was conducted to examine the roles of food quantity and food quality on the competitive abilities of clones of the keystone aquatic zooplankter, Daphnia pulicaria. Using methods of resurrection ecology, clones were established by hatching dormant eggs from sediment layers of a lake (South Center, MN, U.S.A) that were separated by centuries of environmental change (nutrient enrichment). Two sets of paired clones (\\\\'modern\\\\' vs. \\\\'ancient\\\\') were competed against each other in a 2 x 2 factorial design of high/low food quantity and high/low food quality. Experimental carbon:phosphorus (C:P) ratios were designed to mimic food quantity and food quality parameters respective to each of the two time periods from which the clones were extracted to test whether clones are competitively superior under conditions representative of the time period in which they existed. Contrary to predictions, we found that \\\\'modern\\\\' clones were able to outcompete \\\\'ancient\\\\' clones under all food treatments. We discuss potential mechanisms (i.e., mutational input, viability of long-dormant eggs, differences in phenotypic plasticity) that may have differentially impacted the performance of experimental clones. Our results should aid in deciphering microevolutionary dynamics observed in resurrection ecology studies, a powerful tool that can illuminate adaptive dynamics of organisms to environmental changes on long-term (centuries-long) temporal scales.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "Zapalasaurus bonapartei, a new sauropod dinosaur from La Amarga Formation (Lower Cretaceous), northwestern Patagonia, Neuquen Province, Argentina. An incomplete skeleton from Puesto Morales (Neuquen Province, Argentina) is described as a new species of sauropod, Zapalasaurus bonapartei. The unit that yielded the holotype of this dinosaur is the Piedra Parada Member of the La Amarga Formation, whose age is regarded as Barremian-lower Aptian. Several characters are interpreted as autapomorphies of Zapalasaurus bonapartei: cervical vertebrae with a lamina uniting the prezygapophysis and the zygapophyscal portion of the postzygodiapophyseal lamina, cervical vertebrae with the diapophyseal portion of the postzygodiapophyseal lamina reduced, cervical vertebrae with poorly developed spinoprezygapophyseal laminae, mid and posterior caudal vertebrae with anteroposteriorly elongated neural spines, whose anterodorsal corners are higher than their posterodorsal ones, and caudal centrum length doubles over first 20 vertebrae. Zapalasaurus bonapartei is considered as the sister group of the other diplodocoids (excluding Haplocanthosaurus). Diplodocoids were abundant in the Early Cretaceous, becoming extinct by the early Late Cretaceous. The record of Zapalasaurus bonapartei shows that, at least in the Neuquina Basin, basal diplodocoids were more diverse than previously thought. (c) 2006 Elsevier Masson SAS. Tous droits reserves.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "In vitro secretion kinetics of proteins from Legionella pneumophila in comparison to proteins from non-pneumophila species. It has been shown that the loss of MID, a prepilin peptidase necessary for type IV pilus biogenesis and establishment of the type [I secretion apparatus is associated with loss of virulence in Legionella pneumophila. L. pneumophila is the species most frequently associated with Legionnaires' disease, but virulence factors unique to this species are not known, so the secretion kinetics of several pilD-dependent enzyme activities, including protease, acid phosphatase, phospholipase A (PLA) and lysophospholipase A (LPLA), of L. pneumophila and non-pneumophila species were compared during growth in BYE broth. Enzyme activity appeared during mid-exponential growth phase and reached maximal levels on entry into stationary growth phase. None of the enzyme activities were unique to L. pneumophila and it did not exclusively secrete the highest amounts of the hydrolytic proteins. However, the timing of PLA and LPLA secretion in L. pneumophila differed compared to other species. PLA activity was secreted prior to LPLA activity in L. pneumophila, which may lead to an accumulation of the cytotoxic agent lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC). In addition to L. pneumophila, several other Legionella species, including Legionella steigerwaltii and Legionella gormanii, were able to enrich for LPC due to a very potent PLA activity accompanied by only moderate LPLA activity. These species, in contrast to L. pneumophila, have not been shown to multiply within monocytic host cells. Thus none of the secreted enzymic activities investigated were unique to L. pneumophila, nor were they secreted at high concentrations. However, the timing of PLA and LPLA secretion may contribute to pathogenicity.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Development of free and opensource GIS software for cartographic generalisation and occupancy area calculations. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) considers that a decrease in the area of occupancy (AOO) is a critical criterion for listing a species as rare, endemic or threatened. However, methods for the accurate measurement of changes in the area of occupancy are relatively limited, and existing methods are influenced by spatial scale and sampling methods. To overcome such cartographic problems, different cartographic methods were proposed in this study and implemented in a free and open source GIS library. A single species (Helianthemum caput-felis Boiss.), which is distributed in many countries of the western Mediterranean, was used as a case study. This plant is threatened and protected because its preferred habitat is near the sea where urban growth is high in the Mediterranean regions. Intensive field work was initially conducted to create a geodatabase with more than 13,000 GPS points. Cartographic methods were then applied to the geodatabase to obtain AOO measurements at different scales to support sustainable urban planning. Based on positive experiences with the use of the programming library, it is believed that these open source tools can be customised and extended to other similar biogeographic studies that require data analysis at different scales. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Reversible transformation between CsPbBr3 nanowires and nanoparticles. We show that CsPbBr3 nanowires (NWs) are formed by the hierarchical arrangement of individual nanoparticles (NPs), and reversible transformation from NWs to NPs is also achieved by anion exchange.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Nature, incidence, and symptomatology of viruses infecting Vanilla tahitensis in French Polynesia. A survey was carried out to identify the viruses infecting vanilla in French Polynesia and to assess their incidence. Virus identification was based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and, for potyviruses, on the sequence of part of the coat protein and inoculation assays. Between 1998 and 1999, 3,610 vanilla plants from 49 plots in the Society Islands were indexed. Cymbidium mosaic virus (CymMV) was detected in 500 vines from 10 plots in the Leeward Islands. The data suggest that this virus has spread widely since its first detection in French Polynesia in 1986, most likely through the dissemination of symptomless infected cuttings. Viruses belonging to the Potyvirus genus were found in 674 plants from 27 plots in the four islands surveyed. Three distinct potyviruses have been identified: (i) Vanilla mosaic virus, (ii) Watermelon mosaic virus, and (iii) and a virus related to Bean common mosaic virus. The symptoms induced on Vanilla tahitensis by the three potyviruses can be differentiated from each other and from those due to CymMV. A significant proportion of the plants surveyed (97/476) were symptomatic but tested negative by ELISA for CymMV and the Potyvirus group. Odontoglossum ringspot virus was not detected in any sample tested.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Annual fire resilience of ground-dwelling ant communities in Hiraodai Karst Plateau grassland in Japan. The fire resilience of ground-dwelling ant assemblages in grassland subjected to annual fire management was investigated. Study sites consisted of three burnt sites and three unburnt sites in grasslands on the Hiraodai Karst Plateau in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan. Ground-dwelling ants were sampled by Winkler extraction and collected at 10 days and 1, 2, 3 and 6 months post-fire. In total 33 ant species belonging to 25 genera in six subfamilies were collected from the burnt and unburnt sites. Eight of the 29 ant species collected at burnt sites were restricted to burnt sites, while four of the 25 ant species collected at unburnt sites were restricted to unburnt sites. Non-metric multidimensional scaling and analysis of similarities revealed that the ant assemblages in the burnt sites at 10 days and 1 month post-fire were clearly separated from the assemblages observed at 2, 3 and 6 months post-fire. The results suggested that the ground-dwelling ant fauna in the study area were highly resilient to fire at 2 months post-fire and that the annual fire regime did not have a marked effect on species richness.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Breeding for sustainability: Effect of breed on cultural energy expenditure of lamb production. Two-year data from terminal study conducted to evaluate post-weaning growth and carcass traits of Texel, Suffolk and Columbia sired offspring were used to evaluate the effect of breed on cultural energy expenditure of lamb production. Each year whiteface ewes (n = 82) composed of primarily Polypay x Dorset ewes were exposed to Texel, Suffolk or Columbia rams for 35 days in the breeding season. The ewes were wintered outdoors on average-quality lucerne hay according to NRC (1985) requirements and were not provided any concentrate during late gestation or lactation. A total of 279 lambs were born with an average of 1.7 lambs per ewe and weaned lambs were used in the study. The lambs were weaned on average at 70 days of age and lambs from each sire breed were placed either in feedlot or on pasture. Texel and Suffolk sired lambs had higher weaning weight than Columbia sired lambs (P < 0.01). Lambs in the feedlot were fed shelled maize and pelleted protein supplement. Lambs on pasture grazed for 63 days and received 455 g concentrate daily and later they were placed in the feedlot. For the cultural energy analysis, pasture establishment and maintenance, feed in feedlot and on pasture, transportation, labour, machinery, electricity and other inputs were calculated and corresponding values for each input were obtained from literature. It was assumed for the analysis that 20 percent of ewes were culled and lambs sold after weaning were included in the analysis. Texel and Columbia breeds had a higher energy input per kg live weight than Suffolk breed (P < 0.04). There was no difference between breeds in terms of energy input per kg carcass (P > 0.4). Suffolk breed had a lower cultural energy ratio for the protein energy output than Columbia and Texel breed (P > 0,02). Energy output ratio defined as kjoule input/kjoule output was better for Suffolk breed and it was different from that of Columbia and Texel breed (P < 0.03).", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Suicidal risks among 2826 sardinian major affective disorder patients. Method: We determined rates of suicidal ideation, attempts, and suicides, with associated risk factors, in men and women with DSM-IV bipolar I (BP-I; n = 529), BP-II; (n = 314), or major depressive disorders (MDD; n = 1983), at risk for an average of 11 years of illness.Results: Observed rates (% of patients/year) of suicide ranked: BP-II (0.16) >= BP-I (0.14) > MDD (0.05); attempts: BP-I (1.52) > BP-II (0.82) > MDD (0.48); ideation: BP-II (42.7) > MDD (33.8) > BP-I (22.7). The ratio of attempts/suicides (lethality index) ranked: BP-II (5.12) < MDD (9.60) <= BP-I (10.8). Male/female risk-ratios were greater for suicide than attempts or ideation. One-third of all reported acts occurred within the first year of illness, and earliest among MDD patients. Factors associated independently with suicidal acts included BP diagnosis, hospitalizations/person, and early illness-onset; factors associated with suicidal ideation were having an affective temperament, BP-II diagnosis, and higher suicidality-corrected depression score at intake.Objective: We estimated risks of suicidal behaviors in 2826 mood-disorder patients evaluated and followed in a Sardinian mood disorders research center over the past 30 years.Conclusion: Suicidal behaviors were more prevalent among BPD than MDD out-patients.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Rights or ability: Access to plant genetic resources in India. The difficulties that stakeholders face in accessing plant genetic resources have been a concern of many scholars since the introduction of intellectual property rights. One of these issues is that of access, which is mostly approached from a rights perspective. Here it is argued that such a rights perspective limits a critical reflection on the possibilities for enhancing accessibility to the Plant Genetic Resources (PGRs) on three grounds and to go beyond this limitation, we introduce an ability perspective. The ability perspective brings into focus how farmers organise their access to PGRs and is researched in four PGRs conservation banks in India; one ex situ and three in situ. An informal system of conservation (in situ) and sharing through informal networks is found to provide better access mechanisms for the small and marginal farmers in India, while access to conserved resources stored at the three in situ banks created biosocial relations and biosocial commons. However, each case studied had certain disadvantages in respect of granting access to the farmers, so additional mechanisms to facilitate better access to the conserved resources are suggested.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Please put a date to your letters ...': The Textual Evidence for Dr William Cullen's Management of His Epistolary Practice. The archive of William Cullen's Consultations' held at the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh is one of the most comprehensive records of an eighteenth-century epistolary medical practice. This essay presents findings coming out of the detailed textual analysis undertaken to establish appropriate editorial protocols for a digital edition. Close textual scrutiny forms the bedrock of scholarly editing and is essential for establishing the status of individual documents, but the aim here is to show how bringing such attention to bear can illuminate broader questions concerning how Cullen managed such a prompt and personal epistolary service.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Impact of Agroecological Infrastructures on the Dynamics of Dysaphis plantaginea (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and Its Natural Enemies in Apple Orchards in Northwestern France. Apple orchard production is facing new environmental and societal challenges, resulting, in particular, in strong pressure to reduce pesticide use. Cider-apple production, for which the perfect visual aspect of fruits is not a marketability imperative, offers good opportunities to study production systems that are developing new agronomic strategies, which could be subsequently extended to all apple-production types. Agroecological infrastructures play an important role in providing shelter, food resources, or reproduction habitats to many arthropods. Consequently, setting-up agroecological infrastructures in the vicinity of or within orchards could increase natural enemy presence and thus improve the biological control of pests. In this study, we focused on Dysaphis plantaginea (Passerini), one of the major pests in apple orchards in Europe, which causes important economic production losses. During two years (2014 and 2015), we monitored the population dynamics of D. plantaginea, its natural enemies, and mutualistic ants in commercial production cider-apple orchards. The influences of the cider-apple cultivar, insecticide use, and distance to agroecological infrastructures (hedgerows and flower strips) were assessed. Our results suggest that flower strips favor an increase in natural enemy abundance in the vicinity of the orchards and could thus play an important role in the production system by improving the biological control of D. plantaginea.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Voltammetry of monomeric and dimeric oxorhenium(V) complexes of Schiff base ligands N,N'-ethylenebis(acetylacetone)diimine, N,N'-ethylene(salicylidene)diimine and N,N'-phenylenebis(salicylidene)diimine. The electrochemical study of six Schiff base complexes of oxorhenium(V) of the general formula Re(2)O(3)L(2) and ReOCIL (L = N,N'-ethylenebis(acetylacetone)diimine (acacen), N,N'-ethylene(salicylidene)diimine (salen) and N,N'-phenylenebis(salicylidene)diimine (salphen)) was undertaken. In non-aqueous media the oxorhenium(V) monomers exhibit an equilibrium in solution (between forms ReOCIL and [ReOL](+) + Cl-), the position of the equilibrium dependent on L. A one-electron reduction and one-electron oxidation are observed, followed by a fast chemical reaction, resulting in decomposition of the complex. The mu-oxo dimeric complexes underwent a two-electron reduction followed by decomposition to an electroinactive product. Successive one-electron oxidations of each rhenium in Re(2)O(3)L(2) were observed. Each electron-transfer step was coupled to a chemical reaction; the generation of [Re(2)O(3)L(2)](+) Was followed by the cleavage of the mu-oxo bond and formation of mono-ore species. This reaction was much slower than the decomposition which followed generation of [Re(2)O(3)L(2)](2+).", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Do miners (Manorina spp.) affect bird assemblages in continuous savanna woodlands in north-eastern Australia?. Overabundant native species can have a significant cascading effect on other components of wildlife, and those that deplete other species, often promoted by anthropogenic change to vegetation cover and habitat, are called reverse keystone species. Birds in the genus Manorina are widely reported as being such species, and in highly disturbed or fragmented environments, and some intact environments, noisy miners Manorina melanocephala can have a strong negative effect on small passerine species via hyper-aggressive mobbing. The tropical savannas of northern Australia consist of largely unmodified woodlands, and two species of Manorina occur naturally in this region: the noisy miner and the yellow-throated miner Manorina flavigula. Therefore, what effect do these species have on bird assemblage in predominantly continuous habitats, relative to other typical determinants of avifauna assemblage such as vegetation structure? We used data collected from bird surveys at 511 sites across northern Queensland (179 noisy miner M. melanocephala sites, 332 yellow-throated miner M. flavigula sites) between 1998 and 2010. We examined the variation in bird composition at each site due to increasing abundance of Manorina spp. using uni- and multivariate techniques. We found total bird richness was significantly lower in sites where noisy and yellow-throated miner abundances were highest, and passerine species seemed most affected. For species, 45 species varied significantly in abundance with increasing miner numbers, and the overall effect of yellow-throated miners on other birds seemed more pronounced. However, vegetation structure was generally an equal or more important predictor of avifauna richness and abundance. We conclude that despite the superficially intact nature of northern Australian woodlands, pastoral intensification or poor land management might create disturbances that facilitate increases in the abundance of Manorina, causing localized overabundance and a compounding negative effect on other native bird species.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "THE UL20 GENE OF HERPES-SIMPLEX VIRUS-1 ENCODES A FUNCTION NECESSARY FOR VIRAL EGRESS. A recombinant virus from which the start codon and 53% of the U(L)20 open reading frame had been deleted was constructed and characterized. We report the following: (i) The U(L)20- mutant formed small plaques in 143 tk- cells but failed to form plaques in Vero cells. Virus yields were approximately 10- to 100-fold lower than those of wild-type virus in all cell lines tested. (ii) Electron microscopic examination of Vero cells infected with the U(L)20- mutant revealed that enveloped and unenveloped capsids accumulated in the cytoplasm, possibly in the space between the inner and outer lamellae of the nuclear membrane, and that virtually no virus was present in the extracellular space. (iii) Glycoproteins B, C, D, E, H, and I recovered from lysates of cells infected with the U(L)20- mutant could not be differentiated from those present in lysates of cells infected with the wild-type parent virus with respect to the electrophoretic mobility of mature and precursor forms. (iv) Repair of the deleted sequences restored the wild-type phenotype. (v) The gene product of the U(L)20 gene was shown to be associated with cellular membranes and to possess characteristics of integral membrane proteins. We conclude that the U(L)20 gene encodes an integral membrane protein with a hitherto unrecognized function in that it enables the transit of virions to the extracellular space. The function of the U(L)20 gene product is complemented by some cell lines but not by Vero cells. The vesicles which serve to transport virions may have an origin different from those associated with transport of normal cellular proteins.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Selection of a nucleopolyhedrovirus for control of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae): Structural, genetic, and biological comparison of four isolates from the Americas. Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is the principal pest of maize in tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas. Larvae of this species are susceptible to a nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) which has attracted interest as a potential biocontrol agent. Four strains of NPV isolated from infected S. frugiperda larvae in the United States, Nicaragua, and Argentina were subjected to a structural, genetic, and biological comparison to select a candidate isolate for use in biocontrol experiments in Mexico and Honduras. All isolates had an occlusion body polyhedrin protein of 32 kDa, but the virions of each isolate differed subtly in the pattern and abundance of certain structural polypeptides revealed by SDS-PAGE analysis. Restriction endonuclease analysis of viral DNA confirmed that these isolates were strains of a single virus species but showed that they were not genetically homogeneous; each isolate could be differentiated from the others using common restriction enzymes. Droplet feeding bioassays indicated that an isolate from Nicaragua (Sf-NIC) and an isolate from the United States (Sf-US) had the highest infectivity when tested against 2nd instars originating from a Honduran S. frugiperda colony. Na significant differences were detected in the speed of kill of Sf-NIC (102.7 h), Sf-US (102.3 h), and Sf-AR (103.4 h), whereas that of Sf-2 (97.3 h) was significantly shorter. Additional bioassays of the Sf-NIC isolate against 2nd to 6th instars demonstrated that LC50 values increased with larval stage from 2.03 x 10(5) OBs/ml for 2nd instars to 1.84 x 10(8) OBs/ml for 5th instars. The concentration required to elicit a lethal infection of 6th instars was so high that a reliable estimate of LC50 could not be obtained. The mean time to death for each stage challenged with the Sf-NIC isolate increased with instar from an average of 102.7 h in 2nd instars to 136.9 h in 5th instars.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Rabies in the Caribbean: A Situational Analysis and Historic Review. Rabies virus is the only Lyssavirus species found in the Americas. In discussions about rabies, Latin America and the Caribbean are often grouped together. Our study aimed to independently analyse the rabies situation in the Caribbean and examine changes in rabies spatiotemporal epidemiology. A questionnaire was administered to the 33 member countries and territories of the Caribbean Animal Health Network (CaribVET) to collect current data, which was collated with a literature review. Rabies was endemic in ten Caribbean localities, with the dog, mongoose, and vampire bat identified as enzootic reservoirs. The majority of animal cases occurred in Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic, and Haiti, while human cases only consistently occurred in the latter two areas. Rabies vaccination was conducted for high-risk animal populations with variable coverage, and rabies diagnostic capacities varied widely throughout the region. Illegal importation and natural migration of animals may facilitate the introduction of rabies virus variants into virus-naive areas. Passive surveillance, together with enhanced methods and serological screening techniques, can therefore be of value. The insularity of the Caribbean makes it ideal for conducting pilot studies on reservoir host population management. Best practice guidelines developed for these reservoir hosts can be individually modified to the epidemiological status and available resources within each locality.", "label": [2, 17, 21, 24]}
+{"token": "Parasitism versus mutualism in the ant-garden parabiosis between Camponotus femoratus and Crematogaster levior. Ant-gardens represent a special type of association between ants and epiphytes. Frequently, two ant species can share the same nest in a phenomenon known as 'parabiosis', but the exact nature (i.e., mutualistic or parasitic) of this interaction is the subject of debate. We thus attempted to clarify the mutual costs and benefits for each partner (ants and plants) in the Crematogaster levior/Camponotus femoratus ant-garden parabiosis. ne ants' response to experimental foliar damage to the epiphytes and to the host tree as well as their behavior and interactions during prey capture were investigated to see if the purported parasitic status of Cr. levior could be demonstrated in either the ant-ant or in the ant-plant interactions. The results show that both species take part in protecting the epiphytes, refuting the role of Cr. levior as a parasite of the ant-garden mutualism. During capture of large prey Ca. femoratus took advantage from the ability of Cr levior to discover prey; by following Cr levior trails Ca. femoratus workers discover the prey in turn and usurp them during agonistic interactions. Nevertheless, the trade-off between the costs and benefits of this association seems then to be favorable to both species because it is known that Cr. levior benefits from Ca. femoratus building the common carton nests and furnishing protection from vertebrates. Consequently, parabiosis can then be defined as the only mutualistic association existing between ant species, at least in ant-gardens.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Differential impact of a dyskeratosis congenita mutation in TPP1 on mouse hematopoiesis and germline. Telomerase extends chromosome ends in somatic and germline stem cells to ensure continued proliferation. Mutations in genes critical for telomerase function result in telomeropathies such as dyskeratosis congenita, frequently resulting in spontaneous bone marrow failure. A dyskeratosis congenita mutation in TPP1 (K170 Delta) that specifically compromises telomerase recruitment to telomeres is a valuable tool to evaluate telomerase-dependent telomere length maintenance in mice. We used CRISPR-Cas9 to generate a mouse knocked in for the equivalent of the TPP1 K170 Delta mutation (TPP1 K82 Delta) and investigated both its hematopoietic and germline compartments in unprecedented detail. TPP1 K82 Delta caused progressive telomere erosion with increasing generation number but did not induce steady-state hematopoietic defects. Strikingly, K82 Delta caused mouse infertility, consistent with gross morphological defects in the testis and sperm, the appearance of dysfunctional seminiferous tubules, anda decrease in germ cells. Intriguingly, both TPP1 K82 Delta mice and previously characterized telomerase knockout mice show no spontaneous bone marrow failure but rather succumb to infertility at steady-state. We speculate that telomere length maintenance contributes differ-ently to the evolutionary fitness of humans and mice.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Pattern of serotonin-like immunoreactive cells in scyphozoan and hydrozoan planulae and their relation to settlement. The planulae of almost all investigated cnidarian species possess neuron-like cells. The distribution of these cells is usually uneven throughout the long axis of the planula. The majority of these cells are located in the anterior half of the planula body. Scyphozoan planulae, as well as anthozoan planulae, have a sensory structure at the anterior pole called an apical organ, which is believed to take part in metamorphosis induction. Hydrozoan planulae also possess sensory cells. It has been previously shown in several cnidarian larvae that their neuronal cells contain the neurotransmitter, serotonin. The present study describes the peculiarities of serotonin-like immunoreactive cells in Aurelia aurita (Scyphozoa) and Gonothyraea loveni (Hydrozoa) planulae. We show that several cells in the presumptive apical organ of A. aurita are immunoreactive to antibodies against serotonin, while G. loveni planulae have an accumulation of serotonin-positive cells near the anterior pole. Additional serotonin-like immunoreactive cells are found in the lateral ectoderm of both planulae. Treatment of A. aurita and G. loveni planulae with serotonin or its blockers show that serotonin is likely involved in the initiation of planula settlement.", "label": [2, 4, 17, 43]}
+{"token": "The unique Chinese legal approach to online ad blocking: Is it in the right direction?. The legal debate around online ad blocking demonstrates a tension between user's freedom and online content providers' revenue-generating business model. This paper aims to analyze ad blocking from a unique perspective of the Chinese law and practice. Since ad blocking does not violate copyright law, copyright law cannot be a guardian to the ad-based business model. China takes a different approach to protect the ad-based business model under unfair competition law and bans ad blocking software directly by regulation. The Chinese courts held that providing ad blocking software is anti-competitive under a vague general principle of the Anti-Unfair Competition Law. The special policy reason behind these decisions is that the Chinese government and courts want to maintain this business model and strengthen intellectual property protection. These decisions are reinforced by the regulatory ban of ad blocking software in China. However, the Chinese approach is in the wrong direction. The Chinese courts have applied a principle of \\\\'non-interference unless in the public interest\\\\' to ad blocking cases but never analyzed the public interest seriously. This paper argues that the \\\\'public interest\\\\' in the Internet context should be the interests of Internet users. The group of Internet users is large enough to constitute the general public. The public have a compelling interest of autonomy to justify ad blocking. The right approach to solving the ad blocking problem should be flexible, easily adjustable and it should not totally fail one side. Compared to direct regulatory intervention, a flexible judicial approach is better because it could take into consideration a variety of interests and strike a balance in specific cases. And, to regulate new technologies, a soft version of guidelines could be easily adjustable than an immature regulation. The Internet itself is a creative industry developed under the process of \\\\'creative destruction\\\\'. Any legal intervention shall be careful and not impede the emerging technologies, market structure development and autonomous competition. (C) 2017 Bingbin Lu. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Allelopathic potential of Cambodian rice lines under field conditions. A series of field experiments was conducted during 1999 and 2000 to study the effect of six Cambodian rice lines that had been selected for their allelopathic potential on the growth of three weed species (barnyardgrass, small umbrella sedge, and water primrose). The results from 2 years' study demonstrate that powerful weed-establishment and growth-suppressive mechanisms were present in all of the rice lines tested. This mechanism was equally active on all three weed species studied. Across all the rice lines and across all the weed species, weed establishment was reduced by 71%, the final plant height was reduced by 49%, and the dry biomass was reduced by 80%. A tentative comparison between the effects of the Cambodian rice lines and those of previously characterized allelopathic and non-allelopathic rice lines revealed that approximately three-quarters of the weed growth suppression in the Cambodian lines could be attributed to resource competition and one-quarter Could be attributed to allelopathy, although this analysis did not take into account morphological differences between the two types of rice. Such weed growth-suppressing activity could be particularly useful in subsistence farming systems where the use of selective herbicides is prohibitive or when organic rice production is the objective. The use of rice lines that suppress the growth of weeds is likely to be a potent supplement to present weed management practises and will reduce production costs and the potential for environmental Pollution, as well as alleviate some of the social constraints that are associated with labor-intensive manual weeding.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Extraction and Isolation of beta-Glucan from Grain Sources-A Review. A collective report on the extraction and isolation of beta-glucan from grain sources, namely, oat, barley, and wheat is presented. An analysis on the effect of medium, pH, and temperature on the purity and yield of the beta-glucan derived under acidic/alkaline/aqueous/enzymatic conditions is also made. Water extraction and alkali extraction processes are preferred as the yield and recovery of extracted beta-glucan were good. Cost-effective development of the process for deriving high molecular weight beta-glucan is the current requirement for its wide applications in food and pharmaceutical industries.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Performance of pureline broiler breeders fed two levels of vitamin E. Heterophil (H):lymphocyte (L) ratios, percentage livability, and relative asymmetries of shank length and diameter were similar among groups. Pullets from Line B and those fed the higher level of vitamin E exhibited more fear than their counterparts. Head shaking did not differ between vitamin E levels; however, there was a line-by-time of day interaction for this behavior. The 30-fold difference in dietary vitamin E was reflected by a 15-fold difference in plasma vitamin E levels in both lines. For vitamin E level in the yolk, however, there was a line-by-diet interaction. The interaction resulted from no difference between lines at the 10 IU/kg level and differences of 10- and 6+-fold in Lines B and A at the 300 IU/kg level, respectively. Overall, responses to continuous feeding of vitamin E at these levels were influenced by genetic stock, age, duration of feeding, and measurement criteria.Reported in this paper is an experiment designed to evaluate responses of two commercial broiler dam purelines (A and B) continuously fed 10 or 300 IU of vitamin E/kg from 168 to 441 d of age. Prior to Day 168, all pullets were fed diets containing 10 IU of vitamin E/kg. During the early laying period, percentage hen-day ovulations and percentage hen-day normal egg production were similar for both lines and diets. During the latter part of the laying cycle, there were differences between lines for these traits (A > B), as well as for BW and egg weight for which line differences were reversed (A < B). Also during this period, percentage hen-day ovulations and percentage hen-day normal egg production differed between diets (300 > 10 IU/kg). These differences between diets were consistent with the greater number of females that entered lay and higher hen-housed egg production of the 300- than 10-IU/kg group. Although during the laying cycle all females received a fixed amount of feed, BW gains were greater for Line B than A and for the 300- than the 10-IU/kg level of vitamin E.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Smoking Behavior and Lung Cancer in a Biracial Cohort The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Methods: Smoking characteristics were ascertained at baseline and three follow-up visits in 1990-1992, 1993-1995, and 1996-1998 (response rates were 93%, 86%, and 80%, respectively), as well as from annual telephone interviews. Data Were analyzed in the fall of 2012. Multivariable-adjusted proportional hazards models were used to calculate hazard ratios and 95% CIs for lung cancer.Results: Over 20 years of follow-up (1987-2006), 470 incident cases of lung cancer occurred. Lung cancer incident rates were highest in black men and lowest in black women. However, there was no evidence to support racial differences in the associations of smoking status, intensity, or age at initiation with lung cancer risk (all p(interaction) >= 0.25). The hazard ratio for those who started smoking at age <= 12 versus >22 years was 3.03 (95% CI =1.62, 5.67). Prolonged smoking cessation ( >= 10 years) was associated with a decrease in lung cancer risk, with equivalent benefits in whites and blacks, 84% and 74%, respectively (P-interaction=0.25).Background: In the U.S., the incidence of lung cancer varies by race, with rates being highest among black men. There are marked differences in smoking behavior between blacks and whites, but little is known regarding how these differences contribute to the racial disparities in lung cancer.Conclusions: Smoking confers similar lung cancer risk in blacks and whites. (C) 2014 American Journal of Preventive MedicinePurpose: To compare the lung cancer risk associated with smoking in 14,610 blacks and whites in the prospective cohort Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Precisely Tracking Childhood Death. Little is known about the specific causes of neonatal and under-five childhood death in high-mortality geographic regions due to a lack of primary data and dependence on inaccurate tools, such as verbal autopsy. To meet the ambitious new Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 to eliminate preventable child mortality in every country, better approaches are needed to precisely determine specific causes of death so that prevention and treatment interventions can be strengthened and focused. Minimally invasive tissue sampling (MITS) is a technique that uses needle-based postmortem sampling, followed by advanced histopathology and microbiology to definitely determine cause of death. The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation is supporting a new surveillance system called the Child Health and Mortality Prevention Surveillance network, which will determine cause of death using MITS in combination with other information, and yield cause-specific population-based mortality rates, eventually in up to 12-15 sites in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia. However, the Gates Foundation funding alone is not enough. We call on governments, other funders, and international stakeholders to expand the use of pathology-based cause of death determination to provide the information needed to end preventable childhood mortality.", "label": [2, 21, 23]}
+{"token": "The effect of orthotropic material gradation on the plane sliding frictional contact mechanics problem. With the advent of new functional and intelligent non-conventional materials, understanding the behavior of these materials in different contact conditions over the conventional materials is one of the most crucial aspects in early design process for coated systems. Therefore, the sliding contact problem for a functionally graded orthotropic coating-substrate system and a rigid cylindrical punch is considered in this article to study the aforementioned aspects. The functionally graded orthotropic coating is modeled to be bonded to an isotropic substrate of finite thickness and is loaded by a sliding rigid cylindrical punch under plane strain conditions. For the material orthotropy, five different real orthotropic materials are utilized and the stiffness coefficients of each principal direction are graded separately. Navier's equations are converted to ordinary differential equations using the Fourier integral transformation technique. Then, the algebraic equations are solved and the problem is cast into a singular integral equation. A parametric finite element analysis based on augmented contact method is also conducted. The normalized surface stress distributions and the normalized contact boundaries obtained from finite element analysis are validated with the results obtained from singular integral equation approach. The results of this study may be helpful for engineers in design and optimization of the characteristics of non-conventional coatings that are used as thermal or structural barriers and wear-resistant surfaces in engineering applications.", "label": [1, 15, 11, 12]}
+{"token": "Characterization of the NAD-glycohydrolase in streptococcal strains. The NADase (Nga) of group A streptococci (GAS) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diseases such as streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome (STSS) and necrotizing fasciitis. In this study we found that the proportion of NADase-positive strains among clinical isolates in Japan has increased over time. The GAS strains studied could be divided into three groups: strains lacking NADase activity, strains with low NADase activity, and strains with high NADase activity. The older strains, isolated before 1989, belonged to the 'no activity' group. Analysis using GST-Nga recombinants revealed that nga alleles of representative older strains encode inactive Nga. Mutational analysis of the GST-Nga recombinants suggested that residue 330 could be associated with reduced activity, based upon deduced amino acid sequences. We also investigated NADase activity of streptococcal strains other than GAS. All group G streptococcal isolates from STSS patients possessed nga genes encoding active enzymes.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Evolution of tooth crown shape in Mesozoic birds, and its adaptive significance with respect to diet. Both the evolution of tooth morphology and the relationship between dental features and diet in toothed birds have long been studied. Here we quantify variation in tooth crown shape in 28 key Mesozoic bird species, and examine differences in dental morphology among birds belonging to different taxonomic groupings and inferred to have had different diets. Using geometric morphometric methods (GMM) and phylogenetic comparative methods (PCM), we found few clear differences in tooth crown shape between different taxonomic and ecological categories, and our analysis provides little support for many dietary inferences drawn in previous studies. However, the Solnhofen Archaeopteryx, Jeholornis, Protopteryx, Pengornis, Longipteryx, Tianyuornis, Mengciusornis, Ichthyornis and Hesperornis all were found to possess relatively specialized tooth crown shapes, perhaps reflecting specialized diets such as insectivory, granivory, piscivory and consumption of soft-shelled arthropods. Similarity in tooth crown shape across many Mesozoic birds may indicate the lack of dietary specialization, and the association between tooth form and diet may have been weakened in any case by 'functional replacement' of the dentition by a horny beak and, in many cases, gastroliths. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. and Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, CAS. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Truth and accountability in geographic and historical visualizations. The research project Paper and Virtual Cities, financed by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) and carried out by the Universities of Maastricht and Groningen, is developing new methodologies for the use of historical geographic sources in computer-assisted cartography. Manuscript and printed maps, atlases and other related texts are some of the sources we consider. One concept that is of particular interest at the onset of this project is that of the representation of 'truth' in geographic and historical visualisations.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Mediatised affective activism: The activist imaginary and the topless body in the Femen movement. Focusing on the Tunisian Femen-activist Amina Tyler/Sboui and the topless 'Free Amina protest' carried out in Tunis, this article investigates the participatory practices and activist imaginary (Marcus, 2006: 6) of the Femen movement. Femen is conceptualized as an assemblage (Delanda, 2006; Latour, 2005) of protesting women and various human and non-human, mediatised (Hepp, 2013; Hjarvard, 2008; Lundby 2009) and localized actors. The article suggests that Femen's protests undergo a dual process of mediatisation that aims to both generate a spreadable imaginary and enable communication between bodies by addressing affective registers. The mediatised 'affective environment' (Massumi, 2009) cues bodies and generates spreadability, yet it also produces disconnections. These disconnections might redistribute the 'economy of recognizability' (Butler and Athanasiou, 2013); however, the Femen headquarters in Kiev and Paris increasingly provide centralized interpretations of the movement and the localized actions causing the perception of Femen's activist imaginary to be unfolded between the unrecognizable and the too recognizable body.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Delivery of newly synthesized Na+-K+-ATPase to the plasma membrane of A6 epithelia. Na+-K+-ATPase is localized to the basolateral cell surface of most epithelial cells. Conflicting results regarding the intracellular trafficking of Na+-K+- ATPase in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells have been reported, with delivery to both apical and basolateral membranes or exclusively to the basolateral cell surface. We examined the delivery and steady-state distribution of Na+-K+-ATPase in the amphibian epithelial cell line A6 using an antibody raised against Na+-K+-ATPase alpha-subunit and sulfo-N-hydroxysuccinimidobiotin to tag cell surface proteins. The steady-state distribution of the Na+-K+-ATPase was basolateral, as confirmed by immunocytochemistry. Delivery of newly synthesized Na+-K+-ATPase to the cell surface was examined using [S-35]methionine and [S-35]cysteine in a pulse-chase protocol. After a 20-min pulse, the alpha-subunit and core glycosylated beta-subunit were present at both apical and basolateral cell surfaces. The alpha-subunit and core glycosylated beta-subunit delivered to the apical cell surface were degraded within 2 h. Mature alpha/beta-heterodimer was found almost exclusively at the basolateral surface after a 1- to 24-h chase. These data suggest that immature Na+-K+-ATPase alpha-subunit and core glycosylated beta-subunits are not retained in the endoplasmic reticulum of A6 cells and apparently lack sorting signals. Mature Na+-K+-ATPase is targeted to the basolateral surface, suggesting that basolateral targeting of the protein is conformation dependent.", "label": [2, 4, 17, 39]}
+{"token": "Respiratory picornavirus infections in Korean children with lower respiratory tract infections. Recently, human rhinoviruses (RVs) and enteroviruses have been suggested as important etiological agents in young children with lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs). We investigated the role of respiratory picornaviruses in hospitalized children with LRTI. A total of 233 nasopharyngeal samples were collected from hospitalized children with LRTIs from July 2004 to January 2006. All specimens were tested for the presence of human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV), influenza virus A, influenza B, parainfluenzavirus, and adenovirus using direct immunofluorescent assay, and for human metapneumovirus (HMPV) by RT-PCR. Detection of RV was performed in nasopharyngeal samples by a RT-PCR assay that incorporated a BglI restriction enzyme digestion of the picornavirus RT-PCR amplicon, and detection of enterovirus was accomplished by hemi-nested RT-PCR using specific primers. Viral agents were detected in 70.4% (164/233) of the study population. The most frequently detected viruses were RV (64/233, 27.4%), hRSV (48/233, 20.6%), and enterovirus (43/233, 18.4%). Picornaviruses were detected as the sole viral agents in 27.0% (63/233) of children, whereas mixed viral infection was detected in 12.0%. These results suggest that picronavirus infection is an important etiological cause of LRTIs in Korean children.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Lectin typing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. This study reports the patterns of agglutination of 77 clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by 32 commercially available lectins. Cell suspensions were not pre-treated. Each isolate was cultured on three media: Columbia blood agar, trypticase-soy agar and Chapman Stone agar. The lectins agglutinating each isolate varied widely depending on culture medium; only five isolates were agglutinated by the same set of lectins regardless of the culture medium used. Lectin typing could be a useful epidemiological tool, but it is necessary to standardise assay conditions (notably culture medium) to enable meaningful comparison of the results produced by different research groups or centres.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Acanthothecis virgulicola, a new Tasmanian lichen. Acanthothecis virgulicola from the cool temperate rainforests of Tasmania is described. The new species is characterised by the presence of stictic acid and by its almost exclusively transversely septate ascospores. It is compared briefly to other species in the genus, especially A. gyridia (Stirt.) A.W.Archer, which also occurs in Tasmania.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Robotic-Assisted Cryosurgical Treatment of Atrioventricular Node Reentrant Tachycardia. Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardias typically arise from the existence of variable refractoriness in fast and slow conduction pathways within the triangle of Koch, which provide input to the atrioventricular node. Standard therapy includes medical management and catheter-based ablation procedures. Robotic-assisted, minimally invasive cryosurgical modification of the atrioventricular node can provide definitive therapy for patients who fail traditional therapy. A 65-year-old man presented with a several-year history of recurrent atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. Despite medical management and attempted percutaneous ablation, the patient remained symptomatic with weekly episodes. Access was via a 4-cm right anterolateral thoracotomy and peripheral perfusion. The da Vinci S robotic system was used to manipulate the cryoprobe (CryoMaze Probe; ATS Medical, Plymouth, MN USA). A series of spot freezes (tip 60 degrees C) were made along the boundaries of the triangle of Koch until transient complete heart block was achieved and nodal rhythm was recovered. At follow-up 3 weeks postoperatively, the patient was asymptomatic in first-degree heart block. Robotic-assisted cryosurgical atrioventricular node ablation is an effective, minimally invasive treatment for patients with atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "ISO 9001 and performance: a method review. This study aims to identify whether different research methods linking ISO 9001 and performance have led to different results. To achieve that purpose, this study conducted a method review using scholarly articles selected from seven databases. Sixty-nine percent of previous cross-sectional studies linking ISO 9001 and performance concluded that there is a positive relationship between ISO 9001 and performance, while 77% of previous longitudinal studies did not find a relationship. The way the two methods acknowledged time sequence and certification and the inconsistency in terminologies and indicators might be the reasons behind the strikingly different research results. However, this study neither gauged the impact of each article to the field of the quality system nor the power of statistical tools used to indicate causality. This study also constrained by the limited resource. A method review is rare in the field of ISO 9001 and performance and currently, it is highly needed because after 30 years of research, there is still no sign of research results convergence.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "Perspectives on the role of surveillance in eliminating rubella and congenital rubella syndrome in the Americas. Effective management and coordination in regions currently lacking surveillance capacity will require significant increases in existing human resources to manage vitally needed expanded national surveillance systems. An adequate investment in human resources and infrastructure capacity is essential for ensuring surveillance functions well. This was the experience in the Americas, particularly with the recent elimination of rubella and congenital rubella syndrome. By taking this path, other benefits to the overall public health of the nations will occur. The purpose of this paper is to present perspectives on the role of surveillance in the elimination of rubella in the Americas and to share related perspectives on capacity development in developing countries. Hopefully, these perspectives will aid efforts to strengthen surveillance and advance rubella elimination in other regions of the world.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "Binary Sparse Representation Based on Arbitrary Quality Metrics and Its Applications. Binary sparse representation based on arbitrary quality metrics and its applications are presented in this paper. The novelties of the proposed method are twofold. First, the proposed method newly derives sparse representation for which representation coefficients are binary values, and this enables selection of arbitrary image quality metrics. This new sparse representation can generate quality metric-independent subspaces with simplification of the calculation procedures. Second, visual saliency is used in the proposed method for pooling the quality values obtained for all of the parts within target images. This approach enables visually pleasant approximation of the target images more successfully. By introducing the above two novel approaches, successful image approximation considering human perception becomes feasible. Since the proposed method can provide lower-dimensional subspaces that are obtained by better image quality metrics, realization of several image reconstruction tasks can be expected. Experimental results showed high performance of the proposed method in terms of two image reconstruction tasks, image inpainting and super-resolution.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 37]}
+{"token": "SELECTED THREATS TO CIVIL AVIATION. The aim of this article is to discuss issues related to threats to civil aviation. The authors describe a relatively fresh subject which has been neglected so far due to the lack of knowledge and low popularity of this type of threat. The work identifies and characterises new threats to civil aviation. In order to achieve this aim, the article contains defined possibilities of using anti-aircraft mines and methods of using anti-aircraft rocket sets against civil aircraft in the operational area of the airport. The threats resulting from the use of unmanned aerial systems in the operational area of the airport are described together with the use of the cyberspace in a criminal manner in relation to civil aviation.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Measuring Abstract Constructs in Management and Organizational Research: The Case of Export Coordination. Rossiter (2008) attempts to show that traditional measure development procedures are flawed. He illustrates his reasoning using measures of the export coordination construct (Diamantopoulos and Siguaw, British Journal of Management, 17 (2006), pp. 263-282), and 'corrects' these measures using the C-OAR-SE procedure for scale development. We explain the errors that Rossiter (2008) makes in his application of the C-OAR-SE procedure, and in the assumptions inherent in the C-OAR-SE procedure. We demonstrate that the 'corrected' measure that Rossiter (2008) develops using the C-OAR-SE procedure lacks validity. We conclude that the C-OAR-SE procedure needs more work if it is become a useful tool for researchers.", "label": [5, 44, 46]}
+{"token": "In vitro activity of zoliflodacin (ETX0914) against macrolide-resistan fluoroquinolone-resistant and antimicrobial-susceptible Mycoplasma genitalium strains. Results: Only one (2.1%) strain with substantially increased MIC (4 mg/L) and potential resistance to zoliflodacin was found. Zoliflodacin was overall more potent than moxifloxacin (P = 0.009) and no cross-resistance was observed between the two drug classes of topoisomerase II inhibitors. Differences in the MICs of zoliflodacin and azithromycin were not statistically significant; however, 23 (48.9%) compared with potentially 1 (2.1%) of the strains were resistant to azithromycin and zoliflodacin, respectively.Conclusions: Zoliflodacin is a promising candidate for the treatment of M. genitalium and it is important to further develop and evaluate this drug.Methods: The in vitro activity of the new spiropyrimidinetrione zoliflodacin against 47 M. genitalium strains was assessed by growing M. genitalium in Vero cell culture and measuring growth by quantitative PCR. The collection included 34 moxifloxacin-susceptible (MIC <1 mg/L) and 13 moxifloxacin-resistant (MIC >= 1 mg/L) strains. Twenty-three of the strains were azithromycin resistant (MIC >= 16 mg/L) and 12 of these strains were MDR.Background: Mycoplasma genitalium is estimated to be the second most common cause of bacterial sexually transmitted infection in Europe. It is of increasing public health concern due to the rapid development of resistance to different antimicrobial classes, including the preferred first- and second-line treatments azithromycin and moxifloxacin. Thus, new antimicrobial agents are urgently needed, especially for the treatment of MDR strains.", "label": [2, 4, 21, 24, 40]}
+{"token": "Study of the effect of DATEM. 3: Synthesis and characterization of DATEM components. Three major components of DATEM were synthesized and characterized by microscale rheological methods and a microscale baking test on the basis of 10 g of flour. In addition, a normal-scale baking test with 300 g of flour was performed. Both the microscale and the normal-scale baking test were in strong agreement and showed that DATEM components with one carboxyl; group exhibited better baking performance than compounds with two carboxyl groups. The best results in baking it-ere obtained with a concentration of 2 g of emulsifier per kg of flour in contrast to 3 g/kg with a commercial DATEM sample. because commercial samples may contain up to 40% of inactive components. The DATEM component with two carboxyl groups had the lowest baking activity, but it was most effective in dough and gluten rheology,. This discrepancy between rheology, and baking indicates that for DATEM different mechanisms of action have to be present in the dough phase and during baking.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Actor Fragmentation and Civil War Bargaining: How Internal Divisions Generate Civil Conflict. Wars within states have become much more common than wars between them. A dominant approach to understanding civil war assumes that opposition movements are unitary, when empirically, most of them are not. I develop a theory for how internal divisions within opposition movements affect their ability to bargain with the state and avoid conflict. I argue that more divided movements generate greater commitment and information problems, thus making civil war more likely. I test this expectation using new annual data on the internal structure of opposition movements seeking self-determination. I find that more divided movements are much more likely to experience civil war onset and incidence. This analysis suggests that the assumption that these movements are unitary has severely limited our understanding of when these disputes degenerate into civil wars.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Enhanced anonymity in tax experiments does not affect compliance. In the domain of classical economic games, it has previously been suggested that deviations from purely rational behavior could be explained by a lack of experimenter-subject anonymity. In fact, some experiments show that contributions and prosocial behavior increase when participants feel observed. In the present study, we investigate whether mea sures of enhanced anonymity, beyond a conventional standard, are necessary in the particular case of tax behavior experiments. This issue might be pivotal for both the validity and generalizability of existing published studies as well as for designing future studies. We suspect social desirability to be even more relevant in experiments on tax compliance, which often apply a context-rich setting, entailing a strong ethical component. Interestingly, certain common experimental practices reflect potential breaches of anonymity during sign-up, the actual task, and the payment phase. Accordingly, we tested whether (1) tax compliance is higher under conditions of regular anonymity compared to enhanced anonymity, and (2) whether this anonymity manipulation moderates established effects of tax-related parameters, such as audit probability and fine rate. Despite an enhanced perception of anonymity due to our manipulation, we did not observe a difference in relative tax compliance between the regular and enhanced anonymity conditions. Additionally, enhanced anonymity did not interact with the effects of tax rate, audit probability, and fine level on tax compliance. We conclude that commonly used procedures in tax experiments are sufficient to guarantee a satisfactory level of anonymity. (c) 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Thermal Stability, Pyrolysis Behavior, and Fire-Retardant Performance of Melamine Cyanurate@Poly(cyclotriphosphazene-co-4,4 '-sulfonyl diphenol) Hybrid Nanosheet-Containing Polyamide 6 Composites. A novel halogen-free highly cross-linked supramolecular poly(cyclotriphosphazene-co-4,4'-sulfonyl diphenol) (PZS)-functionalized melamine cyanurate (MCA) (MCA@PZS) hybrid nanosheet fire-retardant (FR) was synthesized and thoroughly characterized using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses. The polyamide 6 (PA6) composites comprising MCA, PZS, and the MCA@PZS hybrids were prepared via the melt-blending technique. The thermogravimetric analysis combined with FTIR and mass spectroscopy revealed that during thermal degradation, the PA6/MCA@PZS composites released less toxic gases and small organic volatile compounds than the neat PA6 and composites containing MCA or PZS solely. Moreover, compared to neat PA6, the PA6 composite with a 5 wt % MCA@PZS hybrid exhibited enhanced fire retardation properties, with a 29.4 and 32.1% decrease in the peak heat and total heat release rates, respectively. Besides, the PA6 composites with MCA@PZS-5% content achieved a V-0 rating in the UL-94 test. Finally, based on the obtained results from gaseous and condensed phases, the possible mechanism responsible for improved FR properties of the PA6/MCA@PZS composites was proposed.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Distinctive role of opinion leaders in the social networks of school adolescents: an investigation of e-cigarette use. Methods: The data were obtained from a survey conducted among 666 adolescents across 14 school classes, namely, students at three urban schools, public and private, in Lille, France. The proposed integrative model includes social motives, opinion leadership and e-cigarette use in a trilateral relationship; gender is proposed and tested as a potential moderator in a structural equation model.Study design: Prospective cohort study.Objectives: This study examines a diverse set of social motives (e.g. peer support, peer pressure, social loneliness) for e-cigarette use, through the mediating effects of opinion leadership, among both male and female adolescents.Conclusions: Policy makers should account for the various (positive and negative) roles of peers and consider the gender of their audience when designing anti e-cigarette policies. (C) 2016 The Royal Society for Public Health. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Results: More positive peer support is negatively associated with opinion leadership and e-cigarette use. Both loneliness and susceptibility to peer influence are positively related to opinion leadership and e-cigarette use. Moreover, social support from peers and opinion leadership shape e-cigarette use differently across genders.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Re-engagement in education and training of young people who leave education early: the importance of earlier prior trajectories. The lack of education and training resulting from leaving education early might contribute significantly to high rates of unemployment and inactivity among young people. Education is also seen as a decisive means of tackling these problems. Therefore, acquiring knowledge about the conditions in which re-engagement with education occurs after it is prematurely interrupted deserves special attention. The study presented here explores the opinions of students attending a second-chance educational centre in Ceuta (where the aforementioned benchmarks have quite high levels) concerning their life courses prior to returning to education there and the impact they attribute to the centre. Data from in-depth, individual interviews were used to do this. These were performed with 39 unemployed young people at risk of social exclusion aged between 18 and 24 (29 had left school early and 10 had not), as part of a broader case study relating to a centre selected for its relative success and its reputation in Ceuta. The information provided by the participants in the form of stories was subjected to narrative analysis, using two processes: summary biographical tables, which represent relevant events from their lives alongside their views of them, and thematic analysis of the information contained in them. In broad terms, results indicate that the life courses the participants follow are shaped by decisions they take from options shaped by personal, institutional, and social circumstances. They are, therefore, something like choice biographies. In this context, early school leaving and re-engagement in training are recurrent, transitory, and reversible, precisely because of the important role played by the people who experience these situations, even if they do so constrained by their institutional and social setting.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Pneumocystis Mediates Overexpression of Antizyme Inhibitor Resulting in Increased Polyamine Levels and Apoptosis in Alveolar Macrophages. Pneumocystis pneumonia (PcP) is the most common opportunistic disease in immunocompromised patients. Alveolar macrophages are responsible for the clearance of Pneumocystis organisms; however, they undergo a high rate of apoptosis during PcP due to increased intracellular polyamine levels. In this study, the sources of polyamines and mechanisms of polyamine increase and polyamine-induced apoptosis were investigated. The level of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) was elevated in alveolar macrophages, and the number of alveolar macrophages that took up exogenous polyamines was increased 20-fold during PcP. Monocytes, B lymphocytes, and CD8+ T lymphocytes that were recruited into the lung during PcP expressed high levels of ornithine decarboxylase, suggesting that these cells are sources of polyamines. Both protein and mRNA levels of antizyme inhibitor (AZI) were increased in alveolar macrophages during PcP. This AZI overexpression correlated with increased polyamine uptake by alveolar macrophages, because AZI expression knockdown decreased the polyamine uptake ability of these cells. AZI expression knockdown also decreased the apoptosis rate of alveolar macrophages. Pneumocystis organisms and zymosan A were found to induce AZI overexpression in alveolar macrophages, suggesting that beta-glucan, which is the major component of the Pneumocystis cell wall, induces AZI overexpression. The levels of mRNA, protein, and activity of polyamine oxidase were increased in alveolar macrophages during PcP, indicating that the H2O2 generated during polyamine catabolism caused alveolar macrophages to undergo apoptosis. Taken together, results of this study indicate that Pneumocystis organisms induce AZI overexpression in alveolar macrophages, leading to increased polyamine synthesis and uptake and apoptosis rate of these cells.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Disabling ability in dance: Intercultural dramaturgies of the Thikwa plus Junkan Project. From 2008 to 2012, I worked as a dramaturge in Japan and Germany, developing an international dance project titled Thikwa plus Junkan Project with Osamu Jareo, a choreographer based in Japan. This project, involving Japanese and German differently abled performers, was created and performed in both countries. This article highlights our experiences while designing and implementing this mixed-ability, intercultural project. Stretching across disciplines and code systems, this project reveals cultural construction of dis/ability and dance aesthetics and provides an alternative concept for dancing bodies. To avoid using the other culture for one's own benefit as well as to avoid being consumed as its others in the international dance market, I consider, in this article, how the intercultural dramaturgy of this project aims to realize a cultural ecology of dance by switching our cultural frames to balance the power.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Human herpesvirus 6A induces apoptosis of primary human fetal astrocytes via both caspase-dependent and -independent pathways. Background: Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) is a T-lymphtropic and neurotropic virus that can infect various types of cells. Sequential studies reported that apoptosis of glia and neurons induced by HHV-6 might act a potential trigger for some central nervous system (CNS) diseases. HHV-6 is involved in the pathogenesis of encephalitis, multiple sclerosis (MS) and fatigue syndrome. However, the mechanisms responsible for the apoptosis of infected CNS cells induced by HHV-6 are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the cell death processes of primary human fetal astrocytes (PHFAs) during productive HHV-6A infection and the underlying mechanisms.Conclusion: This is the first demonstration of caspase-dependent and -independent apoptosis in HHV-6A-infected glial cells. These findings would be helpful in understanding the mechanisms of CNS diseases caused by HHV-6.Results: HHV-6A can cause productive infection in primary human fetal astrocytes. Annexin V-PI staining and electron microscopic analysis indicated that HHV-6A was an inducer of apoptosis. The cell death was associated with activation of caspase-3 and cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), which is known to be an important substrate for activated caspase-3. Caspase-8 and -9 were also significantly activated in HHV-6A-infected cells. Moreover, HHV-6A infection led to Bax up-regulation and Bcl-2 down-regulation. HHV-6A infection increased the release of Smac/Diablo, AIF and cytochrome c from mitochondria to cytosol, which induced apoptosis via the caspase-dependent and -independent pathways. In addition, we also found that anti-apoptotic factors such as IAPs and NF-kappa B decreased in HHV-6A infected PHFAs.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Experimental evidence for an intraspecific Janzen-Connell effect mediated by soil biota. The negative effect of soil pathogens on seedling survival varies considerably among conspecific individuals, but the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. For variation between heterospecifics, a common explanation is the Janzen-Connell effect: negative density dependence in survival due to specialized pathogens aggregating on common hosts. We test whether an intraspecific Janzen-Connell effect exists, i.e., whether the survival chances of one population's seedlings surrounded by a different conspecific population increase with genetic difference, spatial distance, and trait dissimilarity between them. In a shade-house experiment, we grew seedlings of five populations of each of two subtropical tree species (Castanopsis fissa and Canarium album) for which we measured genetic distance using intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) analysis and eight common traits/characters, and we treated them with soil material or soil biota filtrate collected from different populations. We found that the relative survival rate increased with increasing dissimilarity measured by spatial distance, genetic distance, and trait differences between the seedling and the population around which the soil was collected. This effect disappeared after soil sterilization. Our results provide evidence that genetic variation, trait similarity, and spatial distance can explain intraspecific variation in plant-soil biotic interactions and suggest that limiting similarity also occurs at the intraspecific level.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Heteroepitaxial diamond on iridium: New insights on domain formation. Topography and chemical evolutions of the iridium surface in the successive steps of bias-enhanced nucleation and growth were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and nano-Auger analyses. This sequential approach, which was performed in localized areas at the nanoscale, provides three new experimental and complementary concepts that can enhance the knowledge of nucleation pathways on iridium. First, SEM imaging at low-acceleration voltage enables the detection of diamond nuclei or stable precursors after the BEN step. Second, domains consist of iridium furrows that are covered by an amorphous carbon overlayer, with a thickness of 6.8 nm, according to AFM and X-ray photo-emission spectroscopy data. Third, SEM observations also suggest a close relationship between furrows created under ion bombardment and domains in our study conditions. These results prompted us to propose a scheme that describes the topography and surface chemistry of domains. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 1, 32, 11]}
+{"token": "Telling time in the Fourth Gospel. When we begin the task of telling time in the Fourth Gospel, we bring something not found in any previous study, namely, a model of time articulated by cross-cultural anthropologists (Bordieu, in Pitt-Rivers 1963:55-72, Ayoade, in Wright 1984:71-89). As much as we admire Davies' study, she has no notes to her chapter on time nor any citations in her bibliography to indicate that she has any conversation partners, much less cultural experts, a deficit to be filled in this study. Learning to tell time entails three theoretical considerations: a definition of time, key classifications of it, and special attention to what the ancients meant by past, present and future. With these lenses we are prepared to do as thorough a study as we can on telling time in the Fourth Gospel. As we consider each classification, we will suggest a brief meaning of it from the experts on time, then present a body of Greco-Roman materials illustrative of the classification, and finally use it to gather and interpret data in John. Proving the native existence of these classifications for telling time in antiquity is essential for readers to have a background against which to compare their usage with that of the Fourth Gospel.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Environmental archaeology at the Chengtoushan site, Hunan Province, China, and implications for the environmental change and the rise and fall of the Yangtze River civilization. Fortified settlements had emerged as early as 6400-6100 cal yr BP in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the early Daxi culture, particularly at the Chengtoushan site in Hunan Province, China. There were four major stages for the development of the Yangtze River civilization in the middle reaches of the Yangtze at ca. 6400-6100 cal yr BP (beginning of early Daxi culture); ca. 5800 cal yr BP (beginning of middle Daxi culture); ca. 5300 cal yr BP (beginning of Qujialing culture) and ca. 4500 cal yr BP (beginning of Shijiahe culture). These periods correspond to times of climate deterioration, especially of weakened summer monsoon. The decreased rainfall in summertime resulting from the weakened summer monsoon would have necessitated a system for securing water supply by irrigation, and this, in turn, may have lead to the rise and development of urban settlements and monarchs to govern the irrigation and new social systems. The Yangtze River civilization began to decline at 4200-4000 cal yr BP and the Lyreat settlements were abandoned. This event was also considered to be the consequence of a severe climate deterioration that swept through Eurasia ca. 4200-4000 cal yr BP. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Examination of Pisum and Lathyrus species as sources of ascochyta blight resistance for field pea (Pisum sativum). Ascochyta blight resistance in Pisum sativum (field pea), P. fulvum and Lathyrus species was examined in glasshouse experiments using an isolate of the fungal pathogen Mycosphaerella pinodes that had been isolated from field pea. In the genus Pisum there was significant variation in stem infection among the primitive field pea lines, the field pea cultivars and the P. fulvum lines. Two P. fulvum lines and one primitive field pea line exhibited significantly less stem infection than the two field pea cultivars. Leaf infection of the primitive field pea lines was not significantly different from that of the field pea cultivars. P. fulvum accession PS1115 had the least stem infection and the least leaf infection among the Pisum germplasm. Examination of stem infection in Lathyrus showed that L. sativus, L. ochrus and L. clymenum accessions were significantly more resistant to stem infection than the field pea cultivars. Six of the eight accessions of Lathyrus were also significantly more resistant to leaf infection than the field pea cultivars. Among ten accessions of L. sativus, there was significant variation in severity of stem infection but not leaf infection. This is the first report comparing ascochyta blight resistance between Lathyrus and Pisum species and among Lathyrus accessions and the results show that Lathyrus species may be a source of resistance alleles that could be exploited to develop ascochyta blight resistance in field pea.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "The genital tract and rectal microbiomes: their role in HIV susceptibility and prevention in women. Introduction: Young women in sub-Saharan Africa are disproportionately affected by HIV, accounting for 25% of all new infections in 2017. Several behavioural and biological factors are known to impact a young woman's vulnerability for acquiring HIV. One key, but lesser understood, biological factor impacting vulnerability is the vaginal microbiome. This review describes the vaginal microbiome and examines its alterations, its influence on HIV acquisition as well as the efficacy of HIV prevention technologies, the role of the rectal microbiome in HIV acquisition, advances in technologies to study the microbiome and some future research directions.Discussion: Although the composition of each woman's vaginal microbiome is unique, a microbiome dominated by Lactobacillus species is generally associated with a \\\\'healthy\\\\' vagina. Disturbances in the vaginal microbiota, characterized by a shift from a low-diversity, Lactobacillus-dominant state to a high-diversity non-Lactobacillus-dominant state, have been shown to be associated with a range of adverse reproductive health outcomes, including increasing the risk of genital inflammation and HIV acquisition. Gardnerella vaginalis and Prevotella bivia have been shown to contribute to both HIV risk and genital inflammation. In addition to impacting HIV risk, the composition of the vaginal microbiome affects the vaginal concentrations of some antiretroviral drugs, particularly those administered intravaginally, and thereby their efficacy as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV prevention. Although the role of rectal microbiota in HIV acquisition in women is less well understood, the composition of this compartment's microbiome, particularly the presence of species of bacteria from the Prevotellaceae family likely contribute to HIV acquisition. Advances in technologies have facilitated the study of the genital microbiome's structure and function. While next-generation sequencing advanced knowledge of the diversity and complexity of the vaginal microbiome, the emerging field of metaproteomics, which provides important information on vaginal bacterial community structure, diversity and function, is further shedding light on functionality of the vaginal microbiome and its relationship with bacterial vaginosis (BV), as well as antiretroviral PrEP efficacy.Conclusions: A better understanding of the composition, structure and function of the microbiome is needed to identify opportunities to alter the vaginal microbiome and prevent BV and reduce the risk of HIV acquisition.", "label": [2, 17, 24]}
+{"token": "On zero-thickness interface elements for diffusion problems. The present study focuses on the hydraulic behaviour of joints, and, specially, on its numerical implementation in terms of the FEM analysis using a discrete fracture flow approach. Fluid flow through discontinuities has traditionally been modelled using special elements of zero-thickness, which we can classify into single, double and triple-nodded. Single node elements are the simplest and consist of 'line' or 'pipe' elements which are superimposed onto the standard continuum mesh and that can only model the longitudinal conductivity through the discontinuity. On the other hand, some authors have included the influence of a transversal conductivity, and the subsequent localized potential drop, by using triple node interface elements. In those, the two nodes of the adjacent continuum elements represent the potentials in the pore system on each side of the interface, and a third node in the middle represents the average potential of the fluid in the channel represented by the discontinuity. Finally, double node interface elements have also been proposed, which have the advantage of making it possible to use the same FE mesh for both mechanical and flow analysis. In some cases the influence of a transversal conductivity is not considered and, therefore, although geometrically double-nodded, these elements belong to the single node type and when time comes to solve the system the two nodes must have the same potential, which can only be obtained by the 'trick' of prescribing the equivalence of these two d.o.f. before solving the global system of equations. This limitation may, however, be avoided by assuming that the potential in the channel is the average of the two sides of the interface. Based in this simple assumption, an alternative flow interface model has been recently developed and implemented, which preserves both longitudinal and transversal conductivities. An application example is developed and solved with the three types of interfaces described. The results offer useful information regarding the range of applicability and limitations of the new double-nodded interface element proposed. Copyright (C) 2004 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.", "label": [1, 15, 11, 12]}
+{"token": "Left Visual Field Biases when Infants Process Faces: A Comparison of Infants at High- and Low-Risk for Autism Spectrum Disorder. While it is well-known that individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have difficulties processing faces, very little is known about the origins of these deficits. The current study focused on 6- and 11-month-old infants who were at either high-risk (n = 43) or low-risk (n = 31) for developing ASD based on having a sibling already diagnosed with the disorder. Eye-tracking data were collected while the infants viewed color photographs of faces. Similar to previous studies with both typically developing adults and infants, low-risk infants demonstrated a preference for looking at the left side of the face (known as a left visual field bias) that emerged by 11 months of age. In contrast, high-risk infants did not demonstrate a left visual field bias at either age. Comparisons of the amount of attention given to the eye versus mouth regions indicated no differences between the two risk groups.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Effects of glucagon on superior mesenteric artery and femoral artery haemodynamics in humans. Conclusion: These data suggest that glucagon might be a localized splanchnic arterial vasodilator. Thus, glucagon may be one of the factors contributing to the pathogenesis of the splanchnic hyperdynamic circulation seen in patients with cirrhosis.Objective: It remains unclear whether glucagon is a localized splanchnic arterial vasodilator in humans. This study examined this issue by assessing the haemodynamic effect of exogenous glucagon on splanchnic and extrasplanchnic arteries.Methods: After an overnight fast, flow velocity of superior mesenteric artery and femoral artery was recorded by means of echo-Doppler in 10 controls and 10 patients with cirrhosis. Mean arterial pressure, heart rate and plasma glucagon level were also determined. These measurements were repeated after intramuscular injection of glucagon (1 mg) at 15 min and 30 min.Results: Patients with cirrhosis had much higher glucagon levels than controls (P < 0.01). Plasma glucagon level rose following glucagon administration in controls (P < 0.01) and patients with cirrhosis (P < 0.01). Glucagon administration had no effect on mean arterial pressure, heart rate and femoral artery velocity in controls and patients with cirrhosis. In contrast, superior mesenteric artery velocity significantly increased after glucagon administration in both groups (P < 0.01, P < 0.01), although the effect was less pronounced in patients with cirrhosis than in controls (P < 0.05).", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VOCABULARY AND LANGUAGE USE IN ROMANIANS LIVING IN MADRID. In the migration context, individuals seem to suffer a loss in their mother tongues and this asseveration is based on the nonuse of the language, that is, the less use, the more difficulty to retrieve words (Paradis, 2007). In an attempt to elucidate a possible relationship between the vocabulary and the use of language, a group of twenty Romanians living in Madrid was interviewed with the objective of knowing their opinion about their possible loss as well as carrying out a linguistic task (Verbal Fluency Task). Being that vocabulary is the most vulnerable area in attrition, the possible relationship between vocabulary and attrition will be also examined.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Soil acidification in Pinus caribaea forests on Brazilian savanna Oxisols. The transformation of large areas in the Brazilian savanna into Pinus plantations may have resulted in soil acidification. The objective of this study was to determine if afforestation with Pinus caribaea Morelet (PI) influenced soil acidification by comparing the metal status of the soil solid phase and the course of metal concentrations in soil solution during one rainy season with those under natural savanna vegetation (Cerrado, CE). Surface soil samples (0-0.15 m) from three spatially disconnected plots in CE and PI were sequentially extracted. At each plot, soil solution at 0.15, 0.3, 0.8, 1.2, and 2 m depth and in PI additionally litter leachate were collected between October 1997 and April 1998. Extracts and soil solution were analyzed for Al, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Si, and Zn concentrations, soil solution also for pH and electrical conductivity (EC). Total concentrations in soil solid phase ranged between 94 000 and 155 000 mg kg(-1) (Al), 29 and 39 (Ca), 21 and 31 (Cu), 44 000 and 61 000 (Fe), 91 and 141 (K), 21 and 29 (Mg), 28 and 57 (Mn), 73 and 94 (Na), and 13 and 21 (Zn). Whereas 27-83% of total K, Ca, Mg, and Na concentrations were exchangeable, >83% of total Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Al were bound in hardly plant-available forms. There were no significant differences in concentrations and partitioning between CE and PI. At the beginning of the rainy season (October to December), metal concentrations in soil solution were 2-5 times larger and more variable than between December and April because of the mineralization of organic matter which accumulated during the dry season. Metal concentrations in CE soil solution between December and April were extremely small at all depths (Al: not detected (n.d.)-3.26 mu mol l(-1), Ca: 2.8-11.7, K: 0.9-6.7, Mg: 0.7-8.3, Mn: n.d. -0.14, Na: 5.5-40.1, Zn: 0.13-1.02). Up to 1.2 m soil depth, soil solution pH was significantly lower in PI than in CE. Concentrations of Ca, K, Mg, and Na were up to two times larger than in CE, those of Mn and Al 9 and 60 times, respectively. Whereas the soil solid phase did not show significant differences in metal concentrations and partitioning, the soil solution composition clearly indicated enhanced acidification in PI. This resulted in increased leaching of plant nutrients from the topsoil. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Spatial separation of metabolic stages in a tube anaerobic baffled reactor: reactor performance and microbial community dynamics. Spatial separation of metabolic stages in anaerobic digesters can increase the methane content of biogas, as realized in a tube anaerobic baffled reactor. Here, we investigated the performance and microbial community dynamics of a laboratory-scale mesophilic anaerobic baffled reactor with four compartments treating an artificial substrate. Due to the activity of fermentative bacteria, organic acids mostly accumulated in the initial compartments. The methane content of the biogas increased while hydrogen levels decreased along the compartments. Microbial communities were investigated based on bacterial 16S rRNA genes, hydA genes encoding Fe-Fe-hydrogenases, and mcrA genes/transcripts encoding the methyl-CoM reductase. The metaproteome was analyzed to identify active metabolic pathways. During the reactor operation, Clostridia and Bacilli became most abundant in the first compartment. Later compartments were dominated by Sphingobacteriia, Deltaproteobacteria, Clostridia, Bacteroidia, Synergistia, Anaerolineae, Spirochaetes, vadinHA17, and W5 classes. Methanogenic communities were represented by Methanomicrobiales, Methanobacteriaceae, Methanosaeta, and Methanosarcina in the last compartments. Analysis of hydA and mcrA genes and metaproteome data confirmed the spatial separation of metabolic stages. In the first compartment, proteins of carbohydrate transport and metabolism were most abundant. Proteins assigned to coenzyme metabolism and transport as well as energy conservation dominated in the other compartments. Our study demonstrates how the spatial separation of metabolic stages by reactor design is underpinned by the adaptation of the microbial community to different niches.", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "Ultrasonic synthesis and photocatalytic activity investigation of TiO2 nanoarrays. TiO2 nanoarrays were successfully synthesized by an ultrasonic method in TiCl4/HCl solution. The products were investigated by XRD, SEM, TEM and SAED techniques. The results indicated that the products were pure single crystal rutile TiO2 nanoarrays. The size of the arrays ranged from 20 to 300 runt with each of them consisting of small nanorods of about 8 nm in diameter and 200 nm in length. The growth mechanism of the TiO2 nanostructure was also discussed. The photocatalytic activity of the products was investigated by photodegradation of aqueous brilliant red X-3B solution. It was found that the arrays exhibited better photocatalytic activity both than TiO2 nanorods and Degussa P25. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 1, 32, 11]}
+{"token": "Decembrists with a Spanish Accent. The article explores the influence of dissident Spanish officers in Spain and Naples, Italy on the Decembrist movement in imperial Russia. The author reflects on Russian revolutionary solidarity with insurgents in Spain, Naples, and Greece in order to focus on the international aspects of European revolutions. Emphasis is given to revolutionary tactics such as demands for limits on monarchical power and a reliance upon religious language to resist tyrants. Other topics include Spanish catechisms during the Napoleonic Wars, regicide, and resistance to French dictator Napoleon Bonaparte.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "A Predictive Model for Estimating Risk of Harm and Aggression in Inpatient Mental Health Clinics. Serious mental illness is a major risk factor for aggression and violence. The present study aimed to develop and test an algorithm to predict inpatient aggressions that involve a risk of harm to self or others. This work is based on a retrospective study aimed to investigate the prediction of risk of harm and aggressions at St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, between 2016 and 2017. An analysis of the risk factors most strongly associated with harmful incidents is, followed by the description of the process involved in the development of a predictive model which estimates the risk of harm. The efficiency of the model developed is finally evaluated, showing an overall accuracy of 75%: the specificity to identify episodes considered not at risk of harm is equal to 91.85%, whereas the sensitivity to identify episodes considered harmful is equal to 28.57%. The model proposed can be seen as a seminal project towards the development of a more comprehensive, precise and effective tool capable to predict the risk of harm in the inpatient setting.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "How mechanistic in silico modelling can improve our understanding of TB disease and treatment. TB is one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide and the leading cause of death from a single infectious agent. Decreasing the length of time for TB treatment is an important step towards the goal of reducing mortality. Mechanistic in silico modelling can provide us with the tools to explore gaps in our knowledge, with the opportunity to model the complicated within-host dynamics of the infection, and simulate new treatment strategies. Significant insight has been gained using this form of modelling when applied to other diseases - much can be learned in infection research from these advances.", "label": [2, 21, 24]}
+{"token": "NEW UNIFORM AND ASYMPTOTIC UPPER BOUNDS ON THE TENSOR RANK OF MULTIPLICATION IN EXTENSIONS OF FINITE FIELDS. We obtain new uniform upper bounds for the tensor rank of the multiplication in the extensions of the finite fields F-q for any prime power q; moreover, these uniform bounds lead to new asymptotic bounds as well. In addition, we also give purely asymptotic bounds which are substantially better by using a family of Shimura curves defined over F-q, with an optimal ratio of F(q)t-rational places to their genus, where q(t) is a square.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Effect of Joule heating in current-driven domain wall motion. It was found that high current density needed for the current-driven domain wall motion results in the Joule heating of the sample. The sample temperature, when the current-driven domain wall motion occurred, was estimated by measuring the sample resistance during the application of a pulsed current. The sample temperature was 750 K for the threshold current density of 6.7x10(11) A/m(2) in a 10-nm-thick Ni81Fe19 wire with a width of 240 nm on thermally oxidized silicon substrate. The temperature was raised to 830 K for the current density of 7.5x10(11) A/m(2), which is very close to the Curie temperature of bulk Ni81Fe19. When the current density exceeded 7.5x10(11) A/m(2), an appearance of a multidomain structure in the wire was observed by magnetic force microscopy, suggesting that the sample temperature exceeded the Curie temperature. (C) 2005 American Institute of Physics.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "The biology of Canadian weeds. 127. Panicum capillare L.. Panicum capillare L., witch grass, is an annual grass native to North America that infests field crops, small grains, grasslands, and a variety of other habitats. High seed production, a persistent seed bank, a tumble-weed seed-dispersing mechanism, and the ability to tolerate some herbicides contribute to the success of P. capillare in these habitats. Despite the widespread presence of P. capillare in crops, its actual impact on crop yield is not well documented. It is an additional host for several insect pests (e.g., cereal aphids) and diseases attacking crop species.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Association of abnormal vaginal microflora and HPV infection in cervical precancerous lesions: a retrospective study. Introduction: The aim of this study was to analyze the correlation between abnormal vaginal microflora and different types of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and cervical precancerous lesions during the perimenopausal period. Methodology: This retrospective study included women patients who underwent liquid-based cytologic test (LBC), HPV test, leucorrhea routine test, or routine urine test at the China-Japan Friendship Hospital between October 2019 and January 2020. A cut-off of 45 years was used as the cut-off age for menopause. The positivity and subtypes of HPV were determined using a chip-based assay. Vaginal microflora was determined using an HB-2012a flow-through hybridization instrument. Results: A total of 132 patients were included in this study. 97 patients were younger than 45 years of age, with a median age of 35 (8.0), and 35 patients ??? 45 years of age, with a median age of 55 (11.0). There were no significant differences in cytology, type of cervical lesion, HPV type, and common pathogens of the reproductive tract (all p 45 or 45 years as its surrogate) was not associated with cervical precancerous lesions. Conclusions: Menopause was not associated with cervical precancerous lesions. The results suggest that the prevention and treatment of HPV16, Chlamydia trachomatis infection, and Mycoplasma infection could be significant to prevent the occurrence of cervical precancerous lesions.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "The intensity of and recovery from photoinhibition under drought in a thermotolerant common bean compared to drought tolerant genotypes. The chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters of four Phaseolus vulgaris L. genotypes were evaluated under drought in two greenhouse experiments. Under severe water stress, the thermotolerant genotype 'Diplomata' maintained significantly higher values of predawn leaf water potential (Psi(w)), maximum F-v/F-m and effective (FPSII) quantum yield of photosystem II, and non-photochemical quenching than 'Ouro Negro', in the first experiment, and 'A 285' and 'A 222', in the second one. Among these parameters, F-v/F-m showed more differences that discriminated between the genotype responses even when measured at night. Next, a difference between F-v/F-m after sundown and F-v/F-m at dawn on the same day (day Delta F-v/F-m), i.e., the intensity of photoinhibition, and a difference between F-v/F-m at dawn and F-v/F-m after sundown on the day before (night Delta F-v/F-m), i.e. the photoinhibition recovery, were evaluated. Day Delta F-v/F-m and night Delta F-v/F-m were significantly higher for 'Diplomata' under severe water stress in both experiments. In addition, 'Ouro Negro' in the first experiment and all the genotypes in the second showed negative values of night Delta F-v/F-m on the last day of drought when their Psi(w) were also minimal indicating no recovery from photoinhibition and the need for rehydration. At maturation, stressed plants of 'Diplomata' showed a significantly higher yield than 'Ouro Negro' in the first experiment and the same as 'A 285' in the second. Therefore, the thermotolerant genotype 'Diplomata' also showed drought tolerance, and the use of day Delta F-v/F-m and night Delta F-v/F-m fluorescence analysis was able to discriminate between the tolerances of these genotypes and to indicate the need for rehydration.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Beyond Protest: Voice and Exit in Contemporary American Poetry. In liberal political economy, voice (voting, complaining, etc.) and exit (dissociating, boycotting, etc.) are the two primary feedback mechanisms for improving large organizations. When it comes to the political state, however, exit is off the table: no one leaves the state, so dissenters must articulate their dissatisfaction within systems of representation. For any politics opposed to the state, voice is all one has. This essay reads Juliana Spahr's This Connection of Everyone with Lungs (2005) and Well Then There Now (2011) and Nathaniel Mackey's Splay Anthem (2006) as exemplars of an impetus in contemporary American poetry to enable exit from the state. However, this project inevitably fails, and the poetics of exit resorts to a renewed voice. Rather than a complaint addressed to authority, these poets' voiced demand for exit now forms the potential basis of new political collectivities, people joined by a shared desire to leave the state.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Epidemiological and genetic characteristics of porcine circovirus 3 in 15 provinces and municipalities of China between 2016 and 2020. Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) is a newly emerging virus and has been found associated with porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome in pigs. Compared with PCV2, research into PCV3 cap gene sequencing is deficient. To investigate the prevalence and genotype distribution of PCV3, we collected 1291 samples from 211 pig farms throughout 15 provinces and municipalities. 312 out of 1291 samples were tested positive by PCR. We further sequenced and analyzed 164 PCR-positive samples. The majority (61.8%) of isolates we sequenced belong to genotype PCV3c. PCV3c is also the dominant genotype in Hubei, Hunan, Hebei province and Chongqing city. We found 3 sites under positive selection and located in predicted epitope peptide, revealing that the pig's immunity may be a reason those sites are undergoing highly positive selection.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Syria - from the six day war to the Syrian civil war. The story of Syria during the Six-Day War is the story of a state whose leadership was young, inexperienced, reckless, and radical; it sowed fire and reaped a firestorm. For a while the war seemed as a turning point in the history of Syria since it led to the rise of Hafiz al-Asad, who gave his country political stability that enabled him to turn it into a powerful and esteemed state at home and abroad. However, the Asad's era was marked by freeze, stagnation and the maintenance of the status quo which became the essence of the Syrian regime's policies and course of action not only vis-a-vis Israel, but also in its activity domestically, whether in the social, political, or economic sphere. The ultimate result, as this article argues, was the outbreak of the Syrian revolution in March 2011, which demonstrated that the appearance of stability and strength projected by the regime was a false facade.", "label": [3, 5, 28, 47]}
+{"token": "Effective thermo-elastic properties of random composites with orthotropic components and aligned ellipsoidal inhomogeneities. The details of the method of conditional moments are described in the context of random composites with orthotropic constituents to demonstrate its capability and versatility. To this end a complete set of effective thermo-elastic materials parameters is developed for a two-component matrix composite with randomly distributed unidirectional ellipsoidal fibers. Both constituents of the composite possess orthotropic material symmetry with respect to the axes aligned with the axes of the ellipsoids. The deeper insight into the formal side of the method is facilitated by presenting all particularities of its inner working, which is missing in other contributions on the subject. In particular, the two-point conditional probabilities which characterize shape and distribution of the fibers are developed, and the Fourier transform of the Green's function for orthotropic media has been developed for the first time to evaluate the operations involving the Green's function itself. Finally, transition from the system of the governing differential equations (via a known integral equation) to a system of algebraic equation is carefully outlined. This leads to closed-form, albeit complicated, formulas for the effective properties of composites. As a numerical illustration a composite consisting of epoxy matrix with randomly distributed orthotropic fibers is investigated. Variations of Young's moduli, Poisson's ratios, shear moduli and coefficients of thermal expansion with the fiber concentration, for fixed shape of fibers, are investigated. Comparisons with the results involving special cases of spheroidal or cylindrical fibers, as well as spherical particles, obtained in the past using other methods or via experimental investigations, exhibit a remarkably good agreement. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "Performance of a scannable linear array of hi-lo stacked patches. A scannable, broadband, circularly polarised microstrip patch array suitable for satellite communications is presented. The low profile array consists of eight hi-lo stacked patches and a simple feed arrangement to generate circular polarisation. The 10 dB active reflection coefficient of the array is greater than 28% at broadside and the array has a measured axial ratio less than 3 dB for scanning to +/-45degrees over this frequency range.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
+{"token": "Generic Soft-Error Detection and Correction for Concurrent Data Structures. Recent studies indicate that transient memory errors (soft errors) have become a relevant source of system failures. This paper presents a generic software-based fault-tolerance mechanism that transparently recovers from memory errors in object-oriented program data structures. The main benefits are the flexibility to choose from an extensible toolbox of easily pluggable error detection and correction schemes, such as Hamming and CRC codes. This is achieved by a combination of aspect-oriented and generative programming techniques. Furthermore, we present a wait-free synchronization algorithm for error detection in data structures that are used concurrently by multiple threads of control. We give a formal correctness proof and show the excellent scalability of our approach in a multiprocessor environment. In a case study, we present our experiences with selectively hardening the eCos operating system and its benchmark suite. We explore the trade-off between resiliency and performance by choosing only the most vulnerable data structures for error recovery. Thereby, the total number of system failures, manifesting as silent data corruptions and crashes, is reduced by 69.14 percent at a negligible runtime overhead of 0.36 percent.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Improving treatment outcome in obsessive-compulsive disorder: motivational interviewing boost efficacy?. Although exposure and response prevention (ERP) is the first line psychological treatment for individuals with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), many people experience partial recovery and others refuse treatment or drop out. This randomized controlled study (n = 40) examined the effect of a three-session motivational interviewing (MI) intervention compared to a three-session relaxation intervention prior to 15 sessions of ERP on treatment dropout, homework compliance, and treatment outcome post-ERP and at follow up. Contrary to hypotheses, there were no group differences in ERP dropout rates or homework compliance. Both groups experienced significant reductions in OCD symptoms post-ERP. Consistent with our hypothesis, the MI group experienced a greater reduction in OCD symptoms (clinician-rated YBOCS) compared to the comparison group immediately post-ERP. However, this difference did not hold over 12-month follow up. There were also no group differences in associated symptoms (depression, anxiety, stress) across treatment. All participants achieved significant symptom reductions that were maintained over time. A correlational analysis of the whole sample revealed that action scores pre-ERP were significantly negatively correlated with post-ERP OCD symptom severity. These findings suggest that MI prior to ERP may confer a small but meaningful benefit for enhancing treatment outcome post ERP.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Emotion Dysregulation as a Mechanism Linking Peer Victimization to Internalizing Symptoms in Adolescents. Peer victimization experiences represent developmentally salient stressors among adolescents and are associated with the development of internalizing symptoms. However, the mechanisms linking peer victimization to adolescent psychopathology remain inadequately understood. This study examined emotion dysregulation as a mechanism linking peer stress to changes in internalizing symptoms among adolescents in a longitudinal design. Peer victimization was assessed with the Revised Peer Experiences Questionnaire (M. J. Prinstein, J. Boergers, & E. M. Vemberg, 2001) in a large (N = 1,065), racially diverse (86.6% non-White) sample of adolescents 11-14 years of age. Emotion dysregulation and symptoms of depression and anxiety were also assessed. Structural equation modeling was used to create a latent construct of emotion dysregulation from measures of discrete emotion processes and of peer victimization and internalizing symptoms. Peer victimization was associated with increased emotion dysregulation over a 4-month period. Increases in emotion dysregulation mediated the relationship between relational and reputational, but not overt, victimization and changes in internalizing symptoms over a 7-month period. Evidence for a reciprocal relationship between internalizing symptoms and relational victimization was found, but emotion dysregulation did not mediate this relationship. The implications for preventive interventions are discussed.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Comparative molecular cytogenetic analysis of three Leuciscus species (Pisces, Cyprinidae) using chromosome banding and FISH with rDNA. A comparative molecular cytogenetic analysis was performed on three species of the genus Leuciscus viz. ide L. idus, chub L. cephalus and dace L. leuciscus distributed in Poland, using C-, Ag- and chromomycin A(3) (CMA(3))-stainings and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with 5.8S + 28S rDNA as a probe. Although the three species examined shared 2n = 50 chromosomes and the largest acrocentric chromosome pair in the complement, they were characterized with karyotypic differences in terms of the number of uni- and biarmed chromosomes and the localization of nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) revealed by Ag-staining and FISH. L. idus and L. cephalus showed the rDNA sites on the long arms of one submetacentric (SM) chromosome pair and on the short arms of one subtelocentric (ST) chromosome pair, respectively. These NORs were CMA(3)-positive, GC-rich and C-positive heterochromatic sites in both species. Such chromosome banding features were also true for four NORs localizing on one of each SM and ST pair in L. leuciscus, but considerable numerical NOR polymorphism became apparent with Ag-staining and FISH due to a different combination of these NOR-bearing SMs and STs in this dace. The present results indicate that the molecular cytogenetic analysis applied herein may become useful to elucidate the karyotype evolution and phylogenetic relationships among the species in the genus Leuciscus and other related groups.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Dependence of sintered electrode Ni paste on dispersed Ni paste and Ni powder properties. We evaluated the characteristics of Ni paste used for internal electrodes of multilayer ceramic chip capacitors (MLCs). The effects of dispensability of BaTiO3 powder in Ni paste and Ni powder properties on sintering characteristics of electrode films were studied. The experimental results revealed that an improvement of dispensability of BaTiO3 suppressed shrinkage of the films. It was observed that properties of Ni powder influenced on the shrinkage of electrode films, i.e., Ni powder prepared by the WCP method showed a higher shrinkage than that of the powder made by the CVD method. The similar results were observed on the surface microstructure of sintered electrode films by SEM measurements.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "'The clamour of Babel, in all the tongues of the Levant': multivernacular and multiscriptal Constantinople around 1900 as a literary world. With a focus on the crafting of Constantinople as a literary world, this article considers how the city's particularly rich and composite soundscape, linguascape and scriptworld around 1900 contributes to a vernacular poetics. Such a poetics, I suggest, could be described in terms of a heterolingual and multivernacular foregrounding of linguistic difference and asymmetry. Issues relating to the materiality of language and linguistic diversity, including the role of scripts, are explored in a selection of ten Western European travelogues and narratives set in Constantinople during the last period of the Ottoman era (1876-1922) and written in Italian (De Amicis), French (Loti), Danish (Jerichau-Baumann), Norwegian (Skram), and Swedish (Lindberg-Dovlette and Beyel). Proceeding from the soundscape via the linguascape to the scriptworld of the city, it is demonstrated how these '-scapes' and worlds are established, rendered, thematised, transcribed, and inscribed as heterolingual, multivernacular and multiscriptal in Constantinople as a literary world. Different textual and paratextual strategies are identified and analysed with regard to their auditory, visual and material features. However, as a part of monoscriptal Western European literature using Roman script, this literary world becomes cosmopolitanised. In this case the vernacular poetics did not embrace the many scripts of Constantinople.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Potato virus Y induced changes in the gene expression of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). The tuber necrotic strain of Potato virus Y (PVYNTN) causes potato tuber necrotic ringspot disease in sensitive potato cultivars. Gene expression in the disease response of the susceptible potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivar Igor was investigated at different times after infection, using subtractive hybridization, cDNA microarrays and real-time PCR. The most pronounced change in the expression pattern of functionally diverse groups of genes was detected in systemically infected leaves 14 days after inoculation, and in leaves of plants grown from infected tubers. The expression of several stress-related genes during the infection process. including those for heat shock proteins. catalase 1,beta-1,3-glucanase, wound inducing gene, and genes involved in photosynthesis, suggest their role in the susceptible potato-PVYNTN interaction. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Detailed model for calculation of life-cycle cost of cable ownership and comparison with the IEC formula. The purpose of this paper is to validate the model for the selection of the optimal power cable conductor cross section presented in the IEC Standard 60287-3-2. To this end, a detailed model for the calculation of the life-cycle cost of cable ownership is presented. The formula takes into account both the material and labor costs in the production of a power cable as well as the cost of losses during its operation. Since the formula is fairly complex, a genetic algorithm is proposed to solve the optimization problem. A real-life numerical example is presented. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Eschatology, Androgynous Thinking, Encratism, and the Question of Anti-Gnosticism in 2 Clement 12 (Part Two). Part One of this investigation problematized the use by numerous scholars of an untenably broad definition of \\\\'Gnosticism\\\\' to support the inference that 2 Clement 12 criticizes gnostic Christ-believers. Part Two completes the analysis of 2 Clement 12 and examines 2 Clement 13, which casts further doubt upon the notion that 12: 5-6 calls for sexual renunciation. It is argued that 12: 1-13: 4 is not polemical and does not censure any distinctively gnostic views or praxes. By shedding both the supposedly gnostic background of the dominical logion about \\\\'the two\\\\' becoming \\\\'one,\\\\' about the \\\\'outside\\\\' being like the \\\\'inside,\\\\'and about \\\\'neither male nor female\\\\' (12: 2b, 6b) and an antignostic agenda for the interpretations of the logion (12: 3-5), scholarship has a better chance of opening up promising avenues for interpreting 12: 1-13: 4. In particular, the call to cultivate thinking that does not take into account a Christian's gender (12: 5) and the notion that the kingdom's arrival depends on believers' moral development (12: 6) merit further investigation.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "3-DIMENSIONAL ORGANIZATION OF ENDOPLASMIC-RETICULUM IN THE VENTRAL PHOTORECEPTORS OF LIMULUS. In this highly polarized neuron, three lines of evidence indicate that the ER is a continuous network extending throughout both lobes of the cell. First, injection of DiO or DiI results in the labeling of ER throughout both lobes of the cell. Second, three-dimensional image reconstruction of the optical sections reveals a dispersed membrane meshwork which may be the structure that serves to interconnect the ER in the two lobes. Third, in cells fixed before dye injection, the pattern of labeling was similar to that in living cells, indicating that vesicle transport was not responsible for the spread of dye throughout the cell.Three morphological types of ER were observed. The ER of the light-sensitive lobe, identified by coinjection of rhodamine-phalloidin to label the microvillar actin, is characterized by a concentration of stratiform membranes interconnected by thin tubular cross-bridges. The perinuclear ER is characterized by a tangle of convoluted tubules sometimes terminating in bulbous structures. Finally, there is a fine tubular reticulum dispersed throughout the cell. (C) 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.The overall organization of the ER in the photoreceptor cell is relatively stable; however, the fine structure changes over time. This dynamic process appears to represent continual reorganization of the intracellular membranes in the cell.Living Limulus ventral photoreceptor cells were injected with long chain lipophilic carbocyanine fluorescent dyes to label the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The purpose of this study was to examine the continuity, dynamic changes, and structure of the ER in the living cell, using laser scanning confocal microscopy and three-dimensional image reconstruction.", "label": [2, 4, 17, 43]}
+{"token": "Dependence, plans to quit, quitting self-efficacy and past cessation behaviours among menthol and other flavoured cigarette users in Europe: The EUREST PLUS ITC Europe Surveys. METHODS An analysis of cross-sectional data from the 2016 EUREST-PLUS ITC Europe Surveys was conducted among a sample of 10760 adult smokers from eight European Union Member States. Respondents were classified as menthol, other flavoured, unflavoured, or no usual flavour cigarette users and compared on smoking and cessation behaviours and characteristics. Data were analysed in SPSS Complex Samples Package using bivariate and multivariate regression analyses adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics, dependence, and country.INTRODUCTION This study characterises smoking and cessation-related behaviours among menthol and other flavoured cigarette users in Europe prior to the implementation of the European Tobacco Products Directive (TPD) ban on the sale of flavoured cigarettes.RESULTS In bivariate analyses, cigarette flavour was significantly associated with all outcomes (p<0.001). After adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, these associations attenuated but remained significant and in the same direction for dependence, self-efficacy, plans to quit, past quit attempts, and ever e-cigarette use. In fully adjusted models, compared to smokers of non-flavoured cigarettes, menthol smokers were less likely to smoke daily (AOR=0.47, 95% CI: 0.32-0.71), smoke within 30 min of waking (0.52,0.43-0.64), consider themselves addicted (0.74,0.59-0.94), and more likely to have ever used e-cigarettes (1.26,1.00-1.57); other flavoured cigarette smokers were less likely to smoke daily (0.33,0.15-0.77), and have higher self-efficacy (1.82,1.20-2.77); no usual flavour smokers were less likely to smoke daily (0.34,0.22-0.51), smoke within 30 min of waking (0.66,0.55-0.80), consider themselves addicted (0.65,0.52-0.78), have ever made a quit attempt (0.69,0.580.84), have ever used e-cigarettes (0.66,0.54-0.82), and had higher self-efficacy (1.46,1.19-1.80).CONCLUSIONS Smokers of different cigarette flavours in Europe differ on smoking and cessation characteristics. The lower dependence of menthol cigarette smokers could lead to greater success rates if quit attempts are made, however cross-country differences in smoking behaviours and quitting intentions could lead to the TPD ban on cigarette flavours having differential impact if not accompanied by additional measures, such as smoking cessation support.", "label": [2, 21, 23]}
+{"token": "Antioxidant gene expression and function in vitro-developing Schistosoma mansoni mother sporocysts: possible role in self-protection. The ability of the larval forms of Schistosoma mansoni to invade and parasitize their molluscan host, Biomphalaria glabrata, is determined by a multitude of factors. In this study we sought to elucidate the possible mechanisms by which the invading larvae are able to counteract the potentially harmful oxidative environment presented by the host upon initial miracidial infection. This was attempted by examining the gene expression profile of parasite antioxidant enzymes of the linked glutathione-(GSH) thioredoxin (Trx) redox pathway during early intramolluscan larval development. Three such enzymes, the peroxiredoxins (Prxl, Prx2 and Prx3) were examined as to their activity and sites of expression within S. mansoni miracidia and in vitro-cultured mother sporocysts. Results of these studies demonstrated that the H(2)O(2)-reducing enzymes Prx1 and 2 are upregulated during early mother sporocyst development compared to miracidia. Immunolocalization studies further indicated that Prx1 and Prx2 proteins are expressed within the apical papillae of miracidia and tegumental syncytium of sporocysts, and are released with parasite excretory-secretory proteins (ESP) during in vitro larval transformation. Removal of Prx1 and Prx2 from larval ESP by immunoabsorption significantly reduced the ability of ESP to breakdown exogenous H(2)O(2), thereby directly linking ESP Prx proteins with H(2)O(2)-scavenging activity. Moreover, exposure of live sporocysts to exogenous H(2)O(2) stimulated an upregulation of Prx1 and 2 gene expression suggesting the involvement of H(2)O(2)-responsive elements in regulating larval Prx gene expression. These data provide evidence that Prx1 and Prx2 may function in the protection of S. mansoni sporocysts during the early stages of infection.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "Mesoarchean partial melting of mafic crust and tonalite production during high-T low-P stagnant tectonism, Akia Terrane, West Greenland. Different geodynamic models exist for the growth and differentiation of Archean continental crust, ranging from horizontal tectonics with subduction zones to vertical tectonics with foundering of greenstone sequences. U-Pb zircon geochronology, field relationships, and pressure-temperature constraints from granulite-facies metabasite of the Akia Terrane of the North Atlantic Craton in West Greenland show that this terrane grew through two major magmatic growth episodes: an earlier one at c. 3.2 Ga, and a later one at c. 3.05-2.97 Ga. Phase equilibrium modelling for assemblages related to the latter indicates temperatures of > 800 degrees C at < 0.9 GPa, consistent with a high apparent geothermal gradient and implies thin crust. Granulite-facies metamorphism and partial melting occurred in the absence of pervasive ductile deformation as indicated by nebulitic, undeformed pyroxene-bearing leucosome in metabasite gneiss. Trace element modelling suggests that c. 3.0 Ga tonalite at the current exposure level in the Akia Terrane was generated at pressures of > 0.8 GPa in the stability field of garnet. U-Pb zircon geochronology and existing Hf isotope data are also consistent with a model involving protracted Mesoarchean magmatic growth with limited mantle addition during a prolonged period of high temperatures in a relatively stagnant tectonic regime prior to Neoarchean compressional tectonism in the Akia Terrane.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Military tobacco use: A synthesis of the literature on prevalence, factors related to use, and cessation interventions. Tobacco use remains the number one cause of preventable morbidity and premature death in the United States. As a result, military leaders are recognizing that tobacco can adversely affect military fitness levels, deployment readiness, and safety and can increase health care costs. Yet military members continue to use tobacco. Tobacco may be viewed as part of the military culture since military members have used tobacco for many decades for pleasure, comfort, and currency and as a morale booster. Most recently, the military has seen an increase in tobacco use among young military members. A number of research studies have examined the prevalence of tobacco and factors related to use in the military, and several have evaluated cessation and prevention interventions. This article provides a brief historical perspective of military tobacco use in the 20th century and a critical review of the literature published between 1991 and 2006 describing prevalence of tobacco use, factors influencing use, and cessation interventions in the military. Recommendations for future research and for interventions are provided.", "label": [2, 21, 23]}
+{"token": "A review of mental health recovery programs in selected industrialized countries. The concept of recovery has gained increasing attention and many mental health systems have taken steps to move towards more recovery oriented practice and service structures. This article represents a description of current recovery-oriented programs in participating countries including recovery measurement tools. Although there is growing acceptance that recovery needs to be one of the key domains of quality in mental health care, the implementation and delivery of recovery oriented services and corresponding evaluation strategies as an integral part of mental health care have been lacking.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Formation Behaviors of Methane Hydrate in Partially Water-Saturated Porous Media with Different Particle Sizes. The hydrate formation behaviors are significantly affected by the grain size of the sediments. To more deeply understand the methane hydrate formation kinetics in a wide range of grain sizes of the sediments, the formation experiments of methane hydrate in different partially water-saturated porous media were performed in a closed system. A kind of silica sand and two kinds of silicon dioxide powders were used as the porous media in experiments. The average particle diameter of the silica sand is 229.90 mu m (fine sand level), and the average particle diameters of the silicon dioxide powders are 2.30 mu m (clay level) and 5.54 mu m (silty sand level). The experiments were carried at the initial bath temperature of 20 degrees C, and the initial formation pressure ranges from 9.0 to 15.0 MPa. The set hydrate formation temperature ranges from 3 to 9 degrees C. The gas consumption rate and the final water conversion in 229.90 mu m silica sand are much lower than that in 2.30 and 5.54 mu m silicon dioxide powders. The final water conversion is similar in 2.30 and 5.54 mu m silicon dioxide powders and can nearly reach 100% if gas provided is sufficient. The hydrate formation rates in all three kinds of porous media decline sharply at a certain water conversion point. The value of this water conversion point is the lowest in 229.90 mu m silica sand and is the highest in 5.54 mu m silicon dioxide powder. In 229.90 mu m silica sand with different water contents, the gas consumption rate basically increases as the water content decreases as a result of a better contact of hydrate-forming gas with available water and a higher diffusion speed of methane gas in silica sand with lower water saturation.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "Physical Properties of Gas Hydrate-Bearing Pressure Core Sediments in the South China Sea. Gas hydrates are a potential future energy resource and are widely distributed in marine sediments and permafrost areas. The physical properties and mechanical behavior of gas hydrate-bearing sediments are of great significance to seafloor stability and platform safety. In 2013, a large number of pressure cores were recovered during China's second gas hydrate drilling expedition in the South China Sea. In this study, we determined the gas hydrate distribution, saturation, physical properties, and mechanical behavior of the gas hydrate-bearing sediments by conducting Multi-Sensor Core Logger measurements and triaxial and permeability tests. Disseminated gas hydrates, gas hydrate veins, and gas hydrate slabs were observed in the sediments. The gas hydrate distribution and saturation are spatially heterogeneous, with gas hydrate saturations of 0%-55.3%. The peak deviatoric stress of the gas hydrate-bearing sediments is 0.14-1.62 MPa under a 0.15-2.3 MPa effective confining stress. The permeability is 0.006-0.095x10-3 mu m2, and it decreases with increasing gas hydrate saturation and burial depth.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "IPS multicentric study: Antidepressant prescription patterns. Conclusion: Escitalopram is the most commonly prescribed antidepressant and SSRIs are the most commonly prescribed class of antidepressants. Poly pharmacy in the form of concomitant use of two antidepressants is practiced infrequently. However, benzodiazepines are used quite frequently as the co-prescription.Background: There are very few studies from India which have evaluated the prescription pattern for antidepressants by psychiatrists for treatment of depression.Materials and Methods: Prescription data of 706 patients with first episode depression, who participated in the IPS multicentric study, were evaluated.Results: Escitalopram was the most commonly prescribed antidepressant, comprising 40% of the total prescriptions. This was followed by sertraline (17.6%) and fluoxetine (16.3%). In total, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) formed 79.2% of all the prescriptions. Tricyclic antidepressants formed a small part (15.15%) of total prescriptions, with imipramine being the most commonly used tricyclic antidepressant. Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (venlafaxine, desvenlafaxine and duloxetine) were prescribed to 11.3% of patients with equal share of venlafaxine and duloxetine. About one-sixth (N=104; 14.7%) of the patients were prescribed more than one antidepressant. Nearly three-fourth of the patients (N=523; 74.1%) were prescribed a benzodiazepine, with clonazepam being the most preferred agent, prescribed to nearly half of the participants (49%) and formed nearly two-third of the total benzodiazepine prescriptions (346 out of 523).Aim: To study the psychotropic prescription patterns of patients with first episode depression from diverse settings including teaching institutions in public and private sectors and even privately run psychiatric clinics.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "An analysis of gas hydrate dissociation in the presence of thermodynamic inhibitors. The kinetic behavior of small cylindrical methane hydrate samples as they dissociate in the presence of thermodynamic inhibitors is investigated experimentally and theoretically. A one-dimensional time-domain representation of the thermal processes involved allows a simulation of the experimental procedure while testing several kinetic and heat transfer dissociation models at the decomposing hydrate surface. Preliminary calculations with constant convective (liquid side) heat transfer coefficients show that the inclusion of an intrinsic dissociation kinetic model from the literature leads to a substantial mismatch between data and predictions. This apparent difficulty suggests that the intrinsic dissociation formalism may not be applicable to situations when hydrates are not decomposed by depressurization. A simpler equilibrium assumption for the interface temperature yields significantly better results. When the convective heat transfer coefficient is expressed as a simple power of the dissociating front velocity, up to a multiplicative factor, the agreement between data and calculations can be further improved. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "Seismic characterization of hydrates in faulted, fine-grained sediments of Krishna-Godavari Basin: Full waveform inversion. In fine-grained, faulted sediments, both stratigraphic and fault-induced structural variations can simultaneously determine the gas hydrate distribution. Insights into hydrate distribution can be obtained from P wave velocity (V-P) and attenuation (Q(P)(-1)) character of the gas hydrate stability zone (GHSZ). In this paper, we apply frequency domain full-waveform inversion (FWI) to surface-towed 2D multichannel seismic data from the Krishna-Godavari (KG) Basin, India, to image the fine-scale (100 x 30 m) V-P and Q(P)(-1) variations within the GHSZ. We validate the inverted V-P model by reconciling it with a sonic log from a nearby (similar to 250 m) well. The V-P model shows a patchy distribution of hydrate. Away from the faults-dominated parts of the profile, hydrates demonstrate stratigraphic control which appears to be permeability driven. The Q(P)(-1) model suggests that attenuation is relatively suppressed in hydrates-bearing sediments. Elevated attenuation in non-hydrate-bearing sediments could be driven by the apparent pore fluid immiscibility at seismic wavelengths. The V-P and the Q(P)(-1) models also suggest that fault zones within the GHSZ can be hydrate-or free-gas-rich depending on the relative supply of free gas and water from below the GHSZ.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Telling the Stories of the Suffered: C. S. Song's 'Story Theology' and its Criticism. It has been many centuries since Christianity was introduced to Asia. However, the theological teachings and doctrines brought to Asia by western missionaries are still in conflict with the indigenous cultures. Asian theologians, including Choan-Seng Song, agreeably blame the embarrassment difficulties and on western missionaries' self-centered ideologies. In order to resolve the prolonged problems, Song encourages Asian Christians to do theology (faith thinking) with Asian stories rather than western resources, with the hope that Christianity no longer regarded as a foreign and exclusive religion in Asia. Song names this sort of effort \\\\'story theology\\\\'. By his story theology Song not only paves a way for Asian Christians to accommodate themselves to local societies and cultures, but also reminds them to be more aware of the suffering people around them.The purpose of the essay is to investigate Song's story theology and to point out its weakness. Firstly, the essay expounds the background and formation of the story theology. Secondly, it illustrates how Asian stories can be interpreted theologically by using Song's exposition of the Chinese folktale \\\\'The Tears of Lady Meng\\\\' as an example. Lastly, the essay maintains that within Song's story theology there is a hermeneutical ambiguity and a strong tendency to ethical relativism that should not be neglected by its advocates.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "A Child With Terminal 14q Deletion Syndrome: Consideration of Genotype-Phenotype Correlations. Patients with terminal deletions of chromosome 14 usually share a number of clinical features. The syndrome is thought not to be associated with multiple congenital anomalies. We report on a patient having a terminal deletion of about 3.2 Mb, with the breakpoint in 14q32.32. Multiple health problems led to his early death. By molecular techniques (array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)), we identified two previously reported patients with deletions in the terminal part of chromosome 14 of almost exactly the same size and compare the phenotypes of all three children. The phenotype of the current patient is much more severe than the phenotypes of the two patients reported previously. The patients also present different sets of dysmorphic features described previously as characteristic for 14q deletion syndrome. Molecular cytogenetic mapping showed that the breakpoints in all three patients were clustered within a 240 kb interval. The possibility of recurrent breakpoint location in terminal 14q deletion syndrome, as well its detailed characterization of the spectrum of phenotypes associated with the syndrome, will require the investigation of multiple patients with similar deletions in 14q. (C) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "INTERNATIONAL ANTITRUST ENFORCEMENT AND MULTIMARKET CONTACT. This article analyzes cartel formation and international antitrust enforcement when multinational firms operate in several jurisdictions with local antitrust authorities. We are concerned with how the sustainability of collusion in one local market is affected by the existence of collusion in other markets when they are linked by a negative demand relationship. The interdependence of cartel stability across markets leads to potential externalities in antitrust enforcement across jurisdictions. Local antitrust enforcement equilibrium enforcement may exhibit a nonmonotonicity in the degree of market integration. We compare it with globally optimal antitrust enforcement policy and discuss the role of international antitrust coordination.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Non-local electron-positron enhancement factors in solids. Non-local electron-positron correlation effects in solids are studied. The weighted density approximation is applied to calculations of the non-local electron-positron correlation functions. The calculated weighted density approximation electron-positron enhancement factors far the core electrons are compared with those obtained within the local density approximation. Also, differences in the electron-positron enhancement factors due to the s, p, d and f angular momentum channels of the electron charge density are studied. The formalism is applied to ab initio calculations of positron lifetimes in a variety of metals and silicon. The influence of various approximations to the electron-positron interaction on the positron lifetimes is also presented. The weighted density approximation results are compared to those calculated within the local density approximation, the recent generalized gradient approximation and with experimental data.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "THEOPHRASTUS AND THE DEFINITION OF TRAGEDY PRESERVED BY DIOMEDES: MEANING OF AND RELATIONSHIP WITH ARISTOTLE. This article examines Theophrastus' definition of tragedy, as preserved by the Latin grammarian Diomedes, focusing on two questions that still need discussion. First, what is the meaning of the variously interpreted peristasis? An analysis of Diomedes' text and a survey of the use of the word in Peripatetic works, both neglected by scholars up to now, suggest that it means \\\\'reversal\\\\'. Second, is the definition anti-Aristotelian? Not only katharsis, as is frequently emphasized, but, indeed, all the elements in Aristotle's definition are absent from Theophrastus'. Nonetheless, references to characters and plot, on which Theophrastus'definition centres, can be found in Aristotle's discussion of tragedy.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Electrical properties of (Na0.5K0.5)NbO3-BiTiO3 ceramics with the variation of sintering temperature. Piezoelectric 0.93(Na0.5K0.5)NbO3-0.07BiTiO(3) (NKN-BTO) ceramics were fabricated by the mixed-oxide method and their structural and dielectric properties was investigated with the variation of sintering temperature. All specimens were crystallized in the perovskite single phase without any formation of a second phase such as pyrochlore. The average grain size of the NKN-BTO specimen sintered at 1130 degrees C is 0.32 mu m. The specimen sintered at 1100 degrees C showed the highest relative density of 98%. Electromechanical coupling factor, relative dielectric constant and dielectric loss of the NICN-BTO specimens sintered at 1110 degrees C were 0.31, 1222 and 0.02, respectively. Curie temperature of the specimen sintered at 1110 degrees C was 445 degrees C.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "HPPD-resistant cotton response to isoxaflutole applied preemergence and postemergence. Studies were conducted in 2019 and 2020 in Lewiston, NC, to determine the crop response of 4-hydroxyphenylpyrivate dioxygenase (HPPD)-resistant cotton to isoxaflutole (IFT) and other cotton herbicides as part of a cotton weed management program that included herbicides applied preemergence, early postemergence (EPOST), and mid-postemergence (MPOST). IFT was applied PRE at 105 g ha(-1) alone and in various combinations with acetochlor, diuron, fluometuron, fluridone, fomesafen, pendimethalin, and pyrithiobac. EPOST treatments included IFT at 53 or 105 g ha(-1) alone or in combination with glyphosate or glufosinate, or dimethenamid-P + glufosinate. Glyphosate + glufosinate was applied MPOST to all treatments except the nontreated control. Cotton injury from IFT applied PRE was minimal (0% to 3%). Injury following EPOST application of dimethenamid-P + glufosinate ranged from 3% to 5% and 6% to 9% in 2019 and 2020, respectively. In both years, injury from IFT applied PRE followed by IFT applied EPOST never exceeded injury from IFT applied PRE followed by dimethenamid-P + glufosinate. Isoxaflutole applied PRE followed by IFT applied EPOST at 105 g ha(-1) resulted in 0% to 2% cotton injury, indicating that IFT can be applied either PRE or EPOST with minimal risk to cotton. Late-season cotton height and cotton lint yield were not affected by any herbicide treatment. The experimental HPPD-resistant cotton cultivar was minimally injured by IFT applied PRE and EPOST, it tolerated standard cotton herbicides, and yield loss was not observed. Given these results, HPPD-resistant cotton and IFT may be integrated into cotton weed management systems with minimal risk for cotton injury and provide an additional effective mechanism of action for managing troublesome weeds in cotton.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Phylogeny of the Metazoa based on morphological and 18S ribosomal DNA evidence. Cladistic analysis of traditional (i.e. morphological, developmental, ultrastructural) and molecular (18S rDNA) data sets (276+501 informative characters) provides a hypothesis about relationships of all metazoan higher taxa. Monophyly of Metazoa, Epitheliozoa (=non-Porifera), Triploblastica, Mesozoa, Eutriploblastica (=Rhabditophora+Catenulida+ \\\\'higher triploblasts\\\\'= Neotriploblastica, including Xenoturbellida and Gnathostomulida), Rhabditophora, Syndermata (=\\\\'Rotifera\\\\'+ Acanthocephala), (= Gastrotricha+ Gnathostomulida), Nematozoa (= Nematoda+ Nematomorpha), Panarthropoda (= Onychophora + Tardigrada + Arthropoda), Cephalorhyncha, Deuterostomia, Ambulacralia (= Hemichordata+ Echinodermata), Chordata, Phoronozoa (= Phoronida + \\\\'Brachiopoda\\\\'), Bryozoa, Trochozoa (= Eutrochozoa+ Entoprocta+ Cycliophora), Eutrochozoa, and Chaetifera (=Annelida + Pogonophora+ Echiura) is strongly supported. Cnidaria (including Myxozoa), Ecdysozoa (=Cephalorhyncha + Nematozoa + Chaetognatha + Panarthropoda), Eucoelomata (= Bryozoa + Phoronozoa + Deuterostomia+ Trochozoa, possibly including also Xenoturbellida), and Deuterostomia+ Phoronozoa probably are monophyletic. Most traditional \\\\'phyla\\\\' are monophyletic, except for Porifera, Cnidaria (excluding Myxozoa), Platyhelminthes, Brachiopoda, and Rotifera. Three \\\\'hot\\\\' regions of the tree remain quite unresolved: basal Epitheliozoa, basal Triploblastica, and basal Neotriploblastica. A new phylogenetic classification of the Metazoa including 35 formally recognized phyla (Silicispongea, Calcispongea, Placozoa, Cnidaria, Ctenophora, Acoela, Nemertodermatida, Orthonecta, Rhombozoa, Rhabditophora, Catenulida, Syndermata, Gnathostomulida, Gastrotricha, Cephalorhyncha, Chaetognatha, Nematoda, Nematomorpha, Onychophora, Tardigrada, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, Hemichordata, Chordata, Phoronozoa, Bryozoa s. str., Xenoturbellida, Entoprocta, Cycliophora, Nemertea, Mollusca, Sipuncula, Echiura, Pogonophora, and Annelida) and few incertae sedis groups (e.g. Myzostomida and Lobatocerebromorpha) is proposed. (C) 1998 The Willi Hennig Society.", "label": [4, 39, 43]}
+{"token": "Joining of SiC ceramic to Ni-based superalloy with functionally gradient material fillers and a tungsten intermediate layer. Joining of ceramics to metals is of great interest from both technical and economical points of view. SHS welding of SiC ceramic to Ni-based superalloy has been achieved with TiC-Ni functionally gradient materials as filler and a tungsten sheet as an intermediate layer. The obtained welded strength of the welded sample is 60% of the strength of the SiC ceramic measured under the identical conditions. This value is 25% greater than that without the tungsten intermediate layer. Within the range tested in this study, the strength of welded samples increases with increasing thickness of the tungsten layer. The presence of the tungsten intermediate layer can effectively improve the distribution of process-induced thermal stresses in the joints and reduce the concentration of residual thermal stresses in the ceramic near the welding seam. Microstructural study reveals that diffusion takes place at the interfaces, which promotes bonding at the interfaces. (C) 2003 Kluwer Academic Publishers.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "Low-voltage CMOS frequency synthesizer for ERMES pager application. A low-voltage frequency synthesizer fabricated With a 0.35-mum standard CMOS technology is presented. A1-V dual-modulus prescaler using the dynamic back-gate forward bias method has been developed for low-voltage operation. The prescaler, including a preamplifier, measured at 1-V supply voltage has a maximum operating frequency of 170 MHz, and its power dissipation is only 0.9 mW. The voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) in the frequency synthesizer is an LC-tank based oscillator. When locked at the oscillation frequency of 148 MHz, the measured phase noise of the VCO is - 106 dBc/Hz at 100-kHz from the carrier. The whole power consumption of the frequency synthesizer is 10.5 mW.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Reflective discourse: Developing shared understandings in a physics classroom. The study examines ways of speaking that foster the communication of physics principles through reflective discourse. By reflective discourse we mean classroom discussions during which three conditions frequently occur: students express their own thoughts, comments and questions rather than recite a textbook exposition; the teacher and individual students engage in an extended series of questioning exchanges that help students better articulate their beliefs and conceptions; and student/student exchanges involve one student trying to understand the thinking of another. Data consisted of two videotaped lessons about the nature of gravity and its effects. We developed a narrative analysis of the transcripts and identified characteristic features of reflective discourse. These included invoking metaphors for teaching and learning, following a student's lead in thinking and structuring the discussion to foster and monitor changes in the students' conceptions.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Corporate Citizenship and Managerial Motivation: Implications for Business Legitimacy. In 2000, Business and Society Review published a Special Issue of the journal to explore scholars' ideas about how the practice of corporate citizenship would evolve in the 21st century. Contributors to the volume predicted a change in business motives for engaging in social initiatives, suggesting that managers would begin to see corporate citizenship as a strategic necessity to preserve organizational legitimacy in the face of changing social values. This article uses data from a study of corporate citizenship practices in over 500 Norwegian companies to explore the validity of the Special Issue predictions. We begin by reviewing the foundations of organizational legitimacy theory and examine recent research documenting the growing importance of corporate citizenship for assessments of business legitimacy. We describe our study methods, present our results, and discuss the implications of our findings in this context.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "What are you looking at? Acuity for triadic eye gaze. The authors measured observers' ability to determine direction of gaze toward an object in space. In Experiment 1, they determined the difference threshold for determining whether a live \\\\'looker\\\\' was looking to the left or right of a target point. Acuity for eye direction was quite high (approximately 30 s arc). Viewing the movement of the looker's eyes did not improve acuity. When one of the looker's eyes was occluded, the observers' acuity was disrupted and their point of subjective equality was shifted away from the exposed eye. Experiment 2 was a replication of Experiment 1, but digitized gaze displays were used. The results of Experiment 3 showed that the acuity for direction of gaze depended on the position of the looker's target. Overall, the results indicated that humans are highly sensitive to gaze direction and that information from both eyes is used to determine direction of regard.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "The weak density of properly d-r.e. branching degree in the d-r.e. degrees. It is proved that for any r.e. degrees v < re, there exists a properly d-r.e. degree c such that c is a branching degree and v < c < u.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "A lack of Fas/FasL signalling leads to disturbances in the antiviral response during ectromelia virus infection. Ectromelia virus (ECTV) is an orthopoxvirus (OPV) that causes mousepox, the murine equivalent of human smallpox. Fas receptor-Fas ligand (FasL) signaling is involved in apoptosis of immune cells and virus-specific cytotoxicity. The Fas/FasL pathway also plays an important role in controlling the local inflammatory response during ECTV infection. Here, the immune response to the ECTV Moscow strain was examined in Fas (-) (lpr), FasL (-) (gld) and C57BL6 wild-type mice. During ECTV-MOS infection, Fas- and FasL mice showed increased viral titers, decreased total numbers of NK cells, CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells followed by decreased percentages of IFN-gamma expressing NK cells, CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in spleens and lymph nodes. At day 7 of ECTV-MOS infection, Fas- and FasL-deficient mice had the highest regulatory T cell (Treg) counts in spleen and lymph nodes in contrast to wild-type mice. Furthermore, at days 7 and 10 of the infection, we observed significantly higher numbers of PD-L1-expressing dendritic cells in Fas (-) and FasL (-) mice in comparison to wild-type mice. Experiments in co-cultures of CD4(+) T cells and bone-marrow-derived dendritic cells showed that the lack of bilateral Fas-FasL signalling led to expansion of Tregs. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that during ECTV infection, Fas/FasL can regulate development of tolerogenic DCs and Tregs, leading to an ineffective immune response.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Strange Bedfellows: Digging Under Post-communist 'Polished Polishness. Facilitating antisemitism or racialism in the name of the democratic \\\\'value\\\\' of freedom of speech is to undermine democracy itself. For freedom of speech is not a value, but one of the many democratic instruments. Like all instruments (freedom of assembly, for instance) it can also be misused for undemocratic purposes. Freedom of speech, in other words, is not the \\\\'independent variable\\\\' that libertarians make it into, but a \\\\'dependent variable\\\\' that reflects whether the issue at stake is central or peripheral to the beholder. This article examines attitudes to \\\\'political correctness\\\\' rejected in the name of freedom of speech in Croatia, Poland, Hungary and Romania.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Experimental investigation of gas production processes in shale. Shale gas formations are complex and heterogeneous systems, with both organic and inorganic content. Shale gas is contained in porous reservoirs in three forms: as free gas in the matrix pores and natural.fractures, as adsorbed gas on the surfaces of pores within organic matter and clay minerals, and as dissolved gas in kerogen. Identifying the relative proportions of the three different forms of gas in the production stream is important to the design of effective production strategies. In this paper, we performed gas production tests for four shale gas core samples with the same initial gas-in-place, but to different production pressure levels, to evaluate the contributions of the three different forms of gas to the ultimate gas production. The cumulative production curves exhibited several stages, representing different gas production processes. Production of compressed free gas, adsorbed gas, and dissolved gas were identified from the slopes of the cumulative gas production versus time curves. For the shale gas core samples tested, it was found that a portion of the adsorbed gas as well as a portion of the dissolved gas is not producible when the production pressure was above a certain value. The contributions of free gas, adsorbed gas, and dissolved gas to the cumulative gas production varied with the production pressure. Through the analysis of controlling factors, the free gas production has no correlation with total organic content (TOC), shale desorption properties, or stress sensitivity of permeability. At high production pressures, the adsorbed gas production is primarily affected by the shale desorption properties, while, at low production pressures, the adsorbed gas production is primarily affected by the stress sensitivity of permeability. And, although TOC can significantly increase the adsorbed gas content, the adsorbed gas production percentage of gas-in-place and TOC exhibit no correlation. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35]}
+{"token": "Mitochondrial Membrane Protein-associated Neurodegeneration: Two Adult Cases with Different Clinical Presentation. Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of diseases. Mitochondrial membrane protein-associated neurodegeneration is a rare subtype of this disease spectrum. Thus, this case report aimed to draw attention to this rarely seen disease.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "The Psychological Profile of Church of England Male Archdeacons at the Beginning of the Twenty-first Century: Drawing on Psychological Type and Temperament Theory. Recent discussion and research has pointed to the changing functions of archdeacons within the Church of England as the role has become expanded to combine both the traditional statutory functions with flexible and visionary leadership skills within a changing church. This study draws on data collected in 2009 from 186 active and retired male archdeacons in order to assess the psychological profile established by that time. Compared with the psychological profile of 626 clergymen, male archdeacons were much more likely to prefer the SJ temperament (60 per cent compared with 31 per cent), a temperament ideally suited for effective administration of the statutory functions. As a consequence, preference for intuition was lower among male archdeacons (38 per cent compared with 62 per cent), as was preference for perceiving (9 per cent compared with 32 per cent), qualities core for flexibility and visionary leadership.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Beyond literacy: non-formal education programmes for adults in Mozambique. Thirty-five years after independence the Mozambican illiteracy rate has been reduced from 93% to just over 50% according to official statistics. Although this indicates an enormous achievement in the area of education, the challenge of today still is to design appropriate adult basic education programmes including literacy, numeracy and life skills. Studies carried out in the framework of the research programme of the Adult Education Department of Eduardo Mondlane University in Mozambique reveal the dilemmas encountered in designing such programmes. By uncovering these dilemmas this article aims to display critical issues regarding the content and the implementation of literacy and non-formal education programmes for adults relevant to their context. As the Mozambican research programme was part of a cooperation with universities in South Africa and the Netherlands, the issues will be discussed against the background of this international cooperation.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Assessing judicial activism of the CJEU the case of the court's defence procurement rulings. The aim of this article is to assess the judicial activism of the Court of Justice of the European Union. In adopting a politics-of-law approach, the article contributes to the more recent literature which stresses that the Court's activism can only be understood by embedding the analysis of its rulings in the broader political and institutional context of European integration. Based on the analysis of the Court's two defence procurement rulings, the article argues that the Court has limited the member states' capacity to refer to article 346 TFEU which aims to protect the member states' essential security interests and to allow them to escape the EU's public procurement rules. Not only has the Commission used the threat of a Court ruling to convince the member states to legislate in this field but the Court has also issued activist rulings, albeit moderately activist ones.", "label": [5, 47, 49]}
+{"token": "A green-gray path to global water security and sustainable infrastructure. Sustainable development demands reliable water resources, yet traditional water management has broadly failed to avoid environmental degradation and contain infrastructure costs. We explore the global-scale feasibility of combining natural capital with engineering-based (green-gray) approaches to meet water security threats over the 21st century. Threats to water resource systems are projected to rise throughout this period, together with a significant expansion in engineering deployments and progressive loss of natural capital. In many parts of the world, strong path dependencies are projected to arise from the legacy of prior environmental degradation that constrains future water management to a heavy reliance on engineering-based approaches. Elsewhere, retaining existing stocks of natural capital creates opportunities to employ blended green-gray water infrastructure. By 2050, annual engineering expenditures are projected to triple to $2.3 trillion, invested mainly in developing economies. In contrast, preserving natural capital for threat suppression represents a potential $3.0 trillion in avoided replacement costs by mid-century. Society pays a premium whenever these nature-based assets are lost, as the engineering costs necessary to achieve an equivalent level of threat management are, on average, twice as expensive. Countries projected to rapidly expand their engineering investments while losing natural capital will be most constrained in realizing green-gray water management. The situation is expected to be most restrictive across the developing world, where the economic, technical, and governance capacities to overcome such challenges remain limited. Our results demonstrate that policies that support blended green-gray approaches offer a pathway to future global water security but will require a strategic commitment to preserving natural capital. Absent such stewardship, the costs of water resource infrastructure and services will likely rise substantially and frustrate efforts to attain universal and sustainable water security.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Renewable energy powered membrane technology: Impact of solar irradiance fluctuations on performance of a brackish water reverse osmosis system. Fluctuations in solar irradiance were varied in frequency and magnitude to investigate the performance of a directly-connected solar energy powered reverse osmosis (RO) membrane system. Typically, the system produced acceptable quality water with constant solar irradiances ranging from 400 to 1200 W Low average motor powers were encountered during fluctuations, however, in many cases, good performance was still realised, even at solar irradiance values that were equivalent to <400 W m(-2). This counter-intuitive result arises from the effect of averaging the motor power, with periods of high solar irradiance compensating for the under-performance at times when the system was off. Overall, even though the permeate flux was often low when operating under fluctuating conditions, the RD system continued to deliver satisfactory quality water and at a low specific energy consumption (SEC). Temporal studies revealed that a disruption of the concentration polarisation layer occurs via a naturally induced backwash for steps in the solar irradiance as low as 100 W m(-2). This suggests that a renewable energy powered RO filtration system could benefit from being operated from a fluctuating energy source. Furthermore, the operating conditions during the first couple of minutes after a system shutdown event is shown to be very important, with: (i) shorter off-periods resulting in good performance being achieved quicker, and (ii) short-term power availability dramatically improving system performance. These findings indicate that a renewable energy powered RO system can operate well from a fluctuating energy source, in particular when additional power - for example, via supercapacitor energy buffering - is available to boost the system after a shut-down period. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "Novel candidate genes and variants underlying autosomal recessive neurodevelopmental disorders with intellectual disability. Identification of Mendelian genes for neurodevelopmental disorders using exome sequencing to study autosomal recessive (AR) consanguineous pedigrees has been highly successful. To identify causal variants for syndromic and non-syndromic intellectual disability (ID), exome sequencing was performed using DNA samples from 22 consanguineous Pakistani families with ARID, of which 21 have additional phenotypes including microcephaly. To aid in variant identification, homozygosity mapping and linkage analysis were performed. DNA samples from affected family member(s) from every pedigree underwent exome sequencing. Identified rare damaging exome variants were tested for co-segregation with ID using Sanger sequencing. For seven ARID families, variants were identified in genes not previously associated with ID, including: EI24, FXR1 and TET3 for which knockout mouse models have brain defects; and CACNG7 and TRAPPC10 where cell studies suggest roles in important neural pathways. For two families, the novel ARID genes CARNMT1 and GARNL3 lie within previously reported ID microdeletion regions. We also observed homozygous variants in two ID candidate genes, GRAMD1B and TBRG1, for which each has been previously reported in a single family. An additional 14 families have homozygous variants in established ID genes, of which 11 variants are novel. All ARID genes have increased expression in specific structures of the developing and adult human brain and 91% of the genes are differentially expressed in utero or during early childhood. The identification of novel ARID candidate genes and variants adds to the knowledge base that is required to further understand human brain function and development.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Optimisation of process parameters to develop nutritionally rich spray-dried honey powder with vitamin C content and antioxidant properties. The aim of present research was to optimise the conditions to develop nutritionally rich honey powder using honey, whey protein concentrate (WPC), aonla (Emblica officinalis. Gaertn) and basil (Ocimum sanctum) extract with the help of co-current spray drier. Response surface methodology was applied to study the effects of inlet temperature (160-180 degrees C), whey protein concentrate (25-35%), feed flow rate (0.08-0.13mLs(-1)), aonla extract (6-8%) and basil extract (6-8%) on product responses, viz. bulk density, hygroscopicity, antioxidant activity (AOA), total phenolic content (TPC) and vitamin C. Statistical analysis revealed that independent variables significantly affected all the responses. The results demonstrated that increasing inlet temperature lowered the bulk density, hygroscopicity, AOA, TPC and vitamin C, whereas addition of aonla extract and basil extract increased the AOA (82.73%), TPC (63.27%) and total vitamin C content (94.89%) as these functional compounds were encapsulated by WPC. Similarly, with increase in feed flow rate and WPC, there was increase and decrease in the bulk density and hygroscopicity, respectively. The recommended optimum spray-drying conditions were inlet air temperature (170 degrees C), feed rate (0.11mLs(-1)), whey protein concentrate (35%), aonla (8%) and basil extract (6%).", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Rubens paintings workshop and circle bequeathed in Logrono in 1622. Joseph of Velasco, canon of Logrono, and his brother John of Velasco, secretary of Ambrogio Spinola for more than twenty years, bequeathed in Logrono forty Flemish paintings although we only know the whereabouts of those that were given to the church of Santa Maria de Palacio. In this paper three unknown works by Rubens' workshop preserved in Santa Maria la Redonda in Logrono and the parish church of Xavier (Navarre) are proposed as part of the legacy: Christ Expiring on the Cross in life-size and two paintings of St. Ignatius of Loyola and St. Francis Xavier.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Generation of Programmatic Contents by Competencies: A Technological and Systemic View of Higher Education. This research combines the art of designing programmatic contents by competencies and the technological variable as an innovative resource in the context of higher education. The objective of this study was focused on the development of a technological system for the generation of programmatic contents by competencies in the curricular units of university careers. This research was carried out under the empirical approach; it is of an applicative type, since it generates a proposal and it was structured methodologically by phases: Phase I of approaching the manual system and user requirements was deployed under a field design in which the current situation and user expectations were described through the techniques of participant observation and meetings of experts in the area of educational technology (teaching staff of the different academic programs, heads of departments and coordinators of the Curriculum Commission), in order to carry out business rounds as a strategy of characterization and permanent consultation of the evolution of the system design to generate agreements. Phase II led to the establishment of the structural components of the prototype, and integrated the essentials from the systems theory, software engineering, and pedagogical didactic theories. Phase III was based on the methodology of system design by prototyping. As for the results, it was evidenced that the stakeholders considered feasible the use of the system to generate programmatic contents by competence, and finally the functionality of the system and the operational advantages for the generation of programmatic contents were demonstrated.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Unrestricted hepatocyte transduction with adeno-associated virus serotype 8 vectors in mice. Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors can mediate long-term stable transduction in various target tissues. However, with rAAV serotype 2 (rAAV2) vectors, liver transduction is confined to only a small portion of hepatocytes even after administration of extremely high vector doses. In order to investigate whether rAAV vectors of other serotypes exhibit similar restricted liver transduction, we performed a dose-response study by injecting mice with P-galactosidase-expressing rAAV1 and rAAV8 vectors via the portal vein. The rAAV1 vector showed a blunted dose-response similar to that of rAAV2 at high doses, while the rAAV8 vector dose-response remained unchanged at any dose and ultimately could transduce all the hepatocytes at a dose of 7.2 X 10(12) vector genomes/mouse without toxicity. This indicates that all hepatocytes have the ability to process incoming single-stranded vector genomes into duplex DNA. A single tail vein injection of the rAAV8 vector was as efficient as portal vein injection at any dose. In addition, intravascular administration of the rAAV8 vector at a high dose transduced all the skeletal muscles throughout the body, including the diaphragm, the entire cardiac muscle, and substantial numbers of cells in the pancreas, smooth muscles, and brain. Thus, rAAV8 is a robust vector for gene transfer to the liver and provides a promising research tool for delivering genes to various target organs. In addition, the rAAV8 vector may offer a potential therapeutic agent for various diseases affecting nonhepatic tissues, hut great caution is required for vector spillover and tight control of tissue-specific gene expression.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "New species, new taxon report and biogeography of the diatom genus Gomphoneis Cleve (Bacillariophyceae) in Patagonia, Chubut Province, Argentina. The presence of three Gomphoneis species from Chubut Province in Argentina is documented with light and scanning electron microscopy. Two of the taxa, G. patagoniana and G. eriense var. variabilis, are part of the Herculeana subgroup of Gomphoneis. Gomphoneis patagoniana is a newly discovered species and G. eriense var. variabilis is reported from Argentina for the first time. These two species have evident axial plates, differentiated apical pore fields (APFs), a stigmal opening that is round externally and slit-like internally, and areolae that are mostly tri-radiate in shape. The third species, G. frenguellii, is also newly discovered and described. Presence of four isolated stigmoids, undifferentiated APFs and lack of an axial plate indicates G. frenguellii is a member of the Elegans subgroup of the genus. Presence of these newly described species, and the previously unreported taxon, may also be associated with the invasive species Didymosphenia geminata. Given there is no long history of reports of Gomphoneis in the country and, in the case of G. eriense var. variabilis, its previously known distribution, it is possible that the origin of this Gomphoneis taxon is from western North America.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "Evaluation of a wireless ambulatory capsule (SmartPill (R)) to measure gastrointestinal tract pH, luminal pressure and temperature, and transit time in ponies. Reasons for performing study: This study investigated the use of a wireless ambulatory capsule (WAC; SmartPill (R) pH.p GI Monitoring System) to determine WAC-gastric emptying time (GET) in ponies. Objectives: To measure WAC-GET and compare it to those findings with GET assessed by nuclear scintigraphy (S-GET). Hypothesis: WAC-GET will be slower than S-GET, but will be significantly correlated. Methods: Seven healthy adult mixed-breed pony mares were used in this study. Feed was withheld for 12 h prior to the WAC administration. After administration, a complete-feed diet was fed to allow the WAC to pass into the stomach. Luminal pH, temperature and pressure were collected by a modified receiver secured to the pony. Once the pH reached a value of =8.0, it was determined that gastric emptying had occurred, and ponies were fed grass hay. After 5 days, data were downloaded and analysed using proprietary software. During the second period of the study, after at least 2 weeks, 4 of the ponies underwent a standard S-GET test. Results: The WAC was successfully administered, and data were collected from all ponies. The mean percentage of data packets collected by the receiver was 84.9 +/- 3.51% (range 66.895.1%). Mean WAC-GET was 7.38 h (range 0.1546.65 h). Mean gastric pH was 4.75 (range 2.076.99). Mean small intestinal transit time was 4.6 h. The mean pH for the small intestine was 8.0. The mean S-GET time (in hours) when 10% of the radioactive feed is present in the stomach (T-90%) was 2.3 h. The S-GET did not correlate significantly with the WAC-GET. Conclusions and potential relevance: The WAC was safely administered to ponies, and data were collected using a modified receiver. The WAC-GET varied considerably between ponies, but was =3 h in 5 of the 6 ponies. The WAC used in this study provided a noninvasive technique that produced novel information about the pony gastrointestinal tract, but owing to the substantial variability in GET values and long transit time it may not be a reliable clinical tool at this time.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "SUBSTELLAR OBJECTS IN NEARBY YOUNG CLUSTERS (SONYC). VI. THE PLANETARY-MASS DOMAIN OF NGC 1333. Within the SONYC (Substellar Objects in Nearby Young Clusters) survey, we investigate the frequency of free-floating planetary-mass objects (planemos) in the young cluster NGC 1333. Building upon our extensive previous work, we present spectra for 12 of the faintest candidates from our deep multi-band imaging, plus seven random objects in the same fields, using MOIRCS on Subaru. We confirm seven new sources as young very lowmass objects (VLMOs), with T-eff of 2400-3100 K and mid-M to early-L spectral types. These objects add to the growing census of VLMOs in NGC 1333, now totaling 58. Three confirmed objects (one found in this study) have masses below 15 M-Jup, according to evolutionary models, thus are likely planemos. We estimate the total planemo population with 5-15 M-Jup in NGC 1333 is less than or similar to 8. The mass spectrum in this cluster is well approximated by dN/dM alpha M-alpha, with a single value of alpha = 0.6 +/- 0.1 for M < 0.6M(circle dot), consistent with other nearby star-forming regions, and requires alpha less than or similar to 0.6 in the planemo domain. Our results in NGC 1333, as well as findings in several other clusters by ourselves and others, confirm that the star formation process extends into the planetary-mass domain, at least down to 6M(Jup). However, given that planemos are 20-50 times less numerous than stars, their contribution to the object number and mass budget in young clusters is negligible. Our findings disagree strongly with the recent claim from a microlensing study that free-floating planetary-mass objects are twice as common as stars-if the microlensing result is confirmed, those isolated Jupiter-mass objects must have a different origin from brown dwarfs and planemos observed in young clusters.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Studies of P-glycoprotein in chronic myelogenous leukaemia patients: Expression, activity and correlations with CD34 antigen. Over-expression of the beta-glycoprotein (Ppg), transmembrane drug efflux pump, has been shown to cause multidrug resistance of tumour cells (MDR). To investigate the clinical significance of Pgp expression for chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) diagnosis and monitoring we have studied 38 CML patients in various phases of the disease (chronic phase, CP; accelerated phase, AP; blast crisis, BC). Anti-Pgp monoclanal antibody UIC2 and FACScan analysis were used. Pgp functional activity was investigated by evaluation of verapamil influence upon rhodamine 123 efflux from the cells. Correlations between Pgp and CD34 expression were investigated. In CP, Pgp-expressing cells were found in 2/14 patients; in one of them Pgp proved to be non-functional. There were few Pgp-expressing cells in AP cases. The group of BC patients consisted of cases resistant to chemotherapy This gave us the opportunity to consider whether drug resistance of BC CML patients is preferentially connected with Pgp-mediated MDR. 11/22 BC patients had 20% or more of Pgp-expressing blasts in the peripheral blood. In all four Pgp(+) BC cases studied for Pgp activity this protein was functional. Only 4/ 22 BC patients demonstrated large (40% or more) fractions of Pgp(+) blasts. Moreover, sequential studies of 11 BC CML patients during treatment revealed an increase in the number of Pgp-expressing cells in only two cases. This suggests that Pgp(+) cells did not often accumulate in BC CML, patients due to chemotherapy and are the cause of drug resistance in only a few cases. A positive correlation between Pgp and CD34 expression was found (r=0.69; P=0.0001). 3/22 BC CML patients had large fractions of both Pgp(+) and CD34(+) blasts in their peripheral blood. The BC CML patients with this immunophenotgpe of blast cells may represent a subtype of BC CML resistant to treatment due to Pgp overexpression.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Children's Racial Categorization in Context. The ability to discriminate visually based on race emerges early in infancy: 3-month-olds can perceptually differentiate and 6-month-olds can perceptually categorize faces by race. Between ages 6 and 8 years, children can sort others into racial groups. But to what extent are these abilities influenced by context? In this article, we review studies on children's racial categorization and discuss how our conclusions are affected by how we ask the questions (i.e., our methods and stimuli), where we ask them (i.e., the diversity of the child's surrounding environment), and whom we ask (i.e., the diversity of the children we study). Taken together, we suggest that despite a developmental readiness to categorize others by race, the use of race as a psychologically salient basis for categorization is far from inevitable and is shaped largely by the experimental setting and the greater cultural context.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Microstructural Features of Low-Alloy Pipeline Steels that Determine Impact Strength of Welded Joint Heat-Affected Zone. Microstructural mechanisms reducing the impact strength values of a coarse grained heat-affected zone are studied for two K60 microalloyed steels. Research is conducted on specimens subjected to simulation of a heat-affected zone. The microstructure and fracture surface are studied using scanning electron microscopy and backscattered electron diffraction. It is shown that titanium nitride inclusions have the greatest influence on impact strength of the heat-affected zone whose cleavage within large bainite packages may cause macro-brittle specimen fracture. The risk of such non-metallic inclusions depends on the their structural features. In particular, presence of aluminum oxide and calcium sulfide blocking contact of the ferritic matrix with nitride leads to an increase in cleavage stress and hinders macroscopic brittle fracture in the early stages of impact bending.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "GAINING ACCESS TO JUSTICE: A SUBNATIONAL STUDY OF PUBLIC DEFENDER OFFICES IN MEXICO. With the transition to democracy, Latin American countries have embarked on implementing judicial reforms to redesign justice-sector institutions and build up the rule of law in the region. Reform efforts included empowering the courts, granting political independence to the public prosecutor's office, professionalizing the public defender offices and implementing the accusatory criminal system in justice-sector institutions. To what extent are the reforms targeted at the public defender offices changing the way legal defense is provided? In this article, after discussing a theoretical framework that captures and operationalizes the concepts of a merit-based career system, an accusatory criminal justice system and effective legal representation, I examine the extent to which the changes of transitioning from an inquisitorial to an adversarial system and from a non-merit-based career system to a merit-based career system have affected the way legal counsel is provided at subnational public defender offices. To accomplish this, I provide both a de jure and de facto measures (indicators of reform implementation). To identify the de jure indicators, I consulted legal texts (constitutions and secondary laws), and to gauge how the de facto indicators work, I relied on interviews with public defenders, reports and academic documents. I collected 50 interviews with public defense attorneys from three Mexican states: Baja California Sur, Jalisco and Nuevo Leon. Findings from these states suggest that as reform implementation advances, public defenders have more tools to offer legal representation; more specifically, they are better trained, in addition to having higher salaries, a lower caseload per defender and increased access to forensic services.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "'Multiple-test' approach to the laboratory diagnosis of tuberculosis -perception of medical doctors from Ujjain, India. Results: Based on perception of the doctors, the theme; 'challenges and need for the laboratory diagnosis of TB' emerged from the following subthemes: (i) Relationship between basic element of the TB diseases process such as 'Symptoms prior to diagnoses' and 'Clinical characteristics of TB', which were not specific enough to diagnose TB (ii) The prevailing conditions such as lack of explicit diagnostic tools, lead to the doctors using the 'multiple tests' or 'empiric treatment' approach (iii) The doctors proposed that there is a need for access to a rapid, single and simple diagnostic test, and a need for awareness and knowledge of the practitioners regarding specific TB investigations, and early referral to improve the situation at resource-limited settings.Background: Delay in diagnosis is one of the most important factors for the control of tuberculosis (TB) in endemic countries like India. As laboratory diagnosis is the mainstay for identification of active disease, we aim to explore and understand the opinions of medical doctors about the laboratory diagnosis of TB in Ujjain, India.Conclusion: The medical specialists use a 'multiple test' or 'empiric treatment' approach to diagnose TB. According to the participants, there is a low dependence and uptake of the available laboratory TB investigations by medical practitioners. There is an urgent need to have a specific, simple and reliable test, and a protocol, to improve diagnosis of TB and to prevent development of resistant TB.Methods: Sixteen qualified specialist medical doctors from Ujjain were purposefully selected for the study. Individual interviews with the doctors (13 men and 3 women), were conducted. As one interview could not be completed, data from15 interviews were analyzed using manifest and latent content analysis.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "British Columbia Provincial Corrections' Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case Study of Correctional Policy and Practice. Health and justice officials across North America have described correctional institutions as petri dishes for the transmission of COVID-19. Individuals in custody commonly have health profiles that are more compromised than those of the general population. Institutional infrastructure issues and custody counts that create barriers to protocols, including physical distancing measures, that health authorities recommend to limit the spread of the virus compound these profiles. Many correctional authorities have struggled to implement strategies to mitigate infection rates among custodial populations. This paper examines the strategies employed by one provincial correctional authority in Canada that has to date successfully prevented the spread of COVID-19 in custody centers by adopting a health-informed approach to the crisis rather than a traditional justice-informed response. The findings highlight practices that can inform the responses of other jurisdictions as the pandemic continues and identify areas of future research on the effects of COVID-19 on incarcerated persons, correctional and health-care staff, and communities.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "The impact of economic crises on social inequalities in health: what do we know so far?. Since 2008, Western countries are going through a deep economic crisis whose health impacts seem to be fundamentally counter-cyclical: when economic conditions worsen, so does health, and mortality tends to rise. While a growing number of studies have presented evidence on the effect of crises on the average population health, a largely neglected aspect of research is the impact of crises and the related political responses on social inequalities in health, even if the negative consequences of the crises are primarily borne by the most disadvantaged populations. This commentary will reflect on the results of the studies that have analyzed the effect of economic crises on social inequalities in health up to 2013. With some exceptions, the studies show an increase in health inequalities during crises, especially during the Southeast Asian and Japanese crises and the Soviet Union crisis, although it is not always evident for both sexes or all health or socioeconomic variables. In the Nordic countries during the nineties, a clear worsening of health equity did not occur. Results about the impacts of the current economic recession on health equity are still inconsistent. Some of the factors that could explain this variability in results are the role of welfare state policies, the diversity of time periods used in the analyses, the heterogeneity of socioeconomic and health variables considered, the changes in the socioeconomic profile of the groups under comparison in times of crises, and the type of measures used to analyze the magnitude of social inequalities in health. Social epidemiology should further collaborate with other disciplines to help produce more accurate and useful evidence about the relationship between crises and health equity.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Direct Observation and Quantitative Analysis of Mobile Frenkel Defects in Metal Halide Perovskites Using Scanning Kelvin Probe Microscopy. Ion migration is seen as a primary stability concern of halide perovskite-based photovoltaic and optoelectronic devices. Here, we provide experimental studies of long-distance, reversible ion migration in methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI(3)) and formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI(3)) films. We use time-resolved scanning Kelvin probe microscopy on insulator-coated lateral electrodes to probe the dynamic redistribution of charged Frenkel defects over micrometer distances after application of an electric field. We combine these dynamic measurements with drift-diffusion simulations that yield self-consistent pictures of the sign, distribution, mobility, and activation energy of the associated, mobile Frenkel defects. This comprehensive approach is applied to study the impact of an organic cation on ionic mobility in metal halide perovskites, which we find to be significantly reduced in the case of FAPbI(3) films compared to MAPbI(3) films.", "label": [4, 1, 33, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "Stroke Ready Intervention: Community Engagement to Decrease Prehospital Delay. Conclusions-Stroke Ready increased stroke preparedness, a necessary step toward increasing acute stroke treatment rates.Background-Time-limited acute stroke treatments are underused, primarily due to prehospital delay. One approach to decreasing prehospital delay is to increase stroke preparedness, the ability to recognize stroke, and the intention to immediately call emergency medical services, through community engagement with high-risk communities.Methods and Results-Our community-academic partnership developed and tested \\\\'Stroke Ready,\\\\' a peer-led, workshop-based, health behavior intervention to increase stroke preparedness among African American youth and adults in Flint, Michigan. Outcomes were measured with a series of 9 stroke and nonstroke 1-minute video vignettes; after each video, participants selected their intended response (primary outcome) and symptom recognition (secondary outcome), receiving 1 point for each appropriate stroke response and recognition. We assessed differences between baseline and posttest appropriate stroke response, which was defined as intent to call 911 for stroke vignettes and not calling 911 for nonstroke, nonemergent vignettes and recognition of stroke. Outcomes assessments were performed before workshop 1 (baseline), at the conclusion of workshop 2 (immediate posttest), and 1 month later (delayed post-test). A total of 101 participants completed the baseline assessment (73 adults and 28 youths), 64 completed the immediate post-test, and 68 the delayed post-test. All participants were African American. The median age of adults was 56 (interquartile range 35-65) and of youth was 14 (interquartile range 11-16), 65% of adults were women, and 50% of youths were women. Compared to baseline, appropriate stroke response was improved in the immediate post-test (4.4 versus 5.2, P<0.01) and was sustained in the delayed post-test (4.4 versus 5.2, P<0.01). Stroke recognition did not change in the immediate post-test (5.9 versus 6.0, P=0.34), but increased in the delayed post-test (5.9 versus 6.2, P=0.04).", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Development of an optimised dental tray system for the dental impression of the canine dentition. The dental impression tray is of major importance for dental arch impressions even in veterinary dentistry. Ready-made impression trays for small animals are currently not available. Due to the variance in shape of the jaws of different dog breeds and sizes, measurement data from CT skull images of 50 dogs of medium size and mesocephalic head shape were recorded, transformed and displayed in the form of coordinate points. Virtual impression tray models were developed from this data and then produced by 3D printing process. Three impression trays of different sizes were developed for the upper and lower jaw.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "The evolution of sex-biased genes and sex-biased gene expression. Differences between males and females in the optimal phenotype that is favoured by selection can be resolved by the evolution of differential gene expression in the two sexes. Microarray experiments have shown that such sex-biased gene expression is widespread across organisms and genomes. Sex-biased genes show unusually rapid sequence evolution, are often labile in their pattern of expression, and are non-randomly distributed in the genome. Here we discuss the characteristics and expression of sex-biased genes, and the selective forces that shape this previously unappreciated source of phenotypic diversity. Sex-biased gene expression has implications beyond just evolutionary biology, including for medical genetics.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "The comfort level of internists with the prescription of psychotropic medication. Introduction: Empirical data indicate that patients seen in internal medicine outpatient settings have substantial rates of depression and other psychiatric disorders. Surprisingly, the training requirements established by the Residency Review Committee in Internal Medicine do not include a specific psychiatry training curriculum, but rather vaguely refer to \\\\'sufficient instruction and clinical experience\\\\' in psychiatry. Method: In this study, internists on staff at a community hospital were surveyed to ascertain their general level of comfort with prescribing psychotropic medication. The study hypotheses were: (1) compared with other psychotropic medications, internists would generally be most comfortable with the prescription of antidepressants; (2) younger, rather than older, internists would be more comfortable with prescribing psychotropic medications; and (3) internists with greater outpatient, versus inpatient, responsibilities would be more comfortable with psychotropic medication prescription. Results: This sample of internists demonstrated differences in prescribing comfort by medication group (F(3) = 48.99, p <.001) and was most comfortable in prescribing antidepressants and benzodiazepines, in contrast to antipsychotics and other types of psychotropic medications; comparing older with younger internists, there was a significant between-group difference in the mean number of medications positively endorsed, t(66) = 2.16,p <.05, with younger internists indicating broader comfort levels; and inpatient internists were significantly more comfortable prescribing antipsychotics than outpatient internists, 1(117) = -3.38, p =.001. Conclusions: There are some distinct psychotropic prescription trends among internists, which have implications for future training and quality improvement programs.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "DIFFERENTIATION OF 2 CLOSELY-RELATED FUROVIRUSES USING THE POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION. Oligonucleotide primers based on published sequence data for beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) were synthesized for use in the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to differentiate beet soilborne mosaic virus (BSBMV) from BNYVV. Primers designed for the 3' end of BNYVV RNA I were effective in PCR amplification of a product of the predicted size, approximately 1,056 bp, from extracts of plants infected by BNYVV. The same primer pair also directed the amplification of a PCR product of approximately 1,000 bp from extracts of plants infected by BSBMV. If extracts from plants infected with BNYVV were mixed with those from plants infected with BSBMV, the primer pair allowed the amplification of only BNYVV. In addition to the slight size difference, the BSBMV product could be distinguished from the BNYVV product by digestion with ThaI, which cleaved the BSBMV product but not the BNYVV product. The BSBMV RT-PCR product was partially sequenced, and primers specific for BSBMV were synthesized. The primers directed the amplification of a PCR product of the predicted size, approximately 691 bp, only with extracts from plants infected by BSBMV. Only one PCR product of the size expected for BSBMV was produced from extracts containing both BSBMV and BNYVV. The BSBMV PCR product obtained with the BSBMV-specific primers could be digested by ThaI. PCR products of similar size were amplified using the BSBMV primers and extracts of several isolates of BSBMV differing in geographic origin and symptom phenotype.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Virtual religion in context (On the future character of religion and spirituality in cyberspace). This article explores the notion of \\\\'virtual religion\\\\' in various ways. In part, it is a response to a number of ideas found in the articles by Philip P. Arnold, Shawn Arthur, Christopher Helland, Anastasia Karaflogka and Mark MacWilliams which appear in this issue of \\\\'Religion\\\\', but is also discusses religion in online contexts in relation to various important themes such as the character of cyberspace both present and future, the multimedia Web and its alleged postmodern orientations, virtual identity, the dynamics of virtual community, and the controversies concerning the positive and negative ramifications of online life and experience, as discussed by technomystics, technophobes and others who hold more moderate views. The article ends by raising some questions about the future character of religion and spirituality in cyberspace.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Direct and indirect effects of plant and frugivore diversity on structural and functional components of fruit removal by birds. Seed dispersal is an important ecosystem function, but it is contentious how structural and functional diversity of plant and bird communities are associated with seed-dispersal functions. We used structural equation models to test how structural (i.e., abundance, species richness) and functional diversity (i.e., functional dispersion and community-weighted means of functional traits) of fruiting plants and frugivorous birds directly and indirectly influence the respective components of fruit removal. We recorded plant and bird diversity in point counts and observed plant-frugivore interactions in a tropical mountain forest in Ecuador. We also recorded plant and bird morphological traits to calculate measures of functional diversity. We found that fruit abundance had a positive direct effect on bird abundance, which directly and indirectly mediated the abundance of removed fruits. Plant and bird species richness were only directly related to the richness of the removed fruits. Functional dispersion of the plant community was positively associated to that of the bird community and to that of the removed fruits. Consistently, we found positive associations between community-weighted means of plant and bird traits and between community-weighted means of plant traits and that of plants with removed fruits. In contrast, community-weighted means of the bird community were unrelated to that of the removed fruits. Overall, our results suggest that plant abundance directly and indirectly influences fruit removal, likely because of avian fruit tracking. However, we did not find strong links between the functional diversity of the frugivore community and removed fruits, suggesting that other factors in addition to plant-animal trait matching might be important for the functional diversity of removed fruits. Our findings highlight the importance of frugivore abundance for maintaining seed dispersal by animals in tropical forests.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "The Making of Adult Learners through Project-Based Learning. Different learning theories including action learning, experiential learning, and project-based learning have been used in adult learning, which usually takes place in community colleges. Since 2000, Hong Kong universities have established their own community college to provide a second chance for individuals to further studies in universities or gain work skills to facilitate their return to the society. Among all approaches, project-based learning is the most popular approach in English language learning in community colleges because the traditional teaching methods did not work well on passive and dependent Chinese students. This chapter discusses the features of project-based language learning and then examines the language students' perceptions towards project-based learning so as to better the program design. The findings show that students have developed reading, writing, and research skills through group projects, and the language teacher, feedback, and collaboration are vital to the success of project-based learning.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Impact of a twelve-year rotavirus vaccine program on acute diarrhea mortality and hospitalization in Brazil: 2006-2018. Background Monitoring the impact of vaccine programs is necessary to identify changes in vaccine efficacy. We report the impact of the 12-year rotavirus vaccine program on diarrhea mortality and hospitalizations and their correlation to socioeconomic indicators. Methods this ecological study describes diarrhea hospitalizations and deaths from 2006 to 2018 in Brazil and correlates rotavirus vaccine coverage, hospitalizations and deaths to socioeconomic indicators and social vulnerability index (SVI) by state and region. Hospitalizations, deaths, and vaccine coverage trends were analyzed using Joinpoint regression models. Associations between hospitalizations, mortality and rotavirus vaccination coverage and socioeconomic and SVI indicators were established using Ordinary Least Square regressions. Results Rotavirus vaccine coverage remained stable between 2006 and 2018 (annual percentage changes (APC) [95%CI]: 4.4% [-0.3%, 9.2%]). Diarrhea hospitalization rates decreased 52.5% (-5.7% [-7.5%, -3.8%]), from 68.4 to 32.5 hospitalizations per 10,000 children <5 years-old between 2006 and 2018, with significant decreases in diarrhea mortality (-9.8% [-11.2%, -8.5%]). The Northeast region experienced the largest reductions (-13.9% [-15.7%, -12.2%]). Vaccination coverage and diarrhea-mortality were inversely correlated with the SVI. Conclusion The burden of childhood diarrhea has decreased over an extended period. States with high SVI, but high vaccination coverage had the largest reductions in hospitalizations and deaths.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "PAROXETINE IN THE TREATMENT OF PANIC DISORDER - A RANDOMIZED, DOUBLE-BLIND, PLACEBO-CONTROLLED STUDY. Results. Analysis of the results showed statistically significant differences in favour of paroxetine between the two treatment groups in two out of the three primary measures of outcome, i.e. 50% reduction in total number of panic attacks and number of panic attacks reduced to one or zero over the study period. For the third measure of outcome, the mean change in the total number of attacks from baseline, there was a positive trend in favour of paroxetine. The results of the primary measures of outcome were strongly supported by the results of the secondary efficacy measures of outcome. In addition, paroxetine, at all doses, was very well tolerated.Conclusion. Paroxetine plus cognitive therapy was significantly more effective than placebo plus cognitive therapy in the treatment of panic disorder.Method. After three weeks of placebo, patients received 12 weeks of treatment with paroxetine (20, 40, or 60 mg) or placebo, and finally two weeks of placebo. Dosages were adjusted according to efficacy and tolerability. Standardised cognitive therapy was given to all patients. The primary measure of outcome was reduction in the number of panic attacks.Background. This study compared the efficacy and tolerability of paroxetine with placebo in the treatment of panic disorder.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Insulin/adenosine axis linked signalling. Regulation of blood flow depends on systemic and local release of vasoactive molecules such as insulin and adenosine. These molecules cause vasodilation by activation of plasma membrane receptors at the vascular endothelium. Adenosine activates at least four subtypes of adenosine receptors (A(1)AR, A(2A)AR, A(2B)AR, A(3)AR), of which A(2A)AR and A(2B)AR activation leads to increased cAMP level, generation of nitric oxide, and relaxation of the underlying smooth muscle cell layer. Vasodilation caused by adenosine also depends on plasma membrane hyperpolarization due to either activation of intermediate-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels in vascular smooth muscle or activation of ATP-activated K+ channels in the endothelium. Adenosine also causes vasoconstriction via a mechanism involving A(1)AR activation resulting in lower cAMP level and increased thromboxane release. Insulin has also a dual effect causing NO-dependent vasodilation, but also sympathetic activity-and increased endothelin 1 release-dependent vasoconstriction. Interestingly, insulin effects require or are increased by activation or inactivation of adenosine receptors. This is phenomenon described for D-glucose and L-arginine transport where A(2A)AR and A(2B)AR play a major role. Other studies show that A(1)AR activation could reduce insulin release from pancreatic beta-cells. Whether adenosine modulation of insulin biological effect is a phenomenon that depends on co-localization of adenosine receptors and insulin receptors, and adenosine plasma membrane transporters is something still unclear. This review summarizes findings addressing potential involvement of adenosine receptors to modulate insulin effect via insulin receptors with emphasis in the human vasculature. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 17, 39]}
+{"token": "A new nitrite-selective fluorescent sensor fabricated from surface-initiated atom-transfer radical polymerization. A highly selective sensor for nitrite has been developed from surface-initiated atom-transfer radical polymerization on silicon wafer, using PEGMA and pyrene derivatives as spacer and fluorophore, respectively.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Porous polymeric membranes with thermal and solvent resistance. Polymeric membranes are highly advantageous over their ceramic counterparts in terms of the simplicity of the manufacturing process, cost and scalability. Their main disadvantages are low stability at temperatures above 200 degrees C, and in organic solvents. We report for the first time porous polymeric membranes manufactured from poly(oxindolebiphenylylene) (POXI), a polymer with thermal stability as high as 500 degrees C in oxidative conditions. The membranes were prepared by solution casting and phase inversion by immersion in water. The asymmetric porous morphology was characterized by scanning electronic microscopy. The pristine membranes are stable in alcohols, acetone, acetonitrile and hexane, as well as in aqueous solutions with pH between 0 and 14. The membrane stability was extended for application in other organic solvents by crosslinking, using various dibromides, and the efficiency of the different crosslinkers was evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Xray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). POXI crosslinked membranes are stable up to 329 degrees C in oxidative conditions and showed organic solvent resistance in polar aprotic solvents with 99% rejection of Red Direct 80 in DMF at 70 degrees C. With this development, the application of polymeric membranes could be extended to high temperature and harsh environments, fields currently dominated by ceramic membranes.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 33]}
+{"token": "Simultaneous Enrichment of Plasma Soluble and Extracellular Vesicular Glycoproteins Using Prolonged Ultracentrifugation-Electrostatic Repulsion-hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography (PUC-ERLIC) Approach. Plasma glycoproteins and extracellular vesicles represent excellent sources of disease biomarkers, but laboratory detection of these circulating structures are limited by their relatively low abundance in complex biological fluids. Although intensive research has led to the development of effective methods for the enrichment and isolation of either plasma glycoproteins or extracellular vesicles from clinical materials, at present it is not possible to enrich both structures simultaneously from individual patient sample, a method that affords the identification of biomarker combinations from both entities for the prediction of clinical outcomes will be clinically useful. We have therefore developed an enrichment method for use in mass spectrometry-based proteomic profiling that couples prolonged ultracentrifugation with electrostatic repulsion-hydrophilic interaction chromatography, to facilitate the recovery of both glycoproteins and extracellular vesicles from nondepleted human plasma. Following prolonged ultracentrifugation, plasma glycoproteins and extracellular vesicles were concentrated as a yellow suspension, and simultaneous analyses of low abundant secretory and vesicular glycoproteins was achieved in a single LC-MS/MS run. Using this systematic prolonged ultracentrifugation-electrostatic repulsion-hydrophilic interaction chromatography approach, we identified a total of 127 plasma glycoproteins at a high level of confidence (FDR <= 1%), including 48 glycoproteins with concentrations ranging from pg to ng/ml. The novel enrichment method we report should facilitate future human plasma-based proteome and glycoproteome that will identify novel biomarkers, or combinations of secreted and vesicle-derived biomarkers, that can be used to predict clinical outcomes in human patients.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "First complete genome characterization of swinepox virus directly from a clinical sample indicates divergence of a Eurasian-lineage virus. In this study, we report the complete genome sequence of swinepox virus from a clinical sample from a naturally occurring infection in India. The sequencing was done on a Nanopore MinION sequencer from Oxford Nanopore Technologies. Two new annotations were added to the genome. Three of the genes were found to have frameshifts, which might be of importance in relation to infection. When compared to the only other reported whole genome sequence of swinepox virus, which was obtained from an isolate from America in 1999, our sequence is only 98.19% identical at the nucleotide level. The average amino acid sequence identity of the viral proteins, based on the common 149 annotations, is also 98.19%, demonstrating that these viruses are distinctly divergent. Owing to the fact that swinepox virus infects only swine, it could not have entered America until the introduction of swine in the 16(th) century from Europe. The swinepox viruses in both continents have continued to evolve independently. The sequence divergence identified here indicates a Eurasian-lineage virus that is geographically distinct from the American-lineage swinepox virus.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "The inefficient use of power: Costly conflict with complete information. Recent work across a wide range of issues in political economy as well as in American, comparative, and international politics tries to explain the inefficient use of power-revolutions, civil wars, high levels of public debt, international conflict, and costly policy insulation-in terms of commitment problems. This paper shows that a common mechanism is at work in a number of these diverse studies. This common mechanism provides a more general formulation of a type of commitment problem that can arise in many different substantive settings. The present analysis then formalizes this mechanism as an \\\\'inefficiency condition\\\\' that ensures that all of the equilibria of a stochastic game are inefficient. This condition has a natural substantive interpretation: Large, rapid changes in the actors' relative power (measured in terms of their minmax payoffs) may cause inefficiency.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Superhumps and repetitive rebrightenings of the WZ Sge-type dwarf nova, EG Cancri. We report on time-resolved photometric observations of the WZ Sge-type dwarf nova, EG Cnc (Huruhata's variable), during its superoutburst in 1996-1997. EG Cnc, after the main superoutburst accompanied by the development of superhumps typical of a WZ Sue-type dwarf nova, exhibited a series of six major rebrightenings. During these rebrightenings and the following long fading tail, EG Cue persistently showed superhumps having a period equal to the superhump period observed during the main superoutburst. The persistent superhumps had a constant superhump flux with respect to the rebrightening phase. These findings suggest that the superhumps observed during the rebrightening stage and the fading tail are a \\\\'remnant\\\\' of the usual superhumps, and are not newly triggered by rebrightenings. By a comparison with the 1977 Outburst of this object and outbursts of other WZ Sae-type dwarf novae, we propose an activity sequence of WZ Sge-type superoutbursts, in which the current outburst of EG Cue is placed between a single-rebrightening event and distinct outbursts separated by a dip. The post-superoutburst behavior of WZ Sge-type dwarf novae can be understood in the presence of a considerable amount of remnant matter behind the cooling front in the outer accretion disk, even after the main superoutburst. We consider that a premature quenching of the hot state due to the weak tidal effect under the extreme mass ratio of the WZ S-e-type binary is responsible for the origin of the remnant mass.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Seedling survival responses to irradiance are differentially influenced by low-water availability in four tree species of the Iberian cool temperate-Mediterranean ecotone. Inter-specific differences in seedling survival responses along a sun-shade gradient and the influence of low-water availability were examined for four Iberian tree species (Quercus robur L., Quercus pyrenaica Willd., Pinus sylvestris L. and Pinus pinaster Ait.) typical of the cool temperate-Mediterranean transition zone. Seedlings were grown under controlled conditions in a factorial experiment with four levels of irradiance (1%, 6%, 20% and 100% of full sunlight) and two levels of water availability. Five censuses (from late spring to autumn) leading to four regular intervals (T-0 -> T-I; T-I -> T-II; T-II -> T-III; T-III -> T-IV) were established. Statistical models of seedling survival as a function of irradiance were calibrated throughout the whole experiment (T-0 -> T-IV) and also for each time interval and water availability level. Seedling survival responses among different species diverged both in the type of functional response to irradiance and in their response to water stress. Ranking of species according to shade tolerance (Q. pyrenaica > Q. robur > P. sylvestris > P. pinaster) contrasted with tolerance of high irradiance and conformed to a hypothetical sun-shade trade-off for survival (i.e. species having higher survival in low irradiance-oaks-had poorer survival at high irradiance and vice-versa). Low-water availability also differentially affected each species, with pines being more drought tolerant than oaks. At an intra-specific level, low-water availability decreased survival of Q. pyrenaica under both high and low irradiance. For Q robur, however, low-water availability exerted a relatively stronger effect under low irradiance. Consequences of the interplay between irradiance and water availability for explaining segregation and coexistence of forest tree species at the ecotone between cool temperate and Mediterranean forests are discussed. (c) 2006 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Growth of Parietaria debilis in fallow and in undisturbed areas. Parietaria debilis is a dominant annual weed in many non-tillage fallow and undisturbed areas in Argentina. Herbicides control P. debilis inconsistently. A study on the growth of P. debilis, in a fallow in a soyabean-maize rotation including glyphosate-resistant cultivars and in an undisturbed area without crops or weed control, was conducted in the central soyabean area of Argentina. The biomass dynamics of all species in the community, as well as biomass, density and growth traits of P. debilis were assessed. Biomass of several species including P. debilis and total biomass were greater in undisturbed than in fallow plots in both years of the study. Diversity was greater in undisturbed plots in 2000, but no differences in diversity were observed in 2001. In both treatments, P. debilis emergence began in March and finished in October and density increased from March to May. High mortality occurred in June and July, particularly in undisturbed plots. In the fallow plots, no other tall weed species were present and light interception was higher in spring when fruit production was at its peak. Conversely, in the undisturbed plots, P. debilis was substantially taller and had greater leaf area due to lower light interception by the high canopy of the rest of the community. In fallow, P. debilis is favoured by single applications of glyphosate, because the herbicide eliminates competitors. Control, if applied, should be directed to both fallow and undisturbed environments, as the weed produces considerable numbers of seeds and can invade extensively managed areas.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Morphological change and fat accumulation in juvenile red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in the Central Tablelands of New South Wales. Mean body mass of male and female juvenile foxes was indistinguishable from adult body mass by February, at 16 weeks of age (males 4500 g, females 4200 g). Skeletal measurements of body and forelimb length in both sexes also attained adult proportions by February. Further changes in morphology were minimal in first-year foxes.Total body fat was estimated indirectly using a kidney fat index. Estimated juvenile body fat remained low and stable (6%) in both sexes from December through March. Male body fat peaked in August (11%) but was low in July during mating and also September and October whilst females were denning. Estimated body fat of females peaked in August-September (13%) but declined sharply in October after parturition. In addition, 73% of first-year females sampled during August-October were either pregnant or had recently given birth.Juvenile red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) reach sexual maturation within 10 months of parturition. During this time juveniles need to manage their energy reserves to fuel maintenance metabolism, growth and reproduction. To determine juvenile growth rates and body energy reserves, I measured body mass, morphology, and estimated body fat, in free-living red foxes from approximately 8 weeks of age through to 1 year old. Foxes (n = 163) were sampled monthly from August 1995 to July 1996 in the Central Tablelands of New South Wales.", "label": [4, 34, 43]}
+{"token": "The Genome of Yoka Poxvirus. Yoka poxvirus was isolated almost four decades ago from a mosquito pool in the Central African Republic. Its classification as a poxvirus is based solely upon the morphology of virions visualized by electron microscopy. Here we describe sequencing of the Yoka poxvirus genome using a combination of Roche/454 and Illumina next-generation sequencing technologies. A single consensus contig of similar to 175 kb in length that encodes 186 predicted genes was generated. Multiple methods were used to show that Yoka poxvirus is most closely related to viruses in the Orthopoxvirus genus, but it is clearly distinct from previously described poxviruses. Collectively, the phylogenetic and genomic sequence analyses suggest that Yoka poxvirus is the prototype member of a new genus in the family Poxviridae.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Predicting adaptive and maladaptive responses to the Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak: A prospective longitudinal study. Method: Data were assessed in October 2019 using the DASS-21 and the PMH-Scale, and in March 2020 adding a six-item measure of burden and a 2-item rating of sense of control.Background/Objective: The outbreak of COVID-19 and the lack of vaccine made extraordinary actions such as social distancing necessary. While some individuals experience the restrictions on daily life as a heavy burden, others adapt to the situation and try to make the best of it. The present longitudinal study investigated the extent and predictors of the burden induced by the outbreak of COVID-19 in Germany.Conclusions: The results emphasize the protective effect of PMH in extraordinary situations such as the current outbreak of COVID-19. (C) 2020 Asociacion Espanola de Psicologia Conductual. Published by Elsevier Espana, S.L.U.Results: In a sample of 436 participants, about 28% stayed in self-quarantine, 22 persons had relevant symptoms and one person was positively tested for COVID-19. Most participants experienced medium to high levels of burden but tried to make the best of it. Stress symptoms in 2019 predicted a higher level of burden and PMH predicted a lower level of burden in March 2020. Remarkably, depression and anxiety symptoms did not significantly predict burden. The protective effect of PMH and the negative impact of stress symptoms were mediated by perceived sense of control.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Clozapine treatment and discontinuation in Iceland: A national longitudinal study using electronic patient records. Background: Clozapine is the only drug approved for treatment-resistant schizophrenia. There is evidence that clozapine is underutilized. Aims: To evaluate the initiation and discontinuation of clozapine at Landspitali University Hospital in Iceland and the prevalence of antipsychotic polypharmacy in clozapine-treated patients. Methods: The study is a part of an ongoing longitudinal study of schizophrenia in Iceland. We identified 201 patients on clozapine or who have been on clozapine by using a keyword search in the electronic health records and by reviewing their medical records. Results: Mean age at first treatment with clozapine was 37.8 years. Mean follow-up period on clozapine was 11 years. After 20 years of treatment 71.2% of patients were still on clozapine. After one year of treatment 84.4% of patients were still receiving clozapine treatment. We estimate that 11.4% of patients with schizophrenia in Iceland are taking clozapine and that 16% have been treated with clozapine at some point. Polypharmacy is common, since nearly 2/3, 65.6%, of patients taking clozapine use at least one other antipsychotic and 16.9% are also receiving depot injections. Conclusions: We need to increase the awareness of psychiatrists in Iceland with regard to treatment with clozapine, since only about half of the estimated population of patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia in Iceland have ever been treated with clozapine. Nearly two thirds of patients who are prescribed clozapine in Iceland remain on it long-term.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Making sexism visible: Birdcages, martians, and pregnant men. This paper offers six strategies for dealing with students' resistance to learning about the oppression of women: making the familiar strange, substituting race for sex, distinguishing between intentions and consequences, imagining men in women's bodies, exposing students' claims of equal gender oppression as false parallels, and analyzing some of women's desires as instances of false power. These teaching strategies, along with Marilyn Frye's (1983) metaphor of oppression as a birdcage consisting of systematically related wires, provide a framework for pre-empting or responding to students' resistance.", "label": [5, 48, 51]}
+{"token": "The Statistical Analysis of Judicial Decisions and Legal Rules with Classification Trees. A key question in the quantitative study of legal rules and judicial decision making is the structure of the relationship between case facts and case outcomes. Legal doctrine and legal rules are general attempts to define this relationship. This article summarizes and utilizes a statistical method relatively unexplored in political science and legal scholarship-classification trees-that offers a flexible way to study legal doctrine. I argue that this method, while not replacing traditional statistical tools for studying judicial decisions, can better capture many aspects of the relationship between case facts and case outcomes. To illustrate the method's advantages, I conduct classification tree analyses of search and seizure cases decided by the U. S. Supreme Court and confession cases decided by the courts of appeals. These analyses illustrate the ability of classification trees to increase our understanding of legal rules and legal doctrine.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Dancing with the sound of birds: Atmospheres and translation in ArtsCross/Danscross. In this article I consider three instances of the extra-linguistic translation of embodiment, affect and aesthetics in the context of intercultural performance during the ArtsCross/Danscross project between 2011 and 2013. Drawing on Francois Jullien's proposition that cultural knowledges might be considered in respect of 'divergence' rather than 'difference', I draw together Western phenomenologies of atmosphere with Chinese aesthetics to examine movement among bodies as atmospheric currents. Through close readings of instances of translation as it relates to dance practice in rehearsals for Bulareyaung Pagarlava's Uncertain. Waiting. (2011), Liu Yan's Say to Him (2012) and Riccardo Buscarini's No Lander (2013), I argue that attention to the affective aesthetics of atmosphere allows for an understanding of how intercultural performance projects such as ArtsCross/Danscross model modes of 'feeling together, differently'.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Reservoir characterization of basal sand zone of lower Goru Formation by petrophysical studies of geophysical logs. The lower Indus basin is one of the largest hydrocarbon producing sedimentary basins in Pakistan. It is characterized by the presence of many hydrocarbon-bearing fields including clastic and carbonates proven reservoirs from the Cretaceous to the Eocene age. This study has been carried out in the Sanghar oil field to evaluate the hydrocarbon prospects of basal sand zone of lower Goru Formation of Cretaceous by using complete suite of geophysical logs of different wells. The analytical formation evaluation by using petrophysical studies and neutron-density crossplots unveils that litho-facies mainly comprising of sandstone. The hydrocarbons potentialities of the formation zone have been characterized through various isoparameteric maps such as gross reservoir and net pay thickness, net-to-gross ratio, total and effective porosity, shaliness, and water and hydrocarbons saturation. The evaluated petrophysical studies show that the reservoir has net pay zone of thickness range 5 to 10 m, net-togross ratio range of 0.17 to 0.75, effective porosity range of 07 to 12 %, shaliness range of 27 to 40 % and hydrocarbon saturation range of 12 to 31 %. However, in the net pay zone hydrocarbon saturation reaches up to 95%. The isoparametric charts of petrophysically derived parameters reveal the aerial distribution of hydrocarbons accumulation in basal sand unit of the lower Goru Formation which may be helpful for further exploration.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Mixed moments of L-functions. In this paper we will study the main term of mixed moments of L-functions associated to holomorphic cusp forms of integral weight on congruence subgroups of odd and squarefree level.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "The educational effects of code-switching in the classroom - benefits and setbacks: A case of selected senior secondary schools in Botswana. This article, based on a study conducted at four senior secondary schools, discusses the role of code-switching (CS) in the classroom in Botswana where the Language in Education Policy (LiEP) of 1994 states that English is the sole official language of learning and teaching (LoLT) in schools, including senior secondary schools (Government of Botswana 1994). The data were collected through lesson observations and questionnaire administration to teachers and learners. The findings indicate that Setswana (national language) is also often used; hence CS is employed as an instructional strategy because the learners are not proficient in English. However, CS has both educational benefits and drawbacks. Positively, it increases learner participation and lesson comprehension. Negatively, it does not contribute to developing the learners' proficiency and confidence in speaking English. Its use also (inadvertently) contravenes the LiEP. However, the use of CS is inevitable because the LoLT is a foreign language for both learners and teachers.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Closed-form equations for compressive local buckling of pultruded thin-walled sections. Closed-form equations to determine the local buckling critical stress of typical pultruded fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) sections - angles, l-shaped, channels and rectangular tubes - comprised of orthotropic thin walls subject to concentric compression are developed. Approximate deflected-shape functions addressing boundary conditions and compatibility of rotation between plate elements are chosen for each section having uniform thickness and material properties. The Rayleigh energy method is used to obtain equations for the local buckling critical stress. Results are compared with numerical analyses using the finite strip method (FSM) for isotropic and orthotropic sections with typical ranges of properties. Comparison is also made with the method recommended by current available standards and guidelines. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 15, 12]}
+{"token": "Retrograde axonal transport of VZV: kinetic studies in hESC-derived neurons. Retrograde axonal transport of the neurotropic alphaherpesvirus Varicella zoster virus (VZV) from vesicles at the skin results in sensory neuron infection and establishment of latency. Reactivation from latency leads to painful herpes zoster. The lack of a suitable animal model of these processes for the highly human-restricted VZV has resulted in a dearth of knowledge regarding the axonal transport of VZV. We recently demonstrated VZV infection of distal axons, leading to subsequent capsid transport to the neuronal somata, and replication and release of infectious virus using a new model based on neurons derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESC). In the present study, we perform a kinetic analysis of the retrograde transport of green fluorescent protein-tagged ORF23 in VZV capsids using hESC-derived neurons compartmentalized microfluidic chambers and time-lapse video microscopy. The motion of the VZV was discontinuous, showing net retrograde movement with numerous short pauses and reversals in direction. Velocities measured were higher 1 h after infection than 6 h after infection, while run lengths were similar at both time points. The hESC-derived neuron model was also used to show that reduced neuronal spread by a VZV loss-of-function mutant for ORF7 is not due to the prevention of axonal infection and transport of the virus to the neuronal somata. hESC-derived neurons are, therefore, a powerful model for studying axonal transport of VZV and molecular characteristics of neuronal infection.", "label": [2, 17, 20]}
+{"token": "The interventions of subvention of the payment of care reinforce the empowerment of communities in the Burkina Faso. Results: Interventions have strengthened MC members' and their organization's power to act. This has translated into an increased capacity to get involved in the resolution of health problems within the community. The NGO's intervention specifically in Dori and Sebba has led to even greater empowerment there than in Ouargaye.Conclusion: Subsidizing care payments at points of service significantly enhances the potential for increasing the empowerment of MC members and their organization.Location: Three health districts of Burkina Faso (Dori, Sebba and Ouargaye).Intervention: Since 2006, the government subsidizes 80% of emergency neonatal and obstetrical costs for pregnant women. Since 2008, an NGO assumes the remaining 20% and subsidizes 100% of health care costs for children under 5 in Dori and Sebba. In addition, a payment exemption strategy for indigents has been organized at the community level in all three districts.Participants: The data collection took place in 2010 in 8 primary care centres over 6 months with 140 people.Objective: This research project assesses the impact of care subsidy interventions on the empowerment of members of community health services Management Committees (MCs) and their organization in Burkina Faso.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "LIGHT-INDUCED BIOGENESIS OF LIGHT-HARVESTING COMPLEX-I (LHC-I) DURING CHLOROPLAST DEVELOPMENT IN BARLEY (HORDEUM-VULGARE) - STUDIES USING CDNA CLONES OF THE 21-KILODALTON AND 20-KILODALTON LHC-I APOPROTEINS. The light-harvesting complex (LHC) lb pigment-proteins form the major component of the LHC I complex in higher plants. They comprise chlorophylls a and b, xanthophylls, and at least two polypeptide subunits of 21 and 20 kD in barley (Hordeum vulgare). We have identified two cDNA clones, LHC Ib-21 and LHC Ib-20, encoding the 21- and 20-kD LHC Ib apoproteins, respectively. N-terminal protein sequences of the purified LHC Ib polypeptides were used for the unequivocal correlation of these clones to their respective apoproteins. The cDNA clones encode two proteins that have strong sequence similarity to other LHC I and LHC II pigment-binding polypeptides of photosystems I and II. The 21-kD polypeptide contains 201 amino acid residues (22.14 kD), and the 20-kD polypeptide contains 200 amino acid residues (22.18 kD). The biogenesis of the LHC Ib apoproteins and the pigmented LHC I during the light-induced development of the chloroplast was studied. Accumulation of the two LHC Ib mRNAs is induced by light, and their amount is regulated by phytochrome. LHC Ib polypeptide accumulation in the thylakoid membrane temporally lags behind transcript accumulation. The rates of accumulation of LHC Ib transcripts and of their apoproteins lag behind those of the major LHC II component, LHC IIb. Complete assembly of the LHC Ib pigment-protein, as observed by low-temperature fluorescence spectroscopy, requires exposure of dark-grown seedlings to 72 h or more of light.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Fabrication of a lightweight Al alloy mirror through 3D printing and replication methods. In order to realize rapid fabrication of a lightweight mirror, an AlSi10Mg alloy mirror was made through 3D printing and replication methods. The mechanical, thermal, and physical properties, the surface accuracy, and the dimensional stability were investigated. Through a selective laser melting method, an Al alloy mirror was printed and exhibited a low areal density of 28.4 kg/m(2). Through replication, the mirror surface accuracy was improved to 0.033. (root mean square, lambda = 632.8 nm); surface roughness was 1.3 nm (Ra). The stability test result indicated that the 3D printed mirror presented good dimensional stability in air for a long time and in a temperature changing environment. (C) 2018 Optical Society of America", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Evaluation of phototoxic properties of antimicrobials used in topical preparations by a photohaemolysis test. Antimicrobials are widely used in topical formulations as preservatives or as therapeutically active agents. Photosensitization by such compounds has not yet been studied systematically. To identify possible phototoxic properties, antimicrobials (benzyl alcohol, bronopol, chloracetamide, clioquinol, diazolidinyl urea, ethylenediamine dihydrochloride, formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, imidazolidinyl urea, sodium benzoate, propylene glycol) were evaluated in vitro by means of a photohaemolysis test using suspensions of human erythrocytes. Irradiations were performed with UVA- and UVB-rich light sources. In the presence of bronopol or clioquinol, there was photohaemolysis up to 78.1% or 48.5% with UVA and up to 100% or 34.3% with UVB, respectively. The phototoxic effect depended on the concentration of the compounds and the UV doses administered. None of the other substances tested caused significant photohaemolysis. It is concluded that bronopol and clioquinol exert phototoxic effects in vitro and thus might also cause photosensitization when used on the skin. The clinical significance of this has to be established by further work.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Two Cases of Recessive Intellectual Disability Caused byNDST1andMETTL23Variants. Intellectual disability (ID) is a highly heterogeneous genetic condition with more than a thousand genes described so far. By exome sequencing of two consanguineous families presenting hallmark features of ID, we identified two homozygous variants in two genes previously associated with autosomal recessive ID:NDST1(c.1966G>A; p.Asp656Asn) andMETTL23(c.310T>C; p.Phe104Leu). The segregation of the variants was validated by Sanger sequencing in all family members. In silico homology modeling of wild-type and mutated proteins revealed substantial changes in the secondary structure of both proteins, indicating a possible effect on function. The identification and validation of new pathogenicNDST1andMETTL23variants in two cases of autosomal recessive ID further highlight the importance of these genes in proper brain function and development.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Hit or Myth? Methodological Considerations in Comparing Dionysos with the Johannine Jesus. The relationship between Dionysiac and emerging Christian traditions has long exercised biblical and classical scholars. Dionysianism is complex because of both its constituent mythologies and the fluidity and variety of its rituals. Emerging Christianity similarly defies a single metanarrative. This essay notes the difficulties of comparing Dionysiac tradition with just one early Christian text: the Gospel of John. The variety of Dionysiac material, the particular issues raised by critical readings of the Gospel (content and composition), the difficulty of overarching theological terminology (like \\\\'sacramentalism\\\\'), intertextuality, and mimesis criticism are all problematic when comparing the two traditions and their texts.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in Latin America. Summary Progress in research on hantaviruses has been continuous but slow. The complex picture of the viruses, the rodent reservoirs and the clinical forms of the disease mean researchers are faced with the great challenge of properly clarifying the genetic and pathogenic relationships between hantaviruses in the Americas.Purpose of review Since the identification of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in the United States in 1993, Latin America has been the region of the world where more hantaviruses have been identified, associated with human disease or not. This update shows the advances in the study of hantaviruses in several countries of the region and the problems that are still unresolved.Recent findings Clinical findings in Chile have shown differences in the classical description of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in the United States. Hemorrhage was observed in 64% of the cases and alteration in renal function in 48%. The classification of cases in mild, self-limited forms and severe forms has a prognostic value, with statistically significant differences between survivors and nonsurvivors. Epidemiological studies have shown noticeable differences in seroprevalence of antibodies against hantaviruses in humans, ranging from about 1 % to more than 40% according to geographical and ethnical differences. Risk factors continue to be related to rural activities and peridomestic sites. Rodent studies have allowed the identification of putative reservoirs of hantaviruses in Uruguay, Brazil and Argentina and detected antibodies in several rodent species not previously reported in Paraguay and Panama. An Andes virus gene-based hantavirus pulmonary syndrome vaccine is currently under study.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Microglia activation in the offspring of prenatal Poly I: C exposed rats: a PET imaging and immunohistochemistry study. Conclusions The present study demonstrated microglia activation in vivo in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus in mature offspring of prenatal Poly I: C exposed rats. This study suggests that microglia activation may play a possible or potential role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.Objective The study aimed to quantify microglia activation in vivo in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus in mature offspring of prenatal Poly I: C exposed rats.Methods Offspring of Poly I: C-treated dams were the model group, offspring of saline-treated dams were the control group. Behavioural test for two groups was taken by spontaneous activity, prepulse inhibition (PPI) and latent inhibition (LI) test (including active avoidance conditioning task and passive avoidance conditioning task). Randomly selected successful model rats were assessed by behavioural test in the model group and control group rats. 11C-PK11195 micro-PET/CT and immunohistochemistry were performed on the selected rats to measure microglia activation. Results The treatment group showed hyperlocomotion and deficits in PPI and LI compared with the control group. The treatment group also showed an increased C-11-PK11195 uptake ratio in the prefrontal cortex (t=-3.990, p=0.003) and hippocampus (t=-4.462, p=0.001). The number of activated microglia cells was significantly higher in the treatment group than in the control group (hippocampus: t=8.204, p< 0.001; prefrontal: t=6.995, p<0.001). Within the treatment group, there were significant correlations between the behavioural parameters and the activation of microglia as measured by PET and immunohistochemistry.Background The well-known 'pyrotherapy' of Julius Wagner-Jauregg might be the beginning of the study on the immunological concepts of schizophrenia. As the primary immune effector cells in the brain, microglia play a pivotal role in neuroinflammatory processes. Maternal viral infection during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk for psychiatric disorders with presumed neurodevelopmental origin, including autism spectrum disorders and schizophrenia. The present study was to quantify microglia activation in vivo in the mature offspring of rats exposed to polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidilicacid (Poly I: C) during pregnancy using C-11-PK11195 positron emission tomography (PET) and immunohistochemistry.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "From Crisis to Crisis: Requiem for Europe?. If the European institutions have always been able to overcome the crisis they face, the current difficulties seem particularly serious. Since the ratification of the Maastricht Treaty, three major problems arise. On the one hand, the question of the European democratic deficit. On the other, the narrowing of the space for political choices offer to citizens, which is increasingly subject to economic constraints. Finally, the failure of the European social model. These factors largely intertwined are the breeding ground from which Euro-skepticism spread among public opinion.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Understanding the Limits of Technology's Impact on Police Effectiveness. Technology has become a major source of expenditure and innovation in law enforcement and is assumed to hold great potential for enhancing police work. But does technology achieve these expectations? The current state of research on technology in policing is unclear about the links between technologies and outcomes such as work efficiencies, effectiveness in crime control, or improved police-community relationships. In this article, we present findings from a mixed-methods, multiagency study that examines factors that may mediate the connection between technology adoption and outcome effectiveness in policing. We find that police view technology through technological and organizational frames determined by traditional and reactive policing approaches. These frames may limit technology's potential in the current reform era and cause unintended consequences.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Genetics of the Schizophrenias: A Model Accounting for Their Persistence and Myriad Phenotypes. This article addresses the classic enigma about schizophrenia (SZ). The disease occurs with a lifetime prevalence of 1%, 80% of which is attributable to genetic factors. Females with SZ produce 50% as many children as normals, and males with SZ produce 25%. Genetic factors responsible for SZ should behave like lethal genes. Yet the prevalence of SZ remains around 1% throughout the world. How can that be? Additionally, CATIE concluded that the response of each individual with SZ to treatment with antipsychotic agents (effectiveness, side-effect profile, or long-term prognosis) cannot be predicted. Every case seems to be unique. Several recent publications have reported increased frequencies of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and of copy-number variants (CNVs) containing large regions of DNA in patients with SZ. These genetic perturbations often include neurodevelopmental genes. The overwhelming majority of SNPs and CNVs are post-fertilization mutations, occurring in somatic tissue, not germinal tissue. These mutations are a normal aspect of somatic cell division but occur more frequently in patients with SZ. Somatic mutations are not passed on to subsequent generations and therefore cannot account for the inheritance of SZ. Our speculation is that the genetic platform for SZ is the gene or genes that increase the number of de novo mutations in patients with SZ. We argue that balanced polymorphism is the most plausible hypothesis to account for the preservation of non-adaptive genes in nature-and, in particular, in SZ. Maladaptive genes in different combinations can confer increased fitness to the entire population, thus insuring their preservation in the gene pool. Somatic mutations explain both the sporadic occurrence of SZ within families and the wide variations in phenotypic expression of SZ. Increased frequency of somatic mutations may confirm greater overall fitness via balanced polymorphism to explain the maintenance of the SZ gene or genes within the human population. (HARV REV PSYCHIATRY 2012;20:119-129.)", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "A Shop Window Where You Can Choose the Goods You Like': Finnish industrial and trade fairs in the USSR, 1950s-1960s. This article examines the Finnish industrial and trade fairs held in the Soviet Union in the context of Finnish-Soviet trade and scientific-technical cooperation in the 1950s and 1960s. While primarily focused on fairs, italso discusses different activities that accompanied them, such as lectures, visits, and negotiations between Finnish traders and Soviet officials and specialists. This study illustrates how such first-hand contact played an important role in Finnish-Soviet communications. First, they helped Finnish producers showcase their goods and technologies directly to Soviet buyers in various ministries and organizations. Second, these contacts included diverse activities such as face-to-face contacts, lectures, and seminars, being a means of technology transfer from Finland to the USSR . Finally, although they were commercial interactions without explicit ideological purposes - like many international exhibitions of the last century - Finnish fairs demonstrated a technological gap between Finland and the USSR.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "EVALUATION OF EPIGLOTTIC AUGMENTATION BY USE OF POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE PASTE IN HORSES. Epiglottic augmentation was evaluated in 7 horses, using 7 ml of polytetrafluoroethylene (polytef) paste injected submucosally on the ventral surface of the epiglottis.  In 6 horses, an Arnold-Bruning intracordal injection syringe, specifically designed to inject polytef into paralyzed vocal folds in human beings, was used.  At necropsy 60 days after surgery, group mean thickness measurement 20 mm from the epiglottic tip was 40% greater (P < 0.01) and, at the epiglottic attachment of the aryepiglottic fold, was 29% greater (P < 0.01) in the 6 polytef-augmented horses than in clinically normal nonsurgically treated controls.  At necropsy, extensive epiglottic thickening was seen.  This thickening was exclusively attributable to distention of submucosal areas in the ventral aspect of the epiglottis, with foreign body granulomata surrounded by fibrous connective tissue.Thickening of the ventral epiglottic surface that was readily apparent in all horses at necropsy could not be reliably distinguished endoscopically in conscious horses.  Qualitative changes in epiglottic thickness and contour could be distinguished on lateral-view laryngeal radiographs; however, thickness measurements made from radiographs did not correlate accurately with actual thickness measurements made at necropsy.Surgery was not technically difficult to perform through a laryngotomy, and all horses tolerated the procedure without apparent discomfort.  Endoscopy performed after surgery revealed unremarkable and uniform response to the polytef paste in 4 horses, and in 3 horses, revealed excess swelling and inflammation of the ventral epiglottic tissue that resolved over time.  Overdistention of the submucosal space with polytef may have accounted for the undesirable tissue responses that developed, including excess inflammation in the ventral epiglottic tissue in 3 horses, migration of polytef in 4 horses, and ventral mucosal ulceration in 3 horses.In 1 horse, polytef paste was injected by use of a disposable syringe and needle.  Excess ventral epiglottic swelling and exposed epiglottic cartilage was seen during subsequent endoscopy.  At necropsy 60 days after surgery, the epiglottic contour remained deformed and a large deep mucosal ulcer was observed at the injection site.  Histologic examination revealed necrotizing suppurative inflammation that extended into the epiglottic cartilage.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Sleep extension is a feasible lifestyle intervention in free-living adults who are habitually short sleepers: a potential strategy for decreasing intake of free sugars? A randomized controlled pilot study. Objective: We assessed the feasibility of a personalized sleep extension protocol in adults aged 18-64 ywho are habitually short sleepers (5 to< 7 h), with sleep primarily measured by wrist actigraphy. In addition, we collected pilot data to assess the effects of extended sleep on dietary intake and quality measured by 7-d food diaries, resting and total energy expenditure, physical activity, and markers of cardiometabolic health.Background: Evidence suggests that short sleep duration may be a newly identified modifiable risk factor for obesity, yet there is a paucity of studies to investigate this.Conclusions: We showed the feasibility of extending sleep in adult short sleepers. Sleep extension led to reduced free sugar intakes and may be a viable strategy to facilitate limiting excessive consumption of free sugars in an obesity-promoting environment.Design: Forty-two normal-weight healthy participants who were habitually short sleepers completed this free-living, 4-wk, paralleldesign randomized controlled trial. The sleep extension group (n = 21) received a behavioral consultation session targeting sleep hygiene. The control group (n = 21) maintained habitual short sleep.Results: Rates of participation, attrition, and compliance were 100%, 6.5%, and 85.7%, respectively. The sleep extension group significantly increased time in bed [0: 55 hours: minutes (h: mm); 95% CI: 0: 37, 1: 12 h: mm], sleep period (0: 47 h: mm; 95% CI: 0: 29, 1: 05 h: mm), and sleep duration (0: 21 h: mm; 95% CI: 0: 06, 0: 36 h: mm) compared with the control group. Sleep extension led to reduced intake of free sugars (-9.6 g; 95% CI:-16.0,-3.1 g) compared with control (0.7 g; 95% CI:-5.7, 7.2 g) (P = 0.042). A sensitivity analysis in plausible reporters showed that the sleep extension group reduced intakes of fat (percentage), carbohydrates (grams), and free sugars (grams) in comparison to the control group. There were no significant differences between groups in markers of energy balance or cardiometabolic health.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Personalized Foreign Policy Decision-making and Economic Dependence: A Comparative Study of Thailand and the Philippines' China Policies. The existing literature on foreign policy formulation suggests that individual leaders in small and politically unstable states exert a disproportionate impact on foreign policy-making. Some analysts further contend that personalized foreign policy decision-making is more likely to suffer from discontinuities. This article, however, argues that the foreign policies of small and politically unstable states exhibit considerable variation in terms of constancy. It does so by offering a comparative study of the foreign policies of the Philippines and Thailand towards China. It demonstrates that the Philippines' policy towards China underwent significant changes in the last few years of the administration of President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, and that bilateral relations deteriorated rapidly after Benign Aquino III came to power in 2010. In contrast, Thailand has maintained a cordial relationship with China despite domestic political turmoil since 2006. This article suggests that neither the shift in the distribution of capabilities nor the presence or absence of territorial disputes sufficiently explains this variation. It argues that the personalization of foreign policy and economic dependence are two important factors that determine constancy and change in the foreign policies of small states towards major powers.", "label": [5, 47, 49]}
+{"token": "Effect of soil moisture regimes on the growth and fecundity of slender amaranth (Amaranthus viridis) and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus). Slender amaranth (Amaranthus viridis L.) and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) are increasingly problematic weeds of summer crops in Australia. Water is considered the most limiting factor in an agroecosystem, and water stress adversely impacts the growth and reproduction of plant species. The primary objective of this study was to determine the growth and fecundity of two Australian biotypes (Goondiwindi and Gatton) of A. viridis and A. retroflexus under water-stress conditions. Four water-stress treatments (100%, 75%, 50%, and 25% field capacity [FC]) at a 4-d irrigation interval were chosen. No difference was observed for growth and seed production between the two biotypes of both species when grown under varying soil moisture regimes. At 100% FC, A. viridis produced 44 g plant(-1) aboveground biomass and 1,740 seeds plant(-1). The maximum growth (46 g plant(-1)) and seed production (3,070 seeds plant(-1)) of A. retroflexus were observed at 100% FC. The growth and seed production of both species were reduced with increased water-stress levels. Both weeds responded to water stress by decreasing the shoot:root biomass ratio. However, A. viridis (290 seeds plant(-1)) and A. retroflexus (370 seeds plant(-1)) were able to produce a significant number of seeds per plant even at 25% FC. Results suggest that both weeds will produce seeds under water-limiting conditions. Therefore, management strategies are required to minimize the growth and survival of weeds in water-deficit conditions.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Primary-residue production cross sections and kinetic energies in 1 A (GeVPb)-Pb-208 on deuteron reactions. The production cross sections and the kinematical properties of primary residual nuclei have been studied in the reaction Pb-208(1 A GeV) + d. Isotopic distributions were measured for all elements from titanium (Z = 22) to lead (Z = 82). The measured kinematical properties of the residues were also used to disentangle the relevant reaction mechanisms, spallation-evaporation and spallation-fission. The fragment separator FRS at GSI, Darmstadt, was used to separate and identify the reaction products. The measured quantities are important for the design and planning of future radioactive-beam facilities and accelerator-driven systems. The measured data of the present work are comprehensively compared with the experimental data from the reaction Pb-208(1 A GeV) + p. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Study on the Small Molecular Composition of Cutinite from Luquan Cutinitic Liptobiolith by Ultrasonic-Assisted Sequential Extraction. The cutinite content in a typical cutinitic liptobiolith from the Luquan area of Yunnan Province, China, of middle Devonian, can be up to 85%. The equal density gradient method was used to separate the cutinite with the density gradient of cutinite being primarily 1.07-1.21 g/cm(3). Then, the cutinite was sequentially extracted with methanol, acetone, isometric N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone/carbon disulfide mixture (NMP/CS2), and cyclohexanone with ultrasonic irradiation to afford soluble portions (E1-E4) and residues (R1-R4). In total, about 48.60% of the organic matter in cutinite became soluble. According to the analysis of soluble portions by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and H-1 NMR, El was rich in nitrogen-containing organic compounds and esters, amounting to 50.72 and 30.32%. Esters were found in E1, E2, and E4. The content of esters in E2 was 43.54%. In addition, alkanes also were found in E2 and E3, attaining 21.10 and 19.88%, respectively. The main products of cyclohexanone extraction were ketones, about 39.33%. These experimental results indicated that a great deal of oxygen-containing compounds, alkanes, and aromatic species were released during the process of cutinite sequential extraction. The small-molecule component was primarily composed of C-12-C-18 linear alkane and aromatics of 1-2 rings. Compared with cutin, these findings are reasonably consistent with the results of the small-molecule composition released during coalification.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "Formation Conditions of Mg2TiO4 and MgAl2O4 in Ti-Mg-Al Complex Deoxidation of Molten Iron. It is important to study the complex deoxidation equilibrium of molten iron in Ti-Mg-Al system from the view point of inclusion control. The equilibrium experiments between molten iron and TiOx-MgO-Al2O3 slag and the thermodynamic calculation on the complex deoxidation are conducted at 1973 K in the present study. The liquid phase region of TiOx-MgO-Al2O3 system in equilibrium with molten iron is clarified at 1973 K. The equilibrium compounds which are coexisted with the slag on the liquidus curve in the system are identified to be Mg2TiO4, and MgAl2O4. The equilibrium relation between the deoxidation products (Mg2TiO4 or MgAl2O4) and the composition of solute elements in steel is investigated, and the conditions that Mg2TiO4 forms instead of MgAl2O4 nor Al2O3 are examined in the complex deoxidation of Ti-Mg-Al system. When the aluminum content of molten iron is under 4 mass ppm, Mg2TiO4 forms over the wide concentration range. The concentration range of MgAl2O4 formation widens as the aluminum content of molten iron increases. It is necessary to increase Mg content and to decrease Al content in order to form Mg2TiO4 in the Ti-Mg-Al complex deoxidation of molten iron in the range Ti<0.01 mass%. However, it is difficult in the range of Ti>0.01 mass% to form Mg2TiO4.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Effect of Variations in the Fatty Acid Chain of Oligofructose Fatty Acid Esters on Their Foaming Functionality. In this article the effect of variations in the fatty acid chain of oligofructose fatty acid esters (OFAE) on foamability and foam stability is described. First, oligofructose (OF) mono-esters containing saturated fatty acid chains ranging between C4 and C18 were studied. Additionally, a mono-ester containing a C16 mono-unsaturated fatty acid chain and a C12 di-ester were studied. Finally, to investigate the influence of the size of the hydrophilic group, commercially available sucrose esters were studied. The surface tension and surface rheological properties of air/water interfaces stabilized by the esters were determined, as well as the foaming properties of the esters, at a bulk concentration of 0.2 % (w/v). OF mono-esters with intermediate fatty acid chain lengths (C10-C16) were able to migrate quickly to the interface producing foams with small bubbles (0.4 mm), a relatively narrow bubble size distribution, and a high stability. For oligofructose mono-esters containing fatty acids C4 and C8, the bulk concentration of 0.2 % (w/v) was below the CMC, resulting in insufficient surface coverage, and low foamability and foam stability. The OF C18 mono-ester and the OF C12 di-ester were slow to migrate to the interface resulting in low foamability. Despite similar surface tension values, the foam half-life time of OFAE was higher than of the corresponding sucrose esters. OFAE gave higher surface dilatational moduli compared to sucrose esters. Based on the frequency dependence of the modulus and analysis of Lissajous plots, we propose that OFAE may be forming a soft glass at the interface.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Sparsity-aware multitarget localisation for distributed MIMO radar against phase synchronisation mismatch. The authors address the problem of coherent multitarget localisation for distributed multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar, in the presence of phase synchronisation mismatch between each transmitter-receiver pair. The inherent sparsity of targets in the surveillance area can be exploited to represent radar data and then target locations are accurately estimated using sparse reconstruction. However, due to the difficulty of perfect phase synchronisation, the localisation technique is usually required to eliminate the phase errors. This study jointly considers the phase error correction problem in the context of multitarget localisation. In this novel method, the direct position determination of multitarget is obtained by estimating the spare reflection coefficients and phase errors alternately. Numerical simulation results demonstrate that the authors' iterative block sparse Bayesian learning via maximum likelihood estimation algorithm obtains enhanced estimation accuracy against the phase synchronisation mismatch.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Influence of contact interaction between the sides of crack on characteristics of failure mechanics in action of P- and SV-waves. The effect of contact between the sides of a rectilinear crack in the plane R-2 = {x: x(3) = 0} on the characteristics of the failure mechanics is studied for the case in which the crack is affected by harmonic tensile-compression waves and shifts. The surfaces of the crack may assume any orientation relative to the direction of propagation of the waves. The presence of friction in the zone of contact of the sides of the crack is taken into account. The method of solving the problem stated is iterative in nature and is based on the solution of a sequence of boundary integral equations for the Fourier coefficients of the displacement discontinuity vector and the contact force vector. It is also corrected at each step of the solution so as to satisfy one-sided restrictions in the zone of contact.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "Occurrence and management of leprosy reaction in China in 2005. Results 452 questionnaires from 25 provinces were analysed. There were 313 male and 139 female patients who had 159 Type I reactions, 273 Type 11 reactions and 20 Type I and 11 mixed reaction. 72.4% of reactions occurred in the first year of MDT and 27.6% of patients during the second year of MDT. The highest frequency of reaction was during the first 6 months of MDT; 57.3% of patients developed new nerve impairment during and after MDT.Methods A retrospective survey using a questionnaire was carried out in all the provinces of China at the beginning of 2006. Patients included were those presenting with leprosy reaction between I January and 31 December 2005.Background Leprosy reactions are a major cause of disability before, during and after anti-bacterial treatment. Prompt diagnosis and correct management of reaction is a crucial matter for improving the quality of leprosy health services. Objectives To describe the pattern of leprosy reaction and its management in China during 2005.Conclusions New nerve function impairment and disability still occurs among patients during and after MDT. The early detection and management of leprosy reaction remains important.", "label": [2, 17, 21, 24]}
+{"token": "Single- and double-photoionization data of Na and K corroborate the existence of a universal scaling law for the ratio. Using monochromatized synchrotron light and the ion time-of-flight method to detect the singly and doubly charged sodium and potassium ions, we have investigated the relative double-photoionization cross-section ratios of Na from 52.4 to 150 eV and of K from 36.5 to 170 eV. We found that both followed a scaling law previously observed for Li and Be, which describes the photon energy dependence of that ratio and allows one to estimate its absolute value. We have also obtained the relative single- and double-photoionization cross sections for Na and K.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "PROBING THE ELECTRON-DISTRIBUTION INSIDE THE ATA BEAM PULSE. Analysis of the Cherenkov light emitted from a single ATA beam pulse provides quantitative information regarding the distribution of beam particles in a four dimensional transverse phase space.  Using the techniques described in this report we conclude that the experimentally observed spatial distribution of Cherenkov light implies a parabolic distribution of beam particles.  Using the transfer matrix of the magnetic solenoid transport, quantitative values of the emittance, radius, tilt and energy at a position upstream of the Cherenkov foil may be obtained, and the beam brightness as a function of radius within the beam may be calculated.  The brightness is defined as the ratio of the beam current within a given radius to the normalized four dimensional volume occupied by particles within that radius.  The normalized four volume is the four dimensional volume multiplied by the relativistic parameters beta-2-gamma-2.  We find that the parabolic phase space distribution gives a core brightness three times the edge brightness and agreement with the core brightness measured by the two aperture emittance diagnostic.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 32]}
+{"token": "Comparing the characteristics of users of an online service for STI self-sampling with clinic service users: a cross-sectional analysis. Conclusion Nearly half (44.5%) of all basic STI testing was done online, although the characteristics of users of clinic and online services differed and positivity rates for those using the online service for testing were lower. Clinics remain an important point of access for some groups.Results 6456 STI tests were carried out by residents in the boroughs. Of these, 3582 (55.5%) were performed using clinic services and 2874 (44.5%) using the online service. In multivariate analysis, online users were more likely than clinic users to be aged between 20 and 30 years, female, white British, homosexual or bisexual, test negative for chlamydia or gonorrhoea and live in less deprived areas. Of the individuals that ordered a kit from the online service, 72.5% returned sufficient samples. In multivariate analysis, returners were more likely than non-returners to be aged >20 years and white British.Objectives Online services for self-sampling at home could improve access to STI testing; however, little is known about those using this new modality of care. This study describes the characteristics of users of online services and compares them with users of clinic services.Methods We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of routinely collected data on STI testing activity from online and clinic sexual health services in Lambeth and Southwark between 1January 2016 and 31March 2016. Activity was included for chlamydia, gonorrhoea, HIV and syphilis testing for residents of the boroughs aged 16 years and older. Logistic regression models were used to explore potential associations between type of service use with age group, gender, ethnic group, sexual orientation, positivity and Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) quintiles. We used the same methods to explore potential associations between return of complete samples for testing with age group, gender, ethnic group, sexual orientation and IMD quintiles among online users.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Sandwich iridium complexes with the monoanionic carborane ligand [9-SMe2-7,8-C2B9H10](-). The reaction of the [(eta-9-SMe2-7,8-C2B9H10)IrBr2](2) complex with Tl[Tl(eta-7,8-C2B9H11)] afforded the iridacarborane compound (eta-9-SMe2-7,8-C2B9H10)Ir(eta -7,8-C2B9H11). The cationic complex [Cp*lr(eta-9-SMe2-7,8-C2B9H10)]+PF6- (5. PF6, Cp* is pentamethylcyclopentadienyl was synthesized by the reaction of [Cp*IrCl2](2) with Na[9-SMe2-7,8-C2B9H10]. The structures of (eta-9-SMe2-7,8-C2B9H10)Ir(eta-cod) (cod is 1,5-cyclooctadiene) and 5 center dot PF6 were established by X-ray diffraction.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Localization of sequences within the latency-related gene of bovine herpesvirus 1 that inhibit mammalian cell growth. The latency-related (LR) RNA of bovine herpes virus 1 (BHV-1) is abundantly expressed in sensory neurons of latently infected cattle. Wild-type expression of LR gene products is required for the latency-reactivation cycle. LR gene products inhibit apoptosis, bICP0 expression, and mammalian cell growth. The cell growth inhibitory function of the LR gene maps to a 463-bp XbaI-PstI fragment. Introduction of stop codons into the XbaI-PstI fragment had no effect on inhibiting growth. Expression of a LR strand-specific transcript correlates with growth inhibition in bovine fibroblasts and mouse neuroblastoma cells.", "label": [2, 17, 20]}
+{"token": "Inhibition of polyprotein processing and RNA replication of human rhinovirus by pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate involves metal ions. Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) is an antiviral compound that was shown to inhibit the replication of human rhinoviruses (HRVs), poliovirus, and influenza virus. To elucidate the mechanism of PDTC, the effects on the individual steps of the infection cycle of HRV were investigated. PDTC did not interfere with receptor binding or internalization by receptor mediated endocytosis of HRV2 particles into HeLa cells. But we demonstrate that the processing of the viral polyprotein was prevented by PDTC treatment in HeLa cells infected with HRV2. Furthermore, PDTC inhibited the replication of the viral RNA, even when added four hours post infection. As PDTC is described as a metal ion binding agent, we investigated the effect of other metal chelators on the multiplication of HRV2. We show that EDTA, o-phenanthroline, and bathocuproine disulfonic acid do not exhibit any antiviral properties. Surprisingly, these substances, coadministered with PDTC, abolished the antiviral effect of PDTC, suggesting that metal ions play a pivotal role in the inhibition of virus multiplication. These results suggest that PDTC inhibits the activity of the viral proteases in a metal ion dependent way.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Post-harvest innovation systems in South Asia - Research as capacity development and its prospects for impact on the poor in developing countries. Post-harvest R&D could make a valuable contribution to pro-poor rural development. Evidence suggests, however, that technological innovations need to be supplemented by institutional innovations that encourage broader participation from researchers, entrepreneurs and users of the technology. Furthermore, greater attention will need to be given to the wider institutional context in which innovation takes place. This paper presents the concept of a post-harvest innovation system as a way of exploring these issues and explains the capacity-development view of research that this perspective brings. Examples of post-harvest innovation systems are presented to illustrate the critical importance of partnerships and the influence of the institutional context on the outcome of research. Ways of implementing this in research programmes are then discussed.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Geochemical and statistical evaluation of spring water in Sarduiyeh Basin, SE Iran. This study investigates the natural processes that influence the chemistry of surface and spring water within the Sarduiyeh region using correlation matrix and factor analysis techniques. A total of 27 spring samples were collected during April 2011, and analyzed for their physico-chemical constituents. Hydrogeochemical data of samples suggested that the water types are: Na-Cl (40.74%), Ca-Mg-HCO3 (37.04%), Na-HCO3-Cl-Mg (14.81%) and Ca-Mg-SO4-Cl (7.41%). The order of cations and anions abundance is Na+> K+> Mg2+> Ca2+ and Cl- > SO42- > HCO3- > NO3-. The very high As concentrations are observed in three samples (numbers 24, 3 and 2) with value 25,000, 2327 and 2178 mu g/L. The multivariate statistical methods indicate that hydrogeochemistry of the spring water in study area is mainly controlled by water-rock interaction, and weathering and dissolution of silicate minerals mainly extend in the area.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "The Influence of Signaling Conspecific and Heterospecific Neighbors on Eavesdropper Pressure. The study of tradeoffs between the attraction of mates and the attraction of eavesdropping predators and parasites has generally focused on a single species of prey, signaling in isolation. In nature, however, animals often signal from mixed-species aggregations, where interactions with heterospecific group members may be an important mechanism modulating tradeoffs between sexual and natural selection, and thus driving signal evolution. Although studies have shown that conspecific signalers can influence eavesdropper pressure on mating signals, the effects of signaling heterospecifics on eavesdropper pressure, and on the balance between natural and sexual selection, are likely to be different. Here, we review the role of neighboring signalers in mediating changes in eavesdropper pressure, and present a simple model that explores how selection imposed by eavesdropping enemies varies as a function of a signaling aggregation's species composition, the attractiveness of aggregation members to eavesdroppers, and the eavesdroppers' preferences for different member types. This approach can be used to model mixed-species signaling aggregations, as well as same-species aggregations, including those with non-signaling individuals, such as satellites or females. We discuss the implications of our model for the evolution of signal structure, signaling behavior, mixed-species aggregations, and community dynamics.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "A Framework for the Identification and Strategic Development of Translation Specialisms. The purpose of this paper is to explore the challenges facing newly qualified translators in identifying and developing their translation specialisms. By means of a survey of translation agencies' recruitment processes, the paper illustrates the need for freelance translators to be able to identify and describe their specialisms in a high level of detail when applying for work with translation agencies. The difficulties this presents to newly qualified translators are then highlighted. After considering the variety of terms used to classify translation specialisms and the need to prepare students for industry, this paper proposes a framework for the purpose of helping students and newly qualified translators to identify and describe their specialisms as well as develop new ones. The paper concludes by describing how the framework can be incorporated into translator training programmes using a form of Personal Development Planning.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "The Flow of IWRM in SADC: The Role of Regional Dynamics, Advocacy Networks and External Actors. This article explores the entry and spread of IWRM in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region. It traces how the idea of IWRM was promoted and sustained throughout the region by mapping key events, actors and networks that were involved in promoting the approach. It highlights the importance of regional networks in promoting IWRM and shows how regional dynamics, playing out at the interface between the global and local levels, influenced the adoption/adaptation and spread of IWRM. The article finds that the idea of IWRM 'hit the ground running' in SADC due to several contributing factors. These include: historical political connections between the member countries; historically rooted well-established channels and connections with bilateral and multilateral donors; the success of networks such as the Global Water Partnership and WaterNet whose mandate was to promote the concept; and the fact that two-thirds of the region's population live in transboundary basins with IWRM providing a suitable hook for transboundary cooperation, often inspired by European models. The article further argues that IWRM thrived because of strong donor agendas that were adapted by key SADC actors to suit strategic interests. It thus provided a platform for complex politically charged negotiations to reconcile apparently divergent goals such as infrastructure vs management and regional vs national interests. The practice of IWRM in the region is very much shaped by a conflation of regional, national and donor interests and has now acquired a life of its own, despite changing donor priorities.", "label": [4, 5, 36, 47]}
+{"token": "Populist Psychology: Economics, Culture, and Emotions. Historical trends seem to show that populism, defined here as movements that self-identify as representatives of a unified good people confronting a corrupted or malevolent elite, tends to co-occur with major economic disruptions. However, research into this connection provides us with a puzzle: while populist surges often come in the wake of economic crises, cultural variables tend to be better predictors of support for populism in public opinion surveys. In this article, we develop a theory (affective political economy) that can resolve this paradox by analyzing the influence of emotions on politics. Using survey experiments, we show that economic crises cause emotional reactions that activate cultural discontent. This, in turn, activates populist attitudes. This article provides an elegant solution to a major impasse in the study of the demand side of populism and provides a useful way of analyzing how economics and culture may interact to cause political outcomes.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Freedom, self-prediction, and the possibility of time travel. Do time travellers retain their normal freedom and abilities when they travel back in time? Lewis, Horwich and Sider argue that they do. Time-travelling Tim can kill his young grandfather, his younger self, or whomever else he pleases-and so, it seems can reasonably deliberate about whether to do these things. He might not succeed. But he is still just as free as a non-time traveller. I'll disagree. The freedom of time travellers is limited by a rational constraint. Tim can't reasonably deliberate on killing his grandfather, certain that he'll fail. If Tim follows his evidence, and appropriately self-predicts, he will be certain he won't kill his grandfather. So if Tim is both evidentially and deliberatively rational, he can't deliberate on killing his grandfather. This result has consequences. Firstly, it shows how evidential limits in the actual world contribute to our conception of the future as open. Secondly, it undercuts arguments against the possibility of time travel. Thirdly, it affects how we evaluate counterfactuals in time travel worlds, as well as our own. I'll use the constraint to motivate an evidential and temporally neutral method of evaluating counterfactuals that holds fixed what a relevant deliberating agent has evidence of, independently of her decision. Using this method, an agent's local abilities may be affected by what happens globally at other times, including the future.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Removal of mercury(II) and methylene blue from a wastewater environment with magnetic graphene oxide: adsorption kinetics, isotherms and mechanism. To enhance the adsorption capacity and affinity of graphene oxide (GO) for heavy metals and dyes, a magnetic graphene oxide composite (MGO) was synthesized with magnetic Fe3O4 and graphene oxide and used to study the adsorption performance for the heavy metal Hg(II) and the dye methylene blue (MB). The adsorbents were characterized by XRD, FTIR, zeta potential, BET, SEM-EDS, magnetic properties, Raman and XPS analyses. Batch adsorption experiments were performed to evaluate the adsorption conditions and reusability. The results show that the as-prepared MGO had a much higher Langmuir surface area of 1259.9 m(2) g(-1). The kinetic data well fitted the pseudo-second order and intraparticle diffusion equations. The adsorption isotherm of MGO for Hg(II) and MB were best described by the Langmuir model with a maximum adsorption capacity of 71.3 and 306.5 mg g(-1), respectively, which surpassed the adsorption capacities of many other materials. And this result was also much higher than the adsorption capacity of GO for Hg(II) and MB of only 32.7 and 216.7 mg g(-1). Overall the adsorption processes of Hg(II) and MB onto MGO were controlled by intra-particle diffusion and involved some chemisorption. The thermodynamics indicated that the adsorption process of MGO for Hg(II) and MB was endothermic and spontaneous in nature. Moreover, the adsorption capacity of MGO was still over 80% of the initial saturation adsorption capacity after being used five times. Lastly, we found out that the as-synthesized MGO was efficient for Hg(II) removal from real chloralkali wastewater. Results of this work suggest that the magnetic GO nanoparticles may be a promising adsorbent for the adsorption of heavy metals and dyes from wastewater.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Deformation monitoring and thematic mapping of the Badaling Great Wall using very high-resolution interferometric synthetic aperture radar data. The preventive monitoring and sustainable conservation of large-scale cultural heritage sites require satellitebased Earth observations. In this study, we present the first monitoring and thematic mapping results of the Badaling Great Wall (Beijing, China) using deformation indicators calculated from very high-resolution (VHR) multi-temporal spotlight TerraSAR-X data. The proposed coarse-fine search algorithm achieved high computational efficiency for calculating the unknown parameters of the two-tier network persistent scatterer synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferometry (PSInSAR) approach. The spatiotemporal deformation anomalies, characterized by the absolute velocity, deformation deviation and acceleration, are informative to identify suspected hotspots for prioritizing monitoring activities. We provide an understandable method for thematic mapping and subsequent sustainable conservation of heritage sites by synergistically exploiting impacts from natural degradation and the tourism industry. We determine that the optimum tourist capacity of the site could be 1.0 million per month based on comparing pre- and post-COVID data (2019-2020). This study demonstrates the potential and performance of spaceborne PSInSAR tools for the intelligent management of large-scale architectural heritage sites by integrating InSAR deformation products with environmental and social data.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Nuclear positioning and pairing of X-chromosome inactivation centers are not primary determinants during initiation of random X-inactivation. During X-chromosome inactivation (XCI), one of the two X-inactivation centers (Xics) upregulates the noncoding RNA Xist to initiate chromosomal silencing in cis. How one Xic is chosen to upregulate Xist remains unclear. Models proposed include localization of one Xic at the nuclear envelope or transient homologous Xic pairing followed by asymmetric transcription factor distribution at Xist's antisense Xite/Tsix locus. Here, we use a TetO/TetR system that can inducibly relocate one or both Xics to the nuclear lamina in differentiating mouse embryonic stem cells. We find that neither nuclear lamina localization nor reduction of Xic homologous pairing influences monoallelic Xist upregulation or choice-making. We also show that transient pairing is associated with biallelic expression, not only at Xist/Tsix but also at other X-linked loci that can escape XCI. Finally, we show that Xic pairing occurs in wavelike patterns, coinciding with genome dynamics and the onset of global regulatory programs during early differentiation.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Clustering structures of large proteins using multifractal analyses based on a 6-letter model and hydrophobicity scale of amino acids. The Schneider and Wrede hydrophobicity scale of amino acids and the 6-letter model of protein are proposed to Study the relationship between the primary structure and the secondary structural classification of proteins. Two kinds of multifractal analyses are performed oil the two Measures obtained from these two kinds of data oil large proteins. Nine parameters from the multifractal analyses are considered to construct the parameter spaces. Each protein is represented by one point in these spaces. A procedure is proposed to separate large proteins in the alpha, beta, alpha + beta and alpha/beta structural classes in these parameter spaces. Fisher's linear discriminant algorithm is used to assess our clustering accuracy oil the 49 selected large proteins. Numerical results indicate that the discriminant accuracies are satisfactory. In particular, they reach 100.00%, and 84.21% in separating the of proteins from the {beta, alpha + beta, alpha/beta} proteins in a parameter space; 92.86% and 86.96%, in separating the beta proteins from the {alpha + beta, alpha/beta} proteins in another parameter space; 91.67%, and 83.33% in separating the alpha/beta proteins from the alpha + beta proteins in the last parameter space. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 32, 38]}
+{"token": "More efficient serialization and RMI for Java. In current Java implementations, Remote Method Invocation (RMI) is too slow especially for highperformance computing. RMI is designed for wide-area and high-latency networks, it is based on a slow object serialization, and it does not support high-performance communication networks. The paper demonstrates that a much faster drop-in RMI and an efficient drop-in serialization can be designed and implemented completely in Java without any native code, Moreover, the re-designed RMI supports non-TCP/IP communication networks, even with heterogeneous transport protocols. We demonstrate that for high-performance computing some of the official serialization's generality can and should be traded for speed. As a by-product, a benchmark collection for RMI is presented, On PCs connected through Ethernet, the better serialization and the improved RMI save a median of 45% (maximum of 71%) of the runtime for some set of arguments. On our Myrinet-based ParaStation network (a cluster of DEC Alphas) we save a median of 85 % (maximum of 96 %), compared to standard RMI, standard serialization, and Fast Ethernet; a remote method invocation runs as fast as 80 mu s round trip time, compared with about 1.5 ms. Copyright (C) 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Refinement of schizophrenia GWAS loci using methylome-wide association data. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have made substantial progress in identifying disease loci. The next logical step is to design functional experiments to identify disease mechanisms. This step, however, is often hampered by the large size of loci identified in GWAS that is caused by linkage disequilibrium between SNPs. In this study, we demonstrate how integrating methylome-wide association study (MWAS) results with GWAS findings can narrow down the location for a subset of the putative casual sites. We use the disease schizophrenia as an example. To handle \\\\'data analytic\\\\' variation, we first combined our MWAS results with two GWAS meta-analyses (N = 32,143 and 21,953), that had largely overlapping samples but different data analysis pipelines, separately. Permutation tests showed significant overlapping association signals between GWAS and MWAS findings. This significant overlap justified prioritizing loci based on the concordance principle. To further ensure that the methylation signal was not driven by chance, we successfully replicated the top three methylation findings near genes SDCCAG8, CREB1 and ATXN7 in an independent sample using targeted pyrosequencing. In contrast to the SNPs in the selected region, the methylation sites were largely uncorrelated explaining why the methylation signals implicated much smaller regions (median size 78 bp). The refined loci showed considerable enrichment of genomic elements of possible functional importance and suggested specific hypotheses about schizophrenia etiology. Several hypotheses involved possible variation in transcription factor-binding efficiencies.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Axial force radiometer for primary standard laser power measurements using photon momentum. We have demonstrated operation of a new photon momentum radiometer for measuring laser power levels above 1 kW by use of radiation pressure. The 'axial' design allows the input and output laser beams to remain collinear and the force sensing can be carried out with any analytical balance having a vertical sensing direction and sufficient readability (sensitivity). The design also provides for a parasitic fast photodiode power measurement that is calibrated in situ by the slower radiation pressure-based power measurement. This permits a short-time-constant measurement limited primarily by the photodiode bandwidth, rather than the response time of the force balance. Uncertainty contributions yield a relative expanded uncertainty of 2.1% for (1-2) kW and 1.2% above 2 kW (for laboratory environmental conditions). We perform a direct comparison between this new power meter and the existing primary standard radiation pressure power meter. We find the two techniques agree with an average inequivalence of 0.12% for continuous wave (CW) optical powers from (1-10.8) kW. This disagreement is well-explained by the quadrature-summed uncertainties of the two techniques.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 32]}
+{"token": "CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE OF 1,1,1,2,2-PENTAFLUORO-3-AMINOHEX-3-EN-5-ONE AND ISOMERIZATION OF BETA-AMINOVINYLKETONES AND BETA-AMINOVINYLTHIONES CONTAINING FLUORINE. The x-ray structure of 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoro-3-aminohex-3-en-5-one has been solved.  Isomerization of beta-aminovinylketones and beta-aminovinylthiones containing fluorine occurs with significant rearrangement of the molecular packing in the crystal apparently through a biomolecular mechanism.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Asset recovery in corruption cases Comparative analysis identifies serious flaws in US tracing procedure. Purpose - Asset recovery proceedings increasingly target corrupt foreign officials who acquire lavish assets as a result of capital gained through criminal acts. One extremely difficult issue arising in asset recovery proceedings is whether the capital used to acquire the assets can be traced to a criminal act. The purpose of this paper is to critique US tracing procedure through comparative analysis.Originality/value - Though this paper is certainly a comparative case study analysis, nearly identical facts and two different jurisdictions reaching separate conclusions bring us in the legal community as close as we can realistically come to quasi-experimental research. Comparative research in this area is severely lacking and sorely needed. The mechanisms identified in the French system clearly show flaws that are present in the US system.Design/methodology/approach - A prominent series of cases brought by the USA and France against assets owned by Teodoro \\\\'Teodorin\\\\' Nguema Obiang, second Vice President of the Republic of Equatorial Guinea, produced mixed results on the tracing element. This paper utilizes a qualitative comparative case analysis to examine the US and French cases.Findings - The US results reflect serious weaknesses in the US law as compared to more effective French asset recovery procedure.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Dynamic resource allocation in OFDMA wireless metropolitan area networks. 0In this article We present important resource allocation problems in IEEE 802.16 wireless metropolitan area networks employing orthogonal frequency division multiple access. We first highlight the unique aspects of these networks and identify challenges and opportunities provided by the physical and medium access control layers. Next, we concentrate on four interrelated resource allocation problems: dynamic subcarrier allocation, adaptive power allocation, admission control, and capacity planning. We describe solution techniques, provide preliminary results, and discuss open problems for future research.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 37]}
+{"token": "A comparative assessment of biomass ash preparation methods using X-ray fluorescence and wet chemical analysis. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy is a rapid method used to determine the composition of biomass ash, but the accuracy of the method is sensitive to various factors including ash preparation methods. In this study different types of biomass ash were examined by using wet chemical analysis (WCA) and compared with the respective XRF results. The biomass ash was initially prepared in accordance with the European Standard method at 550 degrees C. At this low combustion temperature the amount of residual unburned carbon is significant. To eliminate this, the ashes were heated at higher temperatures: a batch of twenty biomass ashes were heated at 850 degrees C and a batch of five heated to 815 degrees C. At these higher temperatures there may be loss of inorganic components by vaporisation. Variation in these effects may lead to unreliable results. The relationship between XRF and WCA results are given by regression equations. The ashes processed at 815 degrees C show better agreement between the two analysis methods. (C) 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "Studies of embryonic development and the reproductive cycle in ovoviviparous Australian Onychophora (Peripatopsidae). Embryos of four ovoviviparous species of Australian onychophorans were examined to establish the process of their development, their reproductive cycle and to estimate the gestation period. The process of development is the same in all four species with, in the early embryo, segment halves separated by broad bands of extra-embryonic ectoderm, and the embryos growing by the posterior addition of segments. Seven developmental stages (I-VII) can be clearly identified from external morphology. Analysis of the developmental stages of the embryos present in females collected throughout a calendar year has allowed estimation of the time taken for each developmental stage and demonstrated that there is an annual reproductive cycle with a total gestation period of c. 12 months. Stages I and VII are prolonged, the latter related to the late completion of midgut development. The simultaneous presence of stage I and stage VII embryos at certain times of year indicates an overlap of generations within the uteri, which is more extensive for some species than others. As the stage VII embryos of one cohort complete their development, enlarged oocytes are released from the ovaries to become fertilized as they pass the seminal receptacles and enter the uteri to start their embryonic development to form the next cohort. Cephalofovea clandestina, Phallocephale tallagandensis and Ruhbergia bifalcata have head structures in males, Euperipatoides rowelli does not. The presence of embryos at all times of year in the uteri of mature females has implications for mating and sperm storage that are discussed.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Electrophysiological response of rat ventricular myocytes to acidosis. The effects of acidosis on the action potential, resting potential, L-type Ca2+ (I-Ca), inward rectifier potassium (I-K1), delayed rectifier potassium (I-K), steady-state (I-SS), and inwardly rectifying chloride (I-Cl,I- ir) currents of rat subepicardial (Epi) and subendocardial (Endo) ventricular myocytes were investigated using the patch-clamp technique. Action potential duration was shorter in Epi than in Endo cells. Acidosis (extracellular pH decreased from 7.4 to 6.5) depolarized the resting membrane potential and prolonged the time for 50% repolarization of the action potential in Epi and Endo cells, although the prolongation was larger in Endo cells. At control pH, I-Ca, I-K1, and I-SS were not significantly different in Epi and Endo cells, but I-K was larger in Epi cells. Acidosis did not alter I-Ca, I-K1, or I-K but decreased I-SS; this decrease was larger in Endo cells. It is suggested that the acidosis-induced decrease in I-SS underlies the prolongation of the action potential. I-Cl,I- ir at control pH was Cd2+ sensitive but 4,4'-disothiocyanato-stilbene- 2,2'-disulfonic acid resistant. Acidosis increased I-Cl,I- ir; it is suggested that the acidosis-induced increase in I-Cl,I- ir underlies the depolarization of the resting membrane potential.", "label": [2, 17, 21]}
+{"token": "DISCERNMENT AND BIBLICAL SPIRITUALITY: AN OVERVIEW AND EVALUATION OF RECENT RESEARCH. This article briefly and very generally explores some of the developments in the field of biblical spirituality over the past six decades by analysing and discussing some seminal publications on the theme of discernment. It begins the overview with the articles on discernment and discretion in the Dictionnaire de Spiritualite (1957) and then focuses on publications of the past twenty years. It discusses how discernment has moved beyond uncritically assumed dichotomies, beyond the separation of discernment and discretion, and the division between the Bible and philosophy. It also points out how recent publications emphasised for the first time the importance of communal discernment and thus overcame the untenable dualism between personal and communal discernment.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Functional diversity of mesograzers in an eelgrass-epiphyte system. Historically, small invertebrate grazers in marine plant communities have been considered to be a relatively homogeneous group in their impact on ecosystem processes. However, recent studies propose that species composition is an important agent in determining grazer effects. We used four mesocosm experiments to test the biomass-specific and density-dependent effects of common mesograzers in temperate regions (Littorina littorea, Rissoa membranacea, Idotea baltica and Gammarus oceanicus) on epiphyte and eelgrass biomass and productivity. Mesograzer species identity strongly influenced epiphyte accumulation and eelgrass growth, where Rissoa was the most efficient mesograzer (per biomass) and Gammarus had the weakest impact. Density-dependent effects varied considerably among species. Both gastropod species reduced epiphyte accumulation in direct proportion to their density, and Littorina had the strongest negative effect on epiphyte biomass. The impact of Idotea seemed to level off to a threshold value and Gammarus had no density-dependent effect on epiphyte accumulation at all. Rissoa and Idotea increased eelgrass productivity in accordance with their effect on epiphyte accumulation, whereas Littorina showed a less positive effect than could be expected by its strong impact on epiphyte biomass. Gammarus had no significant impact on eelgrass growth. Our results show that the different functional traits of superficially similar mesograzers can have important consequences for ecosystem processes in macrophyte systems.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "Occupying the Land, Grabbing the Body The Female Body as a Disposable Place of Colonialization in Post-Ottoman Bosnia-Herzegovina. This article traces trajectories of colonized bodies and (female) sexualities through the geopolitical and historical continuity in the territories of what is now Bosnia-Herzegovina. Starting with the historiographic overview of women under Ottoman rule, the author addresses the \\\\'patriarchal bargain,\\\\' that is, women's (in)voluntary choice to accommodate the frame of patriarchal norms and restrictions. The second section moves to the period of the Bosnian war in the 1990s and turns to the study of female bodies subjected to \\\\'double colonialism.\\\\' If women had been previously codified, categorized, and disciplined through the patriarchal system, during the war, the author claims, the military, political, and cultural occupation of their \\\\'land\\\\' doubles the \\\\'colonialization.\\\\' In the third part of this study, the author observes how the history of (semi) colonial practices in Bosnia-Herzegovina is reflected in present cultural patterns and physical manifestations through women's bodies as the phenomenon that some authors with (justified) hesitation call \\\\'neo-ottomanism.\\\\'", "label": [3, 5, 28, 47]}
+{"token": "Effect of the carotid body excision on the development of corazol-induced seizures. Bilateral glomectomy in albino mts produced protective effect against the development of corazol seizures, which was manifested in prolonged latency of seizures and a 2-fold shortening of their total duration. Acute hypoxia led to shortening of the latency both in glomectomized and in sham-operated rats and significantly decreased the number of seizures in glomectomized rats, although a similar decrease in sham-operated rats was insignificant. Possible participation of sinocarotid reflexogenic zones in hypoxic protection against experimental seizures is discussed.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "Genetic diversity of weedy red rice (Oryza sativa) in Arkansas, USA. P>Weedy red rice (Oryza sativa) is a problematic weed in cultivated rice. About 50% of US rice is produced in Arkansas and 60% of these fields have some red rice infestation. Red rice populations are morphologically and phenologically diverse. We hypothesise that red rice in Arkansas has high genetic diversity, which underlies its wide phenotypic diversity, and that some alleles from cultivated rice have been introgressed into red rice during more than a century of coexistence. We tested 137 red rice accessions from four ecological zones in Arkansas and 36 cultivars that have been grown in Arkansas in the past century. Twenty-seven rice microsatellite primers, distributed across 12 chromosomes, were used to generate molecular markers. The overall Nei's genetic distance (GD) of red rice accessions was 0.70. Rice grown in the last century had an overall GD of 0.26. The awnless strawhull red rice was genetically distant from blackhull (GD = 0.55) and brownhull (GD = 0.60) red rice types. Nei's GD between blackhull and brownhull red rice was 0.42. Brownhull and blackhull formed one genotypic cluster, whereas the majority of strawhull red rice formed another cluster. Within blackhull red rice, the GD was 0.76, whereas for awnless strawhull it was 0.68, 0.75 for awned strawhull and 0.80 for brownhull types. The gene diversity of blackhull and strawhull correlated with zone of origin. A quarter of the red rice accessions share common alleles with cultivated rice. A diverse complex of weedy populations has evolved in a region devoid of other weedy and wild Oryza species.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "The daybreak of the new creation: Christ's resurrection in recent theology. The essay suggests that three main approaches have been taken toward Christ's resurrection in recent theology. One view focuses on the question of existential meaningfulness. While it may or may not affirm the resurrection as a statement about Jesus' particular eternal destiny, it takes his resurrection primarily as a symbol of spiritual regeneration. A second view affirms precisely what the first rejects, namely, that Christ's resurrection is grounded in an actual historical occurrence. Knowledge of his resurrection is mediated by modern critical research and confirmed by it. Whether this mediation is necessary under the conditions of modernity or merely a matter of apologetic ground-clearing remains various within the type. Finally, there are those who argue that questions of meaningfulness and historicity, though important, are secondary, because determined by the nature of the resurrection event - which is necessarily unique. Whereas the first type is seen as emphasizing transcendence at the expense of historicity, the second does the reverse by elevating historicity at the expense of transcendence. The mysterious conjunction of historicity and transcendence is what the third type regards as essential to understanding other relevant questions. The first type is represented by Schleiermacher, Bultmann and Tillich; the second by Pannenberg and Wright; the third by Moltmann, Frei and Barth.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Unique behavior of Trypanosoma dionisii interacting with mammalian cells: Invasion, intracellular growth, and nuclear localization. The phylogenetic proximity between Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) dionisii suggests that these parasites might explore similar strategies to complete their life cycles. T, cruzi is the etiological agent of the life threatening Chagas' disease, whereas T dionisii is a bat trypanosome and probably not capable of infecting humans. Here we sought to compare mammalian cell invasion and intracellular traffic of both trypanosomes and determine the differences and similarities in this process. The results presented demonstrate that T dionisii is highly infective in vitro, particularly when the infection process occurs without serum and that the invasion is similarly affected by agents known to interfere with T. cruzi invasion process. Our results indicate that the formation of lysosomal-enriched compartments is part of a cell-invasion mechanism retained by related trypanosomatids, and that residence and further escape from a lysosomal compartment may be a common requisite for successful infection. During intracellular growth, parasites share a few epitopes with T. cruzi amastigotes and trypomastigotes. Unexpectedly, in heavily infected cells, amastigotes and trypomastigotes were found inside the host cell nucleus. These findings suggest that T. dionisii although sharing some features in host cell invasion with T. cruzi, has unique behaviors that deserve to be further explored. (c) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 17, 21]}
+{"token": "Cardiotoxicity with immune system targeting drugs: a meta-analysis of anti-PD/PD-L1 immunotherapy randomized clinical trials. Background: With antiprogrammed death receptor-1 (anti-PD-L1) therapy, a recent meta-analysis reported higher incidence of cutaneous, endocrine and gastrointestinal complications especially with dual anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy (IMM). Methods: Our primary outcome was assessment of all cardiotoxicity grades in IMM compared with different treatments, thus a systemic review and ameta-analysis on randomized clinical trials (RCTs) were done. Results: We included 11 RCTs with 6574 patients (3234 patients in IMM arm vs 3340 patients in the other arm). Three non-small-cell lung cancer RCTs, seven melanoma RCTs and only one prostatic cancer RCT met the inclusion criteria. There were five RCTs that compared monoimmunotherapy to chemotherapy (n= 2631patients). No difference exists in all cardiotoxicity grades or high-grade cardiotoxicity (p >0.05). Lung cancer exhibited a higher response rate and lower mortality in IMM. Conclusion: There was no reported statistically significant cardiotoxicity associated with anti-PD/PD-L1 use. Lung cancer subgroups showed better response and survival rates.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "THE EFFECTS OF WHISPERS, VOICE-SAMPLE DURATION, AND VOICE DISTINCTIVENESS ON CRIMINAL SPEAKER IDENTIFICATION. A total of 156 introductory psychology students heard a taped voice of a mock kidnapper for either 30 seconds or 8 minutes. The kidnapper had either a distinctive voice or a non-distinctive voice, and spoke either in a whisper or in a normal tone of voice. Voice identification from six-person, tape-recorded lineups was tested 2 days later. Participants who initially heard the perpetrator speak in a normal tone were tested with normal tone lineups. Participants who initially heard the perpetrator speak in a whisper were tested either with whispered lineups or normal tone lineups. Results showed that identification performance was superior with longer voice-sample durations. Voice disguise through whispering, distinctiveness of suspect's voice, and changes in tone of voice from initial hearing and lineup test significantly influenced identification performance on both suspect-present and suspect-absent lineups. Small but significant accuracy-confidence correlations were found in both suspect-present and suspect-absent lineups. Duration estimations of the length of the speaker's voice-sample were over-estimated, particularly for the short 30-second voice sample.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "CONGENITAL HYPERTROPHY OF THE RETINAL-PIGMENT EPITHELIUM ASSOCIATED WITH FAMILIAL ADENOMATOUS POLYPOSIS. Purpose:  Multiple, bilateral areas of congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (CHRPE) have been described in association with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP).  Histopathologic findings have suggested a generalized effect of the FAP gene on the RPE, which could impair the functional integrity of the RPE.  The clinical, psychophysical, electrophysiologic, and fluorescein angiographic findings in CHRPE in subjects with FAP were assessed.Conclusion:  CHRPE has been related to generalized expression of an abnormal gene in RPE, but its functional abnormalities tend to be localized.Results:  All subjects showed mild hyperopia (mean, + 1.13 D; best corrected visual acuity, 20/20 or better).  On perimetry, there were scotomas corresponding to some lesions, ERG showed normal rod, maximal, single-flash cone, and flicker responses.  Light-dark ratio was within the normal range on EOG.  Fluorescein angiography demonstrated normal retinal vasculature overlying the CHRPE lesions, which blocked background choroidal fluorescence.  A normal choriocapillaris was observed through some hypopigmented lacuna.Methods:  RPE function was assessed in 7 subjects with CHRPE and a family history of FAP.  Four had documented FAP (mean age = 22.25 years) and the other three were siblings of affected subjects, with a 50% risk of developing FAP (mean age = 6.33 years).  All subjects underwent comprehensive ophthalmologic examination.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Spray deposition and distribution on the targets and losses to the ground as affected by application volume rate, airflow rate and target position. Greenhouse crop production in China has in the recent years expanded widely. To minimize compromised pesticide use and adverse environmental impact in these structures, it is essential to optimize the working parameters and settings of sprayers. Experiments using an air assisted greenhouse sprayer and artificial plants with attached fruits were conducted to investigate the effects of volume rate, target location, and airflow rate on spray deposition and distribution uniformity on leaves, fruits and losses to the ground. Three spray volume rates (530, 368 and 2201 ha(-1)) and three nozzle's outlet volumetric airflow rates (374.4, 289.4 and 234.7 m(3) h(-1)) were evaluated. Ground speeds were set at 0.36 and 0.31 m s(-1) for volume rate and airflow rate trials, respectively. Artificial targets (filter-paper collectors) were attached on either sides of leaves, fruits and the ground to collect deposits of a food colourant used as a tracer (Spray solution). Deposition was quantified through UV-VIS spectroscopy at a wavelength of 508 nm. Results indicated that volume rate significantly influenced deposition and distribution uniformity. Reducing the volume rate reduced deposition but improved distribution homogeneity. Quantified absolute deposits on upper leaf surfaces declined by 27.4% (MV) and 43.3% (LV). Normalized deposition displayed under-leaf to upper-leaf deposition ratios of between 16.1% (HV) to 20.0% (LV). Ground deposits were reduced by roughly 37.3% (MV) and 54.7% (LV). Similar to volume rate, airflow rate influenced spray deposition on leaves but followed an opposite trend. Reducing airflow rate improved deposition although the effect attained a threshold at medium airflow rate beyond which further reduction the deposition decreased though the reduction was not statistically significant (P = 0.069). Airflow rate did not significantly affect ground deposits (P = 0.315) it reduced the quantity of spray lost by 7% (MF) and 8.4% (HF).", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "Variant isolates of human metapneumovirus subgroup B genotype 1 in Campinas, Brazil. Results: We identified HMPV in 8 of 142 (5.6%) clinical samples. We determined through phylogenetic analysis that HMPV isolates in Campinas during the study were clustered within subgroup B genotype 1. Two of the isolates analyzed showed significant differences from previously isolated B I viruses, when compared to HMPV isolated in South Africa and,Canada, and clustered in a separate branch within this genotype.Conclusions: In 2004 in our geographic region all HMPV isolates from pediatric patients were in the B I HMPV genetic group, with two variant isolates. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Study design: Nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected from children hospitalized between April and September, 2004 because of acute respiratory infections (ARI).Objectives: To investigate the presence of HMPV in clinical samples collected from pediatric patients of two university hospitals in the region of Campinas (Sao Paulo, Brazil) and to genotype them by partial sequencing of the HMPV F gene.Background: Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a paramyxovirus associated with respiratory illness. The genotypes of HMPV isolates in Brazil have not been well characterized.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Molecular model of dynamic social network based on e-mail communication. In this work we consider an application of physically inspired sociodynamical model to the modelling of the evolution of email-based social network. Contrary to the standard approach of sociodynamics, which assumes expressing of system dynamics with heuristically defined simple rules, we postulate the inference of these rules from the real data and their application within a dynamic molecular model. We present how to embed the n-dimensional social space in Euclidean one. Then, inspired by the Lennard-Jones potential, we define a data-driven social potential function and apply the resultant force to a real e-mail communication network in a course of a molecular simulation, with network nodes taking on the role of interacting particles. We discuss all steps of the modelling process, from data preparation, through embedding and the molecular simulation itself, to transformation from the embedding space back to a graph structure. The conclusions, drawn from examining the resultant networks in stable, minimum-energy states, emphasize the role of the embedding process projecting the non-metric social graph into the Euclidean space, the significance of the unavoidable loss of information connected with this procedure and the resultant preservation of global rather than local properties of the initial network. We also argue applicability of our method to some classes of problems, while also signalling the areas which require further research in order to expand this applicability domain.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Pure unaccusatives with Hoo I in Taiwan Southern Min. In Taiwan Southern Min, pure unaccusatives, which do not demonstrate causative alternation, can occur with hoo(7) i(1) to denote adversity. In the literature, hoo(7) is considered to have various usages including verb, causative marker, passive marker, etc. This paper proposes that hoo(7) in the hoo(7) i(1) pure unaccusative construction serves as an adversative marker. This hoe is obligatorily followed by the pronoun i(1), which is expletive and nonreferential, and may occur in the overt or covert form. The hoo(7) i(1) sequence functions as an optional adjunct and is used to denote adversity. The hoo(7) i(1) construction must occur in a sentence denoting change of state; thus, a resultative verbal complement or a resultative clause is often used in the hoo(7) i(1) construction. However, verbs/compounds that denote change of state can also satisfy this semantic requirement, and in this case, no extra resultative elements are needed. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Evidence for the independence of positive and negative well-being: Implications for quality of life assessment. Conclusions. These findings point to the need to include measures of positive well-being in studies of health outcomes and quality of life assessment.Objectives. Evidence is accumulating that positive mental states are more than the absence of symptoms, and may play an independent role in health outcomes. The aim of this study is to compare the characteristics and determinants of positive and negative mental states in a population sample.Results. The distributional properties of the two scales, together with the results of the discriminant analyses, demonstrate a degree of independence between positive and negative well-being. Over one third of the sample obtained either low scores on both positive and negative well-being measures or high scores on both measures. Disability and lack-of social roles were important determinants of psychological symptoms, but had less influence on positive well-being. Having paid employment was an important determinant of positive well-being but had less influence on psychological symptoms. We also found that 7-year mortality was predicted more strongly by the absence of positive well-being than by the presence of psychological symptoms.Methods. We derived a positive well-being scale (POS-GHQ) based on positive responses to the positive items. of the GHQ-30, and compared it to a standard symptom measure (CGHQ). Discriminant function analyses were performed to establish, which demographic, health and social variables best accounted for scores on each scale.Design. A novel analysis of data was undertaken from the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-30) which was completed by 6,317 participants in the Health and Lifestyle Survey at Time 1 and 3,778 at Time 2, 7 years later.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "The Agora mint and Athenian bronze coinage. The large square building in the southeast corner of the Athenian Agora, excavated in the 1950s and in 1978, served as the Athenian mint for the striking of bronze coins from the 4th through the late 1st century BC. The best-preserved part of the building, the southwest room, produced ample evidence of industrial activity, including unstruck bronze coin blanks and rod segments from which the blanks had been chopped. The building was constructed near the end of the 5th or at the start of the 4th century BC, but whether it was originally intended for the coining of bronze is uncertain.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Statistical modeling of interlocus interactions in a complex disease: Rejection of the multiplicative model of epistasis in type 1 diabetes. In general, common diseases do not follow a Mendelian inheritance pattern. To identify disease mechanisms and etiology, their genetic dissection may be assisted by evaluation of linkage in mouse models of human disease. Statistical modeling of multiple-locus linkage data from the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse model of type 1 diabetes has previously provided evidence for epistasis between alleles of several Idd (insulin-dependent diabetes) loci. The construction of NOD congenic strains containing selected segments of the diabetes-resistant strain genome allows analysis of the joint effects of alleles of different loci in isolation, without the complication of other segregating Idd loci. In this article, we analyze data from congenic strains carrying two chromosome intervals (a double congenic strain) for two pairs of loci: Idd3 and Idd10 and Idd3 and Idd5. The joint action of both pairs is consistent with models of additivity on either the log odds of the penetrance, or the liability scale, rather than with the previously proposed multiplicative model of epistasis. For Idd3 and Idd5 we would also not reject a model of additivity on the penetrance scale, which might indicate a disease model mediated by more than one pathway leading to beta -cell destruction and development of diabetes. However, there has been confusion between different definitions of interaction or epistasis as used in the biological, statistical, epidemiological, and quantitative and human genetics fields. The degree to which statistical analyses can elucidate underlying biologic mechanisms may be limited and may require prior knowledge of the underlying etiology.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Glaciers and climate change: narratives of ruined futures. Across global environmental change research, glaciers are depicted as rapidly disappearing. This review identifies and problematizes the prevalence of a glacier-ruins narrative in artistic, performative, cinematic, and other humanities-based representations of glacier-climate discourse and perceptions. A glacier-ruins narrative is understood as a narrative about glaciers that tends to overlook the existing state of a glacier and/or glacier systems and speaks instead to imagined states of loss. Five examples are reviewed and exemplify this glacier-ruins narrative: the work of well-known American landscape painter Diane Burko, conceptual artist Kitty Von-Sometime's 2014 performance, ice installations by Olafur Eliasson and Minik Rosing, the documentary film Chasing Ice, and the National Park Service's Exit Glacier display within south-central Alaska's Kenai Fjords National Park. While a glacier-ruins narrative is present throughout various academic disciplines engaging with global environmental change research, this review focuses primarily on the humanities, largely in response to multiple scholars' calls for the increased role of the humanities in global environmental change discourse. This review suggests that the practice of climate change reductionism is equally prevalent in the humanities as it is in the natural and social sciences. It argues that narrating glaciers as climate change ruins normalizes and predetermines a glacier-free world not yet in existence while reducing the range of imaginable climate change-influenced futures. (C) 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.", "label": [4, 5, 36, 47]}
+{"token": "Money Alone Cannot Buy Effective Innovation. Common sense says that if one wants to improve the innovation output, one needs to either increase the size of the opportunity set that goes in the so called 'Innovation Funnel' or Speed up the throughput of the 'Innovation Funnel' and/or improve the variety of the opportunity set passing through the 'Innovation Funnel'. Earlier empirical studies relied on R&D activities, measured by the number and location of laboratories, number of R&D employees or the R&D expenditure as a measure of innovation (Malecki, 1987), but these concepts are more likely to be input to the innovation production rather than the innovation output. The most effective innovation is often not the most expensive. So if money does not fuel innovation, then what does? Most of the companies don't have a R&D Governance in their organizations-they think they have but in fact they don't. Companies must create areas of differentiation by collaborating with the external world for better complementary skills, knowledge and resources. They must also be more willing to take risks and give people permission to fail. Drawing upon existing theoretical and empirical evidence the paper proposes that companies can achieve a greater return on their R&D spending if they view innovation as an end-to-end process that begins with a new idea and ends with a satisfied customer. The paper analyses the elements that help in better management of the 'Innovation Funnel' to become an effective innovator. It also explains the complex relationship between money and effective innovation; effective innovation is neither directly proportional nor inversely proportional to R&D spending and number of patents.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "The impact of universal home visits with pregnant women and their spouses on maternal outcomes: a cluster randomised controlled trial in Bauchi State, Nigeria. Results Among 1837 women in intervention wards and 1853 women in pre-intervention wards, the intervention reduced problems in pregnancy and post partum: raised blood pressure (relative risk reduction (RRR) 0.120, cluster-adjusted 95% CI (CIca) 0.045 to 0.194; risk difference (RD) 0.116, 95% CIca 0.042 to 0.190) and swelling of face or hands (RRR 0.271, 95% CIca 0.201 to 0.340; RD 0.264, 95% CIca 0.194 to 0.333) and postpartum sepsis (RRR 0.399, 95% CIca 0.220 to 0.577; RD 0.324, 95% CIca 0.155 to 0.493). The intervention reduced the targeted upstream risk factors such as heavy work during pregnancy (RRR 0.234, 95% CIca 0.085 to 0.383; RD 0.222, 95% CIca 0.073 to 0.370). It did not increase use of antenatal care, institutional delivery or skilled birth attendance.Conclusion Home visits reduced upstream maternal risks, improving maternal outcomes without increased use of health services. This could have implications in other settings with poor access to quality antenatal and delivery care services.Introduction Maternal mortality in Nigeria is extremely high. Access to quality antenatal and obstetric care is limited. In Bauchi State, we found maternal morbidity was associated with domestic violence, heavy work in pregnancy, ignorance of danger signs, and lack of spousal communication. This cluster randomized controlled trial tested the impact of universal home visits that discussed these upstream risk factors with pregnant women and their spouses, to precipitate household actions protecting pregnant women.Methods We randomly allocated four wards in Toro Local Government Authority to immediate or delayed intervention. Female and male home visitors visited all pregnant women and their spouses in the two intervention wards every 2 months. We compared completed pregnancies between intervention and pre-intervention wards after 1 year. Primary outcomes were pregnancy, delivery, and postnatal complications, analysed with intention to treat using a cluster t-test. Ancillary analysis examined the influence of baseline and health service use differences.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "How do women want to receive information about non-invasive prenatal testing? Evidence from a discrete choice experiment. Objective Non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) identifies the risk of abnormalities in pregnancy, potentially reducing the risk of miscarriage associated with invasive tests. This study aimed to understand the preferences of current and future mothers about the content, format and timing of information provision about NIPT. Methods An online discrete choice experiment was designed comprising four attributes: when in the pregnancy information is provided (4 levels); degree of detail (2 levels); information format (6 levels); cost to women for gathering information (5 levels). Respondents included women identified by an online-panel company in Sweden. The mathematical design was informed by D-efficient criteria. Choice data were analysed using uncorrelated random parameters logit and latent class models. Results One thousand Swedish women (56% current mothers) aged 18-45 years completed the survey. On average, women preferred extensive information provided at/before 9 weeks of pregnancy. There was heterogeneity in preferences about the desired format of information provision (website, mobile app or individual discussion with a midwife) in the population. Conclusion Women had clear preferences about the desired content, format and timing of information provision about NIPT. It is important to tailor information provision to enable informed choices about NIPT.", "label": [2, 21, 19]}
+{"token": "Radial abundance gradients in the outer Galactic disk as traced by main-sequence OB stars. Aims. Using a sample of 31 main-sequence OB stars located between galactocentric distances 8.4-15.6 kpc, we aim to probe the present-day radial abundance gradients of the Galactic disk.Methods. The analysis is based on high-resolution spectra obtained with the MIKE spectrograph on the Magellan Clay 6.5-m telescope on Las Campanas. We used a non-NLTE analysis in a self-consistent semi-automatic routine based on TLUSTY and SYNSPEC to determine atmospheric parameters and chemical abundances.Results. Stellar parameters (effective temperature, surface gravity, projected rotational velocity, microturbulence, and macroturbulence) and silicon and oxygen abundances are presented for 28 stars located beyond 9 kpc from the Galactic center plus three stars in the solar neighborhood. The stars of our sample are mostly on the main-sequence, with effective temperatures between 20800-31300 K, and surface gravities between 3.23-4.45 dex. The radial oxygen and silicon abundance gradients are negative and have slopes of -0.07 dex kpc(-1) and -0.09 dex kpc(-1), respectively, in the region 8.4 <= R-G <= 15.6 kpc.Context. Elemental abundance gradients in galactic disks are important constraints for models of how spiral galaxies form and evolve. However, the abundance structure of the outer disk region of the Milky Way is poorly known, which hampers our understanding of the spiral galaxy that is closest to us and that can be studied in greatest detail. Young OB stars are good tracers of the present-day chemical abundance distribution of a stellar population and because of their high luminosities they can easily be observed at large distances, making them suitable to explore and map the abundance structure and gradients in the outer regions of the Galactic disk.Conclusions. The obtained gradients are compatible with the present-day oxygen and silicon abundances measured in the solar neighborhood and are consistent with radial metallicity gradients predicted by chemodynamical models of Galaxy Evolution for a subsample of young stars located close to the Galactic plane.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Learning relationships: Church of England curates and training incumbents applying the SIFT approach to the Road to Emmaus. This study invited curates and training incumbents attending a 3-day residential programme to function as a hermeneutical community engaging conversation between the Lucan post-resurrection narrative concerning the Road to Emmaus and the learning relationship in which they were engaged. Building on the SIFT approach to biblical hermeneutics the participants were invited to work in type-alike groups, structured first on the basis of the perceiving process ( sensing and intuition) and second on the basis of the judging process (thinking and feeling). This approach facilitated rich and varied insights into the Emmaus Road narrative and into the theme of learning relationships.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Comparative Genomics and the Evolution of Pathogenicity in Human Pathogenic Fungi. Because most fungi have evolved to be free-living in the environment and because the infections they cause are usually opportunistic in nature, it is often difficult to identify specific traits that contribute to fungal pathogenesis. In recent years, there has been a surge in the number of sequenced genomes of human fungal pathogens, and comparison of these sequences has proved to be an excellent resource for exploring commonalities and differences in how these species interact with their hosts. In order to survive in the human body, fungi must be able to adapt to new nutrient sources and environmental stresses. Therefore, genes involved in carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism and transport and genes encoding secondary metabolites tend to be overrepresented in pathogenic species (e. g., Aspergillus fumigatus). However, it is clear that human commensal yeast species such as Candida albicans have also evolved a range of specific factors that facilitate direct interaction with host tissues. The evolution of virulence across the human pathogenic fungi has occurred largely through very similar mechanisms. One of the most important mechanisms is gene duplication and the expansion of gene families, particularly in subtelomeric regions. Unlike the case for prokaryotic pathogens, horizontal transfer of genes between species and other genera does not seem to have played a significant role in the evolution of fungal virulence. New sequencing technologies promise the prospect of even greater numbers of genome sequences, facilitating the sequencing of multiple genomes and transcriptomes within individual species, and will undoubtedly contribute to a deeper insight into fungal pathogenesis.", "label": [4, 40, 39]}
+{"token": "Hydrodynamic simulation of the operational management of a proposed flood emergency storage area at the Middle Elbe River. Emergency storage areas can be an effective structural flood protection measure. By their controlled flooding the risk of inundation for downstream areas with higher vulnerability can be reduced.In the present study. the flooding and emptying process of a proposed storage area at the Middle Elbe River is simulated. The on m and is divided into two polder basins. It is designed for the attenuation of storage area has a maximum capacity of 40 million m(3) and is divided into two polder basins. It is designed for the attenuation of extreme floods of 100 years or more return period.Four flood scenarios which differ in flood magnitude and hydrograph shape arc Simulated. The scenarios are derived from analyses of a 70 years discharge record. Furthermore. for each flood scenario two gate control strategies are investigated.The results show that during large floods the utilization of the storage area with controlled gate operations significantly reduces the Elbe River peak discharges. However, the magnitude of the attenuation depends on the steepness of the flood hydrograph and the applied control strategy with well-timed gate operations. Copyright (C) 2008 John Wiley & Sons. Ltd.A one-dimensional hydrodynamic model is set LIP for a 20 km reach of the Elbe River, wherein the storage area is schematised by two storage cells each representing one polder basin. Flow between the storage cells and the Elbe River is controlled by adjustable gates. which operate based on the pre-defined conditions.", "label": [4, 5, 36, 47]}
+{"token": "Experimental study and modeling of the kinetics of gas hydrate formation for acetylene, ethylene, propane and propylene in the presence and absence of SDS. The kinetics of hydrate formation of the hydrocarbons acetylene, ethylene, propane, and propylene were investigated using a fully stirred batch reactor. In relation to hydrate formation, a kinetic model was used to determine the induction time, the rate of hydrate formation, the apparent hydration rate constant, water-to-hydrate conversion associated with hydrate growth as well the storage capacity. This was done for all gases investigated in this study. Experiments were performed in the temperature and pressure ranges of (273.7-280.0) K and (0.5-4.12) MPa, respectively. Furthermore, the effect of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) on the gas hydrate formation rate was examined. A substantial growth in the hydrate nucleation rate was observed in the presence of SDS.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "Inclusion strategies for multi-word units in monolingual dictionaries. In the discussion of inclusion strategies for multi-word lexical items that follows, it is shown that, whereas loan groups and group prepositions require lemmatisation as full multilexical lemmas, the strategy for idioms is not as simple. The problems with a full lemmatisation of idioms are pointed out and an alternative system, whereby idioms are consistently included as sublemmas with full microstructural treatment, is proposed.Next it is shown that collocations do not have lexical item status and can therefore not be treated in the same way as multi-word lexical items. However, provision must be made that some collocations may need additional microstructural treatment addressed to them.Lastly, inclusion strategies for multi-word compound lexical items, which frequently occur in English, are discussed. The practice of sublemmatising so-called \\\\'transparent\\\\' compound lexical items and giving them no or little microstructural treatment, is shown to be inappropriate for school dictionaries.This article focuses on inclusion strategies for different types of multi-word units, be it as part of the macrostructure or embedded as treatment units in the microstructure of a specific dictionary. The types of multi-word units discussed range from multi-word lexical items to collocations and multi-word compound lexical items. The general principles set out in this article are applied specifically to monolingual school dictionaries that target learners of English in the junior secondary phase.Hopefully the guidelines provided in this article can be of some help in clearing Lip the muddled approaches currently followed in some South African monolingual school dictionaries.In order to discuss inclusion strategies adequately it is, however, necessary to make a cursory distinction between idioms and collocations, on the one hand, and between collocations and multi-word compound lexical items, on the other. It is shown that current monolingual dictionaries often fail to distinguish between these types and therefore apply potentially confusing inclusion strategies.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Turnabout is Fair Play: A New Humean Response in the Old Debate with Kant. Kant claims that Hume failed to see that mathematics provides us with synthetic a priori knowledge; had he done so, Kant argues, Hume would have to admit the possibility of such knowledge in causal judgments as well. Instead, Kant insists that Hume treats mathematics as analytic, and so missed the key insights of the Critical philosophy. I argue that it is rather Kant who is mistaken: Hume, in fact, endorses a position very similar to the view that mathematics is synthetic and a priori, and arrives at an account of mathematical necessity that stands as a plausible alternative to Kant's. More importantly, recognizing this Humean account of mathematics exposes a potentially grave vulnerability in Kant's system that Hume might exploit: while mathematics can be seen as synthetic a priori knowledge, Hume can argue that this gives us good reason to think that causal judgments cannot meet this standard of necessity.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Lesson planning and the student teacher: re-thinking the dominant model. Rationalistic, technical curriculum planning has been the dominant model underpinning student teachers' lesson-planning for a generation or more in England and Wales. In recent years, this process has become embedded in documents that direct initial training. The paper argues that this model leads to a limited view of teaching and learning as well as a restricted approach to learning to teach. Building on recent developments in socio-cultural theory, an alternative, dialogical model of lesson planning is offered which not only emphasizes context-dependency but also sees planning itself as a practice. This process is the key to developing reflective engagement across the different phases of the professional learning cycle.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Minimum degree conditions for the strength and bandwidth of graphs. str(f) (G) = max {f (u) + f (v) vertical bar uv is an element of E (G) },str (G) = min {str(f) (G) vertical bar f is a numbering of G}.and the strength str(G) of a graph G isIn this paper, we investigate minimum degree conditions for the strength of graphs. From the study conducted in this paper, certain degree sequences of graphs naturally arise and we provide a proof of the fact that these degree sequences determine a unique graph realization. In addition, we establish a parallel bandwidth result to the one on strength of graphs. Furthermore, we enlarge the class of k-stable properties known so far. These results follow naturally from the work conducted in this paper. (C) 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.A numbering f of a graph G is a labeling that assigns distinct elements of the set {1, 2, ..., vertical bar V (G)vertical bar} to the vertices of G. The strength str(f) (G) of a numbering f : V (G) -> {1, 2, ..., vertical bar V (G)vertical bar} of G is defined by", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Academic way of life? On practical barriers of the work-life-balance concept in the academic field. The concept of work-life-balance (WLB) aims to improve reconciling the areas of work and life, which are considered as structurally divided in society by sociology. This separation is actually discussed as blurring of boundaries between work and other areas of life. Building on this, the article addressesWLB in academia by following the approach of practice theories and discusses findings of an empirical study at an Austrian university. Referring to existing literature the analysis of qualitative interviews indicates that the idea of balancing academic work and life is contradicted by the constitutive logic in the academic field. The guiding image of a \\\\'life for academia\\\\' dominates the discourse on professional academic practice and private life, and centres work on research and on being present in the academic field as the actual life.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Comprehensive study on the properties of multilayered amorphous carbon films. Amorphous carbon (a-C) multilayered films consisting of sequential layers rich in sp(2) (A) and sp(3) (B) content have been developed by magnetron sputtering. We study here the effect of thickness d of the A layer in developing stable thick films with controllable stress and elastic properties. In situ spectroscopic ellipsometry is used to calculate the thickness and the composition of the individual lavers. The latter were compared with those obtained by depth profiling X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, which also provides the different chemical bonding of the multilayers in depth. The stress and hardness of the deposited a-C films were found to be related to the thickness of the A(j) layers and the relative ratio d(Aj)/d(B) of thicknesses. The possible mechanisms for the stress control, stability and enhancement of elastic properties of multilayered a-C films are discussed. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 1, 32, 11]}
+{"token": "Double specialisation in legal and financial translation: links and training needs in Spain. In this paper we will present part of the results obtained in the doctoral dissertation of the author, which analysed the academic and professional situation of financial translation in Spain. After concluding a comprehensive study of the existing literature on financial translation, our hypothesis was based on the importance of specialisation in financial translation to be a successful financial translator. Nonetheless, after analysing the results of the survey that was part of the empirical study of the dissertation and that was distributed to financial translators, employers that require the services of financial translators and lecturers in charge of financial translation courses in Spanish universities, we observed that financial translation is closely related to legal translation, especially because of the numerous hybrid texts that combine both fields. This means that training models in financial translation should be combined with legal translation to respond to market needs.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "EFFECTS OF TRIFLURALIN ON CORN (ZEA-MAYS) GROWTH AND NUTRIENT CONTENT. Glasshouse experiments were conducted to determine the effects of trifluralin on root growth and mineral relations of corn seedlings.  Root weight to shoot weight ratios of corn seedlings were positively correlated to concentrations of trifluralin in soil.  Root length to shoot weight ratios, however, were inversely related to trifluralin concentrations.  Phosphorous and potassium concentrations in shoot tissue were reduced 60 and 35%, respectively, by 0.25 mg trifluralin kg-1 soil.  Growth inhibition due to trifluralin was partially overcome by supplementing soil with nutrients.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Effect of hunger on yellow water trap catches of hoverfly (Diptera: Syrphidae) adults. 3 Significantly fewer hoverflies were captured in low than in high traps. The ratios of numbers trapped to numbers observed, in flower and in no flower treatments would be expected to be the same if the traps were not selective. This was supported for low traps. With high traps, however, there was a highly significant difference between the ratios (71.34 and 126 : 8, respectively).1 An experiment was conducted in a winter wheat field using yellow water traps at crop height and at ground level, near to and distant from flowers, to test the hypothesis that such traps are seen as a source of food by flower-feeding adult hoverflies and are therefore likely to selectively trap hungry individuals. hoverflies caught in each trap were counted and identified and the amount of pollen in their guts was assessed. Ratios of numbers of hoverflies seen in the wheat crop to numbers caught in nearby traps were compared for the different treatments.5 The ecological selectivity of traps according to their height and the physiological condition of the targeted individuals is a problem likely to affect many trapping systems apart from the one described in this paper.4 Flies captured in high traps had less pollen in their gut than those captured in low ones. At each distance, more E. balteatus captured in high traps were in pollen category 1 (<20 grains) than in any other category. The opposite state was seen in low trap catches, where most flies were in category 5 (>5000 grains). Median pollen categories were 2 (21-200 grains) and 4 (1501-5000 grains) for flies caught in high and low traps, respectively.2 Most hoverflies were caught in crop-high traps but they included a high proportion of individuals with empty guts. The taxa were: Episyrphus balteatus (De Geer), Metasyrphus corollae (F.) (these species together accounted for over 90% of the individuals trapped), with Sphaerophoria spp., Syrphus spp., Scaeva pyrastri (L.), Melanostomini and unidentified others making up the rest.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Estimating the wood density of species for carbon stock assessments. P>1. Studies of forest carbon stocks and fluxes rely on estimates of specific wood density to convert tree diameter and height measurements made within permanent plots into carbon stock estimates. However, measurements of wood density are often available for only a subset of species. As there is strong phylogenetic trait conservatism of wood density, missing data are usually estimated by averaging the wood densities of other species within the same genus or family, using whatever data are available locally.2. The Global Wood Density (GWD) database (http://hdl.handle.net/10255/dryad.235) provides wood densities for 8412 species from around the world, providing an opportunity to utilize data from further afield when faced with missing values in a study area. We investigated whether the GWD provides better estimates than local data sets when conventional averaging methods (AM) are used. Secondly, we develop Hierarchical Bayesian Models (HBM) that incorporate phylogenetic covariance to estimate missing wood densities.4. Estimates based on including phylogenetic dependency in HBMs were also closely correlated to observations, but were no better than those obtained from the simpler AM. Estimations based on HBM could become more useful when phylogenetic trees resolved to the species level are available. Until such improvements are made, we conclude that building more data into the reference data set, rather than improving the method itself, is the most productive way to refine estimates of unknown wood densities.3. Using AM, we found that correlations between observations and estimates were higher when the GWD was used in place of local data sets, mostly because of larger sample size. Missing wood densities were more accurately estimated from the global data set than from local data sets, indicating that the GWD should be used as a common standard when calculating carbon stocks.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Comparison of Absolute and Relative Antenna Phase Center Variations. Three major GPS antenna calibration methods are available toda: the relative field calibrations using the GPS data collected on short baselines, the absolute field calibrations, where the GPS antenna is rotated and tilted by a robot, and calibration measurements in an anechoic chamber. Mean antenna offsets and the elevation-dependent phase center variations of GPS antennas determined by all three techniques are compared to assess their accuracy. The analysis of global GPS data with these sets of calibration values reveals that the offsets and variations of the satellite antenna phase centers have to be considered, too, to obtain a consistent picture. (c) 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Dependence of microscopic structure and swelling property of DTF chars upon heat-treatment temperature. Eleven types of coals with different swelling property on a rapid pyrolysis were heat-treated below 1500 degrees C in a drop tube furnace (DTF), and investigated their microscopic structure by XRD measurement and TEM observation. XRD patterns of the samples were used to estimate the average number of stacking aromatic layers in a crystallite (N-ave), the stacking index (SI) and the average interlayer distance (d(002)). Dependence of these parameters upon heat-treatment temperature showed that N-ave for every sample had a maximum around 800 degrees C. Amount of change in N-ave from room temperature to 800 degrees C corresponded well to the swelling ratio in the same temperature range, i.e., coal samples with large swelling ratio were likely to have developing stacking structure. Considering that coals generally swell at a plastic stage, the large variation of N-ave in the swollen chars could be related to the increase of mobility of aromatic layers and their local orientation due to the van der Waals effect. TEM observation of swollen chars illustrated that particle walls consisted of isotropic texture, implying that the possible increase of internal pressure when the particle swells had little effect on the development of stacking structure. (C) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "'Gelozymes' in organic synthesis. Part 3: Lipase mediated synthesis of enantiomerically pure (R)- and (S)-enantiomers of 2-acetoxy-4-phenyl-(E)-but-3-enenitrile. Lipases such as Candida rugosa lipase and Pseudomonas cepacia (Amano Ps) lipase immobilized in gelatin gels (gelozymes) exhibit very high enantioselectivities (E > 200) during alcoholysis of racemic 2-acetoxy-4-phenyl-(E)-but-3-enenitrile with n-butanol in hexane and diisopropyl ether. C. rugosa lipase in n-hexane shows selectivity towards the (R)-ester while P. cepacia (Amano Ps) lipase shows selectivity towards the (S)-ester producing the corresponding cyanohydrins. After decomposition of the cyanohydrin by treatment with I M imidazole solution to cinnamaldehyde and its removal by bisulfite treatment, (R)- or (S)-enantiomer of 2-acetoxy-4-phenyl-(E)-but-3-enenitrile can be obtained in high yields (90%) and high enantiomeric excess (>99%). (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Seasonal changes in leaf nutritional quality influence grass miner performance. 2. The field experiment was conducted at four sample sites in Belgium where nutritional quality of H. lanatus leaves and performance of C. milii were monitored throughout the growth season. Foliar nutritional quality was highest early in the season due to high levels of proteins and soluble carbohydrates and low levels of lignin. Offspring performance (pupal size) decreased with plant phenological age, due at least partially to the decreasing foliar nutritional quality.4. The results of the field experiment were consistent with the idea that the phenological age hypothesis holds in free-growth species. The laboratory experiment gave only little support to the plant phenological age hypothesis. Possible causes for the differences between field and laboratory experiments are discussed.1. The plant phenological age hypothesis predicts that phytophagous insects should prefer and perform better on phenologically young plants than on old plants because plant nutritional quality decreases with plant phenological age. This hypothesis was tested under field and laboratory conditions with the grass miner Chromatomyia milii on the free-growth species Holcus lanatus.3. In the laboratory experiment. preference and performance of C. milii were determined on three different age classes of H. lanatus. Multiple-choice experiments demonstrated that oviposition preference did not differ among age classes. Offspring survival decreased with plant phenological age. while pupal size did not differ among a e classes. The relationship between foliar nutritional quality and plant phenological age was equivocal and did not correspond to the predictions of the plant phenological age hypothesis.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "A socio-environmental model for exploring sustainable water management futures: Participatory and collaborative modelling in the Lower Campaspe catchment. Study focus: This paper presents a component-based integrated environmental model developed through participatory processes to explore sustainable water management options. Possible futures with improved farm profitability and ecological outcomes relative to modelled baselines were identified through exploratory modelling. The integrated model and the results produced are intended to raise awareness and facilitate discussion with and amongst stakeholders.Study region: Lower Campaspe, North Central Victoria, AustraliaNew hydrological insights: The modelling illustrates that improved farm level knowledge and management with regard to crop water requirements, soil water capacity, and irrigations are the most significant factors towards achieving outcomes that are robust to a range of climate and water policy futures. Assuming farmer management with regard to these factors are at their most optimal, increasing irrigation efficiency alone did not lead to improved farm profitability and ecological outcomes under drier climate conditions. Likelihood of achieving robust outcomes were further improved through the conjunctive use of surface and groundwater, with increased consideration of groundwater use a key factor. Further discussion on the viability and impact of increased groundwater use and conjunctive use policies should be further considered.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Retrieving Paul Tillich's Ecclesiology for the Church Today. While Paul Tillich's theological legacy remains alive and well in a wide range of intellectual conversations, his identity as a church theologian and his unique contributions to ecclesiology are often overlooked. This article argues that Tillich provides a substantive and relevant ecclesiological proposal rooted in Christology and pneumatology. Tillich's thoroughgoing integration of ecclesiology with his overall theological system along with the critical methodological principle of Catholic Substance and the Protestant Principle demand rigorous reflection and have the potential to equip today's Church as it engages the diverse challenges facing the worldwide communion.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Effects of Tropical High Tannin Non Legume and Low Tannin Legume Browse Mixtures on Fermentation Parameters and Methanogenesis Using Gas Production Technique. In vitro experiments were conducted to evaluate the suitability of several mixtures of high tanniniferous non legumes with low tanniniferous legumes on in vitro gas production (IVGP), dry matter degradation, Ammonia-N, methane production and microbial population. Eight treatments were examined in a randomized complete block design using four non-legumes and two legumes (Carallia integerrimaxLeucaena leucocephala (LL) (Trt 1), C. integerrimaxGliricidia sepium (GS) (Trt 2), Aporosa lindeliyanaxLL (Trt 3), A. lindeliyanaxGS (Trt 4), Ceiba perntandraxLL (Trt 5), C. perntandraxGS (Trt 6), Artocarpus heterophyllusxLL (Trt 7), A. heterophyllusxGS (Trt 8). The condensed tannin (CT) content of non legumes ranged from 6.2% (Carallia integerrima) to 4.9% (Ceiba perntandra) while the CT of legumes were 1.58% (Leucaena leucocephala) and 0.78% (Gliricidia sepium). Forage mixtures contained more than 14% of crude protein (CP) while the CT content ranged from 2.8% to 4.0% respectively. Differences (p<0.05) were observed in in vitro gas production (IGVP) within treatments over a 48 h period dominated by C. perntandraxG sepium (Trt 6). The net gas production (p<0.05) was also high with Trt6 followed by A. heterophyllusxL. leucocephala (Trt 7) and A. heterophyllusxG sepium (Trt 8). Highest (p>0.05) NH3-N (ml/200 mg DM) production was observed with the A. heterophyllusxG sepium (Trt 8) mixture which may be attributed with it's highest CP content. The correlation between IVGP and CT was 0.675 while IVGP and CP was 0.610. In vitro dry matter degradation (IVDMD) was highest in Trt 8 as well. Methane production ranged from 2.57 to 4.79 (ml/200 mg DM) to be synonimous with IVGP. A higher bacteria population (p<0.05) was found in C. perntandraxG sepium (Trt 6) followed by Artocarpus heterophyllus+G sepium (Trt 8) and the same trend was observed with the protozoa population as well. The results show that supplementing high tannin non leguminous forages by incremental substitution of legume forage increased gas production parameters, NH3-N, IVDMD and microbial population in the fermentation liquid. Methane production was not significantly affected by the presence of CT or different levels of CP in forage mixtures. Among non legumes, Ceiba perntandra and Artocarpus heterophyllus performed better in mixture with L. leucocephala and G sepium.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Pasting properties of pectin coated iron-folate fortified basmati rice. Instant research work was an attempt to fortify rice and study the pasting behavior of developed fortified treatments with the advancement in storage. Purposely pectin-based coatings were developed impregnated with FeSO4 (30 and 50 ppm) and NaFeEDTA (20 and 40 ppm) and ascertained for pasting behavior of stored grains using Rapid Visco Analyzer (RVA). It was observed that storage resulted in appreciable increase in peak viscosities from 2,352.43 +/- 57.03 to 2,510.65 +/- 60.73 cP at 0-90 days, respectively. Likewise, trough (1,985.00 +/- 17.81 to 2,080.30 +/- 18.67 cP) and final (3,996.58 +/- 19.88 to 4,187.95 +/- 20.84 cP) viscosities were also improved with the ingress in storage from 0 to 90 days correspondingly. Moreover, pasting temperatures were raised from 73.67 degrees C +/- 1.67 degrees C (0 day) to 75.29 degrees C +/- 1.13 degrees C (90 day). Conclusively, it can be termed that ageing had a visible impact on pasting behavior of rice grains that ultimately has a contemporary role in consumer perception and acceptability.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "The association of ribosomal protein L18 (RPL18) with infectious bursal disease virus viral protein VP3 enhances viral replication. Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is an acute, highly contagious, and immunosuppressive avian disease caused by IBD virus (IBDV). IBDV VP3 is a multifunctional protein playing a key role in virus assembly and pathogenesis. To investigate the role of VP3 in pathogenesis, we transfected DF-1 cells with pRK5-FLAG-vp3 and found that VP3 enhanced type I interferon expression and suppressed IBDV replication. Furthermore we found that VP3 interacted with chicken Ribosomal Protein L18 (chRPL18) in host cells and knockdown of chRPL18 by RNAi significantly promoted Type I interferon expression and inhibited IBDV replication. Moreover, our data show that chicken double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase (chPKR) interacted with both VP3 and chRPL18. Thus chRPL18 in association with VP3 and chPKR affects viral replication.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Universal service obligations in LDCs: The effect of unifon-n pricing on infrastructure access. This paper develops a model to analyze the impacts of asymmetric information on optimal universal service policy in the public utilities of developing countries. Optimal universal service policy is implemented using two regulatory instruments: pricing and network investment. Under discriminatory pricing asymmetric information leads to a higher price and smaller network in the rural area than under full information. Under uniform pricing the price is also lower but the network is even smaller. In addition, under both pricing regimes not only the firm but also taxpayers have incentives to collude with the regulator. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Foreign doctrine and jurisprudence in the development of the German civil law in the 20th century. The study of foreign law and the achievements of modern comparative private law have strongly influenced the development of the German private law after its codification in 1900. In the first part the article tries to portray the increasing opening of the German lawyers towards questions of comparative law at the beginning of the 20th century. In the second part the consequences of this methodical opening for doctrine and German courts are analysed in detail. Foreign law is hardly cited by German courts but gains more recognition since the middle of the 20th century by the German doctrine. German lawyers of the day accept the significance of case law for the evolution of modern private law. The reasons for this lie in the increasing familiarity with the latest developments of Anglo-American law.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Associations and community health workers: analysis and time trends over ten years of training-action. Objective: To analyse the profile of the persons and associations that participated in the course, quantify peer education activities and analyse their evolution. Method: A quantitative study using an analysis of the course records from 2009 to 2018 was designed for this purpose inside mihsalud program designed to promote health amongst persons in vulnerable situations in the city of Valencia (Spain). It offers a yearly training-action course of community health workers (CHW) that is attended by persons who have been proposed by associations. The associations were defined according to their population (immigrant, local or intercultural) and the CHWs according to gender, country of birth, year of course, association and continuity after training. Means and confidence intervals were calculated at 95% and a bivariate analysis was conducted in order to compare the activities that took place in 2009 to 2013 with those of 2014 to 2018. The time trends were analysed by applying linear regression models that included the different years studied as the dependent variable. Results: 201 CHW of 31 nationalities were trained, 81.6% (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 75.5-86.7] were women. Eighty-two associations participated, 51.2% (95% CI: 39.9-62.4] worked with culturally diverse populations. Participation by associations (p = .017) and CHWs (p = .377) increased in a statistically significant manner over the years. After the course, 35.3% (95% CI: 28.7-42.4] of the CHWs continued to collaborate voluntarily in the associations. Conclusions: The results of the CHW training-action course improve over time given that a significant increase in participation by associations and women can be seen, along with a greater number of activities completed during the training. One effect of this is that CHWs are contracted or carry out voluntary activities in the associations. ? 2019 SESPAS. Published by Elsevier Espa?a, S.L.U. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).Objetivo: Analizar el perfil de las personas y asociaciones que participaron en los cursos, cuantificar las actividades de educaci?n entre iguales y analizar su evoluci?n. M?todo: Se dise?? un estudio cuantitativo utilizando un an?lisis de los registros del curso de 2009 a 2018, dentro del programa mihsalud dise?ado para promover la salud entre las personas en situaci?n de vulnerabilidad en la ciudad de Valencia (Espa?a). Anualmente se ofrece un curso de formaci?n-acci?n para agentes de salud de base comunitaria (ASBC), al que asisten personas propuestas por asociaciones. Las asociaciones se definieron seg?n su poblaci?n (inmigrantes, locales o interculturales) y los ASBC seg?n el g?nero, el pa?s de nacimiento, el a?o de curso, la asociaci?n y la continuidad despu?s de la capacitaci?n. Las medias y los intervalos de confianza se calcularon al 95% y se realiz? un an?lisis bivariado para comparar las actividades que tuvieron lugar en 2009 a 2013 con las de 2014 a 2018. Las tendencias temporales se analizaron aplicando modelos de regresi?n lineal que incluyeron el estudio de diferentes a?os como la variable dependiente.", "label": [2, 21, 23]}
+{"token": "Predictors of Posttraumatic Stress Symptom Trajectories in Parents of Children Exposed to Motor Vehicle Collisions. Objective Following child trauma, parents are at risk of developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), either owing to their direct involvement or from hearing of their child's involvement. Despite the potential impact of a parent's development of PTSD on both the parent and child, little is known about what may place a parent at increased risk. Method PTSD symptoms were assessed <= 4 weeks, 6 months, and 3 years post-trauma, along with a range of potential risk factors, in a sample of parents of 2-10-year-old children who were involved in a motor vehicle collision. Results and Conclusions Two symptom trajectories were identified: Those parents whose symptoms remained low across all time points and those whose symptoms remained elevated at 6 months post-trauma and declined by 3 years. Subjective threat, thought suppression, and maladaptive cognitions about damage to the child were identified as key predictors of poorer outcomes.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "A New Look at the Measurement and Concept of Future Time Perspective. A new look at the measurement and concept of future time perspective shows that it has the potential to influence human emotion and cognition, well-being, and psychopathological symptoms. Therefore, especially following the Zimbardo Time Perspective approach and using its relevant measure, the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI), time perspective has attracted the attention of researchers. Future time perspective, with its ambiguous and uncertain nature, has attracted special attention among the past, present, and future perspectives. However, measurement and conceptualization of future time perspective is complex, and research in this field produced mixed and contradictory results. Therefore, the aim of the current study is to investigate the relationship between different future time perspective measures in order to provide a theoretical explanation about mixed findings and further the validity of relevant measures. In the current study, the relationship between different future time perspective measures was investigated using 311 participants. In order to measure future time perspective, the Future subscale of the ZTPI, the Future subscale of the Balanced Time perspective Scale (BTPS), and the Attitudes Towards Future Scale (ATFS) were administered. The results of correlation and second-order factor analyses revealed that the ZTPI-Future subscale is compatible with planned future subscale of ATFS. Thus, the ZTPI-Future subscale seems to measure the cognitive component of the future time perspective. The results indicated that future time perspective is a multi-dimensional construct that includes qualitatively distinct components.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Judicial Review of Executive Power in the Singaporean Context, 1965-2012. This article provides the first empirical analysis of court decisions that review the exercise of executive power, or judicial review, in Singapore, a single-party-dominated state known for its use of law to achieve economic progress and curtail civil-political liberties. Our findings suggest that judicial review could have the effect of buttressing the ruling party's legitimacy while deferring to the executive's curtailment of dissent and civil-political liberties, thus reinforcing the political status quo. We also find judicial review to be a scarcely utilized recourse. The article contributes to the study of law and courts, particularly administrative law in nonliberal regimes.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "The power of the weakest: ASEAN and project of regional cooperation in East Asia. In each of the world's major regional groupings the regionalism project has been promoted and shaped by the area's major powers. However, in East Asia, the ASEAN members, rather than Japan or the People's Republic of China, have been at the heart of attempts to advance the cause of regionalism. Theories of European integration are of limited help in exploring why the relatively weak members of the East Asian region have been so successful in steering the regionalism project. By fusing an institutionalist approach embedded in a constructivist ontology, the argument is that ASEAN's central role in regional initiatives comes from the association by member states of their national economic success with the expansion of their collective norms and practices in East Asia. Moreover, the member states' will comes from a fear of political and economic subordination to the region's major powers.", "label": [5, 47, 49]}
+{"token": "AUTONOMY VS BENEFICENCE: ETHICS AND THE REPRESENTATION OF CHILDREN AND YOUNG PEOPLE IN LEGAL PROCEEDINGS. Differing approaches have developed in relation to the legal representation of children and young people. The two dominant approaches are 'direct' representation (where the lawyer acts on the instructions of the child) and 'best interests' representation (where the lawyer acts separately upon an assessment of the child's best interests or receives instructions from a responsible adult). Given that international law recognises that children have the capacity to participate in legal processes, this article will consider the ways in which children are legally represented across Australia, analyse their strengths and weaknesses, and suggest options to reduce ethical concerns.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "BODIPY derivatives with near infra-red absorption as small molecule donors for bulk heterojunction solar cells. The study of small donor molecules as the active component of organic solar cells continues to attract considerable attention due to the range of advantages these molecules have over their polymeric counterparts. Here we report the synthesis and solar cell fabrication of three BODIPY small molecule donors. Two of the dyes feature triphenylamine and phenothiazine as donor units attached to the meso and -positions of the BODIPY core (TPA-PTZ-DBP and PTZ-TPA-BDP). Additionally, we have synthesised a push-pull derivative featuring phenothiazine moieties in the -positions and a nitrobenzene in the meso-position (N-TPA-BDP) in order to investigate what effect this type of functionalisation has on the photovoltaic properties compared to the other dyes. The optoelectronic properties were investigated and the dyes showed broad absorption in the near-infrared with high extinction coefficients. Electrochemical measurements indicated good reversibility for the dyes redox processes. In contrast with the all-donor functionalised systems, N-TPA-BDP demonstrated extensive HOMO-LUMO overlap by DFT. The dyes were investigated as donor molecules in bulk heterojunction solar cells along with PC71BM, and under optimal donor to acceptor ratio PTZ-TPA-BDP showed the highest PCE of 1.62%. N-PTZ-BDP:PC71BM was the only blend to further improve upon thermal annealing reaching the highest conversion efficiency among the dyes of 1.71%. A morphology comprised of finely mixed donor and acceptor components is observed for BHJ blends of each of the three donors at their optimum fullerene content. Upon thermal annealing, these morphological features remain mostly the same for PTZ-TPA-BDP:PC71BM and TPA-PTZ-DBP:PC71BM blends whereas for N-PTZ-BDP:PC71BM the domains show a larger size. These dyes show that phenothiazine functionalisation of BODIPY is useful for solar cells because it gives strong and broad absorption extending to the near infra-red and materials with reversible redox properties - both of which are desirable for organic solar cells.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Genomic organisation of the human chordin gene and mutation screening of candidate Cornelia de Lange syndrome genes. We have determined the genomic organisation of the human chordin gene, CHRD, and have shown that it maps within a gene cluster at 3q27 containing THPO (thrombopoietin), CLCN2 (a voltage-gated chloride-channel gene) and EIF4G1 (a eukaryotic translation-initiation-factor-gamma gene). The CHRD and THPO genes are very close neighbours and are transcribed from opposing DNA strands from promoters that are spaced less than 2 kb apart. We considered that the CHRD gene and the chordin-regulating GSC (goosecoid) gene could be candidate genes for Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CDLS), a developmental malformation syndrome which is primarily characterised by mental handicap, growth retardation, distinctive facial features and limb-reduction defects. CDLS patients typically occur as sporadic cases, but several reports have suggested dominant inheritance. The candidacy of the CHRD and GSC genes was supported by several lines of evidence: prior evidence for a CDLS gene at 3q26.3-q27; a report suggesting a significant association between CDLS and thrombocytopenia; suspected genetic heterogeneity in CDLS; location of the GSC gene in close proximity to a 14q32 breakpoint detected in a CDLS patient with a balanced de novo translocation; known regulation of chordin expression by goosecoid; and the pattern of embryonic expression of the mouse GSC gene. Another candidate gene at 3q27, SOX2, was also considered because of its suspected role as a transcription factor in early development and because of known examples of SOX genes that are loci for dominantly inherited developmental disorders. However, mutation screening failed to identify CDLS patient-specific mutations in CHRD, GSC or SOX2.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Shallow Water Hydro-Sediment-Morphodynamic Equations for Fluvial Processes. Forum papers are thought-provoking opinion pieces or essays founded in fact, sometimes containing speculation, on a civil engineering topic of general interest and relevance to the readership of the journal. The views expressed in this Forum article do not necessarily reflect the views of ASCE or the Editorial Board of the journal.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 36]}
+{"token": "But seriously: On conversational humour and (un)truthfulness. This paper addresses a thorny theoretical problem concerning the workings of conversational humour, which is frequently seen as a special mode/frame of communication but, simultaneously, as a vehicle for communicating meanings outside this frame. The first aim is to tease out the different terms prevalent in humour studies that attempt to capture this distinction (such as playfulness, jocularity, or non seriousness). Second, a proposal is made in favour of the concept of (un)truthfulness, approached from a neo-Gricean perspective, as a notion that can help elucidate this twofold problem better, giving a full spectrum of humour manifestations without causing any terminological contradictions. Grice's first maxim of Quality is thus invoked to account for the main categories of humour distinguished here: autotelic humour (which resides in opting out of this maxim) and speaker-meaning-telic humour (which communicates truthful or covertly untruthful speaker meaning by means of fulfilment, flouting or violation of this maxim and the other ones as well). Speaker meaning may arise as what is said (as a result of maxim fulfilment) and/or implicature (as a consequence of maxim flouting), and both levels of meaning may recruit maxim violations, which lead to deception. This article contributes to the debate on the position of humour in the Gricean framework. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Correlation between concentrations of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2 '-deoxyguanosine in urine, plasma and saliva measured by on-line solid-phase extraction LC-MS/MS. Conclusions: Significantly correlations were observed between plasma, saliva and urine, giving the possibility of using other body fluids in addition to urine for assessing whole body oxidative stress. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Methods: We firstly and successfully applied an on-line solid-phase extraction (SPE) LC-MS/MS following manual SPE pretreatment to quantify the 8-oxodGuo both in plasma and saliva. Urine, plasma and saliva specimens were simultaneously collected from 50 healthy adults and measured for 8-oxodGuo.Background: 8-Oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodGuo) is the most frequently measured biomarker of oxidative stress. Chromatographic-based methods for 8-oxodGuo in urine are well established; however, the 8-oxodGuo measurement in plasma and saliva has been problematic.Results: Mean baseline levels of 8-oxodGuo in plasma and saliva were 21.7 +/- 9.2 and 5.1 +/- 2.6 pg/ml, respectively, being far lower than that in urine (6.2 +/- 4.8 ng/ml). The 8-oxodGuo levels obtained in this study for plasma and saliva were, however, up to several hundred times lower than those reported by commercial ELISA kit in the literature. Furthermore, the 8-oxodGuo levels in plasma and saliva were significantly correlated with the 8-oxodGuo levels in urine (Spearman correlation coefficients, r = 033, P = 0.02 for plasma and r = 0.56,P = 0.0015 for saliva). 8-OxodGuo in plasma was also correlated with the 8-oxodGuo in saliva (r = 0.52, P= 0.0041).", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Systematic and Quantitative Analysis of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Trafficking Motifs. Plasma membrane expression of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is a dynamic process balancing anterograde and retrograde trafficking. Multiple interrelated cellular processes determine the final level of cell surface expression, including endoplasmic reticulum (ER) export/retention, receptor internalization, recycling, and degradation. These processes are highly regulated to achieve specific localization to subcellular domains (e.g., dendrites or basolateral membranes) and to affect receptor signaling. Analysis of potential ER trafficking motifs within GPCRs requires careful consideration of intracellular dynamics, such as protein folding, ER export and retention, and glycosylation. This chapter presents an approach and methods for qualitative and quantitative assessment of these processes to aid in accurate identification of GPCR trafficking motifs, utilizing the analysis of a hydrophobic extracellular trafficking motif in alpha 2C adrenergic receptors as a model system.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "ENFORCED PSYCHIATRIC-TREATMENT OF MINERS IN ISRAEL - THE INTERFACE BETWEEN THE MENTAL-HEALTH ACT AND THE YOUTH LAW. Proposed changes in the current Youth Law will provide enforced psychiatric treatment, including civil commitment, for ''at risk'' miners. Such miners are considered at significant risk of future developmental damage without such treatment. The potential exists for a clash between the proposed criteria for enforced psychiatric treatment in the Youth Law and the existing criteria in the current Mental Health Act: ''need for treatment'' in the former versus ''immediate and physical danger to self or others as a result of psychotic illness'' in the latter. Proposed changes in the Mental Health Ace include broadening the criteria for enforced psychiatric treatment of miners. The revised criteria would include non-psychotic emotional disorders (such as recurrent suicidal behavior) which endanger the minor's physical and emotional development. These changes are welcomed. The authors suggest the adaption of ''need for treatment'' criteria, as against the current ''physical danger to self or others'' criteria for enforced psychiatric treatment of miners.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Modelling critical patches of connectivity for invasive Maling bamboo (Yushania maling) in Darjeeling Himalayas using graph theoretic approach. Graph theoretic network approach has been used to model the potential connectivity of the natural areas in Darjeeling Himalayas which provide connectivity to the invasive species Maling bamboo (Yushania mating). Centrality indices are a tool for quantifying the intuitive notion of relative importance of the elements of a graph. The probability of connectivity (PC) index which takes into account the impact of functional connectivity among the patches like seed dispersal potential was used to identify the natural patches which can act as stepping stone for the spread of the invasive species. The potential niche map of Maling bamboo modelled using species niche model, MaxEnt have been used as the potential areas of its spread from the regions of its current infestations. An open source software (Confer) has been used to model the various graph indices in the spatial domain. Using areas weighted nodes (forest patches) the extent of connectivity among the various patches in the Darjeeling Himalayas have been computed to identify the critical patches responsible for the spread of Maling bamboo. It has been observed that 3 critical forest patches in the Darjeeling Himalaya Singalilla NP in the west, Senchal WLS in the central region and Neora Valley NP are the key vertices for the spread of Maling bamboo. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "'Hello, we're outrageously punctual': Front door rituals between friends in Australia and France. This paper presents a comparative analysis of Australian and French social visits between friends from in interactional perspective. The study focuses Oil the first few exchanges that take place as the guests Collie face to face with their host and are ushered ill across the threshold and shows similarities, but also significant differences, in the three main elements that are regularly used in these 'crossing the threshold' exchanges: greetings, miscellaneous comments (on setting, arrival time, etc), and laughter.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Long-term simulations of the rotational state of small irregular cometary nuclei. We have performed simulations of the long-term evolution of the spin state of small active comet nuclei ( 1 km and 0.6 km) in the orbit of 46P/Wirtanen under the effect of the torque of the nongravitational force. A total of 46 combinations of irregular shapes and activity patterns have been simulated. We observe typical changes of the spin period of 0.01-10 h at each perihelion passage during the simulations, depending on the initial spin period and on the temporal evolution of the spin state. The direction of the angular momentum also changes by 0.1 to several tens of degrees per orbit. These changes are not always associated with an observable excitation of the spin state. While the nucleus gets to excited spin states in some simulations, it remains in a pure spin state during several tens of orbits in others. Therefore, even small and very active nuclei like 46P/Wirtanen could remain in their spin state of minimum energy ( pure spin) during at least several tens of perihelion passages. We find that, for the parameters used in our simulation, a drastic increase in spin period to similar to 200 h is required before the excitation of the spin state can occur. Further results and their consequences for the observations of rotational parameters of cometary nuclei are thoroughly described in the text.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Physicochemical Phenomena in the Roasting of Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.). The quality of cocoa depends on both the origin of the cacao and the processing stages. The roasting process is critical because it develops the aroma and flavor, changing the beans' chemical composition significantly by chemical reactions induced by thermal energy. Aspects have been identified as the main differences between bulk cocoa and fine cocoa, the effect of time and temperature on the formation of the flavor and aroma, and the differences between conductive heating in an oven, convective with airflow, and steam flow. Thermal energy initially causes drying, then non-enzymatic browning chemical reactions (Maillard reaction, Strecker degradation, oxidation of lipids, and polyphenols), which produce volatile and non-volatile chemical compounds related to the flavor and aroma of cocoa roasted. This review identified that the effect of the heating rate on the physicochemical conversion of cocoa is still unknown, and the process has not been evaluated in inert atmospheres, which could drastically influence the avoidance of oxidation reactions. The effect of particle size on the performance of product quality is still unknown. A more in-depth explanation of energy, mass, and chemical kinetic transfer phenomena in roasting is needed to allow a deep understanding of the effect of process parameters. In order to achieve the above challenges, experimentation and modeling under kinetic control (small-scale) are proposed to allow the evaluation of the effects of the process parameters and the development of new roasting technologies in favor of product quality. Therefore, this work seeks to encourage scientists to work under a non-traditional scheme and generate new knowledge.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Effects of Temperature and Mg-Based Additives on Properties of Cotton Stalk Torrefaction Products. In a new development, Mg-based additives were introduced to the process of torrefaction of cotton stalk to enhance the deoxygenation effect. The properties of torrefaction products obtained using temperatures in the range 200-350 C and three different types of Mg-based additives (MgO, MgO-K2CO3, and MgO-KNO3-NaNO3) with varied mass ratios (0.5, 1, and 2) were characterized. The yield of solid product significantly declined from 92.02% to 36.95% when the torrefaction temperature rose from 200 to 350 degrees C, while gas and liquid yields increased to 24.90% and 38.15%, respectively. MgO-K2CO3 was the most effective additive because it not only promoted deoxygenation in the solid product (oxygen content decreased by about 43%) but also reduced the loss of hydrogen. CO2 was the main gas component, and production was promoted as the Mg-based additive mass ratio rose from 0.5 to 2. The phenol and ketone content in the liquid product significantly increased, while the acid content decreased. Biomass torrefaction with Mg-based additives not only produced a low oxygen content solid product but also improved the properties of the byproducts (gas and liquid) so that they could be recovered and utilized as fuel or chemicals.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "Electrical Properties of Gadolinium-Europium Zirconate Ceramics. (Gd1-xEux)(2)Zr2O7 (0 < x < 1.0) ceramics are prepared via a solid-state reaction process at 1973 K for 10 h in air. (Gd1-xEux)(2)Zr2O7 (0.2 < x < 1.0) ceramics exhibit an ordered pyrochlore-type structure; however, Gd2Zr2O7 has a disordered defect fluorite-type structure. Raman spectroscopy analysis indicates that the degree of structural ordering increases with the increase of Eu content. The electrical properties of (Gd1-xEux)(2)Zr2O7 ceramics are investigated using complex impedance spectroscopy over a frequency range of 0.1 Hz to 20 MHz from 623 to 923 K. Electrical conductivity obeys the Arrhenius equation. Both the activation energy and the preexponential factor for grain conductivity decrease with increasing europium content from Gd2Zr2O7 (x=0) to Eu2Zr2O7 (x=1.0). The measured electrical conductivity of (Gd1-xEux)(2)Zr2O7 ceramics increases with increasing Eu content and temperature. Electrical conductivity of the pyrochlore-type materials is higher than that of the defect fluorite-type material in (Gd1-xEux)(2)Zr2O7 solid solution systems. The electrical conductivity of (Gd0.4Eu0.6)(2)Zr2O7 is almost independent of oxygen partial pressure from 1.0 x 10-4 to 1.0 atm. The high ionic transference number of (Gd0.4Eu0.6)(2)Zr2O7 ceramic at different temperatures proves that conduction is purely ionic with negligible electronic contribution.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "Instrumented indentation based methods to assess fracture toughness (KIC) of self-compacting concrete: Influence of water to binder (w/b) ratio and type of concrete. The main objective of this paper is to compare the fracture toughness determined by instrumented indentation tests of a variety of self-compacting concretes (SCCs) and normal vibrated concretes (NVCs). For this purpose, five mixing compositions of self-compacting concrete (SCC) with different water/binder ratios of 0.33 to 0.41 (water/cement ratio = 0.44 to 0.56) and two mixing compositions of normal vibrated concrete (NVC) were prepared. The fracture behaviors of both (SCCs) and (NVCs) with laboratory-size specimens under the instrumented indentation test (IIT) were investigated. It was found that the fracture toughness values of the self-compacting concrete increased with the decreasing w/b ratio. The largest values of the stress intensity factor (KIC) were showed on the concretes with the lowest (w/b) ratio (w/b = 0.33, the case of SCC5). Moreover, it is confirmed that the self-compacting concretes exhibit larger fracture toughness than those of the normal vibrated concretes at the same compressive strength. The obtained results indicated that there existed a remarkable relationship between the water/binder (water/cement) ratio, fracture behavior and mechanical properties of these materials. It is shown that the instrumented indentation technique can be very useful for determination of the fracture parameters.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "Raffinose family oligosaccharides in seed of Glycine max cv. Chiang Mai60 and potential source of prebiotic substances. Raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) content in Glycine max seed of cultivar Chiang Mai60, a local soybean of Thailand, was investigated. RFOs and other low molecular weight sugars were extracted by 50% (v/v) ethanol and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The prebiotic property of this extract was subsequently studied by invitro method. The results showed that the concentrations of raffinose, stachyose and verbascose were 6.74 +/- 1.62, 145.32 +/- 18.74 and 1.60 +/- 0.52mgg(-1) dry seed, respectively, while glucose and sucrose were detected at 10.73 +/- 1.35 and 13.28 +/- 2.16mgg(-1) dry seed, respectively. The growth of four Lactobacilli probiotics were increased significantly in a basal liquid medium supplemented with this ethanolic extract as carbon source compared to glucose supplementation. Subsequently, defined mixed culture was studied and it was found that growth stimulation of total Lactobacilli by extracted sugars resulted in the suppression of Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium growth. It could be concluded that this cultivar showed the RFOs-rich content and a potential to be a source of an effective prebiotic substance for food application.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Exome Sequencing Identifies A Branch Point Variant in AarskogScott Syndrome. AarskogScott syndrome (ASS) is a rare disorder with characteristic facial, skeletal, and genital abnormalities. Mutations in the FGD1 gene (Xp11.21) are responsible for ASS. However, mutation detection rates are low. Here, we report a family with ASS where conventional Sanger sequencing failed to detect a pathogenic change in FGD1. To identify the causative gene, we performed whole-exome sequencing in two patients. An initial analysis did not reveal a likely candidate gene. After relaxing our filtering criteria, accepting larger intronic segments, we unexpectedly identified a branch point (BP) variant in FGD1. Analysis of patient-derived RNA showed complete skipping of exon 13, leading to premature translation termination. The BP variant detected is one of very few reported so far proven to affect splicing. Our results show that besides digging deeper to reveal nonobvious variants, isolation and analysis of RNA provides a valuable but under-appreciated tool to resolve cases with unknown genetic defects.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "A GEOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION OF CRUDE OILS AND SOURCE ROCKS FROM BIYANG BASIN, CHINA. China has a number of petroliferous lacustrine sedimentary basins of varying salinity and age (mainly Eocene). A geochemical investigation has been undertaken on several oils and source rocks from the Eocene lacustrine Biyang Basin. The distributions of n-alkanes, isoprenoids, steranes, and terpanes have been studied and used to characterize the sedimentary environment of deposition, maturity, biodegradation and undertake possible correlations. The ratios of C30-hopane/gammacerane, 4-methylsteranes/regular steranes, steranes/hopanes, C21 tricyclic/C30 hopane are proposed to be indicative of the depositional environment whereas beta-carotane appears to be a source related indicator. The geochemical data obtained in this study suggest that the major source rocks in the Biyang Basin were deposited in a saline/hypersaline depositional environment.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "From critical sociology to public intellectual: Pierre Bourdieu and politics. By the late 1990s, Pierre Bourdieu had become the primary public intellectual of major social scientific status at the head of the anti-globalization movement that emerged in France and in other Western European countries. This article discusses how Bourdieu became a leading public intellectual, a role that seems to contrast with his early years as a professional sociologist. It explores what seemed to change in Bourdieu's activities and outlook as sociologist and what seems to have remained constant. It identifies several institutional conditions that seemed necessary for Bourdieu to be able to play the kind of public intellectual role he did in his later years. Bourdieu's movement from a peripheral position to a central location in the French intellectual field, the changing character of the field itself, the growing influence of the mass media in French political and cultural life, the failures of the French Socialists in power, a cultural legacy of leading critical intellectuals in France, a unifying national issue of globalization, and the political conjuncture in 1995 all intersected in ways that opened a path for Bourdieu to choose new and more frequent forms of political action. His responses to that combination of factors at different moments reveal both a striking continuity in desire to preserve the autonomy of intellectual life and a change in view and strategy on how best to do that. The article concludes with a brief evaluation of Bourdieu's public intellectual role.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Body Movement Selectively Shapes the Neural Representation of Musical Rhythms. It is increasingly recognized that motor routines dynamically shape the processing of sensory inflow (e.g., when hand movements are used to feel a texture or identify an object). In the present research, we captured the shaping of auditory perception by movement in humans by taking advantage of a specific context: music. Participants listened to a repeated rhythmical sequence before and after moving their bodies to this rhythm in a specific meter. We found that the brain responses to the rhythm (as recorded with electroencephalography) after body movement were significantly enhanced at frequencies related to the meter to which the participants had moved. These results provide evidence that body movement can selectively shape the subsequent internal representation of auditory rhythms.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "A guide to sampling design for GPS-based studies of animal societies. GPS-based tracking is widely used for studying wild social animals. Much like traditional observational methods, using GPS devices requires making a number of decisions about sampling that can affect the robustness of a study's conclusions. For example, sampling fewer individuals per group across more distinct social groups may not be sufficient to infer group- or subgroup-level behaviours, while sampling more individuals per group across fewer groups limits the ability to draw conclusions about populations. Here, we provide quantitative recommendations when designing GPS-based tracking studies of animal societies. We focus on the trade-offs between three fundamental axes of sampling effort: (1) sampling coverage-the number and allocation of GPS devices among individuals in one or more social groups; (2) sampling duration-the total amount of time over which devices collect data and (3) sampling frequency-the temporal resolution at which GPS devices record data. We first test GPS tags under field conditions to quantify how these aspects of sampling design can affect both GPS accuracy (error in absolute positional estimates) and GPS precision (error in the estimate relative position of two individuals), demonstrating that GPS error can have profound effects when inferring distances between individuals. We then use data from whole-group tracked vulturine guineafowl Acryllium vulturinum to demonstrate how the trade-off between sampling frequency and sampling duration can impact inferences of social interactions and to quantify how sampling coverage can affect common measures of social behaviour in animal groups, identifying which types of measures are more or less robust to lower coverage of individuals. Finally, we use data-informed simulations to extend insights across groups of different sizes and cohesiveness. Based on our results, we are able to offer a range of recommendations on GPS sampling strategies to address research questions across social organizational scales and social systems-from group movement to social network structure and collective decision-making. Our study provides practical advice for empiricists to navigate their decision-making processes when designing GPS-based field studies of animal social behaviours, and highlights the importance of identifying the optimal deployment decisions for drawing informative and robust conclusions.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "The Need for Inclusion of Entrepreneurship Education in Nigerian School Curricula. This article advocates the inclusion of entrepreneurship education as a subject in the curricula of all the educational institutions in Nigeria and other developing countries. Some innovative entrepreneurship education practices such as periodic entrepreneur-pupil/student interaction and students' attachment period with established entrepreneurs are also proposed in inculcating the entrepreneurial culture. The regular interactive sessions with entrepreneurs from the organized private sector will engender consistent and systematic orientation of the young adults in acquisition of skills, competencies, and knowledge requisite for self-employment. (C) 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "Identifying Patient Perceived Barriers to Trichiasis Surgery in Kongwa District, Tanzania. Trachomatous trichiasis (TT), inturned eyelashes from repeated infection with Chlamydia trachomatis, is the leading infectious cause of blindness in the world. Though surgery will correct entropion caused by trachoma, uptake of TT surgery remains low. In this case-control study, we identify barriers that prevent TT patients from receiving sight-saving surgery.", "label": [2, 17, 21, 24]}
+{"token": "Triggering and dynamic evolution of the LUSI mud volcano, Indonesia. Mud volcanoes are geologically important manifestations of vertical fluid flow and mud eruption in sedimentary basins worldwide. Their formation is predominantly ascribed to release of overpressure from clay- and organic-rich sediments, leading to impressive buildup of mud mountains in submarine and subaerial settings. Here we report on a newly born mud volcano appearing close to an active magmatic complex in a backarc sedimentary basin in Indonesia. The location of the mud volcano close to magmatic volcanoes results in a high background temperature gradient that triggers mineralogical transformations and geochemical reactions at shallow depth. The eruption of 100 degrees C mud and gas that started the 29th of May 2006 flooded a large area within the Sidoarjo village in Northeast Java. Thousands of people have so far been evacuated due to the mud flood hazards from the eruption. Since the initial eruption, the flow rate escalated from 5000 to 120,000 m(3)/d during the first eleven weeks. Then the erupted volume started to pulsate between almost zero and 120,000 m(3) Id in the period August 14 to September 10, whereas it increased dramatically following swarms of earthquakes in September, before reaching almost 180,000 m(3)/d in December 2006. Sampling and observations were completed during two fieldwork campaigns on the site. The eruption of boiling water is accompanied by mud, aqueous vapour, CO2 and CH4. Based on geochemical and field results, we propose a mechanism where the eruptions started following the 27th of May earthquake due to fracturing and accompanied depressurization of > 100 degrees C pore fluids from > 1700 m depth. This resulted in the formation of a quasi-hydrothermal system with a geyser-like surface expression and with an activity influenced by the regional seismicity. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Following the crowd: social influence and technology usage. This study examined the impact of social influence theory on distance education technology (DET) usage. Delineation of university culture types conceptualized by Bergquist (the collegial culture, the managerial culture, the developmental culture and the negotiating culture) were also examined in relation to technology usage. This study tested the proposed relationships in a survey of distance education technology usage at a major southeastern university, and findings support the influence of past experience with technology and social influence, and provide limited support for the influence of the culture types and individual factors on technology usage. This study encourages administrators to more closely examine their own academic cultures to identify appropriate actions to take before pursuing organizational changes like DET adoption, so that the resulting DET usage might more closely mirror the expected outcomes.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "On the Fractional Derivatives at Extreme Points. We correct a recent result concerning the fractional derivative at extreme points. We then establish new results for the Caputo and Riemann-Liouville fractional derivatives at extreme points.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Numerical modeling of generation of few-cycle pulses in a mode-locked laser. We have performed numerical simulation of a laser generating few-cycle pulses in the regime of coherent mode locking. It is shown that such a laser can support generation of pulses with a duration close to the reciprocal of the main laser transition frequency of the gain medium in a wide range of laser parameters.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "COST OFFSET FROM A PSYCHIATRIC CONSULTATION-LIAISON INTERVENTION WITH ELDERLY HIP FRACTURE PATIENTS. Objective:  The authors hypothesized that psychiatric liaison screening of elderly patients with hip fractures would shorten the average length of hospital stay and increase the proportion of patients who returned home after discharge.  Method:  The study was performed at Mount Sinai Medical Center in New York and Northwestern Memorial Hospital in Chicago.  The subjects were 452 patients 65 years or older who were consecutively admitted for surgical repair of fractured hips.  During a baseline year the patients received traditional referral for psychiatric consultation.  During the experimental year all the patients at Mount Sinai and the patients on one Northwestern unit were screened for psychiatric consultation.  Results:  The patients who received psychiatric liaison screening had a higher consultation rate than those who received traditional consultation.  The rates of DSM-III disorders in the experimental year were 56% at Mount Sinai and 60% at Northwestern.  The mean length of stay was reduced from 20.7 to 18.5 days at Mount Sinai and from 15.5 to 13.8 days at Northwestern, resulting in reductions in hospital costs ($647/day) of $166,926 and $97,361, respectively.  Fees generated from Medicare service delivery could have paid for the $20,000 psychiatric intervention cost at each site.  There was no difference, however, between the two years in the discharge placement of patients.  Conclusions:  Admission psychiatric liaison screening of elderly patients with hip fractures results in early detection of psychiatric morbidity, better psychiatric care, earlier discharge, and substantial cost savings to the hospital.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Sensor placement and resource allocation for energy harvesting IoT networks. Optimal sensor selection for source parameter estimation in energy harvesting Internet of Things (IoT) networks is studied in this paper. Specifically, the focus is on the selection of the sensor locations which minimizes the estimation error at a fusion center, and to optimally allocate power and bandwidth for each selected sensor subject to a prescribed spectral and energy budget. To do so, measurement accuracy, communication link quality, and the amount of energy harvested are all taken into account. The sensor selection is studied under both analog and digital transmission schemes from the selected sensors to the fusion center. In the digital transmission case, an information theoretic approach is used to model the transmission rate, observation quantization, and encoding. We numerically prove that with a sufficient system bandwidth, the digital system outperforms the analog system with a possibly different sensor selection. The design problem of interest is a Boolean non convex optimization problem, which is solved by relaxing the Boolean constraints. To efficiently round the obtained relaxed solution, we propose a randomized rounding algorithm which generalizes the existing algorithm. (C) 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Strain mode-dependent weighting functions in hyperelasticity accounting for verification, validation, and stability of material parameters. Optimized material parameters obtained from parameter identification for verification wrt a certain loading scenario are amenable to two deficiencies: Firstly, they may lack a general validity for different loading scenarios. Secondly, they may be prone to instability, such that a small perturbation of experimental data may ensue a large perturbation for the material parameters. This paper presents a framework for extension of hyperelastic models for rubber-like materials accounting for both deficiencies. To this end, an additive decomposition of the strain energy function is assumed into a sum of weighted strain mode related quantities. We propose a practical guide for model development accounting for the criteria of verification, validation and stability by means of the strain mode-dependent weighting functions and techniques of model reduction. The approach is successfully applied for 13 hyperelastic models with regard to the classical experimental data on vulcanized rubber published by Treloar (Trans Faraday Soc 40:59-70, 1944), showing both excellent fitting capabilties and stable material parameters.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "Rye Allelopathy for Weed Control. Rye (Secale cereale L.) is a multipurpose crop that is grown for its fodder, grains, or as a cover crop. Rye when grown as cover crop suppresses the weeds through either of shading, physical interference, or allelopathy, or all of these. Rye is a potent allelopathic crop; benzoxazinoids and phenolic compounds being the important allelochemicals in its plants. Cover crops and mulches are the extensively used methods where allelopathic potential of rye can be employed to control weeds. Another way is to grow rye cultivars (when rye is grown as sole crop). Nevertheless, cover crops may be the most important way of utilizing rye allelopathy for controlling weeds.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "Restoring Certainty. This paper addresses the objections that Genia Schonbaumsfeld makes in The Illusion of Doubt to my view of hinge certainty as a 'certainty', and as nonepistemic, nonpropositional and animal. It also addresses her (related) dissatisfaction with Wittgenstein's notion of 'the groundlessness of our believing'.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Neurocognitive Dysfunction in Bipolar and Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders Depends on History of Psychosis Rather Than Diagnostic Group. Objectives: Neurocognitive dysfunction is milder in bipolar disorders than in schizophrenia spectrum disorders, supporting a dimensional approach to severe mental disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of lifetime history of psychosis for neurocognitive functioning across these disorders. We asked whether neurocognitive dysfunction in bipolar and schizophrenia spectrum disorders depends more on history of psychosis than diagnostic category or subtype. Methods: A sample of individuals with schizophrenia (n = 102), schizoaffective disorder (n = 27), and bipolar disorder (I or II) with history of psychosis (n = 75) and without history of psychosis (n = 61) and healthy controls (n = 280), from a large ongoing study on severe mental disorder, were included. Neurocognitive function was measured with a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery. Results: Compared with controls, all 3 groups with a history of psychosis performed poorer across neurocognitive measures, while the bipolar group without a history of psychosis was only impaired on a measure of processing speed. The groups with a history of psychosis did not differ from each other but performed poorer than the group without a history of psychosis on a number of neurocognitive measures. These neurocognitive group differences were of a magnitude expected to have clinical significance. In the bipolar sample, history of psychosis explained more of the neurocognitive variance than bipolar diagnostic subtype. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that neurocognitive dysfunction in bipolar and schizophrenia spectrum disorders is determined more by history of psychosis than by Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition) diagnostic category or subtype, supporting a more dimensional approach in future diagnostic systems.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Quasi-Lagrangian energetics of an intense Mediterranean cyclone. Applying a Lagrangian framework implies that the dimensions of the computational area can be modified on the basis of predetermined criteria. In this study, an area surrounding a depression as shown on the surface analysis, has been selected. This area moves together with the centre of the depression. The energetics results obtained using such a quasi-Lagrangian scheme are compared to those obtained by using a Eulerian framework.The synoptic-scale system studied here is a wintertime frontal depression, the greatest development of which occurred in the central Mediterranean on 7 December 1991. This depression moved east accompanied by significant temperature changes, heavy precipitation and gale force winds.Studies of the energetics of synoptic-scale systems and similar kinds of investigation have traditionally used a Eulerian framework. In this study, the energetics of a synoptic-scale system have been considered using a quasi-Lagrangian method, in order to isolate the disturbance under consideration within a volume which moves together with the system at each stage of its development.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Chaos and stability of age-0 fish assemblages in a temperate deep reservoir: unpredictable success and stable habitat use. Large year-to-year variability in different fish species recruitment has been confirmed by previous studies while diurnal patterns of occupation in two basic reservoir habitats (pelagic and littoral) by different age-0 fish species in late summer are still unclear. Data collected over an 11-year period regarding late-summer age-0 fish assemblages in pelagic and littoral habitats of a reservoir were used to test the recruitment instability and to investigate diurnal habitat use. Trawling was conducted in the pelagic habitat at night while beach seining was conducted in the littoral habitat during day and night. Fluctuations in age-0 fish abundance and species composition were observed with both sampling methods; however, the following spatio-temporal patterns were relatively stable in most investigated years: (1) pelagic species (pikeperch; Sander lucioperca, small perch; Perca fluviatilis, bream; Abramis brama at night), (2) littoral species (large perch, asp; Leuciscus aspius, dace; Leuciscus leuciscus), (3) migratory species likely performing diel horizontal migrations (bleak; Alburnus alburnus), (4) species abundant in the littoral habitat both during day and night and also in pelagic habitat at night (roach; Rutilus rutilus) and (5) species detected in both habitats exclusively at night (ruffe; Gymnocephalus cernuus).", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "If you've done a good job, it's as if you've never existed': Translators on translation in development projects in the Sahel. Translation is an essential and extensively-used tool in research and development projects, yet is frequently sidelined as an insignificant or minor component in the initial design. This often leads to assumptions regarding translation tasks, by both the translator and the end-user or the commissioner. Addressing this lack of awareness and the resultant misunderstandings concerning the translation outcome, this article examines translation processes that take place when translations are commissioned. It draws on empirical data from an NGO radio development project in Africa's Sahel, including semi-structured interviews with translators working from Fulfulde, Tamashek, and Zarma-Songhai into French with responses clustered around four themes: identity, agency, source text knowledge and transcription/translation processes. Contributing to translation studies and to development studies, the article provides recommendations on implementing changes to overcome dismissive attitudes towards translation, and to promote its consideration as a core element of development and research projects.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Enhanced oil recovery from fractured carbonate reservoir using membrane technology. Membrane technology has been investigated experimentally for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in fractured rocks in this paper. Two membrane-forming material fluids, copper sulfate solution and potassium hexacyanoferrate solution, are sequentially injected into a fractured rock which was pre-saturated with mineral oil and irreducible water using a high solute fluid, to form a semi-permeable membrane over the surface of fractured rock. Then a low solute concentration fluid is injected into the rock to establish a chemical potential gradient across the membrane. As a result, water can enter the matrix across the membrane to increase the pore pressure and to displace additional oil from the matrix. Factors which influence osmotic pressure have been examined for their effect on oil recovery. It was found that the rate of oil recovery increases with increasing concentrations of membrane-forming materials, increasing temperature, and increasing solute concentration ratio between matrix water and injection solution, as well as decreasing permeability of the matrix rocks. Such correlation is attributed to the spontaneously occurrence of osmosis, leading to water entering the matrix and oil being displaced. The results are indicating that the membrane technology may be an effective EOR method for a fractured carbonate reservoir. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Coordinated maturational regulation of PHEX and renal phosphate transport inhibitory activity: Evidence for the pathophysiological role of PHEX in X-linked hypophosphatemia. The mechanism by which inactivating mutations of PHEX (phosphate-regulating gene with homologies to endopeptidases on the (X) under bar chromosome) cause X-linked hypophosphatemia remains unknown, However, recent reports suggest errant PHEX activity in osteoblasts may fail to inactivate a phosphaturic factor produced by these cells, To test this possibility, we examined coordinated maturational expression of PHEX and production of phosphate transport inhibitory activity in osteoblasts from normal and hyp-mice. We assessed the inhibitory activity in conditioned medium by examining the effects on opossum kidney cell phosphate transport and osteoblast PHEX expression by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction during a 17-day maturational period. Inhibitory activity increased as a function of osteoblast maturational stage, with no activity after 3 days and persistent activity by 6 days of culture, More significantly, equal phosphate transport inhibitory activity in conditioned medium from normal and hyp-mouse osteoblasts (control 1.90 +/- 0.12, normal 1.48 +/- 0.10, hyp 1.45 +/- 0.04 mnol/mg of protein/ minute) was observed at 6 days, However, by 10 days hyp-mouse osteoblasts exhibited greater inhibitory activity than controls, and by 17 days the difference in phosphate transport inhibition maximized (control 2.08 +/- 0.09, normal 1.88 +/- 0.06, hyp 1.58 +/- 0.06 nnol/mg of protein/minute). Concurrently, we observed absent PHEX expression in normal osteoblasts after 3 days, limited production at 6 days, and significant production by day 10 of culture, while hyp-mouse osteoblasts exhibited limited PHEX activity secondary to an inactivating mutation. The data suggest that the presence of inactivating PHEX mutations results in the enhanced renal phosphate transport inhibitory activity exhibited by hyp-mouse osteoblasts.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Two sets of higher-order Boussinesq-type equations for water waves. Based on the classical Boussinesq model by Peregrine [Peregrine, D.H., 1967. Long waves on a beach. J. Fluid Mech. 27 (4), 815-827], two parameters are introduced to improve dispersion and linear shoaling characteristics. The higher order non-linear terms are added to the modified Boussinesq equations. The non-linearity of the Boussinesq model is analyzed. A parameter related to h/L-0 is used to improve the quadratic transfer function in relatively deep water. Since the dispersion characteristic of the modified Boussinesq equations with two parameters is only equal to the second-order Pade expansion of the linear dispersion relation, further improvement is done by introducing a new velocity vector to replace the depth-averaged one in the modified Boussinesq equations. The dispersion characteristic of the further modified Boussinesq equations is accurate to the fourth-order Pade approximation of the linear dispersion relation. Compared to the modified Boussinesq equations, the accuracy of quadratic transfer functions is improved and the shoaling characteristic of the equations has higher accuracy from shallow water to deep water. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 36]}
+{"token": "AUTHENTIC AND THERAPEUTIC ENGAGEMENT WITH THE PAST FOR VETERANS AT NOKALAKEVI, GEORGIA, AND ON BREAKING GROUND HERITAGE PROJECTS IN THE UK. This article presents a study of the value of archaeological excavation as a non-medical intervention to support mental health and wellbeing among military veterans. Beginning by discussing quantitative psychological data that shows that it is effective, the article considers qualitative data from UK, Georgian, and Ukrainian veterans to begin establishing \\\\'how\\\\' archaeology is effective.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "A case study of a college-wide first-year undergraduate engineering course. Introductory engineering courses are either programme specific or expose students to engineering as a broad discipline by including materials from various engineering programmes. A common introductory engineering course that spans different engineering programmes raises challenges, including the high cost of resources as well as the lack of background courses of first-year students. This paper presents the design, implementation and evaluation of a first-year common engineering course that uses low-cost materials to expose students to a structured engineering design process. The course is explicitly designed to satisfy the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology criteria for engineering programmes. Our experience with the course shows that not only students are able to follow a structured design process successfully but we also believe that most of the ABET criteria are being delivered through the course.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Alignment-free integration of apertures and nontransparent hulls into 3D-printed micro-optics. The fabrication of 3D-printed micro-optical systems by femtosecond direct laser writing is state of the art. However, the inherent transparency of the lens mount, which is also made of photopolymer, causes a degradation of the image contrast due to stray light and scattering. Furthermore, apertures play a key role in optical design but cannot be directly integrated during 3D printing. Here, we present a superfine inkjet process for targeted filling of 3D-printed cavities in order to integrate apertures and nontransparent hulls without any alignment. Considerable contrast improvement and micro-optical systems with increased functionality are demonstrated. (C) 2018 Optical Society of America", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Research on Asia: promise and perils. Design/methodology/approach - This paper represents a personal retrospective on the promise and perils of conducting research on Asia.Findings - \\\\'Promise\\\\' includes the growing research interest and attention on this region. \\\\'Perils\\\\' include, among others, a failure to recognize the diversity across countries in the region and within a given country. Immigration, rising incidence of bicultural or multicultural identity and brain circulation have all contributed to growing diversity within countries. Future research on this region should take into consideration such intra-national diversity.Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the nature and scope of diversity between and within Asian countries.Originality/value - Although Asia's \\\\'foreignness\\\\' may differentiate it from other regions around the world and, in doing so, contribute to the perception of its homogeneity, the region is considerably more diverse than what it appears to be. Thus, it is imperative to consciously recognize - and incorporate diversity in a region of growing global importance.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "Coupled-cluster and configuration-interaction calculations for heavy nuclei. We compare coupled-cluster (CC) and configuration-interaction (CI) results for Ni-56 obtained in the pf-shell basis, focusing on practical CC approximations that can be applied to systems with dozens or hundreds of correlated fermions. The weight of the reference state and the strength of correlation effects are controlled by the gap between the f(7/2) orbit and the f(5/2), p(3/2), p(1/2) orbits. Independent of the gap, the CC method with 1p-1h and 2p-2h clusters and a noniterative treatment of 3p-3h clusters is as accurate as the more demanding CI approach truncated at the 4p-4h level.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "TRADEMARKS AND PRIVATE ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE. Private environmental governance is premised on consumers \\\\'voting with their wallets\\\\' by selecting products that reflect not just their instrumental preferences, but also their values. The potential of this form of private governance has not been realized, however, in part because consumers are often overwhelmed by information from multiple green trademarks with different standards or criteria. The resulting congestion of market information has undermined the communicative function of green trademarks that is essential to enabling consumers to make environmentally responsible choices.For a variety of reasons, trademark law is premised on a narrowly prescribed role for trademarks that is poorly adapted to facilitating information-based forms of private governance. Instead, intramural battles over the scope of trademark rights-ignited by overreaching corporate branding strategies-have elevated a reactionary turn in trademark theory that reduces trademarks solely to identifying the specific source of a product or service. We argue that the normative ends of private environmental governance should factor into, though by no means determine, trademark policy.This Article examines the relationship between private environmental governance and trademark law. Over the past two decades, green trademarks and other forms of private governance have flourished in tandem with the retreat from national and international public law modalities of environmental regulation. The rising political opposition to environmental regulation partly accounts for this change. Also relevant is the rise of globalization, which due to jurisdictional and trade constraints has diminished the effective regulatory control countries have over products sold in their markets.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "A-to-I RNA editing alters less-conserved residues of highly conserved coding regions: Implications for dual functions in evolution. The molecular mechanism and physiological function of recoding by A-to-I RNA editing is well known, but its evolutionary significance remains a mystery. We analyzed the RNA editing of the Kv2 K+ channel from different insects spanning more than 300 million years of evolution: Drosophila melanogaster, Culex pipiens (Diptera), Pulex irritans (Siphonaptera), Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera), Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera), Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera), Pediculus humanus (Phthiraptera), and Myzus persicae (Homoptera). RNA editing was detected across all Kv2 orthologs, representing the most highly conserved RNA editing event yet reported in invertebrates. Surprisingly, five of these editing sites were conserved in squid (Mollusca) and were possibly of independent origin, suggesting phylogenetic conservation of editing between mollusks and insects. Based on this result, we predicted and experimentally verified two novel A-to-I editing sites in squid synaptotagmin I transcript. In addition, comparative analysis indicated that RNA editing usually occurred within highly conserved coding regions, but mostly altered less-conserved coding positions of these regions. Moreover, more than half of these edited amino acids are genomically encoded in the orthologs of other species; an example of a conversion model of the nonconservative edited site is addressed. Therefore, these data imply that RNA editing might play dual roles in evolution by extending protein diversity and maintaining phylogenetic conservation.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "The Conflict between Politics and Economics on the European Idea of Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo. The figure and political career of Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo, former Spanish President, was closely united with Europe. This article has the basis on his personal Archive documentation, and offers his thoughts about the topic: on the one hand, the conflict between politics and economics in the origins of the EEC, on the other hand, how can be organised the EU and which can be the role of their members. On this way we can know the ideas of a man who contributed to build Europe and reflected on the origins and the future of the European Union.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Haematological and biochemical blood profiles in healthy Indian Spiti horses. Horses of Spiti breed, which are mainly available in Lahaul-Spiti, Kulu and Kinnaur districts in Himachal Pradesh have acquired some genetic traits, which have enabled these horses to thrive in cold desert condition such as scarcity of food, very low climate temperature (-45 degrees C) and longer journey at high altitude (Anon, 2000). At present, this breed of. horses is on the verge of extinction. Govt. of Himachal Pradesh, has opened a equine farm at Lari, Lahaul and Spiti district for the conversation and preservation of this breed. The aim of this study is to develope base line data on normal haematological and biochemical values of Spiti horses.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Predicting personality disorder traits with the defense style questionnaire in a normal sample. This research examined the efficacy of the 40-item Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ-40), measuring mature, neurotic and immature defense styles, to predict DSM-III-R personality disorders, The Coolidge Axis II Inventory, the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-II, and the MMPI personality disorder scales were used to measure 11 personality disorders in a nonclinical sample. The results show that most personality disorders are positively associated with the highly maladaptive immature defense style, and negatively associated with the mature defense style. Multiple regression analyses reveal that the combined variance accounted for by the defense styles range from 12% to 42% on the CATI, 3% to 42% on the MCMI-II, and 2% to 32% on the MMPI-PD. However, specific personality disorders cannot be predicted with the defense styles on any measure.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Arctic tides from GPS on sea-ice. The presence of sea-ice in the Arctic Ocean plays a significant role in the Arctic climate. Sea-ice dampens the ocean tide amplitude with the result that global tidal models perform less accurately in the polar regions. This paper presents, a kinematic processing of global positioning system (GPS) placed on sea-ice, at six different sites north of Greenland for the preliminary study of sea surface height (SSH), and tidal analysis to improve tide models in the Central Arctic. The GPS measurements are compared with the Arctic tide model AOTIM-5, which assimilates tide-gauges and altimetry data. The results show coherence between the GPS buoy measurements, and the tide model. Furthermore, we have proved that the reference ellipsoid of WGS84, can be interpolated to the tidal defined zero level by applying geophysical corrections to the GPS data. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Induced Homeotropic Alignment of Nematic Liquid Crystals by Doping Side-on Carbosilane-based Oligomers. In this study, carbosilane-based oligomers with tetraallylsilane in the core whose periphery was modified with side-on type mesogenic groups were synthesized with systematic change in the spacer length. The results obtained by polarized optical microscopy (POM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed that the oligomers exhibited nematic phases near room temperature. Furthermore, a nematic liquid crystal containing 20 wt% of each oligomer exhibited spontaneous homeotropic alignment in the non-treated glass cells.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Food and Dietary Supplement Package Labeling-Guidance from FDA's Warning Letters and Title 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations. Package labels for foods and dietary supplements must conform with Title 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations. This review provides guidance for the content and format of labels, including for the Nutrient Facts panel and Supplement Facts panel, and for drafting structure/function claims, health claims, and nutrient content claims. Also provided is guidance on how to refrain from drafting disease claims. Inappropriate disease claims on a food or dietary supplement compels FDA to review the product as a drug. Disease claims is the most common source of complaint in FDA's warning letters. This review makes use of all of FDA's warning letters that were published over a 14-y span (2002to 2015). This is the first comprehensive review on package labels to make use of FDA's warning letters as a source document.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Mass customisation systems: complementarities and performance consequences. Mass customisation (MC) is considered to be an important competitive tool to increase the performance of manufacturers. Due to the importance of MC as part of the manufacturing process, there is an increasing amount of research devoted to exploring the nature of MC and how to effectively implement MC processes. Based on the theory of complementary assets, this study investigates the relationships between different MC practices and the effects of these practices on the firm's financial performance. In this study, simultaneous equation modelling and hierarchical regression analysis are applied to data collected from a large-scale survey in China. The results show that different MC practices positively affect each other, and that the interactions between the MC practices positively influence a firm's financial performance. This indicates that the complementary adoption of MC practices is important for a firm's success, requiring the simultaneous deployment of elicitation, process-flexible technology and logistics practices.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "Gratitude as a protective factor against anxiety and depression among Chinese adolescents: The mediating role of coping flexibility. Gratitude is a crucial element of mental health and wellbeing. But the underlying mechanism by which gratitude is negatively associated with anxiety and depression has been underinvestigated. The current study aimed to examine the associations among gratitude, anxiety, and depression in Chinese adolescents, with a focus on coping flexibility as an individual factor mediating their associations. To do this, 492 middle-school students in China were surveyed. Subsequently, a mediation model based on the broaden-and-build theory, transactional theory of coping, and previous studies was tested. Results demonstrated that the total effects of gratitude on both anxiety and depression were significant. Moreover, coping flexibility significantly mediated the influence of gratitude on both anxiety and depression. Therefore, improving gratitude and enhancing coping flexibility may protect Chinese adolescents from anxiety and depression.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Numerical approach for detecting bifurcation points of the compatibility paths of symmetric deployable structures. New internal mechanisms of a deployable structure could be generated, when the structure undergoes significant transformations along its compatibility path. Because of such kind of kinematic bifurcation, the structure might not transform into the desired configuration. To design novel deployable structures, it is necessary to detect all possible bifurcation points of the compatibility paths and study the bifurcation behavior. Here, on the basis of the nonlinear prediction-correction algorithm with variable increment size, we will propose an efficient approach to detect all the possible bifurcation points of the compatibility path for a symmetric deployable structure. Null space of the Jacobian matrix is studied iteratively, to follow the complete compatibility path. The variable increment size at each step is determined by evaluating whether the configuration is close to the singular configuration. Numerical examples of several 2D and 3D symmetric deployable structures are presented, to verify the feasibility and computational complexity of the proposed approach. The results show that the proposed method is computationally efficient, and could detect different bifurcation points of the compatibility path. Further, it turns out that all the analyzed symmetric structures experience kinematic bifurcation on certain conditions. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "Brown-headed cowbirds skew host offspring sex ratios. Predators (or parasites) can have both direct and indirect effects on prey (or host) demography. Recent theory suggests that the impact of either effect may be greater if predators and parasites skew the sex ratio of survivors. Brown-headed Cowbirds (Mol-othrus ater) are obligate brood parasites. Many studies have shown that adult cowbirds directly cause host offspring mortalities. Cowbird young may indirectly cause additional mortalities by increasing competition in the nest. The sex ratio of surviving host offspring will be skewed if one sex is a poorer competitor and thus more likely to die. We studied whether and how cowbird parasitism affects host offspring sex ratios in Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia) nests. The proportion of female sparrows in parasitized nests (0.28 +/- 0.01) was half that in unparasitized nests (0.57 +/- 0.05) at six days post-hatch and at fledging (0.27 +/- 0.06 vs. 0.52 +/- 0.11). Consistent with their being at a competitive disadvantage, female sparrows were smaller and lighter than male sparrows in parasitized mixed-sex (both sexes present) nests. This indirect effect of cowbirds on the sex ratio of surviving host offspring may dramatically affect host demography. We suggest that predator- or parasite-mediated sex ratio biases could be important to the demography of many prey or host species.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Trends in gonorrhoea positivity by nucleic acid amplification test versus culture among Australian heterosexual men with a low prevalence of gonorrhoea, 2007-2014. Background Testing for gonorrhoea with nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) is not recommended in low-prevalence populations as it results in high numbers of false positive results. The aim of this study was to examine temporal trends of gonorrhoea positivity by NAAT and culture in heterosexual men in Victoria, Australia following recent increases in gonorrhoea notifications.Methods Three data sources between 2007 and 2014 were used in this study: notification data from the Victorian Department of Health, Medicare testing numbers of single chlamydia and dual NAATs performed, and electronic records on heterosexual men attending Melbourne Sexual Health Centre (MSHC).Results Notifications of gonorrhoea by NAAT (with/without culture) in heterosexual men in Victoria rose threefold from 74 in 2007 to 238 in 2014, while the number of dual NAATs ordered over the same period underwent a fivefold increase from 14 061 to 71 860. The overall proportion of NAATs that were positive for gonorrhoea in Victoria was low and fell from 0.53% in 2007 to 0.33% in 2014 (P-trend=0.002). Of the 28014 new heterosexual men attending MSHC, the gonorrhoea positivity by culture was 0.9%, and chlamydia positivity by NAAT was 8.5%. The positivity of both infections did not change over time.Conclusions These data suggest that gonorrhoea prevalence in heterosexual men is low and stable, despite annual increases in notifications. Guidelines in most countries recommend restricting testing to groups or populations with prevalence over 1%, symptomatic individuals or those at increased epidemiological risk. These data indicate gonorrhoea testing should not automatically accompany chlamydia screening in low-risk heterosexual men.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "AVONET: morphological, ecological and geographical data for all birds. Functional traits offer a rich quantitative framework for developing and testing theories in evolutionary biology, ecology and ecosystem science. However, the potential of functional traits to drive theoretical advances and refine models of global change can only be fully realised when species-level information is complete. Here we present the AVONET dataset containing comprehensive functional trait data for all birds, including six ecological variables, 11 continuous morphological traits, and information on range size and location. Raw morphological measurements are presented from 90,020 individuals of 11,009 extant bird species sampled from 181 countries. These data are also summarised as species averages in three taxonomic formats, allowing integration with a global phylogeny, geographical range maps, IUCN Red List data and the eBird citizen science database. The AVONET dataset provides the most detailed picture of continuous trait variation for any major radiation of organisms, offering a global template for testing hypotheses and exploring the evolutionary origins, structure and functioning of biodiversity.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Assessment of IQOS Marketing Strategies at Points-of-Sale in Israel at a Time of Regulatory Transition. Aims and Methods: Research staff audited 80 randomly selected IQOS and/or HEETS POS in four cities using a structured form to assess store types, product placement, price, promotional strategies, and regulatory compliance. POS data were linked to neighborhood characteristics, including socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and proximity (under 300 m) to schools.Introduction: IQOS, a tobacco heating system, and accompanying tobacco sticks (HEETS) entered the Israeli market in 2016, prior to rapid regulatory change.This study assessed IQOS marketing strategies and regulatory compliance at IQOS and/or HEETS point-of-sale (POS) in Israel in December 17, 2019 to January 7, 2020, after the ban on advertisement went into effect in March 8, 2019.Results: Almost half of the stores (48.7%) were convenience stores. HEETS were visible to the customers in 46.1% of POS, 35% carried at least four HEETS colors, 20.0% had IQOS and/or HEETS special displays, and 13.8% displayed HEETS near youth-oriented merchandise. Mean HEETS pack price was US $8.7 (range: US $7.5-11.3), 27% more than the least expensive cigarette pack, and 39% less than the most expensive cigarette. HEETS promotions were uncommon. Compliance with the newly introduced advertisement ban was fairly high for HEETS (94.8%). Only one POS was located in a low-socioeconomic status area; 68.7% were near a school.Conclusions: The relatively limited IQOS and/or HEETS marketing at POS suggests that, with regulatory changes, online or other forms of marketing might be prioritized. IQOS may be promoted to higher socioeconomic status populations, as indicated by pricing and POS neighborhood characteristics. Access near schools and placement near youth-oriented merchandise are potential concerns necessitating further research.", "label": [2, 21, 23]}
+{"token": "Entrainment of FCC from fluidized beds - a new correlation for the elutriation rate constants K-i infinity*. Batch and continuous experiments of fluidization have been carried out in columns of diameter 76 and 152 nlm. Gas velocities of 0.1-0.8 m/s were used with mixtures of coarse and fine FCC as the feed materials. The total entrainment nux E-Z and the elutriation rate constants K-i infinity* are found to depend on the gas velocity in the form of E-Z proportional to U-n and K-i infinity* proportional to U-m, respectively. The values of n and m depend on the bed compositions and particle size; they become smaller at higher gas velocities. For FCC, ii has an average value of 4.0 in the velocity range 0.2-0.4 m/s and tends to a value of 2 at higher gas velocities. The effect of column diameter depends on the gas velocity profiles and is reduced for column diameters above 0.1 m. Empirical correlations to predict K-i infinity* and E-Z have been developed from the results. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science S.A.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "The cooperative courtroom A case study of interpreting gone wrong. This paper presents a case study of an interpreting event in a Danish courtroom setting. The study investigates the interpreter's influence on the interaction as well as factors influencing the behaviour of all the participants involved. The study also investigates what happens when the interpreter's performance is perceived by participants as inadequate in order to achieve the communicative goal of the event. The model of translation culture, in which cooperativeness, loyalty and transparency are key concepts, is used as an explanatory tool. Although the interaction under study, like all courtroom interaction, is determined by the inherent institutional power differential, it is appropriate to describe it in terms of cooperativeness. The conflict regarding the interpreter's non-normative behaviour is negotiated and settled by way of consensus, and the trial is carried through with the same interpreter despite doubt about her competence. The paper concludes by discussing the effect of special contextual conditions, as well as ethical implications.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "The Pre-Anschluss Vienna School of Medicine - The surgeons: Ignaz Semmelweis (1818-1865), Theodor Billroth (1829-1894) and Robert Barany (1876-1936). A brief history of the Vienna School of Medicine is sketched out from its founding in the mid-18th century by Gerard van Swieten until the Anschluss in March 1938. The pioneering work of Ignaz Semmelweis on the causes and the prevention of puerperal fever is discussed. This is followed by ground-breaking innovations, particularly in abdominal surgery, by Theodor Billroth and by Robert Barany's Nobel Prize winning work inter alia on defining the pathology and physiology of the human vestibular apparatus. The lives and work of these three outstanding medical practitioners are described, together with their successes and failures. Only Billroth's achievements were appreciated in Vienna during their lifetimes. Semmelweis' work was belittled during his lifetime and he died obscurely in a mental institution. Barany had to immigrate to Sweden to achieve recognition.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "The Plausible Impossible: Chinese Adults Hold Graded Notions of Impossibility. Events that violate the laws of nature are, by definition, impossible, but recent research suggests that people view some violations as \\\\'more impossible\\\\' than others (Shtulman & Morgan, 2017). When evaluating the difficulty of magic spells, American adults are influenced by causal considerations that should be irrelevant given the spell's primary causal violation, judging, for instance, that it would be more difficult to levitate a bowling ball than a basketball even though weight should no longer be a consideration if contact is no longer necessary for support. In the present study, we sought to test the generalizability of these effects in a non-Western context - China - where magical events are represented differently in popular fiction and where reasoning styles are often more holistic than analytic. Across several studies, Chinese adults (n = 466) showed the same tendency as American adults to honor implicit causal constraints when evaluating the plausibility of magical events. These findings suggest that graded notions of impossibility are shared across cultures, possibly because they are a byproduct of causal knowledge.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Does the service argument justify resale price maintenance?. The paper analyzes the welfare effects of resale price maintenance (RPM) when the level of service of one retailer generates negative rather than positive spillovers for other retailers. A simple linear demand system is used and is linked to preferences of consumers via a discrete-choice approach. Under this specification, and in contrast to the literature dealing with this case, RPM may increase service (and price) or decrease service (and price). More interestingly, whether service increases or decreases due to RPM provides no clue to whether welfare increases or decreases due to RPM. Either case may arise independently of the effect of RPM on service.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Profiling of Protein Interaction Networks of Protein Complexes Using Affinity Purification and Quantitative Mass Spectrometry. Protein-protein interactions are important for nearly all biological processes, and it is known that aberrant protein-protein interactions can lead to human disease and cancer. Recent evidence has suggested that protein interaction interfaces describe a new class of attractive targets for drug development. Full characterization of protein interaction networks of protein complexes and their dynamics in response to various cellular cues will provide essential information for us to understand how protein complexes work together in cells to maintain cell viability and normal homeostasis. Affinity purification coupled with quantitative mass spectrometry has become the primary method for studying in vivo protein interactions of protein complexes and whole organism proteomes. Recent developments in sample preparation and affinity purification strategies allow the capture, identification, and quantification of protein interactions of protein complexes that are stable, dynamic, transient, and/or weak. Current efforts have mainly focused on generating reliable, reproducible, and high confidence protein interaction data sets for functional characterization. The availability of increasing amounts of information on protein interactions in eukaryotic systems and new bioinformatics tools allow functional analysis of quantitative protein interaction data to unravel the biological significance of the identified protein interactions. Existing studies in this area have laid a solid foundation toward generating a complete map of in vivo protein interaction networks of protein complexes in cells or tissues. Molecular & Cellular Proteomics 9:1650-1665, 2010.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Counterframing Public Dissent: An Analysis of Antiwar Coverage in the US Media. This research sought to determine how the U. S. news media reported on public dissent in the U.S./Iraq War campaign in the months surrounding the Congressional midterm elections of 2006. In total, 89 news stories of antiwar coverage from 11 national news sources were analyzed using mixed research methods. The study found that news on Iraq War dissent was largely vocalized by public antiwar protestors and active military/war veterans. These war critics presented new counterframes to the original war story, which earlier research showed had been framed by the Bush administration. Counterframes collectively characterized the war story as \\\\'illegal,'' \\\\'immoral,'' and \\\\'based on lies.'' These public-driven messages also replaced the elite sourcing (of earlier coverage) with the views of non-elites, that is, ordinary citizens. Such counterframes emerged primarily through journalist-selected news quotes about the Iraq War that amplified themes of White House accountability.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Equilibrium cuprous concentrations in copper sulfate-sulfuric acid solutions containing 50-110 g/L Cu+2 and 10-200 g/L H2SO4 at 50-95 degrees C. Copper sulfate (66-323 g/kg H2O; similar to 25-110 g/L Cu+2) and sulfuric acid (10-233 g/kg H2O, similar to 10-200 g/L) solutions were reacted with copper metal at temperatures between 50 and 95 degrees C to form Cu+ until equilibrium was attained. Samples were collected into an NH4Fe(SO4)(2)center dot 12H(2)O solution to convert cuprous to ferrous, which were then titrated with standard Ce(IV) using very dilute ferroin as the indicator. In order to estimate solution compositions in volumetric units (e.g. g/L) the densities of the parent CuSO4-H2SO4 solutions at the reaction temperatures were used. Some additional density data, beyond that available in the literature was needed. Density as a function of temperature and masses of CuSO4 and H2SO4 per kg of water was fitted to an empirical equation. Density was also estimated based on known concentrations of Cu+2 and H2SO4 in g/L and temperature using an alternative correlation. Cuprous concentrations were determined as mol/kg of sample. Cuprous concentrations in g/L were fitted to an expression of the form:where [Cu+], [Cu+2] and [H2SO4] are in g/L at specified temperature T (K) and V-Z are empirical constants. The empirical expression simulated the measured [Cu+] to within +/- 3.6%. The cuprous concentrations were also fitted to the same type of equation using concentrations on the molal scale. These matched the experimental values to within +/- 3.5%. Varying sulfuric acid concentrations were found to have only a modest influence on the equilibrium cuprous concentrations. With 10-200 g/L H2SO4 and a given [Cu+2] the difference between the highest and lowest [Cu+] was 7% at most. At 95 degrees C with a solution containing 107-109 g/L Cu+2 and 10-200 g/L H2SO4, the [Cu+] was 1.70-1.75 g/L. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.[Cu+] = Ve(-W/T) [Cu+2](X) (Y[H2SO4](2) + Z[H2SO4]+ 1)", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Tolerance of Bermudagrass and Stargrass to Aminocyclopyrachlor. The tolerance of bermudagrass and stargrass to the relatively new herbicide, aminocyclopyrachlor (ACP), must be known before it can be recommended for weed control in these forage systems. Field experiments were conducted in 2012 and 2013 in south-central Florida to determine the tolerance of established bermudagrass and stargrass to various rates and combinations of ACP, chlorsulfuron, 2,4-D, triclopyr, and metsulfuron. Overall, bermudagrass and stargrass injury was transient and was minimal by 60 d after treatment (DAT). Similarly, biomass production was negatively affected at 30 DAT when treated with ACP at rates of 70 g ae ha(-1) or greater, but was similar to the nontreated control by 60 DAT. Tank-mixing ACP with chlorsulfuron, 2,4-D amine, triclopyr, or metsulfuron did not increase injury compared with ACP alone applied at equivalent rates. Forage nutritive values were unaffected by herbicides. These data suggest that long-term effects of ACP on bermudagrass and stargrass are negligible, and this herbicide could be an important component of weed management programs in these forage systems.Nomenclature: Aminocyclopyrachlor; chlorsulfuron; metsulfuron; triclopyr; bermudagrass, Cynodon dactylon L.; stargrass, Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Management of pine wilt disease vectoring Monochamus alternatus adults using spray and soil application of Metarhizium anisopliae JEF isolates. Chemical control is widely used to control the Japanese pine sawyer beetle, Monochamus alternatus, but strong chemical regulations require an environmentally sound management strategy. In this work, we investigated the use of entomopathogenic fungi and their application as a means of practical pest management. Thirty-two diverse species of fungal isolates were assayed against adult pine sawyer beetles using a contact method under laboratory conditions, and four isolates showed over 70% virulence consequently. These isolates, two each of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae were sprayed on the adult beetles at 1 x 10(7) conidia/ml in plastic containers, respectively. The M. anisopliae-treated adult beetles showed 67% mortality. M. anisopliae isolates JEF-197 and JEF-279 demonstrated dosage-dependent insecticidal activity. Following the laboratory experiments, semi-field trials were conducted in young pine trees under high (RH 94%) and low (RH 35%) humidity conditions. In the high humidity conditions, most of the adult beetles stayed on the top of the branches. When the two M. anisopliae isolates were sprayed on the beetles, they showed ca. 50-70% insecticidal activity 11 days after application. In contrast, in low humidity conditions, the adult beetles tried to move off the branches and onto the soil. When the beetles reached the JEF-197 and JEF-279-treated soil, we measured > 90% insecticidal activity. This work suggests that M. anisopliae was the most virulent entomopathogenic fungus against adult Japanese pine sawyer beetles, and this forest insect could be ecologically controlled by the spray and soil application of the M. anisopliae isolates.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "CLINICIAN EMOTIONAL RESPONSES AND THERAPEUTIC ALLIANCE WHEN TREATING ADOLESCENT PATIENTS WITH NARCISSISTIC PERSONALITY DISORDER SUBTYPES: A CLINICALLY MEANINGFUL EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION. This study examined clinician emotional responses and therapeutic alliance in psychotherapy with adolescent patients with specific subtypes of narcissistic personality disorder (NPD). A national sample of therapists (N = 58) completed the Therapist Response Questionnaire for Adolescents to identify patterns of clinician response, the Working Alliance Inventory to evaluate the quality of alliance, and the Shedler-Westen Assessment Procedure-II for Adolescents to assess the personality pathology of a patient in their care. The results showed that the grandiose narcissistic subtype was positively related to angry/criticized and disengaged/hopeless therapist responses and negatively related to warm/attuned response. The fragile subtype was positively related to overinvolved/worried therapist response. The high-functioning/exhibitionistic subtype was negatively related to angry/criticized response. Lower quality of therapeutic alliance was positively associated with the grandiose subtype. Moreover, the empirically founded prototypes of therapist responses to adolescent patients with NPD subtypes strongly resemble theoretical-clinical accounts. The clinical implications are addressed.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Characterizing change points and continuous transitions in movement behaviours using wavelet decomposition. 2. Changes in behavioural modes occur at different temporal and spatial scales and may take two forms: abrupt, representing distinct change points; or continuous, representing smooth transitions between movement modes. The multi-scale nature of these behavioural changes necessitates development of methods that can pinpoint behavioural states across spatial and temporal scales.4. We tested the ability of our method to identify behavioural modes in simulated trajectories by comparing it to three state-of-the-art methods from the literature. We further validated the method using an annotated dataset of turkey vultures (Cathartes aura) relating extracted segments to the expert knowledge of migratory vs. non-migratory patterns. Our results show that the proposed DWT segmentation is more versatile than other segmentation methods, as it can be applied to different movement parameters, performs better or equally well on the simulated data, and correctly identifies behavioural modes identified by the experts. It is hence a valuable addition to the toolbox of land managers and conservation practitioners to understand the behavioural patterns expressed by animals in natural and human-dominated landscapes.1. Individual behaviour, that is, the reaction of an organism to internal state, conspecifics and individuals of other species as well as the environment, is a crucial building block of their ecology. Modern tracking techniques produce high-frequency observations of spatial positions of animals and accompanying speed and tortuosity measurements. However, inferring behavioural modes from movement trajectories remains a challenge.3. We propose a novel segmentation method based on the discrete wavelet transform (DWT), where the movement signal is decomposed into low-frequency approximation and high-frequency detail sub-bands to screen for behavioural changes at multiple scales. Approximation sub-bands characterizes broad changes by taking the continuous variations between behavioural modes into account, whereas detail sub-bands are employed to detect abrupt, finer scale change points.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Spectroscopic view of ultrafast charge carrier dynamics in single- and bilayer transition metal dichalcogenide semiconductors. The quasiparticle spectra of atomically thin semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) and their response to an ultrafast optical excitation critically depend on interactions with the underlying substrate. Here, we present a comparative time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (TR-ARPES) study of the transient electronic structure and ultrafast carrier dynamics in the single- and bilayer TMDCs MoS2 and WS2 on three different substrates: Au(111), Ag(111) and graphene/SiC. The photoexcited quasiparticle bandgaps are observed to vary over the range of 1.9-2.5 eV between our systems. The transient conduction band signals decay on a sub-50 fs timescale on the metals, signifying an efficient removal of photoinduced carriers into the bulk metallic states. On graphene, we instead observe a fast timescale on the order of 170 fs, followed by a slow dynamics for the conduction band decay in MoS2. These timescales are explained by Auger recombination involving MoS2 and in-gap defect states. In bilayer TMDCs on metals we observe a complex redistribution of excited holes along the valence band that is substantially affected by interactions with the continuum of bulk metallic states.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Characterisation of Sweet potato collusive virus (SPCV) isolates from sweet potato (Ipomea batatas) in Australia. Sweet potato collusive virus (SPCV) is a member of the genus Cavemovirus, family Caulimoviridae, for which only one full-length genome sequence has been reported. SPCV was first detected in Australia in 2007 in two sweet potato accessions using the nitrocellulose membrane ELISA kit developed by the International Potato Centre (CIP). Infected plants were also shown to contain isometric virions of similar to 50 nm, typical of members of the genera Cavemovirus, Caulimovirus, Petuvirus and Soymovirus. We have now sequenced and characterised the complete genomes of the two SPCV isolates (designated SPCV-Aus1 and -Aus2) using a combination of next-generation sequencing and PCR/Sanger sequencing. The sequences of both isolates encode three major ORFs with a genome organisation typical of cavemoviruses. However, isolate SPCV-Aus2 possesses a considerably shorter genome length of 7275 bp compared to SPCV-Aus1 (7712 bp) and the only available full-length sequence from a Portuguese isolate (7723 bp; GenBank accession number NC_015328). Further, ORF 1 of SPCV-Aus2 is considerably shorter than the ORF 1 length of both SPCV-Aus1 and SPCV-Mad1. Phylogenetic and PASC analysis showed that SPCV-Aus1 is closely related to SPCV isolates from North and Central America, whereas SPCV-Aus2 clustered together with isolates from Portugal and Africa.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Patient-centered interaction in interpreted primary care consultations. In this article, we analyze the interactional work of interpreters from the viewpoint of patient-centered care. Interpreters can support patient-centered care by both translational and non-translational actions. They can calibrate the talk in rendition so as to benefit the intersubjective understanding of all parties, and can also help doctors and patients understand each other better through various embodied means. Our analysis draws on a multimodal analysis of interaction (see e.g. Goodwin, 2018; Mondada, 2016) and is based on a detailed analysis of three primary care consultations video recorded at a Finnish health center. In each consultation, the patient is a refugee or an asylum seeker and the interpreter is a professional community interpreter. We demonstrate three practices that seem to enhance patient-centeredness. Firstly, we show how interpreters can balance between direct interpretation and mediation to produce a clear yet precise rendition of turns at talk. Secondly, we demonstrate how interpreters display recipiency and provide interactional space for the patient by producing response particles that encourage the patient to continue talking. Thirdly, we illustrate how embodied co-operation in interpreted consultations makes the renditions more intelligible and tangible for all the parties involved in interpreter -mediated interaction. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Three Late-Antique Versions of Virgil: Servius, Macrobius, Fulgentius. The present paper aims to trace a path of some of the late antique representations of Virgil, particularly those present in the works of Servius, Macrobius and Fulgentius, which constitute a group of encyclopedic Latin texts. Our purpose implies a double movement: on one hand, we will try to elucidate the different versions of Virgil in Late Antique readings; on the other hand, we plan to perceive how some reflections, which are common to the all the Literature of the period, emerge anchored to the figure of the Mantuan poet.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Governing security for common goods. \\\\'[W]e come back to the old-and never resolved-problem of the pluralistic society: Who takes care of the Common Good? Who defines it? Who balances the separate and often competing goals and values of society's institutions? Who makes the trade-off decisions and on what basis should they be made? Medieval feudalism was replaced by the unitary sovereign state precisely because it could not answer these questions. But the unitary sovereign state has now itself been replaced by a new pluralism-a pluralism of function rather than one of political power-because it could neither satisfy the needs of society nor perform the necessary tasks of community... The challenge that faces us now... is to make the pluralism of autonomous, knowledge-based organizations redound both to economic performance and to political and social cohesion\\\\' (Drucker, 1995, p. 95).", "label": [3, 5, 26, 51]}
+{"token": "The growth of the firm in (and out of) emerging economies. Starting with Peng and Heath (Academy of Management Review, 21: 492-528, 1996), the growth of the firm in emerging economies (EE) has received increasing attention in the literature in the last two decades. This line of research has not only extended our knowledge on firms' strategic choices to the context of EE, but also proposed new perspectives on the growth of the firm. Leveraging prior research, this article focuses on three major modes for firm growthorganic, acquisitive, and network-based. For each mode, we identify new themes and insights emerging from the last two decades of research. They center on (1) compositional capabilities and frugal innovations for organic growth, (2) business groups and cross-border acquisitions for acquisitive growth, and (3) network capitalism and institutional transitions for network-based growth. Overall, we not only identify new themes and insights, but also outline important yet unresolved debates as future research directions.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "2 years of INTEGRAL monitoring of GRS 1915+105. I. Multiwavelength coverage with INTEGRAL, RXTE, and the Ryle radio telescope. We report the results of simultaneous monitoring observations of the Galactic microquasar GRS 1915+105 with INTEGRAL and RXTE from 3 up to similar to 300 keV, and the Ryle Telescope at 15 GHz. We first identify the classes of variability in which GRS 1915+105 is found, and report some direct transitions between them. The accretion ejection connections are studied in a model-independent manner through the source light curves, hardness ratio, and color-color diagrams. During a period of steady \\\\'hard'' X-ray state (class X) we observe a steady radio flux interpreted as the signature of a compact jet. We then turn to three particular observations during which we observe several types of soft X-ray dip and spike cycles, followed by radio flares, corresponding to classes nu, lambda, and beta types of variability. This is the first time ejections are reported during a class lambda observation. We generalize the fact that a (nonmajor) discrete ejection always occurs, in GRS 1915+105, as a response to an X-ray sequence composed of a spectrally hard X-ray dip terminated by an X-ray spike marking the disappearance of the emission above 18 keV. We identify the trigger of the ejection as the X-ray spike. A possible correlation between the amplitude of the radio flare and the duration of the X-ray dip is found. The X-ray dips prior to ejections could thus represent the time during which the source accumulates energy and material that is ejected later. The fact that these results do not rely on any spectral modelling enhances their robustness.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "SHAPE OPTIMIZATION OF A WALL-STABILIZED PLASMA LENS. The idea of optimizing the shape of a wire wall-stabilized plasma lens for final focusing of ion beams has been considered for the first time. A theoretical analysis of the properties of such a lens has been developed, showing that the << ideal >> focusing properties of wire lenses are preserved. The focusing performance of the optimized lens has been numerically evaluated with a code especially developed for the purpose. Considerable increase of focusing efficiency is predicted, since it is theoretically possible to obtain the same focal spot size with a factor of four less current. First experimental results, confirming the improvement, are shown.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "A 1ST EPISODE OF MANIA AFTER AGE 80. The case of a patient whose first episode of mania (DSM-III-R diagnosis) occurred after age 80 is presented; the patient had no previous psychiatric illness.  Diagnostic and therapeutic issues are discussed with special regard to features of mania in old age, secondary mania (organic mood syndrome), pseudodementia, MHPG excretion and carbamazepine treatment.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Surviving Covid-19: The Role of Human Resource Managers in Shaping Organizational Responses to Societal Paradox. This study examines the role played by Australian human resource (HR) managers in shaping organizational responses to the Covid-19 pandemic from the perspective of paradox theory. We argue that the Covid-19 crisis triggered a 'societal paradox' - protecting lives and the economy - that cascaded to organizations of all types. While studies suggest paradoxes cross levels of analysis, little is known regarding organizational responses to a societal paradox entailing interdependent and yet contradictory demands between socially significant objectives. We focus on HR managers because of their key role in providing Covid-19 advice and support. Using a combination of cross-sectional survey data (n = 680) and detailed semi-structured interviews (n = 43), we examine variations in HR managers' experience of, and responses to, organizational tensions generated by societal paradox. We find that HR managers play a key role in shaping whether organizational responses 'replicate' the initial societal paradox, or 'magnify' existing latent paradoxical tensions in the organization. We show how applying a societal lens adds insight to paradox theory, elucidate the HR-related mechanisms that underpin variations in organizational experiences/responses and produce an inductive model to guide future studies.", "label": [5, 44, 46]}
+{"token": "The Institutional Power of Western European Parliaments: A Multidimensional Analysis. Parliaments are more than legislative bodies. However, we lack an adequate understanding of the theoretical relationship between different facets of parliamentary activity or 'parliamentary functions'. Relying on the principal-agent framework, this article argues theoretically that parliamentary power is a multidimensional concept comprising three distinct mechanisms to ensure policy outputs in line with the collective preferences of parliaments: direct influence on policymaking, the ex ante selection of external officeholders, and the ex post control of the cabinet. These mechanisms mirror the classic legislative, electoral, and control functions of parliaments. Empirically, the paper uses factor analysis of newly developed indicators for electoral powers and established measures of legislative and control resources to show that the institutional powers of 15 Western European parliaments comprise four distinct dimensions. These dimensions match the three theoretically derived mechanisms with committee power as an additional factor. Locating the 15 parliaments in this multidimensional space of parliamentary powers demonstrates that classifications based solely on lawmaking lead to biased assessments of parliamentary strength and weakness. Instead, the paper provides a more nuanced picture of the ways in which Western European parliaments can influence policymaking under the conditions of delegation.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "INTERSUBJECTIVITY, INTERCULTURALITY AND POLITICS. The paper intends to develop the meaning of multiculturalism from the notion of intersubjectivity of the phenomenology. For doing it first of all the relation of the phenomenology and intersubjectivity is elucidated. Secondly it is explored to what extent this point crosses a historical notion of subjectivity, to the point that history is inherent to it. From this point of view, phenomenology involves a philosophy of history in which the genesis and development of philosophy is understood from the ethnological horizon. Then multiculturalism is shown as the concept that thinks the last stage of our history and thought now from Kant's categories about the position of philosophy, as the creation of a moral space in which we as co-constituent subjects of the world are responsible for present and future others. The paper is based primarily on the biographical development of these issues.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Effect of Fin Number and Position on Non-linear Characteristics of Natural Convection Heat Transfer in Internally Finned Horizontal Annulus. Detailed numerical calculations are performed for investigating the effect of fin number and position on unsteady natural convection heat transfer in internally finned horizontal annulus. The SIMPLER algorithm with Quick scheme is applied for solving the Navier Stokes equations of flow and heat transfer. The results show that the heat transfer rate in annulus with fins increases with the increasing numbers of fin and Rayleigh numbers. For Ra = 2 x 10(5), the effect of numbers of fins and fins position at the bottom part on the unsteady solutions can be neglected, because the self-oscillation phenomenon is mainly affected by natural convection at the upper part of annulus. Although the fin positions cannot increase heat transfer rate significantly in the case of four fins, the self-oscillated solutions can be suppressed by altering fins position.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Identifying the occurrence type of gas hydrate via singularity analysis. There are two basic occurrence types of gas hydrate: the pore-filling type and the fracture-filling type. Based on the differences between the occurrence characteristics of these two types, we propose a method for identifying the occurrence type via singularity analysis. The fracture-filling hydrate is distributed unevenly in sediments, while the pore-filling hydrate is distributed uniformly in the pores of sediments. The difference between the hydrates leads to singularities in the formation, which have different characteristics that can be transmitted to seismic signals through seismic exploration. Based on the singularity differences in seismic signals, we can distinguish between the two occurrence types. The numerical experiments demonstrate that the fracture-filling hydrate zone has a strong singularity, while the pore-filling hydrate zone has a weak singularity. Then, we identify the occurrence type of the hydrate zone using the actual seismic data of the South China Sea and Blake Ridge in the United States. Through comparison with the actual core data, it is demonstrated that the proposed method is effective and practical.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "POST-WAR CHILDHOOD ISSUES IN POST-SOVIET HISTORICAL LITERATURE. The paper deals with the key areas of research of the history of post-war childhood as represented in contemporary Russian historical literature. It is remarked that the number of publications on the subject has increased, researchers have applied new methods and approaches, the range of used sources and covered issues has expanded. The studies mostly focused on elimination of child homelessness and neglect, arrangements for social protection of children, analysis of the work of orphan homes, socialization difficulties of their alumni. Researchers continue investigating aspects such as development of the system of pre-school facilities at the regional level, schooling experiences of Soviet children, state family policy, health care for women and children in post-war years. They raised issues of childhood history that have been addressed little in Russian and foreign historiography, such as survival strategies of homeless and neglected children in the USSR, experience of their fosterage, maturation through work, `homescapes', school realities, street and yard company influences on the child, deviant behaviors. Post-Soviet literature has paid special attention to studying the daily life of Soviet children, including daily routines of children from different social strata. Light has been shed on such a previously unaddressed aspect of childhood history as its material culture, the world of things of Soviet children and teenagers. Contemporary authors often adopt new viewpoints on many aspects of this subject, including assessment of the system of social protection of children, role of orphan homes and boarding schools in supplying manpower for the economy, influence of social arrangements, the state and family on the life of children, the class approach in dealing with guardianship affairs. Researchers substantiate the conclusion that despite some major shortcomings, the system of social protection of orphans in the post-war decade has fulfilled its functions. The analysis of Russian historical literature on post-war childhood issues published in the past three decades shows researchers have been increasingly trying to consider the various aspects of this topic in a comprehensive and in-depth manner. On the other hand, it seems that the questions of upbringing of children in the family, at school and pre-school institutions, organization of their leisure time, involvement in social life, relationships inside formalized groups of children have been insufficiently covered.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "THE LOCATION AND STRUCTURE OF DOUBLE-STRAND DNA BREAKS INDUCED DURING YEAST MEIOSIS - EVIDENCE FOR A COVALENTLY-LINKED DNA-PROTEIN INTERMEDIATE. We have determined the precise location and structure of the double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs) formed during Saccharomyces cerevisiae meiosis. Breaks were examined at two recombination hot spots in both wildtype and rad50S mutant cells. At both loci, breaks occurred at multiple, irregularly spaced sites in a similar to 150 nucleotide interval contained within an area of nuclease-hypersensitive chromatin. No consensus sequence could be discerned at or around break sites. Patterns of cleavage observed on individual strands indicated that breaks initially form with a two nucleotide 5' overhang. Broken strands from rad50S mutant cells contained tightly bound protein at their 5' ends. We suggest that, in S.cerevisiae, meiotic recombination is initiated by a DSB-forming activity that creates a covalently linked protein-DNA intermediate.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "A lattice relaxation algorithm for three-dimensional Poisson-Nernst-Planck theory with application to ion transport through the gramicidin A channel. A lattice relaxation algorithm is developed to solve the Poisson-Nernst-Planck (PNP) equations for ion transport through arbitrary three-dimensional volumes. Calculations of systems characterized by simple parallel plate and cylindrical pore geometries are presented in order to calibrate the accuracy of the method. A study of ion transport through gramicidin A dimer is carried out within this PNP framework. Good agreement with experimental measurements is obtained. Strengths and weaknesses of the PNP approach are discussed.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Proteomic and phosphoproteomic analyses reveal several events involved in the early stages of bovine herpesvirus 1 infection. Herpesviruses are predicted to express more than 80 proteins during their infection cycle. The proteins synthesized by the immediate early genes and early genes target signaling pathways in host cells that are essential for the successful initiation of a productive infection and for latency. In this study, proteomic and phosphoproteomic tools showed the occurrence of changes in Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells at the early stage of the infection by bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1). Proteins that had already been described in the early stage of infection for other herpesviruses but not for BoHV-1 were found. For example, stathmin phosphorylation at the initial stage of infection is described for the first time. In addition, two proteins that had not been described yet in the early stages of herpesvirus infections in general were ribonuclease/angiogenin inhibitor and Rab GDP dissociation inhibitor beta. The biological processes involved in these cellular responses were repair and replication of DNA, splicing, microtubule dynamics, and inflammatory responses. These results reveal pathways that might be used as targets for designing antiviral molecules against BoHV-1 infection.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "The Correspondence Between Fertility Intentions and Behavior in the United States. Using data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we describe the correspondence between intended family size and observed fertility for US men and women in the 1957-64 birth cohorts. Mean fertility intentions calculated from reports given in the mid-20s modestly overstate completed fertility. But discrepancies between stated intent and actual fertility are common-the stated intent at age 24 (for both women and men) is more likely to miss than to match completed fertility. We focus on factors that predict which women and men will have fewer or more children than intended. Consistent with life-course arguments, those unmarried, childless, or (for women) still in school at approximately age 24 were most likely to underachieve their intended parity (i.e., had fewer children than intended at age 24). We discuss how such discrepancies between intentions and behavior may cumulate to produce sizable cross-group fertility differences.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Mood as Representation of Momentum. Experiences affect mood, which in turn affects subsequent experiences. Recent studies suggest two specific principles. First, mood depends on how recent reward outcomes differ from expectations. Second, mood biases the way we perceive outcomes (e.g., rewards), and this bias affects learning about those outcomes. We propose that this two-way interaction serves to mitigate inefficiencies in the application of reinforcement learning to real-world problems. Specifically, we propose that mood represents the overall momentum of recent outcomes, and its biasing influence on the perception of outcomes 'corrects' learning to account for environmental dependencies. We describe potential dysfunctions of this adaptive mechanism that might contribute to the symptoms of mood disorders.", "label": [2, 5, 17, 50]}
+{"token": "John the Baptist, Isaiah 40, and the Ingathering of the Exiles. Many who argue that Jesus was a herald of Israel's eschatological restoration have also suggested that he expected the ingathering of the exiles. Studies of John the Baptist have typically focused on his warnings of the coming judgment and his predictions of 'the coming one', thus leaving aside the possibility that John's baptism and message also signaled the ingathering of the exiles. Further, scholars have largely ignored the import of Isa. 40 in the ministry of John, which was frequently read in the Second Temple period as a prophecy of the return of the exiles at the end of time. It is the contention of this article that Isa. 40 provides an interpretive framework for John's activities, indicating that his baptism was not just a symbol of the coming judgment but also of Israel's restoration.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "A rigid irregular connection on the projective line. In this paper we construct a connection del on the trivial G-bundle on P-1 for any simple complex algebraic group G, which is regular outside of the points 0 and infinity, has a regular singularity at the point 0, with principal unipotent monodromy, and has an irregular singularity at the point infinity, with slope 1/h, the reciprocal of the Coxeter number of G. The connection del, which admits the structure of an oper in the sense of Beilinson and Drinfeld, appears to be the characteristic 0 counterpart of a hypothetical family of l-adic representations, which should parametrize a specific automorphic representation under the global Langlands correspondence. These l-adic representations, and their characteristic 0 counterparts, have been constructed in some cases by Deligne and Katz. Our connection is constructed uniformly for any simple algebraic group, and characterized using the formalism of opers. It provides an example of the geometric Langlands correspondence with wild ramification. We compute the de Rham cohomology of our connection with values in a representation V of G, and describe the differential Galois group of del as a subgroup of G.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Distribution, Density, and Abundance of Parthenium Weed (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) at Kuala Muda, Malaysia. Knowledge of distribution, density, and abundance of weed in a place is a prerequisite for its proper management. Parthenium hazard is a national agenda in Malaysia, and Kedah is the worst infested state in the country. Despite it, the distribution and abundance of the weed is not systematically documented. Periodical weed surveys were conducted at Kuala Muda, Kedah, during March and September 2015 to identify infested locations, to determine density, abundance, and severity of infestation, and to do mapping of weed distribution of the area. Geographic locations were recorded using a GPS. Weed density was measured following the list count quadrat method. (The mapping of weed infestation was done by the ArcGIS software using data of GPS and weed density. Different letters were used to indicate the severity of infestation. Results indicated that in Kuala Muda, sixteen sites are infested having average weed density of 10.6 weeds/m(2). (The highest density was noted at Kg. Kongsi 6 (24.3 plants/m(2)). (The relative density was highest at Semeling (27.25%) followed by Kg. Kongsi 6 (23.14%). (The average severity of infestation was viewed as the medium. Parthenium abundance and relative density increased by 18.0% and 27%, respectively, in the second survey conducted. (The intervention of concerned authority to tackle the weed problem using integrated weed management approach is emphasized.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "Pre-empting Understanding Problems in L1/L2 Conversations: Evidence of Effectiveness from Simulated Emergency Calls. This study presents a quantitative analysis of pre-emptive strategies used by first language speakers in talk addressed to second language speakers with moderate proficiency. The strategies identified in the conversations are reformulation, simplification, left-dislocation, and decomposition. The data come from simulated emergency calls in which an (L1) 'operator' instructed a (L2) 'caller' how to put a 'patient' (a manikin) in the recovery position. The conversations were coded for how many (and which) strategies the operators used and for whether or not the instruction was understood by the caller. The analysis showed that there is a relationship between the average number of strategies used and the chance of successful understanding; a greater number of strategies employed led to fewer understanding problems. The study shows that in this context of instruction, L1 speakers orient to potential problems of understanding for L2 addressees by using recognizable pre-emptive strategies, and that these strategies are effective in reducing the likelihood of understanding problems occurring.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Spontaneous emission of a sodium Rydberg atom close to an optical nanofibre. We report on numerical calculations of the spontaneous emission rate of a Rydberg-excited sodium atom in the vicinity of an optical nanofibre. In particular, we study how this rate varies with the distance of the atom to the fibre, the fibre's radius, the symmetry s or p of the Rydberg state as well as its principal quantum number. We find that a fraction of the spontaneously emitted light can be captured and guided along the fibre. This suggests that such a setup could be used for networking atomic ensembles, manipulated in a collective way due to the Rydberg blockade phenomenon.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "The photoisomerization of spiro[cyclohexadiene-indoline] via an intramolecular charge transfer state. The coloration of spiroindolines in solution under UV excitation is an indication of photochromic behavior. The occurrence of dual fluorescence is due to two different photoisomers - the spiro form and the merocyanine form of the molecule. Stokes shifts of the spiroindoline fluorescence up to 8000 cm(-1) show the charge transfer character of the excited singlet state, where relaxation leads either to a charge separation between the indoline and the cyclohexadiene moiety (emitting state of the spiro compound, S-CT*) or the C-C bond cleavage in the cyclohexadiene (precursor of the merocyanine formation, X-CT*). Fluorescence and photoisomerization are observed in time-resolved measurements on a picosecond time scale. The charge separation is stabilized in acetonitrile, where the longest lifetime for the S-CT*, state (580 ps) and the lowest yield of merocyanine was observed. In nonpolar cyclohexane the fluorescence decay and the formation of merocyanine proceed within 10 ps. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 33, 32]}
+{"token": "Aroma compound profile of mature coconut water from tall variety through thermal treatment. Mature coconut water has inferior flavor characteristics compared to young coconut water. Thermal treatment can potentially be used not only to prolong the shelf life of coconut water, but also to alter its aroma compound profile. Therefore, the effect of heating on aroma compound profile of mature coconut water from tall variety was investigated in this study. Thermal treatment was performed at 85 degrees C for 15min, 90 degrees C for 10min, and 95 degrees C for 10min. Volatile aroma compounds were extracted with solvent extraction and HS-SPME and analyzed with GC-TOFMS. The results showed that heat treatment affected the concentration of volatile aroma compounds in mature coconut water. Major changes were in esters, especially fatty acid esters that increased by 2-20%, and ketones that decreased by 2-21%, which mostly consisted of acetoin. Further analysis with descriptive sensory evaluation showed that heat treatment could reduce the undesirable ferment aroma attribute, most likely due to the decreased concentration of acetoin. Moreover, heat treatment also led to a slight increase in the intensity of sweet, floral, and creamy attributes, which could be related to the increased concentration of fatty acid esters. Heating at 85 degrees C for 15min had slightly higher intensity for sweet and creamy characteristics compared to the other heat treatments. Thus, this study has shown that heat treatment could alter the aroma compound profile of mature coconut water.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Creep Aging Behavior Characterization of 2219 Aluminum Alloy. In order to characterize the creep behaviors of 2219 aluminum alloy at different temperatures and stress levels, a RWS-50 Electronic Creep Testing Machine (Zhuhai SUST Electrical Equipment Company, Zhuhai, China) was used for creep experiment at temperatures of 353 similar to 458 k and experimental stresses of 130 similar to 170 MPa. It was discovered that this alloy displayed classical creep curve characteristics in its creep behaviors within the experimental parameters, and its creep value increased with temperature and stress. Based on the creep equation of hyperbolic sine function, regression analysis was conducted of experimental data to calculate stress exponent, creep activation energy, and other related variables, and a 2219 aluminum alloy creep constitutive equation was established. Results of further analysis of the creep mechanism of the alloy at different temperatures indicated that the creep mechanism of 2219 aluminum alloy differed at different temperatures; and creek characteristics were presented in three stages at different temperatures, i.e., the grain boundary sliding creep mechanism at a low temperature stage (T < 373 K), the dislocation glide creep mechanism at a medium temperature stage (373 K <= T < 418 K), and the dislocation climb creep mechanism at a high temperature stage (T >= 418 K). By comparative analysis of the fitting results and experiment data, they were found to be in agreement with the experimental data, revealing that the established creep constitutive equation is suitable for different temperatures and stresses.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Variation in Passerine Use of Burned and Hayed Planted Grasslands. Creation of grassland communities is a popular approach to conserve grassland-nesting waterfowl and songbirds. Much uncertainty remains regarding the most appropriate seed mixtures and the type and frequency of management. We conducted line-transect songbird surveys in grasslands converted from cropland to native and tame grass-forb mixtures and managed by burning (native only) or haying (native and tame) in Saskatchewan and Manitoba, Canada. Fields were 1-9 years post-management (YPM). Our objective was to improve our understanding of the effects of management regime (native hayed, native burned and tame hayed fields) and frequency (YPM) on passerine density and occurrence in planted grassland. We found limited support for an effect of management regime on passerine density and occurrence in both provinces. Vesper sparrow (Pooecetes gramineus) occurrence in Saskatchewan was greatest in tame hayed fields, and clay-colored sparrow (Spizella pallida) density in Manitoba was greater in tame hayed fields than in native burned fields up to 5 YPM. Years post-management most strongly influenced the occurrence of vesper sparrows in Saskatchewan and sedge wrens (Cistothorus platensis); common yellowthroats (Geothlypis trichas); clay-colored, Savannah (Passerculus sandwichensis), Le Conte's (Ammodramus leconteii), and Nelson's (A. nelsoni) sparrows; and bobolinks (Dolichonyx oryzivorus) in Manitoba. Five of the 8 species influenced by YPM exhibited a year-dependent non-linear response such that they reached their greatest density 4-5 YPM. Our results indicate that the type of stand (native or tame) or management (burning or haying) matters little to the grassland songbird community occupying planted cover fields and that the frequency of management will likely depend upon local environmental conditions in a given region or year. Some form of management of planted grasslands, however, should occur every 4-6 years to maintain habitat for a number of generalist grassland species. (C) 2017 The Wildlife Society.", "label": [4, 34, 43]}
+{"token": "ON BEST PROXIMITY PAIRS WITH APPLICATION TO DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS. vertical bar z(1) + integral(x)(x0) g(t, psi(t))dt - psi(x)vertical bar <= vertical bar y(1) - z(1)vertical barfor all x is an element of I. To establish the same, we introduce a notation of c-cyclic contractive mapping and prove the ex(i)stence of best proximity pairs for such a mapping.vertical bar y(1) + integral(x)(x0) f(t, phi(t))dt - phi(x)vertical bar <= vertical bar y(1) - z(1)vertical bar,where f, g are bounded L-1- functions defined on a rectangle in R-2. We give sufficient conditions for the existence of two functions phi and psi, on an interval I containing x(0), such thaty' = f(x, y), y(x(0)) = y(1) and z' = g(x, z), z(x(0)) = z(1),In this paper we consider the following system of differential equations,", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "PROFITABLE, EFFECTIVE HERBICIDES FOR PLANTING-TIME WEED-CONTROL IN NO-TILL SPRING WHEAT (TRITICUM-AESTIVUM). High herbicide costs and uncertainty about annual weed control at planting have limited adoption of no-till spring wheat production systems in the northern Great Plains.  Chlorsulfuron, metsulfuron, and CGA-131036 at 10 to 20 g ai ha-1 plus nonionic surfactant generally controlled both emerged kochia and wild mustard equally well (> 80%) whether or not combined with glyphosate at 250 g ha-1 plus nonionic surfactant.  In two of three trials persistent phytotoxic residues of these sulfonylurea herbicides in soil controlled both weeds better in midseason and early summer 1 yr after treatment than did glyphosate, which has only foliar activity.  While the absolute net returns of different treatments varied among herbicides, relative net returns were insensitive to changes in either herbicide or wheat price.  Herbicide use tended to boost net returns for no-till spring wheat in years with good weather but depressed net returns in a drought year.  Chlorsulfuron at 10 and 20 g ha-1 increased net returns in all three trials.  Metsulfuron and combinations of either metsulfuron or chlorsulfuron with glyphosate had variable effects on net returns.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Buckling analysis of actuated functionally graded piezoelectric plates via a quasi-3D refined theory. The electro-mechanical buckling response for functionally graded piezoelectric plates subjected to external electric voltage is analyzed based on a quasi-3D refined plate theory. The plate material properties possess continuous graded variation across the thickness based on the power-law form. The total potential energy principle is used to obtain the equilibrium equations. Navier's procedure is applied to derive the solution for the buckling of a simply supported functionally graded piezoelectric plate. A numerical example is presented to validate the accuracy of the present analysis. The critical buckling of actuated FGP plates is determined. The influence of external electric voltage, the geometry of the plate, and material exponent on the critical buckling are reported.", "label": [1, 11, 12]}
+{"token": "The Novel Lixiviants for Maximizing Antimony Extraction from Tetrahedrite-Rich Concentrate: Mechanism and Kinetic Studies. In this paper, the synergistic effects of novel reagents including glycine and EDTA on alkaline dissolution of tetrahedrite were fully investigated for the first time. Sample was characterized in terms of its chemical, mineralogical and morphological properties using XRD, ICP, SEM and EDS analyses. The results showed that tetrahedrite concentrate obtained from froth flotation experiment constitutes 14.04% Sb, 19.01% Cu, 5.4% Ca, 4.5% Fe, 1.8% Mg, 14.5% S, 3.08% Si and 3.67% Zn. The effects of important factors such as initial concentrations of glycine and EDTA, and leaching temperature were studied. According to the results of dissolution experiment, copper extraction was not improved with the addition of glycine and EDTA to Na2S-NaOH solution media; however, antimony extraction was remarkably enhanced. The results of kinetic studies showed that antimony dissolution data fit well to diffusion through product layer for Na2S-NaOH-glycine and surface chemical reaction for Na2S-NaOH-EDTA. Therefore, new kinetic relationships in terms of leaching and SCM parameters were developed for the first time. For antimony experiment via Na2S-NaOH-glycine, activation energy and pre-exponential factors were obtained 13.31 kJ.mol.(-1) and 0.0108 min.(-1) with R-2 = 99.99% and for antimony experiment via Na2S-NaOH-EDTA, these values were found to be 40.76 kJ.mol.(-1) and 868.35 min.(-1) with R-2 = 99.44% in temperature range between 313 and 373 K. The residual findings of this paper proved that antimony extraction improves notably when EDTA and glycine lixiviants were added into Na2S-NaOH alkaline solution, highlighting that new lixiviants' combination effects are higher and stronger than single Na2S-NaOH solution which can bring more antimony particles from solid tetrahedrite structure into solution phase.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Crossing the streams: HRM in multinational enterprises and comparative HRM. This paper examines the differences between the stream of international HRM that focuses on comparative HRM and the one that focuses on HRM in multinational enterprises (MNEs). More specifically, we review how the aspects of time, process and context have been treated within the two streams and argue that the streams have largely developed in isolation as opposed to informing one another. Drawing on this analysis we propose a research agenda that illustrates how the crossing of these streams can advance theory and empirical research in both HRM in MNEs and comparative HRM, to the benefit of both. (C) 2016 Published by Elsevier Inc.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "Trajectory Tracking Control for WMRs with the Time-Varying Longitudinal Slippage Based on a New Adaptive SMC Method. Wheeled mobile robots (WMRs) in real complex environments such as on extraterrestrial planets are confronted with uncertain external disturbances and strong coupling of wheel-ground interactions while tracking commanded trajectories. Methods based on sliding mode control (SMC) are popular approaches for these situations. Traditional SMC has some potential problems, such as slow convergence, poor robustness, and excessive output chattering. In this paper, a kinematic-based feed-forward control model is designed for WMRs with longitudinal slippage and applied to the closed-loop control system for active compensation of time-varying slip rates. And a new adaptive SMC method is proposed to guide a WMR in trajectory tracking missions based on the kinematic model of a general WMR. This method combines the adaptive control method and a fast double-power reaching law with the SMC method. A complete control loop with active slip compensation and adaptive SMC is thus established. Simulation results show that the proposed method can greatly suppress chattering and improve the robustness of trajectory tracking. The feasibility of the proposed method in the real world is demonstrated by experiments with a skid-steered WMR on the loose-soil terrain.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Phylogeography of benthic invertebrates in deep waters: A case study of Sternaspis cf. williamsae (Annelida: Sternaspidae) from the northwestern Pacific Ocean. Although the deep sea is a vast ecosystem, gene connectivity is not well understood in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, especially around the Okhotsk Sea. The Okhotsk Sea and the neighboring Pacific Ocean together are attractive regions to study the population connectivity of deep-sea organisms because these regions are connected through shallow straits except for the Bussol (ca. 2300 m) and Kruzenshtern (ca. 1900 m) Straits. Members of the family Sternaspidae (Annelida) inhabit various water depths ranging from intertidal to abyssal zones. Sternaspids are, therefore, interesting subjects for studying the evolutionary shifts in bathymetric distribution and phylogeography in deep waters. Sternaspid worms were collected from the deepest part of the Okhotsk Sea (the Kuril Basin) and the northwestern Pacific Ocean (lower bathyal and abyssal depths of the Kuril Kamchatka Trench, off northeastern and central Japan). This molecular phylogenetic study, which is the first focusing on the Stemaspidae, suggests the presence of many cryptic species that were collected far from the type locality. Mainly based on shield morphology and molecular phylogenetic analysis using the mitochondrial COI gene, we found a wide distribution of Sternaspis cf. williamsae over the northwestern Pacific Ocean and a different species of the sternaspid Caulleryaspis cf. nude in the Okhotsk Sea. The isolation by distance (IBD) test based on the mitochondrial COI gene and nuclear ITS2 region suggests moderate IBD for S. cf. williamsae over 1500 km from Kuril to central Japan.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Duverger's Law in mixed legislative systems: The impact of national electoral rules on district competition. How do institutional factors shape district competition in mixed legislative systems? Preliminary evidence suggests the distinction between sub-types of mixed systems alone poorly explains variation in district results. Consistent with the contamination thesis, this analysis suggests three additional national-level factors at play: fused ballots, the electoral threshold for proportional representation seats, and the existence of compulsory voting laws. Regression analysis on an original dataset covering 90 mixed system elections in 23 countries (1990-2012) finds that while mixed member majoritarian systems correlate with fewer district candidates, these three often overlooked factors are also statistically significant. This analysis highlights the complexity of mixed systems and suggests why many of them diverge from Duverger's Law.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Giving body' to embryos - Modeling, mechanism, and the microtome in late nineteenth-century anatomy. Reinvestigating the work of the anatomist Wilhelm His (1831 - 1904) shows how engaging with models in three dimensions can revise our accounts of scientific change. His is known to historians of biology for articulating a mechanical approach to embryology and for inventing a section cutter, or microtome. Focusing on the wax models that he also made in the late 1860s shows how the other two innovations were linked: reconstructing embryos from the sections, His claimed, provided compelling evidence for mechanical views. The next generation of embryologists appropriated His's work selectively. In the 1880s anatomists took up \\\\'plastic reconstruction\\\\' to visualize the complex forms of higher vertebrate, especially human, embryos. An increasingly dominant experimental embryology, by contrast, drew on His's mechanical approach but had little use for the waxes and effaced them from the history of his work. Recovering these models offers a fresh perspective on the transformation of a central science of animal life and enriches our understanding of the relations between representation in two dimensions and three.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Progesterone receptors in normal, dysplastic and tumourous feline mammary glands. Comparison with oestrogen receptors status. The aims of the study were to standardise an immunohistochemical (IHC) method for the detection of progesterone receptors (PR) on formalin-fixed, paraffin wax-embedded tissue sections of feline mammary gland tumours and dysplasias, comparing the results with those obtained using the radiolabelled ligand dextran coated charcoal (DCC) assay applied to frozen tissue samples from the same cases. Also, to define the immunohistochemical distribution of PR in the different cellular compartments of the lesions and to compare the oestrogen receptor (ER) and PR status of the feline mammary lesions. Proliferative mammary lesions collected from 34 cats were studied; 25 malignant tumours and 9 benign tumours and dysplasias. PR protein was present at a concentration of 5 fmol mg(-1) (positivity threshold) in 37(.)5 per cent of malignant tumours and 66(.)7 per cent of benign tumours and dysplasias while immunoreative products to PR antibody were found in the nuclei of tumour cells in 38.5 per cent and 66.7 per cent of the cases, respectively. Concordance between DCC-PR and IHC-PR was 88(.)5 per cent (P < 0(.)001). The specificity (true negatives) and sensitivity (true positives) of the IHC method were 89.4 per cent and 87.5 per cent respectively. The presence Of PR was linked to the absence of ovariectomy (P < 0.02). Oestrogen receptors, detected by either method, were also detected in half the cases in which PR had been detected. In malignant tumours, the most prevalent groups were the ER+PR+ and ER-PR+ groups. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Competitiveness of the Russian Federation in the Global Tourism Market. At present, the tourist industry is one of the fastest growing economic branches of the global economy. For many countries, it brings a significant portion of revenues to their national economies. In the article, the identification and assessment of the secondary data of the World Economic Forum published in The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report are carried out. In the Report, the strengths and weaknesses of some countries in the international tourist market are specified in detail. The plan of the analysis is in a more precise specification of competitiveness indices, which consist of compound indices: I - legal framework; II - business environment and infrastructure; III - human, cultural and natural resources for the Russian Federation and some states of Post-Soviet geopolitical space. The goals of the paper are the evaluation of the 14 factors that affect destination competitiveness and the comparison of the competitiveness levels in the Russian Federation. The paper also aimed to provide an understanding of the Russian position in the international tourism market and provide suggestions in order to improve weaknesses of the country. The competitiveness ranking 2015 for the tourism infrastructure, prioritization of travel and tourism, and national tourism perceptions suggest that Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Russia rank the top, relative to other former Soviet Union countries in the sample. Since these countries outperform in a tourism infrastructure, it is likely that they continuously try to improve their physical and financial infrastructure for tourists in the country. Therefore, it is a great challenge for Russia to constantly monitoring new trends and occurrences in the international tourism market, which are more diverse needs and demands of the tourist clientele. The findings of this study also shed light on the competitiveness of the Russian Federation operating in the international tourism market. As understood from the findings, there still exists a large gap between the Russian Federation and especially the top ten leaders in terms of tourism competitiveness.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Elite Influence on Attitudes About Gender Egalitarianism: Evidence from a Population-Based Survey Experiment. Although various explanations have been proposed in regard to the persistency of patriarchal attitudes and gendered outcomes in political processes, much of the scholarly attention has focused on structural factors related to cultural dynamics and modernization. Motivated by a growing body of research looking into the role political elites play in shaping public attitudes about issues of normative importance, we make an attempt to shift empirical focus to shorter-term dynamics and understand how elite cues can undermine gender egalitarian values within the mass public. Drawing on an original population-based survey experiment of over 2700 subjects from a nation-wide face-to-face survey in Turkey, we examined how President Erdogan's patriarchal statements influence gender-egalitarian attitudes and how this influence varies across partisan groups. Our results show that the treatment group, relative to the control group, reports significantly lower levels of gender-egalitarian attitudes, and this effect is discernible even among secular opposition party voters. We conclude by discussing the potential implications of our findings for the study of gender-egalitarian values and elite influence in political processes.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Seed availability, landscape suitability and the regeneration of perennial grasses in moderately degraded rangelands in semiarid Australia. Two experimental sites were selected in the semiarid rangelands of north-west New South Wales, Australia. The sites had contrasting soil types and vegetation communities, but were similar in the existence of topographically high areas occupied by populations of perennial grasses. Adjacent slopes had very low numbers of perennial grass plants, indicating a moderate level of degradation. Shrubs, including Eremophila sturtii R.Br. (turpentine), were present but had not thickened to cause severe degradation. The topographically high areas were fenced as seed production areas. Replicates of a control and two cultural treatments: (1) piles of fine branches of turpentine placed along the topographic contour and (2) pits dug by a revolving metal drum, were established on the adjacent slopes. Maximum regeneration of perennial grasses took place, during favourable seasonal weather conditions, under the piles of branches on the site characterised by long gentle slopes of relatively impervious hard-setting red earths. Seed availability was not a limiting factor and a significant amount of seed was apparently sourced from the seed production areas. The piles of branches were very effective in promoting germination and survival of the perennial grasses, Monachather paradoxus Steud. and Aristida jerichoensis (Domin) Henrad, and species with large seed-retaining inflorescences, but not Thyridolepis mitchelliana (Nees) S.T. Blake. The piles of branches increased capture of seed, developed an improved seedbed and established a more mesic micro-environment and were, therefore, effective in enhancing natural landscape processes. At the site characterised by a medium-textured lithosol, even during favourable seasonal weather conditions, numbers ofnew plants were much lower. Pits were obliterated during the first heavy rains and the piles of branches had a negative impact on the survival of the second cohort of T. mitchelliana. At both sites, levels of germination and survival needed for regeneration of perennial grasses only occurred where a treatment effective in enhancing natural landscape processes had been established prior to favourable seasonal conditions. Pits were not effective in doing this at either site, nor for any of the perennial grass species.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Tensile Properties and Fractography of Three AA 2000 Series Aluminum Alloys Used for Aerospace Applications. Aluminum alloys are highly favored in the aerospace and other transportation industries due to their high strength-to-weight ratio. In this study, the tensile properties of commercial AA 2219-T8, AA 2519-T8 and AA 2624-T351 aluminum alloys were investigated and compared. The mechanical behavior of the alloy under uniaxial tensile loading was investigated using the Instron 5569A Test System, while digital image correlation system was, at the same time, used to measure and record the strain as the alloy specimens deformed under mechanical loading. AA 2519-T8 and AA 2624-T351 alloys have superior ultimate tensile strength (UTS) when compared with the UTS of AA 2219-T8 alloys. The UTS of AA 2519-T8 and AA 2624-T351 alloys is comparable. AA 2519-T8 alloy has the highest yield strength of the three alloys. AA 2624 alloy has the highest ductility under tensile load. The three alloys fail by ductile failure with the size of dimples varying from one alloy to the other.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "The Limits of Reflected Glory: The Beneficial and Harmful Effects of Product Name Similarity in the US Network TV Program Industry, 1944-2003. The market fate of a product ultimately determines the success or failure of a firm. A name is a central feature of any product, yet how names affect product market longevity is not well understood. In this paper we develop a theory in which a new product's name affects the product's categorization by audiences and, as a result, impacts its survival chances on the market. We predict that the similarity of the new product's name to names of other products in the industry affects its survival probability, but the direction and magnitude of this effect depends on the popularity and status of products, to names of which the new product's name is similar. We test our predictions on the population of all TV programs that were introduced during prime time plus early evening and late night on networks in the United States from the beginning of the industry in 1944 through 2003. An event history analysis of this population supports our predictions and thus suggests the importance of names in product market viability.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "Sellers with Misspecified Models. Principals often operate on misspecified models of their agents' preferences. When preferences are such that non-local incentive constraints may bind in the optimum, even slight misspecification of the preferences can lead to large and non-vanishing losses. Instead, we propose a two-step scheme whereby the principal: (1) identifies the model-optimal menu; and (2) modifies prices by offering to share with the agent a fixed proportion of the profit she would receive if an item were sold at the model-optimal price. We show that her loss is bounded and vanishes smoothly as the model converges to the truth. Finally, two-step mechanisms without a sharing rule like (2) will not yield a valid approximation.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "WOmen's Action for Mums and Bubs (WOMB) Trial Protocol: A Non-randomized Stepped Wedge Implementation Trial of Participatory Women's Groups to Improve the Health of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Mothers and Children in Australia. Methods: This study takes place in ten primary health care services across Australia and involves the recruitment of existing PWGs or the setting up of new PWGs. Services are paired based on geography for practical reasons and two services commence the PWG intervention at three monthly intervals, with the initial four services being those with existing women's groups. Implementation of the PWGs as an intervention involves training local facilitators of PWG groups, supported engagement with local MCH data through workshops, PWGs identifying and prioritizing issues and strengths and co-implementing solutions with health services. Outcomes are measured with yearly MCH audits, a cost-effectiveness study, and process evaluation of community participation and empowerment.Introduction: In Australia, there have been improvements in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander maternal health, however inequities remain. There is increasing international evidence illustrating the effectiveness of Participatory Women's Groups (PWGs) in improving Maternal and Child Health (MCH) outcomes. Using a non-randomized, cluster stepped-wedge implementation of a complex intervention with mixed methods evaluation, this study aims to test the effectiveness of PWGs in improving MCH within Indigenous primary care settings in Australia and how they operate in various contexts.Discussion: This study is the first to formally implement and quantitatively, yet with contextual awareness, measure the effect of applying a community participation intervention to improve the quality of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander MCH in Australia. Findings from this work, including detailed theory-producing qualitative analysis, will produce new knowledge of how to facilitate improved quality of MCH care in Indigenous PHC settings and how to best engage community in driving health care improvements.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Kinetics and thermodynamics studies on the BMP-2 adsorption onto hydroxyapatite surface with different multi-morphological features. The effect of the surface topography on protein adsorption process is of great significance for designing hydroxyapatite (HA) ceramic material surfaces. In this work, three different topographies of HA materials HA-sheet, HA-rod, and HA-whisker were synthesized and testified by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and a field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). We have systematically investigated the adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP-2) on the three different topography surfaces of HA, respectively. The results showed that the maximum adsorption capacities of HA-sheet, HA-rod and HA-whisker were (219.96 +/- 10.18), (247.13 +/- 1235), and (354.67 +/- 1 17.73) mu g . g(-1), respectively. Kinetic parameters, rate constants, equilibrium adsorption capacities and related correlation coefficients, for each kinetic model were calculated as well as discussed. It demonstrated that the adsorption of BMP-2 onto HA could be described by the pseudo second-order equation. Adsorption of BMP-2 onto HA followed the Langmuir isotherm. It confirmed that compared with other samples HA-whisker had more adsorption sites for its high specific surface area which could provide more opportunities for protein molecules. The adsorption processes were endothermic (Delta H > 0), spontaneous (Delta G < 0) and entropy increasing (Delta S > 0).A possible adsorption mechanism has been proposed. In addition, the BMP-2 could be adsorbed to the surface which existed slight conformational changes by FT-IR. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "Mechanical Properties of Cashew Nut Under Compression Loading at Varied Moisture Contents. In the present study, the moisture-dependent mechanical properties, i.e. rupture force, deformation and rupture energy along three different axes (i.e. L, B, T), of the cashew (Anacardium occidentale) varieties (Vengurle 1, Vengurle 3, Vengurle 4 and Vengurle 7) were studied at 17-85% db under compression loading. The rupture force decreases linearly (r(2) >= 0.752) with the increase in moisture content from 17 to 85% db, for Vengurle 1 along length, width and thickness of 15,080-3467, 17,000-4275 and 21,014-3388 g; for Vengurle 3 along length, width and thickness of 25,090-4031, 26,000-3851, 31,256-3449 g; for Vengurle 4 along length, width and thickness of 22,000-3342, 21,000-3360, 27,000-3725 g; for Vengurle 7 along length, width and thickness of 20,900-5542, 25,080-5542 and 29,000-7009 g, respectively. The deformation at rupture increases linearly (r(2) >= 0.671) with the increase in moisture content from 17 to 85% db, for Vengurle 1 along length, width and thickness of 2.1-2.98, 2.42-3.56 and 3.4-6.21 mm; for Vengurle 3 along length, width and thickness of 2.8-4.73, 2.65-4.3 and 4.21-6.16 mm; for Vengurle 4 along length, width and thickness of 4.2-6.89; 2.81-5.35 and 5.6-6.7 mm; for Vengurle 7 along length, width and thickness of 4.56-7.8, 3.2-5.56 and 6.2-7.27 mm, respectively. The rupture energy decreases linearly (r(2) >= 0.720) with increase in moisture content from 17 to 85% db for Vengurle 1 along length, width and thickness of 143-36.58, 108-56 and 123-80.38 mJ; for Vengurle 3 along length, width and thickness of 271-59.54; 82.00-33.68 and 265-101 mJ; for Vengurle 4 along length, width and thickness of 136-80.96, 58.54-23.32 and 154-96.74 mJ; for Vengurle 7 along length, width and thickness of 273-98.26, 123-21.22 and 255-151 mJ, respectively. The rupture force was higher along thickness and decreases along width and length, and it was maximum for Vengurle 3 followed by Vengurle 7, Vengurle 4 and Vengurle 1. The deformation at rupture was higher along the thickness and decreases along width and thickness and was maximum at Vengurle 7 followed by Vengurle 4, Vengurle 3 and Vengurle 1, respectively. The rupture energy was higher at length for Vengurle 7 and decreases at Vengurle 3, followed by Vengurle 1 and Vengurle 4 along length of the cashew nut.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "Pruritic nodular secondary syphilis in a 61-year-old man with HIV infection. The typical finding in secondary syphilis stage is a generalized non-pruritic maculopapular eruption. We report a case of secondary syphilis in an HIV-infected patient presenting with pruritic crusted nodules showing numerous eosinophils on the histopathological examination.", "label": [2, 17, 24]}
+{"token": "THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT INTERACTION TYPES IN WEB-BASED TEACHING ON THE ATTITUDES OF LEARNERS TOWARDS WEB BASED TEACHING AND INTERNET. It might be said that attitudes impact success directly in web-based teaching and timely and appropriate fulfillment of learners' expectations bear utmost significance for their success. From this perspective a properly designed web supported teaching application can provide positive contribution as well to learners' attitudes towards web supported teaching and internet. Based on this premise, the objective of present research is to explore the effects of different interaction types in web-based teaching setting on the attitudes of learners towards web-based teaching and internet. An experimental pattern with pretest-posttest control group was used in the study. Study group of research consists of 77 students.As a result: Web-based training applications with synchronous interaction, compared to web-based training application with learner-content only interaction, have significantly higher contribution on learners' attitudes towards web-based teaching.In Web-based teaching settings different types of interaction have no effect on learners' attitudes towards internet which may be attributed to the fact that learners' attitudes towards internet were already in quite high levels prior to the procedure.Research data have been compiled via Attitude towards Internet Scale (alpha=0,77) and Attitude towards Web-based Learning Scale (alpha=0,86). In one of the experimental groups, synchronous web-based training interaction and in the other group asynchronous web-based training interaction and in the control group learner-content only interaction has been provided. In data analysis; standard deviation, arithmetical means, one-way variance analysis and LSD tests have been employed.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Dynamic characteristics of a cantilever beam with partial self-sensing active constrained layer damping treatment. The equations of motion governing the vibration of a cantilever beam with partially treated self-sensing active constrained layer damping treatment(SACLD) are derived by application of the extended Hamilton principle. The assumed-modes method and closed loop velocity feedback control law are used to analyze and control the flexural vibration of the beam nle influences of the bonding layer and piezoelectric layer thickness, material properties, placements of the Diezoelectric patch and feedback control parameters on the actuation ability of the vibration suppression are investigated. Some design considerations for pure passive, pure active control, and self-sensing active constrained layer damping are discussed.", "label": [1, 11, 12]}
+{"token": "Detection of Strong Epicyclic Density Spikes in the GD-1 Stellar Stream: An Absence of Evidence for the Influence of Dark Matter Subhalos?. The density variations in thin stellar streams may encode important information on the nature of dark matter. For instance, if dark matter aggregates into massive subhalos, these perturbers are expected to scatter stars out of dynamically cold stellar streams, possibly leading to detectable gaps in those structures. Here, we reexamine the density variations in the GD-1 stream, using Gaia Data Release 2 (DR2) astrometry and Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System photometry, together with high-precision radial velocities measured with the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope/ESPaDOnS and Very Large Telescope/Ultraviolet and Visual Echelle Spectrograph instruments and complemented with public radial velocity catalogs. We show that after correcting for projection effects, the density profile exhibits high contrast periodic peaks, separated by 2.64 0.18 kpc. An N-body simulation is presented that reproduces this striking morphology with simple epicyclic motion in a smooth Galactic potential. We also discuss the reliability of measuring density variations using ground-based photometric surveys, and for the particular case of GD-1 we highlight some of the artifacts present in the Gaia DR2 catalog along its track. Massive dark subhalos do not appear to be required to explain the density clumping along GD-1.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Scientific Dynasties in Russia of the 19th and 20th centuries: Features of Social Construction and Reproduction Practices. The article is devoted to the study of scientific dynasty as a social phenomenon in Russia of the 19th and 20th centuries. Using the tools of interdisciplinary research practices, the author identifies the basic and evolutionary characteristics of dynasties in the context of socio-historical transformations of that period. The scientific intelligentsia of the 19th century forms a new type of personality in science, a socially attractive image of a scientist, thus creating a platform for its own reproduction as a socio-professional group. Constructive professional identity developed in the families of scientists has become a precondition for the emergence of entire dynasties which can be described with such enduring features as large numbers of children, special abilities of children, special role of parents as conductors of dynasty in educational and upbringing process, and the formation of a highly intellectual book culture. Positive family and interfamily kinship communications that created an expanded dynastic space and cultural capital played a special role in the reproduction of family traditions too. According to the author, it does not seem reasonable to view the scientific dynasties of pre-revolutionary time as social monopolies. The article also considers the Soviet experience in the construction of scientific dynasties, yet in a targeted manner and within the frames of comparative approach. Economic hardship during the initial years, the politico-ideological situation and etc. were attributed to the negative circumstances. As a result of demographic and mental shifts, other channels of the dynastic space were formed, for example, on the basis of ideological community. On the other hand, as reflected in the article, the realization of continuity through the traditional values of the previous period was happening implicitly.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "High-accuracy and rapid azimuth calibration for polarizing elements in ellipsometry by differential spectral analysis on the ellipse azimuth. We propose an accurate and rapid azimuth calibration method for polarizing elements in ellipsometry. Over 200 calibrations were achieved simultaneously at different wavelength points in a spectral range of 550-650 nm without any calibrated element. The azimuth of the polarizer was determined from the differential spectral analysis on the ellipse azimuth of reflected light. The information of the ellipse azimuth is experimentally acquired in the spectral range by a rotating polarizing element and a spectrometer. The presented method was performed and verified with Si and Au bulk, respectively, showing reliability and feasibility for efficient and reliable calibration in ellipsometry. (C) 2021 Optical Society of America", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Predicting cerulean warbler habitat use in the Cumberland Mountains of Tennessee. We developed a habitat model to predict cerulean warbler (Dendroica cerulea) habitat availability in the Cumberland Mountains of eastern Tennessee. We used 7 remotely sensed vegetation and topographic landform explanatory variables and known locations of territorial male cerulean warblers mapped in 2003 as the response variable to develop a Mahalanobis distance statistic model of potential habitat. We evaluated the accuracy of the model based on field surveys for ceruleans during the 2004 breeding season. The model performed well with an 80% correct classification of cerulean presence based on the validation data, although prediction of absence was only 54% correct. We extrapolated from potential habitat to cerulean abundance based on density estimates from territory mapping on 8 20-ha plots in 2005. Over the 200,000-ha study area, we estimated there were 80,584 ha of potential habitat, capable of supporting about 36,500 breeding pairs. We applied the model to the 21,609-ha state-owned Royal Blue Wildlife Management Area to evaluate the potential effects of coal surface mining as one example of a potential conflict between land use and cerulean warbler conservation. Our models suggest coal surface mining could remove 2,954 ha of cerulean habitat on Royal Blue Wildlife Management Area and could displace 2,540 breeding pairs (23% of the Royal Blue population). A comprehensive conservation strategy is needed to address potential and realized habitat loss and degradation on the breeding grounds, during migration, and on the wintering grounds.", "label": [4, 34, 43]}
+{"token": "Local spectrophotometric properties of pyroclastic deposits at the Lavoisier lunar crater. We present a study of the Lavoisier lunar crater combining photometric data from the AMIE camera (SMART-1 mission) and hyperspectral data from the Moon Mineralogy Mapper M-3 (Chandrayaan-1 mission), with a special emphasis on the pyroclastic deposits considered to be present on the crater floor. The photometric parameters are in agreement with the general photometric behaviors of the lunar regolith, especially the backscattering properties. The assumed pyroclastic materials within Lavoisier present at first order a rather homogeneous photometric behavior, in favor of their surface state homogeneity. However, they are not significantly different from other \\\\'non-dark\\\\' patches on the crater's floor, whereas the assumed pyroclastic deposit of Lavoisier F displays clearly different photometric parameters, indicative of distinct physical surface properties from the pyroclastic materials within Lavoisier. Using laboratory data to get hindsight on the reliability of results from orbital datasets, we show that the use of more or less depleted phase curves for photometric inversions has a clear impact on the photometric parameters that are derived. The hyperspectral analysis of Lavoisier crater shows that the various pyroclastic deposits present the same mineralogical composition, distinct from the floor of the crater and the mare basalts. M-3 spectra do not differentiate between the pyroclastic deposits within Lavoisier and Lavoisier F. They have the same spectral signatures, share a similar mineralogical composition, and probably the same volcanic origin. Therefore, the differences seen in the photometric analysis from the AMIE observations are indicative of variations in grain sizes, and/or roughness, and/or particles scattering properties, and/or compaction state. The combined mineralogical and photometric analysis is a very useful approach to document the nature of the pyroclastic deposits of the Moon, and possibly of other objects of the Solar System (e.g., Mercury) as the combination of the mineralogy and the physical properties sets constraints on the origin and mode of emplacement of the deposits, and characterizes the eruption styles. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Secondary pulmonary syphilis: Report of a likely case and literature review. We report the case of a homosexual, HIV-positive man with typical secondary syphilis and multiple excavated pulmonary subpleural nodules. Syphilis with direct pulmonary involvement was suggested by a positive result of PCR of a bronchoalveolar lavage fluid specimen, then confirmed by a positive therapeutic test result. Only 9 reports of pulmonary involvement in secondary syphilis have been reported to date in the English-language literature. Clinicians should be aware of this atypical localization of syphilis.", "label": [2, 4, 17, 24, 40]}
+{"token": "Technology, translation and society A constructivist, critical theory approach. Translation studies and social theories of translation tend not to deal adequately with questions regarding the role of technology in translation and have neglected the ways in which technologies, as non-human entities, embody and materialize hegemonic and power relations. This paper seeks to address this shortcoming by looking to science and technology studies (STS) for conceptual frameworks to help us to understand and articulate (a) how popular, deterministic perceptions of translation technology are perpetuated through the discourses of hegemonic actors, (b) how decisions regarding design and use of translation technologies may be studied with reference to their construction and interpretation by relevant social groups, and (c) how a critical theory of technology and an analytical focus on practices can help to focus our attention on the exercise of hegemonic control in the translation sector.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Morphologically different silver particles decorated- conductive poly(o-anisidine)/wool fabric composites and investigation of catalytic activity in reduction of methylene blue. Wool fabrics were coated with one of the most conductive polyaniline derivatives of poly(o-anisidine) (POA), by in situ polymerization of o-anisidine with (NH4)(2)S2O8 oxidant in 1.0 M HCl. On the as-prepared POA/wool composites, noble Ag particles were deposited in three steps: First, conductive POA was converted to its base form by dedoping the POA/Wool with NH4OH solution, then redoped with various acid solutions such as citric acid, ascorbic acid and acetic acid and finally dipped into AgNO3 solution. Relatively the lowest volume resistivity of the composites (similar to 10(6) Omega cm) was obtained when citric acid and 0.05 M AgNO3 solution were used. Depending on the selected redoping acids, the Ag particles on composite surfaces took changing morphologies ranging from globules, flower-like structures to tightly wound yarn-balls, which were monitored with SEM. Morphologically different Ag particles decorated composites were used as simple catalysts for the reduction of methylene blue (MB) to leuco methylene blue (LMB) in presence of excess NaBH4. The catalytic performance of the silver particles-decorated composites prepared at different initial concentrations of AgNO3 was also investigated. The highest catalytic activity (90%) was obtained at 30min for citric acid redoped composite at the lowest AgNO3 concentration (0.05 M).", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "Differential Effects of Exogenous Glomalin-Related Soil Proteins on Plant Growth of Trifoliate Orange Through Regulating Auxin Changes. Multiple functions of glomalin released by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are well-recognized, whereas the role of exogenous glomalins including easily extractable glomalin-related soil protein (EE-GRSP) and difficultly extractable glomalin-related soil protein (DE-GRSP) is unexplored for plant responses. Our study was carried out to assess the effects of exogenous EE-GRSP and DE-GRSP at varying strengths on plant growth and chlorophyll concentration of trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata) seedlings, along with changes in root nutrient acquisition, auxin content, auxin-related enzyme and transporter protein gene expression, and element contents of purified GRSP. Sixteen weeks later, exogenous GRSP displayed differential effects on plant growth (height, stem diameter, leaf number, and biomass production): the increase by EE-GRSP and the decrease by DE-GRSP. The best positive effect on plant growth occurred at exogenous EE-GRSP at 1/2 strength. Similarly, the GRSP application also differently affected total chlorophyll content, root morphology (total length, surface area, and volume), and root N, P, and K content: positive effect by EE-GRSP and negative effect by DE-GRSP. Exogenous EE-GRSP accumulated more indoleacetic acid (IAA) in roots, which was associated with the upregulated expression of root auxin synthetic enzyme genes (PtTAA1, PtYUC3, and PtYUC4) and auxin influx transporter protein genes (PtLAX1, PtLAX2, and PtLAX3). On the other hand, exogenous DE-GRSP inhibited root IAA and indolebutyric acid (IBA) content, associated with the downregulated expression of root PtTAA1, PtLAX1, and PtLAX3. Root IAA positively correlated with root PtTAA1, PtYUC3, PtYUC4, PtLAX1, and PtLAX3 expression. Purified EE-GRSP and DE-GRSP showed similar element composition but varied in part element (C, O, P, Ca, Cu, Mn, Zn, Fe, and Mo) concentration. It concluded that exogenous GRSP triggered differential effects on growth response, and the effect was associated with the element content of pure GRSP and the change in auxins and root morphology. EE-GRSP displays a promise as a plant growth biostimulant in citriculture.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Multiscale precipitation variability and extremes over South America: analysis of future changes from a set of CORDEX regional climate model simulations. The precipitation behaviour at different timescales (interannual, intraseasonal and synoptic) and extreme events in a warmer scenario over South America is analysed. This study is based on a set of Regional Climate Models (RCM) from the CORDEX database and their driving Global Climate Models (GCM) from the CMIP5 Project. Historical simulations for 1979-2005 and from the RCP4.5 scenario for 2071-2100 are used. The projected changes in the precipitation behaviour are evaluated in terms of the consistency between the pairs RCM-GCM aiming to explore the added value of RCMs. The agreement between projected changes from RCMs is also evaluated as a measure of confidence of the regional climate change signal. The analysis is carried out for two extended seasons (April to September and October to March). The projected change in the mean precipitation over subtropical latitudes is associated with both changes in the frequency of rainy days and in the intensity of extreme events, while for the tropics the changes are mainly associated with changes in the wet day frequency. The increase of extreme precipitation events over the subtropics arises as a robust signal among models, while for tropical latitudes the dispersion among models is high, which reduces the confidence of the projections. In general, the consistency of the projections in the pairs RCM-GCM and the agreement among models are higher for the low frequency variability patterns during winter, while for summertime a better agreement in the projected changes of the precipitation behaviour at different timescales among RCMs is found.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Rapid isolation of mycoviral double-stranded RNA from Botrytis cinerea and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Conclusions: The method yields high quality dsRNA, free from DNA and ssRNA. The use of nucleases to degrade the DNA or the ssRNA is not required, and it can be used to isolate dsRNA from any type of fungi or any biological sample that contains dsRNA.Results: A rapid method to isolate dsRNA from a virus-infected filamentous fungus, Botrytis cinerea, and from a killer strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae using commercial minicolumns packed with CF11 cellulose was developed. In addition to being a rapid method, it allows to use small quantities of yeasts or mycelium as starting material, being obtained sufficient dsRNA quantity that can later be analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis, treated with enzymes for its partial characterization, amplified by RT-PCR and cloned in appropriate vectors for further sequencing.Background: In most of the infected fungi, the mycoviruses are latent or cryptic, the infected fungus does not show disease symptoms, and it is phenotypically identical to a non-infected strain of the same species. Because of these properties, the initial stage in the search for fungi infected with mycoviruses is the detection of their viral genome, which in most of the described cases corresponds to double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). So to analyze a large number of fungal isolates it is necessary to have a simple and rapid method to detect dsRNA.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Landmarks or panoramas: what do navigating ants attend to for guidance?. Background: Insects are known to rely on terrestrial landmarks for navigation. Landmarks are used to chart a route or pinpoint a goal. The distant panorama, however, is often thought not to guide navigation directly during a familiar journey, but to act as a contextual cue that primes the correct memory of the landmarks.Results: We provided Melophorus bagoti ants with a huge artificial landmark located right near the nest entrance to find out whether navigating ants focus on such a prominent visual landmark for homing guidance. When the landmark was displaced by small or large distances, ant routes were affected differently. Certain behaviours appeared inconsistent with the hypothesis that guidance was based on the landmark only. Instead, comparisons of panoramic images recorded on the field, encompassing both landmark and distal panorama, could explain most aspects of the ant behaviours.Conclusion: Ants navigating along a familiar route do not focus on obvious landmarks or filter out distal panoramic cues, but appear to be guided by cues covering a large area of their panoramic visual field, including both landmarks and distal panorama. Using panoramic views seems an appropriate strategy to cope with the complexity of natural scenes and the poor resolution of insects' eyes. The ability to isolate landmarks from the rest of a scene may be beyond the capacity of animals that do not possess a dedicated object-perception visual stream like primates.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Treating Words as Data with Error: Uncertainty in Text Statements of Policy Positions. Political text offers extraordinary potential as a source of information about the policy positions of political actors. Despite recent advances in computational text analysis, human interpretative coding of text remains an important source of text-based data, ultimately required to validate more automatic techniques. The profession's main source of cross-national, time-series data on party policy positions comes from the human interpretative coding of party manifestos by the Comparative Manifesto Project (CMP). Despite widespread use of these data, the uncertainty associated with each point estimate has never been available, undermining the value of the dataset as a scientific resource. We propose a remedy. First, we characterize processes by which CMP data are generated. These include inherently stochastic processes of text authorship, as well as of the parsing and coding of observed text by humans. Second, we simulate these error-generating processes by bootstrapping analyses of coded quasi-sentences. This allows us to estimate precise levels of nonsystematic error for every category and scale reported by the CMP for its entire set of 3,000-plus manifestos. Using our estimates of these errors, we show how to correct biased inferences, in recent prominently published work, derived from statistical analyses of error-contaminated CMP data.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Tissue homeostasis in sponges: Quantitative analysis of cell proliferation and apoptosis. Tissues of multicellular animals are maintained due to a tight balance between cell proliferation and programmed cell death. Sponges are early branching metazoans essential to understanding the key mechanisms of tissue homeostasis. This article is dedicated to the comparative analysis of proliferation and apoptosis in intact tissues of two sponges, Halisarca dujardinii (class Demospongiae) and Leucosolenia variabilis (class Calcarea). Labeled nucleotides EdU and anti-phosphorylated histone 3 antibodies reveal a considerable number of cycling cells in intact tissues of both species. Quantitative DNA staining reveals the classic cell cycle distribution curve. The main type of cycling cells are choanocytes - flagellated cells of the aquiferous system. The rate of proliferation remains constant throughout various areas of sponge bodies that contain choanocytes. The EdU tracking experiments conducted in H. dujardinii indicate that choanocytes may give rise to mesohyl cells through migration. The number of apoptotic cells in tissues of both species is insignificant, although being comparable to the renewing tissues of other animals. In vivo studies with tetramethylrhodamine ethyl ester and CellEvent Caspase-3/7 indicate that apoptosis might be independent of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization. Altogether, a combination of confocal laser scanning microscopy and flow cytometry provides a quantitative description of cell proliferation and apoptosis in sponges displaying either rapid growth or cell turnover.", "label": [4, 39, 43]}
+{"token": "Pea aphid biotype performance on diverse Medicago host genotypes indicates highly specific virulence and resistance functions. Aphid-plant interactions depend on genotypes of both organisms, which determine the two-way molecular exchange that leads to compatible or incompatible outcomes. The underlying genes are mostly unknown, making it difficult to predict likelihood of aphid success or host resistance, and hampering crop genetic improvement. Here we screened eight pea aphid clonal genotypes collected from diverse legume hosts, on a species-wide panel of Medicago truncatula (Mt) genotypes. Aphid virulence was measured by survival, fecundity and growth rate, together with scores for chlorosis and necrosis as host response indicators. Outcomes were highly dependent on the specific aphid-host genotype combinations. Only one Mt line was fully resistant against all clones. Aphid-induced host chlorosis and necrosis varied greatly, but correlated with resistance only in a few combinations. Bi-clustering analysis indicated that all aphid clones could be distinguished by their performance profiles across the host genotypes tested, with each clone being genetically differentiated and potentially representing a distinct biotype. Clones originating from Medicago sativa ranged from highly virulent to almost completely avirulent on both Medicago species, indicating that some were well adapted, whereas others were most likely migrants. Comparisons of closely related pairs of Australian Mt genotypes differing in aphid resistance revealed no enhanced resistance to European pea aphid clones. Based on the extensive variation in pea aphid adaptation even on unfamiliar hosts, most likely reflecting multiple biotype-specific gene-for-gene interactions, we conclude that robust defences require an arsenal of appropriate resistance genes.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "'My Brilliant Career'? New Organizational Forms and Changing Managerial Careers in Japan, the UK, and USA. The end of the traditional management career has been heralded with supporting, albeit largely anecdotal, data. The old career was set within internal labour markets in large organizations and characterized by long-term stability. The new arrangements have apparently shifted responsibility from employer to employee, with careers being developed across organizations. Such change is premised on new organizational forms and is often associated with a growing sense of employee insecurity. We explore the reality of this new scenario through interpretation of in-depth semi-structured interviews conducted with middle and senior human resources managers in large firms in Japan, the UK, and USA. The data indicate that most of our case study organizations had downsized and delayered, with hybrid structural forms emerging. Career prospects were diminished, with fewer vertical promotions and a greater emphasis on lateral development; middle managers were generally resentful of such factors and forces. Although not directly reflective of Anglo-American business practice, similar changes to career trajectories were witnessed in Japan as in the UK and USA.", "label": [5, 44, 46]}
+{"token": "Formation and Dissociation Kinetics of Methane Hydrate in Aqueous Oilfield Polymer Solutions (Polyacrylamide, Xanthan Gum, and Guar Gum) and Their Performance Evaluation as Low-Dosage Kinetic Hydrate Inhibitors (LDHI). Hydrate formation and deposition during drilling offshore oil and gas wells has been one of the major challenges faced by the oil and gas industry. The use of low-dosage hydrate inhibitor (LDHI), such as water-soluble polymers, has become an established technique to prevent hydrate plugging during drilling and transportation. Commonly used oilfield polymers, such as polyacrylamide (PAM), xanthan gum (XG), and guar gum (GG), have not yet been clearly investigated individually and compared for their possible role as LDHI. The present study aims to investigate the performance evaluation of various water-soluble oilfield polymers as LDHI by performing hydrate formation and dissociation kinetic experiments. Two different molecular weights and varying concentrations of polymer in water were considered for the investigations. These are PAM (Mw: 1.1 X 10(6) g/mol-PAM-1 and 1.5 x 10(5) g/mol-PAM-2); XG (Mw: 6.4 X 10(5) g/mol-XG-1 and 2.4 X 10(5) g/mol-XG-2); and GG (Mw: 1.7 X 10(6) g/mol-GG-1 and 6 X 10(5) g/mol-GG-2), with 100, 200, and 500 ppm. These are referred to as high molecular weight polymers (PAM-1, XG-1, and GG-1) and relatively low molecular weight polymers (PAM-2, XG-2, and GG-2). The experiments were performed at an initial pressure of 8 MPa and a constant temperature of 274.15 K (i.e., at 10-11 degree of subcooling conditions). The hydrate nucleation (induction) time, gas consumption and its rate, gas-to-hydrate and water-to-hydrate conversion during formation experiments, and moles of gas released and its rate during hydrate dissociation were reported. The growth kinetics of gas hydrate were studied and reported up to 20 h after hydrate nucleation, while the dissociation kinetics were investigated for few selected polymers. From the study, it was observed that the molecular weight and concentration of polymer does play a major role in hydrate growth (consumption of gas) and the rate of gas consumed. PAM-1 exhibits excellent kinetic hydrate inhibition properties among the polymers studied. Other polymers such as XG-1 and GG-1 at 500 ppm also performed well as LDHI. Low molecular weight polymers, such as PAM-2, XG-2, and GG-2, did not result in much hydrate inhibition as compared to relatively high molecular weight polymers (PAM-1, XG-1, and GG-1). These observations have special significance for flow assurance, safer offshore drilling, and drilling fluid design and analysis particularly during degassing operations.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "Gender Equality in Fertility Choices in Tamil Nadu: A Myth or a Reality?. The state of Tamil Nadu, located in South India, has been identified as a state with gender equality as is evident from a balanced sex ratio, higher age of marriage of women, lower fertility rates and higher female literacy. Using district level and village/town level data from Census 2001, we examine the role of different socio-economic factors to explain the gender differentials in sex ratio at the age below six years at following levels: 30 districts, 14,278 towns and 15,363 villages of Tamil Nadu. Our evidence suggests that improvements in female literacy rate and occupational status of male members engaged as agricultural workers or other workers exert a positive impact on the sex ratio. We also document that particularly vulnerable are children of households not belonging to the marginalised castes in the rural area, and also those who are economically relatively better off. Our results are in sharp contrast with the existing evidence on the determinants of sex ratio. The results remain invariant to the model specification even after controlling for unobserved heterogeneity at the district level.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Formation and morphology of anomalous solar circular polarization. Results. We have obtained a comprehensive model that insightfully describes the formation of solar polarization with certain precision without sacrificing key physical ingredients or resorting to complex atmospheric models. The essential physical behavior of dichroism and atomic orientation has been described, introducing the concepts of dichroic inversion, neutral and reinforcing medium, critical intensity spectrum, and critical source function. We show that the zero-crossings of the CP spectrum are useful to classify its morphology and understand its formation. This led to identification and explanation of the morphology of the seven most characteristic CP signals that a single (depth-resolved) scattering layer can produce. We find that a minimal number of two magnetic layers along the line of sight is required to fully explain anomalous solar CP signals and that the morphology and polarity of Stokes V depends on magnetic, radiative, and atomic \\\\'polarities\\\\'. Some implications of these results are presented through a preliminary modeling of anomalous CP signals in the FeI 1564.8 nm and NaI D lines.Methods. An analytical two-layer model of the polarized radiative transfer equation is developed and used to solve the NLTE problem with atomic polarization in a semi-parametric way. The potential of the model for reproducing anomalous CP is shown with detailed calculations and examples. A new approach based on the zeroes of polarization signals is developed to explain their morphology.Context. The morphology of spectral line polarization is the most valuable observable to investigate the magnetic and dynamic solar atmosphere. However, in order to develop solar diagnosis, it is fundamental to understand the different kinds of anomalous solar signals that are routinely found in linear and circular polarization (LP,CP).Aims. We aim to explain and characterize the morphology of solar CP signals considering nonlocal thermodynamical equilibrium (NLTE) effects.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Abnormal Shh and FOXC2 expression correlates with aberrant lymphatic development in human fetuses with increased nuchal translucency. Methods Five trisomy 21 fetuses and four controls were investigated using immunohistochemistry for Shh, VEGF-A, FOXC2 and PDGF-B expression in the lymphatic endothelial cells of the JLS.Results An increased Shh, VEGF-A and PDGF-B expression, and decreased FOXC2 expression were shown in the lymphatic endothelial cells of the JLS of the trisomic fetuses.Conclusions Increased Shh and VEGF-A expression is correlated with an aberrant lymphatic endothelial differentiation in trisomy 21 fetuses. The SMCs surrounding the JLS can possibly be explained by an increase of PDGF-B-induced SMC recruitment and/or differentiation. This underscores earlier findings that indicate the loss of lymphatic identity in trisomy 21 fetuses and a shift towards a blood vessel wall phenotype. Copyright (c) 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Objective Previous research in fetuses with increased nuchal translucency (NT) showed abnormal lymphatic endothelial differentiation characteristics, including increased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A expression, and aberrant smooth muscle cells (SMCs) surrounding enlarged jugular lymphatic sacs (JLS). We hypothesized that abnormal Sonic hedgehog (Shh) expression would result in altered VEGF-A signaling in the lymphatic endothelial cells of the JLS and that aberrant acquisition of SMCs could be caused by downregulation of forkhead transcription factor FOXC2 and upregulation of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-B in the lymphatic endothelial cells of the JLS.", "label": [2, 21, 19]}
+{"token": "ANALYSIS OF A TRANSLATIONAL ENHANCER UPSTREAM FROM THE COAT PROTEIN OPEN READING FRAME OF POTATO-VIRUS-S. Evidence has suggested that the subgenomic RNA of the carlavirus potato virus S is an efficient message for the coat protein, even though evidence suggests it is uncapped at its 5' terminus. We have investigated the effect of the upstream region of the coat protein gene of potato virus S on the level of reporter gene expression in vitro. The region of 101 nucleotides upstream of the coat protein, designated VTE (viral translational enhancer) was found to increase levels of translation in comparison to a synthetic leader when linked to the beta-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene in vitro in rabbit reticulocyte and wheat germ lysate. VTE was also able to increase translation of the reporter gene luciferase (LUC) in vitro above the levels obtained for both a synthetic leader and a leader obtained from a plant gene isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana. The level of enhancement was evident with both capped and uncapped transcripts. When the VTE sequence was deleted to 20 nucleotides of the upstream region, thus removing the nucleotide block homologous among carlaviruses, the ability to enhance levels of translation was removed. In vitro translation studies indicated that the translational enhancement activity of VTE was at least partially cap independent. Translation of VTE linked to reporter genes in the presence of cap analogue was relatively unaffected whereas synthetic leader and a plant leader constructs were both more sensitive. In vitro competition analysis revealed that when short RNA transcripts representing the 101 nucleotides of VTE were added in trans to functional VTE leader LUC constructs there was a marked decrease in the level of translation when compared with a synthetic leader added in trans. These results suggest that the upstream region of the coat protein ORF of potato virus S promotes translation in a cap-independent manner that may involve the binding of proteins and/or ribosomes to the 101 nucleotides of the VTE sequence.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Tectonic insight and 3-D modelling of the Lusi (Java, Indonesia) mud edifice through gravity analyses. Lusi is a sediment-hosted hydrothermal system located near Sidoarjo in Central Java, Indonesia, and has erupted continuously since May 2006. This mud eruption extends over a surface of similar to 7 km(2), and is framed by high containment dams. The present study investigates the geometry of the subsurface structures using a detailed gravimetric model to visualize in 3-D the Lusi system and surrounding lithologies. The obtained residual Bouguer anomaly map, simulated through geostatistical interpolation methods, supports the results of previous deformation studies. The negative gravity anomaly zones identified at Lusi are interpreted as fractured areas through which fluids can ascend towards the surface. A 3-D detailed geological model of the area was constructed with Geomodeller (TM) to highlight the main features. This model relies on the structures' density contrasts, the interpreted residual Bouguer anomaly map, and geological data from previous authors. 3-D algorithms were used to calculate the gravity response of the model and validate it by inverse methods. The final output is a gravity constrained 3-D geological model of the Lusi mud edifice. These results provide essential details on the Lusi subsurface and may be useful for possible future geothermal resource exploitation and for the risk mitigation plans related to the maintenance of the man-made framing embankment.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Separation of benzene/cyclohexane mixtures using polyurethane-silica hybrid membranes. Mixed sols were prepared by dissolving polyurethane (a 30 wt% solution in n-propanol, PU) and tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) in ethanol at PU:TEOS mass ratios of 1:2, 1:1, 2:1 and 3:1. Each of the sols was coated on a porous a-alumina support tube by the dipping method, and green membranes were heat-treated at 200 degrees C for 1 h in an atmosphere of nitrogen. A PU membrane was also prepared with PU alone. The membranes were 5-6 mu m thick. The polyurethane-silica membranes were swollen in benzene but only slightly in cyclohexane at room temperature. The degree of swelling in benzene decreased with increasing fractions of TEOS in the hybrid sols. The selectivity of benzene to cyclohexane was improved due to the suppression of swelling as a result of hybridization with TEOS. The total permeation flux and benzene/cyclohexane selectivity in the membrane prepared with a sol of PU:TEOS=1:1 were 3 x 10(-5) kg m(-2) s(-1) and 19, respectively. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 33]}
+{"token": "Prostate diseases in the dog. Our findings confirm more frequent prostastic diseased in aged dogs. Occurrence and frequency of prostatic rumours in dogs can be ascribed to hormonal dysbalance. Hormone therapy cannot cure the malignancies but may bring relief. Castration is the method of choice.A retrospective study is presented of prostatic diseases diagnosed in 32 dogs over a period of 26 years in a private veterinary practice. Of the 32 diseased dogs, 19 patients were aged 6-10 years, 11 dogs were 11-15 years of age, and 2 animals were younger than 5 years. An unusual case of prostate carcinoma in a 2-year-old Dobermann is documented.Based on clinical, radiographic and ultrasonographic examination completed by bacteriological and laboratory tests, prostatitis was diagnosed in 6 animals. In 26 dogs prostatic hyperplasia was found by rectal examination, and elevated serum acid phosphatase concentration indicated neoplasms. Hormone therapy (Cyproteronacetate, Diethylstilbestrol) was used in 21 dogs with hyperplastic prostate for 4 weeks. However, four months later all dogs were castrated as hyperplasia reoccurred. Castration resulted in a permanent improvement in ca 40 % of patients. Hyperplasia tended to diminish after castration, and in material collected 6 months later by fine-needle transurethral biopsy, carcinoma was still diagnosed in 3 dogs.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Recalcitrance of 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene to degradation by pure cultures of 1,1-diphenylethylene-degrading aerobic bacteria. 1,1-Dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (DDE) is the peri-chlorinated derivative of 1,1-diphenylethylene (DPE). Biodegradation of DDE and DPE by bacteria has so far not been shown. Pure cultures of aerobic bacteria involved in biodegradation of styrene and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) were therefore screened for their ability to degrade or cometabolize DPE and DDE. Styrene-metabolizing bacteria (Rhodococcus strains S5 and VLB 150) grew with DPE as their sole source of carbon and energy. Polychlorinated-biphenyl-degrading bacteria (Pseudomonas fluorescens and Rhodococcus globerulus) were unable to degrade DPE even in the presence of an easily utilizable cosubstrate, biphenyl. This is the first report of the utilization of DPE as sole carbon and energy source by bacteria. All the tested bacteria failed to degrade DDE when it was provided as the sole carbon source or in the presence of the respective degradable cosubstrates, DPE transformation could also be detected in cell-free extracts of Rhodococcus S5 and VLB150, but DDE was not transformed, indicating that cell wall and membrane diffusion barriers were not limiting biodegradation. The results of the present study show that, at least for some bacteria, the chlorination of DDE is the main reason for its resistance to biodegradation by styrene and DPE-degrading bacteria.", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "An actor-critic algorithm with function approximation for discounted cost constrained Markov decision processes. We develop in this article the first actor-critic reinforcement learning algorithm with function approximation for a problem of control under multiple inequality constraints. We consider the infinite horizon discounted cost framework in which both the objective and the constraint functions are suitable expected policy-dependent discounted sums of certain sample path functions. We apply the Lagrange multiplier method to handle the inequality constraints. Our algorithm makes use of multi-timescale stochastic approximation and incorporates a temporal difference (TD) critic and an actor that makes a gradient search in the space of policy parameters using efficient simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation (SPSA) gradient estimates. We prove the asymptotic almost sure convergence of our algorithm to a locally optimal policy. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Nanovoid induced martensitic growth under uniaxial stress: Effect of misfit strain, temperature and nanovoid size on PT threshold stress and nanostructure in NiAl. In the present work, the effect of a pre-existing nanovoid on martensitic growth under uniaxial stress in NiAl is investigated using the phase field theory. In order to create a pre-existing nanovoid in the model, a single nanovoid has been stabilized in the center of the computational domain using a phase field approach. The coupled system of Ginzburg-Landau and elasticity equations are then solved for the evolution of martensitic nanostructure in the presence of the obtained nanovoid. The finite element approach and the COMSOL code are used to solve the above systems of equations. Even though the Ginzburg-Landau model includes two martensitic variants, only the first variant grows under uniaxial stress. The phase transformation (PT) threshold stress is found for different nanovoid radii and different temperatures. The dependence of the misfit strain on the nanovoid radius is considered which results in proper surface stress. The PT threshold stress linearly increases as the temperature increases for any nanovoid radius. The effect of temperature on the PT is found more pronounced for smaller nanovoids. It is also revealed that the PT threshold stress exponentially reduces as the nanovoid radius increases, in agreement with previous experimental/molecular dynamics results. Neglecting the size dependence of the misfit strain leads to a smaller PT threshold stress especially for lower temperatures and larger radii. For any misfit strain, the effect of nanovoid on the PT is more pronounced for larger temperatures. Under the uniaxial stress, the first variant started to grow vertically from the upper and lower surfaces of the nanovoid which evolution is explained based on the distributions of the stress and transformation work. The martensitic growth is more pronounced for larger radii. The martensitic growth is also studied for different temperatures. As the temperature increases, the growth is slower and this is explained using the phase concentration and its time rate. As the temperature increases, the phase concentration decreases and the growth rate decreases at the same phase concentration. The stress and transformation work distributions for different temperatures and their corresponding PT threshold stresses for a constant radius are studied for the earlier stage of growth. As the temperature increases, a larger uniaxial stress is required for the martensitic growth. The effect of mechanical driving force on the nanovoid-induced martensitic growth is studied by applying different uniaxial tensions. As the loading increases, the phase concentration increases and the growth rate increases at the same phase concentration. The obtained results allow for a better interpretation of the effect of nanovoids on the PT at the nanoscale and will help to develop an interaction model between nanovoids and multiphase structure at the nanoscale.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "Clause chaining and the utterance phrase: Syntax-prosody mapping in Matukar Panau. Clause chaining is a form of syntactic dependency holding between a series of clauses, typically expressing temporal or causal relations between events. Prosodic hierarchy theory proposes that syntactic constituents are systematically mapped to prosodic constituents, but most versions of the theory do not account for clause chain syntax. This article presents original data from Matukar Panau, a clause-chaining Oceanic (Austronesian) language of Papua New Guinea. The clause chain is a syntactic constituent in which final-clause TAM scopes over preceding clauses. There are also other types of multi-clausal structures, encompassing subordinate adverbial clauses, and verbless copula clauses, and we analyse all these as instances of the \\\\'syntactic sentence.\\\\' The syntactic sentence maps to a distinct prosodic domain, marked by the scaling of L% boundary tones, and we equate this domain with the \\\\'utterance phrase\\\\' posited in some versions of prosodic hierarchy theory. The prosodic characteristics of the Matukar Panau utterance phrase are similar to those found in non-chaining languages, but while other languages use this prosody to mark pragmatically related groups of clauses, in Matukar Panau it most commonly maps to a syntactic sentence.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Historian Nikolai Oulianov - Student and Lecturer of the Leningrad State University. There is a comprehensive study of the life and activities of Professor Nikolai Ivanovich Oulianoff, the representative of the second wave of emigration. N. I. Oulianoff-well-known historian, the last student of academician S. F. Platonov, philosophy of history theorist. He was a recognized expert on the national question and the phenomenon of separatism in Russia. He was the author of the scientific monograph \\\\'The Origin of Ukrainian separatism\\\\'. This article is based on a previously unknown documents-personal files of historian as a student and a teacher (Joint archive of St. Petersburg State University, Central state archive of St. Petersburg). For the first time in historiography author describes a student and faculty life of N.I. Oulianoff. Particular attention is paid to teachers and colleagues of N.I. Oulianoff-employees of the Leningrad University. The author discovered emigrant's memoir on the activities of the University in 1920. Memories are verified by newly discovered documents. The information about university lecturer of 1920s (pedagogue V. A. Zelenko, theatricologist A. I. Piotrowski, historians A. E. Presnyakov, S. V. Voznesensky, A. I. Andreev, P. P. Shchegolev) is very important. Memoir reveals unexpected details about the life and work of his teachers and colleagues (S. F. Platonov, I. M. Graves, E. V. Tarle, F. I. Uspensky, G. S. Seidel, M. M. Tsvibak, M. I. Levchenko, V. V. Mavrodin and others). N. I. Oulianoff's former students' memories (G. Z. Deutsch, M. G. Rabinowitz, N. N. Rutych) are of great interest. Later they became known as historians.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Validation of two names in Solenopsora (Catillariaceae). The names Solenopsora chihuahuana and S. cladonioides are validated.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Non-tuberculous mycobacteria in China. Infection with non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) is relatively rare in areas that are high-endemic for tuberculosis. We identified 126 strains of NTM in respiratory specimens collected by the Chinese Nationwide Survey in 2000, the Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumour Institution, and the Guangzhou Thoracic Hospital. Species diagnosis was attained by sequencing of 16S-rDNA complemented by phenotypic characterization when necessary. Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare-complex - well known as a potential pulmonary pathogen - was diagnosed in all 3 surveys. Potentially pathogenic rapid growing strains of M. abscessus, M. chelonae and M. fortuitum were also detected. Moreover, species non-pathogenic in the airways such as M. nonchromogenicum, M. terrae and M. gordonae were encountered. Also, single strains of rare NTM species were isolated. Thus, several potentially pathogenic species of NTM were isolated from pulmonary specimens in China, and molecular techniques made possible exact species diagnosis.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Quantum Mechanics and Metaphysical Indeterminacy. There has been recent interest in formulating theories of non-representational indeterminacy. The aim of this paper is to clarify the relevance of quantum mechanics to this project. Quantum-mechanical examples of vague objects have been offered by various authors, displaying indeterminate identity, in the face of the famous Evans argument that such an idea is incoherent. It has also been suggested that the quantum-mechanical treatment of state-dependent properties exhibits metaphysical indeterminacy. In both cases it is important to consider the details of the metaphysical account and the way in which the quantum phenomenon is captured within it. Indeed if we adopt a familiar way of thinking about indeterminacy and apply it in a natural way to quantum mechanics, we run into illuminating difficulties and see that the case is far less straightforward than might be hoped.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "EXPLORING THE LINK BETWEEN MICROORGANISMS AND ORAL CANCER: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE. The majority of cases of oral cancer have been related to tobacco use and heavy alcohol consumption. However, the incidence of oral cavity carcinoma appears to be increasing in many parts of the world in a manner that it is difficult to explain with traditional risk factors alone. Meanwhile, interest in the possible relationships between microorganisms and the different stages of cancer development has been rising and numerous mechanisms by which bacteria and yeast may initiate or promote carcinogenesis are currently under investigation. In particular, a persuasive body of evidence suggests a possible etiological role involving the metabolism and production of carcinogenic products, such as acetaldehyde. Other suggested mechanisms include the induction of chronic inflammation and direct interference with eukaryotic cell cycle and signaling pathways. This review aims to summarize the known associations between microbial infection and cancer and draw attention to how they may relate to oral carcinoma. (C) 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 31: 1228-1239, 2009", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Military fatality rates (by cause) in Afghanistan and Iraq: a measure of hostilities. Findings Out of 537 coalition fatalities in Iraq in 2006 to September 17, 2006, 457 (85%) were hostile, but only half were in Afghanistan (October 2001 to September 17, 2006: 52%, 249/478). Air losses accounted for 5% fatalities in Iraq, but 32% in Afghanistan. IEDs claimed three out of five hostile deaths in Iraq, only a quarter in Afghanistan. Deaths per fatal IED incident averaged 1.5. In period 1, 50/117 military deaths in Afghanistan were UK or Canadian from 6750 personnel, a fatality rate of 19/1000/year, nearly four times the US rate of 5/1000/year in Iraq (based on 280 deaths). Sixty out of 117 fatalities in Afghanistan occurred as clusters of two or more deaths. In period 2, fatality rates changed: down by two-thirds in Afghanistan for UK and Canadian forces to 6/1000/year (18 deaths), up by 46% for US troops in Iraq to 7.5/1000/year (416 deaths).Aim Based on around 500 coalition deaths, identify major causes in Iraq and Afghanistan. For consecutive periods (1: May I to September 17, 2006, 2: September 18, 2006 to February 4, 2007), ascertain UK and others' numbers deployed to compare fatality rates per 1000-personnel years. Take account of clustering: deaths per fatal improvised explosive device (IED) incident, and in making short-term projections for Afghanistan.Interpretation Rate, and cause, of military fatalities are capable of abrupt change, as happened in Iraq (rate) and Afghanistan (rate and cause) between consecutive 140-day periods. Forecasts can be wide of the mark.Background Military fatalities occur in clusters, and causes differ between theatres of operation or within-theatre over time.Methods Cause and date of coalition deaths in Iraq and Afghanistan are as listed in http://www.iCasualties.org, where each death is designated as hostile or non-hostile. Numbers deployed in 2006 were available for UK and Canada, and for US to Iraq.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "The influence of tenoscopic approaches on radiocarpal joint perforation during carpal sheath tenoscopy in horses. Objective To report the frequency of radiocarpal joint (RCJ) perforation during two proximolateral carpal sheath (CS) approaches and to investigate whether the presence or absence of a natural communication between the RCJ and CS. Study design Experimental, randomized, controlled study. Sample population Twelve adult horses and 12 cadaver front limbs. Methods Proximolateral CS tenoscopy was performed on both carpi of 12 horses under general anaesthesia. Limbs were randomly assigned into two groups. In group 1, the instrument portal was centered at the level of the distal radial physeal remnant (PR). In group 2, the instrument portal was centered 2 cm proximal to the PR. Immediately after tenoscopy, dye-coloured fluid was instilled arthroscopically into the dorsolateral RCJ, and the open tenoscopic portals were evaluated for leakage. Twelve cadaver front limbs were examined for naturally occuring RCJ and CS communication by using positive-contrast computed tomography (CT). Frequency of perforations were compared with McNemar's test for two matched proportions. Results In group 1, 10 of 12 RCJ were perforated during tenoscopy, and, in group 2, four of 12 RCJ were perforated (P = 0.03). No diffusion of contrast from the RCJ to the CS was detected by CT. Conclusion Perforation of the RCJ was common when CS instrument portals were placed at the level of the PR. No natural communication was detected between the RCJ and CS. Clinical significance Carpal sheath tenoscopic instrument portals may need to be placed >2 cm proximal to the PR to prevent inadvertent RCJ perforation, especially in horses undergoing tenoscopic treatment of a septic CS.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Inhibition of conidiophore development in Aspergillus fumigatus by an Escherichia coli DH5 alpha strain, a promising antifungal candidate against aspergillosis. The opportunistic human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus produces a massive number of asexual spores (conidia) as the primary means of dispersal, survival, genome protection and infection of hosts. In this report, we investigated secretory and cytosolic proteins of non-pathogenic bacterial species (mostly belonging to human microbiome) for antifungal potential against A. fumigatus, A. flavus and A. niger. Our preliminary results revealed that cytosolic proteins of E. coli DH5 alpha were most active and the less toxic against various pathogenic isolates of A. fumigatus (the major pathogenic species), depicting a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 62.50 mu g/mL, 62.50 mu g/mL and 12.50 mu g/disc using microbroth dilution assay (MDA), percentage spore germination inhibition assay (PSGI) and disc diffusion assay (DDA), respectively. E. coli protein was non-toxic against human erythrocytes at doses up to 1000 mu g/mL as compared to standard drug, amphotericin B which lysed 100% of erythrocytes at a concentration of 37.50 mu g/mL. Time kill analysis proved it to be fungicidal in a concentration and time-dependent manner. Scanning electron microscopic studies (SEM) were carried out to prevail what kind of damage it causes to A. fumigatus. SEM results reported that conidiophore (structures forming conidia) development was halted as a major consequence, reducing the number of conidiophores to insignificant values as well as alteration in their morphological attributes. This feature may contribute to the development of new prevention strategies against Aspergillus infections. Hyphal atrophy was also observed, evidenced by shrinking and flattening of hyphal walls and reduced, abrupt hyphal branching. Such actions may effectively reduce the invasive ability of Aspergillus as well as it can sterilize the fungal burden by obstructing the conidiation pathway of A. fumigatus. Hence, E. coli DH5 alpha, being a commensal species, can lead to the development of antifungal molecule with novel targets in fungal metabolism, which will help in combating the antifungal resistance and toxicity associated with current therapy. (C) 2013 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "METEMPSYCHOSIS IN ANTIQUE GREECE AND RELATIONS WITH INDIA. Metempsychosis, otherwise knows as reincarnation in the Indian tradition, appears in antique Greece firstly as an imported mystical belief and a cult among Orpheans and later on as a philosophical doctrine. Metempsychosis presupposes the immortality of the soul (psykhe), a sequence of deaths and rebirths in a new body, an award or punishment in the next life, depending on moral activity during one's life, and a possibility of breaking out of the circle of rebirths. The comparison between antique Greek and Indian beliefs in metempsychosis reveals their gradual relation. In some aspects these beliefs are identical: immortality of the soul, transmigration of the soul to a different body, morally-dependent regulation of (re)births, possibility of breaking out of the circle of life and death, vegetarianism. In some aspects the beliefs are only similar: conception of cyclical time, understanding of (the immortality of) the soul as identical with immortal universal and, later on, as coming out of the hylozoistic idea among Greeks, and, among Indians, the belief in the being (atman) as a reflection of infinite consciousness or an illusion of individuality (jiva). In some aspects, they are different: (im)possibility of rebirth of rational soul in an animal body among Greeks in the later phase of the teaching that does not exist at all in India.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Spray formulation efficacy - holistic and futuristic perspectives. This overview considers the use of liquid agrichemical sprays for different applications, their complexities and current limitations, as well as future requirements needed to increase overall efficacy. This has been done by considering the characteristics and limitations in each of the steps of deposition, retention, uptake and translocation. It has identified the lack of understanding of the plant component in relation to the processes involved in retention, uptake and translocation. Satisfactory progress will not be made until appropriate models are developed for each process and integrated into a comprehensive agrichemical efficacy system. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "Explaining millimeter-sized particles in brown dwarf disks. Methods. We modeled the evolution of dust particles under conditions of low-mass disks around brown dwarfs. We used coagulation, fragmentation, and disk-structure models to simulate the evolution of dust, with zero and non-zero radial drift. For the non-zero radial drift, we considered strong inhomogeneities in the gas surface density profile that mimic long-lived pressure bumps in the disk. We studied different scenarios that could lead to an agreement between theoretical models and the spectral slope found by millimeter observations.Results. We find that fragmentation is less likely and rapid inward drift is more significant for particles in brown dwarf disks than in T-Tauri disks. We present different scenarios that can nevertheless explain millimeter-sized grains. As an example, a model that combines the following parameters can fit the millimeter fluxes measured for brown dwarf disks: strong pressure inhomogeneities of similar to 40% of amplitude, a small radial extent similar to 15 AU, a moderate turbulence strength alpha(turb) = 10(-3), and average fragmentation velocities for ices nu(f) = 10 m s(-1).Aims. To understand the first steps of planet formation in scaled-down versions of T-Tauri disks, we investigate the physical conditions that can theoretically explain the growth from interstellar dust to millimeter-sized grains in disks around brown dwarf.Context. Planets have been detected around a variety of stars, including low-mass objects, such as brown dwarfs. However, such extreme cases are challenging for planet formation models. Recent sub-millimeter observations of disks around brown dwarf measured low spectral indices of the continuum emission that suggest that dust grains grow to mm-sizes even in these very low mass environments.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Effects of environmental factors and burial depth on seed germination and emergence of two populations of Caucalis platycarpos. Caucalis platycarpos is a weed species in irrigated and dry land farming systems in East Azerbaijan and Kermanshah provinces of Iran. Experiments were undertaken to compare C.platycarpos seed germination andemergence of a population from each province over a range of environmental factors, burial depth and crop residue treatments. The Azerbaijan population required lower temperatures (20/10 degrees C day/night temperature) for its highest (90%) germination, compared with the Kermanshah population (88% germination at 25/15 degrees C day/night temperature). In both populations, germination was 84-90% over a wide range of light/dark periods (10-24h light), but considerable reduction (up to 42%) occurred under continuous darkness. The osmotic potential required for 50% inhibition of germination was -0.54 and -0.40 MPa for Azerbaijan and Kermanshah populations respectively. The NaCl concentration of 8.83 and 5.71dSm(-1) caused 50% inhibition of germination in Azerbaijan and Kermanshah populations respectively. The X-50 parameter (the burial depth at which emergence is reduced by 50%) for Azerbaijan and Kermanshah population was 2.18 and 2.86cm respectively. Crop residues had more inhibitory effects on the Azerbaijan than Kermanshah population. Adaptive differentiation of C.platycarpos populations has also resulted in smaller seeds of the Azerbaijan compared with the Kermanshah population and resulted in higher emergence for Kermanshah population seedlings from greater soil depths. These results suggest that differences in germination requirements, drought and salinity tolerance of C.platycarpos populations are correlated with environmental conditions of the habitats of the studied populations.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Genetic analysis of traits of the working test for herding dogs 2nd communication: Undesired behaviour traits. The objective of the present study was to analyse the occurrence of undesirable behaviour traits registred on sheep dog trials in order to evaluate the importance of genetic and environmental sources of variation and to draw conclusions for breeding purposes. The data analysed consisted of 2745 test results recorded at 48 sheep dog trials carried out in Germany from 1994 to 1998, which were attended by 337 sheep dogs. Variance components of undesirable behaviour traits were estimated applying Restricted Maximum Likelihood methods. Additive genetic effects, permanent environmental effects of the animal and the effect of the handler were treated as random factors. Additionally, the linear multivariate animal model included the fixed effects of the age of the dogs at the sheep dog trial, sex, the level of difficulty of the exercises as well as the event itself, the starting number of the dog, the number of the dogs' tests at the particular event and the number of dogs presented on sheep dog trials by their handlers. The inbreeding coefficient was regarded as a linear covariate. The analyses were performed using all sheep dog trial classes and for each of the three classes separately. Age of the dog and starting number did not explain a significant proportion of variance for traits analysed, whereas the event of the sheep dog trial and partly the number of dogs per handler were of significant importance. The estimated heritabilities for the undesirable behaviour traits ranged from h(2) less than or equal to 0.001 to h(2) = 0.07 with standard errors in the range between 0.001 and 0.06. The possibilities to select against undesired behaviour traits appear to be rather limited given the heritability estimates and the low number of progeny.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Co-circulation of genetically distinct highly pathogenic avian influenza A clade 2.3.4.4 (H5N6) viruses in wild waterfowl and poultry in Europe and East Asia, 2017-18. Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5 clade 2.3.4.4 viruses were first introduced into Europe in late 2014 and reintroduced in late 2016, following detections in Asia and Russia. In contrast to the 2014-15 H5N8 wave, there was substantial local virus amplification in wild birds in Europe in 2016-17 and associated wild bird mortality, with evidence for occasional gene exchange with low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses. Since December 2017, several European countries have again reported events or outbreaks with HPAI H5N6 reassortant viruses in both wild birds and poultry, respectively. Previous phylogenetic studies have shown that the two earliest incursions of HPAI H5N8 viruses originated in Southeast Asia and subsequently spread to Europe. In contrast, this study indicates that recent HPAI H5N6 viruses evolved from the H5N8 2016-17 viruses during 2017 by reassortment of a European HPAI H5N8 virus and wild host reservoir LPAI viruses. The genetic and phenotypic differences between these outbreaks and the continuing detections of HPAI viruses in Europe are a cause of concern for both animal and human health. The current co-circulation of potentially zoonotic HPAI and LPAI virus strains in Asia warrants the determination of drivers responsible for the global spread of Asian lineage viruses and the potential threat they pose to public health.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Metropolitan Kallistos of Diokleia as dogmatic theologian. The term 'dogmatic theology' entered Orthodox usage in the nineteenth century as a scholastic concept. A fresh approach, treating dogmatics as fundamentally an aspect of mystical theology, began with Bulgakov and Evdokimov in the mid-twentieth century. Metropolitan Kallistos (Ware) builds on this, producing in his first book (The Orthodox Church of 1963) what was in effect a dogmatic theology 'in a new key'. What the West takes to be dogmatic theology is included in the Orthodox understanding of Tradition, which comprises the Bible, the Creeds, the decrees of the Ecumenical Councils and the writings of the Fathers. The full range of Orthodox dogmatic theology thus covers the Trinity (with the Filioque considered unacceptable because it relates the divine unity to the essence, not the persons), the Church (not primarily a hierarchical structure but a mystical body), the Liturgy (which is a better guide to Orthodoxy than any theological treatises), the Last Things, and personal communion with God in prayer. The personal aspect is important: the metropolitan comes to agree with Khomiakov that the Councils do not establish their authority automatically but need to be 'received' by the faithful, and he has reservations about the eucharistic ecclesiology of Zizioulas because it has little to say about the personal appropriation of grace in Holy Communion. His chief characteristics as a dogmatic theologian are judged to be his lack of dogmatism, his irenic stance, and his apophatic approach.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Sacrificing Value. When is sacrifice - and particularly self-sacrifice - called for? This question turns out to be difficult to answer, for it tends to arise when values conflict, and hence the answer to it depends on how conflicts of values are to be resolved. If values are constructed, and if there is no single right way to construct them or prioritize them when they conflict, though there are identifiable ways in which the construction of values can go wrong, we may be left in a position of ambivalence about what should be sacrificed. In cases of conflict in which self-sacrifice is one of the options, ambivalence may be particularly appropriate. In part this is because there may be in such cases special sources of plurality and incommensurability of values, because the conflict is likely to be between something that is valued by a social group, and something that is valued particularly by an individual who has to consider self-sacrificing. And in part it is because individuals may have trouble balancing self-regarding and other-regarding concerns in the process of value construction. This paper elaborates these complications, and presents cases in which we might suspect that someone has self-sacrificed too much or too little.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "STRUCTURE OF THE ENVELOPE OF 48-LIB. From line and continuun data of the ultraviolet and visible spectrum of 48 Lib, the fundamental parameters of the circumstellar envelope are derived.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "A long-run and short-run analysis of the macroeconomic interrelationships in Vietnam. Using quarterly data over the March 2001 to December 2011 period and employing the vector error correction (VEC) methodology, this paper investigates the interrelationships among GDP, foreign direct investment (FDI), international trade, the inflation rate and state investment in Vietnam. The results of the Johansen cointegration test confirm the presence of a long-run relationship among the variables. The analysis of the short-run dynamics reveals that the impact of a shock to GDP on FDI is more significant than the impact of FDI on GDP. Furthermore, FDI exerts a stronger impact on exports than imports and Vietnam's inflation rate appears to play a crucial role in affecting the dynamics of some of the key economic variables. Our work highlights the need for effective and consistent policies that not only control the rate of inflation but also lead to sustainable economic growth. (C) 2017 Economic Society of Australia, Queensland. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Paleo-fluid expulsion and contouritic drift formation on the Chatham Rise, New Zealand. The Chatham Rise is located offshore of New Zealand's South Island. Vast areas of the Chatham Rise are covered in circular to elliptical seafloor depressions that appear to be forming through a bathymetrically controlled mechanism, as seafloor depressions 2-5 km in diameter are found in water depths of 800-1100 m. High-resolution P-Cable 3D seismic data were acquired in 2013 across one of these depressions. The seafloor depression is interpreted as a mounded contourite. Our data reveal several smaller buried depressions (<20-650 m diameter) beneath the mounded contourite that we interpret as paleo-pockmarks. These pockmarks are underlain by a complex polygonal fault system that deforms the strata and an unusual conical feature results. We interpret the conical feature as a sediment remobilization structure based on the presence of stratified reflections within the feature, RMS amplitude values and lack of velocity anomaly that would indicate a nonsedimentary origin. The sediment remobilization structure, polygonal faults and paleo-depressions are the indicators of the past subsurface fluid flow. We hypothesize that the pockmarks provided the necessary topographic roughness for the formation of the mounded contourites thus linking fluid expulsion and the deposition of contouritic drifts.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Ambivalent Moderation: The FMLN's Ideological Accommodation to Post-War Politics in El Salvador. El Salvador's FMLN is an oft-cited example of a rebel movement which successfully embraced electoral democracy. This article examines the ideological dimensions of this transformation. In the course of the Salvadoran peace process, the FMLN substantially overhauled its ideological orientation and associated modes of engagement with the state and the broader political system. Moderation unfolded in four subsequent stages: the resignification of revolution as a process of reform, the FMLN's rebel-to-party adaptation, the electoral consolidation of the FMLN, and the FMLN as the party in government. Over the years, while electoral politics invited public moderation, Leninist dogma continued to dominate internal party politics. This article finds that the post-war FMLN has employed seemingly contradictory ideological repertoires in parallel. This ambivalence, strongly rooted in the war, has facilitated the FMLN's electoral ascendency. It has also strained democratic consolidation in El Salvador.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "A Matchmaking Exercise for Teaching Homogamy Theory to First-Year Sociology Students. This note discusses a class activity that was developed for first-year bachelor students in sociology to understand homogamy theory. Taught in a \\\\'classical\\\\' deductive way, this theory proved to be difficult to remember and describe on the examination. Starting from inductive learning, and more specifically, (structured) inquiry-guided learning, the aim of the exercise was to transcend passive learning, making students gradually discover the different components of the theory themselves, practicing their sociological imagination. Overall, students evaluated the exercise positively, and they performed much better on the examination.", "label": [5, 48, 51]}
+{"token": "Lexical bundles in Biology Differences between textbooks and research articles. On the basis of previous lexical bundle studies, this paper examines the forms, structures and functions of 4-word bundles in a corpus of textbooks and a corpus of research articles in Biology. The study includes the main biological disciplines and focuses on three major features: the overall distribution of bundles, their typical structures, and their functions in discourse in Biology. The findings support the idea that lexical bundles are a basic linguistic construct with important functions for the construction of discourse in this area. Concluding discussion highlights the pedagogical implications of using research journals and/or textbooks to teach English to biologists in a second language context. Furthermore, the importance of explicit instruction in these word combinations in courses on English for Biologists is emphasized.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Emerging disclosure issues for municipal securities. From a historical perspective, it is puzzling that disclosure requirements are just being extended to municipal securities. The markets for municipal securities have always exceeded the corporate markets in terms of the number of issuers and outstanding securities, and municipal securities have been heavily utilized since the colonial and Revolutionary War Era. While disclosure requirements in the corporate markets have been fine-tuned since the 1930s, required disclosure for municipal securities is a new phenomenon, and it may be some time before practical experience will provide guidance as to the appropriate disclosure format. This article explains the new disclosure obligations being imposed upon participants in the municipal markets through amendments to Rule 15c2-12.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "RUN enhancement through Bayesian networks. This work is inspired by the Reduction to UNiprocessor (RUN) algorithm, wich schedules a set of periodic tasks considering their worst-case execution time (WCET). Even if the tasks are executed in less time than their WCETs, there is no possibility of rearranging the rest of the tasks to use the idle slots made available during execution.Therefore, the resulting problem consists of proposing a strategy to exploit the idle intervals. The difficulty of this problem increases when considering that the tasks that are accommodated first have stochastic execution times and that aperiodic tasks used to occupy the idle slots are composed of jobs that have precedence constraints. Besides, these jobs have stochastic temporal restrictions that must be met. To address this issue, a novel heuristic method based on Bayes networks is proposed. Two main contributions are presented. First is the mapping of the problem into a Bayesian network, and second is a heuristic that helps identify the best job, from the new set of aperiodic tasks, for occupying an idle slot created by RUN during its execution. There are two main goals in this work: to reduce global idle time and to execute any reliable job-shop by its deadline.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Isogenic mutations in the Moraxella catarrhalis CydDC system display pleiotropic phenotypes and reveal the role of a palindrome sequence in its transcriptional regulation. Moraxella catarrhalis is becoming an important human respiratory tract pathogen affecting significant proportions from the population. However, still little is known about its physiology and molecular regulation. To this end, the CydDC, which is a heterodimeric ATP binding cassette transporter that has been shown to contribute to the maintenance of the redox homeostasis across the periplasm in other Gram-negative bacteria, is studied here. Amino acids multiple sequence alignments indicated that M. catarrhalis CydC is different from the CydC proteins of the bacterial species in which this system has been previously studied. These findings prompted further interest in studying this system in M. catarrhalis. Isogenic mutant in the CydDC system showed suppression in growth rate, hypersensitivity to oxidative and reductive stress and increased accumulation of intracellular cysteine levels. In addition, the growth of cydC(-) mutant exhibited hypersensitivity to exogenous cysteine; however, it did not display a significant difference from its wild-type counterpart in the murine pulmonary clearance model. Moreover, a palindrome was detected 94 bp upstream of the cydD ORF suggesting it might act as a potential regulatory element. Real-time reverse transcription-PCR analysis showed that deletion/change in the palindrome resulted into alterations in the transcription levels of cydC. A better understanding of such system and its regulation helps in developing better ways to combat M. catarrhalis infections.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "From Tangier to Locarno: The Experience of War in Nottingham and Language Use in Local Newspapers, 1905-1925. This article applies a historical linguistic approach to compare specific word choice before, during and after the First World War in a sample of UK newspapers and two Nottingham papers. It finds that language use in Nottingham newspapers was similar to UK papers but at the same time showed marked differences, possibly as a result of local characteristics, circumstances, events and developments, which suggests that people's experience of war in this city did not always follow an overall UK pattern.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Performance of the hybrid hedonic scale as compared to the traditional hedonic, self-adjusting and ranking scales. In consumer tests, the nine-point hedonic scale has been widely employed for data collection. However, several researchers believe that this scale presents limitations, which decrease its discriminative power. It is thus important to identify alternative scales, presenting better performance than the traditional hedonic scale. This study compared the performance of the \\\\'hybrid hedonic scale\\\\', the nine-point hedonic scale, the self-adjusting scale and the ranking scale with respect to: (i) the variability of sensory responses, (ii) discriminating power, (iii) adequacy of the data with ANOVA assumptions and, (iv) ease of use. Eighty consumers evaluated five samples of orange juice using the four above-mentioned scales. Both the scale's and the sample's presentation order were balanced among the consumers. Data normality was checked by the Shapiro-Wilks test and homoscedasticity by the Brown-Forsythe test. The discriminating power of the scales was analyzed by P-sample, the REGWF test and Power Analysis. The ranking test results were evaluated by Friedman's test and the ease of use by the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test. The results evidenced the superiority of the hybrid hedonic scale as compared to the structured and self-adjusting scales both with respect to the discriminating power and the ANOVA assumptions. The structured and hybrid hedonic scales were considered to be significantly easier to use than the self-adjusting scale. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Brief history of science translation in China. Science translation is a new branch of learning in China, but its practice can be traced back to about 200 BC. It includes all the practical fields but literary translation. It is the translation activity that mainly conveys science information, especially a thought activity and extra-language activity of the translator's using target language to express the science information of source language so as to pursue the similar information. This paper briefly examines its history chronologically, and explores its gradual movement from practice to theory, from written translation to oral interpretation, from general theory to discipline studies. The history of science translation is composed of human translation and machine translation, but this paper only deals with the former.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "The dynamic association between same-sex contact and educational attainment. Previous studies have shown that sexual minorities and heterosexuals differ in the level of success in educational attainment. Because these studies treated sexual orientation as a static trait, they could not address how the dynamic aspect of sexual orientation impacts educational attainment. This study seeks to answer this question while focusing on sexual contact as an indicator of sexual orientation and highest educational degree obtained by young adulthood as an attainment outcome. Ordered logistic regression analysis was conducted using US data (the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health or \\\\'Add Health,\\\\' Waves 1-4). Among women, those who report same-sex contact obtain lower educational degrees than those without such contact regardless of its timing and continuity. Among men, those who report their first same-sex contact in young adulthood obtain higher degrees than others. These associations are explained by self-exploratory attitudes, depressive symptoms, and academic performance and expectations. These results help understand how same-sex sexual development creates opportunities and constraints in the educational attainment process, thereby extending the existing attainment literature, which concentrates on implications of heterosexual development. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Mercury's surface and composition to be studied by BepiColombo. We describe the contributions that we expect the BepiColombo mission to make towards increased knowledge and understanding of Mercury's surface and composition. BepiColornbo will have a larger and more capable Suite of instruments relevant for determination of the topographic, physical, chemical and mineralogical properties of the surface than carried by NASA's MESSENGER mission. We anticipate that the insights gained into the planet's geological history and its current space weathering environment will enable us to understand the relationships between surface composition and the composition of different types of crust. This will enable estimation of the composition of the mantle from which the crust was derived, and lead to better constraints on models for Mercury's origin and the nature of the material from which it formed. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "NATO Enlargement post-1989: Successful Adaptation or Decline?. NATO enlargement after the cold war contributed to the democratic transformation of Post-communist states. It failed, however to generate a larger consensus on the shared mission and to provide the requisite military capabilities. Today, notwithstanding the rhetoric Of unity after the 2008 Bucharest summit, NATO struggles to reconcile the out-of-area experience of the Balkan wars with its post-9/11 tasks and the renewed territorial defense concerns raised by the 2008 Russo-Georgian war. Paradoxically, the more NATO has expanded to foster the military-political security of the new democratic states of eastern and south-eastern Europe, the less it seems capable of dealing with real security threats such as Afghanistan. Facing the possible strategic failure of its ISAF mission, NATO needs to re-evaluate the policy track chosen post-1989.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Impact of human cytomegalovirus latent infection on myeloid progenitor cell gene expression. Herpesviruses establish lifelong latent infections in their hosts. Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) targets a population of bone marrow-derived myeloid lineage progenitor cells that serve as a reservoir for reactivation; however, the mechanisms by which latent CMV infection is maintained are unknown. To gain insights into mechanisms of maintenance and reactivation, we employed microarrays of similar to26,900 sequence-verified human cDNAs to assess global changes in cellular gene expression during experimental CMV latent infection of granulocyte-macrophage progenitors (GM-Ps). This analysis revealed at least 29 host cell genes whose expression was increased and six whose expression was decreased during CMV latency. These changes in transcript levels appeared to be authentic, judging on the basis of further analysis of a subset by semiquantitative reverse transcription-PCR. This study provides a comprehensive snapshot of changes in host cell gene expression that result from latent infection and suggest that CMV regulates genes that encode proteins involved in immunity and host defense, cell growth, signaling, and transcriptional regulation. The host genes whose expression we found altered are likely to contribute to an environment that sustains latent infection.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Degradation of a solid state electrochromic device. A full monolithic inorganic electrochromic device was deposited by means of plasma assisted physical vapor deposition. The layer stack was evaporated under different conditions that optimized the performance of each individual layer. Optical and electrochemical characterizations were carried out on the EC-device in order to establish its performance. Electro-optical data were registered over more than 6000 cycles of mixed chronoamperometric and voltammetric cycles. Degradation of the electro-optical characteristics of the device was observed during the test, probably due to atmospheric interaction. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 33, 32]}
+{"token": "FISH AND TREES ARE ALIKE': THE MOVEMENT OF IDENTITY IN KIRMEN URIBE'S BILBAO-NEW YORK-BILBAO. This article explores the role translation has played in the circulation and promotion of Basque writer Kirmen Uribe's first novel Bilbao-New York-Bilbao (2008). By examining the response both in and outside of the Basque Country, the article shows how particular views of literature within the Basque Country have influenced the work's reception. In particular, drawing from political theories on community formation, it highlights the way art and literature are represented in the novel as spaces in which Basque artist-citizens have the right to participate in the nonviolent creation of their collective reality and to exchange and inspire ideas on the global stage. The article argues that Uribe's novel promotes a productive view of Basque identity as always in movement, and therefore it is not exclusively tied to previous generations and their more violent means of protecting Basque culture.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Mesoscopic resonating valence bond system on a triple dot. We theoretically introduce a mesoscopic pendulum from a triple dot. The pendulum is fastened through a singly occupied dot (spin qubit). Two other strongly capacitively coupled islands form a double-dot charge qubit with one electron in excess oscillating between the two low-energy charge states (1,0) and (0,1). The triple dot is placed between two superconducting leads. Under realistic conditions, the main proximity effect stems from the injection of resonating singlet (valence) bonds on the triple dot. This gives rise to a Josephson current that is charge- and spin-dependent and, as a consequence, exhibits a distinct resonance as a function of the superconducting phase difference.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Text selection proposals in dialogic reading in primary school. In dialogic reading during inquiry learning in primary school, pupils read, think and talk together about text fragments for answering their research questions. This paper demonstrates from a conversational analytic perspective, how the shared activity of text selection is constructed in a goal oriented conversation and how text selection proposals are used. Two main practices are identified depending on the situation: (1) when all participants are reading the text for the first time, a text selection proposal is constructed with reading-out-loud fragments, and (2) when only one of the participants is reading the text, a text selection proposal is constructed with an indexical text reference and indicative summary of the topic. In both practices, a separate utterance that functions as a proposal is required to accomplish the complete text selection proposal turn.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "The Diagnostic Journey of a Patient with Prader-Willi-Like Syndrome and a Unique Homozygous SNURF-SNRPN Variant; Bio-Molecular Analysis and Review of the Literature. Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a rare genetic condition characterized by hypotonia, intellectual disability, and hypothalamic dysfunction, causing pituitary hormone deficiencies and hyperphagia, ultimately leading to obesity. PWS is most often caused by the loss of expression of a cluster of genes on chromosome 15q11.2-13. Patients with Prader-Willi-like syndrome (PWLS) display features of the PWS phenotype without a classical PWS genetic defect. We describe a 46-year-old patient with PWLS, including hypotonia, intellectual disability, hyperphagia, and pituitary hormone deficiencies. Routine genetic tests for PWS were normal, but a homozygous missense variant NM_003097.3(SNRPN):c.193C>T, p.(Arg65Trp) was identified. Single nucleotide polymorphism array showed several large regions of homozygosity, caused by high-grade consanguinity between the parents. Our functional analysis, the 'Pipeline for Rapid in silico, in vivo, in vitro Screening of Mutations' (PRiSM) screen, showed that overexpression of SNRPN-p.Arg65Trp had a dominant negative effect, strongly suggesting pathogenicity. However, it could not be confirmed that the variant was responsible for the phenotype of the patient. In conclusion, we present a unique homozygous missense variant in SNURF-SNRPN in a patient with PWLS. We describe the diagnostic trajectory of this patient and the possible contributors to her phenotype in light of the current literature on the genotype-phenotype relationship in PWS.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Entomopathogenic fungus isolates for adult Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) management and their compatibility with Tuta pheromone. Tomato, Solanum lycopersicum, is a widely consumed and economically important vegetable in the tropics. However, its production and productivity have been recently hampered by the invasive Tuta absoluta (Meyrick), a key pest of tomato causing extensive economic damage in Africa. Currently, the commonly used management strategy is synthetic insecticides with hazardous effects on humans and environment. The application of entomopathogenic fungal and viral-based biopesticides is promising alternatives. To identify potent strains, pathogenicity of dry conidia of 12 Metarhizium anisopliae isolates was evaluated against adult T. absoluta. Further effects of the most potent isolates on pupation through the late 4th instar larval infection, adult emergence and horizontal transmission of inoculum were assessed. Metarhizium anisopliae ICIPE 18, ICIPE 20 and ICIPE 665 outperformed the other isolates causing adult mortality of 95.0%, 87.5% and 86.25%, respectively. The three potent isolates differed significantly for LT(50)values of 5.13, 3.17 and 2.38 days for ICIPE 18, ICIPE 20 and ICIPE 665, respectively. Pupation and adult emergence were significantly reduced by these potent isolates, which were also compatible withTutapheromone (TUA-Optima(R)) with >= 90% conidial germination 24 hr post-exposure. These potent isolates could be developed as effective biopesticides and used in combination with TUA-Optima(R)for mass trapping and autodissemination for T. absoluta management in solanaceous crop production systems.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Prognostic significance of the distribution of lymph node metastasis in rectal cancer after neoadjuvant chemoradiation. MethodsA total of 519 patients with primary rectal cancer who underwent curative resection after neoadjuvant chemoradiation were included. LND was classified into four groups: LND0, no lymph node metastasis (368/519, 70.9%); LNDp, lymph node metastasis along the inferior mesenteric artery (proximal) (15/519, 2.9%); LNDm, lymph node metastasis at the mesorectum (109/519, 21.0%); and LNDpm, lymph node metastasis at both the proximal and mesorectal areas (27/519, 5.2%). Clinicopathologic characteristics were analyzed to identify independent prognostic factors.ConclusionsLND may improve the prognostic value of the ypTNM staging system for patients with node-positive rectal cancer after neoadjuvant chemoradiation, particularly in terms of local recurrence.BackgroundThis study aimed to evaluate the prognostic significance of lymph node distribution (LND) in rectal cancer after neoadjuvant chemoradiation.ResultsIn patients with positive lymph nodes, LND showed superior discrimination for 3-year DFS (LNDp 67.7%, LNDm 48.9%, and LNDpm 26.8%, P=0.003) and 3-year LRFS (LNDp 93.3%, LNDm 81.4%, and LNDpm 60.5%, P=0.009) compared to ypN stage (3-year DFS, N1 47.8%, N2 40.0%, P=0.184; 3-year LRFS, N1 79.4%, N2 75.2%, P=0.527). On multivariate survival analysis, LND was an independent prognostic factor for LRFS (P=0.030) in patients with positive lymph nodes.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Common knowledge and quantification. The paper consists of two parts. The first one is a concise introduction to epistemic (both propositional and predicate) logic with common knowledge operator. As the full predicate logics of common knowledge are not even recursively enumerable, in the second part we introduce and investigate the monodic fragment of these logics which allows applications of the epistemic operators to formulas with at most one free variable. We provide the monodic fragments of the most important common knowledge predicate logics with finite Hilbert-style axiomatizations, prove their completeness, and single out a number of decidable subfragments. On the other hand, we show that the addition of equality to the monodic fragment snakes it not recursively enumerable.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Unravelling supplier-laboratory knowledge spillovers: Evidence from Toyota?s central R&D laboratory and subsidiary R&D centers. R&D laboratories have made important contributions to the advancement of scientific knowledge and the development of new products in many industries. Studies indicate that the success of a R&D laboratory depends upon its ability to frequently absorb knowledge from organizations within its supply network. Although research has examined knowledge spillovers between inventors, firms, universities, and public research laboratories, they are yet to be studied at the interface between an industrial R&D laboratory and its suppliers. Within this paper, we investigate how different supplier relationships influence the frequency of supplier-laboratory knowledge spillovers at Toyota?s central R&D laboratory. Our findings reveal that how the automaker configures its portfolio of supplier relationships has important ramifications for the frequency of supplier-laboratory knowledge spillovers. Specifically, we observe that concurrent sourcing relationships, single sourcing relationships, longterm relationships, alliance partner diversity, and supplier degree centrality have positive effects on the spillover of knowledge between a R&D laboratory and its suppliers. However, we identify that many of these supplier relationships only play an important role at Toyota?s central R&D laboratory, and do not influence knowledge spillovers at its subsidiary R&D centers around the world.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "Normal Ultrasonographic Anatomy of the Prostate in Kars Shepherd Dogs. The purpose of this study is to describe the normal ultrasonographic anatomy of the prostate in Kars Shepherd Dogs and to identify its dimensions. The material of the study comprised ten healthy, intact adult male Kars Shepherd Dogs. The prostate was examined using transabdominal ultrasonography and the findings were evaluated. Statistical assessments of the data were conducted with the simple T test in the Minitab program. During transabdominal ultrasonographic examination, the image of the prostate was determined to be uniformly homogeneous and to have a hypoechoic echotexture compared to the surrounding tissue. Average longitudinal, vertical and transversal dimensions were determined as 5.10 cm, 3.08 cm and 3.78 cm respectively, and the average total volume of the prostate was identified as 28.71 cm(3).", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "ASEAN and R2P. Amongst the many that endorsed R2P in 2005 during the UN World Summit were the ASEAN states. Yet, R2P has enjoyed only lip service in Southeast Asia. A key factor behind this is the principle of non-interference, a key doctrine in the group's worldview in inter-state relations. This chapter reviews the reasons for this lukewarm attitude towards R2P and where the ASEAN states stand over the issue of international intervention especially Libya and Syria. Notwithstanding the ambivalent reception to R2P in Southeast Asia, efforts are being made by scholars and think tanks to mainstream the concept within policy-making. Is a typology of R2P positions within ASEAN emerging?", "label": [5, 47, 49]}
+{"token": "Cohomological Tensor Functors on Representations of the General Linear Supergroup. We define and study cohomological tensor functors from the category T-n of finite-dimensional representations of the supergroup Gl(n vertical bar n) into Tn-r for 0 < r <= n. In the case DS : Tn -> Tn-1 we prove a formula DS(L) = circle plus Pi(ni) L-i for the image of an arbitrary irreducible representation. In particular DS(L) is semisimple and multiplicity free. We derive a few applications of this theorem such as the degeneration of certain spectral sequences and a formula for the modified superdimension of an irreducible representation.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "The Sacrament of Revelation: Toward a Hermeneutics of Nuptial Encounter. This article addresses the notion of sacramentality in relation to revelation, framing revelation as a divine-human discursive encounter facilitated through semantic media. In doing so, it suggests disciplines for theological reflection that would preserve the import of human submission to the Holy Spirit's guidance in interpreting God's Word while also envisioning a positive place for subjective construction along that Spirit-led way. The article locates the basic tenets of such a methodological paradigm in the works of Sarah Coakley, Louis-Marie Chauvet, and Rowan Williams. Coakley's work provides the groundwork for a vision of ecstatic encounter with God as integral to the Spirit-led process of revelation. Next, engagement with Chauvet establishes how mediated revelation may be conceived as a sacramental and dialogical reality, which fundamentally evokes and includes human self-expression. The article closes by drawing upon Williams' theological reflection on sexuality as a resource for embracing subjective construction, as integral to our Spirit-guided, \\\\'nuptial\\\\' incorporation into the life of Christ. The results afforded by this analysis warrant spiritual-hermeneutic commitments from communities who desire to cooperate with the Holy Spirit in acts of theological interpretation.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and new-onset myasthenia gravis: A report of 7 cases and review of the literature. Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an antibody-mediated immune disorder of the neuromuscular junction. SARS-CoV-2 is now recognised as a trigger factor for autoimmune diseases and to cause immune-mediated dysregulation, likely due to molecular mimicry induced by viral antigens. SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, similarly, results in exposure to viral antigen. Here we report 7 cases of new-onset myasthenia gravis in timely association with SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, including the first paediatric case identified to date. We also reviewed the literature for other new-onset MG cases reported within 4 weeks of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and discuss our findings in the context of altered (auto)immunity following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and/or infection.(c) 2022 Published by Elsevier B.V.", "label": [2, 17, 21]}
+{"token": "Quantitative structure-activity relationships analysis, homology modeling, docking and molecular dynamics studies of triterpenoid saponins as Kirsten rat sarcoma inhibitors. Oncogenic Kirsten RAt Sarcoma (KRAS) mutations are attractive targets in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Thus, the objective of this work is to discover promising inhibitors that target this protein using in silico methods that have become increasingly cost-effective in research and development of drugs. In this study, 24 triterpenoid saponins were selected for designing the potent inhibitors using different methods: quantitative structure activity relationships (QSAR) analysis, homology modeling, as well as molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and in silico Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion and Toxicity (ADMET) screening. The selected model was presented high-squared cross-validation coefficient Q(2) = 0.85, and external validation R(2)pred = 0.75. In addition, the best comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) models presented high values of Q(2) = 0.77 and 0.784 and values of R(2)pred = 0.87 and 0.83, respectively. After that, homology modeling was carried out for modeling the selected target and then validated by both Ramachandran plot and Qualitative Model Energy ANalysis (QMEAN) score of 0.83, indicating the best accuracy of the modeled protein with the experimental results. Furthermore, molecular docking study was conducted to better understanding the binding mechanism of homologous protein with triterpenoid saponins. In addition, MD simulations confirmed the stability of the selected complex systems during 10,000 femtosecondes (fs). According to these studies, three molecules were picked out as potential inhibitors. Indeed, the oral bioavailability and the toxicity of the predicted triterpenoid saponins have been found respecting the ADMET properties. Communicated by Ramaswamy H Sarma", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "3D model and estimation of fiber interaction effects during internal instability in non-linear composites. A 3D model and an estimation of fiber interaction effects during internal instability in non-linear composites are presented. Results are based on a. micromechanics solation for a series of fibers embedded in an infinite non-linear incompressible matrix. An ideal bonding between the fibers and the matrix is assumed. Comparison with a limiting case in which the distance between the neighboring fibers tends to infinity is carried out. It shows the significance of the fiber interaction effects in the considered problem.", "label": [1, 11, 12]}
+{"token": "Gaze On!' The Transformations of Pygmalion and Galatea in the Poe-Osgood Affair. This article focuses on some of the intertextual poems and stories that Edgar Allan Poe and Frances Sargent Osgood published in the Broadway Journal and Graham's Magazine throughout 1845 and 1846, in a literary conversation that hinted broadly at romantic relationship. The works of the Poe-Osgood exchange-which I construe to include a number of well-known stories reprinted during the same period-are self-conscious about their transformation of supposed biography into art for mass consumption. This self-consciousness is, I argue, publicly enacted through the Pygmalion trope. In texts that center on the transformation of a work of art into life-or its reversal, the transformation of a living being into art-Poe and Osgood construct a public literary exchange that considers the era's blurring of the lines between literary celebrity, biographical reality, and art.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "SHARP TWO PARAMETER BOUNDS FOR THE LOGARITHMIC MEAN AND THE ARITHMETIC-GEOMETRIC MEAN OF GAUSS. For fixed s >= 1 and t(1), t(2) is an element of (0,1/2) we prove that the inequalities G(s)(t(1)a+(1 - t(1))b, t(1)b+(1-t(1))a)A(1-s)(a,b) > AG(a,b) and G(s)(t(2)a+(1-t(2)) b,t(2)b+(1-t(2))a)A(1-s)(a,b) > L(a,b) hold for all a, b > 0 with a not equal b if and only if t(1) >= 1/2-root 2s/(4s) and t2 >= 1/2-root 6s/(6s). Here G(a,b), L(a,b), A(a,b) and AG(a,b) are the geometric, logarithmic, arithmetic and arithmetic- geometric means of a and b, respectively.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Simplified routing procedure for a CAD-verified FPGA. The design of high performance-circuit using Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) requires a balance between the FPGA's architecture and CAD algorithms. Conventional FPGAs and CAD algorithms are developed independently, which makes it difficult to implement application circuits. To solve this problem, we developed a CAD-verified FPGA whose architecture was designed at the same time as the CAD algorithms. This paper shows how a CAD-verified FPGA architecture can simplify a routing algorithm. The algorithm is studied in terms of computational complexity and is simplified using the properties of our FPGA (su itch module structure and the number of routing resources). The routing algorithm is almost one hundred times faster than that of the conventional router, and the quality of its circuits is also improved.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 37]}
+{"token": "Defaulting from anti-tuberculosis treatment in a teaching hospital in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. CONCLUSIONS: In this hospital, the factors associated with defaulting from anti-tuberculosis treatment highlight the necessity for a structured TB Control Program. It is expected that the implementation of such a program, pursuing specific approaches, should enhance completion of anti-tuberculosis treatment and cure.METHODS: All study participants initiated anti-tuberculosis treatment in a teaching hospital. A defaulting case was defined as a person who did not return for anti-tuberculosis medications after 60 days. Cases and controls were interviewed by a trained health care worker using a standardized form.RESULTS: From 1 January to 31 December 1997, 228 TB cases were registered. After a review of the medical records, 39 were excluded. Household visits were performed in 189 patients; 46 subjects were identified as cases and 117 as controls. Defaulting from anti-tuberculosis treatment was observed in 66 cases (28.9%) before and in 46 (20.2%) after a home visit. After multivariate analysis, the strongest predictors of defaulting from treatment were: 1) returning card not provided (OR 0.099; 95%CI 0.008-1.2; P = 0.07), 2) not feeling comfortable with a doctor (OR 0.16; 95%CI 0.33-0.015; P = 0.001), and 3) blood pressure not measured (OR 0.072; 95%CI 0.036-0.79; P = 0.024).DESIGN: Case-control study.OBJECTIVE: To identify the factors associated with defaulting from treatment among TB in-patients in Rio de Janeiro city, Brazil.SETTING: Few studies have investigated factors associated with defaulting from anti-tuberculosis (TB) therapy in hospital settings.", "label": [2, 21, 24]}
+{"token": "Anticipating white-nose syndrome in the Southern Hemisphere: Widespread conditions favourable to Pseudogymnoascus destructans pose a serious risk to Australia's bat fauna. There is a serious concern that white-nose syndrome (WNS), a fungal disease causing severe population declines in North American bats, could soon threaten bats on the Australian continent. Despite an 'almost certain' risk of incursion within the next ten years, and high virulence in naive bat populations, we remain uncertain about the vulnerability of Australian bats to WNS. In this study, we intersected occurrences for the 27 cave roosting bat species in Australia with interpolated data on mean annual surface temperature, which provides a proxy for thermal conditions within a cave and hence its suitability for growth by the fungal pathogen Pseudogymnoascus destructans. Our analysis identifies favourable roost thermal conditions within 30-100% of the ranges of eight bat species across south-eastern Australia, including for seven species already listed as threatened with extinction. These results demonstrate the potential for widespread exposure to P. destructans and suggest that WNS could pose a serious risk to the conservation of Australia's bat fauna. The impacts of exposure to P. destructans will depend, however, on the sensitivity of bats to developing WNS, and a more comprehensive vulnerability assessment is currently prevented by a lack of information on the hibernation biology of Australian bats. Thus, given the clear potential for widespread exposure of Australia's bats to P. destructans demonstrated by our study, two specific policy actions seem justified: (i) urgent implementation of border controls that identify and decontaminate cave-associated fomites and (ii) dedicated funding to enable research on key aspects of bat winter behaviour and hibernation physiology. Further, as accidental translocation of this fungus could also pose a risk to other naive bat faunas in cooler regions of southern Africa and South America, we argue that a proactive, globally coordinated approach is required to understand and mitigate the potential impacts of WNS spreading to Southern Hemisphere bats.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Neural network-based optimization model for sprint data collection. Sprint data has the characteristics of quality and continuity, but due to the limitations of optimization algorithm, the existing sprint data acquisition optimization model has the problem of low optimization performance parameters. Therefore, a data acquisition control optimization model based on neural network is proposed. This paper analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of neural network algorithm, combined with the sprint data collection optimization requirements, introduces BP neural network algorithm, based on this, uses multiple sensors, based on baud interval balance control to collect sprint data, applies BP neural network algorithm to compress, integrate and classify sprint data, realizes the sprint data collection and optimization. The experimental results show that the optimization performance parameters of the model are large, which fully shows that the model has good data acquisition optimization performance.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "London's Great Starfish: The Construction of Mid-Victorian Suburban Fiction. In Trollope's 1858 The Three Clerks, the coming of commuter railways generates a peculiarly modern image of suburbanised, starfish-like, London: \\\\'London will soon assume the shape of a great star-fish. [...] The old town, extending from Poplar to Hammersmith, will be the nucleus, and the various railway lines will be the projecting rays.\\\\' It is an outgrowth only to be understood as an otherworldly creature: from some undefined depths of alterity, an exotic animal rises to finger the English countryside. The centrality of changing urban space in Victorian literature and culture has spawned some of the best interdisciplinary research, but precisely this concentration on the city has elided suburbia's significance. In discussions of urban modernity, suburbs are marginalised; cliched images of bourgeois self-confinement failing to raise more than a passing interest in these margins. What was new and different about Victorian suburbia and how the cultural fictions that have shaped our understanding of what constitutes \\\\'suburbanism\\\\' were created are rarely addressed issues. At the mid-nineteenth century, however, \\\\'the suburban\\\\' formed an expanding field for fictional explorations in which the association between urbanisation and ventures into foreign spaces powerfully drew into debate the promotion of \\\\'suburbanism\\\\' as the ultimate manifestation of the divorce of home and workplace. The construction of suburban fiction operated within a negotiation of domesticity and alterity that brought home the potentials and problems associated with urban expansion. In cutting across subgenres, it engendered some of the most pervasive cliches, but in an ambiguous process of redefinition that impels us to reconsider still current cultural myths. Writers as different as Anthony Trollope, Charles Dickens, Wilkie Collins, and also the little-known domestic novelist Emily Eden made the most of what had become a rapidly evolving space characterised by immense fluidity. They did so in markedly divergent ways that evince the versatility of suburban fiction.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Gaps or bridges in multicultural teacher education: A Q study of attitudes toward student diversity. This paper highlights Q methodology as an appropriate research technique for capturing attitudes and demonstrates the use of Q method to study the attitudes of preservice teachers and teacher educators toward student diversity. A total of 43 participants from a comprehensive American university sorted 47 Q-statements. Two array groups emerged that indicate both consensual and divided attitudes toward student diversity. The study results indicate opportunities for both preservice teachers and teacher educators to find and create bridges to understand gaps in attitudes toward student diversity, which may help improve the effectiveness of multicultural teacher education. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Graphitic carbon nitride/graphene oxide(g-C3N4/GO) nanocomposites covalently linked with ferrocene containing dendrimer for ultrasensitive detection of pesticide. We report herein the design of a novel electrochemical sensing strategy for sensitive detection of pesticide based on graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4)/graphene oxide(GO) nanocomposite covalently bound to a ferrocene containing dendrimer(Fc-TED). The g-C3N4 with sufficient N atoms for providing lone pairs of electrons to an electron acceptor so as to enhance the adsorption towards organic molecules. The Fc-TED dendrimers with the native redox signaling center (Fe3+/Fe2+) can increase the electron transition of g-C3N4 from valence to conduction band. While GO can accelerate the electron transfer from g-C3N4 surface and Fc-TED to glassy carbon electrode(GCE), which would amplify the electrochemical signal of g-C3N4/GO/Fc-TED/GCE sensor and then improve the sensing performance. It is found that the fabricated electrode demonstrated an admirable electrochemical sensing performance towards metolcarb in terms of low detection limit (8.3 nM), wide concentration range (0.045-213 mu M) and rapid response time (2s). The proposed sensor can selectively detect the metolcarb and easily discriminated metolcarb from the possible interfering species. The practical applicability of the sensor was successfully evaluated in real vegetable sample and achieved satisfactory recoveries with good precision and accuracy. (c) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Consumer Preferences and Sensory Profile Related to the Physico-Chemical Properties and Texture of Different Maize Tortillas Types. Maize tortilla is a basic food in Mexico, and, lately, the food industry has tried to make the manufacturing process easier by using instant flours and specialized machines. The purpose of this study was to investigate consumers' behaviors related to tortillas and to evaluate the sensory, textural, and physico-chemical parameters of tortillas from the Tlazala region, Mexico. The sensory profile revealed that the artisanal ones had better parameters in terms of smell, taste, and appearance compared to the others. These results are consistent with consumers' preferences for tortillas made of maize grain instead of industrial corn flour. The sensory parameters and the physico-chemical and texture profile parameters varied with the maize type and manufacturing process. Our findings showed that the artisanal hand-made ones were more nutritious, followed by those mechanically made using maize grain, and finally by those mechanically made from industrialized corn flour. The results of this study may help processors to better understand the parameters of their products and people's preferences.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Temperature Effect on Frictional Properties of HMA at Different Polishing Stages. Both short-term and long-term variations have been observed in measured friction on pavement surface. These variations have been attributed to different factors, such as traffic, rainfall and temperature. Due to the fact that Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) pavement surface and rubber tires are viscoelastic materials, it is believed that temperature may affect the measured frictional properties. Some researchers have found this effect to be significant; whereas, others have not. Therefore, the effect of temperature on the measured pavement friction remains to be further studied.This paper provides the results of a laboratory study aimed at evaluating the effect of temperature on the measured frictional properties of the HMA surface. The British Pendulum Tester (BPT) was used to measure friction of HMA surfaces at different polishing stages and different temperatures. Statistical analyses were performed to quantify the effect of temperature on the measured friction numbers. The main conclusion of this paper is that temperature is statistically significant in affecting the measured friction values. However, for agencies who desire to record skid number (SN) at a reference temperature for a long-term monitoring purpose, this paper provides a method for converting SN at a given temperature to the SN at the reference temperature.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Reflexive law solutions for factory farm pollution. The Note explains why reflexive law is well-suited to factory farm pollution, identifies the key elements of a successful reflexive law program, and then proposes a series of reflexive law approaches for factory farms that could be enacted independently or in conjunction with more traditional regulation. It recommends immediately supplementing ongoing efforts with reflexive law programs.This Note argues that proponents of factory farm regulation should adopt a new approach, focusing on information-based regulatory tools (so-called \\\\'reflexive law\\\\'). Reflexive law policies mandate the public disclosure of information, whether in the form of raw data, hazard warnings, or environmental labels. In practice, well-crafted reflexive law programs have had a powerful shaming effect on polluters, while also enabling consumers, business partners, and even shareholders to exercise their displeasure with polluting industries and their support for more environmentally responsible companies. Reflexive law is also faster and cheaper to implement than command-and-control regulation, and it represents a more politically palatable approach to the problem of CAFO pollution.Large industrial livestock and poultry farms, known as \\\\'factory farms\\\\' or \\\\'confined animal feeding operations\\\\' (CAFOs), pose serious threats to regional air and water quality. Because the widespread existence of factory farms post-dates our nation's environmental laws, they remain largely exempt from emissions regulation. In recent years, the Environmental Protection Agency, the states, and environmental groups-via citizen suits-have begun to bring CAFOs into the regulatory fold. However, scientific challenges, political gamesmanship, and the time and cost required to craft traditional regulation make the success of these programs uncertain at best.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Emergence of falsified kinetics as a consequence of multi-particle interactions in dense-phase comminution processes. Particle breakage during dense-phase comminution processes is significantly affected by mechanical multi-particle interactions, which are neglected in traditional discrete linear population model (DL-PBM). A discrete non-linear PBM (DNL-PBM) has been recently proposed to account for multi-particle interactions; however, the inverse problem, i.e., the estimation of the model parameters, has not been addressed. In this paper, a method for the estimation of DNL-PBM parameters is presented with a purpose of determining the consequences of neglecting multi-particle interactions in the traditional DL-PBM. The model parameters were obtained from a constrained, non-linear, least-squares minimization of the residuals between comminution data and discrete PBM prediction. Comminution data exhibiting multi-particle interactions were obtained from a DNL-PBM simulation followed by addition of 0%, 10%, and 20% random error. A comprehensive statistical analysis of the goodness of fit and certainty of the parameters was performed to discriminate the models. Using the estimated parameters, predictive capability of both models was further assessed by comparing their prediction with additional computer-generated data obtained with a different feed particle size distribution. The parameter estimation method was shown to be highly accurate and robust. DNL-PBM can predict the influence of different feed conditions better than DL-PBM when multi-particle interactions are significant. This study has demonstrated that neglecting multi-particle interactions in dense-phase comminution processes via the use of DL-PBM can lead to falsified kinetics with erroneous breakage functions. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "Times, spaces, abysses. On the multi-stratification of living as a phenomenological architectural in the full sense. In this paper we try to grasp, in mereological terms, the structure of a subjectivity structured in terms of a multiplicity of architectonical registers, which also corresponds to architectonics as understood in a strong sens, as part of the transcendental theory of elements (and not only a mere part of the transcendental theory of method). We, indeed, carry up until its very last consequences the de-humanization and meontical reduction conducted by Eugen Fink in his VIth Cartesian Meditation and enhanced by the hyperbolic epoche (with its hypothetical invocation of an Evil Genius) introduced by Marc Richir. We, thereupon, will be able to show how and to what extent a new field of concreteness, a multiplicity of architectonical registers, displays itself as the consequent part of a phenomenologizing kinesthesia. This new phenomenological domain yields various forms of concretion beyond what is merely present, and amounts to a virtual extension of the kantian transcendental dialectic to any element of the transcendental field.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Cryogenic radiometer facility of the CENAM and first international comparison. A new modern cryogenic radiometer facility has recently been installed at the Centro National de Metrologia (CENAM), Queretaro, Mexico. The radiometer head is a CryoRad II (CRI Inc., Boston, USA). In a specially designed laboratory with clean-room atmosphere, the facility is now ready for calibrations of detectors with power-stabilized laser radiation. This cryogenic radiometer facility will be the basis for most of the radiometric and photometric calibrations of the CENAM. A first radiometric comparison between the CENAM and the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Germany, was carried out with trap detectors at the He-Ne laser wavelength of 632.8 nm. Two reflection trap detectors, each with three photodiodes, were used: one with 10 mm x 10 mm and the other with 18 mm x 18 mm Si photodiodes. The results were very encouraging. At power levels of about 100 muW the calibrations showed a relative difference of 7 x 10(-5) or even less. The PTB calibrations are based on a modified LaseRad II (CRI) radiometer that has been compared with cryogenic radiometers of other types and from other national metrology institutes.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 32]}
+{"token": "From 'secret' online teen drama to international cult phenomenon: The global expansion of SKAM and its public service mission. This article addresses the production, distribution and global expansion of the online teen drama, SKAM/SHAME (2015-2017), produced by the Norwegian public service broadcaster NRK. The article combines perspectives on transmedia storytelling with production studies and studies of public service broadcasting to investigate the distinct production, publishing and promotion models underpinning SKAM, as well as its public service mission. Furthermore, it addresses SKAM's transition from a 'secret' online teen drama targeting young Norwegians in season one to a global cult phenomenon with viewers and fans in all age groups and on all continents in seasons three and four and relates this expansion to recent shifts within the television industry.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Interface delamination analysis of TQFP package during solder reflow. Interface delamination during solder reflow is a critical reliability problem for the plastic IC packages. The main objective of this study is to apply modified virtual crack closure method (MVCCM) for the analysis of interface delamination between the leadframe pad and the encapsulant during a lead-free solder reflow after the level 1 moisture preconditioning. In this study, the moisture diffusion parameters and the coefficient of moisture expansion (CME) of two different epoxy molding compounds (EMC) are characterized for moisture diffusion analysis and the deformation analysis due to hygroscopic swelling. At the same time, the entire thermal and moisture history of Thin Quad Flat Pack (TQFP) package is simulated from the start of level 1 moisture preconditioning (85 degrees C/85%RH for 168 h) to subsequent exposure to a lead-free solder reflow process. Finally, the transient development of the stress intensity factors due to thermal stress only K-t hygrostress only K-h, vapor pressure only K-p and combined energy release rate G(tot) are computed and studied by using MVCCM. Based on the calculated stress intensity factors and energy release rates, it seems that for the EMC, the Young's modulus, moisture diffusion coefficient, CME and adhesion strength with leadframe at high temperature appear to be the most significant variables for the MSL performance of TQFP package and this matches well with the experimental finding. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 32]}
+{"token": "Cooperative jamming-based physical-layer security of cooperative cognitive radio networks: system model and enabling techniques. The aim of this work is to improve the secrecy capacity of primary users (PUs), meanwhile, spectrum utilisation and energy efficiency are considered. the authors present a communication system model with secondary users (SUs). The SUs are provided access to the spectrum. Also, by means of beamforming, their signals will not interfere the PUs but eavesdropper, and the PUs' transmissions are protected. By leveraging the SUs instead of traditional jamming nodes can also make the energy efficiency higher. They formulate the system model, signalling plan, and key enabling techniques to enhance the spectrum efficiency and PUs' physical-layer security with SUs' participation. They provide theoretic analysis of a sum capacity maximisation under a certain power constraint to evaluate the performance of this system. Numerical results show that the proposed scheme not only improves PU's secrecy capacity but also enhances the spectrum utilisation.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Quantitative Imaging of Ion Transport through Single Nanopores by High-Resolution Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. Here we report on the unprecedentedly high resolution imaging of ion transport through single nanopores by scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). The quantitative SECM image of single nanopores allows for the determination of their structural properties, including their density, shape, and size, which are essential for understanding the permeability of the entire nanoporous membrane. Nanoscale spatial resolution was achieved by scanning a 17 nm radius pipet tip at a distance as low as 1.3 nm from a highly porous nanocrystalline silicon membrane in order to obtain the peak current response controlled by the nanopore-mediated diffusional transport of tetrabutylammonium ions to the nanopipet-supported liquid liquid interface. A 280 nm X 500 nm image resolved 13 nanopores, which corresponds to a high density of 93 nanopores/mu m(2). A finite element simulation of the SECM image was performed to assess quantitatively the spatial resolution limited by the tip diameter in resolving two adjacent pores and to determine the actual size of a nanopore, which was approximated as an elliptical cylinder with a depth of 30 nm and major and minor axes of 53 and 41 nm, respectively. These structural parameters were consistent with those determined by transmission electron microscopy, thereby confirming the reliability of quantitative SECM imaging at the nanoscale level.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Evaluation of the needs of male carriers of mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 who have undergone genetic counseling. To date, the concerns of men at risk of inheriting a BRCA1 mutation or a BRCA2 mutation have received little attention, It had been anticipated that few men would be interested in predictive testing when a BRCA mutation was identified in their family. However, these men are often affected emotionally by diagnoses of breast cancer in their relatives and may themselves harbor fears that cancer will develop. Male carriers of BRCA1/2 mutations are at increased risk of development of cancers of several types, including those of the breast and prostate. We conducted an evaluation of the needs and experiences of 59 male carriers of BRCA1/2 mutations followed at either the University of Toronto or Creighton University. We assessed their motivations for seeking genetic counseling and testing, involvement in family discussions of breast and ovarian cancer, risk perception, changes in cancer-screening practices, and overall satisfaction with the genetic-counseling process. The principal motivation for seeking genetic counseling was concern for their daughters. The majority (88%) of men participated in family conversations about breast and ovarian cancer, and 47% participated in conversations about prophylactic surgery. Most men believed that they were at increased risk of development of cancer (prostate, breast, colorectal, and skin cancers). However, fewer than one-half (43%) of the men with no previous diagnosis of cancer stated that their prostate cancer-surveillance practices had changed after they had received genetic test results. More than one-half (55%) had intrusive thoughts about their cancer risk. Although levels of satisfaction were high, practitioners should be aware of (a) potential pressures influencing men to request predictive testing, (b) the difficulties that men encounter in establishing surveillance regimens for breast and prostate cancer, and (c) the general lack of information about men's particular experiences in the medical community.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Thickness effect on thermally induced phase transformations in sputtered titanium-nickel shape-memory films. The effect of the film thickness on the phase transformations encountered in sputtered titanium-nickel (TiNi) shape-memory films due to thermal cycling in the temperature range of -150 to 150 degrees C was examined in the context of electrical resistivity (ER) measurements. A hysteresis in the ER response was observed for film thickness greater than 300 nm. This phenomenon is characteristic of shape-memory materials and is attributed to the rhombohedral (R) phase produced during cooling from the high-temperature cubic austenite phase to the low-temperature monoclinic martensite phase. The decrease of the TiNi film thickness below 300 nm resulted in a smaller ER hysteresis, leading eventually to its disappearance for film thickness less than similar to 50 nm. The results indicate that spatial constraints introduced by the film surface and film/substrate interface generate a resistance force, which prevents lattice distortion and twinning. The inhibition of these mechanisms, which control self-accommodation R-phase transformation, leads to the suppression and eventual disappearance of the shape memory effect for film thickness less than similar to 100 nm.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "Joint electromagnetic and seismic inversion using structural constraints. We have developed a frequency-domain joint electromagnetic (EM) and seismic inversion algorithm for reservoir evaluation and exploration applications. EM and seismic data are jointly inverted using a cross-gradient constraint that enforces structural similarity between the conductivity image and the compressional wave (P-wave) velocity image. The inversion algorithm is based on a Gauss-Newton optimization approach. Because of the ill-posed nature of the inverse problem, regularization is used to constrain the solution. The multiplicative regularization technique selects the regularization parameters automatically, improving the robustness of the algorithm. A multifrequency data-weighting scheme prevents the high-frequency data from dominating the inversion process. When the joint-inversion algorithm is applied in integrating marine controlled-source electromagnetic data with surface seismic data for subsea reservoir exploration applications and in integrating crosswell EM and sonic data for reservoir monitoring and evaluation applications, results improve significantly over those obtained from separate EM or seismic inversions.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Lightning Stroke Localization - A Time-Domain Approach Based on Evolutionary Optimization. In this article we analyze a localization problem based on evolutionary optimization algorithms and an analytical electromagnetic-field-to-line coupling model. A computationally efficient, analytical model for calculating time-domain lightning-induced voltages serves as the forward solver in the optimization process. The model takes into account electric permittivity and conductivity of a lossy ground. The inverse problem is solved with the aid of a single-objective global optimization algorithm. It is demonstrated that the covariant matrix adaptation - evolution strategy algorithm shows the best performance among considered state-of-the-art algorithms. The influence of other problem parameters, e.g., the size of the search space, the fluctuation of the return-stroke pulsewidth and amplitude, and the presence of noise, on the localization error is discussed. While the growing size of the search domain has a significant impact on the convergence properties of the optimization process, this is not the case for the signal distortion, whose influence can be virtually neglected.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
+{"token": "Do anti-poverty policies sway voters? Evidence from a meta-analysis of Conditional Cash Transfers. Since the 1990s, many governments in middle and low-income countries have used conditional cash transfers to alleviate poverty. However, the evidence of the electoral consequences of this type of anti-poverty intervention remains inconclusive. Do voters reward politicians when they implement conditional cash transfers? This study conducts a meta-analysis using a sample of 10 randomized controlled trials and regression discontinuity designs (35 estimates from six countries in Latin America and Asia) to address this question. The result shows a positive effect of conditional cash transfers on voter support for the incumbents and no evidence of publication bias in the selected sample. Estimated effect sizes tend to be larger in observational studies, unpublished manuscripts, and articles published in political science. These results provide more conclusive evidence that poor voters also respond to non-clientelistic strategies of electoral targeting in developing countries.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Oral genres: concepts and complexities. This chapter explores the notion of \\\\'genre\\\\' in the oral medium. Despite the importance of style and of situational factors in sociolinguistics, genre has not been central to sociolinguistic debate, particularly as regards spoken discourse. Moreover, most research on oral genres relates to the English language: with the exception of Spanish, the Romance languages have not featured strongly. After a discussion of theoretical and methodological issues, the core of this chapter will explore the complexities around the concept of \\\\'oral genres\\\\' through a series of case studies from French. Analysing a range of features across several corpora of different varieties of oral French, it will focus, in particular, on the notion of \\\\'hybridity\\\\', widely acknowledged as a core property of spoken genres, and on the relationship between genre, register and medium. The chapter will end with a discussion of future avenues for research.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Unraveling the mystery of feline cholangiohepatitis. Inflammatory diseases, such as cholangiohepatitis, are the second most common cause of feline liver disorders. Cholangiohepatitis is characterized by inflammation of the bile ducts and, secondarily, the local hepatic parenchymal tissue. This disease is often accompanied by inflammatory bowel disease or pancreatitis. The chronic vomiting associated with inflammatory bowel disease increases intraduodenal pressure and potentiates pancreatic reflux, thereby allowing the ascension of inflammatory infiltrates into the biliary and hepatic systems.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "ON THE RELEVANCE OF SCRIPT WRITING BASICS IN AUDIOVISUAL TRANSLATION PRACTICE AND TRAINING. Audiovisual texts possess characteristics that clearly differentiate audiovisual translation from both oral and written translation, and prospective screen translators are usually taught about the issues that typically arise in audiovisual translation. This article argues for the development of an interdisciplinary approach that brings together Translation Studies and Film Studies, which would prepare future audiovisual translators to work with the nature and structure of a script in mind, in addition to the study of common and diverse translational aspects. Focusing on film, the article briefly discusses the nature and structure of scripts, and identifies key points in the development and structuring of a plot. These key points and various potential hurdles are illustrated with examples from the films Chinatown and La habitacion de Fermat. The second part of this article addresses some implications for teaching audiovisual translation.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Effect of alley cropping of white popinac (Leucaena latisiliqua) on crop productivity and soil fertility under rainfed condition. A field experiment was conducted during 1981-82 to 1990-91 on a clay soil to study the effect of alley cropping of white popinac [Leucaena latisiliqua L.] Gillis; syn L. leucocephala (L.) de Wit] with field crop of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], sorghum + pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] and pigeonpea + blackgram (Phaseolus mungo L.) on crop productivity and soil fertility under rainfed condition. Hedge rows of white popinac at 3.75 m spacing grown with field crops reduced the grain yield of sorghum, sorghum + pigeonpea and pigeonpea + blackgram by 12.4, 13.6 and 16.9% respectively compared with the expected reduction of 20%. But the reduction in green-fodder yield of white popinac was 65.4, 73.6 and 63.0% compared with the expected reduction of 80% sole cropping at 0.75 m spacing. The values of land-equivalent ratio of 1.20-1.22 under white popinac grown with field crops were higher than of sole cropping. White popinac with sorghum + pigeonpea intercropping gave overall higher yield advantage by producing higher biomass as grain and fodder. Field crops with white popinac also improved the soil-fertility status by increasing the organic carbon, and the available N and P content of soils.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Weed-Competitive Ability of Teff (Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter) Varieties. Teff is a staple and well adapted crop in Ethiopia. Weed competition and control have major effects on yields and economic returns of the crop in the country. Among the weed management methods, development and use of weed competitive teff varieties remain the cheapest and most sustainable weed management option. Ten teff varieties were tested for their weed competitive ability in two locations. Treatments were applied using a split plot design with three blocks at each location for two consecutive seasons. Hand weeding and non-weeded treatments were applied to whole plot treatments with teff varieties assigned as split plots within the whole plot. The main objective was to determine relative competitive ability among teff varieties. Results showed that teff varieties showed significant variation in their weed competitive abilities. The varieties 'Kora' and 'DZ-Cr-387' significantly reduced weed density, dry weight, and cover more than the other teff varieties. They also had the lowest yield losses with a loss of 6% in biomass yield and 18% in grain yield recorded from 'Kora' and a loss of 17% in biomass yield and 21% in grain yield recorded from 'DZ-Cr-387'. Therefore, they showed the highest weed competitive ability compared to the other varieties.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "The Inductive Power Transfer Story at the University of Auckland. Inductive power transfer (IPT) is now recognised as one of the 'hottest' research areas in Electrical Engineering combining the EE foundation studies of electricity and magnetism with power electronics and microprocessor control. But this acceptance is very recent - as recently as 20 years ago IPT was widely supposed to be completely impractical and papers on it were in very short supply. This paper describes how one research group at the University of Auckland went from power electronics and motor control to international recognition in IPT over these past 20 years. It is a simple story combining technology and people and especially people with the vision to see what can be done and how systems can be built on those principles to offer solutions to engineering problems that hitherto had no possibility of a solution. The paper covers the story in a people oriented foreword that describes the original development from serendipity to a Daifuku prototype, and then as a more conventional paper from that prototype to a wide variety of IPT systems up to the possibility of roadway at power levels of 10-30 kW or more, with high efficiency and wide tolerance to misalignment.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "THE TEACHING OF QUANTUM PHYSICS: A COMPARISON OF THREE COUNTRIES. In the teaching of quantum theory at intermediate levels, teacher education and university careers is a major topic. This paper presents some of the researchers' studies on this subject, carried out jointly with their colleagues from Spain, Argentina, and Colombia, in this temporal order. The methodology used was the analysis of current mid-level curricula, teacher training techniques, textbooks, and semi-structured interviews with teachers. A reflection is added on some didactic transformation proposals in which the researchers participated. It is very interesting that, besides the differences in time and training systems, there seems to be much similarity in the difficulties encountered in the educational reality of this subject-they both face strong prejudice and lack of complex approaches that can facilitate their evolution.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "The key role of repeated DNAs in sex chromosome evolution in two fish species with ZW sex chromosome system. Despite substantial progress, there are still several gaps in our knowledge about the process of sex chromosome differentiation. The degeneration of sex-specific chromosome in some species is well documented, but it is not clear if all species follow the same evolutionary pathway. The accumulation of repetitive DNA sequences, however, is a common feature. To better understand this involvement, fish species emerge as excellent models because they exhibit a wide variety of sex chromosome and sex determining systems. Besides, they have much younger sex chromosomes compared to higher vertebrates, making it possible to follow early steps of differentiation. Here, we analyzed the arrangement of 9 repetitive DNA sequences in the W chromosomes of 2 fish species, namely Leporinus reinhardti and Triportheus auritus, which present well-differentiated ZZ/ZW sex system, but differ in respect to the size of the sex-specific chromosome. Both W chromosomes are almost fully heterochromatic, with accumulation of repeated DNAs in their heterochromatic regions. We found that microsatellites have strongly accumulated on the large W chromosome of L. reinhardti but not on the reduced-size W chromosome of T. auritus and are therefore important players of the W chromosome expansion. The present data highlight that the evolution of the sex chromosomes can diverge even in the same type of sex system, with and without the degeneration of the specific-sex chromosome, being more dynamic than traditionally appreciated.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Factors Perceived as Influencing Local Health Department Involvement in Mental Health. Results: Respondents perceived mental health as a public health issue and expressed that it has emerged as a priority through community health needs assessment processes, such as those conducted for health department accreditation. However, most LHDs were not substantively engaged in population mental health activities because of limited resources, knowledge, data, and hesitancy to infringe upon the territory of local behavioral health agencies. LHDs and local behavioral health agencies had difficulty communicating and collaborating because of divergent perspectives and financing arrangements.Methods: Twenty-one semi-structured interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of LHD officials and analyzed using thematic content analysis in 2014-2015. Transcripts were double coded, inter-rater reliability statistics were calculated, and categories with kappa >= 0.60 were retained.Conclusions: LHD officials are eager to embrace population mental health, but resources, training and education, and systems-level changes are needed. Contemporary reforms to the structure and financing of the U.S. health system offer opportunities to address these challenges. (C) 2016 American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Introduction: Local health departments (LHDs) are potentially well positioned to implement population-based approaches to mental health promotion, but research indicates that most LHDs are not substantively engaged in activities to address mental health. Little is known about factors that influence if and how LHDs address population mental health. The objectives of this qualitative study were to (1) understand how LHD officials perceive population mental health; (2) identify factors that influence these perceptions and LHD activities to address population mental health; and (3) develop an empirically derived conceptual framework of LHD engagement in population mental health.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Evaluating the effects of protection on Paracentrotus lividus distribution in two contrasting habitats. Paracentrotus lividus was sampled at seven locations within the Gulf of Alghero (North West Sardinia) where the Capo Caccia-Isola Piana MPA (Marine Protected Area) is sited: 1 location was sited in Zone A, where no harvesting of P. lividus is allowed (NH), 3 locations were sited in Zone B, where harvesting is restricted (RH), and the other 3 were located outside the MPA where no restrictions apply to sea urchin harvesting (UH). For each combination of habitat x location, R lividus density was assessed in 10 replicates using quadrats of 1 x 1 m and the size of 20 individuals (test diameter without spines) was measured. Finally, the specimens were grouped into size-classes to examine frequency distributions at each location. Sampling was performed at the end of the sea urchin harvesting period (April-May 2006). Analyses of data have highlighted significant variability among locations for both response variables. In both habitats, no differences were found in Paracentrotus lividus abundance among levels of protection (NH vs. RH vs. UH), while a significantly higher size was found in NH rather than in RH and UH locations. Differential direct and indirect effects of protection on P. lividus size is discussed. Also, P lividus size seemed dependent on the habitat being quite larger in Posidonia oceanica than in the rocky reefs. This finding suggests that settlement and recruitment could be more highly successful events in rocky habitats, and that in P. oceanica meadows large-sized immigrants coming from the rocky habitat contribute to the population structure. The need to define the role of the P. oceanica habitat is also discussed. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.The sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus is common in the Mediterranean in shallow subtidal rocky habitats and in Posidonia oceanica beds. The aim of this study is to investigate whether protection has the same effect on the population structure of P lividus occurring in rocky reef habitats and in R oceanica beds. These results are important to generate hypotheses about the influence of human harvesting, predatory pressure and migration processes on R lividus in the two habitats.", "label": [4, 42, 36]}
+{"token": "Joint Social-Aware and Mobility-Aware Computation Offloading in Heterogeneous Mobile Edge Computing. With increasing computation-intensive tasks of various applications running on mobile devices, the limitation of computing resources and battery capacity on mobile devices makes it impossible to meet the users' Quality of Service (QoS). Fortunately, with the emergence of mobile edge computing (MEC), mobile devices can offload tasks to edge servers to efficiently solve the above problems. However, meeting the users' QoS requirements with the help of deployed MEC facilities is still challenging since mobile users' service demands vary depending on their dynamic location. In addition, increasing the number of edge servers to meet the requirements of applications would burden the initial investment and maintenance fee accordingly. In this case, using idle resources from nearby mobiles may become an effective solution. Most of the existing works do not consider the mobility of devices and users' willingness to share. Therefore, in this paper, we propose the mobile device selection algorithms (MDSA), in which the social relationship, location correlation, and mobile activity of mobile devices were considered in the selection of target mobile devices, providing device-to-device offloading. In addition, we propose the joint social-aware and mobility-aware computation offloading algorithm (JSMCO) based on the improved Kuhn-Munkres (KM) algorithm to obtain a resource allocation strategy that minimizes the energy consumption while satisfying the minimum latency condition. The proposed algorithms have been verified to reduce the offloading success rate and decrease the users' time and energy consumption in extended real datasets.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 37]}
+{"token": "Geometry-Dependent Surface Plasmonic Properties and Dielectric Sensitivity of Bimetallic Au@Pd Nanorods. Bimetallic nanoparticles have attracted increasing interest because of their unique optical, electronic, magnetic, and catalytic properties which are different from that of their individual constituent metals. In this paper, we report a facile route to the synthesis of Pd-covered and Pd-tipped gold nanorods (AuNRs). And finite-different time-domain (FDTD) is also applied to simulate the longitudinal surface plasmon resonance (SPRL) characteristics for two different layered growth modes. The simulated absorption spectra agree with the experimental results. For the Pd-covered AuNRs, it is found that the SPRL shows a red-shift with shell thickness less than 2 nm. And then, the SPRL blue-shifts and gradually approaches to the absorption peak of Pd nanocuboids with increasing Pd shell thickness. While the SPRL of Pd-tipped AuNRs red-shifts with increasing Pd tip-particle size, it is revealed that the bimetallic Au@Pd NRs have higher refractive index sensitivities than that of AuNR cores. The tunable SPRL and higher refractive index sensitivities of bimetallic Au@Pd NRs may lead to great potential applications in many Pd-catalyzed reactions and provide an important reference of Pd nanostructures for SPR-based sensing.", "label": [4, 1, 33, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "Measurement of Retinal Blood Flow in Normal Chinese-American Subjects by Doppler Fourier-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography. PURPOSE. To measure total retinal blood flow (TRBF) in normal, healthy Chinese Americans by using semi-automated analysis of Doppler Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT) scans.METHODS. Two hundred sixty-six normal, healthy Chinese-American participants (266 eyes) were enrolled from The Chinese American Eye Study. All participants underwent complete ophthalmic examination, including best-corrected visual acuity, indirect ophthalmoscopy, and Doppler FD-OCT imaging, using the circumpapillary double circular scan protocol. Total retinal blood flow and other vascular parameters (e.g., venous and arterial cross-sectional area and their velocities) were calculated by using Doppler OCT of Retinal Circulation software. Associations between TRBF and other clinical parameters were assessed by using bivariate correlations and linear regression.CONCLUSIONS. Normal Doppler OCT-derived total retinal blood values in a Chinese-American population showed considerable variability, some of which was explained by age. These observations should help design future studies evaluating TRBF in populations with eye disease.RESULTS. The mean age of study participants was 57.40 +/- 5.60 (range, 50-82) years. The mean TRBF was 49.34 +/- 10.08 (range, 27.17-78.08, 95% confidence interval: 25.98-69.10) mu L/min. The mean venous area was 0.0548 (+/- 0.0084) mm(2). Superior retinal hemispheric blood flow (25.50 +/- 6.62 mu L/min) was slightly greater than inferior retinal hemispheric blood flow (23.84 +/- 7.19 mu L/min, P = 0.008). The mean flow velocity was 15.16 +/- 3.12 mm/s. There was a weak but significant negative correlation between TRBF and age (r = -0.15, P = 0.012). No significant correlation was found between TRBF and axial length (r = 0.11, P = 0.08). Retinal blood flow was not significantly correlated with any other clinical parameters, including body mass index, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and intraocular pressure.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "The art of value creation strategy Evidence from a Chinese state-owned enterprise. Design/methodology/approach - The paper adopts a case study approach through personal reflection, 16 interviews with middle managers and employees, and collection of the company's internal documents.Purpose - This paper aims to provide a rich description of the contents and process of implementing the value creation strategy at a Chinese state-owned company, Zhujiang Iron and Steel Company (ZISCo), and to identify the pattern of such an implementation process.Findings - The steps and pattern of implementing value creation at ZISCo are identified by starting at a key function production, then expanding to other functions. Hard issues (functional value creation activities) as well as soft issues (organisational culture and Hit policies) are tackled in the implementation process.Research limitations/implications - The paper is based on a single case study, thus limiting the scope for generalising its findings. Practical issues in the implementation process are discussed, such as the identification of the leverage points and the influencing factors for creating value.Originality/value - The paper provides a rich description of value creation in a highly successful Chinese firm. It offers practical guidance for managers to enhance their organisation's competitive advantage.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "Effect of prevention of lung inflation on metamorphosis and respiration in the developing bullfrog tadpole, Rana catesbeiana. We tested the hypothesis that respiratory development would be retarded in tadpoles reared in aquaria in which a barrier prevented access to the air-water interface. To test this hypothesis, we examined swimming behavior and respiration in intact tadpoles and gill and lung respiratory activity and central chemosensory responses in an in vitro brainstem preparation. The \\\\'barrier\\\\' tadpoles had significantly lower resting gill frequencies and higher lung breath attempts than control tadpoles at the same metamorphic stage. Control tadpoles swam greater distances and spent more time in the upper one third of the aquaria, while barrier tadpoles spent significantly more time at the bottom of the aquaria. There was significantly greater mortality for barrier tadpoles compared to control animals in the earliest and latest metamorphic stages. Mean body weight was significantly greater, and metamorphic rate was reduced in barrier tadpoles. Neither control nor barrier tadpole brainstem preparations demonstrated a gill ventilatory response to CO2; however, both control and barrier preparations possessed significant lung frequency responses to central CO2 chemoreceptor stimulation. Bath application of the GABA(A) and glycine receptor antagonists, bicuculline and strychnine, had greater effects on control tadpole gill burst activity and produced a similar large-amplitude bursting pattern in both control and barrier tadpoles, that was insensitive to CO2 chemoreceptor stimulation. We conclude that development of the respiratory pattern was perturbed by the barrier, but the major effect was on gill ventilation rather than lung ventilation as we had expected.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Organization Resources in Cold Storage Facilities and their Relations with the Implementation of Environmental Sustainability Strategies: the Marfrig Alimetos SA Group case. The aim of the paper is to specify, according to the classification used by Barney (1991) and Hall (1992), the tangible and intangible resources used by an organization to establish its environmental strategies. The study was carried out in corporation Seara Marfrig, which includes the poultry and pork division of the Marfrig S.A. Group and is responsible for managing brands Seara, Mabella, DaGranja, Pena Branca, and has 30 plants located in various states of Brazil. As to the approach, this research work is focused on the qualitative aspect and uses the technique of semi-structured interviews and secondary collection of data from the company website. As for the procedures, it is classified as a case study. It was found that theres is a predominance of intangible resources that are mobilized to enable the environmental strategy. Other features considered essential in this context of analysis and which were mentioned by respondents consist of culture, reputation, intellectual capital, knowledge, innovation, quality, reputation, brand, and finances. We conclude that the resources with value and rarity are capable of replication, but throughout a longer period of time and are linked to the culture and organizational routines specific to the company. Therefore, the contribution of this research is - from a monitoring exercise in an organization of the cold storage industry - a better understanding of the relations between the use of its resources and the implementation of environmental strategies in companies.", "label": [5, 44, 46]}
+{"token": "Nanostructured anion exchange membranes based on poly(arylene piperidinium) with bis-cation strings for diffusion dialysis in acid recovery. A series of anion exchange membranes (AEMs) based on poly(arylene piperidinium) with bis-cation strings were prepared by a simple synthetic method for diffusion dialysis (DD). Through Menshutkin reaction, 1-(6-bromohexyl)-1-methylpiperidinium bromide was grafted onto the hydrophobic poly(arylene piperidine) backbone to produce side-chain-type AEMs with bis-piperidinium strings (QPBPipXAc). The self-assembled nanostructure of these AEMs was verified by SAXS and AFM images. The properties and DD performance of QPBPipXAc AEMs with different contents of bis-piperidinium ionic groups were systematically studied, including mechanical properties, ionic conductivity, thermal stability. The prepared AEMs demonstrated favorable overall properties due to the formation of self-assembled nanostructured hydrophilic-hydrophobic phase separation morphology. The hydrophilic domains provide more efficient ion transport channels for high acid flux, whereas the hydrophobic domains restrict the AEMs swelling and Fe2+ ion transport. The prepared QPBPipXAc AEMs displayed high H+ dialysis coefficients (U-H(+), 10 x 10(-3) 65 x 10(-3) m/h) and separation coefficients (S, 15.67-25.38). Compared with the commercial membrane DF-120 (U-H(+) = 9 x 10(-3) m/h, S = 18.5), the prepared AEMs have better diffusion dialysis performance, indicating that they could be the potential candidates for application for acid recovery.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "The present and advance in transcriptomics of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Transcriptomics studies the variety, structure, function and regulation of all transcripts in a given cell and in a given time. It provides a novel procedure for revealing the molecular mechanism and regulatory network of different development stages of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. The progress of isolation, identification and function study of tumor susceptibility/suppressor gene, gene transcription profiling and transcription regulatory networks have been introduced.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Approximation of a function given by its Laurent series. Approximants are defined for a function which is holomorphic in an annulus. They are shown to have good qualitative properties when f is meromorphic with a fixed number of poles in the annulus. Their denominators are linked to the reverse orthogonal polynomials of dimension 2, or orthogonal polynomials of dimension -2, following the choice of the parameters. Their numerators then follow the same recurrence relation as the denominators.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Heterospecific infanticide among sympatric peccaries in Costa Rica. We observed white-lipped peccaries (Tayassu pecari) killing infant collared peccaries (Pecari tajacu) on the Osa Peninsula of Costa Rica. Camera trap data indicated high overlap of peccary activity periods, but spatio-temporal avoidance of white-lipped peccaries by collared peccaries. Heterospecific infanticide is unknown among ungulates, but could be an important factor in reinforcing niche partitioning. Abstract in Spanish is available with online material.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Hans-Jorg Rheinberger on Biological Time Scales. H.-J. Rheinberger (in Rheinberger 2002) analyzed the history of biological time concepts in very short compass. He begins with Newtonian time and Buffon's attempts to handle biological time. He then suggests an architectonic structure to account for three distinctive sorts of biological time. I summarize Rheinberger's account in this valuable essay, but criticize the architectonic as overly hierarchical (though Rheinberger also recognized relevant reticulation within the article) and for failing to appreciate sufficiently the interweaving of time scales in biological interactions.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Rigid and remodelled: cerebrovascular structure and function after experimental high-thoracic spinal cord transection. High-thoracic or cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) is associated with several critical clinical conditions related to impaired cerebrovascular health, including: 300-400% increased risk of stroke, cognitive decline and diminished cerebral blood flow regulation. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of high-thoracic (T3 spinal segment) SCI on cerebrovascular structure and function, as well as molecular markers of profibrosis. Seven weeks after complete T3 spinal cord transection (T3-SCI, n=15) or sham injury (Sham, n=10), rats were sacrificed for either middle cerebral artery (MCA) structure and function assessments viaex vivo pressure myography, or immunohistochemical analyses. Myogenic tone was unchanged, but over a range of transmural pressures, inward remodelling occurred after T3-SCI with a 40% reduction in distensibility (both P<0.05), and a 33% reduction in vasoconstrictive reactivity to 5-HT trending toward significance (P=0.09). After T3-SCI, the MCA had more collagen I (42%), collagen III (24%), transforming growth factor (47%) and angiotensin II receptor type 2 (132%), 27% less elastin as well as concurrent increased wall thickness and reduced lumen diameter (all P<0.05). Sympathetic innervation (tyrosine hydroxylase-positive axon density) and endothelium-dependent dilatation (carbachol) of the MCA were not different between groups. This study demonstrates profibrosis and hypertrophic inward remodelling within the largest cerebral artery after high-thoracic SCI, leading to increased stiffness and possibly impaired reactivity. These deleterious adaptations would substantially undermine the capacity for regulation of cerebral blood flow and probably underlie several cerebrovascular clinical conditions in the SCI population.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "ISOZYME COMPARISONS OF SEPTORIA ISOLATES ASSOCIATED WITH CITRUS IN AUSTRALIA AND THE UNITED-STATES. Septoria cultures isolated from citrus have sometimes been referred to in Australia as S. depressa and in the United States only as S. citri.  However, it is not clear whether S. depressa and S. citri are the same or different species.  To help determine the answer, isozymes of Septoria isolated from citrus in Australia and the United States were compared.  Of 28 isolates studied (18 from Australia and 10 from the United States, spanning the observed morphological variation in each country) for 25 enzymes, only one isolate (AUS 335) from Australia was markedly different.  The average coefficient of similarity comparing all possible pairs of isolates, except AUS 335, was 0.97, indicating little isozyme variation.  Twenty-three of 25 enzymes had no detectable variation in these isolates.  The average coefficient of similarity comparing AUS 335 to other isolates was 0.58.  Based on the data, these isolates (except the aberrant isolate AUS 335) are of the same species.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Temporal and spatial variability in the macrozoobenthic community along a salinity gradient in the Castillos Lagoon (Uruguay). The macrozoobenthic community of the Castillos Lagoon system (East Coast of Uruguay) was sampled during autumn, winter, spring and summer of 1991, in order to describe the community structure and the spatial and temporal patterns of distribution. Eleven sampling stations were distributed along a salinity gradient in a north-south direction (8 replicates were collected at each station). The maximum density of organisms was found at the central part of the lagoon (stations 6 and 7) where the bivalve Erodona mactroides and gastropod Heleobia australis were dominants. No significant correlation between the overall abundance of organisms and salinity could be demonstrated (r = 0.43, p > 0.1). However, a reduction in organism abundance between the autumn and the summer coincided with a marked drop in salinity. Falling levels of dissolved oxygen could have influenced the decreasing density of organisms (r = 0.75, p < 0.05). Species richness and diversity were correlated (p < 0.1) with salinity but the degree of correlation was not uniformly significant between sampling periods.", "label": [4, 42, 36]}
+{"token": "Seroprevalence of East Coast fever in Central Equatoria State, South Sudan. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2005 in different cattle camps in Juba, Mongolia and Terekeka localities of Central Equatoria State, South Sudan. Serum samples were collected from 514 cattle of different age groups. Samples were analysed using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with commercially available polymorphic immunodominant molecule (PIM) ELISA kits. The overall serological prevalence of Theileria parva was 70.8% (364/514). The highest rate of prevalence was observed in Mangalla (91.2%) and the lowest in Juba (61.8%), with Terekeka recording 71.8%. Regarding the age groups, older cattle (over four years of age) showed a significantly higher rate of prevalence (p>0.001) than calves (below one year of age). The implications of these results in the overall epidemiology of East Coast fever in South Sudan are discussed and possible recommendations for future implementation of disease control measures are outlined.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Shock Mach Number Estimates Using Incomplete Measurements. The Mach number is one of the most important parameters of collisionless shocks. The accuracy of its observational determination is compromised by several complications. Incomplete measurements of plasma parameters significantly contribute to the uncertainty, along with the errors of the normal determination. A set of CLUSTER observed shocks is analyzed using several methods for finding the shock normal and to circumvent the shortcomings of the plasma data. A relation between the maximum magnetic compression and the Alfvenic Mach number is established. It is proposed as a proxy for the Mach number estimate when measurements are incomplete.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "CLIPS (Communication Learning in Practice for Scientists): A New Online Resource Leverages Assessment to Help Students and Academics Improve Science Communication. The ability to communicate is a crucial graduate outcome for science students; however, crowded curricula and large class sizes make it difficult to find time to explicitly teach foundational communication skills. In response to these challenges, we developed an online resource called Communication Learning in Practice for Scientists, or CLIPS. CLIPS provides a multi-point mentoring model that has allowed us to successfully integrate the teaching and learning of a complex set of tacitly-understood skills across multiple scientific disciplines. It also provides a flexible way for industry experts, academics, and students to learn from one another's experiences of, and expertise in, science communication. CLIPS leverages the student focus on assessment; students access CLIPS for pragmatic, detailed, and consistent advice when undertaking assessment tasks. In creating CLIPS, our philosophy was that communication is the core business of any scientific practice, not an add-on after the event. Extensive, repeated use of CLIPS by both students and academics indicates that the resource and its delivery model are considered useful, respected, and impactful for, and by, the intended audiences. We have provided CLIPS to the science education community through www.clips.edu.au.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "The role of podocytes in the early detection of pre-eclampsia. Results: The results suggest that the expression of podocyte specific proteins, podocalyxin, podocin, nephrin and synaptopodin, is identifiable and quantifiable from midstream urine in healthy normotensive pregnant women. Cytospin was more efficient in determining the podocyte specific protein expression levels and podocalyxin was the most sensitive marker, with a Kappa coefficient of 0.23.Main outcome measured: Are the podocyte specific proteins, podocalyxin, podocin, nephrin and synaptopodin able to detect pre-eclampsia prior to the development of clinical signs as measured by two separate techniques.Methods: Midstream urine specimens were collected from 18 normotensive healthy primigravidae at their first antenatal visit. Urinary podocyte immunolabelling was performed by two techniques viz., culture and cytospin on urine from normotensive and clinically healthy pregnant women.Introduction: Pre-eclampsia is a significant cause of maternal and neonatal mortality and morbidity in resource constrained countries. Because the exact aetiology is unknown, treatment of preeclampsia is empiric. Therefore, researchers have been investigating biomarkers for early detection of the syndrome to take steps to prevent complications. The kidney is reported to be affected by the preeclamptic process before clinical signs appear. Podocytes have been suggested as possible markers for this syndrome. However there is debate as to which is the best way to measure the amount of podocyturia.Objective: To determine the best method to estimate podocyturia as a biomarker.Conclusions: These findings suggest that immuno-expression of podocyturia are best detected by the cytospin method. (C) 2011 International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Comparison of selective genotyping strategies for prediction of breeding values in a population undergoing selection. Genomewide marker information can improve the reliability of breeding value predictions for young selection candidates in genomic selection. However, the cost of genotyping limits its use to elite animals, and how such selective genotyping affects predictive ability of genomic selection models is an open question. We performed a simulation study to evaluate the quality of breeding value predictions for selection candidates based on different selective genotyping strategies in a population undergoing selection. The genome consisted of 10 chromosomes of 100 cM each. After 5,000 generations of random mating with a population size of 100 (50 males and 50 females), generation G(0) (reference population) was produced via a full factorial mating between the 50 males and 50 females from generation 5,000. Different levels of selection intensities (animals with the largest yield deviation value) in G(0) or random sampling (no selection) were used to produce offspring of G(0) generation (G(1)). Five genotyping strategies were used to choose 500 animals in G(0) to be genotyped: 1) Random: randomly selected animals, 2) Top: animals with largest yield deviation values, 3) Bottom: animals with lowest yield deviations values, 4) Extreme: animals with the 250 largest and the 250 lowest yield deviations values, and 5) Less Related: less genetically related animals. The number of individuals in G(0) and G(1) was fixed at 2,500 each, and different levels of heritability were considered (0.10, 0.25, and 0.50). Additionally, all 5 selective genotyping strategies (Random, Top, Bottom, Extreme, and Less Related) were applied to an indicator trait in generation G(0), and the results were evaluated for the target trait in generation G(1), with the genetic correlation between the 2 traits set to 0.50. The 5 genotyping strategies applied to individuals in G(0) (reference population) were compared in terms of their ability to predict the genetic values of the animals in G(1) (selection candidates). Lower correlations between genomic-based estimates of breeding values (GEBV) and true breeding values (TBV) were obtained when using the Bottom strategy. For Random, Extreme, and Less Related strategies, the correlation between GEBV and TBV became slightly larger as selection intensity decreased and was largest when no selection occurred. These 3 strategies were better than the Top approach. In addition, the Extreme, Random, and Less Related strategies had smaller predictive mean squared errors (PMSE) followed by the Top and Bottom methods. Overall, the Extreme genotyping strategy led to the best predictive ability of breeding values, indicating that animals with extreme yield deviations values in a reference population are the most informative when training genomic selection models.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Use of nozzle-induced air-entrainment reduce active ingredient requirements for pest control. A simple nozzle design/modification is presented which takes advantage of the known effect of the increasing biological efficacy of a pesticide with decreasing drop size for insecticides and perhaps fungicides. However, applying active ingredient (AI) in unassisted fine sprays leads to poor canopy penetration and increased drift hazard. Therefore, the air entrained by medium-coarse nozzles spraying water is utilised to impart kinetic energy to a finer spray containing AI. A fine nozzle is sprayed into a medium-coarse spray at an angle of approximately 15 degrees from vertical approximately 10 cm below the medium-coarse nozzle, spraying into the direction of travel of the sprayer. The subsequent spray cloud consists of: small drops, typically < 200 mu m, containing AI; small to large (< 700 mu m) drops containing no AI; and drops of all sizes (20-700 mu m) containing various concentrations of AI, caused by drops containing AI coalescing in-flight with drops without AI. Consequently, a substantial proportion of the large drops in the spray cloud that would normally contain excessive quantities of AI carry none, allowing for the possibility of a reduction in AI requirements for pest control. The atomisation characteristics and potential drift problems of such a nozzle system were investigated. The results show that the velocity characteristics of the carrier (medium) spray were imparted to the fine spray, removing the problem of low spray cloud kinetic energy. Coalescence of drops in-flight was approximately 50%. Drift measurements in a large wind tunnel showed that drift increased four-fold at 4 m/s windspeed and approximately two-fold at 2 m/s. Taking into account the expected reduction in AI requirements, at 2 m/s, drift was quantitatively approximately the same as that of the medium nozzle. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd .", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "Assessment of efficacy of biocides in different soil types for use in sorption studies of low molecular weight organic compounds. The abiotic protection of low molecular weight organic compounds (LMWOC) in soils may be an important regulator of C cycling. The study of the protection of LMWOC through sorption typically employs soils shaken in solution, which may be compromised by biological activity. We used C-14-labelled glucose as a LMWOC in batch assays of four different soils with contrasting physico-chemical properties (Arenosol, Luvisol, Ferralsol and Andisol). The commonly used biocides NaN3 and HgCl2 were employed alone or in concert across a range of concentrations to assess their efficacy in inhibiting microbial degradation. For short (<1 day) sorption experiments, low NaN3 concentrations (50 mu M) were sufficient to inhibit microbial activity, whereas for longer (2 week) equilibrium assays, only high HgCl2 concentrations (10 mM) were effective in all soils tested. All combinations of biocide were most effective in inhibiting microbial activity in the Arenosol and least effective in the Andisol. Thus, in some soils, particular care is required with biocide selection for complete inhibition of biological activity. The findings presented here are of relevance for the design of studies investigating sorption of labile organic compounds in soils.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Should I Believe the Truth?. Many philosophers hold that a general norm of truth governs the attitude of believing. In a recent and influential discussion, Krister Bykvist and Anandi Hattiangadi raise a number of serious objections to this view. In this paper, I concede that Bykvist and Hattiangadi's criticisms might be effective against the formulation of the norm of truth that they consider, but suggest that an alternative is available. After outlining that alternative, I argue that it is not vulnerable to objections parallel to those Bykvist and Hattiangadi advance, although it might initially appear to be. In closing, I consider what bearing the preceding discussion has on important questions concerning the natures of believing and of truth.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Note types and coding in parid vocalizations. III: The chick-a-dee call of the Carolina chickadee (Poecile carolinensis). Species of the genus Poecile Kaup, 1829 (the chickadees) are well suited to comparative studies of acoustic communication because their songs and calls occur in similar contexts and are acoustically similar. Here we provide careful, reliable descriptions and spectrographic exemplars for seven note types observed in the chick-a-dee calls of the Carolina chickadee, Poecile carolinensis (Audubon, 1834). The note types include A, C, and D notes similar to those found in the chick-a-dee calls of the black-capped chickadee, Poecile atricapillus (L., 1766), a complex of three B-note subtypes (B-1, B-2, and B-3) and a rare note type previously identified as high-tee-chick. In common with black-capped chickadees, the organization of note types in Carolina chickadees follows a stringent syntax; the position of note types within a call is fixed. In contrast with black-capped chickadees, the chick-a-dee call syntax of the Carolina chickadee includes a B-note complex composed of three acoustically distinct subtypes of B notes, and follows a strict syntax: A ->(B-1 -> B-2 -> B-3)-> C -> D. Analysis of call variability suggests that the B-note complex (in particular, the most commonly sung note, B-2) and the D note may provide reliable cues for species and individual recognition.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Shoot thinning of Semillon in a hot climate did not improve yield and berry and wine quality. Aim: Shoot thinning is a common canopy management practice used to obtain a desired shoot density and to improve canopy microclimate. Since thinning is often carried out manually, the cost can be high. In this study the effect of severe shoot thinning (50 % of shoots removed) applied at EL 15 was investigated by comparing yield components, canopy size, berry and wine chemistry, and sensory attributes to a non-thinned control for the variety Semillon. The objective was to determine whether shoot thinning could change canopy architecture and lead to improved fruit and wine chemistry and sensory characteristics.Methods and Results: The trial was carried out over four consecutive growing seasons (starting in 2014-15) in the Semillon block of the Coombe vineyard (Waite Campus, the University of Adelaide). Canopy architecture was monitored at key phonological stages in each season and yield components were assessed at harvest. The harvested fruit was used for chemical and sensory analysis of the berries. Wines were made and their chemistry and sensorial attributes assessed. Shoot thinning reduced the total leaf area in only two of the four seasons, but single shoot leaf area and cane weight were higher in shoot-thinned vines in all seasons. Shoot thinning did not reduce yield, despite a large reduction in bunch number, because of increased bunch weight. Shoot thinning did not change berry and wine chemistry. Similarly, little differences were observed in the sensory profile of berries and wines, and the assessors preferred the wines obtained from shoot thinned vines in the last season only.Significance and impact of the study: The practice of shoot thinning when applied at EL stage 15 (8-9 leaves separated) was not effective as a technique to improve canopy microclimate and berry and wine chemistry for the white variety Semillon in a hot Australian climate. By not applying shoot thinning growers could potentially make significant savings without affecting yield or wine properties. Further research is needed to explore the effect and timing of shoot thinning on other varieties and in different environments.Conclusions: In this study, shoot thinning increased the leaf area per shoot and the cane weight, but yield and grape and wine chemistry were unaffected. The vine balance indices leaf area/yield and yield/pruning weight were also unaffected by the treatment, despite its intensity (50 % of shoots removed).", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Imported trade amphoras in Daskyleion from the seventh and sixth centuries BC and the Hellespontine-Phyrygia route. During the seventh and sixth centuries BC parallels observed between Daskyleion and Gordion regarding trade amphoras imply that common ports and routes were used by these settlements. These similarities, as far as the transfer of goods to settlements in the inner part of Anatolia are concerned, place a special emphasis on the Hellespontine-Phrygia route to the southern ports of Propontis. During this period, this route supplied Greek goods to Phrygia on an equal level to the contemporary Ionia-Sardes route.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "The evolution and influence of Russian and Belarusian propaganda during the Belarus presidential election and ensuing protests in 2020. The process of interaction between the political regimes of Belarus and Russia in the critically important conditions of the presidential election and subsequent protests in 2020 calls into question the prospects for Belarusian democracy and national sovereignty. This report analyzes the role of state propaganda in this process by examining its most important components, including its mechanisms, evolution, and influence. Using qualitative framing and content analysis of media news stories in both countries before and after the election, as well as a focus group and surveys conducted after the election, the authors examine how Russian and Belarusian state-sponsored propaganda framed each other, how these post-election events affected propaganda in general, and how propaganda affected public opinion. They have identified changes in all three areas prior to and after the election as significant and ultimately determined by the geopolitical fight for influence in post-Soviet space.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Impact of Reciprocal Teaching on EFL Learners' Reading Comprehension. This study investigated the effect of reciprocal teaching (RT) on EFL learners' reading comprehension. Fifty intermediate learners participated in the study and were sampled as the experimental (n = 25) and control groups (n = 25). Participants were male and ranged in age from 15 to 16. The Reading section of Key English Test (KET, 2010) was used as the pretest to assess the participants' entry-level reading ability. MANOVA results for comparing the 2 groups' mean scores in the pretest were not significant, indicating that they were at the same level of reading ability prior to the study. RT strategies (i.e., predicting, questioning, clarifying, summarizing) were taught to the experimental group in reading classes for 6 months. Meanwhile, the control group received conventional reading instruction (i.e, prereading, while-reading, and postreading procedure). The Reading section of KET was used as the posttest to explore the improvement of both groups after the experiment. MANOVA results revealed a significant difference between the general reading ability of the experimental and control groups, in favor of the experimental group at the end of the course [F(5, 44)= 55.740, p =.000; Wilks' Lambda =.136; partial eta squared = .864]. Moreover, examining Tests of Between-Subjects Effects revealed that the experimental group outperformed the control group in all 5 parts of the posttest.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "What is Man?' An Argument for the Christological Reading of Psalm 8 in Hebrews 2. Whether the author of Hebrews interpreted LXX Ps 8,5-7 as referring to humanity (the anthropological interpretation) or Christ (the Christological interpretation) has been widely debated. This essay strengthens the case for the Christological interpretation. After discussing the connections between Hebr 1,1-13 and 2,5-9, the article focuses on the citation and interpretation of LXX Ps 8,5-7 in Hebr 2,6-9. I contend that the author identified a three stage pattern in the psalm which he sees replicated in Jesus' life. The next stage of the argument shows how in 2,10-18 the author only applies two stages to the lives of believers. Believers do not complete the third stage which indicates that, for the author of Hebrews, the psalm is first about Jesus and then applicable to humanity.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Physical basis of coastal adaptation on tropical small islands. Small tropical islands are widely recognized as having high exposure and vulnerability to climate change and other natural hazards. Ocean warming and acidification, changing storm patterns and intensity, and accelerated sea-level rise pose challenges that compound the intrinsic vulnerability of small, remote, island communities. Sustainable development requires robust guidance on the risks associated with natural hazards and climate change, including the potential for island coasts and reefs to keep pace with rising sea levels. Here we review these issues with special attention to their implications for climate-change vulnerability, adaptation, and disaster risk reduction in various island settings. We present new projections for 2010-2100 local sea-level rise (SLR) at 18 island sites, incorporating crustal motion and gravitational fingerprinting, for a range of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change global projections and a semi-empirical model. Projected 90-year SLR for the upper limit A1FI scenario with enhanced glacier drawdown ranges from 0.56 to 1.01 m for islands with a measured range of vertical motion from -0.29 to +0.10 m. We classify tropical small islands into four broad groups comprising continental fragments, volcanic islands, near-atolls and atolls, and high carbonate islands including raised atolls. Because exposure to coastal forcing and hazards varies with island form, this provides a framework for consideration of vulnerability and adaptation strategies. Nevertheless, appropriate measures to adjust for climate change and to mitigate disaster risk depend on a place-based understanding of island landscapes and of processes operating in the coastal biophysical system of individual islands.", "label": [4, 5, 36, 47]}
+{"token": "Effect of Yarn Filament Fineness on the Surface Roughness of Polyester Woven Fabrics. The effect of weft yarn filament fineness on the surface roughness of fabrics woven from polyester yarns through different fabric constructional properties was investigated. Warp yarn type and count and warp density were the same but weft yarn count, weft yarn filament fineness/numbers, and weft density were different for the fabrics in the experimental sub-groups. An objective assessment for surface roughness measurement of woven fabrics by using a stylus profilometer was made. Experimental results show that yarn filament fineness affected fabric porosity and fabric surface roughness. Fabrics with finer filaments could have a compact structure due to small porosity values between the filaments inside the yarns and between yarns themselves in fabrics. Closeness of yarns in fabric structure decreased differences between high and low peaks on fabric surface, and as a result fabric surface roughness decreased.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "The 'High Policing' Privatization Hypothesis, and How to Explore It. The paper makes a literal interpretation of Jean-Paul Brodeur's response to the work of two British scholars on the privatization of \\\\'high policing\\\\' (or intelligence-led policing). Building on French empirical research, we discuss the body of knowledge created by exploring the diversity of both the customer base of private security agencies and the internal safety departments of sensitive corporations that may require their services. We discuss the delicate nature of the potential privatization of the information held by the various official intelligence agencies, an attribute of sovereignty not seriously undermined so far. The revolution has not yet been initiated that will convert the cost of public (military or policing) intelligence-which is meant to protect the institutions-into a price to be paid to private intelligence companies whose goal is to protect the security of corporations and their customers. However, several forerunners can be detected in the so-called \\\\'economic intelligence\\\\' community, although they mainly contract with state-controlled arms industry actors directly managed by the ministry of Defense staff.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "The origin of exo-selectivity in methyl cyanoformate addition onto the C=C bond of norbornene in Pd-catalyzed cyanoesterification. A computational investigation has been carried out to elucidate the origin of the exclusive exo-selectivity in the Pd-catalyzed cyanoesterification of strained cyclic olefins, norbornene and norbornadiene. A hybrid density functional was selected for the level of theory with a triple-zeta quality basis set, which was proposed in an earlier study to provide an experimentally sound ground state electronic structure description for palladium(II) and palladium(IV) complexes from multi-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopic measurements. Given that the product of oxidative addition can be isolated, we focused on the olefin coordination as the earliest possible origin of exo-selectivity. The calculated geometric structure for the trans-Pd(CN)(COOR)(PPh3)(2) complex at the BHandHLYP/ def2TZVP/ PCM(toluene) level is in an excellent agreement with its experimental structure from crystallographic measurements. Upon dissociation of one of its phosphane ligands, the coordinatively unsaturated trans-isomer is only 17 kJ mol(-1) away from the isomerization transition state, leading to the 14-electron cis-isomers that are 17 to 37 kJ mol(-1) lower in energy than the trans-isomers. Regardless of the initial complex for olefin coordination, the exo-isomer for the norbornene complex is at least 8 kJ mol(-1) lower than the corresponding endo-isomer. The origin of this considerable difference in Gibbs free energy can be attributed to the remarkably different steric and agostic hydrogen interactions between the methylene and the ethylene bridges of the norbornene and the adjacent cis-ligands at the Pd-II center.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Whose butt is it? tobacco industry research about smokers and cigarette butt waste. Background Cigarette filters are made of non-biodegradable cellulose acetate. As much as 766571 metric tons of butts wind up as litter worldwide per year. Numerous proposals have been made to prevent or mitigate cigarette butt pollution, but none has been effective; cigarette butts are consistently found to be the single most collected item in beach clean-ups and litter surveys.Results The tobacco industry has feared being held responsible for cigarette litter for more than 20 years. Their efforts to avoid this responsibility included developing biodegradable filters, creating anti-litter campaigns, and distributing portable and permanent ashtrays. They concluded that biodegradable filters would probably encourage littering and would not be marketable, and that smokers were defensive about discarding their tobacco butts and not amenable to anti-litter efforts.Methods We searched the Legacy Tobacco Documents Library (http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu) and http://tobaccodocuments.org using a snowball strategy beginning with keywords (eg, 'filter', 'biodegradable', 'butts'). Data from approximately 680 documents, dated 1959-2006, were analysed using an interpretive approach.Conclusions Tobacco control and environmental advocates should develop partnerships to compel the industry to take financial and practical responsibility for cigarette butt waste.", "label": [2, 21, 23]}
+{"token": "IR-initiated preparation method of high performance nanofiltration membranes using graft polymerization of acrylic acid onto polyacrylonitrile surface. A new facile, cost-effective and safe approach is introduced for the modification of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) membrane surface by a polymerization process in order to improve hydrophilicity and antifouling. For this purpose, membrane activated by IR-initiated, and acrylic acid (AA) as a monomer was successfully grafted on the membrane surface. The surface properties of membranes were characterized by means of various techniques: infrared spectroscopy, zeta potential, water contact angle, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The experimental results indicate that the membrane surface becomes more hydrophilic by reducing the contact angle from 67.1 degrees to 52.5 degrees. The existence of hydrophilic chains on the membrane surface facilitates the creation of a negative charge on the membrane surface unto -2.99 mV (from 3.51 mV in based-membrane). The separation performance of the modified membrane showed a desirable yield. For a membrane photografted for 25 min with acrylic acid solution (2 wt%), the retention of Na2SO4, MgSO4, NaCl, and CaCl2 was in the order of 81%, 67%, 34%, and 28%, respectively. The membrane retention is expressed the values of 90.37%, 87.17%, and 79.5% for Acid Blue 92, Acid Red 114, and Ibuprofen. The optimized NF membrane showed a permeability factor (Lp) of 6.48 L center dot m(-2)center dot h(-1)center dot bar(-1). Furthermore, the surface modification of the PAN membrane via the IR-induced graft polymerization exhibits an enhancement of the membrane antifouling property.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 33]}
+{"token": "'Like the snail that dissolves': Construction of Identity of Psalmist and Enemy in the Lament Psalms of the Individual. The paper explores how the psalms of lament of the individual constructed the identity not only of the Israelites who used them in worship but also of their antagonists. It starts with a critique of Amy Cottrill's Language, Power, and Identity in the Lament Psalms of the Individual, which is critical of the psalmist's non-specific presentation of the enemies that 'obscures the humanity of the one he prays against'. This alleged dehumanisation of the enemies is explored further through the dialogical framework of Martin Buber's 'I-Thou'. A consideration of Buber's two basic word pairs, 'I-You' and 'I-It', prompts the question of whether the psalmist treats the enemies as 'You' or 'It'. Further arguments based on the social setting of the lament psalms lead to the conclusion that they construct an identity of a psalmist who is in real relationship with both God and the enemy and who treats them as genuine relational beings.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Constitutional protection to participants of budgetary relations in the Russian Federation. Currently, municipal entities are actively using the constitutional legal way to protect their budget rights. The applicants are most often local administrations while representing urban districts and municipal districts, as well as urban and rural settlements. The subject of the appeal to the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation in the previous three years was mainly the issues of the attribution of the expenditure obligation to public education, as well as the grounds and possibilities for the adoption by municipal entities of additional expenditure obligations, which were difficult for judicial consideration. An analysis of the \\\\'budgetary\\\\' decisions of the Constitutional Court of Russian Federation, the applicants for which the local self-government bodies acted, makes it possible to see that the problem of \\\\'careful and correct distribution of public powers between certain entities that are part of the general system of state and municipal power\\\\' remains unresolved, creating conflict situations. So, it requires the intervention of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Potato spindle tuber viroid eradicated in Western Australia. Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) was detected for the first time in an isolated hydroponic greenhouse tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) crop in the great southern region of Western Australia (WA). An urgent eradication plan was activated because of the highly contagious nature of the pathogen. The tomato crop on the infected property was destroyed and the greenhouses and surrounding area were decontaminated. Surveys of 15 other hydroponic tomato crops did not detect any other PSTVd infected tomato plants in WA.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Resistance of Potato Cultivars to Myzus persicae (Sulz.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Aphids are the most important vectors of viruses infecting potato (Solanum tuberosum). We focused on the response of the aphid vector Myzus persicae (Sulzer) to five commercial potato cultivars: Agata, Jaette Bintje, Mondial, Monalisa and Sante, by traditional antibiosis and antixenosis tests and by the EPG (Electrical Penetration Graph) technique, as a step forward to the design of effective management practices. Our aim was to identify plant factors involved in resistance of these cultivars against M. persicae, both at the surface and in deeper plant tissues. Results from the antixenosis test confirmed a strong preference of M. persicae for the Mondial cultivar. The antibiosis study indicated a lower population development of the aphid in 'Monalisa' when compared to 'Agata' and 'Jaette Bintje'. EPG assays indicated that 'Sante' inhibited the initial feeding process of M. persicae, whereas 'Monalisa' showed a physical-type of resistance as demonstrated by a very high number of short probes. The cultivar Mondial showed average values for all EPG variables analyzed. The behavior in 'Jaette Bintje' indicated this cultivar was an ideal host for aphid feeding and reproduction. Together, the EPG data revealed the existence of pre and post-phloematics factors in the cultivars under study, which have important implications on the efficiency of transmission and spread of virus in potato by M. persicae.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Philippians-IV,4-7: Ideology and situational background (Exploring a Pauline strategy of shaping the early Church within imperial Roman customs). Philippians 4.4-7 is best understood against the background of a society with an imperial ideology, mirrored in the epistle's terminology. The church is under pressure from its social environment and opposes the claims of the state's officials. The various parts of the passage are united by this context. Christian emotions should be shaped by the relation to Christ who is \\\\'near\\\\', said in contrast to Caesar's proclaimed omnipresence. Christians are called to behave nobly towards their fellow citizens. The terminology of prayer reflects imperial customs. The peace of god surpasses the Pax Romana. Paul's strategy is to strengthen the unity of the church and to enhance a convincing social behaviour.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "The formation and distribution of the marine hydrocarbon source rock in the Tarim basin, NW China. There are significant differences in type and distribution between marine source rock and continental source rock. According to the lithology, the Cambrian-Ordovician source rock in the Tarim basin is divided into two types: the carbonate source rock and the mud source rock. The two sets of source rocks are developed mainly in three sets of formations, Lower-Middle Cambrian carbonate source rock and mud source rock, Lower-Middle Ordovician mud source rock and Upper Ordovician lime mud source rock. The stratigraphic and areal distributions of the source rocks are controlled by the altitude and the sedimentary facies respectively. The mud source rock is developed in slope-semi deep sea environment. The source rock developed in the slope sedimentary environment is related with the anoxic environment and the one developed in semi deep sea has a close relationship with the up-flowing sea water. The carbonate source rock is developed mainly in platform slope of highstand systems tract and it is usually intimately associated with the salt rock. The Lower-Middle Cambrian carbonate source rock is developed mainly in the Bachu, Tazhong, Tangguzibasi and Yingmaili areas. The Lower-Middle Cambrian mud source rock is mainly developed in the areas cast of the line of Kunan 1-Tadong 1. The Lower-Middle Ordovician mud source rock is developed mainly in the east slope of the Manjiaer depression. The carbonate source rock of Early Ordovician is developed mainly in the platform slope of highstand systems tract, such as the south margin of Tabei, the north slope of Tazhong, the Bachu area and Keping area.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Understanding Interactions between Lead Iodide Perovskite Surfaces and Lithium Polysulfide toward New-Generation Integrated Solar-Powered Lithium Battery: An ab Initio Investigation. Energy conversion devices such as perovskite solar cells and energy storage devices such as lithium sulfur battery have flourished in recent decades owing to their capabilities to deliver large power conversion efficiency and store superior specific energy, with potential to solve the global energy crisis and environmental issues. Compared with conventional energy conversion devices and energy storage devices that have limited performances, integration of the energy conversion devices and energy storage devices into a single unit is advantageous to present enhanced performance in multiple applications and satisfy commercial needs. However, further development of the integration relies on a deeper understanding of the interactions between the functional materials in the energy conversion devices and energy storage devices. In this study, we try to bridge the gap by investigating the interactions between the light absorbing halide perovskite material CH3NH3PbI3 and the lithium polysulfide intermediates (S-8, Li2S8, Li2S6, Li2S4, Li2S2, and Li2S) formed during the charging/discharging processes in lithium sulfur batteries via ab initio calculations. We find that the CH3NH3PbI3 and lithium polysulfide species have decent interactions, with the lithium polysulfide species residing stably on the halide perovskite surfaces and such interactions are strengthened by the charge transfer characters between the adsorbates and the adsorbents. We propose that the light absorbing halide perovskite materials represented by the CH3NH3PbI3 absorber exhibit potentials to be integrated into the lithium sulfur battery cathode to serve as an anchoring material to harness the solar power and mitigate the battery degradation problem, since the dissolution of intermediate lithium polysulfide (Li2Sn) is a severe problem in lithium sulfur batteries. The resulting integrated device is superior in capturing the solar energy due to the presence of the halide perovskite moiety and exhibits a large specific energy, low cost, and low toxicity due to the sulfur materials. The comprehensive understanding of the light absorbing halide perovskite material and the lithium polysulfide species in this theoretical work forms a foundation for the further development and commercialization of integrated device that captures solar energy and can be charged/discharged efficiently.", "label": [4, 1, 33, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "A focused crawler combinatory link and content model based on T-Graph principles. The two significant tasks of a focused Web crawler are finding relevant documents and prioritizing them for effective download. For the first task, we propose an algorithm to fetch and analyze the most effective HTML elements of the page to predict and elicit the topical focus of each unvisited page with high accuracy. For the second task, we propose a scoring function of the relevant URLs through the use of T-Graph to prioritize each unvisited link. Thus, our novel method uniquely combines these approaches, giving precision and recall values close to 50%, which indicate the significance of the proposed architecture. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "MICROFOUNDATIONS FOR STRATEGY: A GOAL-FRAMING PERSPECTIVE ON THE DRIVERS OF VALUE CREATION. Scholars increasingly seek to proffer microfoundations for macro management theory, notably strategic management theory. These microfoundations naturally revolve around human resources. We argue that proper microfoundations for strategic management theory must recognize that the management of motivation is first and foremost a matter of the management of cognitions of organizational members, an insight we found in goal-framing theory, an emerging perspective based on cognitive science, behavioral economics, and social psychology. Building on this insight, we argue that a key reason why strategic goals matter to firm performance-that is, firm-level value creation and value capture and sustained competitive heterogeneity-is that such goals influence value creation rooted in employee motivations. Unfolding this idea allows us to generate new insight into the relations among value creation, strategic leadership, and strategic goals.", "label": [5, 44, 46]}
+{"token": "CANINE TRANSMISSIBLE VENEREAL TUMOR. Bibliographic data shows that the tumor is known from 1820 until today. It was the first tumor that is transmitted through transplantation of tumor cells. CTVT is considered a model for human and animal transmissible cancer. It mainly occurs to domestic dogs (Canis familiaris), coyote (Canis latrans), jackal (Canis aureus), fox (Vulpes vulpes) and wolf (Canis lupus). In the population of domestic dogs occurs in both sexes. The tumor is spreading across the globe, with a higher frequency in tropical climates, subtropical and temperate regions. CTVT commonly affects the genital and extra-genital sites in dogs of both sexes. Extragenital sites may also develop such as skin, subcutaneous tissue and around and in the oral and nasal cavities. Rarelly the tumor can be located to muscle, mammary gland and rectum. Cytological examination is a quick, efficient, and easy tool for the diagnosis. Histopathological features of the tumor within the pattern round cell sarcoma. Immunohistochemistry stained was positive for AMC-anti vimentin and lysozyme. The biological behavior of the tumor is benign, the phenomenon of metastasis is reported in 5-17% of cases. The main metastases have been described in the subcutaneous tissue, skin, lymph nodes (lymph nodes), eyes, tonsils, liver, spleen, oral mucosa, pituitary, peritoneum, brain and bone marrow. Currently surgery combined with chemotherapy is the most common regimen. This review aims to update data on this neoplasm in a complex work including epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, morphology, clinical forms of this cancer therapy elements.The canine transmissible venereal tumor (CTVT) is a neoplasm naturally transmitted in susceptible dogs by transplantation of viable tumor cells.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "SPATIAL, SPECTRAL, AND POLARIZATION PROPERTIES OF RADIO-EMISSION OF THE 3 FEBRUARY, 1983 PROTON FLARE. A complex analysis in different radio ranges of the evolutionary features of the 3 February, 1983 flare (05:43-06:19-08:12 UT) has shown that the flare is a prolonged (approximately 15 hr) process of energy release and particle acceleration that gradually extends to still greater zones of the active region (AR) magnetosphere in both area and altitude.  Observations from the Siberian Solar Radio Telescope obtained at lambda = 5.2 cm indicate that the flare was preceded by quasi-periodical brightness enhancements with a period of 6-7 min of two sources of size 20\\\\' and with a brightness temperature of approximately 10(7) K.The observed characteristics of the type II burst and of the type FC II continuum treated in this paper are interpreted in terms of the complex flare flow structure, involving forward and backward shock waves.During the flare maximum phase, a type II burst with harmonic structure and the subsequent type FC II continuum with fine structure were both observed in the meter band.  It has been found that zebra-structure appearances correlate with the H-alpha-flare kernel brightenings at loop tops.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Modelling irradiance variations from the surface distribution of the solar magnetic field. The reconstructed spectral irradiance variations are compared with total and spectral contrast measurements obtained by the VIRGO instrument onboard SOHO. Our reconstructions are able to reproduce variations on the time-scale of the solar rotation with much greater accuracy than previous models based on disk-integrated magnetic proxies.An important question in solar physics is to what extent solar surface magnetism affects the solar irradiance. Previous attempts to answer this question have employed proxies of the magnetic field to reconstruct the irradiance and compare it with observations. Here we present the first model calculations of solar irradiance variations based on variations of the surface distribution of the solar magnetic field. The irradiance reconstruction makes use of sunspot and facular contrasts calculated as a function of wavelength and limb angle on the Sun. The position and size of magnetic features on the solar disk are extracted from full-disk magnetograms obtained by the Michelson Doppler Interferometer (MDI) onboard the SOHO spacecraft.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Characterization of Leptospira santarosai Serogroup Grippotyphosa Serovar Bananal Isolated from Capybara (Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris) in Brazil. Leptospirosis is a widespread zoonosis caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira. Rodents appear to be the most important reservoirs of infection. They contaminate the environment and food and can transmit the pathogen when they are consumed by carnivores. Capybara (Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris) are efficient reservoirs of Leptospira, and because they are in close contact with farm animals and are found in semiurban areas, they represent a risk to public health. We isolated five Leptospira strains from capybara kidneys in Sao Paulo State, Brazil, in 2001 and typed them using serologic and molecular techniques. These strains include the Leptospira santarosai serogroup Grippotyphosa serovar Bananal. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis resulted in a unique pattern distinct from the reference strains, and the isolates clustered with greater than 85% similarity. The isolates also presented higher growth rates than other Leptospira serovars, with high minimal inhibitory concentration values for most of the tested antibiotics, with the exception of penicillin and ampicillin. This isolation and characterization of the L. santarosai serogroup Grippotyphosa serovar Bananal from capybara, highlights the importance of wild and sinantropic rodents as carriers of pathogenic leptospires.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Seasonal cues to food scarcity and calorie cravings: Winter cues elicit preferences for energy-dense foods. Winter cues signal a scarcity of food. Birds and mammals respond to such environmental cues by consuming more energy. They convert this surplus into body fat that serves as a buffer against impending food shortages. Similarly, humans exhibit higher obesity rates among food-insecure populations. However, to date, it has been unclear whether winter cues qualitatively affect consumers' food preferences. Results from five studies (N = 865), with one of them preregistered, show that watching videos depicting winter cues elicits thoughts about energy-dense foods and survival. Such cues elicit higher preferences for energy-dense than low-calorie foods, as verified by meta-analytic evidence, with this effect likely differing between women and men. Taken together, our results support an evolutionary account postulating that humans have developed sex-specific responses to perceivable cues of food scarcity. As a result, winter cues induce people to favor products they deem higher in calories. Given the importance of limiting energy-dense food consumption for addressing environmental and public health issues, policymakers and marketers should be aware of this phenomenon when designing public communication campaigns.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Deceiving colors: recognition of color morphs as separate species in orchid bees is not supported by molecular evidence. The orchid bees includes many species whose integument color is predominantly metallic, in particular those from the genus Euglossa. In the Atlantic Forest, some species exhibit color variation that seems to be linked with their distribution, with warmer colors (green, with coppery and reddish tones) in lower latitudes and cooler colors (blue, with purple shades) in higher latitudes. Contrasting taxonomic interpretations of this color variation lead to the recognition of distinct species for the different color morphs. In all three case studies investigated in this work (Euglossa iopoecila, Euglossa stellfeldi, and Euglossa townsendi), the different forms were sampled throughout their distribution. Thirty samples from 16 different localities were used, which had their DNA extracted, amplified, and sequenced for fragments of the genes cytochrome b (cytb) and cytochrome C oxidase subunit 1 (CO1). A concatenated data matrix, totaling 1,089 bp, was submitted for Bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses. The resulting phylogenetic trees, together with the estimated genetic distances between samples, led to the conclusion that the different color morphs in all the three case studies do not represent separate species, but only integumental color variations of their respective species.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Simultaneous improvement of the monovalent anion selectivity and antifouling properties of an anion exchange membrane in an electrodialysis process, using polyelectrolyte multilayer deposition. Selectivity for monovalent anions is very important property of anion exchange membranes (AEMs) for making drinking water along with high antifouling property. Generally, standard AEMs show higher selectivity for multivalent anions than monovalent anions. We simultaneously improved the monovalent anion selectivity and antifouling potential of standard AEMs in electrodialysis using layer-by-layer (LbL). Poly(sodium 4-styrene sulfonate) (PSS) was used as a polyanion, with poly(allylamine hydrochloride) as a polycation. The monovalent anion selectivity was evaluated using the transport number ratio between sulfate and chloride ions. The antifouling potential of the AEMs was evaluated using the time elapsed before the onset of fouling using sodium dodecilbenzene sulfonate as a foulant. The monovalent anion selectivity of the PSS-top-layer membrane improved with the number of layers. This was attributed to the increase in the total excess negative charge within the LbL layers. The antifouling potential was also improved by the LbL deposition, although the optimum condition was different from that for the monovalent anion selectivity. This was attributed to the increased hydrophilicity and the negatively charged membrane surface. Modified AEMs with an odd number of LbL layers (PSS top layer) above 15 had sufficient monovalent anion selectivity for practical use, and showed high antifouling potential.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 33]}
+{"token": "Almost gone: SN 2008S and NGC 300 2008OT-1 are fainter than their progenitors. We present late-time Spitzer Space Telescope (SST) imaging of SN 2008S and NGC 300 2008OT-1, the prototypes of a common class of stellar transients whose true nature is debated. Both objects are still fading and are now > 15 times fainter than their progenitors in the mid-IR and are undetected in the optical and near-IR. Data from the Large Binocular Telescope and Magellan show that neither source has been variable in the optical since fading in 2010. We present models of surviving sources obscured by dusty shells or winds and find that extreme dust models are needed for surviving stars to be successfully hidden by dust, which suggests that these transients may be genuine, but low-energy, supernova explosions. Though SN 2008S is not detected in Chandra X-Ray Observatory data taken in 2012, the flux limits allow the fading IR source to be powered solely by the shock interaction of ejecta with the circumstellar medium if the shock velocity at the time of the observation was a parts per thousand(3)20 per cent slower than estimated from emission line widths while the transient was still optically bright. Continued SST monitoring and 10-20 mu m observations with James Webb Space Telescope can resolve any remaining ambiguities.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Preparation of 1-p-halophenyl and 1-p-biphenylyl substituted monocarbadodecaborate anions [closo-1-Ar-CB(11)H(11)](-) by insertion of arylhalocarbenes into [nido-B(11)H(14)](-). In the presence of a strong base, benzal chloride (C(6)H(5)CHCl(2)) and its p-substituted derivatives react with [nido-B(11)H(14)](-) to yield [closo-1-p-X-C(6)H(4)-CB(11)H(11)]- (X = H, F, Cl, Br, l, Ph), presumably by insertion of an arylhalocarbene and oxidation. On a 1-g scale, the yields are 30-40%, except in the case of p-iodobenzal chloride, which yields only 12% of the insertion product.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "CORRELATION BETWEEN SURROGATE MARKERS, VIRAL LOAD, AND DISEASE PROGRESSION IN HIV-1 INFECTION. Surrogate markers generally used for observation of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and their plasma and cellular viral load were assayed in a series of 40 patients before initiation of zidovudine therapy. Plasma viremia was positive in 62.5% of patients and was statistically correlated with clinical stage, CD4(+) T cell count, CD8(+) T cell count, beta(2)-microglobulin level, neopterin level, and immunoglobulin A level. Cellular viremia was positive in 95% of patients and was correlated with clinical stage, CD4(+) T cell count, beta(2)-microglobulin, neopterin levels, and disease progression during the following months. A discordance was found between p24 antigenemia, even after acid dissociation of immune complexes, and plasma viremia. In fact, p24 antigenemia was correlated with only biological markers of immune activation as beta(2)-microglobulin and neopterin levels. The measurement of anti-p24 antibodies did not appear discriminative in our staging. Plasma viremia, like CD4(+) T cell count, reflects the patient's status at the time of assessment. Cellular viremia could be more informative for the prediction of future clinical progression.", "label": [2, 17, 24]}
+{"token": "Mapping the Language of Women's Interests: Sex and Party Affiliation in the Bundestag. This study maps the language that legislators use to define women's interests in the context of contemporary Germany. Using party groups' manifestos from the 2005 legislative elections and personal interviews with members of the 16th Bundestag (20059), the study compares female and male legislators within parties and female legislators across parties, with particular attention to how these interviewees' language cleaved to and from their party scripts (parties' positions on and language regarding women's interests). The map that emerges from this analysis suggests that legislators' language in talking about women's interests is mediated by sex and party affiliation in combination, such that female and male legislators differ within each party and female legislators differ across parties. The study shows that female legislators across parties share an emphasis on the inadequacy of formal equality in yielding women's equality in practice, but they diverge markedly in the policies that they recommend to address this problem. Much previous research on women's representation has focused on the finding that female legislators advocate for women at higher rates than their male colleagues, underplaying both the significant variation among female legislators as well as the contributions of conservative female legislators.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Anomalous cosmic rays - Report of working group 3. We review the observed properties of anomalous cosmic rays and the present status of our knowledge of the processes by which they originate. We compiled a comprehensive set of ACR energy spectral data from various spacecraft throughout the heliosphere during the passes of Ulysses over the poles of the Sun and present first results of a detailed modeling effort. In several contributions, we discuss the questions of injection and possible pre-acceleration of pickup ions, summarize new observations on the ionic charge composition, and present new results on the composition of minor ions in ACRs.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Innovation-based diversification strategies and the survival of emerging economy village-owned enterprises (VOEs) in the COVID-19 recession. Purpose The global recession caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has led to the closure of thousands of village-owned enterprises (VOEs), which are community-managed enterprises that operate in the hostile rural areas in emerging economies. Thus, considering that a Schumpeterian view of economic downturn sees recessions as times where old products/services decline while new products/services emerge, this paper aims to explore the specific innovation-based diversification strategies that matter for the survival of emerging economy VOEs in recession periods to develop new theoretical insights. Design/methodology/approach The study is based on multiple-case studies of 13 leading VOEs operating in the rural areas of Java Island in Indonesia, an emerging economy. The data was analysed using within-case and cross-case analyses. Findings Overall, a number of major novel findings have emerged from the analysis, based on which the authors developed several new propositions. First, from the perspectives of both new product and new service diversification, \\\\'unrelated diversification\\\\' is the primary resilience strategy that seems to be associated with the survival of VOEs in the COVID-19 recession, over and above \\\\'related diversification\\\\'. Second, from an industrial sector diversification perspective, the most dominant resilient strategy for surviving the recession is \\\\'unrelated diversification into tertiary sectors (service sector)\\\\', over and above diversification into the primary sector (agriculture, fisheries and mining) and secondary sector (manufacturing and construction). Originality/value The authors contribute to the literature on entrepreneurship in emerging economies by identifying the resilience diversification strategies that matter for the survival of VOEs in recession.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "THE STATE OF RESEARCH METHODS IN PERSONAL SELLING AND SALES MANAGEMENT LITERATURE. This study examines the state of research methods in the personal selling and sales management (SALES) literature and assesses the trends and changes in these methods that have taken place in recent decades. The authors examine the research methods described by 1,346 sales articles published in 15 prominent journals over a 29-year period (1980-2008). They compare articles published in Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management with the aggregate of sales articles published in other journals as well as with articles published in Industrial Marketing Management to reveal any common trends or differences. The results indicate some important shifts in the use of research methods in SALES literature as well as significant differences in the research methods published across different research outlets. This paper outlines the implications of the findings and offers suggestions for how the discipline might improve its use of various research tools", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "Variability in life-history and ecological traits is a buffer against extinction in mammals. Anthropogenic degradation of the world's ecosystems is leading to a widespread and accelerating loss of biodiversity. However, not all species respond equally to existing threats, raising the question: what makes a species more vulnerable to extinction? We propose that higher intraspecific variability may reduce the risk of extinction, as different individuals and populations within a species may respond differently to occurring threats. Supporting this prediction, our results show that mammalian species with more variable adult body masses, litter sizes, sexual maturity ages and population densities are less vulnerable to extinction. Our findings reveal the role of local variation among populations, particularly of large mammals, as a buffering mechanism against extinction, and emphasise the importance of considering trait variation in comparative analyses and conservation management.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Practical and provably secure distance-bounding. From contactless payments to remote car unlocking, many applications are vulnerable to relay attacks. Distance bounding protocols are the main practical countermeasure against these attacks. In this paper, we present a formal analysis of SKI, which recently emerged as the first family of lightweight and provably secure distance bounding protocols. More precisely, we explicate a general formalism for distance-bounding protocols, which lead to this practical and provably secure class of protocols (and it could lead to others). We prove that SKI and its variants are provably secure, even under the real-life setting of noisy communications, against the main types of relay attacks: distance-fraud and generalised versions of mafia- and terrorist-fraud. To attain resistance to terrorist-fraud, we reinforce the idea of using secret sharing, combined with the new notion of a leakage scheme. In view of resistance to generalised mafia-frauds (and terrorist-frauds), we present the notion of circular-keying for pseudorandom functions (PRFs); this notion models the employment of a PRF, with possible linear reuse of the key. We also identify the need of PRF masking to fix common mistakes in existing security proofs/claims. Finally, we enhance our design to guarantee resistance to terrorist-fraud in the presence of noise.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Global health, global surgery and mass casualties. I. Rationale for integrated mass casualty centres. It has been well-documented recently that 5 billion people globally lack surgical care. Also well-documented is the need to improve mass casualty disaster response. Many of the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for 2030-healthcare and economic milestones-require significant improvement in global surgical care, particularly in low-income and middle-income countries. Trauma/stroke centres evolved in high-income countries with evidence that 24/7/365 surgical and critical care markedly improved morbidity and mortality for trauma and stroke and for cardiovascular events, difficult childbirth, acute abdomen. Duplication of emergency services, especially civilian and military, often results in suboptimal, expensive care. By combining all healthcare resources within the ongoing healthcare system, more efficient care for both individual emergencies and mass casualty situations can be achieved. We describe progress in establishing mass casualty centres in Chile and Pakistan. In both locations, planning among the stakeholders (primarily civilian and military) indicates the feasibility of such integrated surgical and emergency care. We also review other programmes and initiatives to provide integrated mass casualty disaster response. Integrated mass casualty centres are a feasible means to improve both day-to-day surgical care and mass casualty disaster response. The humanitarian aspect of mass casualty disasters facilitates integration among stakeholders-from local healthcare systems to military resources to international healthcare organisations. The benefits of mass casualty centres-both healthcare and economic-can facilitate achieving the 2030 UN SDGs.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Hunting and consumption of rodents by children in the Lassa fever endemic area of Faranah, Guinea. Author summaryHunting and animal handling by children are considered important aspects of zoonosis occurrence. Children are implicated as the high-risk group for Lassa spillover. In a context where public health interventions pay little attention to the role of children in the occurrence of zoonotic infections, we conducted a qualitative study to explore factors that motivate children to hunt and eat rodents and to understand the practices that may constitute pathways of Lassa virus primary transmission in the endemic area of Faranah, Upper-Guinea. Moreover, we sought to extend the anthropological analysis of human-animal interactions to children who hunt, as researchers are gaining interest in exploring their hunting practices for the origins of zoonotic diseases. Our findings highlight the sociocultural, economic, and environmental dimensions of childhood and generate policies and interventions on the roles children can play in the primary transmission of zoonotic diseases to humans. These insights may aid in planning prevention programs for zoonotic infections in Lassa fever-endemic areas.As a consequence of the Ebola outbreak, human-animal contact has gained importance for zoonotic transmission surveillance. In Faranah (Upper Guinea), daily life is intertwined with rodents, such as the Natal multimammate mouse, Mastomys natalensis; a reservoir for Lassa virus (LASV). However, this contact is rarely perceived as a health risk by residents, although Lassa fever (LF) is known to be endemic to this region. Conversely, these observations remain a great concern for global health agendas. Drawing on ethnographic research involving interviews, focus group discussions, participant observations, and informal discussions over four months, we first identified factors that motivated children to hunt and consume rodents in Faranah villages, and thereafter, explored the knowledge of LF infection in children and their parents. Furthermore, we studied two dimensions of human-rodent encounters: 1) space-time of interaction and 2) factors that allowed the interaction to occur and their materiality. This approach allowed us to contextualize child-rodent contacts beyond domestic limits in the fallow fields, swamps, and at other times for this practice. A close look at these encounters provided information on rodent trapping, killing, and manipulation of cooking techniques and the risk these activities posed for the primary transmission of LASV. This research facilitated the understanding of children's exposure to M. natalensis during hunting sessions and the importance of rodent hunting, which is a part of their boyish identity in rural areas. Determination of when, where, why, and how children, rodents, and environments interacted allowed us to understand the exposures and risks important for human and animal surveillance programs in the Lassa-endemic region.", "label": [2, 17, 21, 24]}
+{"token": "Diagnosis and Disclosure of HIV Status: Implications for Women's Risk of Physical Partner Violence in the Postpartum Period. Introduction:This study prospectively examined whether HIV leads to elevated risk for intimate partner violence (IPV) for women and how this risk varies depending on HIV status disclosure to a partner.Methods:We ran a series of logistic regression models using data from 1092 pregnant and postpartum women enrolled in an RCT in Durban, South Africa. Model 1 assessed whether baseline HIV status predicted 14-week postpartum physical IPV, controlling for baseline physical IPV, disclosure to partner, and demographic and study covariates. Model 2 added the interaction between HIV status and disclosure.Results:HIV was not associated with 14-week physical IPV in the main effects model [adjusted odds ratio: 1.34, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.88 to 2.05]. However, there was a statistically significant positive interaction between HIV and disclosure (adjusted odds ratio: 0.22, 95% CI: 0.05 to 0.96). Among women who disclosed their HIV status, HIV was not significantly associated with 14-week IPV (adjusted odds ratio: 1.12, 95% CI: 0.71 to 1.89). However, among women who had not disclosed, the odds of reporting IPV at 14 weeks was 5.15 times higher for HIV-positive women as compared with HIV-negative women (95% CI: 1.25 to 21.00).Discussion:Although we established that HIV does not increase incidence of IPV for all HIV-positive women, we found an elevated risk of IPV among the HIV-positive women who chose not to disclose their status to their partner. Nondisclosure is likely a marker for other problematic aspects of the relationship, and counselors should either find alternative safe options for disclosure or support women's decisions not to disclose.", "label": [2, 17, 24]}
+{"token": "How small traditional businesses can become attractive employers: A means-end analysis. This study provides managerial solutions regarding how small businesses in traditional industries can become attractive employers to millennial first-job applicants similar to emerging technology-based firms. This study uses a means-end analysis to determine the hidden value structures of ethical, self-fulfillment, and experiential value and disentangles the hierarchical relationships among employer attributes, employee benefits, and perceived value. The results show that by understanding the motivational structures underlying employment choices, small traditional businesses can customize their employment offerings and meet the value forms sought by the millennial cohort, opening a new range of possibilities for them to attract new and younger talent and improve their firm competitiveness.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "ADAPTABLE DUE PROCESS. These new facts and circumstances undermine the effectiveness of existing procedures and may require reweighing the Mathews factors to determine what process is due to welfare recipients. Such changes are not unique to welfare; the facts and circumstances relevant to many of the procedural safeguards established since the due process revolution will evolve in the years to come, if they have not already. Although the Supreme Court has not addressed whether or how existing procedures should be adapted to such changes, adapting the demands of due process to new facts and circumstances is faithful to constitutional doctrine and necessary to ensure that existing procedures continue to provide due process of law. It also provides an opportunity to reinvigorate a conversation about procedural justice that went silent many years ago.The requirements of procedural due process must adapt to our constantly changing world. Over thirty years have passed since the Supreme Court in Goldberg v. Kelly and Mathews v. Eldridge adopted what appears to be a dynamic, fact-intensive approach to determining the procedures required by the Due Process Clause. Federal, stale, and local government agencies responded by establishing new procedural safeguards, many of which are virtually identical to those in use today. Yet, for public benefits programs such as welfare, the intervening decades have brought striking changes. The 1 996 federal welfare law created new and powerful incentives to trim the rolls. Work requirements increased the proportion of recipients holding jobs, forcing many to choose between forgoing their due process rights and jeopardizing their employment by missing work to attend a hearing. Technological advances enabled welfare agencies to cut off benefits based on automated eligibility determinations that are difficult for recipients to challenge. Cuts in funding for legal services made the prospect of legal representation at fair hearings remote.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Equivalent Circuits for Single-Sided Linear Induction Motors With Asymmetric Cap Secondary for Linear Transit. Since single-sided linear induction motors working with a lateral asymmetric cap secondary is a frequent operating condition, this paper develops an equivalent circuit model considering the asymmetric condition. First, an analysis model, which takes the longitudinal end effect and skin effect into consideration, is proposed. Second, a transversal analysis model considering the laterally asymmetric cap secondary is developed to derive its correction factors. Then, the influence of lamination eddy current on the effective air gap to transversely directed flux is contrastively analyzed. Third, the traction characteristics of a prototype motor with symmetric and asymmetric cap secondary are calculated by the equivalent circuit. Finally, these calculated results are verified by measurements carried out by a test rig of the linear motor.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
+{"token": "The Pathos of Theology as a Pneumatological Derivative or a Poiemata of the Spirit? A Review Essay of Reinhard Hutter's Pneumatological and Ecclesiological Vision of Theology. Reinhard Hutter is a leading theologian who has made important contributions to ecclesiology, pneumatology, and Christian rationality, but his most fundamental one is to the nature of theology and theological method. What makes his work of particular interest to Pentecostals is its attempt to give theology a pneumatological and ecclesiological ground. He suggests that the pathos of theology is doctrina and core church practices; theology receives its character and content from church doctrine and practices. Although successful in respect to his ecclesiological program, his proposal does not give theology a direct pneumatological ground and pathos. Nevertheless, his notion that theology receives its pathos from church doctrine and practices can be adapted to suggest a pneumatological pathos of Christian experience and theology. The result is a proposal that the Holy Spirit conditions the pathos of Christian experience and theology, which provides a theological and explicitly a pneumatological pathos not only for Pentecostal experience and theology but also for the role of Pentecostal experience in developing a uniquely \\\\'orthopathic\\\\' ecumenical contribution to Christian theology.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Myotis ikonnikovi (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae) and its relationships with similar species. Features characteristic for Myotis ikonnikovi are examined; the braincase shape, the baculum construction, and the location of the upper canine grooves are the most useful characters for its diagnostics. Recognition of 'mystacinus' and 'muricola' species groups is proposed, based on dental characters. Myotis mystacinus fujiensis Imaizumi, 1954 is recognised as a junior synonym of M. ikonnikovi Ognev, 1912.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "The application of Q-methodology to the study of criteria used by adolescents in the evaluation of their musical compositions. This study employs Q-methodology to investigate the criteria adolescents use when evaluating their musical compositions. Thirty-two adolescents (aged 13-14 years) balanced for gender and prior experience of formal instrumental music tuition (FIMT) participated in a Q-sort procedure based on forty-six items. The items were formulated from four sources: specialist music teacher interviews, adolescent focus group discussions, music curriculum documents, and academic papers investigating the assessment of music composition. The resulting data was analysed using factor analysis. In Q-methodology, these factors represent groups of adolescents based on the criteria they considered important for evaluating their musical compositions. Three main groups of adolescents were associated with the majority of participants. The criteria found to be important to each group were interpreted as: (1) composing an appealing piece to a preconceived formula, (2) composing a novel, abstract and interesting piece, and (3) composing an inventive and imaginative piece to a preconceived formula. Comparisons between the criteria used by adolescents and the criteria regarded as important by music teachers are also examined, as well as differences between the adolescents criteria based on their prior experience of FIMT. Suggestions for future research and the implications of the findings for music education are discussed.", "label": [3, 5, 27, 50]}
+{"token": "Implant-supported overdentures: A longitudinal prospective study. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical function and long-term prognosis of overdentures retained by a small number of implants in the maxilla and mandible using one of two different attachment systems. Included in the study were all patients referred to specialty clinics in Jonkoping and Linkoping, Sweden, during the treatment period who needed an overdenture and could be provided with a minimum number of two bilaterally-placed implants. Excluded were patients with bone-grafted jaws, irradiated cancer patients, heavy bruxers, and patients who had lost a fixed prosthesis because of implant losses. The patients were randomly assigned to receive one retentive system, either a round 2-mm-diameter bar with clips or ball attachments (Nobel Biocare). Eighteen overdentures were placed in maxillae and 32 in mandibles, supported by a total of 115 Br (a) over circle nemark implants. Of the implants placed, 86.1% were continuously osseointegrated. The cumulative implant survival rates after 7 years of loading were 75.4% in the maxillae and 100% in the mandibles. There was no difference in implant survival rate between the attachment systems. Patients with implant losses were characterized by severely resorbed maxillary ridges and inferior bone quality, together with unfavorable loading circumstances such as short implants combined with long leverages. Complications and prosthetic adjustments were mostly resolved early and easily.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "The life and death of Jews in Volhynia. Volhynia was for many centuries one of the centres of Jewish life in Eastern Europe. Under the rule of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Polish Commonwealth, the Russian Empire and the Polish state of the interwar period, a with and against one another developed in the multi-confessional and polyethnic region of Catholic Polish landholders, Orthodox Ukrainian peasants and Jewish merchants. Religion, social stratification, language, and ethnic self-identification were interwoven in a complex way. Stereotypes about the relationship to Soviet rule (Jewish Bolshevism) and the role of Ukrainians and Poles in the annihilation of the region's Jews between 1941 and 1943 misrepresent reality.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Defining and achieving success in the movement to change scholarly communication. In the pursuit to change scholarly communication, libraries have undertaken a number of initiatives. These may include establishing a formal program, creating a committee, or taking other concerted actions at their institutions. While librarians have been engaged in targeted activities for some time, there has been no attempt to describe what constitutes a successful program. This paper proposes that five stages that are experienced in organized attempts to change scholarly communication, arguing that the use of stages provides a practical approach to addressing a nearly intractable problem. The author defines these stages, offers illustrative examples, provides measures of success, and details strategies that support the efforts toward change.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "BRAZILIAN HISTORICAL WRITING IN GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: ON THE EMERGENCE OF THE CONCEPT OF 'HISTORIOGRAPHY. This article assesses the meanings of the term historiography in Brazilian historiography from the late nineteenth century to circa 1950, suggesting that its use plays an essential role in the process of the disciplinarization and legitimation of history as a discipline. The global-scale comparison, taking into consideration occurrences of the term in German, Spanish, and French, reveals that use of the term took place simultaneously worldwide. The term historiography underwent a significant change globally, having become independent from the modern concept of history, shifting away from the political and social dimensions of the writing of history in the nineteenth century and unfolding into a metacritical concept. Such a process enables historians to technically distinguish at least three semantic modulations of the term: 1. history as a living experience; 2. the writing or narration of history; and 3. the critical study of historical narratives. Based on the Brazilian experience, it is possible to think of the historiography category as an index of the transformations of the modern concept of history itself between the 1870s and 1940s, a period of intense modification of the experience and expectations of the writing of professional historical scholarship on a global scale.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Next-generation sequencing for hypothesis-free genomic detection of invasive tropical infections in poly-microbially contaminated, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples - a proof-of-principle assessment. BackgroundThe potential of next-generation sequencing (NGS) for hypothesis-free pathogen diagnosis from (poly-)microbially contaminated, formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded tissue samples from patients with invasive fungal infections and amebiasis was investigated. Samples from patients with chromoblastomycosis (n=3), coccidioidomycosis (n=2), histoplasmosis (n=4), histoplasmosis or cryptococcosis with poor histological discriminability (n=1), mucormycosis (n=2), mycetoma (n=3), rhinosporidiosis (n=2), and invasive Entamoeba histolytica infections (n=6) were analyzed by NGS (each one Illumina v3 run per sample). To discriminate contamination from putative infections in NGS analysis, mean and standard deviation of the number of specific sequence fragments (paired reads) were determined and compared in all samples examined for the pathogens in question.ResultsFor matches between NGS results and histological diagnoses, a percentage of species-specific reads greater than the 4th standard deviation above the mean value of all 23 assessed sample materials was required. Potentially etiologically relevant pathogens could be identified by NGS in 5 out of 17 samples of patients with invasive mycoses and in 1 out of 6 samples of patients with amebiasis.ConclusionsThe use of NGS for hypothesis-free pathogen diagnosis from contamination-prone formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue requires further standardization.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Access to Medicines for Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDS) during COVID-19 in Kenya: A Descriptive Commentary. Evidence shows that those with non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are at higher risk for serious illness and mortality from COVID-19. In Kenya, about 50% of the COVID-19 patients who have died had an NCD. We sought to describe the challenges faced in accessing NCD medicines in Kenya during the pandemic, through a descriptive narrative informed by key stakeholders engaged in NCD service delivery and decision-making. Access to NCD medicines was affected at three levels, service delivery, health facility information systems and the medicines supply chain to health facilities. In response to these gaps, the Ministry of Health released clear directives and interim guidelines for continuity of NCD service delivery. However, implementation of guidelines was not apparent from conversations with county officials or from assessment of county services by the Ministry. Rather, heterogeneity was observed in counties' responsiveness to patient needs, where 5 out of 13 counties used mHealth technologies, while 5 had no established system to reach patients. COVID-19 amplified gaps that already existed in the system-particularly around lack of robust supply chains and sub-optimal health information systems. This descriptive paper will be useful to policy makers to provide a summary of the key challenges faced in accessing NCD medicines, identify gaps in medicines delivery, and make case for establishment of a more equitable health system to meet the needs of lower-income NCD patients.", "label": [2, 21, 23]}
+{"token": "Retrieval and validation of mesospheric temperatures from Wind Imaging Interferometer observations. A method has been developed for the retrieval of mesospheric temperatures in the 65-90 km altitude range from satellite observations made by the Wind Imaging Interferometer (WINDII) aboard the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS). Retrieved temperatures are derived from Rayleigh scattered sunlight observed in a wavelength band centered at 553 nm. Integrated line-of-sight radiance observations are inverted to tangent height volume scattering profiles, which are proportional to atmospheric density. From these, absolute temperature profiles are calculated using a technique derived from established Rayleigh lidar retrieval methods assuming that the atmosphere is in hydrostatic equilibrium and that it obeys the ideal gas law. Sources of error have been identified and typical temperature uncertainty values for individual profiles are determined to be < 2.5%, 5.5%, and 13% for altitudes of 70 km, 80 km, and 90 km, respectively. A thorough comparison of the derived WINDII temperatures is performed against a number of ground-based and satellite measurements, including ground-based lidar, falling spheres, the High Resolution Doppler Imager observations aboard UARS, and against common atmospheric models. The data consist of spring equinox observations in March and April 1992/1993, summer solstice data in July/August 1992/1993, fall equinox data in September/October 1992, and winter solstice data in December 1992/1993 and January 1993/1994. The results of the comparisons show that WINDII temperatures are in reasonable to excellent agreement with a number of established temperature studies. In particular, July Northern Hemisphere monthly averaged temperatures show that characteristics of the mesopause obtained by WINDII are in very good agreement with other measurements. This good agreement with other established data sets and a determination of the error bounds of our recovered temperatures have shown that WINDII data can be used to confidently derive near-global temperatures of the upper mesosphere between 65 and 90 kin. Above 90 km the errors increase, and systematic differences may arise with other measurements.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Activity of Bacillus thuringiensis isolates against Diaprepes abbreviatus (Coleoptera : Curculionidae). A collection of Bacillus thuringiensis isolates plausibly active against coleopteran insects was obtained from the Agricultural Research Service Culture Collection. Each isolate was cultured, spores and delta-endotoxin crystals were pelleted by centrifugation and lyophilized, and the resulting product was incorporated in insect diet for testing against Diaprepes abbreviatus neonates. A bioassay method was developed that utilized small amounts of insect diet and B. thuringiensis spores and delta-endotoxin to treat single neonates confined to 0.2-mL clear polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tubes. The method was less expensive in terms of labor and materials as compared to previous methods and reduced control losses due to burrowing and aggressive behaviors of D. abbreviatus larvae confined together. Of 19 B. thuringiensis isolates screened for activity against D. abbreviatus with a discriminating dose of 250 ppm spores and delta-endotoxin on diet, 5 were selected for further evaluation in dose-response experiments. Diaprepes abbreviatus larvae demonstrated a significant dose response to 4 of the 5 isolates tested. The most active isolates were those that expressed CryET33 and CryET34, or Cyt2Ca1 proteins. A wild-type B. thuringiensis strain that expressed Cyt2Ca1 generated the lowest LC50 value (50.7 mu g/ml) and steepest slope (1.11) based on log10 probit analysis of the data. These B. thuringiensis delta-endotoxins may have utility in transgenic approaches to citrus rootstock protection from D. abbreviatus.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Incorporation ofSesamum indicumprotein and transglutaminase into gluten-free rice flour cake: Assessment of physico-chemical and sensory properties. The current investigation was undertaken to evaluate and optimize the effects of incorporation of Sesame (Sesamum indicumL.) protein and transglutaminase on physico-chemical and sensory properties of rice flour-based gluten-free cakes. Moreover, some characteristics of prepared products such as moisture content and texture specifications were measured. According to findings, all treatments had a significant effect on the sensory, texture, and color properties of the products. The strongest effect on the brightness index was observed in the sample containing 6%S. indicumprotein isolate and 0.6% transglutaminase on a backing day, the lowest effect was associated with the sample containing 5.12%S. indicumprotein isolate and 1.02% transglutaminase on the 5th day on the shelf life. The results showed that producing a gluten-free rice flour cake byS. indicumprotein and transglutaminase is possible and applying enzymes for improving the quality of gluten-free products is a promising technology. Practical applications TheS. indicumseed is a rich source of lipid, methionine, and tryptophan and protein. Also, rice has desirable specifications like good protein content, easy digestion, pleasant taste, low sodium, lipid, and fiber content, high carbohydrate content, and hypoallergenic properties. This study aimed to incorporate theS. indicumprotein in gluten-free rice-based cake formulation. Producing gluten-free products for consumers with gluten intolerance is a promising attempt. Transglutaminase was also used as an auxiliary connector to improve the properties of the final product. Given the satisfactory sensory and texture specifications, the use ofS. indicumprotein isolate and transglutaminase in gluten-free formulation is recommended. Improving color specification in terms of color stability of the outside and whiteness of the texture and better adhesiveness and hardness characteristics are some of the advantages of the proposed formulation.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "A coupled damage model for creep. Alloy steels of type 9Cr1Mo are being developed worldwide for the boiler and turbine components of supercritical and ultra supercritical thermal power plants and for the pressure vessel of fast breeder reactors. These steels exhibit very complex high temperature creep cavitation processes with coupled influences of creep strain, material softening and ageing etc. A new viscoplastic model considering both deformation and damage evolution has been developed in this work to predict high temperature creep deformation and damage of a 9Cr1Mo steel. Smooth tensile specimens have been analysed using this new model and the evolution of creep damage has been predicted. The results have been compared with those of experiment from literature. From the initial results, it is observed that this approach is very promising to carry out design and fitness-for-purpose of service of actual plant components.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Experimental Study on the Effect of Pressure on the Replacement Process of CO2-CH4 Hydrate below the Freezing Point. The recovery of natural gas from CH4 hydrate deposits in permafrost environments through injection of CO2 is considered to be a suitable strategy for CH4 production and CO2 storage. To study the replacement characteristics of CO2-CH4 hydrate below the freezing point, the experiment was conducted in ice powder with particle size of 800 mu m at different injection pressures (3.6, 4.0, and 4.5 MPa) of CO2. The experimental results showed that the average replacement rate and efficiency increased with the increasing of injected pressure of CO2 gas. Also, the average replacement rate and efficiency reached up to 0.403 mmol/h and 13.20% when the injected pressure of CO2 was at 4.5 MPa. The results also indicated that, compared with the temperature conditions above the freezing point, the replacement rate of CO3-CH4 hydrate was slow below the freezing point. These results provide a theoretical guidance for gas production from methane hydrate using CO2-CH4 replacement method in permafrost region in the future.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "Will Big Data Close the Missing Heritability Gap?. Despite the important discoveries reported by genome-wide association (GWA) studies, for most traits and diseases the prediction R-squared (R-sq.) achieved with genetic scores remains considerably lower than the trait heritability. Modern biobanks will soon deliver unprecedentedly large biomedical data sets: Will the advent of big data close the gap between the trait heritability and the proportion of variance that can be explained by a genomic predictor? We addressed this question using Bayesian methods and a data analysis approach that produces a surface response relating prediction R-sq. with sample size and model complexity (e.g., number of SNPs). We applied the methodology to data from the interim release of the UK Biobank. Focusing on human height as a model trait and using 80,000 records for model training, we achieved a prediction R-sq. in testing (n = 22,221) of 0.24 (95% C. I.: 0.23-0.25). Our estimates show that prediction R-sq. increases with sample size, reaching an estimated plateau at values that ranged from 0.1 to 0.37 for models using 500 and 50,000 (GWA-selected) SNPs, respectively. Soon much larger data sets will become available. Using the estimated surface response, we forecast that larger sample sizes will lead to further improvements in prediction R-sq. We conclude that big data will lead to a substantial reduction of the gap between trait heritability and the proportion of interindividual differences that can be explained with a genomic predictor. However, even with the power of big data, for complex traits we anticipate that the gap between prediction R-sq. and trait heritability will not be fully closed.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Communication and State Construction: The Postal Service in German States, 1815-1866. A comparison between five nineteenth-century German states demonstrates the importance of postal systems for nation-building and nationalism. Prior to the formal unification of Germany under Emperor Wilhelm of Prussia in 1871, the various German states evinced scant political, administrative, social, or geographical cohesion until their postal systems created a communications infrastructure that gradually eroded traditional barriers.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Open source communities: an integrally informed approach. Design/methodology/approach - The approach is a review of current research thinking and application of the AQAL framework to suggest resolution of polarizations.Findings - The authors find that AQAL is valuable as an integrating framework allowing a more holistic understanding of the complex economic, social and cultural characteristics of open source communities.Originality/value - The original value of this paper is to link, within the AQAL framework, current parallel streams of OSS research, the traditional economic and the social and anthropological, by introducing considerations of psychological contract and intrinsic motivation.Purpose - To reframe analysis of the open source software (OSS) phenomenon from an AQAL perspective", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "Unintended but Always Significant? A Re-Examination of the Consequences of National Education Reform on Local Developments in the Pioneering of Comprehensive Schooling C.1918-1950. Using the case study of Anglesey and its pioneering comprehensive scheme, this paper aims to re-examine education reforms and interventions by central government c.1918-1950. This is undertaken in a bid to reveal the significance of such reforms for the way in which comprehensive secondary education was able to evolve at the local level. Lesser-known consequences of well-known reforms will be explored with a view to assessing their significance for a Local Education Authority with a comprehensive vision. Furthermore, these localized findings will be discussed with the aim of discerning their significance beyond the local level. Attention will be paid to what the implications of the inclusion of the 'Welsh dimension' might mean for the wider historiography of comprehensive schooling in England and Wales. It will be argued here that this re-examination of education policy has implications for how the consequences of some of the key educational reforms of the twentieth century can be viewed and re-evaluated. Perhaps even more significantly, the findings from this investigation suggest that by re-examining the influence of key policies and central government intervention, our understanding of the pioneering of comprehensive schooling can be further developed.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "The Latin antiphon and the question of frequency of interpolation. The theory that the antiphon is a kind of refrain and that its original purpose was to be inserted between all the verses of its respective psalm was articulated by Giuseppe Maria Tommasi in the seventeenth century and has been transmitted by liturgical historians with little criticism ever since that time. The present article examines the evidence on which that theory rests, with special attention to the writings of Amalar of Metz, and finds it to be inconclusive or positively contrary to the claims that have been built upon it. The article considers the evidence of antiphonal psalmody at Mass, as transmitted in Ordo Romanus I, and finds support there for the view that antiphons were normally performed only at the beginning and end of their respective psalms. After considering briefly the Liber Pontificalis and the tradition of psalmodic differentiae, the article turns to the treatment of antiphonal psalmody by the liturgical historians Guillaume Durand and Radulph de Rivo in the late Middle Ages and finds in their writings no evidence of a belief that frequent interpolation was the authentic primitive practice. The article concludes that two iterations of the antiphon, once at the beginning and once at the end of the psalm, suited its original thematic intent and that the theory of reiteration after every verse - effectively conflating antiphonal and responsorial psalmody - may be no older than the liturgical scholarship of Tommasi in the late seventeenth century.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Deadlock detection in distributed database systems: a new algorithm and a comparative performance analysis. This paper attempts a comprehensive study of deadlock detection in distributed database systems. First, the two predominant deadlock models in these systems and the four different distributed deadlock detection approaches are discussed. Afterwards, a new deadlock detection algorithm is presented. The algorithm is based on dynamically creating deadlock detection agents (DDAs), each being responsible for detecting deadlocks in one connected component of the global wait-for-graph (WFG). The DDA scheme is a \\\\'self-tuning\\\\' system: after an initial warm-up phase, dedicated DDAs will be formed for \\\\'centers of locality\\\\', i.e., parts of the system where many conflicts occur. A dynamic shift in locality of the distributed system will be responded to by automatically creating new DDAs while the obsolete ones terminate. In this paper, we also compare the most competitive representative of each class of algorithms suitable for distributed database systems based on a simulation model, and point out their relative strengths and weaknesses. The extensive experiments we carried out indicate that our newly proposed deadlock detection algorithm outperforms the other algorithms in the vast majority of configurations and workloads and, in contrast to all other algorithms, is very robust with respect to differing load and access profiles.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "The (beauty of the) foolishness of God. In his The Folly of God (A Theology of the Unconditional, Salem/Oregon, Polebridge Press 2016), Jack Caputo, however, digs theologically deeper when it comes to what is going on in the name (of) \\\\'God\\\\'. Caputo interprets the Pauline rhetoric on the folly of the cross in a more radical manner. He \\\\'weakens\\\\' the folly of God into an insistent call that we give existence in works of mercy. In Caputo's weak theology there is no ultimate winning God, despite the foolishness of the cross. Because, we do not know what is coming at us when we pray for God's kingdom. It might be beauty, even the beauty of folly, but it might also be a threat. That is the risk we take when putting our faith in the folly of God.\\\\'The gospel is foolishness. Preaching is folly. Preachers are fools.\\\\'(1 )This is the refrain throughout Johan Cilliers' and Charles Campbell's inspiring and unsettling book on homiletics. As the quote indicates, the authors connect the folly and foolishness to the gospel and to the preaching preacher. They invoke all kinds of fools, clowns, tricksters and jesters, including Jesus, to explain the meaning of \\\\'the folly of the cross\\\\', as Paul suggests in 1 Corinthians 1:18-25. However, Cilliers and Campbell do not so much address the implications of the folly of God, or, to put it in a different way, the folly that God is. Whenever they relate the foolishness to God, they refer to paradoxical phrases like 'powerful weakness,' or 'different aesthetics,' or the 'terrible beauty' of the cross. They assume that an omnipotent God who is at the same time powerless and mocked at the cross is the ultimate figure of foolishness. Still, this vulnerable God remains in power, somehow. Resurrection guarantees triumph after all.This contribution intends to construct a dialogue between Cilliers and Caputo about the hermeneutics of 1 Corinthians 1:18-25 and its implications for understanding the folly of God.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Effect of polymer and polymer blends on encapsulation efficiency of spray-dried microencapsulated flaxseed oil. Flaxseed oil emulsions were prepared by homogenising flaxseed oil, gum Arabic (GA), maltodextrin (MD), and inulin (IN) in water (polymers were used alone and in combinations). Emulsions were analysed for their stability and viscosity. Results indicated that emulsions containing IN showed some layer separation while most of the emulsions were stable before spray-drying. The microparticles obtained after spray-drying were analysed for encapsulation efficiency, surface oil, density, flowing properties, moisture, water activity, colour parameters (L*, a* and b*), particle size, morphology, dissolution behaviour, X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern, and differential scanning colorimetery (DSC). All the encapsulated flaxseed oil powders (EFOPs) showed a bimodal particle size distribution with average particle size in the range of 1.18 to 9.80 mu m. GA:MD (1:1) showed the highest encapsulation efficiency (92%) and lower surface oil. Scanning electron micrographs depicted spherical particles with no apparent cracks. IN yielded smooth-surfaced microparticles. DSC thermograms depicted that microcapsules were thermally stable. XRD analysis showed that most of the EFOPs were amorphous and spray-drying did not change the structure of wall materials. Dissolution behavior showed that presence of IN increased the solubility of EFOPs in water at room temperature. Hence, it is concluded that IN and MD effectively support GA in encapsulating flaxseed oil. (C) All Rights Reserved", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Identification of Coinfections by Viral and Bacterial Pathogens in COVID-19 Hospitalized Patients in Peru: Molecular Diagnosis and Clinical Characteristics. The impact of respiratory coinfections in COVID-19 is still not well understood despite the growing evidence that consider coinfections greater than expected. A total of 295 patients older than 18 years of age, hospitalized with a confirmed diagnosis of moderate/severe pneumonia due to SARS-CoV-2 infection (according to definitions established by the Ministry of Health of Peru) were enrolled during the study period. A coinfection with one or more respiratory pathogens was detected in 154 (52.2%) patients at hospital admission. The most common coinfections were Mycoplasma pneumoniae (28.1%), Chlamydia pneumoniae (8.8%) and with both bacteria (11.5%); followed by Adenovirus (1.7%), Mycoplasma pneumoniae/Adenovirus (0.7%), Chlamydia pneumoniae/Adenovirus (0.7%), RSV-B/Chlamydia pneumoniae (0.3%) and Mycoplasma pneumoniae/Chlamydia pneumoniae/Adenovirus (0.3%). Expectoration was less frequent in coinfected individuals compared to non-coinfected (5.8% vs. 12.8%). Sepsis was more frequent among coinfected patients than non-coinfected individuals (33.1% vs. 20.6%) and 41% of the patients who received macrolides empirically were PCR-positive for Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae.", "label": [2, 21, 24]}
+{"token": "SifA permits survival and replication of Salmonella typhimurium in murine macrophages. SifA was originally identified as a virulence factor required for formation of Salmonella-induced filaments (Sifs), elongated tubules rich in lysosomal glycoproteins that extend from the Salmonella-containing vacuole in infected epithelial cells. Here, we demonstrate that deletion mutants of ssaR, a component of the SPI-2 type III secretion system, do not form Sifs in HeLa epithelial cells. This suggests that SifA is a translocated effector of this system, acting within host cells to form Sifs, In support of this hypothesis, transfection of HeLa cells with a vector encoding SifA fused to the green fluorescent protein caused extensive vacuolation of LAMP-1-positive compartments. Filamentous tubules that closely resembled Sifs were also observed in transfected cells, demonstrating that SifA is sufficient to initiate alteration of host cell endosomal structures. Delta sifA mutants were impaired in their ability to survive/replicate in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages, a phenotype similar to ssaR mutants, Our findings suggest that SifA is an effector of the SPI-2 type III secretion system and allows colonization of murine macrophages, the host niche exploited during systemic phases of disease in these animals, A family of SifA-related proteins and their importance to Salmonella pathogenesis is also discussed.", "label": [4, 40, 39]}
+{"token": "Technical Performance and Benefit of Mini Combine Harvester in Southern Delta of Bangladesh. In Bangladesh rice harvesting operation has a major potential for increasing yield, labor productivity and reducing losses and production cost. Significant amount of field losses of rice occur every year due to natural calamities, shortage of time during harvesting period and following the traditional harvesting methods. The present study was conducted to identify rice harvesting practices in southern delta of Bangladesh, to assess the technical performance of mini combine harvester and benefit of mechanical harvesting systems. For comparison between mechanical and manual harvesting systems, several experiments were conducted. Mechanical harvesting of Aman-2016, Boro-2017 and Aman-2017 rice at Dumuria, Wazirpur, Subarnachar and Kalapara Upazilas of Khulna. Barisal, Noakhali and Patuakhali districts, respectively of Bangladesh were conducted using a minicombine harvester. Manual harvesting of rice was also conducted at the same locations. Cost savings in mechanical harvesting of rice were found 55.86% for using mini-combine harvester over manual harvest ing system. Similarly, labors saving using mini-combine harvester was found 65% over manual harvesting system. The total harvesting losses (including harvesting, threshing and cleaning) were also found 1.28% and 6.04% for using mini-combine and manual harvesting systems, respectively. The losses of rice can be reduced 4.76% using mini-combine harvester over manual harvesting system. The results indicated that manual harvesting is a labor and cost involving system. On the other hand mechanical harvester like mini-combine harvester is a labor and cost saving system along with reducing harvesting losses, human drudgery, harvesting time and increasing cropping intensity, crop productivity, economic emancipation.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Social Aspects of Kant's Anthropology and Their Influence on the 20th Century Sociology: Problems and Cases. The paper examines the often neglected social aspects of Kant's anthropology, as an introduction to the discussion concerning its influence and actuality from the modern perspective of social sciences, and sociology in particular. Its first part, containing a brief description of the structure of Kant's pragmatic anthropology as a unique concept of an empirically oriented discipline, analyzes its social elements, with an emphasis on the anthropological role of the concept of 'unsocial sociability'. In the second part, I shed light on the main factors which so far have been a major impediment to a wider sociological reception of Kant's anthropological ideas. These factors include institutional issues, rivalry with other traditions and the existence of several prejudices concerning the foundations, structure and goals of Kant's anthropology. In the third part, I turn to the question of Kant's anthropological influence on the European and American sociology - on the examples of George H. Mead's pragmatism, Hans Albert's critical rationalism and philosophical anthropology of Helmuth Plessner. My main aim is to demonstrate that from a sociological point of view the project of Kant's anthropology is neither overall obsolete nor incompatible with modern theories.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Ultrastructural changes in the equine colonic mucosa after ischaemia and reperfusion. Results: Ischaemia caused swelling of epithelial cells and their organelles, opening of tight junctions, detachment from the basement membrane, early apoptosis and single cell necrosis. Autophagy was a prominent feature in epithelial cells after ischaemia. Reperfusion was characterised by apoptosis, epithelial regeneration and restoration of apical cell junctions. Phagocytic-like vacuoles containing cellular debris and bacteria were evident in epithelial cells after reperfusion. Paracellular and subepithelial clefts formed, accompanied by infiltration of neutrophils, lymphocytes and eosinophils into the epithelium. Subepithelial macrophages and luminal neutrophils had increased phagocytic activity.Methods: Ischaemia was induced for 1 h followed by 4 h of reperfusion in a 40 cm segment of the pelvic flexure in 6 horses. Mucosal biopsies before and after ischaemia, and after 1, 2 and 4 h of reperfusion were fixed in glutaraldehyde/paraformaldehyde and osmium tetroxide, and embedded in epon. Morphological and ultrastructural changes were evaluated in toluidine blue-stained semithin sections by light microscopy and in thin sections stained with uranyl acetate/lead citrate by transmission electron microscopy.Conclusions: Ischaemia caused ultrastructural damage to the colonic epithelium, but epithelial cells recovered during reperfusion.Potential relevance: Transmission electron microscopy can demonstrate subtle ultrastructural damage to epithelial cells and evidence of recovery after I/R in equine colon.Objectives: To describe the morphology and ultrastructure of the epithelium in equine large colonic mucosa after I/R, and the response of inflammatory cells to injury.Reason for performing study: Ultrastructural changes in the epithelium can provide information on early changes in barrier properties, repair and inflammation in equine colon after ischaemia and reperfusion (I/R).", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Transcendental arguments and the problem of dogmatism. Transcendental arguments have been described as undogmatic or nondogmatic arguments. This paper examines this contention critically and addresses the question of what is required from an argument for which the characterization is valid. I shall argue that although transcendental arguments do in certain respects meet what one should require from non-dogmatic arguments, they - or more specifically, what I shall call 'general transcendental arguments' - involve an assumption about conceptual unity that constitutes a reason for not attributing to them the status of non-dogmatic arguments. As a solution to this problem I distinguish general transcendental arguments from what I shall call 'specific transcendental arguments' and seek to explain how by limiting the use of transcendental arguments to the latter type it would be possible to avoid dogmatism. This methodological adjustment also opens up a possibility of re-interpreting transcendental arguments from the past in a novel non-dogmatic fashion.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Multimethodological Approach In The Study Of The Representations On Laboratory Practical Works. This article presents a study on practical laboratory work (PLW) considering social representations (SR). The objective of this research is to identify and analyze the SR on the PLW of 29 teachers of Natural Sciences from the province of San Juan, Argentina, using associative and interrogative techniques. Among those used are the Likert scale and the techniques of evocation and hierarchization and incomplete sentences. In this article, we will try to establish which techniques are most useful in this type of studies by allowing us to reliably identify the SR, therefore, being predictive of the teaching performance linked to the PLW. The results obtained in this study will allow us to draw attention to the need for a multimethodological approximation at the time of studying the SRs, given the complexity involving the representations, as well as about the important contribution of associative techniques to the study of SR.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Rules and Knowledge. This paper builds on Dopfer et al. (2004)'s novel view of economic evolution as a growth of knowledge process, specifically by scrutinizing the dynamics of cognitive and behavioral aspects associated with evolutionary change, and in so doing attempts to typify my understanding of the generic level (Dopfer, 2004). To accomplish this, I examine the functionality of the concepts of rules and knowledge, and at each instance complement both definitions using an evolutionary neurophenomenological perspective coupled with Peircian semiotics and Sen's capabilities approach. Additionally, and in light of the mentioned adjustments, this essay highlights the inherent unpredictability of rule and knowledge creation, in order to ascribe to the need for a methodological shift towards the identification and promotion of innovative anomalies, and confining the individual rational decision-making assumption to a mere possibility. Finally, this study proposes a merger between Evolutionary Economics and Human Development to address welfare issues from a combined perspective that may effectively advance knowledge growth.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Statistical Characteristics of Substorms With Different Intensity. Geomagnetic substorm is one of the essential solar wind-magnetosphere energy coupling processes. In this study, we present a statistical analysis of substorms with different intensities that occurred from 1982 to 2012. We investigated the substorm occurrence rate, the time evolution of solar wind and geomagnetic parameters, as well as the SME, SMU and, SML indices during these substorms by using OMNI and SuperMag networks data sets. We find that substorms more frequently occur during solar declining phases and in spring and autumn due to the Russel-McPherron effect. The superposed SME index shows a double-peak near midnight and dusk during intense substorms, standing for comparable eastward and westward electrojets. We suggest that there is an additional current wedge during intense substorms located near the dusk. During the substorm expansion phase, eastward and westward electrojets are expanding against their current direction. The results presented in this study provide a comprehensive view of substorm characteristics with different intensities and may facilitate the understanding of the development of auroral electrojets in the ionosphere, even the current system in the magnetosphere.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Simultaneous Tar Reforming and Syngas Methanation for Bio-Substitute Natural Gas. Biomass steam gasification in a free-fall reactor followed by the as-produced biogenous syngas upgrading over Ni/olivine and Ni/olivine+CaO in a countercurrent moving bed reactor was performed in this study. In the newly developed moving bed configuration, the tar in the syngas was steam reformed and simultaneously the syngas was methanated. As a preliminary part of this research, the influences of tar on syngas methanation at different temperatures and H2O contents were studied as well in a fixed-bed reactor with toluene as a model tar compound. It was found that the carbon deposition behavior was greatly affected by the reaction conditions. During raw biogenous syngas upgrading over Ni/olivine in the countercurrent moving bed upgrading reactor, both CH4-rich gas production and tar elimination with good resistance toward carbon deposition were achieved. With the introduction of CO2 sorbent into the upgrading reactor further, CH4/H-2 mixture was achieved.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "Staging Postmemory: Self-representation and Parental Biographying in Lagartijas Tiradas al Sol's El rumor del incendio. Mexico in the 1970s was at the peak of what Vargas Llosa called its \\\\'perfect dictatorship\\\\' under the Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI). This perfection, however, did not preclude resistance from student groups, militias, and peasant movements. Decades later, theatre company Lagartijas Tiradas al Sol would stage this rebellion in their documentary play El rumor del incendio (2010) and its accompanying textual and digital publications. Director and actor Luisa Pardo plays both herself and her real-life mother, Margarita, in the play. This study examines the strategies used to convey the family ties between Margarita and Pardo, which include documentary evidence, bodily relationships, and genealogical connections. It shows the way that theatrical self-representation challenges the auto/biographical genre by blurring lines between biography and autobiography, as well as redefining drama, asking spectators to consider the stage as an alternative source of historical fact.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Religious delusions: Finding meanings in psychosis. Background: Religious delusions have been reported with varying prevalence from cultures around the world. Their contents, context and significance vary according to cultural and economic mores. In this review we discuss the potential relationship between religious delusions and aspects of culture, in particular religious symbols. We suggest that religious rituals and expectations of the family play a major role in the genesis and maintenance of delusions. We consider the roles of religious signifiers in the formation and maintenance of these important phenomena. Sampling and Methods: Evidence relating to the clinical significance of religious delusions is reviewed. The real clinical significance of religious delusions varies from violence to others to self-harm. The implications of these issues are discussed in relation to their management. Results and Conclusions: It is argued that there should be a reassessment of the importance of religious delusions in the light of new ethnographic and clinical evidence. Copyright (C) 2008 S. Karger AG, Basel.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Catastrophic soil loss associated with end-Triassic deforestation. Soils are a crucial link between the atmosphere, biosphere, and geosphere. Any disturbance to the health of soils will severely impact plants as well as a multitude of organisms living in or on soils, such as fungi, bacteria, and insects. Catastrophic soil loss is thought to have played a pivotal role during mass-extinction events as a result of major deforestation, but the exact feedbacks remain elusive. Here, we assess the role of soil loss during the end-Triassic mass-extinction event based on proxy data obtained from four sediment sections recovered from France, Germany, and Denmark. Clay mineral and palynological data indicate a strong increase in erosion during the latest Rhaetian with the influx of kaolinite and abundantly reworked Palaeozoic and Neoproterozoic organic matter. Based on a new timeline, these changes were coeval with intense volcanic activity in the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP). In addition to vegetation dieback, repeated forest fires, as well as widespread seismic activity related to CAMP emplacement led to landscape destruction triggering removal of soils. The biological degradation of fern spore walls by fungi and bacteria, a process coupled to organic matter decay in soils, strongly decreased across the T/J boundary. We interpret this counter-intuitive result as evidence for rapid and widespread removal of soils. Taken together, CAMP induced environmental changes led to profound changes in erosion and removal of soils, while soil resilience during the Hettangian appears to have proceeded hand in hand with recovery in Jurassic seas.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "NIGGER': A CRITICAL RACE REALIST ANALYSIS OF THE N-WORD WITHIN HATE CRIMES LAW. In sum, we argue that whereas the N-Word is used by Blacks in a more race neutral manner within popular culture, its usage among Whites immersed in Black culture is nil. Furthermore, we find that many Whites harbor implicit anti-Black biases, and such biases predict racial hostility and the use of racial epithets. Consequently, within the realm of hate crimes law, courts should presume racial animus where a White person uses the N-word while committing a crime against a Black person. Furthermore, despite high rates of Black usage of the N-word and high rates of implicit anti-Black biases among Blacks, a law of intra-racial hate crimes among Blacks predicated upon their usage of the N-word would be fruitless. This is because the N-word has a different connotation when used intra-racially among Blacks than when directed at Blacks by Whites.On a 2005 summer morning in New York, Nicholas \\\\'Fat Nick\\\\' Minucci, who is White, beat Glenn Moore, who is Black, with a baseball bat and robbed him. During the assault, Minucci repeatedly screamed the N-word. At trial, Minucci's attorney argued that he had not committed a hate crime. The essence of the defense's argument was that Minucci's use of the N-word while assaulting and robbing Moore was not indicative of any bias or prejudice. The defense went on to indicate that Minucci had Black friends, was immersed in Black culture, and employed the N-word as part of his everyday vocabulary. Two Black men-Gary Jenkins (a hip-hop music producer) anti Randall Kennedy (a Harvard Law professor)testified that the N-word is not necessarily a racial epithet. In this Article, we systematically analyze this assessment of the N-word within hate crimes law. We employ a Critical Race Realist methodology toward this end. In doing so, we (1) systematically analyze Black and White usage of the N-word within popular culture-i.e., comedy, rap music, and spoken word entertainment and (2) reconcile these findings with research on implicit (subconscious) racial bias.", "label": [3, 5, 26, 51]}
+{"token": "Road User's Perceptions towards Motorcycle Safety with Regards to Conspicuity in Malaysia Road Traffic. Motorcycles are the top contributor in road crashes in Malaysia with more than 60% of fatal road crashes involved motorcyclists. Conspicuity issue has been one of the major factors of motorcycle crashes especially when travelling at night in rural road areas. Nevertheless, conspicuity issues also contribute to motorcycle crashes in urban road areas where road and vehicle lightings affect the alertness of other road users towards motorcycle presence in the traffic. This study aims to assess road users' perception of motorcycle safety levels in terms of its conspicuity, at different riding or driving situations at night in the rural and urban areas. A set of questionnaires was developed with experts' validation, pilot-tested for its reliability and distributed to road users who commute between Klang Valley and Melaka areas. Preliminary analysis from 78 collected data shows that respondents were able to observe better and be more alert of motorcycle presence in road situations when driving in the urban areas compared to the rural areas. Over 80% believe that wearing bright-coloured attires and helmet can enhance motorcycle's conspicuity and alertness towards other road users. In addition, more than 80% of the respondents agreed that using reflective tapes on the side body of a motorcycle can improve motorcycle visibility, especially at road junctions. These findings could be used as a future initiative by responsible parties in order to reduce motorcycle conspicuity related crashes in Malaysia.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Give Peace a Chance?: The Anti-War Movement and the Arab-Israeli Conflict. This study examines the anti-war movement's conflicted attitude toward the Arab-Israeli conflict in the late 1960s and early 1970s. It details how these uncertainties highlighted and exacerbated several fault lines, including between those advocating the single-issue approach versus those wishing to expand the movement's focus beyond Vietnam, and between anti-imperialists who denounced Israel versus others who supported it. This friction over the Middle East was a microcosm of much deeper tensions that bedeviled and weakened the entire liberal-to-left-wing spectrum of American politics, and its examination reveals much about the weaknesses and struggles facing progressives five decades ago and even today.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Anti-CD47 antibody eliminates bone tumors in rats. Bone tumor is a rare heterogeneous malignancy. Osteosarcoma is the most common bone tumor with no apparent underlying pathogenesis, and its peak incidence often occurs during puberty. The intensive application of chemotherapy rarely alters the poor prognosis of the patients in advanced stage. Despite intensive chemotherapy in clinical practice, patients still suffer from the poor prognosis, or even progression of bone tumor. We identified integrin-associated protein (IAP) Cluster of Differentiation 47 (CD47) as a target for monoclonal antibody, and use anti-CD47 antibody to block its expression in bone tumors. CD47 was highly expressed in the bone tumor rats when comparing to the healthy rats. Likewise, Western blotting assay revealed a higher protein expression of CD47 in the bone tumor cells when compared to the normal osteoblasts. Further studies have shown the association between the mRNA expression of CD47 and the disordered bone tumors development and decreased rate of overall survival of diseased rats. In addition, blocking the CD47 monoclonal antibody has been shown to drive macrophages to engulf bone tumor cells in vitro and thus inhibiting tumor metastasis in rats. Taken together, the results of this study suggested that CD47 is a key regulator of bone tumor cell metastasis and that targeting inhibition of anti-CD47 may be a new immunotherapy for bone tumors. (C) 2019 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Is there a 'Moral Obligation to Create Children with the Best Chance of the Best Life'?. In this article, I critically deal with Savulescu's suggestion that human beings have a \\\\'moral obligation to create children with the best chance of the best life\\\\' (Savulescu & Kahane, The Moral Obligation to Create Children with the Best Chance of the Best Life, Bioethics, 23 (5), p. 274). I progress as follows. In part one, I will briefly describe the procedures with which Savulescu is concerned, and I will present Savulescu's argument in favour of the principle of procreative beneficence which is the basis of his argumentation in favour of the aforementioned moral obligation. In part two, I will show that the principle is inconsistent and that it violently attacks human beings who disagree with it which is the reason why I regard it as an immoral principle. In the conclusion, I will put forward some reasons for regarding the principle of procreative autonomy as morally more plausible than Savulescu's principle of procreative beneficence concerning the questions he deals with.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Declining realisation of reproductive intentions with age. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: Almost two-thirds of men and women realised their strong short-term fertility plans within 4 years. There was a steep age-related decline in realising reproductive intentions for women in their mid- and late-30s, whereas men maintained a relatively high probability of having the child they intended until age 45. Women aged 38-41 who planned to have a child were the most likely to change their plan within 4 years. The probability of realising reproductive intention was highest for married and highly educated men and women and for those with one child.PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTINGS, METHODS: Multinomial logistic regression is used to account for the three possible outcomes: (i) having a child, (ii) not having a child but still intending to have one in the future and (iii) not having a child and no longer intending to have one. We analyse how age, parity, partnership status, education, perceived ability to conceive, self-rated health, BMI and smoking status are related to realising or changing reproductive intentions.STUDY QUESTION: What is the likelihood of having a child within 4 years for men and women with strong short-term reproductive intentions, and how is it affected by age?WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: Our results give a new perspective on the ability of men and women to realise their reproductive plans in the context of childbearing postponement They confirm the inequality in the individual consequences of delayed reproduction between men and women. They inform medical practitioners and counsellors about the complex biological, social and normative barriers to reproduction among women at higher childbearing ages.WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: Men and women are postponing childbearing until later ages. For women, this trend is associated with a higher risk that childbearing plans will not be realised due to increased levels of infertility and pregnancy complications.STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: This study analyses two waves of the nationally representative Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey. The analytical sample interviewed in 2011 included 447 men aged 18-45 and 528 women aged 18-41. These respondents expressed a strong intention to have a child in the next 3 years. We followed them up in 2015 to track whether their reproductive intention was achieved or revised.SUMMARY ANSWER: For women, the likelihood of realising reproductive intentions decreased steeply from age 35: the effect of age was weak and not significant for men.LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: Our study cannot separate biological, social and cultural reasons for not realising reproductive intentions. Men and women adjust their intentions in response to their actual circumstances, but also in line with their perceived ability to have a child or under the influence of broader social norms on reproductive age.", "label": [2, 4, 21, 39]}
+{"token": "Seasonal changes in odour preferences by male euglossine bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) and their ecological implications. Orchid bees are an important group of specialized insect pollinators in the Neotropics. Male orchid bees are attracted by a wide range of aromatic substances often produced by flowers. Previous studies found that in some species the males change their aromatic preferences between seasons. In our study we documented seasonal changes of aromatic preferences in five euglossine bee assemblages along a 380-km-long seasonality and precipitation gradient and related them to climatic factors. We found that the proportion of species per site showing changes in their aromatic preference between seasons increased with climatic seasonality towards the south. Those species mainly belong to the genus Euglossa, subgenus Euglossa. We conclude that climatic seasonality mainly affects the orchid bees via the turnover of the aromatic substances provided by the plants. Further, we suggest that the ability to change the aromatic preference between seasons could be interpreted as a phylogenetic pre-adaptation that enabled some species to colonize climatically strongly seasonal habitats.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "A novel framework for conditional simulation of fully nonstationary spatially varying ground motion field. Existing procedures for conditionally generating the spatially varying ground motion (SVGM) through the coherency-based methods can be broadly categorized into two approaches: (i) cross-spectral density (CSD)-based procedures and (ii) auto-spectral density (ASD)-based procedures (reported by the authors elsewhere). CSD-based procedures consider only the phase variability, whereas ASD-based procedures account for phase as well as the amplitude variability. However, the ASD-based framework and most of the CSD-based frameworks simulate the stationary SVGM, and nonstationarity is imparted through the uniform modulation, ignoring the temporal variation of the frequency content. This paper proposes an evolutionary power spectral density (EPSD)-based framework for the simulation of nonstationary SVGM. This framework is developed in two steps. First, a new methodology based on Hilbert transform is proposed to compute the nonstationary ground motion given the EPSD, modulating functions, and phase. Second, the ASD-based framework reported by authors elsewhere is extended to account for the EPSD, and the associated nonstationary ground motion is simulated using the proposed methodology. Nonstationary ground motions thus simulated are assessed against SMART1 array recordings. The close resemblance between the simulated accelerogram and the recorded data indicates that the proposed EPSD based framework accounts not only for the phase and amplitude variabilities but also for the nonstationarity.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Prevalence of viral infections in Norwegian cats with and without feline lower urinary tract disease. The prevalence of various viral infections was examined in primary accession cases of feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD) and healthy control cats in Norway. Urine samples from 102 cats with clinical signs of FLUTD and 73 healthy control cats were tested for the presence of feline calicivirus (FCV), feline coronavirus (FCoV) and feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1) by polymerase chain reaction. All urinary samples were negative for FCV and FCoV. One (1%) of the FLUTD cats was found to be positive for FHV-1. The results did not indicate an association between the viral infections examined and signs of FLUTD in the study sample.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Temperature-dependent near-infrared spectral properties of minerals, meteorites, and lunar soil. The near-IR spectral properties of minerals, meteorites, and lunar soil vary with temperature. The manner in which these materials vary is diagnostic of aspects of their composition. We quantify the spectral dependence on temperature by reporting the change in relative reflectance with temperature as a function of wavelength. We call this quantity, DeltaR/DeltaT (in units of K-1), as a function of temperature the \\\\'thermo-reflectance spectrum.\\\\' The thermo-reflectance spectra of olivine and pyroxene are distinct, and most of the observable structure in thermo-reflectance spectra of the ordinary and carbonaceous chondrites can be understood in terms of a mixture of the thermo-reflectance spectra of olivine and pyroxene. The magnitude of thermo-reflectance spectra of meteorites and lunar soils is much less than that of pure minerals. Lunar soils are particularly subdued. While conventional analysis of remotely obtained spectra of the Moon can neglect temperature effects, spatially resolved measurements of the surface of the asteroid Vesta will likely have a strong temperature-dependent component based on measurements of a eucrite and a howardite. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA).", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Scientists' perceptions of threats to Coral Reefs: Results of a survey of Coral Reef researchers. Prior to the 10(th) International Coral Reef Symposium in Okinawa, Japan, in June 2004, symposium participants and members of the International Society for Reef Studies were surveyed to obtain their opinions about the major threats facing coral reef ecosystems. Responses from 286 participants were analyzed and compared to results obtained in a similar survey conducted in 1993. Respondents tended to rank highest those threats associated with human population growth, coastal development, and overfishing. While coral bleaching was ranked much more highly than in the 1993 survey, about two-thirds of the respondents felt that direct human impacts were worse threats than those associated with global climate change.", "label": [4, 42, 36]}
+{"token": "Effects of temperature, storage period and the number of individuals on the detection of the false spider mite Cardinium endosymbiont. Cardinium have been found as endosymbionts of Brevipalpus phoenicis, the mite vector of the Citrus leprosis virus. With the long-term objective being to understand the mechanisms of plant-virus-vector interactions, we evaluated the different storage conditions and periods, as well as the number of mites needed for PCR-amplification of such endosymbionts, making it possible to collect mites in different geographical regions without prolonged storage compromising subsequent analyses.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Turning the Titanic: inertia and the drivers of climate change education. Design/methodology/approach - This paper uses the case study method to examine two models of climate change curriculum design and renewal. One model, from an Australian university, is based upon national education standards and the second is a non-standards-based curriculum design, developed and delivered by a partnership of four North American universities.Findings - The key findings from this study are that the highest level of participation by internal-to-the-programme academics and administrators is required. Programme quality, delivery and content alignment may be compromised with either stand-alone course delivery and learning outcomes, or if courses are developed independently of others in the programme. National educational standards can be effective tools to guide course and programme management, monitoring, review and updating.Originality/value - The paper is the first to compare, contrast and critique a national standards-based, higher education curriculum and a non-standards-based curriculum.Practical implications - The paper includes implications for postgraduate level curricula design, implementation and programme evaluation.Purpose - The aim of this paper is to present the challenges external drivers and internal inertia faced by curriculum designers and implementers at institutions of higher education. The challenges to academics from competing factors are presented: internal resistance to changing existing curricula vs the necessity to continuously evolve programmes to reflect a dynamic, uncertain future. The necessity to prepare future leaders to face global issues such as climate change, dictates changing curricula to reflect changing personal, environmental and societal needs.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Long-term outcomes in dogs with sinonasal aspergillosis treated with intranasal infusions of enilconazole. Long-term outcomes ( mean 38 +/- 17 months) were evaluated in 27 dogs with sinonasal aspergillosis after successful medical treatment using intranasal infusions of 1% or 2% enilconazole ( 1%, n= 15; 2%, n= 12). Long-term outcomes with both treatment protocols were good, with half of the dogs being asymptomatic throughout the follow-up period. The remaining dogs showed mild clinical signs compatible with chronic rhinitis/sinusitis. These clinical signs were interpreted as chronic lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis/sinusitis and episodes of bacterial rather than fungal infection. Three dogs had confirmed reinfection or relapse 2 to 36 months after clinical resolution.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Turnover and the dynamics of labour demand. Using a generalized asymmetric adjustment function including both costs of changing employment (net changes) and costs of hiring or firing (gross changes), we derive the profit-maximizing path of employment demand and the Euler equation whose parameters we estimate. Identifying the two types of costs requires complete data on turnover, which were available for US manufacturing through 1981 and which demonstrate that both types of costs are needed to track aggregate employment fluctuations if one assumes that costs are symmetric. Allowing for asymmetry, the apparent importance of variations in the turnover rate disappears.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Non-conforming FEM-FEM coupling approaches and their application to dynamic structural analysis. Contrasting monolithically solved numerical analyses, partitioned coupled simulations confer the substantial advantages of software modularity, employing the best numerical techniques for each domain and readiness to extend the coupling to other physics and emerging numerical techniques. However, an additional interface problem is created and must be solved without significantly deteriorating solution accuracy. This applicationoriented study examines non-conforming partitioned dynamic FEM-FEM simulations under approaches of varying complexity illustrating their ranges of applicability as well as key advantages and disadvantages. After presenting the pertinent aspects of popular coupling technologies, two numerical examples of different complexities are considered. Although the efficiently simple Gauss-Seidel approach is suitable for partitioned systems of dissimilar stiffnesses, such as structure and fluid/soil interaction, stability and accuracy deteriorate as domain compliances align rendering it unsuitable for partitioned structural analysis. Contrasting this, the more robust FETI-based method maintains stability over all stiffness ratios and demonstrates excellent agreement with equivalent monolithic structural responses in terms of displacements and stresses.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Shrub detection using disparate airborne laser scanning acquisitions over varied forest cover types. We explore the possibility of extending the national forest inventory-based point data of understory presence using region-wide, disparate lidar data for the southeastern USA. For this, we developed a simple inferential model that helps to understand the basic underlying relationships and associations between lidar predictor metrics and forest understory shrub presence over a wide range of forest types and topographic conditions. The model (a least absolute shrinkage and selection operator-based logistic regression model) had fair predictive performance (accuracy=62%, kappa=0.23). Hence, we were able to propose a set of biophysically meaningful predictor variables that represent understory (4), canopy (3), topographic conditions (1), and sensor characteristics (1). The single most important predictor variable was the understory layer canopy density, which is the ratio of lidar returns in the understory to those near the ground. Hence, we demonstrate that the interplay of several factors affects understory vegetation condition. Overall, our work highlights the potential value of using lidar to characterize understory conditions.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 36]}
+{"token": "On the processing, microstructure, mechanical and wear properties of cermet/stainless steel layer composites. This study deals with layer composites of carbide reinforcements and stainless steel prepared successfully by powder technology. The layer material consisted of two layers. The top layer consisted of reinforcements (TiC and NbC) and 465 stainless steel as the binder material for the carbides. The bottom layer was entirely of binder material (465 stainless steel). The microstructure of the composite was characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The microstructural study revealed that the top layer (TiC-NbC/465 stainless steel) showed the typical core-rim microstructure of conventional steel bonded cermets and the bottom layer showed the structure of sintered steel. An intermediate layer was found with a gradient microstructure, having a higher carbide content towards the cermet layer and lower carbide content towards the stainless steel layer. The bending strength of the layered material measured in the direction perpendicular to the layer alignment was remarkably high. The variation of strength as a function of the thickness of the bottom layer revealed that the character of the material changed from the cermet, to a layer composite and then towards metallic materials. The wear resistance of the top layer was studied against high speed steel. The wear mechanisms were discussed by means of microscopical observations on the worn surfaces. The wear was severe at higher wear loads and lower TiC content. Microploughing of the stainless steel matrix was found to be the dominant wear mechanism. Heavy microploughing and rapid removal of material from the wear surface was observed at high wear load. The fracture morphologies of the top, bottom and intermediate layers are reported. (c) 2006 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Single Incision, Laparoscopic-Assisted Ovariohysterectomy for Mucometra and Pyometra in Dogs. AnimalsSeven dogs.Study DesignProspective case series.MethodsDogs were included if they had an open or closed pyometra or mucometra and an approximate uterine body diameter of less than 5cm based on ultrasound or abdominal radiographs. Each dog underwent a laparoscopic-assisted ovariohysterectomy through a single-incision laparoscopic port.ResultsThe procedure was performed in 6 dogs with pyometra and 1 dog with mucometra. Conversion to an open procedure was necessary in 1 dog with uterine rupture. A 2nd port was necessary in 1 dog to exteriorize the uterine body. Median uterine body diameter was 2.2cm (range 2-3.9). The median surgical time was 85minutes (range 40-110). Six of 7 dogs were released from the hospital at 1 day postoperative. Follow up ranged from 7 to 421 days and no complications were reported.ConclusionA single-incision, laparoscopic-assisted technique for pyometra was feasible in dogs, given restricted case selection and experience with single-incision laparoscopy.ObjectiveTo describe a single-incision, laparoscopic-assisted technique for ovariohysterectomy and its application for treatment of mucometra and pyometra in dogs.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Exploring the Utility of Many-Body Expansions: A Consistent Set of Accurate Potentials for the Lowest Quartet and Doublet States of the Azide Radical with Revisited Dynamics. Starting from reliable double many-body expansion potentials calibrated with energies calculated at the state-of-the-art ab initio level but of varying accuracies, it is shown that a single scaling parameter suffices to bring them into consistency while mimicking key experimental data and leaving mostly unaffected crossing seams of the conical type. This emerges as a valuable asset of their underlying formalism. Use of the novel potentials for studying the dynamics of the N(S-4/D-2) + N-2((1)Sigma(g)+) reactions yields results in excellent agreement with the most accurate available data.", "label": [4, 33, 32]}
+{"token": "WHAT DO 'WE' KNOW THAT 'THEY' DON'T? SOCIOLOGISTS' VERSUS NONSOCIOLOGISTS' KNOWLEDGE. This paper clarifies and repositions some of the controversies generated by Burawoy's defense of public sociology and his vision of the mutually stimulating relationship between the different forms of sociology. Before arguing if, why, and how, sociology should or could be more \\\\'public,\\\\' it is useful to reflect upon what we think we, as sociologists, know that \\\\'lay people\\\\' do not. This paper thus explores the public sociology debate's epistemological core, the issue of the relationship between sociologists' and nonsociologists' knowledge of the social world. Four positions regarding the status of sociologists' knowledge versus lay people's knowledge are explored: superiority (sociologists' knowledge of the social world is more accurate, objective, and reflexive than lay people's knowledge, thanks to science's methods and norms); homology (explicit lay theories about the social world often parallel social scientists' theories); complementarity (lay people's and social scientists' knowledge complement one another; the former's local, embedded knowledge is essential to the latter's general, disembedded knowledge); and circularity (sociologists' knowledge continuously infuses commonsensical knowledge, and scientific knowledge about the social world is itself rooted in common sense knowledge; each form of knowledge feeds the other). For each of these positions, implications are drawn regarding the terms, possibilities, and conditions of a dialogue between sociologists and their publics, especially if we take the circularity thesis seriously. Conclusions point to the accountability we face towards the people we study, and to the idea that sociology is always performative, a point that has, to some extent, been obscured by Burawoy's distinctions between professional, critical, policy, and public sociologies.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Do gentrifying neighbourhoods have less community? Evidence from Philadelphia. One of the more detrimental effects of gentrification is the potential for a decreased sense of neighbourhood community. Systematic analysis of the effect of gentrification on communities has been limited. This study investigated how an individual's sense of connection to neighbourhood community, as measured by trust, belongingness and sense of cooperation, was influenced by their residence in a gentrifying neighbourhood. We utilised hierarchical linear models with individual data from the 2014/2015 Public Health Management Corporation's Southeastern Pennsylvania Household Health Survey and neighbourhood data from the 2000 Decennial Census and 2010-2014 American Community Survey. We find that gentrification overall has a negative relation with neighbourhood community, but this relationship varied by the racial/ethnic turnover underlying the changes taking place in these neighbourhoods. Specifically, we find that gentrification marked by increases in Whites and decreases in non-Whites had no measurable relation with neighbourhood community; that gentrification marked by increases in non-Whites alone had a positive effect on neighbourhood community for Black and Hispanic residents; and that gentrifying neighbourhoods which experienced an increase in both Whites and non-Whites had a negative overall relation with neighbourhood community.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "The dynamics of deferred decision. Decision makers are often unable to choose between the options that they are offered. In these settings they typically defer their decision, that is, delay the decision to a later point in time or avoid the decision altogether. In this paper, we outline eight behavioral findings regarding the causes and consequences of choice deferral that cognitive theories of decision making should be able to capture. We show that these findings can be accounted for by a deferral-based time limit applied to existing sequential sampling models of preferential choice. Our approach to modeling deferral as a time limit in a sequential sampling model also makes a number of novel predictions regarding the interactions between choice probabilities, deferral probabilities, and decision times, and we confirm these predictions in an experiment. Choice deferral is a key feature of everyday decision making, and our paper illustrates how established theoretical approaches can be used to understand the cognitive underpinnings of this important behavioral phenomenon. (C) 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Den Entry Behavior in Scandinavian Brown Bears: Implications for Preventing Human Injuries. Encounters between Scandinavian brown bears (Ursus arctos) and humans that result in human injuries and fatalities typically coincide with den entry in October and November, and commonly occur near a den. Our aim was to determine when bears arrive at their dens, identify potential predictors of this event, document behavior and activity associated with this period, and attempt to explain the increased risk of bear-caused human injuries in this period. We analyzed global positioning system (GPS) location and activity data from brown bears in south-central Sweden, using generalized linear mixed models, statistical process control, and activity analyses. Bears arrived at their den sites between 6 October and 1 December. Timing varied by reproductive category, bear age, and year. Half of all bears significantly reduced their activity before arriving at the den area: on average 2,169m away from the den and 1.8 days before arrival. The other half reduced their activity after arriving at the den area. The latter bears took longer time to reach hibernation activity levels, but we did not find a difference in the start date of hibernation between the 2 groups. Bears also appeared to be sensitive to disturbance in this period, with higher den abandonment rates than later in winter, particularly for males and for bears that had not visited their den sites previously. Den entry occurred from October to December, with high variability and poor predictability of its timing. Therefore, restricting hunting or other recreation activities to reduce risk of injury by bears and disturbing bears probably would be both impractical and ineffective. Our findings can be used to educate hunters about bear behavior at this time of year. Many people associate dens with an increased risk of a bear responding aggressively to disturbance to defend its den, but our results indicate that other behavioral, and possibly physiological, changes in this period also may be involved. (c) 2014 The Authors. The Journal of Wildlife Management published by The Wildlife Society.", "label": [4, 34, 43]}
+{"token": "Lord Killearn and British Diplomacy Regarding French Indo-Chinese Rice Supplies, 1946-1948. Using the private papers of Lord Killearn in conjunction with official government documents from the British national archives and the French colonial archives, this article builds upon previous historical scholarship to highlight the importance of Killearn's South-East Asian diplomacy to the resolution of the international food crisis following the Second World War. As Britain's senior diplomat in South-East Asia Killearn had little choice but to become entangled in various international disputes often centred upon French Indo-China - Killearn's failure to do otherwise would not have preserved adequate international rice supplies. Therefore this article not only demonstrates the magnitude of Killearn's concern for South-East Asian rice production during the immediate post-war food crisis but it also reveals the depth of Killearn's frustration towards the chaotic priorities emanating from French Indo-China, and thus it substantiates a more significant and complex understanding of Killearn's diplomatic mission to South-East Asia than has been formerly stated.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "A further locality with foliicolous lichens in Italy, with taxonomical and ecological data on foliicolous lichens in Western Europe. 14 lichen species and 3 lichenicolous fungi growing on them have been found on living leaves, mainly of Buxus, in a deep and sheltered ravine in Campania (Italy), at low elevation, in the Mediterranean region. These figures are similar to those at the richest sites with foliicolous lichens in the Western Pyrenees. Further data on the ecology of foliicolous lichens in Western Europe are provided. Four 'ecological' groups are recognized amongst lichens observed on living leaves in Western Europe, the strictly foliicolous one being only a minority, with either pantropical species or species with a restricted distribution. The new combination Strigula minor (Vezda) Cl. Roux & Serus. is introduced. (C) 2000 Adac/Editions scientifiques et medicales Elsevier SAS.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Authoritarianism in Latin America in the 'Democratic Era'. This article aims to provide perspective on the Latin American constitutionalism, on the one hand, facing the idea of the Constitution as an expression of rationality, different than that conceived primarily as an expression of popular will. And on the other side, facing the idea that economic development in the region should be given in the pathway that traces the global north. It is assumed that these tensions are not resolved completely in Latin America. This work part of the debate of the term \\\\'abusive constitutionalism\\\\' proposed by David Landau to show its effect in times of democratic transition on certain countries in the region with authoritarian regimes.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "A long-term follow-up of lung function in survivors of paraquat poisoning. 4 Serum paraquat levels were assayed in all patients and 3/12 were above the Proudfoot's predictive line. Liver dysfunction (GOT > 50) and renal dysfunction (BUN > 30) were noted in 5/12 and 8/12, respectively. DL/VA was lower than the normal limit in the first study (3.9 +/- 0.6 L), but increased significantly and returned to the normal range in the follow-up study (4.5 +/- 0.6 L). %VC was within the normal range in either examination, but significantly decreased in the follow-up. %TLC was within the normal range in the first study (87 +/- 13%), but significantly decreased below the normal limit in the follow-up (81 +/- 13%).5 These results indicate that survivors of paraquat poisoning may be left with a restrictive type of pulmonary dysfunction and suggest that a long-term follow-up of lung function may be necessary for survivors of paraquat poisoning.3 We analyzed 12 survivors retrospectively for age, sex, signs and symptoms, laboratory findings, chest X-ray findings, serum paraquat level, and lung function test. The first and the follow-up lung tests were performed at 3.7 +/- 1.4 weeks and 3.4 +/- 1.4 years, respectively.2 The objectives of this study were to detect long-term changes in lung function in survivors of paraquat poisoning.1 Respiratory failure is a frequent cause of death in moderate to severe paraquat poisoning, and a transient fall in the gas transfer factor may be seen in mild poisoning.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Unemployment and mental health scarring during the life course. There has been little research on the long-term relationship between unemployment experiences and mental health over the life course. This article investigates the relationship between youth unemployment as well as that of unemployment experiences during later periods and mental health at ages 16, 21, 30 and 42 years. Methods: The study makes use of the 'Northern Swedish Cohort' (NSC), a 27-year prospective cohort study. The cohort, investigated at ages 16, 18, 21, 30 and 42 years, consisted of all graduates from compulsory school in an industrial town in Sweden. Of the original 1083 participants, 94.3% of those still alive were still participating at the 27-year follow up. Mental health, measured through a three-item index of nervous symptoms, depressive symptoms and sleeping problems, was analysed using a repeated measures linear mixed models approach using ages 16, 21, 30 and 43 years. Unemployment exposure was measured as exposure to at least a 6-month spell during three periods; 18-21, 21-30 and 30-42 years. Results: Youth unemployment was shown to be significantly connected with poorer mental health at all three target ages, 21, 30 and 42 years. Later singular unemployment experiences did not appear to have the same long-term negative effects. There was however an accumulation in poorer mental health among respondents with unemployment experiences during two, and even more so three, of the periods. Conclusion: There are long-term mental health scarring effects of exposure to youth unemployment and multiple exposure to unemployment during the life course.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Access to Information, Higher Education, and Reputational Risk: Insights from a Case Study. Access to information and freedom of information (ATI/FOI) requests are an increasingly utilized means of generating data in the social sciences. An impressive multi-disciplinary and international literature has emerged which mobilizes ATI/FOI requests in research on policing, national security, and imprisonment. Absent from this growing literature is work which deploys ATI/FOI requests in research on higher education institutions (HEIs). In this article I examine the use of ATI/FOI requests as a methodological tool for producing data on HEIs. I highlight the data-generating opportunities that this tool offers higher education researchers and provide a first-hand account of how ATI/FOI requests can be mobilized in higher education research. I argue that despite the value of ATI/FOI requests for producing data on academic institutions, the information management practices of HEIs limit the effectiveness of ATI/FOI in ways that I detail drawing on my experience using information requests to scrutinize the quality assurance of undergraduate degree programs in Ontario. I suggest that in an age of rankings and league tables HEIs are likely to prioritize the protection of their reputation over the right of access. In conclusion I consider the implications of the article's findings for higher education researchers and ATI/FOI users.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "THE REPORT OF THE SURGEON GENERAL - PREVENTING TOBACCO USE AMONG YOUNG-PEOPLE. This year's surgeon general's report on smoking and health is the first such report to focus on young people. From extensive data that indicate that tobacco use is a pediatric epidemic, the report reached six major conclusions: (1) Nearly all first use of tobacco occurs by age 18. (2) Most adolescent smokers are addicted to nicotine. (3) Tobacco is often the first drug used by young people who subsequently use illegal drugs. (4) There are identified psychosocial risk factors for the onset of tobacco use. (5) Cigarette advertising also appears to increase young people's risk of smoking. (6) Communitywide efforts have successfully reduced adolescent use of tobacco. This commentary restates each of the six conclusions, summarizes the data that support each, and then considers the implications of the conclusions for public health action.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Business incubation in China Effectiveness and perceived contributions to tenant enterprises. Findings - True to their names, business incubators in China have added practical value to start-up ventures by providing wide-ranging services and tangible/intangible benefits via the incubation programme. However, compared to their counterparts in North America and Europe, the Chinese incubators are still deficient in some important aspects; for example, counselling and mentoring services. To achieve better incubation outcomes, it is crucial that the incubator managers be competent, qualified and highly skilled.Design/methodology/approach - The research was based on a sample of 61 incubator tenants from well-established business incubators in Shanghai. A questionnaire including Likert-type scales was developed to collect feedback/comments on incubator services as well as the perceived benefits of the incubation programme.Purpose - Business incubation is an important strategy to foster entrepreneurship and innovation; it has gained enormous popularity in China since the mid-1990s. The purpose of this paper is to provide insights into the perceived value of business incubators from the perspective of start-up ventures and draw implications for future incubation programmes in China.Originality/value - Most of the previous studies on the effectiveness of business incubation in China were undertaken using a case-based approach or focusing on the contributions of the business incubator to local economic development. The findings in such studies cannot be generalized. This paper provides empirical evidence to confirm the previous findings.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "Characteristics of black carbon emissions from in-use light-duty passenger vehicles. Mitigating black carbon (BC) emissions from various combustion sources has been considered an urgent policy issue to address the challenges of climate change, air pollution and health risks. Vehicles contribute considerably to total anthropogenic BC emissions and urban BC concentrations. Compared with heavy-duty diesel vehicles, there is much larger uncertainty in BC emission factors for light-duty passenger vehicles (LDPVs), in particular for gasoline LDPVs, which warrants further studies. In this study, we employed the dynamometer and the Aethalometer (AE-51) to measure second-by-second BC emissions from eight LDPVs by engine technology and driving cycle. The average BC emission factors under transient cycles (e.g., ECE-15, New European Driving Cycle, NEDC, Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicles Test Cycle, WLTC) are 3.6-91.5 mg/km, 7.6 mg/km and 0.13-0.58 mg/km, respectively, for diesel (N = 3), gasoline direct injection (GDI) (N = 1) and gasoline port-fuel injection (PFI) engine categories (N = 4). For gasoline PFI LDPVs, the instantaneous emission profiles show a strong association of peak BC emissions with cold-start and high-speed aggressive driving. Such impacts lead to, considerable BC emission contributions in cold-start periods (e.g., the first 47 s-94 s) over the entire cycle (e.g., 18-76% of the NEDC and 13-36% of the WLTC) and increased BC emission factors by 80-440% under the WLTC compared to the NEDC. For diesel BC emissions, the size distribution exhibits a typical unimodal pattern with one single peak appearing approximately from 120 to 150 nm, which is largely consistent with previous studies. Nevertheless, the average mass ratios of BC to particle mass (PM) range from 0.38 to 0.54 for three diesel samples, representing substantial impacts from both driving and engine conditions. The significant discrepancy between gasoline BC emission factors obtained from tailpipe exhaust versus ambient conditions suggest that more comparative measurements and fine-grained simulations should be designed and implemented to address this discrepancy. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Emissions of CO2, N2O, and NO in conventional and no-till management practices in Rondonia, Brazil. Efforts to restore productivity of pastures often employ agricultural management regimes involving either tillage or no-tillage options combined with various combinations of fertilizer application, herbicide use and the planting of a cash crop prior to the planting of forage grasses. Here we report on the emissions Of CO2, N2O and NO from the initial phases (first 6 months) of three treatments in central Rondonia. The treatments were (1) control; (2) conventional tillage followed by planting of forage grass (Brachiaria brizantha) and fertilizer additions; (3) no-tillage/herbicide treatment followed by two plantings, the first being a cash crop of rice followed by forage grass. In treatment 3, the rice was fertilized. Relative to the control, tillage increased CO2 emission by 37% over the first 2 months, while the no-tillage/herbicide regime decreased CO2 emissions by 7% over the same period. The cumulative N2O emissions over the first 2 months from the tillage regime (0.94 kg N ha(-1)) were much higher than the N2O releases from either the no-tillage/herbicide regime (0.64 kg N ha(-1)) or the control treatment (0.04 kg N ha(-1)). The highest levels of N2O fluxes from both management regimes were observed following N fertilizations. The cumulative NO releases over the first 2 months were largest in the tillage treatment (0.98 kg N ha(-1)), intermediate in the no-tillage treatment (0.72 kg N ha(-1)), and smallest in the control treatment (0.12 kg N ha(-1)). For the first week following fertilization the percentage of fertilizer N lost as N2O Plus NO was 1.0% for the tillage treatment and 3.0% for the no-tillage treatment.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Detection Mechanism on Vehicular Adhoc Networks (VANETs) A Comprehensive Survey. VANET is an upcoming technology with an encouraging prospect as well as great challenges, specifically in its security. This paper intends to survey such probable attacks and the correlating detection mechanisms that are introduced in the literature. Accordingly, administering security and protecting the owner's privacy has become a primary argument in VANETs. To furnish stronger security and preserve privacy, one should recognize the various probable attacks on the network and the essence of their behavior. This paper presents a comprehensive survey on diversified attacks and the recommended unfolding by the various researchers which concentrate on security services and the corresponding countermeasures to make VANET communications more secure.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Unraveling how electronic and spin structures control macroscopic properties of manganite ultra-thin films. Perovskite manganites exhibit fascinating transport and magnetic properties, essential for fundamental research and applications. With the development of thin film technologies, more exotic properties have been observed in doped-manganites over a wide range of temperature. Unraveling the interplay of spin, charge and orbital degrees of freedom that drives exotic, macroscopic properties is therefore crucial for the understanding of strongly correlated electron systems. Here, using a combination of transport, spectroscopic ellipsometry, X-ray absorption spectroscopy and X-ray magnetic circular dichroism, we observe two concomitant electronic and magnetic phases (insulating paramagnetic phase for T>195 K and insulating canted-ferromagnetic for T<140 K) with an intermediate metal-like state in ultra-thin La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 (LSMO) film on DyScO3 substrate. Surprisingly, the O2p-Mn3d hybridization strength reduces with decreasing temperature, driving the system more insulating and ferromagnetic. The Jahn-Teller effect weakens markedly within the intermediate temperature range, making the system more metal-like. We also apply this comprehensive method to a LSMO film on SrTiO3 substrate for comparison. Our study reveals that the interplay of the O2p-Mn3d hybridization and the dynamic Jahn-Teller splitting controls the macroscopic transport and magnetic properties in ultra-thin manganites.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "Intercropping as a management strategy against carrot rust fly (Diptera: Psilidae): A test of enemies and resource concentration hypotheses. Intercropping with lucerne, Medicago littoralis Rohne ex. Loisel, as a management strategy for carrot rust fly, Psila rosae (F.), was studied to understand why intercropping results in lower damage. Densities of polyphagous predators were experimentally enhanced and decreased using ingress and egress plots. The manipulation method was successful for carabids and for spiders in the family Lycosidae and the order Opiliones. The method was less effective for staphylinids and linyphiid spiders. These results are discussed in relation to carrot rust fly damage and earlier experiments with abundance of polyphagous predators in carrots, Daucus carota L., in monoculture and intercrop. In field experiments, D-vac catches were used to measure the number of flies in 2 treatments arranged in 3 different ways. More flies were caught in the monoculture treatment when plots were placed next to each other or placed apart from each other and surrounded with ley (i.e., nonhost) vegetation, but no difference was found between treatments when plots were surrounded by bare soil. In greenhouse experiments, egg deposition was lower in intercropping. These results are discussed in relation to damage levels, which were always lower in intercropping. We also discuss our results with regard to the possible outcome of scaling up our small plot experiments to full scale cropping practices.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Nodular colloid milium mimicking keloid. Colloid milium is a rare cutaneous deposit disease that usually presents clinically by the development of yellowish translucent or flesh-colored papules or plaques on sun-exposed skin. Histologically, it is characterized by the presence of colloid in the dermal papillae. In this case report, we present a 52-year-old man who presented with a nodule on his upper lip that mistakenly was diagnosed and treated as keloid.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Allelopathic effect of Schinus molle essential oils on wheat germination. Gas chromatography-flame ionisation detection (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses of the essential oils of leaves and fruits of the ornamental Shinus molle L. were reported and their allelopathic effect on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was evaluated. Qualitative and quantitative differences between fruit and leaf oils were observed. Both oils were rich in monoterpene hydrocarbons and the major constituents were limonene and beta-phellendrene (35.9-65.4%), alpha-phellendrene (24.3-20.1%), myrcene (12.8-7.7%) and alpha-pinene (5.9-1.7%) for fruits and leaves, respectively. Both essential oils showed a dose-dependent allelopathic activity on wheat germination and radicle elongation with leaf oil being the more phytotoxic.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Trans-Urethral Ultrasound Guided Bladder Biopsy with Flexible Endoscopic Forcep in a Dog. In the present study the case of a dog periodically presenting hematuria is reported. The patient was affected by a cystitis and the final diagnosis was obtained thanks to histopathology performed on biopsy specimens sampled using a flexible endoscopic biopsy forcep passed through the urethra to the bladder under ultrasound guidance.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Prevention of depression and anxiety in community-dwelling older adults: the role of physical activity. Background: With the growth of the elderly population in Brazil and the increasing impact of depression and anxiety, the importance of preventing these disorders has been highlighted. Studies have shown an inverse relationship between rates of depression/anxiety and physical activity, pointing out its role as a possible protective factor. Objectives: To conduct a randomized study with elderly adults in the community, who present with subsyndromal depression and anxiety, that will evaluate the effectiveness of physical activity with a collaborative stepped-care strategy; and to compare the effectiveness of physical activity in preventing subsyndromal depression and anxiety, with regard to the usual care group. Methods: The article contains the methodological description of an arm of a large study entitled \\\\'Prevention and Treatment of Depression in Elderly\\\\', in which 2,566 Brazilian older adults were screened to identify clinically significant depressive and anxiety symptoms. Those with clinically significant depressive or anxiety symptoms, not meeting criteria for depressive or anxiety disorder, will be invited to participate in a randomized clinical trial with 2 intervention groups: a step-by-step preventive care programme using physical activity, and usual care. The effectiveness of physical activity in the prevention of depressive and anxiety disorders will be evaluated. Discussion: New health policies could be implemented, aiming to reduce the number of elderly people with depression and anxiety in primary care. In addition, training may be implemented for family health teams so that screening tools could be used to make an early identification of individuals with (or at risk of developing) mental disorders.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "The mechanisms of pharmacokinetic food-drug interactions - A perspective from the UNGAP group. The simultaneous intake of food and drugs can have a strong impact on drug release, absorption, distribution, metabolism and/or elimination and consequently, on the efficacy and safety of pharmacotherapy. As such, food-drug interactions are one of the main challenges in oral drug administration. Whereas pharmacokinetic (PK) food-drug interactions can have a variety of causes, pharmacodynamic (PD) food-drug interactions occur due to specific pharmacological interactions between a drug and particular drinks or food. In recent years, extensive efforts were made to elucidate the mechanisms that drive pharmacokinetic food-drug interactions. Their occurrence depends mainly on the properties of the drug substance, the formulation and a multitude of physiological factors. Every intake of food or drink changes the physiological conditions in the human gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, a precise understanding of how different foods and drinks affect the processes of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and/or elimination as well as formulation performance is important in order to be able to predict and avoid such interactions. Furthermore, it must be considered that beverages such as milk, grapefruit juice and alcohol can also lead to specific food-drug interactions. In this regard, the growing use of food supplements and functional food requires urgent attention in oral pharmacotherapy. Recently, a new consortium in Understanding Gastrointestinal Absorption-related Processes (UNGAP) was established through COST, a funding organisation of the European Union supporting translational research across Europe. In this review of the UNGAP Working group \\\\'Food-Drug Interface\\\\', the different mechanisms that can lead to pharmacokinetic food-drug interactions are discussed and summarised from different expert perspectives.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Learning and teaching in a context of change in the university. The promotion of Teaching Team. The process of building the EHEA provides an opportunity to review some of the key issues affecting the role and mission of the university at the beginning of the 21st century. This process is addressed as one which involves qualitative changes that affect the very concept of employability by which the reform is, in part, oriented. They also influence the notion of competency, the conditions which regulate academic decision-making regarding the design, planning and implementation of studies in every degree course, and the teaching and working culture of university teachers and technical staff at the service of education.The change in teaching culture and the teaching renewal to which we refer cannot be seen from the perspective of providing a response solely to the regulatory and formal demands of changes resulting from implementation of the new graduate and masters degrees. It must also affect the teaching and learning processes.The promotion of teaching teams is considered a factor of change in teaching culture because it generates a space for analysis of the aforementioned issues in the context of each degree course and in line with the university's needs in today's society, as well as creating an area for shared teaching planning. The promotion of teaching teams must seek a two-fold objective: to improve the quality of teaching and student learning, and to be a factor of change in the working culture of teachers and other staff at the service of education.Reflections on learning and teaching in the current university context; the promotion of teaching teams.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "High-Throughput Testing of Kinetic Hydrate Inhibitors. The formation of clathrate hydrates is considered to be a major flow assurance problem in offshore oil and gas lines. Kinetic hydrate inhibitors (KHIs) are used for hydrate prevention, with their efficiency assessed by techniques that are a bottleneck for new materials development in this area. Efficient design of high-performance advanced materials requires a thorough understanding of the structure property relationships that is currently hindered by conventional evaluation protocols. A cost-effective method for the rapid, parallel screening of potential KHIs is desirable, which preferably does not involve handling of highly pressurized and potentially flammable/explosive fuel gases. We have developed a novel high -throughput KHI ranking method based on its inhibition performance of Structure II (sII)-forming cyclopentane (c-C-5) hydrate under atmospheric pressure. Ice seeding was used to induce the nucleation of c-C-5 hydrate to save time, so the method focuses on the growth inhibition performance (as opposed to the nucleation inhibition performance) of a KHI. Comparison of some commercial KHIs [Luvicap 21W (N-vinylpyrrolidone:N-vinylcaprolactam 2:1 copolymer), Luvicap 55W (N-vinylpyrrolidone:N-vinylcaprolactam 1:1 copolymer), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM), and polyacrylamide (PAM)] was made using this new screen, which has been validated against conventional rocking cell measurements. The observed efficacy performance ranking of these KHIs was Luvicap 21W >= Luvicap 55W > PNIPAM >= PVP > PAM. This ranking was in reasonable agreement with the rocking cell data that gives the ranking Luvicap 55W > Luvicap 21W > PNIPAM > PVP > PAM. This method enabled parallel screening of multiple KHIs with major advantages in time, instrument complexity, safety, and material. We propose that this method could serve as a useful first screening method for identifying promising candidates for more rigorous testing.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "Global research priorities for interpersonal violence prevention: a modified Delphi study. Findings In round 2, \\\\'developing, implementing and evaluating interventions\\\\' was the step of the public health approach awarded the highest priority for four of the six types of violence considered (i.e. child maltreatment, intimate partner violence, armed violence and sexual violence) but not for youth violence or elder abuse. In contrast, \\\\'scaling up interventions and evaluating their cost effectiveness\\\\' was ranked lowest for all types of violence. In round 3, research into \\\\'developing, implementing and evaluating, interventions\\\\' that addressed parenting or laws to regulate the use of firearms was awarded the highest priority. The key limitations of the study were response and attrition rates among survey respondents. However, these rates were in line with similar priority-setting exercises.Methods Research priorities were identified in a three-round process involving two surveys. In round 1, 95 global experts in violence prevention proposed research questions to be ranked in round 2. Questions were collated and organized according to the four-step public health approach to violence prevention. In round 2, 280 international experts ranked the importance of research in the four steps, and the various substeps, of the public health approach. In round 3, 131 international experts ranked the importance of detailed research questions on the public health step awarded the highest priority in round 2.Objective To establish global research priorities for interpersonal violence prevention using a systematic approach.Conclusion These findings suggest it is premature to scale up violence prevention interventions. Developing and evaluating smaller-scale interventions should be the funding priority.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "The seasonal energetic landscape of an apex marine carnivore, the polar bear. Divergent movement strategies have enabled wildlife populations to adapt to environmental change. In recent decades, the Southern Beaufort Sea subpopulation of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) has developed a divergent movement strategy in response to diminishing sea ice where the majority of the subpopulation (73-85%) stays on the sea ice in summer and the remaining bears move to land. Although declines in sea ice are generally considered a challenge to energy balance in polar bears residing in some regions of the Arctic, little quantitative data exists concerning the seasonal energy expenditures of this apex marine carnivore. We used GPS satellite collars with tri-axial accelerometers and conductivity sensors to measure the location, behavior, and energy expenditure of five adult female polar bears in the southern Beaufort Sea across seasons of sea ice breakup and minimum extent. Using a Bayesian mixed-effects model, we found that energy expenditure was influenced by month, ocean depth, and habitat type (sea ice or land). Total energy expenditure from May through September ranged from 37.7 to 47.2 mJ/kg for individual bears. Bears that moved to land expended 7% more energy on average from May through September than bears that remained on the receding sea ice. In August, when bears were moving from the sea ice to land or moving north with the receding pack ice, bears that moved to land spent 7% more time swimming and expended 22% more energy. This means the immediate cost of moving to land exceeded the cost of remaining on the receding summer pack ice. These findings suggest a physiological reason why the majority of the Southern Beaufort Sea subpopulation continues to inhabit a diminishing summer ice platform. However, bears that moved to land spent 29% more time in preferred hunting habitats over the continental shelf than bears that remained on the sea ice. Bears on land also had access to subsistence-harvested bowhead whale carcasses. Hence, our findings indicate there may be a greater overall energetic benefit to move to land in this region, which suggests that the use of the diminishing summer sea ice may be functioning as an ecological trap.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "The effect of Ni content on phase transformation behavior of NiTi alloys: An atomistic modeling study. In this study, the thermodynamic behavior of single-and poly-crystalline NiTi shape memory alloys (SMAs) with different Ni contents was investigated by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. By employing the 2NN-MEAM potential, the influence of Ni content on phase transformation temperature is analyzed for single-and poly-crystalline NiTi. Our simulation results show that the characteristic phase transformation temperature in-creases and then decreases as the binary NiTi alloy changes from Ti-rich to Ni-rich state. In addition, the change of Ni content also dramatically affects the formation of martensite variants and twins, whereas it shows slight effect on the formed types of variants. According to the characteristic phase transformation temperature obtained by thermally induced phase transformation, temperatures of 500 K, 600 K, 700 K and 300 K, 400 K, 500 K, three for each type of alloys, are selected to discuss the superelastic effect of single-and poly-crystalline NiTi. By conducting uniaxial loading and unloading under different constant temperature conditions, corresponding stress-strain responses are obtained. The microstructure and grain orientation of each model are studied. The herringbone structure exists in nanocrystals with different Ni contents, but is not identified in single crystals, whether under thermally induced or stress-induced phase transformation conditions.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "Time as a constraint on the distribution of feral goats at high latitudes. We use data on feral goats on the Isle of Rum to explore the hypothesis that time is a major constraint on the latitudinal and altitudinal distribution of this species. Daylength and temperature were the principal factors influencing the main time budget elements (feeding, moving and resting). Because the goats do not feed at night due to low ambient temperatures, they faced particular problems during winter when daylengths were at their shortest. A mean monthly windchill-adjusted temperature of 5 degrees C appeared to be a critical threshold in terms of the animals' ability to survive on Rum. We used these data to model the animals' time budgets at different latitudes and altitudes. We show that winter daylength would be shorter than the required feeding time north of about 60 degrees latitude, with a narrowing altitudinal cone approaching sea level at this latitude. Biogeographic evidence confirms that feral goat populations are not self-sustaining north of this latitude.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Anatomy of the lobula complex in the brain of the praying mantis compared to the lobula complexes of the locust and cockroach. The praying mantis is an insect which relies on vision for capturing prey, avoiding being eaten and for spatial orientation. It is well known for its ability to use stereopsis for estimating the distance of objects. The neuronal substrate mediating visually driven behaviors, however, is not very well investigated. To provide a basis for future functional studies, we analyzed the anatomical organization of visual neuropils in the brain of the praying mantis Hierodula membranacea and provide supporting evidence from a second species, Rhombodera basalis, with particular focus on the lobula complex (LOX). Neuropils were three-dimensionally reconstructed from synapsin-immunostained whole mount brains. The neuropil organization and the pattern of -aminobutyric acid immunostaining of the medulla and LOX were compared between the praying mantis and two related polyneopteran species, the Madeira cockroach and the desert locust. The investigated visual neuropils of the praying mantis are highly structured. Unlike in most insects the LOX of the praying mantis consists of five nested neuropils with at least one neuropil not present in the cockroach or locust. Overall, the mantis LOX is more similar to the LOX of the locust than the more closely related cockroach suggesting that the sensory ecology plays a stronger role than the phylogenetic distance of the three species in structuring this center of visual information processing.", "label": [2, 4, 17, 43]}
+{"token": "Constructing the domain of freedom: thinking politics at a distance from the state. Political emancipation in the twenty-first century must be conceived and achieved through establishing a 'distance' from the state and its practices. This article argues that in order to begin to understand politics 'at a distance from the state', we need to first understand politics as a collective thought-practice. The thought of an emancipatory politics exists only when collective subjectivities exceed the limits imposed by social place, identities and interests defined and reproduced by state expressive subjectivities. In order to think a new emancipatory politics for the twenty-first century, we must therefore 'absent the state in thought', in other words, begin to understand an excessive subjectivity and how it interacts with state subjectivities which are always expressive of place. Therefore, 'distance from the state' here refers to subjective distance rather than to institutional, physical or social distance.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Quasi constricted linear representations of Abelian semigroups on Banach spaces. ii) X-0 := {x &ISIN; X : lim(t&RARR;&INFIN;) &PAR;T(t)x&PAR; = 0} is closed and has finite codimension.i) <(lim)over bar (t&RARR;&INFIN;) &PAR;T(t)x&PAR; &LT; &INFIN; for all x &ISIN; XWe show that an asymptotically bounded representation (T-t)(t&ISIN;P) is quasi constricted if and only if it has an attractor A with Hausdorff measure of noncompactness (&chi;&PAR; . &PAR;1)(A) &LT; 1 with respect to some equivalent norm &PAR; (.) &PAR;(1) on X. Moreover we prove that every asymptotically weakly almost periodic quasi constricted representation (T-t)(t&ISIN;P) is constricted, i.e. there exists a finite dimensional (T-t)(t&ISIN;P)-invariant subspace X-r such that X := X-0 &OPLUS; X-r. We apply our results to C-0-semigroups.Let (X, parallel to (.) parallel to) be a Banach space. We study asymptotically bounded quasi constricted representations of an abelian semigroup P in L(X), i.e. representations (T-t)(tis an element ofP) which satisfy the following conditions:", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Health systems context(s) for integrating mental health into primary health care in six Emerald countries: a situation analysis. Conclusion: Integration of mental health into PHC will require addressing the resource limitations that have been identified in this study. There is a need for up to date mental health legislation and policies to engender commitment in allocating resources to mental health services.Results: Three of the study countries (Ethiopia, Nepal, Nigeria, and Uganda) were working towards developing mental health legislation. South Africa and India were ahead of other countries, having enacted recent Mental Health Care Act in 2004 and 2016, respectively. Among all the 6 study countries, only Nepal, Nigeria and South Africa had a standalone mental health policy. However, other countries had related health policies where mental health was mentioned. The lack of fully fledged policies is likely to limit opportunities for resource mobilization for the mental health sector and efforts to integrate mental health into PHC. Most countries were found to be allocating inadequate budgets from the health budget for mental health, with South Africa (5%) and Nepal (0.17%) were the countries with the highest and lowest proportions of health budgets spent on mental health, respectively. Other vital resources that support integration such as human resources and health facilities for mental health services were found to be in adequate in all the study countries. Monitoring and evaluation systems to support the integration of mental health into PHC in all the study countries were also inadequate.Methods: A checklist guided by the World Health Organization Assessment Instrument for Mental Health Systems (WHO-AIMS) was developed and was used for data collection in each of the six countries participating in the Emerging mental health systems in low and middle-income countries (Emerald) research consortium. The documents reviewed were from the following domains: mental health legislation, health policies/plans and relevant country health programs. Data were analyzed using thematic content analysis.Background: Mental, neurological and substance use disorders contribute to a significant proportion of the world's disease burden, including in low and middle income countries (LMICs). In this study, we focused on the health systems required to support integration of mental health into primary health care (PHC) in Ethiopia, India, Nepal, Nigeria, South Africa and Uganda.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Tylopilus jiangxiensis, a new species of Tylopilus s. str. from China. Tylopilus jiangxiensis is described as a new species characterized by its small basidiomata, yellowish brown pileal and stipe surface, pallid to pinkish hymenophore, smooth stipe surface and white context without color change when bruised. Molecular phylogenetic analyses based on five gene makers (ITS, nrLSU, tef1-alpha, rpb1 and rpb2) confirmed it as a novel member of the genus Tylopilus s. str. Its morphological descriptions and illustrations are provided.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "A framework for new solution development: an adaptive search perspective. Suppliers or solution providers are persistently under pressure to find a way toward competitive advantage. The literature indicates that for revenue growth and business opportunities, suppliers (e.g. IBM) must initiate a transition from goods or product-oriented business to solution-based business. Despite the need for solution development, there is a lack of practical and readily adoptable methodologies for suppliers. This is particularly acute in the professional service industry or knowledge-intensive business services (KIBS). This study offers a theory-driven, yet practical, framework for understanding and executing solution development. The proposed framework uses a complexity theory view of strategy and presents new solution development as adaptive search toward higher peaks in the rugged business landscape. This study suggests that the search must be ambidextrous (the combination of local and distant searches). The search toward better solutions has three distinct but inter-related dimensions: supply-side, demand-side, and spatial. The extant literature on service innovation is utilized to shed light on the importance of each of these dimensions. This study proposes a solution development typology based on eight solution strategies, and illustrates it with two examples of KIBS. Finally, this study develops several propositions, which have theoretical and/or practical implications for solution development.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "Another Nation: Aboriginal Activism in the Late 1960s and Early 1970s. The late 1960s and early 1970s witnessed the emergence of Aboriginal nationalism and an associated decline of activist interest in securing Aboriginal inclusion in the Australian nation. This article positions these changes in the context of disillusionment following the 1967 referendum, the advent of black power and land rights, the radicalisation of youth and the rise of identity politics. It argues that the Aboriginal nationalism of this period was a predominantly cultural nationalism that sought to transcend the colonial subordination of Aborigines through a rejuvenation of Aboriginality.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Analysis of auxetic core sandwich beams subjected to transversely localized loads using two-dimensional symplectic elasticity approach. It is well known that sandwich structures containing low-density soft cores are susceptible to transversely localized loads. However, multi-parameter foundation models of the sandwich cores are extremely simplified when the structures are composed of auxetic materials, whose Poisson's ratios play very important roles in the face-core interaction. In this study, a two-dimensional symplectic elasticity model of a beam-foundation system representing sandwich beams subjected to normal surface tractions is formulated. The effects of the foundation properties, including Poisson's ratio ranging from positive to negative, are presented. The proposed technique is beneficial for the potential usage of auxetic core materials.", "label": [1, 11, 12]}
+{"token": "Trace-Strength and Source-Monitoring Accounts of Accuracy and Metacognitive Resolution in the Misinformation Paradigm. Two experiments are reported that investigate the impact of misinformation on memory accuracy and metacognitive resolution. In Experiment 1, participants viewed a series of photographs depicting a crime scene, were exposed to misinformation that contradicted details in the slides, and later took a recognition memory test. For each answer, participants were required to indicate whether they were willing to testify (report) their answer to the Court and to rate confidence. Misinformation impaired memory accuracy but it had no effect on resolution, regardless of whether resolution was indexed with confidence-rating measures (g correlation and mean confidence) or a report-option measure (type-2 discrimination: d '). In Experiment 2, a similar accuracy-confidence dissociation was found, and the misinformation effect occurred mostly with fine-grained responses, suggesting that responding was based on recollected details. We argue that the results support source-monitoring (SM) accounts of accuracy and resolution rather than accounts based on trace strength. Copyright (C) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "In situ TEM observation of dislocation motion in thermally strained Al nanowires. Al thin films deposited epitaxially on (0001) alpha-Al2O3 substrates, have been thinned cross-sectionally to form Al nanowires. The Al wires, consisting of two Sigma3 twin variants, have been strained in situ by differential thermal expansion between the Al wires and the Al2O3 substrate during transmission electron microscopy heating. Dynamical observations show that maximum dislocation activity occurs in the first heating cycle up to 400degreesC, with decreasing activity during further cycles. The {111} Al parallel to (0001) alpha-Al2O3 interface acts as a source of dislocation half-loops. The motion of threading dislocations along the wires generates long trailing dislocation segments parallel to, and offset from, the {111} Al parallel to (0001) alpha-Al2O3 interface. Dislocation multiplication occurs by the reaction of half-loops and extended threading dislocation segments at the wire boundaries and substrate interface. The Sigma3 twin grains bisecting the wires are observed to be stable during thermal cycling to 400degreesC, and their {2 (11) over bar} boundaries are weak pinning sites. (C) 2002 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Flood Control Risk Identification and Quantitative Assessment of a Large-Scale Water Transfer Project. Flood control risk is one of the main risks affecting the safe operation of large-scale water transfer projects. Systematically identifying the flood control risk in the project and carrying out risk classification and hierarchical management are problems for project managers. Based on the theory of system and risk assessment, this paper starts with the various risk sources and risk events involved in the whole process of the flood disaster chain, the risk of flood disaster factors, the exposure of the disaster-bearing body, and the vulnerability of the disaster-originating environment are combined. Then, we systematically and comprehensively identify the flood control risks of a large-scale water transfer project, which are divided into four types of risk elements: rainfall-runoff; confluence and flow capacity; the geological characteristics of canal section; economic and social layouts. Specific risk factors are identified for each type of risk element, and a flood control risk evaluation index system for a water transfer project is proposed. According to the framework of the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), a quantitative assessment of comprehensive flood control for water transfer projects is carried out. Taking the middle route of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project in China as an example, this paper evaluates the integrated flood control risks of 39 engineering units, identifies six units with higher risk levels, analyzes the causes, and suggests engineering and non-engineering countermeasures to prevent and reduce the occurrence of risk accidents. This method is not only used for comprehensive flood control risk assessment and risk management in the operation and management stage of the large-scale inter-basin water transfer project, but also has a reference value in considering the optimal layout of the project water transmission line from the perspective of flood control in the planning and design stage.", "label": [4, 5, 36, 47]}
+{"token": "The cumulative cost of regulations. We estimate the effects of federal regulation on the value added to GDP for a panel of 22 industries in the United States over a period of 35 years (1977-2012). The structure of our linear specification is explicitly derived from the closed-form solutions of a multisector Schumpeterian model of endogenous growth. We allow regulation to enter the specification in a fairly flexible manner. Our estimates of the model's parameters are then identified from covariation in some standard sector-specific data joined with RegData 2.2, which measures the incidence of regulations on industries based on a text analysis of federal regulatory code. With the model's parameters fitted to real data, we confidently conduct counterfactual experiments on alternative regulatory environments. Our results show that regulatory restrictions have had a net effect of dampening economic growth by approximately 0.8 percent per annum since 1980. Had regulation been held constant at levels observed in 1980, our model predicts that the economy would have been nearly 25 percent larger by 2012 (i.e., regulatory growth since 1980 cost GDP $4 trillion in 2012, or about $13,000 per capita). (C) 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Molecular detection of haemophilic pathogens reveals evidence of Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos in dogs and parasitic ticks in central China. Background In addition to Mycoplasma haemocanis and Candidatus Mycoplasma haematoparvum, a few hemoplasma species that mainly infect other livestock have been detected in dogs. 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos' (Ca. M. haemobos) has been found in a variety of animals in China. The present study was aimed to investigate the occurrence of 'Ca. M. haemobos' infections in dogs and ticks collected from the Henan province, China. Results Overall, 55 dog blood samples and 378 ticks on skins were collected from anemic and healthy dogs, and these samples were subjected to PCR, sequence analysis, and identification. The results showed that Haemaphysalis longicornis (266) and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (112) were the only two parasitic ticks on dogs. Molecular detection revealed that 163 M. haemocanis, 88 'Ca. M. haemobos' and 32 Anaplasma platys positive amplicons could be amplified from dogs, H. longicornis and R. (B.) microplus. In addition, co-infections (M. haemocanis + A. platys and 'Ca. M. haemobos'+ A. platys) could be also detected. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this is the first molecular evidence of 'Ca. M. haemobos' natural infection in dogs and tick species identified as H. longicornis and R. (B.) microplus from China.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "THE INTERACTION BETWEEN PLANTING DEPTH OF 4 WINTER-WHEAT CULTIVARS, ALOPECURUS-MYOSUROIDES HUDS AND BROMUS-STERILIS L AND THEIR SUSCEPTIBILITY TO POSTEMERGENCE APPLICATIONS OF ISOPROTURON AND CHLOROTOLURON. Seeds of four winter wheat cultivars, Slejpner, Galahad, Avalon and Fenman, were sown at depths ranging from 6-75 mm in soil in pots, and isoproturon or chlorotoluron was then applied to the soil surface.  For chlorotoluron-treated plants (both pre- and post-emergence) the dose required to produce a 50% effect (ED50) was unaffected by depth of planting.  In contrast, for isoproturon applied pre-emergence, the ED50 for both Avalon and Slejpner was strongly affected by sowing depth.  Although chlorotoluron was much more active in a second experiment when applied post-emergence to Slejpner wheat, the ED50 for both herbicides increased with greater depth of sowing.  Protection of wheat from isoproturon damage by deeper planting was enhanced if the adsorption capacity of the soil was raised from K(d) 0.5 to 2.0 by incorporation of activated charcoal in the soil.  Isoproturon entry into plants (as measured by the effect on rate of photosynthesis) was slower in those that had been sown deeper and were growing in more adsorptive soils, but there was no obvious relationship between these observations and isoproturon distribution in the soil profile.  In nutrient culture the four wheat cultivars responded similarly to a range of doses of isoproturon.  The chlorotoluron-sensitive cultivars, Slejpner and Galahad, were damaged by much lower doses of chlorotoluron than were Avalon and Fenman.  Bromus sterilis L. responded similarly to wheat with regard to its interaction with isoproturon and planting depth.  Alopecurus myosuroides Huds., however, was less damaged by isoproturon when the zone above the seed was protected from the herbicide by growing the shoot through a plastic straw.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "On the formulation of gravitational potential difference between the GRACE satellites based on energy integral in Earth fixed frame. Two methods for computing gravitational potential difference (GPD) between the GRACE satellites using orbit data have been formulated based on energy integral; one in geocentric inertial frame (GIF) and another in Earth fixed frame (EFF). Here we present a rigorous theoretical formulation in EFF with particular emphasis on necessary approximations, provide a computational approach to mitigate the approximations to negligible level, and verify our approach using simulations. We conclude that a term neglected or ignored in all former work without verification should be retained. In our simulations, 2 cycle per revolution (CPR) errors are present in the GPD computed using our formulation, and empirical removal of the 2 CPR and lower frequency errors can improve the precisions of Stokes coefficients (SCs) of degree 3 and above by 1-2 orders of magnitudes. This is despite of the fact that the result without removing these errors is already accurate enough. Furthermore, the relation between data errors and their influences on GPD is analysed, and a formal examination is made on the possible precision that real GRACE data may attain. The result of removing 2 CPR errors may imply that, if not taken care of properly, the values of SCs computed by means of the energy integral method using real GRACE data may be seriously corrupted by aliasing errors from possibly very large 2 CPR errors based on two facts: (1) errors of (C)over bar(2,0) manifest as 2 CPR errors in GPD and (2) errors of (C)over bar(2,0) in GRACE data-the differences between the CSR monthly values of (C)over bar(2,0) independently determined using GRACE and SLR are a reasonable measure of their magnitude-are very large. Our simulations show that, if 2 CPR errors in GPD vary from day to day as much as those corresponding to errors of (C)over bar(2,0) from month to month, the aliasing errors of degree 15 and above SCs computed using a month's GPD data may attain a level comparable to the magnitude of gravitational potential variation signal that GRACE was designed to recover. Consequently, we conclude that aliasing errors from 2 CPR errors in real GRACE data may be very large if not properly handled; and therefore, we propose an approach to reduce aliasing errors from 2 CPR and lower frequency errors for computing SCs above degree 2.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Bio-Herbicidal Potential of the Essential Oils from Different Rosmarinus officinalis L. Chemotypes in Laboratory Assays. The current study aimed to assess the allelopathic effect ofRosmarinus officinalisL. essential oils (EOs) to define the potent effect against weed species, by exploring distinct chemotypes and their main compounds. The EOs from eight accessions were characterized. Their components were identified by gas chromatography, and four chemotypes were defined; C1 (alpha-pinene), C2 (camphor), C3 (alpha-pinene/1,8-cineole), and C4 (alpha-pinene/1,8-cineole/camphor). Four concentrations of the EOs (400, 800, 1200, and 2400 mu L/L) and the main compounds of each chemotype were tested in a laboratory assay againstAmaranthus retroflexusL. andLolium perenneL. in pre- and post-germination. The results showed that the EOs significantly affected all the tested parameters (germination, early growth, and physiological and histological parameters of the weeds under study) in a dose, chemotype, and species dependent manner.A. retroflexuswas more sensitive thanL. perenneat germination level being significantly inhibited at the lowest dose of all the chemotypes. The latter all exhibited significant effects but with a higher potency of C2 (camphor chemotype) and C3 (alpha-pinene/1,8-cineole chemotype), as well qualitative differences in the induced damage. Our results thus increase knowledge about the role of the monoterpene composition in bio-herbicidal effect, which can help in the development of EO based bio-herbicides.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Spatial and seasonal variation of the zooplankton in the coastal zone and main khors of Lake Nasser (Egypt). A prominent feature of Lake Nasser is the presence of khors ( dendritic side extensions). We studied the zooplankton of the larger khors and coastal zone of the main lake in 1996 and 1997, and found an assemblage of rotifers, cladocerans and copepods that was partly tropical, partly temperate, at relatively high biomasses. Spatial differences were weak, but the upstream khors ( Toushka and Korosko) were consistently richer than the downstream khors (El-Ramla and Kalabsha), with a rather sudden transition around km 150 at El Madiq. Summer standing crops were higher than those in winter by a factor 2 - 3. The zooplankton of the littoral of the main channel showed the same spatial pattern as that in the khors, being more abundant in spring (average 82 300 ind m(-3)) than in autumn (average 72 700 ind m(-3)). Zooplankton dry weight increased from 4 g m(-2) at khor El-Ramla to 7 g m(-2) at khor Toushka. These rather high values had low variation. The number of species, diversity and evenness all showed a high degree of similarity among the khors and in the littoral of the main lake. The lake fish fauna is poor, lacking a pelagic planktivore. The predominance of medium-sized Copepoda ( one calanoid, two cyclopoids) in the zooplankton suggests that fish predation is moderate. This is confirmed by the persistence of two Daphnia species at low abundance, although rather strong variations in time suggest that Cladocera suffer from summer predation by invertebrates ( copepods) as well as vertebrates ( mostly larval fish). Because the zooplankton is underutilised by higher trophic levels, we suggest to assess the benefits of introducing a pelagic zooplanktivorous fish.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "An inverse latitudinal gradient in infection probability and phylogenetic diversity for Leucocytozoon blood parasites in New World birds. Geographic variation in environmental conditions as well as host traits that promote parasite transmission may impact infection rates and community assembly of vector-transmitted parasites. Identifying the ecological, environmental and historical determinants of parasite distributions and diversity is therefore necessary to understand disease outbreaks under changing environments. Here, we identified the predictors and contributions of infection probability and phylogenetic diversity of Leucocytozoon (an avian blood parasite) at site and species levels across the New World. To explore spatial patterns in infection probability and lineage diversity for Leucocytozoon parasites, we surveyed 69 bird communities from Alaska to Patagonia. Using phylogenetic Bayesian hierarchical models and high-resolution satellite remote-sensing data, we determined the relative influence of climate, landscape, geography and host phylogeny on regional parasite community assembly. Infection rates and parasite diversity exhibited considerable variation across regions in the Americas. In opposition to the latitudinal gradient hypothesis, both the diversity and prevalence of Leucocytozoon parasites decreased towards the equator. Host relatedness and traits known to promote vector exposure neither predicted infection probability nor parasite diversity. Instead, the probability of a bird being infected with Leucocytozoon increased with increasing vegetation cover (NDVI) and moisture levels (NDWI), whereas the diversity of parasite lineages decreased with increasing NDVI. Infection rates and parasite diversity also tended to be higher in cooler regions and higher latitudes. Whereas temperature partially constrains Leucocytozoon diversity and infection rates, landscape features, such as vegetation cover and water body availability, play a significant role in modulating the probability of a bird being infected. This suggests that, for Leucocytozoon, the barriers to host shifting and parasite host range expansion are jointly determined by environmental filtering and landscape, but not by host phylogeny. Our results show that integrating host traits, host ancestry, bioclimatic data and microhabitat characteristics that are important for vector reproduction are imperative to understand and predict infection prevalence and diversity of vector-transmitted parasites. Unlike other vector-transmitted diseases, our results show that Leucocytozoon diversity and prevalence will likely decrease with warming temperatures.", "label": [4, 34, 43]}
+{"token": "Multi-GNSS fractional cycle bias products generation for GNSS ambiguity-fixed PPP at Wuhan University. The School of Geodesy and Geomatics (SGG) at Wuhan University has been generating GPS fractional cycle bias (FCB) products for users to realize ambiguity-fixed precise point positioning (PPP) since 2015. Along with the development of multiple Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), there is an urgent need to provide multi-GNSS FCB products for the PPP ambiguity resolution (AR) with multi-constellation observations. This study focuses on the multi-GNSS FCB estimation, in which the FCB products of GPS, Galileo, BDS and QZSS are generated. We describe here the detailed estimation method and the significant improvements to the new service. The FCB quality, as well as the PPP AR performance, is evaluated. The mean standard deviations of wide-lane FCBs relative to CODE are 0.019, 0.005, 0.015 and 0.008 cycles, while those of narrow-lane are 0.021, 0.021, 0.057 and 0.010 cycles for GPS, Galileo, BDS and QZSS, respectively. The comparison with CNES GPS and Galileo FCBs indicates their good consistency with the corresponding FCBs. Compared with GPS-only PPP AR, the convergence time and time to first fix of the four-system PPP AR can be reduced by 27.3 and 29.4% in the static mode, respectively, while the corresponding improvements are 42.6 and 51.9% in the kinematic mode, respectively. These results demonstrate that our SGG FCB service can provide high-precision and reliable four-system FCB corrections for worldwide users to conduct ambiguity-fixed PPP processing.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Integrated use of the stale seedbed technique with preemergence herbicides to control weedy rice in wet seeded rice. This study was undertaken to investigate the integration effects of pretilachlor, oxadiazon, and dimethenamid with or without glyphosate in a stale seedbed method to control weedy rice in wet-seeded rice. The study, conducted in 2018 and 2019, comprised two seedbed treatments in main plots, with and without glyphosate (850 g ae ha(-1)), and four subplot treatments: pretilachlor, oxadiazon, dimethenamid, and unsprayed check. Fifteen days after glyphosate spray, each subplot was treated with preemergence herbicides at 500 g ai ha(-1) under standing water conditions (2 to 3 in.), and the water level was maintained for 7 d. Pregerminated rice seeds (var. MR297) were hand-broadcasted in the moist soil at 120 kg ha(-1) seeding rate. In 2019, the density and dry weight of weedy rice were 30% and 118% higher Gthan those observed in 2018, respectively. A stale seedbed with glyphosate reduced weedy rice dry weight by 12% as compared to what was observed in a stale seedbed without glyphosate. Addition of oxadiazon and pretilachlor to the stale seedbed drastically reduced weedy rice dry weight by 70% to 88% and 53% to 60% in both years. Dimethenamid contributed to a significant reduction of weedy rice dry weight of 19% in 2019 only but failed to provide a positive economic return. Integration of pretilachlor and oxadiazon in a stale seedbed with glyphosate gave profitable returns of $84.00 to 311.4 ha(-1) and $175.70 to 483.8 ha(-1), respectively. Without the presence of glyphosate, pretilachlor and oxadiazon contributed a positive return of $318.90 and $469.40, respectively, in 2018, but the economic returns were negative in 2019. These results suggest that integration of pretilachlor or oxadiazon in a stale seedbed with glyphosate is more crucial when weedy rice infestation is high, but glyphosate can be excluded from the management regime when the weedy rice populations are low.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Prevalence of Chlamydophila pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae IgM and IgG antibodies in Tunisian patients presenting with exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Conclusion. - C. pneumoniae is a pathogen that requires specific antimicrobial treatment. Its detection. must always be performed considering its prevalence in patients presenting with acute COPD exacerbations. (C) 2016 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.Results. - We did not observe any acute M. pneumoniae infection; however, 11 patients (11%) showed a profile compatible with a recent C. pneumoniae infection (nine patients with specific IgM and two with an IgG antibody rise). Demographic and clinical parameters did not differ. between patients with and without biological profile of recent C-: pneumoniae infection.Objective. - We aimed to assess the prevalence of Chlamydophila pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae acute infections, using serological testing, in patients admitted to the emergency department for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).Methods. - We performed a prospective observational study of 100 consecutive patients. Serum specimens were collected at day 0 and day 15. C. pneumoniae and M. pneumoniae antibodies (IgM and IgG) were tested by commercial ELISA: and immunofluorescence assay, respectively.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Licensing and Patent Protection. We show the impact of technology licensing on optimal patent policy. Strong patent protection that eliminates imitation may not be the equilibrium outcome in the presence of licensing. Depending on the cost of innovation, licensing may either increase or reduce the strength of the patent protection.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Presidential Address 2013 Raced, Gendered, Faithed, and Sexed. In this paper I address constructions of race and white supremacy, diversities of religious faith, and constructions of genders and sexes together with the concomitant ongoing inequalities for females and limitations on discourse regarding LGBT+ realities. I use First Nations, liberation, and postcolonial methodologies and hermeneutics to interrogate constructions of whiteness and I theorize beyond whiteness by offering readings of the exodus, the subsequent conquest of Canaan by Joshua (Yeshua), and the Canaanite woman's interaction with and transformation of Jesus (Yeshua). I provide data that shows the significant gender disparity among university and seminary faculties and I argue for intentionality in the uses of power to achieve parity. I encourage interfaith and interreligious dialogue and cooperation. Finally, I conclude by acknowledging the diversity of perspectives regarding LGBT+ and encourage more space for the presentation of research and argumentation regarding the many issues of sexualities, faithings, genderings, and racings.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Transient process in ice creams evaluated by laser speckles. When a coherent light beam is scattered from a colloidal medium, in the observation plane, appears a random grainy image known as speckle pattern. The time evolution of this interference image carries information about the ensemble-averaged dynamics of the scatterer particles. The aim of this work was to evaluate the use of dynamic speckles as an alternative tool to monitoring frozen foams formulated with glucose and fructose syrups. Ice creams, after preparation and packing, were stored at 18 degrees C. Changes in properties of products were analyzed by speckle phenomena at three room temperatures (20 degrees C, 25 degrees C and 30 degrees C), minute by minute, during 50 min. Two moments were identified in which samples activity achieved significant levels. These instants were associated, respectively, to ice crystals melting and to air bubbles dissipation into the food matrix causing motion of diverse structures. As expected, ice crystals melting was first in formulations containing fructose syrup, but for same samples, air losses were delayed. Speckle methodology was satisfactory to observe temporal evolution of transient process, opening goods prospects to application, still incoming, in foodstuffs researches. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Mandelamide hydrolase from Pseudomonas putida: Characterization of a new member of the amidase signature family. A recently discovered enzyme in the mandelate pathway of Pseudomonas putida, mandelamide hydrolase (MAH), catalyzes the hydrolysis of mandelamide to mandelic acid and ammonia. Sequence analysis suggests that MAH is a member of the amidase signature family, which is widespread in nature and contains a novel Ser-cis-Ser-Lys catalytic triad. Here we report the expression in Escherichia coli, purification, and characterization of both wild-type and His(6)-tagged MAR The recombinant enzyme was stable, exhibited a pH optimum of 7.8, and was able to hydrolyze both enantiomers of mandelamide with little enantiospecificity. The His-tagged variant showed no significant change in kinetic constants. Phenylacetamide was found to be the best substrate, with changes in chain length or replacement of the phenyl group producing greatly decreased values of k(cat)/K-m. As with another member of this family, fatty acid amide hydrolase, MAH has the uncommon ability to hydrolyze esters and amides at similar rates. MAH is even more unusual in that it will only hydrolyze esters and amides with little steric bulk. Ethyl and larger esters and N-ethyl and larger amides are not substrates, suggesting that the MAH active site is very stencally hindered. Mutation of each residue in the putative catalytic triad to alanine resulted in total loss of activity for S204A and K100A, while S180A exhibited a 1500-fold decrease in k(cat) and significant increases in K-m values. Overall, the MAH data are similar to those of fatty acid amide hydrolase and support the suggestion that there are two distinct subgroups within the amidase signature family.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Planning and scheduling in supply chains: an overview of issues in practice. T his paper gives an overview of the theory and practice of planning and scheduling in supply chains. It first gives an overview of the various planning and scheduling models that have been studied in the literature, including lot sizing models and machine scheduling models. It subsequently categorizes the various industrial sectors in which planning and scheduling in the supply chains are important; these industries include continuous manufacturing as well as discrete manufacturing. We then describe how planning and scheduling models can be used in the design and the development of decision support systems for planning and scheduling in supply chains and discuss in detail the implementation of such a system at the Carlsberg A/S beerbrewer in Denmark. We conclude with a discussion on the current trends in the design and the implementation of planning and scheduling systems in practice.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "'Taming the death: the culture of death (1915-18) and its remembering and commemorating through First World War soldier monuments in Bulgaria (1917-44). This is an article on the history of 'facing death in war' and of attempts by individuals and society to 'tame it' and to come to terms with traumatic war memories. Based on social history methods of representation, it focuses on soldiers' letters, diaries, photos and survival memoirs, as well as on photographic and cinematic images of war monuments, and the story of their building. The article studies 'man's attitudes to war' through his attitudes to death and his efforts to rationalize what happened at the front by making sense of that death. It analyses the official and regional architectural-sculptural monument-building policies (in combination with the state and local ceremonial mourning cultures), which dealt with Bulgarian soldiers' spontaneous personal war experiences.The article attempts to answer several questions. How and why did the soldier monument become the place where local and state policies clashed in their attitudes to war memory (keeping or corroding the myths of war)? How and why did official politics transform the monument into a place to tame the soldier's death by assigning to it a sense of the patriotic act of the conscious citizen-nationalist? Which cultural and political context helped state policy to rework the negative memory of war in order to overcome both individual traumatic reminiscences and collective critical war experiences? What drives every political regime in Bulgaria communist or anti-communist to turn to restoration and commemoration of the soldier monuments?.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Separation of CO2 from CH4 using mixed matrix membranes incorporated with amine functionalized MIL-125 (Ti) nanofiller. This work reported on the fabrication of mixed matrix membranes by incorporating NH2-MIL-125 (Ti) nanofiller into 6FDA-durene polymer matrix for CO2/CH4 separation. The structural properties and morphology of the nanofillers and resultant membranes were investigated by X-ray diffraction, Brunauer Emmett and Teller, field emission scanning electron microscope, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy mapping, thermogravimetric analysis and free fractional volume. The results showed that the CO2 and CH4 single gas permeability, as well as CO2/CH4 ideal selectivity were improved by incorporating NH2-MIL-125 (Ti) into the polymer matrix. Membrane loaded with 7.0 wt% of NH2-MIL-125 (Ti) filler showed the highest CO2 permeability of 1115.70 Barrer and CO2/CH4 selectivity of 37.10, surpassing the 2008 Robeson upper bound. Furthermore, improvement of CO2 permeability of 119% and increment of 331% for gas pair selectivity in comparison with pure membrane were achieved. The results obtained in this work is due to the high porosity of nanofillers besides the attraction of amine functional group towards CO2. Overall, incorporation of amine-functionalized MIL-125 (Ti) nanofillers into 6FDA-durene polymer matrix has enhanced the separation performance of the membrane in CO2/CH4 separation. (c) 2020 Institution of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "Italian Crime Fiction: A Barbarian Perspective. This article proposes a means of analysing the differences between Detective Fiction and Crime Fiction, in terms of multi genre content, concentrating especially on the development of Italian works in these fields. It also provides a shortened case study, analysing The Hound of the Baskervilles in this way.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Challenging the ability intuition: From personal to extended to distributed belief-forming processes. Much of what we know results from information sources on which we epistemically rely. This fact about epistemic reliance, however, stands in tension with a very powerful intuition governing knowledge, an intuition that Pritchard (e.g., 2010) has termed the \\\\'ability intuition,\\\\' the idea that a believer's \\\\'reliable cognitive faculties are the most salient part of the total set of causal factors that give rise to [their] believing the truth\\\\' (Vaesen, 2011, p. 518; compare Greco, 2003; 2009; 2010). In this paper I suggest that this tension may indeed be ineliminable. I proceed by canvassing some representative attempts to reconcile epistemic reliance and the ability intuition. In doing so, I suggest that all of these attempts founder on one or the other of two elements of what I've previously described (Shieber, 2013, 2015) as a \\\\'personalist presumption\\\\' in discussions of social epistemology: an excessive focus on (i) reliability filters within the persons who are the recipients of information or (ii) on reliable truth-tracking and -conveying abilities in the persons who are the transmitters of information. In conclusion, I suggest how best to resolve the tension: by abandoning the ability intuition.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Long-lived solar neutron emission in comparison with electron-produced radiation in the 2005 September 7 solar flare. Strong signals of neutral emissions were detected in association with a solar flare that occurred on 2005 September 7. They were produced by both relativistic ions and electrons. In particular, relativistic neutrons were observed with the solar neutron telescopes (SNTs) located at Mount Chacaltaya in Bolivia and Mount Sierra Negra in Mexico and with neutron monitors (NMs) at Chacaltaya and Mexico City with high statistical significances. At the same time, hard X-rays and gamma-rays, which were predominantly emitted by high-energy electrons, were detected by the Geotail and the INTEGRAL satellites. We found that a model of the impulsive neutron emission at the time of the X-ray/gamma-ray peak can explain the main peaks of all the detected neutron signals, but failed to explain the long tailed decaying phase. An alternative model, in which the neutron emission follows the X-ray/gamma-ray profile, also failed to explain the long tail. These results indicate that the acceleration of ions began at the same time as the electrons but that ions were continuously accelerated or trapped longer than the electrons in the emission site. We also demonstrate that the neutron data observed by multienergy channels of SNTs put constraints on the neutron spectrum.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "An appraisal of zotepine in the treatment of schizophrenia. Methods: A literature search through the Medline database and Google was conducted to identify pivotal trials of zotepine in schizophrenia.Background: Zotepine, a second generation antipsychotic (SGA), is characterised pharmacologically by powerful antiserotonergic and antidopaminergic properties, marked noradrenaline re-uptake inhibition and clinically useful antagonism of histamine H1 receptor and alpha-1 adrenergic receptors. This paper reviews pivotal clinical trial evidence of zotepine in acute and chronic schizophrenia.Conclusions: Zotepine is an effective antipsychotic drug for the treatment of acute exacerbation of schizophrenia and chronic schizophrenia. Zotepine may therefore be a valuable addition to the range of available SGAs.Main findings: Two clinical trials investigated the efficacy and safety of zotepine in the treatment of acute exacerbation of schizophrenia. In one, zotepine was associated with superior efficacy compared with chlorpromazine, with beneficial effects observed on negative symptoms and an extrapyramidal symptom (EPS) profile indistinguishable from placebo. A second study found zotepine to be markedly effective in reducing the positive symptoms of schizophrenia with a greater reduction in the incidence of EPS compared with haloperidol. In chronic schizophrenia, zotepine was effective in the prevention of recurrence over a 26-week study period. The safety profile of zotepine generally compares favourably with other (SGAs). Zotepine is considered to have a placebo-like potential to cause movement disorders and a low to moderate risk for weight gain. A single small double-blind comparative trial demonstrated that zotepine, relative to clozapine, consistently improves cognitive performance in patients with schizophrenia.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "The power function of the maximum studentized range test in a two-way design. The maximum Studentized range statistics was used by Copenhaver and Holland (1987, 19th Symp. on the Interface of Computer Science and Statistics, Phildelphia, PA; Copenhaver and Holland, 1988. J. Statist. Comput. Simulation 30, 1-15) to test the equality of treatment means in a two-way ANOVA. In this article, the power function of their testing procedure is derived and the formula for the minimum guaranteed power is also given. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Detection of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 antigen in nonconcentrated urine and urine concentrated by selective ultrafiltration. We evaluated a commercially available radioimmunoassay technique for detecting the soluble antigen of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 using concentrated and nonconcentrated urine. Concentration was achieved by selective ultrafiltration. The sensitivity of the technique was 60.9% for nonconcentrated urine and 80.4% for concentrated samples, with 100% specificity in both cases.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Ultrastructural study and description of Flabelliforma magnivora sp n (Microspora : Duboscqiidae), a microsporidian parasite of Daphnia magna (Crustacea : Cladocera : Daphniidae). The new microsporidium Flabelliforma magnivora sp. n. is described based primarily on ultrastructural characteristics. All life cycle stages have isolated nuclei. Merogonial and sporogonial reproductions are by rosette-or finger-like budding. The sporogony yields 4-16, most frequently 12, sporoblasts. A fragile sporophorous vesicle is formed by the sporont. Spores are lightly pyriform, with both poles blunt, often with one surface slightly convex. Unfixed spores measure 2.34-3.03 x 4.07-4.93 mu m. The exospore, which is five-layered with an internal double-layer, measures 35-40 nm thick. The polar filament is isofilar with 14-17, 77-94 nm wide coils arranged in two irregular layers of coils in the posterior half of the spore. The polaroplast, which ends close to the anterior polar filament coils, is composed of two regions of regularly arranged lamellae: narrow lamellae anteriorly, wider lamellae posteriorly. The host is the cladoceran Daphnia magna. The primary site of infection is the fat body, but infection was also observed in the hypodermic cells and the ovaries. In the laboratory the parasites are transmitted with nearly 100% fidelity from mother to offspring. Transversely sectioned polyribosomes appeared as characteristic circular configurations of 9 ribosomes. Teratological development, including incomplete separation of sporoblasts, macrospores with supernumerary polar filament coils, and disturbed coiling, was observed. The identification of the species and the genus position are briefly discussed.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "VERIFYING ASTEROSEISMICALLY DETERMINED PARAMETERS OF KEPLER STARS USING HIPPARCOS PARALLAXES: SELF-CONSISTENT STELLAR PROPERTIES AND DISTANCES. Accurately determining the properties of stars is of prime importance for characterizing stellar populations in our Galaxy. The field of asteroseismology has been thought to be particularly successful in such an endeavor for stars in different evolutionary stages. However, to fully exploit its potential, robust methods for estimating stellar parameters are required and independent verification of the results is mandatory. With this purpose, we present a new technique to obtain stellar properties by coupling asteroseismic analysis with the InfraRed Flux Method. By using two global seismic observables and multi-band photometry, the technique allows us to obtain masses, radii, effective temperatures, bolometric fluxes, and hence distances for field stars in a self-consistent manner. We apply our method to 22 solar-like oscillators in the Kepler short-cadence sample, that have accurate Hipparcos parallaxes. Our distance determinations agree to better than 5%, while measurements of spectroscopic effective temperatures and interferometric radii also validate our results. We briefly discuss the potential of our technique for stellar population analysis and models of Galactic Chemical Evolution.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Identifying hotspots in the carbon footprint of a small scale organic vegetable farm. Despite its potential to mitigate many environmental impacts of agriculture, organic farming does contribute to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. A full accounting and understanding of the GHG emissions associated with specific activities, materials, and energy used in organic operations are needed to support decision-making for GHG mitigation. A small-scale organic vegetable farm in Washington State, USA, was used as a case study to determine the carbon footprint (CF) and GHG hotspots. A partial life cycle assessment was conducted to identify primary and secondary GHG fluxes associated with activities and materials used in production of potatoes, cauliflower, dry bush beans, winter squash, summer squash, chard, peppers, and onions grown in a crop rotation. The CF associated with each crop ranged from a low of 1.68 t CO2-eq ha(-1) yr(-1) for chard to a high of 2.67 t CO2-eq ha(-1) yr(-1) for cauliflower. Cauliflower had the highest CF per ha followed by potatoes and pepper. Across the farm as a whole, the major CF hotspots were fuel use for both on-farm and off-farm operations (38%), fertilization (18%), soil emission (12%), and irrigation (11%). Simulation of a switch to biodiesel instead of petroleum gasoline and diesel resulted in a 32% reduction in the total farm CF. By identifying the CF hotspots of a whole farm and individual crops, particular inputs and activities can be targeted for modification in order to effectively reduce the farm's CF. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Vector-borne pathogens in dogs from Costa Rica: First molecular description of Babesia vogeli and Hepatozoon canis infections with a high prevalence of monocytic ehrlichiosis and the manifestations of co-infection. This is the first description of infections with B. vogeli and H. canis in Costa Rica as well as in Central America. The results of this study indicate that multiple vector-borne pathogens responsible for severe diseases infect dogs in Costa Rica and therefore, increased owner and veterinarian awareness are needed. Moreover, prevention of tick infestation is recommended to decrease the threat of these diseases to the canine population. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Infection with canine vector-borne pathogens was evaluated in dogs from four different regions of Costa Rica by PCR. Demographic data, clinical signs, packed cell volume values, and the presence of tick infestation were recorded for each dog. Forty seven percent (69/146) of the dogs were infected with at least one pathogen and 12% were co-infected with two pathogens. Ehrlichia canis was detected in 34%, Anaplasma platys in 10%, Babesia vogeli in 8%, and Hepatozoon canis in 7.5% of the blood samples. No infection was detected with Leishmania spp. in blood, skin scrapings or conjunctival swabs. Thirty percent of the dogs presented at least one clinical sign compatible with vector-borne disease, and of those, 66% were infected with a pathogen. Subclinical infections were determined in 58% of the infected dogs including 82% (9/11), 58% (29/50), 42% (5/12) and 36% (5/14) of the dogs with H. canis, E. canis, B. vogeli and A. platys infections, respectively. A distinct relationship was found between infection and anemia. The mean PCV values were 34.4% in dogs with no infection, 31.5% in those who had a single infection and 23% in those with co-infection. Co-infected dogs had significantly lower PCV values compared to non-infected and single-infected dogs (p < 0.0001). Thirty five percent (51/146) of the dogs were infested with ticks, 82% of them were infested with Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato and 18% with Amblyomma ovale. Dogs infected with A. platys, B. vogeli, or E. canis were significantly associated with R. sanguineus s.l. infestation (p < 0.029).", "label": [2, 0, 17, 10]}
+{"token": "Pharmacokinetic, Pharmacogenetic, and Other Factors Influencing CNS Penetration of Antiretrovirals. Neurological complications associated with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are a matter of great concern. While antiretroviral (ARV) drugs are the cornerstone of HIV treatment and typically produce neurological benefit, some ARV drugs have limited CNS penetration while others have been associated with neurotoxicity. CNS penetration is a function of several factors including sieving role of blood-brain and blood-CSF barriers and activity of innate drug transporters. Other factors are related to pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenetics of the specific ARV agent or mediated by drug interactions, local inflammation, and blood flow. In this review, we provide an overview of the various factors influencing CNS penetration of ARV drugs with an emphasis on those commonly used in sub-Saharan Africa. We also summarize some key associations between ARV drug penetration, CNS efficacy, and neurotoxicity.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "A Theory of the Majority Canon. This article proposes a theory of the formation of the Jewish canon. It suggests that the Pharisaic canon became the canon of Rabbinic Judaism, because the majority of those who re-founded the religion after the destruction of the Temple were Pharisees. The theory of the majority canon further advances the view that before the emergence of the one traditional canon Jewish communities held varying collections of texts as authoritative scriptures. The origins and development of the canon were influenced by internal and external factors. There was no central body that pronounced on the canon. Rather the authority arose from the bottom-up as Jews came to regard certain books, but not others, as canonical.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "The Sociological Imagination' as Cliche: Perils of Sociology and Practices of Journalism. The \\\\'sociological imagination\\\\' that connects personal troubles to public issues is an idea that was in the air when C. Wright Mills gave it a name and advanced it in a way to make it part of the intellectual armament of the New Left. Later, journalistic practice would turn it into a cliche while sociology would assume prematurely that it was a weapon for the left rather than a tool that could be used from and for different political positions. This essay is a set of second thoughts about the meaning of the \\\\'sociological imagination\\\\' since Mills.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "New techniques for membrane protein crystallization tested on photosystem II core complex of Pisum sativum. The crystallization of a given protein is a hard task being even more complicated when the protein shows a hydrophobic behavior. In the case of photosynthetic proteins, the difficulty of the experiments increased due to the high light sensitivity. Aqueous solutions of photosystem II core complex (OEC PSII) of Pisum sativum were screened for crystallization conditions using standard crystallization methods. Crystal improvement was achieved by counter-diffusion technique in single capillaries of 0.2 mm inner diameter with a three-layer configuration. The use of this advanced crystallization technique-for the first time applied to the crystallization of membrane proteins-improves the reproducibility of the experiments allowing the initial crystal characterization, and facilitates the manipulation under light protection.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "New approach to the computation of the form factor of viscoelastic cylinders. Periodic deformations of the viscoelastic elastomers were investigated numerically by solving the two-dimensional elastic wave equations. In order to enhance the accuracy of the viscoelastic material property calculations, a pseudospectral analysis method was employed. This allowed us to exclude the use of the dynamic form factor derived from the conventional 1D model. Based on the present 2D method, the validity of the conventional 1D form factor concept was evaluated. The present 2D method was used to Calculate the vibration response of the elastomer samples under harmonic excitation. Obtained numerical results were compared with those using the simplest 1D model. Valid range of the form factor was examined. Empirical formulas to correct static and dynamic form factors for both normal deformation mode and the shear deformation mode, which are suitable for engineering applications, are suggested. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 11, 12]}
+{"token": "Sold, not bought: Market orientation and technology as drivers of acquisitions of private biotechnology ventures. Acquisitions are an important exit strategy for technology entrepreneurs and investors, but what can technology ventures do to increase their chances of achieving an acquisition? We draw on signaling theory to examine the role that market orientation plays behind acquisitions. We test our hypotheses in a sample of young biotechnology ventures, and our findings are three-fold. First, we show that a target's market orientation is an important direct driver of acquisitions, thus incorporating a marketing perspective into a literature that has hitherto focused primarily on technological and reputational factors. Second, we find a substitutive interaction effect between market orientation and new product development stage, indicating that for exits through acquisitions, a high level of market orientation can compensate for an early stage of product development. Third, a fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) shows that in some contexts, the monopoly power afforded by patents can further amplify the positive effect of market orientation on acquisition likelihood. Taken together, our findings contribute to a more nuanced understanding of how different signals interact, and suggest that technology ventures should invest in market orientation early on in their life cycle.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "Topology of Parametrized Motion Planning Algorithms. We introduce and study a new concept of parametrized topological complexity: a topological invariant motivated by the motion planning problem of robotics. In the parametrized setting, a motion planning algorithm has a high degree of universality and flexibility and can function under a variety of external conditions (such as positions of obstacles). We explicitly compute the parametrized topological complexity of obstacle-avoiding collision-free motion of many particles (robots) in 3-dimensional space. Our results show that the parametrized topological complexity can be significantly higher than the standard (nonparametrized) invariant.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Exploring the Impact of Information and Communication Technology in Regions of Kazakhstan. The research aims to assess the impact of information and communication technology (ICT) on economic growth in different regions of Kazakhstan. A few basic complex methods, such as systematisation of statistical data and regression analysis, conducted using the STATA software package, were used to analyse the relationship of indicators in different periods. Based on data for the period 2007-2018 obtained from the World Bank, the International Telecommunication Union and statistical yearbook of Kazakhstan, we assess how ICT, expressed by such indicators as Internet access in organisations, the number of computers and fixed telephones, influences economic growth. Our analysis revealed differences in the speed of implementation and development of ICT depending on the region, meaning that the least developed territories still lag in the number of Internet users. We have concluded that since 2014, the country's currency has weakened due to the decrease in the cost of oil and consequent economic decline; mobile devices are increasingly used, reducing the demand for fixed telephones; computers in organisations are affecting economic growth in more developed regions since 2014, although the negative effect of Internet access is growing, as the model shows. The obtained results can used for strategy development to compare economic growth in regions with low, medium, and high development rates.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "From the 'Russian Spring' to the Armed Insurrection: Russia, Ukraine and Political Communities in the Donbas and Southern Ukraine. The article is a study of anti-government mobilization in the cities of southern and eastern Ukraine in spring 2014. By closely examining the developments that preceded the outbreak of the armed insurrection in the Donbas, the study seeks to elucidate the various factors that precipitated the veritable collapse of the Ukrainian state in parts of the Donetsk and Luhansk regions and its stabilization elsewhere. The article argues that the armed conflict in the Donbas was hardly a predetermined outcome of the Russian government strategy-which was employed also outside the Donbas-but rather a product of a synergetic confluence of several structural and conjunctural factors that were absent or present to a much smaller degree elsewhere. These included the peculiar political and ethno-cultural profile of Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts; a higher degree of the legitimacy crisis of the interim government; the destabilizing effects of the status quo created by the victory of the Euromaidan-not only in terms of the change of Ukraine's geopolitical orientation and Russia's apparently compromised interests, but also in terms of the perceived change of status of different ethno-political communities; the proximity of the Russian border, trans-border ethnic politics, and the activities of nationalist groups from Russia; the residual influence of the once-powerful networks associated with clients of the former president Viktor Yanukovych; the relative weakness of organized pro-Ukrainian groups; and last but not least, the incremental collapse of the law enforcement apparatus, which drastically reduced the capacity of Ukrainian authorities.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Grappa: production, sensory properties and market development. Grappa is the traditional Italian spirit derived from marc. The quality of grappa is influenced by the following factors: grape varieties, vinification, system of marc storage, fermentation, distillation, maturation and blending. Among the alcoholic beverages, grappa is the richest in volatile compounds (about 1 per cent by volume). Grappa quality is discussed in terms of its visual, olfactory/retro-olfactory and taste/flavour perceptions. Data on both consumer research and market analysis are reported and discussed in this chapter as well as the future trends of the sector.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Our People in General Have a High Degree of Freedom'. This article considers the United States Supreme Court's ruling in National Federation of Independent Business et al v Sebelius, which questioned the constitutionality of President Obama's signature healthcare reforms of 2009, which have become colloquially known as 'Obamacare'. Although the Supreme Court upheld the Act as constitutional, this article contends that the Supreme Court's reasoning can be read as another battle in the long-standing debate in American politics over the correct size and limits of the Federal Government. In upholding the healthcare reforms as a tax, rather than under the Constitution's Commerce Clause, the Supreme Court has endorsed a view of limited government in line with the principles of classical liberalism. This has the potential to greatly restrict the scope of the Federal Government to pursue large scale expansive social welfare programmes in the future.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Electoral Integrity and Election-Related Conflict. Why are some elections contested with social unrest and protest - sometimes violent - while others pass with little conflict? We focus our study on two types of election, each of which is defined with respect to different types of fraud: \\\\'unfree elections,\\\\' or those in which elites manipulate electoral laws and institutions, and \\\\'unfair elections,\\\\' or those in which elites manipulate votes and voters during the campaign. Unfree elections are not correlated with conflict events because the effects of electoral law are felt diffusely and manipulated electoral law is a show of elite strength. Unfair elections, by contrast, provide a highly visible focal point that allows the opposition to mobilize while simultaneously signaling elite weakness. Finally, citizens form expectations about freeness and fairness over time, engaging in conflict behavior when they perceive a deterioration in electoral fairness. We test these expectations on a sample of African, Central American, and Caribbean states during the period 1990-2011. Our findings identify those types of election fraud most likely to correlate with election-related conflict and violence.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Organizational and Perceived Learning in the Workplace: A Multilevel Perspective on Employees' Problem Solving. Using a multilevel theoretical framework, we investigate the effects of organizational and perceived learning on employees' systematic problem solving (SPS) that aims to prevent the recurrence of a problem. At the organizational level, we focus on the deliberate learning mechanisms of knowledge articulation (OKA) and knowledge codification (OKC). At the individual level, we focus on the relative perception of the mechanisms of knowledge articulation (PKA) and knowledge codification (PKC). Drawing on both knowledge management and sensemaking literature, we move from learning only captured through organizational mechanisms, which suppose individuals are passively embedded in the organizational context, to learning captured through perceived mechanisms, which suppose individuals take an active part in the learning processes and interpret them differently. We employ multilevel structural equation modeling to test our theoretical framework using survey data from a sample of 383 shop floor employees in 52 plants. To enhance our results, we perform a set of robustness checks that control different specifications of our model and potential endogeneity issues. Our study indicates that OKC affects SPS, while OKA affects OKC. Moreover, results show that both PKA and PKC have strong positive effects on SPS. Our study draws attention to the multilevel role of organizational learning and expands the understanding of the role of problem solving in routine evolution.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "Biochemical, Conformational, and Immunogenic Analysis of Soluble Trimeric Forms of Henipavirus Fusion Glycoproteins. The henipaviruses, Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV), are paramyxoviruses discovered in the mid- to late 1990s that possess a broad host tropism and are known to cause severe and often fatal disease in both humans and animals. HeV and NiV infect cells by a pH-independent membrane fusion mechanism facilitated by their attachment (G) and fusion (F) glycoproteins. Here, several soluble forms of henipavirus F (sF) were engineered and characterized. Recombinant sF was produced by deleting the transmembrane (TM) and cytoplasmic tail (CT) domains and appending a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor signal sequence followed by GPI-phospholipase D digestion, appending a trimeric coiled-coil (GCNt) domain (sF(GCNt)), or deleting the TM, CT, and fusion peptide domain. These sF glycoproteins were produced as F-0 precursors, and all were apparent stable trimers recognized by NiV-specific antisera. Surprisingly, however, only the GCNt-appended constructs (sF(GCNt)) could elicit cross-reactive henipavirus-neutralizing antibody in mice. In addition, sFGCNt constructs could be triggered in vitro by protease cleavage and heat to transition from an apparent prefusion to postfusion conformation, transitioning through an intermediate that could be captured by a peptide corresponding to the C-terminal heptad repeat domain of F. The pre- and postfusion structures of s(FGCNt) and non-GCNt-appended sF could be revealed by electron microscopy and were distinguishable by F-specific monoclonal antibodies. These data suggest that only certain sF constructs could serve as potential subunit vaccine immunogens against henipaviruses and also establish important tools for further structural, functional, and diagnostic studies on these important emerging viruses.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "A 4E analysis of a novel coupling process of syngas purification and CO2 capture, transcritical CO2 power and absorption refrigeration. To achieve the goal of CO2 emission peak and carbon neutrality, a novel process coupling syngas purification and CO2 capture, transcritical CO2 power and absorption refrigeration is proposed. The purpose is to realize energy conservation and CO2 emission reduction by coupling medium and low-grade waste heat, electricity and cold water in the process. Based on verifying the accuracy of the model and simulation, the proposed system is studied from four aspects: energy, exergy, economy and environment (4E). The results show that the process can meet the industrial requirements of syngas purification and CO2 products. The thermal efficiency and exergy efficiency are 35.58% and 35.96% respectively. The annual total cost is 2.45 million dollars, and the annual CO2 emission reduction is 113.6 kt. By exploring the exergy destruction and cost distribution of components, the parts that need attention and improvement in the process are determined. In addition, the effects of heat transfer temperature difference and refrigeration temperature on the performance of the process are also studied. This provides a reference for the comprehensive performance analysis and application feasibility of the coupling process of syngas purification, CO2 capture and waste heat utilization.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "The effect of sorption on phenanthrene bioavailability. Critical parameters that need to be considered in a bioavailability study are reviewed and applied to a study on the sorption (binding) of phenanthrene to dissolved humic acid (HA). Sorption coefficients values (K-oc) of phenanthrene to HA were measured for HA from several sources. These values were used to calculate the amount of HA that was needed to bind different fractions of solution-phase phenanthrene. Sorption linearity and complete reversibility were assumed. A mixed culture of phenanthrene degraders, dominated by Pseudomonas sp. was sensitive to changes in dissolved phenanthrene concentrations in the range that was used in this study. Therefore, it was expected that if bound phenanthrene was not available, as is commonly stated in the literature, sorption would affect mineralization rate by reducing the concentration of free phenanthrene, However, it was found that mineralization of phenanthrene was not affected by sorption even when 90% of the phenanthrene was in the bound phase. It was concluded that the organisms were able to use the phenanthrene directly from the bound phase and at the same rate as from the free phase. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science B.V.", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "Pride and prejudice: a case for reform of judicial recusal procedure. Justice must both be done and be seen to be done. A legal principle designed to give effect to this fundamental proposition is that a judge must not sit to determine a dispute if he or she is biased, or if there exists a reasonable perception that he or she is biased. Across many common law jurisdictions - including the UK, Australia, Canada, New Zealand and many jurisdictions in the United States - the judge in question himself or herself is required to undertake the assessment of whether bias, or an apprehension of bias, exists. Drawing on insights from behavioural psychology and a series of case studies from across these jurisdictions, this paper offers an extended analysis of this practice and identifies and evaluates alternative proposals.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Smartphone based Geo-Feedback in obsessive compulsive disorder as facilitatory intervention: A case report. Checking behavior belongs to one of the core-cluster symptoms in patients suffering from OCD. These symptoms often hinder patients to participate in social interaction or to get to their therapist in time. A global-positioning-system (GPS) based smartphone application was developed to provide audio-feedback signals to the patient if too much time was needed to cover a predefined distance.This is the first report of a smartphone based application using GPS signals to give feedback to an OCD-patient. The results (of this case) encourage the search for further fields of geo-positioning based smartphone applications in psychiatric disorders. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.The application (app) was tested in a patient suffering from severe OCD with extensive outdoor checking behavior. Using the app, the patient managed to reach the therapist in time allowing him to initiate treatment with exposure and reaction prevention and a SSRI.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Counting the closed subgroups of profinite groups. The sets of closed and closed-normal subgroups of a profinite group carry a natural profinite topology. Through a combination of algebraic and topological methods the size of these subgroup spaces is calculated, and the spaces partially classified up to homeomorphism.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Simple assessment of farmland soil phosphorus loss risk at county scale with high landscape heterogeneity. In order to improve the existing phosphorus index assessment methods, using the interactive evaluation index (IEI) as an auxiliary variable, the geographically weighted regression (GWR) was adopted as prediction means. A method of regional soil phosphorus risk assessment was constructed by modifying phosphorus index model (MPIM). The GWR-IEI method more accurately predicted available phosphorus (AP) and soil organic matter (SOM), and the prediction precision and goodness of fit were high. Compared with the ordinary least square (OLS) method, the relative improvement of the root mean squared errors (RMSE) with the GWR-IEI method reached 28.95% for available phosphorus predicted, while that of SOM was 21.24%. The phosphorus loss risk of most of the study area (95.29%) was moderate to low. The areas featuring an extremely high phosphorus loss accounted for merely 0.33% of the total research area. Phosphorus loss depends on the effects of many factors. Areas which have strong source or transfer factors are not necessarily high-risk areas for phosphorus loss. Only the co-occurrence of transfer and source factors leads to high risk and greater potential for phosphorus loss. The GWR-IEI-MPIM method accurately reflected the degree of risk for phosphorus at the regional scale, which provides a valuable reference for risk assessment of phosphorus.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "THE BLACKS WHO 'GOT THEIR FORTY ACRES': A THEORY OF BLACK WEST INDIAN MIGRANT ASSET ACQUISITION. The impediments to property acquisition and market success among African Americans are a significant area of inquiry in legal scholarship. The prevailing narrative on the historical relationship between Blacks and property is overwhelmingly focused on loss. However, in the political science, economics, and sociology literatures there is a countervailing narrative of successful property acquisition and retention among what might be termed a \\\\'market dominant\\\\' subset of migrant Blacks. The most successful subset of Black property owners in the United States", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Effect of floral morphology on fruit set in Epimedium sagittatum (Berberidaceae). The relationship between the floral morphology, especially the heterostyly, and the pollination ability in Epimedium sagittatum was investigated. Three distinct kinds of flowers were observed in this species: (1) about 54% of the flowers had pistils that were of equal length or shorter than the stamens (PESS); (2) in 23.5% of the flowers, the pistils were longer than the stamens (PLS), and; (3) in 22.5% of the flowers, the styles were positioned axially away from the anthers (SAA). No significant difference in fruit setting rate was observed between PLS and SAA flowers, but PESS flowers set less fruits than the other two. A breeding experiment indicated that the species was self-incompatible, and revealed that the presence of PLS and SAA could increase outcrossing and fruit set. A field experiment showed that open-pollinated flowers of E. sagittatum produced significantly less fruits than an artificial xenogamy experiment. This may be because most of the flowers in natural populations have pistils and anthers of the same length (PESS). The principal visitors and effective pollinators are Bombus sp1 and Bombus sp2. Attractant experiments indicated that the fruit set of flowers whose spurs were removed was significantly lower than that of flowers whose stamens were removed, suggesting that the spurs of the flowers could strongly increase the pollinator visitation and fruit set. The results therefore showed that floral morphology could significantly affect fruit set in E. sagittatum.", "label": [4, 0, 39, 9]}
+{"token": "The influence of antimicrobial therapy on the sensitivity of Legionella PCR. The aim of our study was to establish the sensitivity of Legionella DNA detection in lower respiratory tract samples in 3 cases of Legionnaires' disease after initiation of specific antibiotic therapy. The results showed that Legionella amplicon intensity was highest in the sputum or bronchial aspirates collected at or before the start of appropriate therapy and decreased markedly within 3 days of therapy. PCR testing was negative within 4 to 6 days of therapy. These data suggest that within a few days specific antimicrobial therapy induces a significant drop of bacterial concentration in respiratory secretions reaching the detection limit of PCR assay. Respiratory samples for Legionella PCR should be obtained before or earlyafter initiating antimicrobial therapy.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Does COVID-19 Threat Relate to Intergroup Attitudes? A Test in the U.K.. Social and evolutionary psychologists propose that humans have acquired an evolutionary mechanism that facilitates pathogen avoidance behavior: the behavioral immune system (BIS). Previous studies have revealed that the BIS yields negative attitudes toward out-group members. Given the clear relevance of pathogen-avoidance psychology to individuals' reactions to the COVID-19 global pandemic, the present research examined whether attitudes toward potentially pathogenic outgroups during the pandemic would reflect the BIS. Using large-scale panel data (N = 1,548) collected in May 2020 in 3 of the U.K.'s devolved nations (England, Scotland, and Wales), we examined whether perceived COVID-19 threat was associated with negative attitudes toward 2 different national out-groups linked to the initial outbreak (Italy and China), as well as the in-group (the U.K.). Failing to support the BIS hypothesis, mini-meta-analyses on results from the 3 nations revealed that COVID-19 threat was only very weakly associated with attitude toward the U.K., Italy, and China. Results suggest that implications from pathogen psychology might be more limited than previously thought and apply only to specific out-group members.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Soren Kierkegaard on truth. The following paper focuses upon what is possibly the most controversial passage in Kierkegaard's writings. On the basis of this passage Kierkegaard's notion of truth as \\\\'subjectivity\\\\' has been interpreted as being \\\\'non-objective referential\\\\', that is, as having severed itself from \\\\'eternal truth\\\\' altogether, so that the emphasis in the question of truth is entirely upon the \\\\'relationship\\\\' a person has to what he thinks and that the object of the relationship is a matter of indifference. We shall defend here a reading od Kierkegaard in which the subjectivity that Kierkegaard defines as truth is entirely conditioned by its relation to a specific revelation of eternal truth. In line with this we will also interpret the passage at the centre of the controversy as an \\\\'impossible hypothetical\\\\' used for the sake of making a provocation.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Diabetes Prevention: Vitamin D Supplementation May Not Provide Any Protection If There Is No Evidence of Deficiency!. The results of epidemiological and several interventional studies suggest an association between vitamin D deficiency and an increased risk of developing insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes. Various studies have indicated that a lack of vitamin D must be regarded as a pathogenic factor for type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome, since a vitamin D deficiency (25(OH)D < 20 ng/mL) increases insulin resistance and reduces insulin secretion from beta cells in the pancreas. A recent study by Pittas et al. did not show a clear preventive effect of vitamin D supplementation with respect to the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. In terms of this study, it must be remembered that more than 70% of the participants in both the vitamin D supplement group and the placebo group did not have a vitamin D deficiency. In medical and pharmaceutical practice, more attention should be paid to vitamin D deficiency than has previously been accorded. Vitamin D status can be assessed objectively when necessary by laboratory testing of the serum 25(OH)D levels. Type 2 diabetes patients benefit from improving their vitamin D status with respect to their glucose metabolism and decreased mortality risk. Patients with insulin resistance who are vitamin D deficient should be treated with an appropriate amount of vitamin D to achieve circulating levels of 25(OH)D of 40-60 ng/mL.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Greater sage-grouse response to bentonite mining. The greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus; sage-grouse) has undergone range contraction and population decline because of anthropogenic land surface disturbances; yet, there is little information on the effects of mining on sage-grouse populations. In the Bighorn Basin of Montana and Wyoming, USA, bentonite mining is a growing source of surface disturbance that contributes to loss of sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) habitat. We evaluated the response of sage-grouse to active and reclaimed bentonite mining, relative to nesting, brood-rearing, adult breeding, and adult winter habitat, through resource selection and habitat-specific mortality risk analyses, based on female sage-grouse (n = 321) monitored with telemetry from 2011-2015. A greater proportion of our monitored sample was exposed to mining disturbance during winter (65%) than during other seasons (range = 25%-34%). We observed avoidance of all mining disturbance for selection of nesting habitat (n = 378 nests), adult breeding habitat (n = 1,978 locations), and adult winter habitat (n = 1,365 locations). Evidence was inconclusive for avoidance of mining for brood-rearing habitat (n = 754 locations). We also observed increased adult breeding season mortality risk (n = 62 mortality events; n = 285 female sage-grouse) associated with active mining disturbance but observed no effect on nest success (n = 207 mortality events; n = 378 nests). Evidence was inconclusive for increased mortality risk associated with broods (n = 48 mortality events; n = 157 broods) and adults during winter (n = 31 mortality events; n = 220 female sage-grouse). Stakeholders in the Bighorn Basin should be flexible and proactive to minimize the negative effects of bentonite mining on sage-grouse habitat use and demographic rates. Stakeholders should prioritize the conservation of winter habitats because of the influence on a greater proportion of the population and because of the lower regulatory priority given to winter habitat and they should strive to perfect mining reclamation to return disturbed sites back to pre-disturbance conditions to minimize long-term effects of the mines on sage-grouse. (c) 2019 The Wildlife Society.", "label": [4, 34, 43]}
+{"token": "Pediatric-Onset and Adult-Onset Separation Anxiety Disorder Across Countries in the World Mental Health Survey. Method: The sample included 38,993 adults in 18 countries in the World Health Organization (WHO) World Mental Health Surveys. The WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview was used to assess a range of DSM-IV disorders that included an expanded definition of separation anxiety disorder allowing onsets in adulthood. Analyses focused on prevalence, age at onset, comorbidity, predictors of onset and persistence, and separation anxiety-related role impairment.Results: Lifetime separation anxiety disorder prevalence averaged 4.8% across countries (interquartile range [25th-75th percentiles]=1.4%-6.4%), with 43.1% of lifetime onsets occurring after age 18. Significant time-lagged associations were found between earlier separation anxiety disorder and subsequent onset of internalizing and externalizing DSM-IV disorders and conversely between these disorders and subsequent onset of separation anxiety disorder. Other consistently significant predictors of lifetime separation anxiety disorder included female gender, retrospectively reported childhood adversities, and lifetime traumatic events. These predictors were largely comparable for separation anxiety disorder onsets in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood and across country income groups. Twelve-month separation anxiety disorder prevalence was considerably lower than lifetime prevalence (1.0% of the total sample: interquartile range=0.2%-1.2%). Severe separation anxiety-related 12-month role impairment was significantly more common in the presence (42.4%) than absence (18.3%) of 12-month comorbidity.Conclusions: Separation anxiety disorder is a common and highly comorbid disorder that can have onset across the lifespan. Childhood adversity and lifetime trauma are important antecedents, and adverse effects on role function make it a significant target for treatment.Objective: The age-at-onset criterion for separation anxiety disorder was removed in DSM-5, making it timely to examine the epidemiology of separation anxiety disorder as a disorder with onsets spanning the life course, using cross-country data.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "DENSITIES AND ABUNDANCES OF HOT COMETARY IONS IN THE COMA OF P/HALLEY. On its flight by P/Halley, the Giotto spacecraft carried a high-energy range spectrometer (HERS) for measuring the properties of cometary ions picked up by the solar wind in the nearly collisionless regions of the coma.  Preliminary estimates of the ion densities observed by HERS have now been reevaluated and extended; density profiles along the Giotto trajectory are presented for 13 values of ion mass per charge.  Comparison with the physical-chemical model of the interaction of sunlight and the solar wind with the comet by Schmidt et al. reveals that, with the exception of protons and H-2+, all ion densities were at least an order of magnitude higher than predicted.  The high ion densities cannot be explained on the basis of compression of the plasma, but require additional or stronger ionization mechanisms.  Ratios of the densities of different ion species reveal an overabundance of carbonaceous material and an underabundance of H-2+ compared to the predictions of the Schmidt et al. model.  While the densities of solar wind ions (H+ and He++) changed sharply across a magnetic discontinuity located 1.35 x 10(5) km from the comet, this feature, which has been called both the \\\\'cometopause\\\\' and the \\\\'magnetic pileup boundary,\\\\' was barely distinguishable in the density profiles of hot cometary ions.  This result is consistent with the interpretation that the magnetic pileup boundary detected by Giotto was caused by a discontinuity in the solar wind and is not an intrinsic feature of the interaction of the solar wind with an active comet.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Fiction and authenticity beyond the artist's body. This essay discusses the work of a series of imaginary artists who are, nevertheless, able to function as authors in the contemporary art world. Described as parafictional artists, the article emphasises the capacity of such active practitioners as Donelle Woolford, The Atlas Group, Reena Spaulings and Barbara Cleveland to interact with the art world in a plausible manner, regardless of the disclosure of their imaginary nature. These interactions include exhibiting and selling works, giving interviews, publishing books, or doing performances under their own names. Unlike earlier body-based investigations into identity, parafictional artists develop disembodied strategies that some researchers have associated with the use of digitally-constructed avatars. The question of whether the invention of parafictional artists can be considered as a way to reject or ignore the political implications of \\\\'authentic\\\\' identities is debated in detail throughout the article. The essay, however, opts for understanding these imaginary artists with \\\\'real\\\\' careers as a means to discuss and negotiate the complex function of artists' identities in the contemporary art world. The text finishes by predicting a future in which parafictional artists will become ubiquitous, and their growing numbers a possible threat.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "The Demon House Square Dome, a Newly-Discovered Sassanian Fire Temple. Fire temples and square domes are undoubtedly of special importance in archeological studies into the religious aspects of the Sassanian era. As Zoroastrian monotheists, Sassanians considered fire as sacred and over five centuries their kings built a large number of fire temples and square domes across the Persian Empire. The newly-discovered square dome called Demon House is one of the most important square domes of the Sassanian era. Citing Pahlavi texts and Avesta, both foreign researchers and Iranian archeologists have introduced it as one of the three major fire temples of the Sassanian age known as Azar-Barzin-Mehr. Though archeological excavations at the site of this dome did not provide enough evidence to prove that claim, studies show it was the nucleus of a greater structure that used to be made up of four stone pillars, a circumambulation corridor, Padiav, a fire-place platform and a waiting room. The location of the square dome in a small stone mound among the heights of Rivand is quite unique and of extraordinary importance in studying Sassanian fire temples. Considering the significance of fire temples in religious studies pertaining to the Sassanian era and since the aforementioned structure had not been subject to any archeological excavation before, an Iranian-Polish archeological team studied the demon house square dome for the first time over two seasons. This paper has introduced the architectural elements discovered in the Demon House square dome and as part of a greater archeological study into religious structures in the Sassanian ear provides some notes about the significance and position of the Azar-Barzin-Mehr fire temple based on Pahlavi texts.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "PROPOSING A SHIFT FROM CLASSICAL PENTECOSTAL BIBLE READING AND BACON IAN COMMON SENSE TO A SCIENTIFIC HERMENEUTICS. Although early Pentecostals read the Bible in terms of common sense, it differed from fundamentalists' use in their theological endeavours. However, by the 1940s, the vast majority of Pentecostals adopted a fundamentalist view of Scriptures. Since the 1990s, Pentecostal scholarship has revisited early Pentecostals' use of Baconian common sense. In postmodern times, it is important to define a balanced Pentecostal hermeneutic to reconsider the use of Baconian common sense realism in Bible reading practices. A scientifically informed and Spirit-inspired inductive hermeneutic is proposed that emphasises the context of a text, leaving room for the viewpoints of other interpreters and reading in terms of contemporary encounters with God. This will enhance the exegetical process, by enabling the reader to read the Bible for its impact, value and significance.(1)", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Noncyclic Meir-Keeler contractions and best proximity pair theorems. In this article, we consider the class of noncyclic Meir-Keeler contractions and study the existence and convergence of best proximity pairs for such mappings in the setting of complete CAT(0) spaces. We also discuss asymptotic pointwise noncyclic Meir-Keeler contractions in the framework of uniformly convex Banach spaces and generalize a main result of Chen [Chen C. M., A note on asymptotic pointwise weaker Meir-Keeler type contractions, Appl. Math. Lett., 2012, 25,1267-1269]. Examples are given to support our main results.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "In The Context Of The Type-Geometry RelationshipIbn Sina and Ibnun-Nafis Burhanin Efforts to Extend the Transport Area. The paper aims to deal with the disputes on transferring demonstration between the various sciences in the context of the medicine-geometry relation. According to Aristotle's metabasis-prohibition, these two sciences should be located in separate compartments due to the characteristics of their subject-matter. However, a thorough analysis of the critical passage in Aristotle's Posterior Analytics on circular wounds forces a revision of the boundaries of the interactions between sciences, since subsequently Avicenna, on the grounds of this passage, would widen the area of the transference of demonstration. Furthermore, the fact that Avicenna and Ibn an-Nafis continued to use geometrical demonstrations in their anatomical investigations shows the need to understand kind-crossing prohibition as a reminder to take into account the present scientific infrastructure and logical rules before proceeding onto a scientific investigation instead of accepting it as a mere nominal doctrine. Therefore, whether kind-crossing was possible or not depended on the extent to which the conclusion derived at the end of the scientific investigation using a different method after taking into account all these reminders had contributed to the solution of a particular proposition or the achievement of an approximate truth.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Laughter, Smiling and Their Pragmatic/Interpersonal Functions: An Interactional Linguistic Account. Based on 495 minutes of audio-and video-recorded data from television variety shows, this paper intends to illustrate and discuss the pragmatic/interpersonal functions of laughter and smiling from an interactional linguistic perspective. Laughter and smiling are not only expressions of emotion or subconscious responses to stimuli (Van Hooff 1972, Kendon 1975, Ekman & Friesen 1982, Glenn 2003, Holt 2011, Bavelas, Gerwing & Healing 2014, Warner-Garcia 2014). While laughter can show appreciation of another one's humor/teasing, it can also be used as a prompt, indicating that the utterance is laughable, thereby inviting others to join in. Laughter can also be faked, produced by imitating the sound of natural laughter that displays pleasure and happiness. This type of laughter is often used for showing disagreement. Smiling, on the other hand, can be used to politely reject another one's humor/teasing. It can also be used to mark non-verbal sarcasm. Its sarcastic nature results from the listener's attempt at suppressing the desire to mock the current speaker while at the same time showing it in a passive-aggressive manner. Finally, smiling can also be used to show contempt. This type of smiling is produced by slightly raising one corner of the mouth and is characterized by looking somebody up and down, accompanied by different forms of verbal aggression and hand gestures.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Interreligious prayer between Christians and Muslims. This article distinguishes various ways in which the term pray together' might be understood and focuses on interreligious prayer', by which is meant here praying together using the same words with two religious groups united in heart and mind, rather than multireligious prayer', which refers to prayer in the presence of another religious group. The article argues that, in the early literature on the matter, there is a danger of conflating the two different types, and then shows that some Catholic communities, following the initiatives of Pope John Paul II, have reached a consensus that interreligious prayer is problematic, while multireligious prayer is not. The article goes on to consider an essay by Joseph Ratzinger, which discusses the preconditions for interreligious prayer and is very sceptical about its possibility, except perhaps for Christians and Jews. Finally, one of Ratzinger's preconditions for interreligious prayer is used to examine the possible grounds for interreligious prayer between Christians and Muslims, and the article argues that the door is as yet neither closed nor open.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "What does 'green' open access mean? Tracking twelve years of changes to journal publisher self-archiving policies. Traces the 12-year self-archiving policy journey of the original 107 publishers listed on the SHERPA/RoMEO Publisher Policy Database in 2004, through to 2015. Maps the RoMEO colour codes ('green', 'blue', 'yellow' and 'white') and related restrictions and conditions over time. Finds that while the volume of publishers allowing some form of self-archiving (pre-print, post-print or both) has increased by 12% over the 12 years, the volume of restrictions around how, where and when self-archiving may take place has increased 119%, 190% and 1000% respectively. A significant positive correlation was found between the increase in self-archiving restrictions and the introduction of Gold paid open access options. Suggests that by conveying only the version of a paper that authors may self-archive, the RoMEO colour codes do not address all the key elements of the Bethesda Definition of Open Access. Compares the number of RoMEO 'green' publishers over time with those meeting the definition for 'redefined green' (allowing embargo-free deposit of the post-print in an institutional repository). Finds that RoMEO 'green' increased by 8% and 'redefined green' decreased by 35% over the 12 years. Concludes that the RoMEO colour codes no longer convey a commitment to green open access as originally intended. Calls for open access advocates, funders, institutions and authors to redefine what 'green' means to better reflect a publisher's commitment to self-archiving.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Improving the convergence of non-interior point algorithms for nonlinear complementarity problems. Recently, based upon the Chen-Harker-Kanzow-Smale smoothing function and the trajectory and the neighbourhood techniques, Hotta and Yoshise proposed a noninterior point algorithm for solving the nonlinear complementarity problem. Their algorithm is globally convergent under a relatively mild condition. In this paper, we modify their algorithm and combine it with the superlinear convergence theory for nonlinear equations. We provide a globally linearly convergent result for a slightly updated version of the Hotta-Yoshise algorithm and show that a further modified Hotta-Yoshise algorithm is globally and superlinearly convergent, with a convergence Q-order 1 + t, under suitable conditions, where t is an element of (0, 1) is an additional parameter.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "DYEING RATE OF NYLON-6 YARN WITH P-AMINOAZOBENZENE. The dyeing rate of p-aminoazobenzene on nylon 6 yarn at 40-degrees-C has been investigated. The apparent diffusion coefficient and the diffusional boundary layer parameter are estimated in such a way that the experimental data fit with the theoretical rate curve based on the diffusional boundary layer model. The dyeing behavior of the yam is discussed in relation to the pore size of the spaces between individual filaments.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "Using machine learning to detect events in eye-tracking data. Event detection is a challenging stage in eye movement data analysis. A major drawback of current event detection methods is that parameters have to be adjusted based on eye movement data quality. Here we show that a fully automated classification of raw gaze samples as belonging to fixations, saccades, or other oculomotor events can be achieved using a machine-learning approach. Any already manually or algorithmically detected events can be used to train a classifier to produce similar classification of other data without the need for a user to set parameters. In this study, we explore the application of random forest machine-learning technique for the detection of fixations, saccades, and post-saccadic oscillations (PSOs). In an effort to show practical utility of the proposed method to the applications that employ eye movement classification algorithms, we provide an example where the method is employed in an eye movement-driven biometric application. We conclude that machine-learning techniques lead to superior detection compared to current state-of-the-art event detection algorithms and can reach the performance of manual coding.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "The Image of Imperial Japan in the Canarian Press: The Beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese War. The outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War was, along with the Spanish Civil War, one of the preliminary military episodes of the Second World War. This led to both Spain and Japan cultivating a relationship with Germany and Italy, as well as an intensification of Spanish-Japanese relations. Amongst other elements, these relations began to display a propagandistic inflection which did not escape the attention of the Canarian press. By analysing the main headlines in Gran Canaria from July 1937 to the end of 1938, this work delves into the construction of Imperial Japan's image, as much as coverage of conflict during the course of the war.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Risk and protective factors at school: Reducing bullies and promoting positive bystanders' behaviors in adolescence. Identifying protective factors present at schools located in neighborhoods with high structural violence is fundamental to help prevent the perpetuation of violence. Therefore, the aim of this study was to observe how some school micro-system variables, such as school environment and interpersonal relationships that adults establish with adolescents, may lead to bullying behaviors or, on the contrary, to positive bystander behavior in the bully-victim dynamic. The sample was composed of 5,774 adolescents from 71 schools located in violent neighborhoods in Lima (Peru). 31.9 per cent of the sample experienced verbal violence and the prevalence of cyberbullying was 24.6%. Boys were more prone to experience both types of bullying than girls, although no differences were seen in the probability of becoming aggressors during early and late adolescence. The protective model showed that a positive atmosphere based on a supportive environment with clear rules encouraged adults at school to show more support and to provide more orientation in bullying situations, thus promoting a positive bystander behavior between peers. Opposite results were observed in the risk model. Actions at the micro-system school level are discussed to enhance protective factors and reduce risk factors.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Comprehensive genome analysis and comparisons of the swine pathogen, Chlamydia suis reveals unique ORFs and candidate host-specificity factors. Chlamydia suis, a ubiquitous swine pathogen, has the potential for zoonotic transmission to humans and often encodes for resistance to the primary treatment antibiotic, tetracycline. Because of this emerging threat, comparative genomics for swine isolate R19 with inter- and intra-species genomes was performed. A 1.094 Mb genome was determined through de novo assembly of Illumina high throughput sequencing reads. Annotation and subsystem analyses were conducted, revealing 986 putative genes (Chls_###) that are predominantly orthologs to other known Chlamydia genes. Subsequent comparative genomics revealed a high level of genomic synteny and overall sequence identity with other Chlamydia while 92 unique C. suis open reading frames were annotated. Direct comparison of Chlamydia-specific gene families that included the plasticity zone, inclusion membrane proteins, polymorphic membrane proteins and the major outer membrane protein, demonstrated high gene content identity with C. trachomatis and C. muridarum. These comparisons also identified diverse components that potentially could contribute to host-specificity. This study constitutes the first genome-wide comparative analysis for C. suis, generating a fully annotated reference genome. These studies will enable focused efforts on factors that provide key species specificity and adaptation to cognate hosts that are attributed to chlamydial infections, including humans.", "label": [2, 4, 17, 24, 40]}
+{"token": "Comparison of vRNA and cRNA based reporters for detection of influenza replication. In this study, RNA polymerase I expressed replicons containing EGFP and luciferase reporter genes controlled by influenza vRNA or cRNA promoters were compared side-by-side in the ability to detect influenza RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity as an indicator of influenza replication. Results showed the vRNA based Luc reporter was more sensitive to early detection of influenza virus at 6 h post infection (p < 0.05), and at 10-fold lower titer (MOI = 0.001). Lower sensitivity of cRNA based Luc reporter constructs was due to its background expression, 2-fold lower expression, and around 4 h delay in expression of luciferase. Despite these differences, both cRNA- and vRNA-based reporters demonstrated strong correlation between MOI and luciferase signal, and can be used for effective and early detection of influenza infection in vitro. Further, we demonstrated that these reporters can be used successfully to study the kinetics of antiviral drugs including siRNA. Our results also suggest that progeny vRNAs might participate not only in secondary transcription but also in secondary replication. The developed cRNA and vRNA reporters may help with further elucidation of the replication model of influenza A virus. (c) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 21, 20]}
+{"token": "Static strain aging of microstructural constituents in transformation-induced-plasticity steel. A pronounced difference in static strain aging was observed between unstrained and prestrained low-alloy multiphase transformation-induced-plasticity (TRIP) steel. High bake-hardening (BH) values were obtained for prestrained TRIP steel. This aging behavior was shown to be directly related to the multiphase microstructure, by analyzing static strain aging in the ferrite and bainite separately. The ferrite in TRIP steel exhibits very limited strain aging, due to the Cottrell atmosphere formation. The bainite constituent, which contains retained austenite, has a pronounced static strain-aging response in the 2 pct prestrained condition. This is a result of internal stresses generated by the strain-induced martensite and the low-temperature aging of this phase. In the absence of strain-induced martensite, the BH values of TRIP steel are low and are due only to the Cottrell atmosphere formation. The TRIP steel exhibits an intermediate BH response, due to the composite effect of its ferrite and bainite constituents. The influence of the cross-sectional changes and volume changes during tensile tests carried out to determine the BH values is also reviewed.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "THE SHOCK OF A RADICAL NOVELTY: EARLY DELEUZE AND THE GAPS OF SENSE. During those years Deleuze was delving into the history of philosophy through such thinkers as David Hume and Henri Bergson, who were unusual choices at that time. In them Deleuze saw the potential for an extensive project, the \\\\'higher empiricism\\\\' which would play an important role in Deleuze's mature work over the next three decades. In his analysis of this hypothetical empiricism, Deleuze found common traits between both of those philosophers that led him to propose a new reading. That interpretation ran counter to the critical consensus of the day that pigeon-holed flume as a radical sceptic and Bergson as a spiritualist. The author concludes that Deleuze in his early work on the history of European thought had already elaborated his own particular way of working with classical philosophical texts and concepts by turning their creators into conceptual characters who were part of his own philosophical undertaking.The article analyzes the evolution of Gilles Deleuze's early philosophy by bringing into focus his recently republished journalistic articles from the late 1940s, which are unfamiliar to the Russian reader, as well as his first studies during the 1950s of the history of philosophy. The paper provides a context for his philosophy within the political and aesthetic debates of the post-War period and also alongside the academic philosophy of the time. Particular attention is devoted to the influence of Jean-Paul Sartre and Deleuze's rupture with existentialism, which the young Deleuze wanted to replace with a new version of philosophical anti-humanism.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Criteria used in the selection of franchisees: an application in the service industry. The service industry is one of the greatest driving forces behind the growth of franchising in many countries. The aims of this study are to identify the characteristics of the franchisee profile preferred by franchisors in the service industry and to show how the simulation of franchisees with conjoint analysis constitutes a powerful tool for the correct selection of franchisees by franchisors. Criteria that franchisors in the service industry look for in franchisee candidates are ranked by importance using conjoint analysis; a decomposition methodology that is rarely used in this field. The value of the paper is significant as it provides a practical framework for franchisors for the selection process of franchisees when choosing from a group of potential franchisees.", "label": [5, 44, 46]}
+{"token": "Study of the ethiological agent of gnathostomosis in Nayarit, Mexico. In order to clarify the specific identity of the ethiological agent of human gnathostomosis in Nayarit State, Mexico, morphological and molecular studies were conducted on advanced third stage larvae obtained from human and fish tissue. Cathorops fuerthii from Agua Brava lagoons complex, was the only fish species found to be infected among four species surveyed. Morphological variability does not allow specific identification of the larvae. Internal transcribed spacer 2 of the ribosomal DNA was sequenced for six larvae (five from fish, one from human tissue). Low divergence in the sequences of Nayarit larvae and Gnathostoma binucleatum (0.24% or less) indicate that the larvae examined belong to this species. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "When sea-ice clock is ahead of Adelie penguins' clock. The early sea-ice retreat was related to higher chlorophyll concentrations, known to favour krill recruitment. Paradoxically, this was not associated to a higher krill contribution in the penguins' diet. We propose that a shift in the phytoplankton quality (rather than quantity), affecting krill recruitment, forced penguins to switch to more available prey like coastal fish.This suggests that the timing of sea-ice retreat does not represent an important threat to populations of Adelie penguins at least as long as alternative resources are still available and other environmental parameters like winter sea-ice extent are not dramatically altered.In Polar Regions, the extent and dynamics of sea-ice are changing. This affects the ocean productivity which consecutively impacts plankton communities and polar top predators like penguins. Yet, the underlying behavioural and physiological mechanisms remain poorly understood.In some Antarctic regions, sea-ice is retreating earlier and earlier. In the present study, even though the timing of sea-ice retreat and the consecutive ocean productivity differed drastically between the 2 years, Adelie penguins were not severely affected because they were able to adjust their at-sea behaviour and thus maintained their body condition and reproductive success unchanged.Here we monitored the ecophysiological responses of Adelie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) pairs during two seasons of contrasting timing of sea-ice retreat. Beside classical breeding parameters like foraging trip duration, body mass and reproductive success, we also investigated food-related stress (via plasma corticosterone concentration), nutritional state (via metabolite levels) and the use of penguins' habitat (via blood isotopic values).Body mass and reproductive success remained unchanged but foraging trips were shorter when sea-ice retreated earlier. Constant plasma corticosterone concentrations indicated that none of the feeding conditions resulted in a food-related stress. However metabolite levels were lower when sea-ice retreated early, suggesting that the foraging performance and the quality/quantity of food differed. Indeed isotopic ratios indicated that coastal prey like fish contributed more to the penguins' diet when sea-ice retreated prematurely.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Abnormal functioning of the semantic network in schizophrenia patients with thought disorganization. An exemplar production task. Numerous studies have indicated that thought disorganization in schizophrenia is associated with an enhanced semantic priming effect This suggests abnormal functioning of the semantic network in these patients, with disinhibited spreading of semantic activation. We investigated whether thought disorganization is also associated with atypical responses in the production of semantic category exemplars. An exemplar production task was administered to 43 patients with schizophrenia and 24 healthy controls. The names of 16 semantic categories were provided, and the participants were requested to produce an exemplar for each category. The typicality of the response was rated according to norms. Higher ratings of thought disorganization were associated with the production of more atypical exemplars. In addition, the patients with high thought disorganization scores were significantly more atypical in their responses than were the healthy controls. In contrast, the patients with low thought disorganization scores were equivalent to the healthy controls. Higher ratings of affective flattening were associated with the production of less atypical exemplars. The results corroborate, within a different paradigm than semantic priming, the theory that thought disorganization is associated with faster and more distant connections within the semantic network. This effect is counteracted by affective flattening. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "A multi-objective iterated greedy search for flowshop scheduling with makespan and flowtime criteria. In this paper, we tackle the problem of total flowtime and makespan minimisation in a permutation flowshop. For this, we introduce a multi-criteria iterated greedy search algorithm. This algorithm iterates over a multicriteria constructive heuristic approach to yield a set of Pareto-efficient solutions (a posteriori approach). The proposed algorithm is compared against the best-so-far heuristic for the problem under consideration. The comparison shows the proposal to be very efficient for a wide number of multicriteria performance measures. Aside, an extensive computational experience is carried out in order to analyse the different parameters of the algorithm. The analysis shows the algorithm to be robust for most of the considered performance measures.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Regulation of I-branched poly-N-acetyllactosamine synthesis - Concerted actions by i-extension enzyme, I-branching enzyme, and beta 1,4-galactosyltransferase I. I-branched poly-N-acetyllactosamine is a unique carbohydrate composed of N-acetyllactosamine branches attached to linear poly-N-acetyllactosamine, which is synthesized by I-branching beta 1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyl-transferase. I-branched poly-N-acetyllactosamine can carry bivalent functional oligosaccharides such as sialyl Lewis(x), which provide much better carbohydrate ligands than monovalent functional oligosaccharides. In the present study, we first demonstrate that I-branching beta 1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase cloned from human PA-1 embryonic carcinoma cells transfers beta 1,6-linked GlcNAc preferentially to galactosyl residues of N-acetyllactosamine close to nonreducing terminals, We then demonstrate that among various beta 1,4-galactosyltransferases (beta 4Gal-Ts), beta 4Gal-TI is most efficient in adding a galactose to linear and branched poly-N-acetyllactosamines. When a beta 1,6-GlcNAc branched poly-N-acetyllactosamine was incubated with a mixture of beta 4Gal-TI and i-extension beta 1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase, the major product was the oligosaccharide with one N-acetyllactosamine extension on the linear Gal beta 1-->4GlcNAc beta 1-->3 side chain, Only a minor product contained galactosylated I-branch without N-acetyllactosamine extension. This finding was explained by the fact that beta 4Gal-TI adds a galactose poorly to beta 1,6-GlcNAc attached to linear poly-N-acetyllactosamines, while beta 1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase and beta 4Gal-TI efficiently add N-acetyllactosamine to linear poly-N-acetyllactosamines. Together, these results strongly suggest that galactosylation of I-branch is a rate-limiting step in I-branched poly-N-acetyllactosamine synthesis, allowing poly-N-acetyllactosamine extension mostly along the linear poly-N-acetyllactosamine side chain. These findings are entirely consistent with previous findings that poly-N-acetyllactosamines in human erythrocytes, PA-1 embryonic carcinoma cells, and rabbit erythrocytes contain multiple, short I-branches.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "A study of burnup credit in criticality safety analysis for PBR spent fuel pebbles. This study attempts to investigate the influence due to the use of burnup credit in the criticality safety analysis for pebble-bed reactor (PBR) spent fuel pebbles. Recently, the development of PBR is very quick in China, thus the storage of spent fuel pebbles will become a significant issue in the foreseeable future. For the safe storage, the criticality safety analysis is of vital important. Furthermore, the utilization of burnup credit in the criticality safety analysis is essential due to the fact that it can result in a more compact design of storage system. In this study, all the calculations were performed using MCNP6 associated with the continuous energy neutron data library ENDF/B-VII. In addition, two geometrical models which represent the HTR-10 core and a proposed storage cask were adopted. The proposed storage cask model was established based on the real storage cask for HTR-10 spent fuel pebbles, but the capacity was increased in order to evaluate the impact of burnup credit. Moreover, the most conservative condition for this proposed cask occurs when the cask is full of water with a water density around 0.35 g/cm(3). For burnup credit calculations, three operating parameters related to HTR-10 were investigated, including the usage of control rod, the fuel temperature, and the volume fraction of fuel pebbles in total pebbles. Additionally, these operating parameters were combined and classified as three single effects and four compound effects. The single and compound effects were defined as the influence on the effective multiplication factor (k(eff)) due to simultaneous variations of one and multiple operating parameters, respectively. It is worth noting that in most of the compound effects, the reactivity deviation (or the change of k(eff), Delta k) resulting from the compound effect was not a summation of Delta k's resulting from the associated single effects. This phenomena may affect the precise assessment to some extent. Finally, the mechanisms of both the single and compound effects were explored in depth from the analysis of the spectral distribution of fission. From this analysis, a harder spectral distribution of fission resulting from the single and compound effects corresponds a larger value of Delta k. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Circulating Cholesterol Levels May Link to the Factors Influencing Parkinson's Risk. Methods: Fasting plasma cholesterol levels were obtained from 91 PD and 70 age-and gender-matched controls from an NINDS PD Biomarkers Program cohort at the Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine. Based on the literature, genetic polymorphisms in selected cholesterol management genes (APOE, LDLR, LRP1, and LRPAP1) were chosen as confounding variables because they may influence both cholesterol levels and PD risk. First, the marginal structure model was applied, where the associations of total-and LDL-cholesterol levels with genetic polymorphisms, statin usage, and smoking history were estimated using linear regression. Then, potential causal influences of total-and LDL-cholesterol on PD occurrence were investigated using a generalized propensity score approach in the second step.Results: Both statins (p < 0.001) and LRP1 (p < 0.03) influenced total-and LDL-cholesterol levels. There also was a trend for APOE to affect total-and LDL-cholesterol (p = 0.08 for both), and for LRPAR1 to affect LDL-cholesterol (p = 0.05). Conversely, LDLR did not influence plasma cholesterol levels (p > 0.19). Based on propensity score methods, lower total-and LDL-cholesterol were significantly linked to PD (p < 0.001 and p = 0.04, respectively).Conclusion: The current study suggests that circulating total- and LDL-cholesterol levels potentially may be linked to the factor(s) influencing PD risk. Further studies to validate these results would impact our understanding of the role of cholesterol as a risk factor in PD, and its relationship to recent public health controversies.Objectives: A growing literature suggests that circulating cholesterol levels have been associated with Parkinson's disease (PD). In this study, we investigated a possible causal basis for the cholesterol-PD link.", "label": [2, 17, 21]}
+{"token": "Structural Study of the Cytosolic C-terminus of Vanilloid Receptor. Vanilloid receptor 1 [transient receptor potential vanilloid subfamily member 1 (TRPV1), also known as VR1] is a non-selective cationic channel activated by noxious heat, vanilloids, and acid, thereby causing pain. VR1 possesses six transmembrane domain and N- and C-terminus cytosolic domains, and appears to be a homotetramer. We studied the structural properties of C terminus of VR1 (VR1C) using CD and NMR spectroscopy. DPC micelles, with a zwitterionic surface, and SDS micelles, with a negatively charged surface, were used as a membrane mimetic model system. Both SDS and DPC micelles could increase the stability of helical structures and/or reduce the aggregation form of the VR1C. However, the structural changing mode of the VR1C induced by the SDS and DPC micelles was different. The changes according to the various pHs were also different in two micelles conditions. Because the net charges of the SDS and DPC micelles are negative and neutral, respectively, we anticipate that this difference might affect the structure of the VR1C by electrostatic interaction between the surface of the VR1C and phospholipids of the detergent micelles. Based on these similarity and dissimilarity of changing aspects of the VR1C, it is supposed that the VR1C probably has the real pI value near the pH 7. Generally, mild extracellular acidic pH (6.5 similar to 6.8) potentiates VR1 channel activation by noxious heat and vanilloids, whereas acidic conditions directly activate the channel. The channel activation of the VR1 might be related to the structural change of VR1C caused by pH (electrostatic interactions), especially near the pH 7. By measuring the H-1-N-15 TROSY spectra of the VR1C, we could get more resolved and dispersed spectra at the low pH and/or detergent micelles conditions. We will try to do further NMR experiments in low pH with micelles conditions in order to get more information about the structure of VR1C.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Public school administrators and technology policy making. Given little information about administrators' predilections toward participation in policy making, this study measured 256 midwestern principals' involvement in technology policy making at the building, district, state, and national levels. The study tested a conceptual model identifying influences on principals' involvement in technology policy making. Using hierarchical ordinary least squares regression analysis, administrators' disposition for participation set the stage for actual involvement at the building, district, and state levels. At the district, state, and national levels, involvement on a lower policy-making level was a strong predictor of involvement at a higher level. Principals' familiarity with the policy process was a predictor for involvement at the building level. Urban principals are less likely to become involved in technology policy making in their buildings and districts than suburban and rural principals are. Elementary principals are less likely to become involved in technology policy making than their high school and middle school counterparts.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Vectors on Curved Space. P>In this paper I provide an ontology for the co-variant vectors, contra-variant vectors and tensors that are familiar from General Relativity. This ontology is developed in response to a problem that Timothy Maudlin uses to argue against universals in the interpretation of physics. The problem is that if vector quantities are universals then there should be a way of identifying the same vector quantity at two different places, but there is no absolute identification of vector quantities, merely a path-relative one.My solution to the problem is to use the mathematical characterization of vectors as differential operators on scalar fields. On the proposed hypothesis a scalar field is a conjunctive state of affairs, and vector and tensor fields are relations instantiated by scalar fields.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Lekking behavior of Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera : Tephritidae). Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) displays a lek mating system. Males form groups in which they simultaneously display signals (acoustical, visual, or chemical) to attract females with the purpose of mating. Females visit the lek and choose among signaling and courting males to mate. Scarce information is available in A. fraterculus about the main factors involved in female choice and the behavior of displaying males. This information could be important within the context of pest control programs with a sterile insect technique (SIT) component, because departures from normal sexual behavior caused by artificial rearing could affect males' performance in the field. In this study we assessed A. fraterculus male behavior within the leks and analyzed the importance of behavioral and morphological traits on their copulatory success. The existence of preferred places for lek formation was evaluated in field cages with trees inside and analyzed by dividing the trees in sectors according to a 3-dimensional system. Males were individually weighed, marked, and observed every 15 min. Morphometric and behavioral characteristics of successful and unsuccessful males were compared. Most successful males grouped in a region of the tree characterized by the highest light intensity in the first 2 h of the morning. Results showed that pheromone calling activity is positively associated with copulatory success. Copulations were more frequent for males calling inside the lek, indicating that pheromone calling activity and presence in the lek are key factors for copulatory success. A positive association between copulatory success and eye length was found; some characteristics of the face were also associated with copula duration and latency.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "The surprisingly high proportion of Verb Second in causal adverbial clauses with wil 'because' in child Swiss German. Clauses introduced by wit 'because' are compatible with two verb-placement patterns: verb-final and Verb Second (V2), which are usually not interchangeable. The focus of this study is on the frequency of occurrence of the V2 pattern and its function in Swiss German, based on an analysis of the speech of two children whose acquisition of verb placement is unusual. Instead of using the verb-final pattern typical of embedded clauses, they extend verb movement from matrix clauses to embedded clauses, resulting in a verb-movement grammar before age 5. Only in clauses introduced by wit does verb movement result in genuine V2. Moreover, most of the children's wit-clauses produced before age 5 provide an answer to a question with warum 'why', a context in which Swiss-German adults predominantly use the verb-final pattern. An examination of the well-clauses in two German corpora reveals that adults rarely use V2 in answer to a warum-question, but German children appear to overuse it in this context, although they have acquired the verb-final pattern, in contrast to the Swiss children. Thus the surprisingly high proportion of wit + V2 in the Swiss-German child data may not be a consequence of their verb-movement grammar, but rather the result of overextending V2 to a context in which adults generally use the verb-final pattern. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "STAT3-iNOS Signaling Mediates EGFRvIII-Induced Glial Proliferation and Transformation. Malignant gliomas, including glioblastoma multiforme, constitute the most common and aggressive primary brain tumors in adults. The transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) plays an essential role in glioblastoma pathogenesis downstream of the major oncogenic protein epidermal growth factor receptor variant III (EGFRvIII). However, the critical gene targets of STAT3 that mediate EGFRvIII-induced glial transformation have remained unknown. Here, we identify inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) as a novel target gene of STAT3 in EGFRvIII-expressing mouse astrocytes. Endogenous STAT3 occupies the endogenous iNOS promoter and stimulates iNOS transcription in EGFRvIII-expressing astrocytes. STAT3 does not appear to control iNOS transcription in astrocytes deficient in the major glioblastoma tumor suppressor protein phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), suggesting that STAT3 regulates iNOS transcription specifically in EGFRvIII-expressing astrocytes. Importantly, inhibition of iNOS by distinct approaches, including knockdown by RNA interference, reduces cell population growth and invasiveness of EGFRvIII-expressing astrocytes. In addition, upon iNOS knockdown or administration of a small-molecule inhibitor of iNOS, EGFRvIII-expressing astrocytes form smaller tumors in vivo. These findings suggest that inhibition of iNOS may have potential therapeutic value for EGFRvIII-activated brain tumors.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "DAIRY INGREDIENTS EFFECTS ON SAUSAGE SENSORY PROPERTIES STUDIED BY PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS. The effects of dairy ingredients (1, 3, 5%)-ordinary and high-viscosity sodium caseinate, skim-milk powder, whey protein or demineralized whey powder-on sensory properties and instrumental texture and color of sausages, were investigated. Sausages were formulated with 2 or 4% potato starch and cooked to a core temperature of 76 or 82-degrees-C. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed three dominating factors for sensory properties; the first related to dairy ingredients and starch concentrations, the two others to type of dairy ingredients. Results were verified by analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results of sensory analysis were further verified by textural and color analysis using PCA and ANOVA, respectively.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Design-Based Science with Communication Scaffolding Results in Productive Conversations and Improved Learning for Secondary Students. Incorporating design in science programs has been shown to enhance science understanding, practices, and problem-solving skills. However, instructors and students typically struggle with fostering effective communication within a design-based course. With better communication scaffolding, students would learn more content and also become better at communicating ideas, both of which are important learning outcomes. We have developed the Design-Based Science Plus (DBSP+) idea communication framework that adds two communication scaffolding tools to design-based instruction. This framework supports students to have productive conversations that help them learn science better. Four learning units were implemented in a science classroom of 29 ninth-grade students at a large public secondary school of a small town in Central Thailand. \\\\'Two-stepped\\\\' open-ended questions on four real-world problem situations and ten-multiple choice conceptual questions were administered before and after instruction. Observation and worksheets were analyzed to reveal how students learned science, had productive conversations, and solved problems. Quantitative data suggested that students in the DBSP+ program did indeed learn content and problem-solving skills as expected. Students also improved in their communication skills. Qualitative data suggests that the communication scaffolds were one of the reasons that students learned effectively in the DBSP+ program.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Deep Optical Observations Contemporaneous with Emission from the Periodic FRB 180916.J0158+65. We present deep Apache Point Observatory optical observations within seconds of radio emission from the periodic fast radio burst (FRB) 180916.J0158+65 obtained on 2020 September 3. FRB 180916.J0158+65 is located in a nearby spiral galaxy 150 Mpc away and has an \\\\'active phase\\\\' with a well-measured period of approximately 16.3.days. Targeting the FRB at the peak of its expected active phase and during a recent 30.minute observing window by the Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment (CHIME) in which a radio burst was detected, we did not detect any transient optical emission at m(i) approximate to 24.7 mag (3 sigma) from 2.2 to 1938.1.s after the burst arrival time in optical bands (corrected for dispersion). Comparing our limiting magnitudes to models of a synchrotron maser formed in the circumburst environment of FRB 180916+J0158.65, we constrain scenarios where the burst energy was >1044 erg and the circumburst density was >10(4).cm(-3).", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "REVISITING CONTEMPT OF CONGRESS. This Article presents the first sustained challenge to the conventional wisdom. I argue that the inherent contempt power has no textual basis in Congress's enumerated powers, and by expressio unius, the Constitution's inclusion of other unicameral powers-e.g., each chamber's power to punish members or to promulgate rules to govern its own proceedings-makes an argument by implication even more doubtful. This Article also rejects two common arguments defending the power. First, the historical evidence that Parliament and state legislatures exercised an inherent contempt power does not show that Article I's grant of \\\\'legislative power\\\\' includes it. The Constitution's commitment to popular sovereignty and to a novel theory of separation of powers undermines the relevance of preconstitutional precedent. Second, the structural argument that Congress must be empowered to perform its constitutional functions also fails. Because the inherent contempt power must be the \\\\'least possible power necessary to the end proposed,\\\\' Congress must rely on other constitutional mechanisms to perform such functions.This Article also contributes to the literature on interpretive methodology. Because the inherent contempt power has been exercised by Congress since 1795, defenders argue that the Constitution's meaning has been \\\\'liquidated\\\\' or \\\\'glossed\\\\' by this longstanding historical practice. This argument fails for three reasons. First, only decisions that result from inter-branch contestation and settlement should be considered authoritative liquidations of constitutional meaning. Second, even if the Constitution's meaning was liquidated, it can be de- and re-liquidated as practice shifts with time. Third, if the constitutional justifications for past assertions of the power turn on a structural argument that no longer obtains (as here), then those historical precedents lack binding force. These three assertions bolster the substantive point: Neither chamber of Congress may unilaterally arrest, detain, and try private citizens or executive branch officials for contempt.Suppose that a private citizen or an executive branch official does something that the House or Senate considers contemptuous-say, refusing to respond to a congressional subpoena. May the House or Senate arrest her, try her for contempt, and detain her until she complies? This power is called the \\\\'inherent contempt power,\\\\' and conventional constitutional wisdom concedes that the House or Senate can exercise it unilaterally.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Not necessarily better, but certainly different: A limit to the advertising misinformation effect on memory. It has recently been demonstrated that exposure to advertising after consumption can change consumers' memory such that they remember tasting a better product. This research investigates whether advertising can change consumers' memory such that they remember tasting a different product. Less familiar consumers who tasted grapefruit juice and then saw advertisements claiming the brand was orange juice were somewhat more likely to remember that they tasted an orange-grapefruit juice blend. More familiar consumers were significantly less likely to remember tasting an orange-grapefruit juice blend after seeing the misleading advertisements. The results suggest that the more familiar consumers use the misleading advertisements to help them remember exactly what product was consumed.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "A comparison of customers' readiness for mass-customisation Turkish vs British customers. Originality/value - This is the first systematic research study to address the demand side of mass-customisation in two European countries.Design/methodology/approach - Examines the demand side of the market and begins to explore whether mass-customisation can be implemented as an international product strategy. A questionnaire was developed, pre-tested and administered in the UK and (after translation) in Turkey to potential new car buyers.Purpose - To examine customers' readiness for mass-customised products in two European countries, Turkey and the UK.Findings - A large proportion of customers from both countries would be willing to pay extra to own a product which exactly meets their needs and preferences. However, more respondents in the Turkish sample were willing to do so than in the UK sample. Additionally, Turkish respondents were keen to update the features of their car over time, which favours mass-customisation.Research limitations/implications - This study is exploratory and limited in terms of research sample. Consequently further research is needed to verify the findings. Second, how far the organisation is ready to adopt a mass-customised approach is a further question to be answered requiring further research. Future research in contexts other than new cars should also be undertaken. Finally, we have focused on \\\\'readiness\\\\' for mass-customisation and do not attempt to provide any link between this \\\\'readiness\\\\' and behavioural intentions.Practical implications - There may be a viable market of customers for mass-customised cars, in both the UK and Turkey. Producers now need to examine the price that would be acceptable to both customers and themselves.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "America's theologian': An appreciation of Robert Jenson's 'Systematic Theology', with some remarks about the Bible. Robert Jenson's two-volume \\\\'Systematic Theology\\\\' is a highly creative and individual synthesis of a number of often divergent strands of contemporary theology. An ecumenical and trinitarian theology, it is also a theology of narrative, hope, and of the word. The main body of this article attempts a sympathetic paraphrase of the argument of this work section by section. In a more critical \\\\'postscript\\\\', it is argued that \\\\'word of god\\\\' language is appropriate to the bible's twofold canonical structure, and that the appropriation of the beginning, middle and end of the biblical narrative to the first, second and third persons of the trinity respectively results in an undue bias towards eschatology.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Starch properties, in vitro digestibility and sensory evaluation of fresh egg pasta produced from oat, teff and wheat flour. Specific dietary requirements, e.g. celiac disease, as well as increased consumer demand for products of high nutritional value, makes the production of pasta from alternative cereals interesting. Raw material characterisation showed that the utilisation of oat and teff flour is beneficial as these ingredients contain higher levels of fibre and mineral composition is superior to that of wheat. Starch properties significantly influence pasta quality and therefore damaged starch levels, amylase activity, pasting properties and gelatinisation temperatures of the flours were investigated. Fresh egg pasta based on wheat, oat and teff flour was produced. Sensory properties of oat spaghetti were found to be very close to that of wheat pasta but improvement of smoothness and aroma is necessary, while teff spaghetti showed reduced sensory quality. An in vitro enzymatic digestion was performed using a dialysis system to mimic the behaviour of pasta as eaten and make predictions on the glycemic index (GI). The predicted GI was highest for wheat pasta, followed by teff and oat. Ultra structure was studied using confocal laser scanning microscopy, allowing the visualisation of differences in starch granule size and shape as well as gelatinisation occurring during the cooking process. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Polar Jet Associated Circulation Triggered a Saharan Cyclone and Derived the Poleward Transport of the African Dust Generated by the Cyclone. Plain Language Summary This study highlights the role that the polar jet and associated atmospheric circulation plays in the transport of mineral dust from the Sahara desert to the Arctic across eastern side of the North Atlantic Ocean. The poleward transport of dust following this newly identified path was caused by a meandering polar jet stream that was at the origin of both dust emission (through cyclogenesis over Northwest Africa) and poleward transport of the uplifted dust toward the Arctic (through circulation related to cut-off low formation). The polar jet stream has been identified as the main driver for such events leading to the transport of large amount of dust to high-latitudes. If the polar jet is set to slow more frequently due to the changes in the Arctic climate system and to the Arctic Amplification, such events are expected to become more frequent.In this study, we identify a new mechanism by which dust aerosols travel over long distances across the eastern side of the North Atlantic Ocean toward the Arctic. The meandering polar jet was at the origin of both dust emission through cyclogenesis over Northwest Africa and poleward transport of the uplifted dust toward the Arctic, through cut-off circulation. The dust emission was associated with an intense Saharan cyclone that formed over Northwest Africa in early April 2011. The formation of the cyclone was caused by the intrusion into subtropics, of a high-latitude-upper-level trough, linked to the meandering polar jet. The trough initiated cyclogenesis over Northwest Africa after orographic blocking by the Anti-Atlas Mountains. The still meandering polar jet led to the formation of a cut-off low further south with which the Saharan dust-cyclone merged 2 days later and moved northward with the main stream. Beside satellite observations, a simulation at high resolution was performed using the prognostic-dust permitting model MesoNH. The total dust load carried during this event to areas located north of 40 N was estimated by the model to be 38 Tg and dust deposition was estimated to be 1.3 Tg. The Saharan dust reaching Greenland was accompanied by warm and moist air masses that caused a rise in surface temperature of about 10C for more than 3 consecutive days over the southeastern Greenland. Ice melt over this area of Greenland was detected in the brightness temperature observations.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "EFFECT OF SLAG FOAMING ON THE REDUCTION OF IRON-OXIDE IN MOLTEN SLAG BY GRAPHITE. A kinetic study has been made on the reduction of iron oxide in molten slag, held in an alumina crucible under argon gas atmosphere, with graphite, cylindrical in shape. The composition of the primary slag was 20.5%Li2O-38.4%CaO-41.1%SiO2 (molar ratio = 1 : 1 : 1 ). The initial concentration of iron oxide was changed between 3% and 1 2.5%. The experimental temperature was 1 300-degrees-C. The rotation speed of the graphite cylinder was varied from zero to 1 900 rpm. The reaction rate was largely affected by slag foaming. At higher FeO concentrations, the apparent rate constant was almost independent of the mechanical stirring. At lower concentrations, the effect of the rotation on the apparent rate constant was found to be small at lower speeds but tended to become larger at higher speeds. This was an indication that the melt was strongly agitated by CO gas bubble evolution. The effect of foaming is taken into account by introducing gas holdup factor into ordinary (foam-free) kinetic equations. Values of the mass transfer coefficient of oxygen in the molten slag, calculated by applying the penetration theory, are close to those of the apparent rate constant, measured experimentally. This implies that the rate of the reduction is controlled predominantly by the mass transfer in the slag phase.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Identifications through Musical Expressions of Africanness in Slovenia. In the article I am interested in the ways that Africanness (as a representation of and identification with African culture) is musically performed in Slovenia. Africanness is being publicly represented either by African diaspora that is negotiating their ethnic identifications through culture or non-Africans that have established connections with African culture for various reasons. The article illustrates in which cases music offers a space of safety and self-identification, a place of fascination, aesthetic expression or cultural growth and enrichment.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Development and validation of a scale to assess attitudes of health care providers towards persons affected by leprosy in southern India. Methodology/Principal findingsThe ABC model of attitudes guided the development of the scale, ensured a mix of 27 items tapping into the three domains of Affect, Behaviour and Cognition which best explained the attitude construct. With good validity and alphas for each of the affective, behavioural components and overall alpha estimates, this scale can be a valuable tool to provide accurate estimates of the true attitudes held by HCPs. This, in turn, would be useful to obtain insights for appropriate intervention programmes that would help change negative attitudes of HCPs towards persons affected by leprosy. With some adaptations, the scales can be validated for other NTDs as well.ConclusionsThe Affective, Behavioural and Cognitive (ABC) model of attitudes guided the development of the scale. Steps in scale development included qualitative interviews and focus group discussions with medical officers and paramedical staffs selected from high prevalence districts in Tamil Nadu, India which informed the development of the draft scale. Reviews of existing attitude questionnaires in related areas further contributed to scale development and together helped to generate a large pool of items which was then subjected to Thurston's scaling method for selection of items from this pool. Face and content validity were obtained, following which internal consistency and test, re-test reliability were assessed. Scaling exercise resulted in 11 items being discarded from an initial pool of 38, owing to the poor agreement among experts regarding relevance. Face and content validity were good with experts endorsing relevance and applicability of items. The intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) for test re-test reliability of the 27 item scale was 0.6 (95% CI: 0.20-0.78) indicating marginal intra-class correlation. The overall Cronbach's alpha was 0.85 while the alphas for each of the affective and behavioural components was good at 0.78 and 0.69 respectively indicating a good degree of consistency and homogeneity between items but the alpha for the cognitive component was low at 0.53.Assessment of attitude of health care professionals is important as negative attitude could constitute a major deterrent to care-seeking by persons affected by neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) such as leprosy. Leprosy continues to pose a major disease burden in India with an annual new case detection rate of 10.17 per 100,000 population. This paper reports on the development and validation of a culturally appropriate scale to measure attitude of health care providers (HCPs) towards persons affected by leprosy in Tamil Nadu, India.Introduction", "label": [2, 17, 21, 24]}
+{"token": "Evaluating and prioritizing projects - setting targets The business effect evaluation methodology (BEEM). Findings - The paper has documented a need for a methodology that links projects and initiatives to overall the overall company strategies. Through the PROMISE project such a method business effect evaluation methodology (BEEM) is developed. The structure of the method and the process of using it are described.Originality/value - This paper presents a methodology, BEEM, proven relevant in different contexts when projects and units need to be evaluated, compared, prioritized and coordinated according to strategies and key business drivers. BEEMis also a methodology that could guide projects and units in a distributed organizational environment according to overall strategies. Thus, the methodology might also be used by projects and units to improve the strategic position and/or business development.Design/methodology/approach - The methodology has been developed within the PROMISE project, where ten applications and eight corresponding companies (application owners) represent the cases where the methodology has been developed and tested.Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to develop a methodology aiming to improve the process of prioritizing among projects, focusing on the strategic impacts. The methodology is expected to have a particular relevance for companies operating in a distributed organizational environment.", "label": [5, 44, 46]}
+{"token": "Using uncertainty estimates in analyses of population time series. Recording and monitoring wildlife is crucial for the conservation of wild species and the protection of their environment. The most common type of information reported from a monitoring scheme is a time series of population abundance estimates, but the potential of such data for analyzing population dynamics is limited due to lack of information on sampling error. Recent work has shown that replicating the sampling process and analyzing replicates jointly in a dynamical model can considerably increase estimation efficiency compared to analyzing population estimates alone. This method requires that independent replicates are available, and model fitting can be complex in general. Often, however, population estimates are accompanied by standard errors, or standard errors may be estimated from raw data using a sampling model. We evaluate a method where standard errors are used in combination with population estimates to account for sampling variability in state-space models of population dynamics. The method is simple and lends itself readily to data derived from many sampling procedures but ignores uncertainty in the standard errors themselves. We simulate data from a Gaussian state-space model where several observations, which may come from different sites, are available for the population at each time. Fitting the simulated data, we show that the method yields similar or even better results than a method utilizing all observations, even when there are few observations at each time. This holds under a range of simulation settings involving heteroscedastic observation error, site effects, and correlation among observations. We illustrate the approach on real data from the North American Breeding Bird Survey and show that it performs well in comparison to a more difficult maximum-likelihood analysis of the full data under non-Gaussian sampling error.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "REPRODUCTIVE-BEHAVIOR AND PARENTAL CARE OF THE LEECH HELOBDELLA-TRISERIALIS (HIRUDINEA, GLOSSIPHONIIDAE). The reproductive biology of the leech Helobdella triserialis E. Blanchard 1849 was investigated in animals kept in aquaria. After mutual exchange of pseudospermatophores the leeches produce cocoons. Five to 8 cocoons, each containing 2 - 20 eggs, are attached to the belly of the parent and carried around. On encountering a water snail (which would eat unprotected cocoons rapidly) the parent protects the cocoons by covering them with its body (forming a temporary brood chamber). Larvae and young are both carried around attached to the belly of the leech. The parent attacks water snails (Physa gyrina, Tropicorbis navanensis) by inserting its proboscis into the soft parts of the snail and sucking the body fluid of the prey. The attached juvenile leeches participate in the meal by sucking on those parts of the snail that were pierced by the proboscis of the parent. Because of this provision of food the young grow from 1 to about 6 mm in length (i.e. about 30-fold in volume) while being carried and fed by the parent They develop the typical pigmentation of the adult and leave the parent at an advanced stage of development to lead an independent life.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Worldwide Itineraries of a Supranational Coin: The real de a ocho or peso during the Early Modern Period. Merchants and bankers all over the world accepted the real de a ocho because they were aware of its intrinsic features, which had been left untouched for more than a century and a half. Due to its weight and legal standard of fineness, this coin flew regularly from Castile abroad.Finally although it has been claimed that a valuable coin is always linked to a hegemonic political power and Castile followed this rule to a great extent, we draw the conclusion that the Spanish silver coin was not correlated to a steady economic framework, as was the case with the pound or the dollar.This article deals with the worldwide spread of a Spanish coin called real de a ocho from the 16th to the 18th century. Multiple of the real (1 real de a 8 equals 8 reales), this typically castilian silver coin was used as a means of payment in Europe, the Baltic lands, Eastern Mediterranean areas, the Far East and, of course, the inner American continent. Thanks to an analysis of the causes and consequences of its expansion, it is possible here to review the way money flew internationally and to sketch the international labour division in the early modern period.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "8-cyanobenzothiazinone analogs with potent antitubercular activity. 8-Nitrobenzothiazinones (BTZs) exemplified by macozinone are a new class of antitubercular agents with exceptionally potent activity. The aryl nitro group has been considered indispensable for activity since this is bioactivated within mycobacteria by the flavoenzyme DprE1 to a reactive nitroso metabolite that covalently labels Cys387. However, the aryl nitro group is a potential liability with regards to safety, stability, and resistance. In this paper, we introduced a nitrile as a bioisosteric replacement of the nitro group, which we hypothesize can maintain a similar covalent mechanism of inhibition, but mitigate against the aforementioned concerns. 8-cyanobenzothiazinone 1d displayed potent antitubercular activity with an MIC of 130 nM and had an improved volume of distribution in mice that increased the intrinsic half-life by twofold compared to macozinone. Analysis of the C-2 substituent of 1d revealed similar structure-activity relationships as observed for macozinone. Overall, the results confirm the 8-nitro group of benzothiazinones can be successfully replaced with a nitrile to retain useful activity and favorable pharmacokinetic properties.[GRAPHICS].", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "Pericardial effusion and congestive heart failure in a horse with multicentric lymphoma. A 20-year-old Warmblood mare was evaluated for acute-onset tachycardia and a one-week history of lethargy and ventral oedema. Haematology revealed leucocytosis with neutrophilia. Ultrasonographic examination revealed pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade consistent with right-sided congestive heart failure. Abdominal ultrasonography demonstrated loss of definition of the right kidney and a structure adjacent to the kidney suggestive of a renal neoplasm. A tentative antemortem diagnosis of multicentric neoplasia, most likely lymphoma, was made. The horse was subjected to euthanasia due to a grave prognosis. Postmortem examination and histological evaluation were consistent with lymphoma, including infiltration of the cardiac muscle with neoplastic cells. Although lymphoma has been reported to affect the heart, congestive heart failure due to cardiac and pericardial neoplastic infiltration has not been previously reported as the presenting complaint. This case report describes the diagnostic approach to pericardial effusion and congestive heart failure in a mare with lymphoma.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Expertise acquisition through deliberate practice Gauging perceptions and behaviors of translators and project managers. In his influential 2006 publication, Shreve, in citing Ericsson (1996, 21), outlines a series of fundamental conditions that must be met in order for the translator to acquire expertise. While expertise research on professional translator performance in authentic contexts has only recently started to gain traction in earnest, these conditions for expertise acquisition, while well-suited for academic contexts involving formal translator training, may not be as readily realizable within the language industry. In an attempt to complement recent workplace studies on translation (Risku and Windhager 2013; Ehrensberger-Dow 2014), our questionnaire-based explorative study sets out to gain a better understanding of how expertise in translation is conceptualized and fostered from within the language industry. By gauging how professional translators, as well as the project managers for whom they work, regard expertise from the perspective of the requisite conditions outlined by Shreve, we hope to establish greater clarity as to how expertise is envisioned, practiced, and valued along emic lines.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Appeals immune bargaining solution with variable alternative sets. A bargaining solution based on the Rubinstein-Safra-Thomson `ordinal Nash' outcome is investigated in the Peters-Wakker 'revealed group preferences' framework. Assuming non-expected utility preferences, necessary and sufficient conditions are stated on preference pairs in order for the solution to be well-defined and axiomatized uniquely. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Progesterone level at oocyte retrieval predicts in vitro fertilization success in a short-antagonist protocol: a prospective cohort study. Intervention(s): None.Patient(s): One hundred eighty-six women undergoing controlled ovarian hyperstimulation with an antagonist protocol.Conclusion(s): Elevated P on the day of oocyte retrieval is associated with significantly lower implantation and ongoing pregnancy rates. This is the first study to date to both uncover the distribution of P on the day of oocyte retrieval in an antagonist cycle and determine the impact an elevation may have on pregnancy outcome. (C) 2014 by American Society for Reproductive Medicine.Objective: To evaluate the distribution of P levels on the day of oocyte retrieval as it relates to pregnancy outcome in an antagonist protocol, which may be at higher risk for elevated P levels.Design: Prospective cohort study.Result(s): Implantation rate (positive hCG 14 days after ET) and pregnancy rate were significantly higher when the P level was <12 ng/mL on the day of oocyte retrieval. Miscarriage rates were higher when the P level was >= 12 ng/mL, although this did not reach statistical significance.Setting: Academic IVF center.Main Outcome Measure(s): Implantation, pregnancy, and spontaneous abortion rates were collected.", "label": [2, 4, 21, 39]}
+{"token": "On the dual binary codes of the triangular graphs. The stabilizers of the minimum-weight codewords of dual binary codes obtained from the strongly regular graphs T(n) defined by the primitive rank-3 action of the alternating groups A(n) where n >= 5, on ohm((2)), the set of duads of ohm = (1, 2,..., n), are examined. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Evaluation of Weed Emergence Model AlertInf for Maize in Soybean. AlertInf is a recently developed model to predict the daily emergence of three important weed species in maize cropped in northern Italy (common lambsquarters, johnsongrass, and velvetleaf). Its use can improve the effectiveness and sustainability of weed control, and there has been growing interest from farmers and advisors. However, there are two important limits to its use: the low number of weed species included and its applicability only to maize. Consequently, the aim of this study was to expand the AlertInf weed list and extend its use to soybean. The first objective was to add another two important weed species for spring-summer crops in Italy, barnyardgrass and large crabgrass. Given that maize and soybean have different canopy architectures that can influence the interrow microclimate, the second objective was to compare weed emergence in maize and soybean sown on the same date. The third objective was to evaluate if AlertInf was transferable to soybean without recalibration, thus saving time and money. Results showed that predictions made by AlertInf for all five species simulated in soybean were satisfactory, as shown by the high efficiency index (EF) values, and acceptable from a practical point of view. The fact that the algorithm used for estimating weed emergence in maize was also efficient for soybean, at least for crops grown in northeastern Italy with standard cultural practices, encourages further development of AlertInf and the spread of its use.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Multicenter flow cytometry proficiency testing of canine blood and lymph node samples. Background Flow cytometry (FC) is used increasingly in veterinary medicine for further characterization of hematolymphoid cells. Guidelines for optimizing assay performance and interpretation of results are limited, and concordance of results across laboratories is unknown.Conclusions Lymphoproliferations were readily identified by FC, but identification of the categories of hematolymphoid neoplasia in fresh samples or archived files was variable. There is a need for a more standardized approach to maximize the enormous potential of FC in veterinary medicine.Results Prolonged transit times affected sample quality for some laboratories. Overall agreement among investigators regarding the FC sample interpretation was strong (kappa = 0.86 +/- 0.19, P < .001), and for specific categories, ranged from moderate to perfect. Agreement of the lymphoproliferation or other leukocyte sample category from the analysis of the FCS files was weak (kappa = 0.58 +/- 0.05, P < .001).Methods This was a multicenter observational cross-sectional study. Anticoagulated blood or lymph node aspirate samples from nine client-owned dogs were aliquoted and shipped to participating laboratories. Samples were analyzed with individual laboratory-developed protocols. In addition, FCS files from a set of separate samples from 11 client-owned dogs were analyzed by participating investigators. A person not associated with the study tabulated the results and interpretations. Agreement of interpretations was assessed with Fleiss' kappa statistic.Objectives This study aimed to determine inter-investigator agreement on the interpretation of FC results from split samples analyzed in different laboratories using various protocols, cytometers, and software; and on the interpretation of archived FC standard (FCS) data files contributed by the different investigators.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "IMAGING DIAGNOSISMAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF DIFFUSE LEPTOMENINGEAL OLIGODENDROGLIOMATOSIS IN A DOG WITH 'DURAL TAIL SIGN. A case of diffuse leptomeningeal oligodendrogliomatosis affecting the brain and spinal cord of a dog is presented. A 7.5-year old, male neutered Staffordshire bull terrier presented for evaluation of a chronic history of tetraparesis and seizures, with a multifocal neuroanatomical localization was determined. Extra-axial intradural lesions with an atypical presentation of a dural tail sign were seen on MRI. Histologically, the lesions were consistent with leptomeningeal oligodendrogliomatosis. To the authors' knowledge, a dural tail sign has not previously been reported as an MRI characteristic of diffuse leptomeningeal oligodendrogliomatosis in dogs.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Array processing for nonstationary interference suppression in DS/SS communications using subspace projection techniques. Combined spatial and time-frequency signatures of signal arrivals at a multisensor array are used for nonstationary interference suppression in direct-sequence spread-spectrum (DS/SS) communications. With random PN spreading code and deterministic nonstationary interferers, the use of antenna arrays offers increased DS/SS signal dimensionality relative to the interferers. Interference mitigation through a spatio-temporal subspace projection technique leads to reduced DS/SS signal distortion and improved performance over the case of a single antenna receiver. The angular separation between the interference and desired signals is shown to play a fundamental role in trading off the contribution of the spatial and time-frequency signatures to the interference mitigation process. The expressions of the receiver signal-to-interference-noise ratio (SINR) implementing subspace projections are derived, and numerical results are provided.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Turbulence, condensation, and liquid water transport in numerically simulated nonprecipitating stratocumulus clouds. Condensation and turbulent liquid water transport in stratocumulus clouds involve complicated interactions between turbulence dynamics and cloud microphysical processes, and play essential roles in defining the cloud structure. This work aims at understanding this dynamical-microphysical interaction and providing information necessary for parameterizations of the ensemble mean condensation rate and turbulent fluxes of liquid water variables in a coupled turbulence-microphysics model. The approach is to simulate nonprecipitating stratocumulus clouds with a coupled large eddy simulation and an explicit bin-microphysical model, and then perform a budget analysis for four liquid water variables: mean liquid water content, turbulent liquid water flux, mean cloud droplet number concentration, and the number density flux. The results show that the turbulence contribution to the mean condensation rate comes from covariance of the integral cloud droplet radius and supersaturation, which enhances condensation in turbulent updrafts and reduces evaporation in the downdrafts. Turbulent liquid water flux results from a close balance between turbulence dynamics and microphysical processes. Consequently, the flux can be parameterized in terms of the common diffusive downgradient formulation, fluxes of conservative thermodynamic variables, the turbulence mixing timescale, and the condensation timescale, which is determined by the droplet spectrum. The results also suggest that the condensation timescale regulates the turbulence fields, as does the number concentration, because it affects the condensation fluctuation, which is highly correlated with the turbulence vertical motion. A saturation adjustment cloud model, which diagnoses liquid water content at its equilibrium level, instantly condenses (evaporates) all available water vapor (liquid water) surplus. Consequently, there is likely to be a systematic difference between the turbulence field resolved with this type of model and that with a supersaturation-based cloud scheme for which a finite condensation timescale applies.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Jacobsen syndrome and Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome caused by a parental pericentric inversion inv(11)(p15q24). Here we report on a male infant presenting the typical pattern of Jacobsen syndrome including trigonocephaly, thrombocytopenia, congenital heart defect, urethral stenosis, and partial agenesis of the corpus callosum. Conventional karyotyping, FISH, SKY and CGH analyses showed that the region distal to the MLL locus on 11q23 was lost and replaced by the distal region of 11p, leading to a partial trisomy of 11p and a partial monosomy of 11q. According to ISCN (1995) the karyotype can be described as 46,XY,add(11)(q2 ? 3). ish 11ptel(D11S2071x3),11qtel(VIJyRM2072x1). Array-CGH analysis allowed us to narrow down the breakpoints to 11p15.1 and 11q24.1. Methylation analyses of genes located on 11p showed an increased level of the non-methylated paternal allele of the KCNQ1OT1 gene, confirming the concomitant presence of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS). The phenotype resulting from the 11q deletion seems to dominate the phenotype due to the distal 11p trisomy. Investigation of the parents revealed that this chromosomal rearrangement was caused by a paternal pericentric inversion inv(11)(p15q24).Since chromosomal aberrations like the one described here can easily be overlooked during routine chromosome analysis, combined FISH analysis using subtelomeric and possibly additional probes should be applied if there is any doubt about the integrity of telomeric regions.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Compliance with Uruguay's single presentation requirement. Methods An existing, systematic pack purchasing protocol was adapted for data collection. Neighbourhoods in Montevideo were categorised into five strata by percentage of poor households. Five neighbourhoods within each stratum were selected based on geographical variation. In each neighbourhood, a starting hub' was identified and a systematic walking protocol was implemented to purchase unique packs at four key vendor types.Introduction Tobacco companies vary pack colours, designs, descriptors, flavours and brand names on cigarette packs to target a multitude of consumers. These different brand variants can falsely imply that some brand variants are less harmful than others. Uruguay is the only country that requires cigarette companies to adhere to a single presentation (one brand variant) per brand family.Conclusion Overall, compliance with Uruguay's single presentation requirement was good. In addition to the current restrictions, future single presentation requirements could expand to include packs in more than one stick count and packaging type.Results Unique packs were purchased in 9 out of 25 neighbourhoods. Fifty-six unique packs were purchased, representing 30 brands. Of these, 51 packs were legal, representing 26 brands. The majority of the legal brands (n=16; 62%) were compliant with the requirement. The remaining packs were non-compliant due to differences in colour, design element, brand name, crest and descriptors. Although not prohibited by the single presentation requirement, 16 legal brands had more than one stick count (10, 11, 14 or 20 sticks), and packs from four brands had more than one packaging type (hard, soft or tin).", "label": [2, 21, 23]}
+{"token": "Development of barrier system for disinfected products: cooperation between industry and service. Background and Objective: There are many studies on Sterile Barrier System (SBS) and preservation of sterility, however there is a difficulty of presenting data on the preservation of disinfection. This attaches to the lack of supply in the barrier system market (BS) specific for this purpose. During the search for validation of the preservation of the thermal disinfection process, it became evident the absence of SB available. This study had as objective to validate the BS developed by the industry, as the service requirements for the preservation of the thermal disinfection Products for Health (PFH) semi-critical used in respiratory care. Method: laboratory experimental study conducted in technological cooperation between services of a Health Care Establishment of Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, and an industry of Sao Paulo, Brazil, to develop a BS to preserve the thermal disinfection. Thermal disinfection was carried out of semi-critical pediatric PFH, with all subsidiaries steps, analyzed 204 samples submitted for microbiological studies, between October 2013 and June 2014. Results: Quantitative and qualitative microbiological analyzes showed no growth of pathogens and epidemiological relevance for the 49 days storage period of PFH thermal disinfected and packed with BS. Conclusion: The study concluded that the BS developed fulfilled its protective function, preventing cross-contamination of PFH.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Saharan aeolian input and effective humidity variations over western Europe during the Holocene from a high altitude record. Saharan dust inputs affect present day ecosystems and biogeochemical cycles at a global scale. Previous Saharan dust input reconstructions have been mainly based on marine records from the African margin, nevertheless dust reaching western-central Europe is mainly transported by high-altitude atmospheric currents and requires high altitude records for its reconstruction. The organic and inorganic geochemical study of sediments from a southern Iberia alpine lacustrine record has provided an exceptional reconstruction of Saharan dust impact and regional climatic variations during the Holocene. After the last deglaciation, results indicate that Saharan dust reached Western Europe in a stepwise fashion from 7.0 to 6.0 cal. kyr BP and increased since then until present, promoting major geochemical changes in the lacustrine system. Effective humidity reconstruction indicates wetter conditions during the early Holocene and progressive aridification during middle-late Holocene time, boosting abrupt changes in the lacustrine system. Cyclostratigraphic analyses and transport mechanisms both point to solar irradiance and aridity as major triggering factors for dust supply over Western Europe during the Holocene. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "The Diagnosis of Norovirus Infections in Hospitalized Children and Adolescents with Acute Gastroenteritis: a Study from Pilsen, Czech Republic. Results: A norovirus infection was confirmed in 62 cases, i.e. 10.0 % of all patients with acute gastroenteritis. Vomiting was the most common symptom, recorded in 95.2 % of all the patients with norovirus infection. No severe extragastrointestinal complications were detected. The average interval between initial symptoms and the beginning of hospitalization was considerably shorter in patients with norovirus infection (1.3 days) compared with patients with rotavirus infections (2.4 days). The frequency of Salmonella spp., rotavirus, Campylobacter spp. and enteric adenovirus was 15.4 %, 11.2 %, 3.9 %, 3.6 %, respectively.Methods: A prospective hospital based study of the etiology of acute gastroenteritis was undertaken in a total of 618 patients (mean age 39.8 months, range 0-228), who were hospitalized at the Charles University Hospital in Pilsen. All subjects were monitored in six fragmented periods during the years 2003 and 2004, 2006 and 2007. Clinical and laboratory data were processed, norovirus antigens in stools were detected using the EIA kits IDEIA Norovirus, DakoCytomation.Background: Norovirus-associated sporadic gastroenteritis is an important cause of illness in Western Europe. However, at present, little information on the role of norovirus in sporadic gastroenteritis in Central Europe is available. Our study aimed at providing an assessment of their significance in hospitalized children and adolescents with acute gastroenteritis using ELISA test at the time of their introduction.Conclusions: Our findings confirm the clinical importance of noroviruses as a causative agent of acute gastroenteritis in children and teenagers in the region of a Central European country. Identification of norovirus infection should be included in the routine screenings of sporadic cases of acute gastroenteritis.", "label": [2, 4, 17, 40]}
+{"token": "From Face-to-Face Teaching to Distance Education in Universities During the COVID-19 Pandemic. This text (critical perspective) aims to problematize the transition from face-to-face education to distance education at the university in relation to the didactic and political issues that emerged at the time of COVID-19, which was marked by the urgency to act. The concept mobilized is that of \\\\'transition,\\\\' linked to the problem of temporalities in the human and social sciences. In the timeline of distance education, this pandemic is presented as a breakthrough event that will have a structuring and lasting impact on distance education in universities.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Two Mediterranean annuals feature high within-population trait variability and respond differently to a precipitation gradient. Intraspecific trait variability plays an important role in species adaptation to climate change. However, it still remains unclear how plants in semi-arid environments respond to increasing aridity. We investigated the intraspecific trait variability of two common Mediterranean annuals (Geropogon hybridus and Crupina crupinastrum) with similar habitat preferences. They were studied along a steep precipitation gradient in Israel similar to the maximum predicted precipitation changes in the eastern Mediterranean basin (i.e. -30% until 2100). We expected a shift from competitive ability to stress tolerance with decreasing precipitation and tested this expectation by measuring key functional traits (canopy and seed release height, specific leaf area, N-and P-leaf content, seed mass). Further, we evaluated generative bet-hedging strategies by different seed traits. Both species showed different responses along the precipitation gradient. C. crupinastrum exhibited only decreased plant height toward saridity, while G. hybridus showed strong trends of generative adaptation to aridity. Different seed trait indices suggest increased bet-hedging of G. hybridus in arid environments. However, no clear trends along the precipitation gradient were observed in leaf traits (specific leaf area and leaf N-/P-content) in both species. Moreover, variance decomposition revealed that most of the observed trait variation (>> 50%) is found within populations. The findings of our study suggest that responses to increased aridity are highly species-specific and local environmental factors may have a stronger effect on intraspecific trait variation than shifts in annual precipitation. We therefore argue that trait-based analyses should focus on precipitation gradients that are comparable to predicted precipitation changes and compare precipitation effects to effects of local environmental factors. (C) 2017 Gesellschaft fur Okologie. Published by Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Perceptions of the health and convenience characteristics of fresh and dried fruits. Generally, fresh fruits were perceived to be healthier and less convenient than dried fruits. Consumers also reported more positive feelings about the consumption of fresh fruits compared to dried fruits. The more that the respondents were willing to sacrifice for their health, the more positively they rated the health aspects of both fresh and dried fruits, as well as several perceptions of convenience of both fresh and dried fruits. Health preoccupation was unrelated to most of the convenience perceptions and was associated with lower scores on several perceptions of healthiness. Recommendations for the consumer-oriented development of dried fruits are also provided. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Dried fruits consumption has not received much research attention, although these foods are associated with potential health benefits. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare fresh fruits and dried fruits on measures of health, convenience and consumer feelings.An on-line questionnaire that measured consumers' perceptions of the health benefits and convenience characteristics and their feelings about the consumption of both fresh fruits (apples and plums) and dried fruits (e.g., raisins, dates, and apricots) was completed by 693 respondents (Polish, French, and Dutch).", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "FRUIT ANATOMY OF SPECIES OF SOLANUM SECT. TORVA (SOLANACEAE). The mature fruits of 10 South American species of Solanum sect. Torva were studied. Cross and longitudinal microtome sections, stained with astra blue/basic fuchsin, were made for microscopic examination. All species present an epidermis formed by a unistrate layer of small, isodiametric cells, with dense content and cellulosic walls. Immediately below, a hypodermis is always found, consisting of a well-defined layer of lignified cells with a single calcium oxalate crystal occupying the whole lumen of each cell. This is followed by one layer of cellulosic, isodiametric cells with dense cytoplasm and then several collenchymatous layers, sometimes with sclerified cell walls. The mesocarp comprises two zones histologically differentiated: an external one (formed by regular, vacuolated, medium-sized cells with small intercellular spaces), and an internal one, commonly juicy, and developing proliferations among the seeds. The fruits analyzed are alike, and despite some particularities, they can be classified as berries in the conventional sense. All the traits examined agree with the ornithochorous dispersal syndrome. The homogeneity in fruit traits may be due to shared habit, habitat and sexual system.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Preserving the right of access to copyrighted works based on data regulation. Toy Story 2 only exists because one of the movie's directors had made a backup copy of the movie while she worked from home, otherwise the movie would have been lost due to a computer malfunction. Just as though content access through the internet was intended to allow for works to become more easily accessible, there is no guarantee that they will remain this way. How, then, do we assure users and creators have not only a right to access content made available online, but also a right to preserve such access? This article intends to answer this question by analyzing US Copyright regulation, how it regulates access and preservation of works, and, especially, how it does not. I argue that a policy proposal regarding a right to preserve access could be had based on data protection regulation. Getting inspiration from the way recent data regulation legislation forced different providers that operate on the internet to adapt their terms into a regulatory \\\\'common ground,\\\\' this article claims users would be benefited if they could preserve the right of access to works they legally acquired the same way as they have access to and can make copies of their personal data in these services.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "An assessment of the relationship between chlorophyll a fluorescence and CO2 gas exchange from field measurements on a moss and lichen. The relationship between CO2 exchange and relative electron-transport rate through photosystem II (ETR, measured using chlorophyll a fluorescence) was determined for a moss and a green algal lichen, photobiont probably Trebouxia sp., in the field in Antarctica. Net photosynthesis (NP) and dark respiration (DR) were measured over temperatures from zero to 25 degrees C and gross photosynthesis (GP) calculated (GP = NP -t DR). The strong response of DR to temperature in these organisms resulted in substantial changes in CO2 exchange rates. The moss Bryum argenteum Hedw. showed a strong, linear relationship between GP and ETR. This was an unexpected result since mosses are C-3 plants and, in higher plants, this group normally has a curvilinear GP versus ETR relationship. It is suggested that suppression of DR in the light might be involved. The lichen, Umbilicaria aprina Nyl., had nonlinear relationships between ETR and GP that were different at each measurement temperature. In some cases the lowest ETR was at the higher CO2 exchange rates. It is suggested that these relationships are the result of strong quenching mechanisms that are inversely proportional to GP. The results support a growing impression that the relationships between ETR and CO2 exchange are complex in these organisms and different from those found fbr higher plants.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Threelobe Morningglory (Ipomoea triloba) Germination and Response to Herbicides. Nomenclature: 2,4-D; glyphosate; metsulfuron + chlorimuron; threelobe morningglory, Ipomoea triloba L. IPOTR; rice, Oryza sativa L.Experiments were conducted in the laboratory and screenhouse to determine the effects of scarification; alternating day/night temperatures; light, salt, and water stress; seed burial depth; and rice residue on seed germination and seedling emergence of threelobe morningglory, and to evaluate the response of this weed to commonly available POST herbicides in the Philippines. Germination was stimulated by seed scarification, suggesting that inhibition of germination in this species is mainly due to the hard seed coat. Germination of the scarified seeds was not influenced by the tested temperatures (alternating day/night temperatures of 25/15, 30/20, and 35/25 C) and light. The concentrations of sodium chloride, ranging from 0 to 250 mM, did not influence germination of the scarified seeds of threelobe morningglory. The osmotic potential required for 50% inhibition of maximum germination was -0.35 MPa, although some seeds germinated at -0.6 MPa. Seedling emergence was greatest for the seeds placed on the soil surface (96%), and emergence declined with increased burial depth in soil. The burial depth required for 50% inhibition of maximum emergence was 2.8 cm. No seedlings emerged from a burial depth of 6 cm or greater. Residues of up to 6 Mg ha(-1) on the soil surface did not influence seedling emergence of threelobe morningglory. The herbicide 2,4-D at 400 g ai ha(-1) provided excellent control of threelobe morningglory when applied at the four-leaf (100%) and six-leaf (97%) stages. However, at the eight-leaf stage, percent control was reduced to 67% and herbicide rate had to be increased twofold to achieve 95% control. The information gained from this study could contribute to developing components of integrated weed management strategies for threelobe morningglory. Soil inversion by tillage to bury weed seeds below their maximum depth of emergence and early application of an effective POST herbicide could serve as important tools for managing threelobe morningglory.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Symbiotic relationships between silverfish (Zygentoma: Lepismatidae, Nicoletiidae) and ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Western Palaearctic. A quantitative analysis of data from Spain. Moreover, the number and type of guest species of the most frequent ant genera and the number of individuals and species per nest have been compared and the Zygentoma-Formicidae quantitative network has been analysed. In conclusion, more than one mode of association occurs between Zygentoma and Formicidae in the Western Palaearctic. Nests of Messor FOREL, 1890 host a lot of species of silverfish, most of which are specialists that have likely developed a higher level of integration and are far from strict parasites. A second group of associations is represented by several common ant genera such as Camponotus MAYR, 1861, or Formica LINNAEUS, 1758, which mostly host a few species of myrmecophilous Zygentoma (those that are considered generalists). The position of Aphaenogaster MAYR, 1853, is intermediate between these two opposite groups. In the latter two groups, silverfish are likely parasites.A quantitative criterion is being followed to classify taxa of Spanish Zygentoma occurring in ant nests. According to their obligateness, three groups are distinguished: xenomyrmecophiles, occasional and strict myrmecophiles and, in the latter, at least two degrees of host specificity: generalist and specialist species. A cladogram of Spanish Lepismatinae places specialist silverfish as the more apomorphic taxa.A large dataset of various associations between silverfish (order Zygentoma) and Formicidae is presented; this was obtained from samples collected across continental Spain. Associations have been detected in 693 ant nests of 14 different genera of Formicidae, hosting two species of Zygentoma belonging to the family Nicoletiidae (subfamily Atelurinae) and 17 species of Lepismatidae (subfamily Lepismatinae). A high diversity of interactions has been found: Overall, 157 different associations (species of Zygentoma species of Formicidae) have been recorded. Comparing our data with the existent literature, 41 of these pairs are reported here for the first time.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Investigation of the incidence and type of injuries associated with high-speed treadmill exercise testing. Objective:To investigate the incidence and types of injuries sustained by horses undergoing treadmill exercise.Methods:Data were collated from 9 centres in the UK, France and Belgium, and the prevalence and types of injury were established.Results:P>Reasons for performing study:A total of 2305 records were reviewed, with 2258 horses performing treadmill exercise. There was an overall injury rate of 5.4%. However, the majority of injuries sustained were minor in nature (4.7%). Only 13 horses (0.6%) sustained major injuries in association with treadmill exercise. These included 5 cases of severe exercise-induced myopathy, 4 fractures (of which 1 was catastrophic), 2 tendon injuries, 1 case with undiagnosed severe lameness and 1 with marked exacerbation of a previously diagnosed lameness. Two other major incidents were reported but were not directly associated with treadmill exercise (one had iliac thrombosis and one collapsed and died as a result of a pulmonary embolism).Conclusions:This study confirms that the majority of horses undergo treadmill exercise without incident. The majority of injuries that did occur were minor in nature and the incidence of major injuries was similar to that reported during competition elsewhere.Potential relevance:Treadmill exercise is a safe procedure and does not appear to pose an increased risk of injury in comparison with overground exercise.During the past 20 years, treadmill exercise testing has played an important role in both the study of equine exercise physiology and the investigation of poor athletic performance. However, it has been suggested that some trainers and veterinarians may be reluctant to refer horses for treadmill exercise testing because of fears that horses may be at increased risk of musculoskeletal injury during treadmill exercise.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Natural evolution of TEM-1 beta-lactamase: experimental reconstruction and clinical relevance. TEM-1 beta-lactamase is one of the most well-known antibiotic resistance determinants around. It confers resistance to penicillins and early cephalosporins and has shown an astonishing functional plasticity in response to the introduction of novel drugs derived from these antibiotics. Since its discovery in the 1960s, over 170 variants of TEM-1 - with different amino acid sequences and often resistance phenotypes - have been isolated in hospitals and clinics worldwide. Next to this well-documented 'natural' evolution, the in vitro evolution of TEM-1 has been the focus of attention of many experimental studies. In this review, we compare the natural and laboratory evolution of TEM-1 in order to address the question to what extent the evolution of antibiotic resistance can be repeated, and hence might have been predicted, under laboratory conditions. We also use the comparison to gain an insight into the adaptive relevance of hitherto uncharacterized substitutions present in clinical isolates and to predict substitutions not yet observed in nature. Based on new structural insights, we review what is known about substitutions in TEM-1 that contribute to the extension of its resistance phenotype. Finally, we address the clinical relevance of TEM alleles during the past decade, which has been dominated by the emergence of another beta-lactamase, CTX-M.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Measurement of solids circulation rate in a high-temperature dual fluidized bed pilot plant. A novel thermal-tracing technique was developed for measuring the solids circulation rate between two reactors. Particles at room temperatures (cold particles) are injected into a downward-moving packed bed of solids at elevated temperature (hot particles), creating reduced-temperature zones inside the moving bed. The transit time of the cold-particle-clusters between pairs of thermocouples is determined by cross correlation allowing the flux to be estimated. The technique was shown to provide sensitive and reproducible data for a cold model unit with injection of dry ice. The technique was then applied to determine the solids circulation rate between the bubbling bed gasifier and the riser combustor of a pilot scale dual fluidized bed gasification system. A number of conditions are imposed on the data to eliminate unsatisfactory data at high temperatures. Data which satisfy the discrimination criteria are shown to lead to measured solids circulation fluxes up to 133 kg/m(2)-s at temperatures up to 856 degrees C in the gasifier test section. The technique provides high-temperature solids circulation rate information beyond the capability of other techniques. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.A number of fluidized bed reactor processes operating at high temperature require that solid particles be circulated back and forth between two reactor vessels. Since the circulation rate strongly affects mass and energy balances, and therefore greatly influences hydrodynamics and performance of the system, a reliable technique for its accurate measurement would be helpful in monitoring and modeling the process. However, there are no reported techniques suitable for measuring solid circulation rates at elevated temperatures typical of gasification systems.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "Abiotic constraints on the competitive ability of exotic and native grasses in a Pacific Northwest prairie. In prairie ecosystems, abiotic constraints on competition can structure plant communities; however, the extent to which competition between native and exotic plant species is constrained by environmental factors is still debated. The objective of our study was to use paired field and greenhouse experiments to evaluate the competitive dynamics between two native (Danthonia californica and Deschampsia cespitosa) and two exotic (Schedonorus arundinaceus and Lolium multiflorum) grass species under varying nutrient and moisture conditions in an upland prairie in the Willamette Valley, Oregon. We hypothesized the two invasive, exotic grasses would be more competitive under high-nutrient, moderate-moisture conditions, resulting in the displacement of native grasses from these environments. In the field, the experimental reduction of competition resulted in shorter, wider plants, but only the annual grass, Lolium multiflorum, produced more aboveground biomass when competition was reduced. In the greenhouse, the two exotic grasses produced more total biomass than the two native grasses. Competitive hierarchies were influenced by nutrient and/or moisture treatments for the two exotic grasses, but not for the two native grasses. L. multiflorum dominated competitive interactions with all other grasses across treatments. In general, S. arundinaceus dominated when in competition with native grasses, and D. cespitosa produced the most biomass in monoculture or under interspecific competition with the other native grass, D. californica. D. californica, D. cespitosa, and S. arundinaceus all produced more biomass in high-moisture, high-nutrient environments, and D. cespitosa, L. multiflorum, and S. arundinaceus allocated more biomass belowground in the low nutrient treatment. Taken together, these experiments suggest the competitive superiority of the exotic grasses, especially L. multiflorum, but, contrary to our hypothesis, the native grasses were not preferentially excluded from nutrient-rich, moderately wet environments.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Study on the Equilibrium of Slag and Hot Metal at Tapping with Respect to Sulfur. The blast furnace slag and hot metal are collected from the industrial trials. The collected slag and hot metal samples are re-melted in a graphite crucible and stirred to investigate the sulfur partition at different stirring times. The experimental oxygen potential is well controlled to simulate the blast furnace conditions. The results show evidently that sulfur is transferred from hot metal to slag, which lead to an increase in the sulfur partition from its initial value (t = 0 min) of 26-33 at 1743 K, and from 23 to 37 at 1773 K after 30 min of slag-metal reaction. The results strongly indicate non-equilibrium between slag and hot metal at tapping. The sulfide capacities of the slag with typical composition of the slag at tapping are determined. On the basis of the sulfide capacity data, the theoretical sulfur partition is evaluated. The theoretically calculated partition further supports the finding obtained in the stirring experiments. This finding would suggest the possibility of improvement to increase the usage of blast furnace slag in desulfurization.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Cu(II) doped FeOCl as an efficient photo-Fenton catalyst for phenol degradation at mild pH. In this work, the Cu(II) doped iron oxychloride composites (Cu-FeOCl) were successfully synthesized and applied to the photo-Fenton degradation of phenol for the first time. Effect of various objective parameters on catalytic performance have been systematically evaluated, such as the doping amount of Cu(II), catalyst dose, pH value and H2O2 dose. The Cu(II) doping in FeOCl accelerated significantly the decomposition of H2O2 to generate hydroxyl radicals (center dot OH). Furthermore, the introduction of Cu(II) would produce lattice defects on the surface of FeOCl, which was benefit for the separation efficiency of the photogenerated electron-hole pairs. The 0.5CuFeOCl composite exhibited excellent degradation performance over a wide pH range of 3-8. The 0.5CuFeOCl/H2O2/Vis system degraded 95.2% of phenol (20 mg/L) within 14 min and removed 79.9% TOC within 120 min with low dosage of H2O2 (3 mM). The main intermediates of phenol degradation were identified by LCMS, and a possible photo-Fenton catalytic mechanism for phenol degradation by 0.5Cu-FeOCl catalyst was proposed. This study would provide some new insights into developing photo-Fenton catalysts and treatment of phenolic organic wastewater.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF GELECHIINI (LEPIDOPTERA: GELECHIIDAE) FEEDING ON BRAZILIAN PEPPERTREE. Recent efforts to discover insect biological control agents of the Brazilian peppertree, Schinus terebinthifolius (Anacardiaceae), include a new species belonging to a new genus, Spes schinella Metz, new genus, new species. We propose a hypothesis for placement of the new species among known Gelechiinae using the barcoding region of COI and targeted taxon sampling in a tree parsimony analysis, and discuss additional diagnostic morphological features for tribal placement. The new species is diagnosed, described, and illustrated.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Fractionated extracts of Russian wheat aphid eliciting defense responses in wheat. It is hypothesized that the interaction between aphids and plants follows a gene-forgene model. The recent appearance of several new Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov) (Homoptera: Aphididae), biotypes in the United States and the differential response of wheat, Triticum aestivum L., genotypes containing different resistance genes also suggest a gene-for-gene interaction. However, aphid elicitors remain unknown. This study was conducted to identify fractionated Russian wheat aphid extracts capable of eliciting differential responses between resistant and susceptible wheat genotypes. We extracted whole soluble compounds and separated proteins and metabolites from two Russian wheat aphid biotypes (1 and 2), injected these extracts into seedlings of susceptible wheat Gamtoos (dn7) and resistant 94M370 (Dn7), and determined phenotypic and biochemical plant responses. injections of whole extract or protein extract from both biotypes induced the typical susceptible symptom, leaf rolling, in the susceptible cultivar, but not in the resistant cultivar. Furthermore, multiple injections with protein extract from biotype 2 induced the development of chlorosis, head trapping, and stunting in susceptible wheat. Injection with metabolite, buffer, or chitin, did not produce any susceptible symptoms in either genotype. The protein extract from the two biotypes also induced significantly higher activities of three defense-response enzymes (catalase, peroxidase, and beta-glucanase) in 94M370 than in Gamtoos. These results indicate that a protein elicitor from the Russian wheat aphid is recognized by a plant receptor, and the recognition is mediated by the Dn7-gene product. The increased activities of defense-response enzymes in resistant plants after injection with the protein fraction suggest that defense response genes are induced after recognition of aphid elicitors by the plant.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Antioxidant activity of seven plant extracts collected from Tunisia and their allelopathic potential on Lactuca sativa L. and Phalaris minor L. The objective of the present work was to quantify the total phenolic, flavonoid and tannin contents, and determine the antioxidant activity and the allelopathic potentiality of the aerial part of seven medicinal plants collected from Tunisia against two target species, including Lactuca sativa (crop) and Phalaris minor (weed). After the calculation of the extraction yield, the phenolic compounds contents of the extracts were determined and the antioxidant and allelopathic activity of the extracts showing the best extraction yield values were evaluated. Total phenolic, flavonoid and condensed tannin contents were quantified spectrophotometrically using Folin-Ciocalteu, aluminum chloride and vanillin 4%, respectively as reagents, while the antioxidant activity was determined according to the DPPH scavenging activity and Ferric reducing antioxidant power assay. The allelopathic activity was evaluated by the calculation of the percentages of the inhibition or stimulation of seeds germination and the length of the hypocotyls and radicles. The results obtained revealed that 80%-aqueous Me0H extracts presented the best extraction yield values. In addition, 80%-aqueous Me0H extract of Cynoglossum creticum showed the highest contents of phenolic and flavonoid, while 80%-aqueous Me0H extract of Ammi majus had the highest content of condensed tannin. The results also showed that Cynoglossum creticum exhibited the best antioxidant activity determined by the DPPH and FRAP assays. Moreover, Cynoglossum creticum, Echium plantagineum and Echium arenarium showed total inhibition of the Phalaris minor seeds germination, radicles and hypocotyls length at a concentration of 6 mg/mL, while Anchuza azurea and Borrago officinale extracts showed the highest stimulation of the radicles and hypocotyls length at 3 mg/mL. Furthermore, Echium arenarium showed the highest inhibition of Lactuca sativa seeds germination, radicles and hypocotyls length at the concentration 9 mg/mL, whereas, Opuntia ficus indica extract presented the highest stimulatory effect of the seed germination and hypocotyl length at 3 mg/mL. These results make Cynoglossum creticum a suitable source of allelochimicals potentially usable to control weeds. (C) 2022 SAAB. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Some Inflationary Aspects of Distributive Conflict:Reassessing Canadian Inflation, Part I. This is the first installment of a two-part article, in which we explore the empirical validity of the post-Keynesian conflict inflation theory for Canada. By documenting the numerous points of contact between Canadian inflation, on one hand, and institutional power and distributive conflict, on the other, we argue that inflation may be validly understood as a power process insofar as it feeds on social conflict and is systematically associated with the redistribution of income between different income groups. Over the past century, Canadian inflation has tended to redistribute income from capital to labor, from large to small firms, and from the upper to the lower income brackets. Given these facts, Canadian inflation must be understood as a political phenomenon.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "'You're a populist! No, you are a populist!': The rhetorical analysis of a popular insult in the United Kingdom, 1970-2018. This article focuses on discourses on populism, presenting a case study on the United Kingdom. Analysing all references to populism in the British Parliament from 1970 to 2018, this article provides a framework to think about rhetoric and populism, a method to investigate political attitudes, and insights about the debate on populism in the United Kingdom. Results show that from the 1970s to the 1990s politicians interpret populism in demagogical terms and most often refer to the category of the political role of 'the people'. More recently, negative references and personal attacks increase, and politicians refer to different categories. Moreover, the analysis shows how British politicians employ epideictic and forensic rhetorical strategies more often when debating about populism, whereas deliberative strategies rarely emerge. Finally, the investigation over the 2015-2018 period shows that government membership, a distant election, and a right-wing party membership increase the likelihood of rhetorical positive interpretations of populism.", "label": [5, 47, 49]}
+{"token": "It's Not Easy Being Green: Behavior, Morphology, and Population Structure in Urban and Natural Populations of Green Anole (Anolis carolinensis) Lizards. Selection on behavior, signaling, and morphology can be strongly affected by variation in habitat type. Consequently, populations inhabiting different environments can exhibit divergent phenotypes as a result of either habitat-specific selection or plasticity. Urban habitats in particular represent different challenges for organisms adapted for rural environments, including disparate complements of predators and competitors, resource availability, and habitat complexity. In this paper, I review work aimed at understanding the different selective challenges experienced by rural and urban populations of green anole lizards, primarily those in southeastern Louisiana. I also describe a long-term mark-recapture experiment on an urban population of green anoles in New Orleans, and consider how sex ratios and population density changes over time. Collectively, this work shows that urban and rural populations of green anoles diverge markedly in behavior and morphology driven both by differences in habitat and the presence of competitors in the urban environment; however, it also shows that the effects of urbanization on the ecology and evolution of green anoles are understudied.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Low- level smoking among diabetes patients in India: a smoking cessation challenge. Conclusions: Low level smoking among diabetes patients is common. Proactive and sustained cessation efforts are called for that are attentive to disease complications as teachable moments. (C) 2017 INDIACLEN. Published by Elsevier, a division of RELX India, Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved.Results: At baseline, 32% of the 224 diabetes patients were low-level smokers, 24% medium-level and 44% high-level smokers. At year two 34% of the participants in the trial had quit smoking, 37% were low-level smokers, 16% medium-level smokers and 13% high-level smokers. Forty-nine percent of low-level smokers at baseline continued to smoke at low level. Fifty percent of mid-level and 45% of high-level smokers who did not quit shifted to low level smoking A majority of low-level smokers and their families perceived low-level smoking to be safe.Methods: Two hundred twenty-four smokers who participated in the trial were followed for 2 years. Intention to treat analysis documented changes in levels of smoking. We defined low-level smoking as 15 sticks per day, medium-level as 6-10 sticks, and high-level as more than 10 sticks. Twenty-three low-level smokers were interviewed about why they continued to smoke, and household response to their smoking.Background: Little research in low and middle-income countries has been conducted on shifts in levels of smoking among those suffering from chronic diseases exposed to cessation messages. We present data on such shifts among diabetes patients participating in a randomized controlled cessation trial in Kerala state, India. The two-arm trial tested the relative effectiveness of diabetes specific cessation messages from doctors and the added value of motivational interviewing by trained cessation counsellors.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Evidence for involvement of an electron shuttle in electricity generation by Geothrix fermentans. In experiments performed using graphite electrodes poised by a potentiostat (+200 mV versus Ag/AgCl) or in a microbial fuel cell (with oxygen as the electron acceptor), the Fe (III) -reducing organism Geothrix fermentans conserved energy to support growth by coupling the complete oxidation of acetate to reduction of a graphite electrode. Other organic compounds, such as lactate, malate, propionate, and succinate as well as components of peptone and yeast extract, were utilized for electricity production. However, electrical characteristics and the results of shuttling assays indicated that unlike previously described electrode-reducing microorganisms, G. fermentans produced a compound that promoted electrode reduction. This is the first report of complete oxidation of organic compounds linked to electrode reduction by an isolate outside of the Proteobacteria.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 40]}
+{"token": "Effect of anti-gonadotropin-releasing factor vaccine and band castration on indicators of welfare in beef cattle. Angus crossbred bulls (n = 60; 257 +/- 5.4 d of age; initial BW 358.8 +/- 3.78 kg) were used to study the effect of a vaccine against gonadotropin-releasing factor (GnRF) and band castration on behavioral and physiological indicators of pain. Cattle were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments: bulls, band-castrated calves without pain mitigation (castrated), and immune-vaccinated animals administered an anti-GnRF vaccine (vaccinated). All animals were fitted with a radio frequency ear tag so that individual animal feed intake and feeding behavior were recorded daily over the entire trial using an electronic feed bunk monitoring system. Two doses of anti-GnRF vaccine were administrated on d -35 and 0 and band castration was performed on d 0. Animal BW was recorded weekly starting on d -36 until d 56. Visual analog scores (VAS) were measured on d -36 -35, -1, and 0, and salivary cortisol concentration was measured at -30, 0, 30, 60, 120, and 270 min on d -35 and 0 after castration. Saliva and blood were obtained on d 1, 2, 5, and 7 and weekly until d 56 for determination of cortisol and complete blood cell count. Video data were collected for pain, sexual, and aggressive behavior daily the first week and once a week until d 56. Data were analyzed with a mixed-effect model with castration, time, and their interactions as main effects. Vaccinated calves had reduced ADG and intake (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001, respectively) during the first week after vaccination. Band-castrated calves had reduced ADG and intake (P < 0.001) until the end of the study. No differences in salivary cortisol and VAS were observed among groups at d -35 after the first vaccination and before band castration. However, on d 0, castrated cattle had greater cortisol concentrations and VAS (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively) than bulls and vaccinated animals. Complete blood cell count did not differ (P > 0.05) between treatments on d 0, 1, and 2. At d 56, vaccinated calves had greater (P < 0.05) final BW than band-castrated calves and both had less final BW than bulls. There was no indication that vaccination caused any physiological or behavioral changes indicative of pain. In contrast, band castration resulted in elevated cortisol scores and VAS indicative of a pain response and behavior related to pain (P < 0.001) until d 42 of the study. The present study demonstrates that anti-GnRF vaccine is a viable animal welfare-friendly alternative to traditional band castration in beef cattle under North American feedlot practices.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Culture, Learning, and Information and Communication Technologies: Project-Based Learning with Formative Interventions in Authentic Activities. When applying learning to cultural heritage using Information and Communication Technologies, more than developing knowledge and skills, it is a chance to develop sensitivities and values to learners. The present study will suggest \\\\'Project-Based Learning with Formative Interventions in Authentic Activities\\\\' as an approach in which students collaborate on authentic activities, developing at the same time aspects of their personality. To this end, two authentic activities were undertaken in an academic frame, to highlight local cultural heritage using new technologies.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Evidence-based recommendations for genetic diagnosis of familial Mediterranean fever. Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is a disease of early onset which can lead to significant morbidity. In 2012, Single Hub and Access point for pediatric Rheumatology in Europe (SHARE) was launched with the aim of optimising and disseminating diagnostic and management regimens for children and young adults with rheumatic diseases. The objective was to establish recommendations for FMF focusing on provision of diagnostic tools for inexperienced clinicians particularly regarding interpretation of MEFV mutations. Evidence-based recommendations were developed using the European League against Rheumatism standard operating procedure. An expert committee of paediatric rheumatologists defined search terms for the systematic literature review. Two independent experts scored articles for validity and level of evidence. Recommendations derived from the literature were evaluated by an online survey and statements with less than 80% agreement were reformulated. Subsequently, all recommendations were discussed at a consensus meeting using the nominal group technique and were accepted if more than 80% agreement was reached. The literature search yielded 3386 articles, of which 25 were considered relevant and scored for validity and level of evidence. In total, 17 articles were scored valid and used to formulate the recommendations. Eight recommendations were accepted with 100% agreement after the consensus meeting. Topics covered were clinical versus genetic diagnosis of FMF, genotype-phenotype correlation, genotype-age at onset correlation, silent carriers and risk of amyloid A (AA) amyloidosis, and role of the specialist in FMF diagnosis. The SHARE initiative provides recommendations for diagnosing FMF aimed at facilitating improved and uniform care throughout Europe.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "The Shadow Knows: The Counter-Fantasy of the American Antihero and Symbolic Divergence in Golden Age Radio. Various radio and pulp incarnations of The Shadow have played a pivotal role in shaping American superhero mythology and cultural unconscious. This essay explores The Shadow's origins within the 1930s, and then utilizes Fantasy Theme Analysis to uncover mythic tensions and conflicts within The Shadow's transition from noir-like dystopian antihero into the more romantic utopian superhero of Orson Welles' 1937 radio program. We conclude by contemplating rhetorical implications for The Shadow's symbolic divergence, a fantasy evolving into contradictory counter-fantasies and rhetorical visions in radio and pulps, as a provocative illustration of theoretical debates regarding the psychodynamic functions of rhetorical fantasy.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization on Potato Leafhopper (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) and Maple Spider Mite (Acari: Tetranychidae) on Nursery-Grown Maples. Although leaf nitrogen (N) has been shown to increase the suitability of hosts to herbivorous arthropods, the responses of these pests to N fertilization on susceptible and resistant host plants are not well characterized. This study determined how different rates of N fertilization affected injury caused by the potato leafhopper (Empoasca fabae Harris) and the abundance of maple spider mite (Oligonychus aceris (Shimer)) on 'Red Sunset' red maple (Acer rubrum) and 'Autumn Blaze' Freeman maple (Acer x freemanii) during two years in Indiana. N fertilization increased leaf N concentration in both maple cultivars, albeit to a lesser extent during the second year of the study. Overall, Red Sunset maples were more susceptible to E. fabae injury than Autumn Blaze, whereas Autumn Blaze maples supported higher populations of O. aceris. Differences in populations of O. aceris were attributed to differences between communities of stigmaeid and phytoseiid mites on each cultivar. Injury caused by E. fabae increased with N fertilization in a dose-dependent manner in both cultivars. Although N fertilization increased the abundance of O. aceris on both maple cultivars, there was no difference between the 20 and 40 g rates. We suggest the capacity of N fertilization to increase O. aceris on maples could be limited at higher trophic levels by the community of predatory mites.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Numerical analysis on the short-circuit withstanding performance of busbar system in LV switchgear. The short-circuit withstanding performance of busbar system is one of the most important safety indexes for low-voltage (LV) switchgear. The resonance characteristics, short-circuit displacement, and stress concentration of four typical busbar system arrangements are numerically analysed in this study. First, modal analysis is used to calculate the vibration modes and natural frequencies of the busbar systems. The influence of span length and phase-to-phase distance is discussed and thresholds for resonance prevention are given. Then, electromagnetic-structural coupled models are built to simulate the short-circuit mechanical response. The time-varying displacement and stress are obtained and the dynamic stability of typical arrangements is compared. The proposed results can provide theoretical reference for the dynamic stability design of busbar system in LV switchgear.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Continuity and Punic imprint in the Necropolis of GADES. Monetary evidence. The study of the coins proceeding from the necropolis of Cadiz of Punic and Roman period it offers enough singularities and enriches the knowledge of the specific weight of the local tradition. It allows to defend, once again, the cultural Punic continuity in Gades's funeral area up to at least middle of the 1st century A. D., a component that so much exists provided that to speak in the last years, but that had not been approached specifically from the numismatical optics.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "The Effects of the Interspersal of Related Responses on the Emergence of Intraverbals for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder. The present study evaluated the emergence of intraverbals for 2 children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. Prior to baseline, both children demonstrated tact, tact function, listener, and listener by function responses with 12 pictorial stimuli, yet they failed to demonstrate intraverbals related to the function of the items (e.g., \\\\'What do you do with [item]?\\\\' and \\\\'What do you use to [function]?\\\\'). Following baseline, previously mastered related tact, tact function, listener, and listener by function tasks were presented prior to probe trials for the target item-function and function-item intraverbals. Results showed that interspersal of the related tasks for a subset of the intraverbals led to the emergence of untrained item-function and function-item intraverbals for both participants. In Experiment 2, the long-term effects of this remedial training on the emergence of untrained intraverbals was evaluated as new tact and listener responses were trained. Results of Experiment 2 showed that tact function and listener by function training was sufficient to establish the emergence of item-function and function-item intraverbals in the absence of related-task interspersal. These results are discussed in relation to current explanations for emergent responding.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "An ordered probit analysis of monetary policy inertia. The two leading explanations of the observed persistence in policy interest rate changes are monetary policy inertia and omitted serially correlated shocks. This paper addresses the persistence debate from the perspective of how to properly model policy rates. An ordered probit model is used to account for the discrete nature of interest rate adjustment, an aspect of policy absent in standard models. Ordered probit results show that the impact of inertia on interest rate setting is considerably smaller than indicated by standard models.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Privatising public prisons: Penality, law and practice. In October 2011, HM Prison Birmingham was transferred from public to private management, under G4S. This was the first time that an existing operational public prison was privatised in the UK. The move marked the third and most far reaching phase of prison privatisation policy, and was intended both to increase quality of life for prisoners, from a low baseline, and to reduce costs. Prior to 2011, private prisons had all been new-builds. Private contractors had thus far avoided the additional challenges of inheriting a pre-existing workforce and operating in old, often unsuitable, buildings. This article reports on a longitudinal evaluation of the complex process of the transition, and some outcomes for both staff and prisoners. As an experiment in the reorganisation of work and life in a traditional' public sector prison, the exercise was unprecedented, and has set the agenda for future transformations. The example illustrates the intense, distinctive and rapidly changing nature of penality as it makes itself felt in the lived prison experience, and raises important questions about the changing use of State power.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Fruit of the Earth and Work of Human Hands: Connecting the Eucharist and Regenerative Agriculture. Engaging the writings of Bernard Lonergan, Charles Massy, and Pope Francis, this article offers a systematic exposition of the relationship between the Eucharist and regenerative agriculture. First, it surveys the overlapping cultural malaises identified by Massy, Francis, and Lonergan at the root of modern industrial agriculture. Second, in response to this form of decline, it shows how the regenerative agricultural practices called for by Massy instantiate the integral ecology called for by Pope Francis; at the same time, it substantiates Massy's calls through the emergently probable worldview of Lonergan. Third, in a way that Massy does not show, such a worldview can elevate these agricultural concerns to a supernatural, redemptive plane. Not only does an emergently probable worldview show that right agricultural practices restore creation's capacity to praise, so too does it show that Christian praise-as made especially apparent in the Eucharist-depends upon just agricultural practices.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Impact of the Tips From Former Smokers Anti-Smoking Media Campaign on Youth Smoking Behaviors and Anti-Tobacco Attitudes. Introduction Anti-tobacco media campaigns can prevent youth smoking, but there is little research on how adult-targeted campaigns affect youth. We investigated the association between the Tips From Former Smokers (Tips) campaign and youth smoking behaviors and anti-tobacco attitudes, and variation by sex, race and/or ethnicity, or socioeconomic status. Aims and Methods We used data from the monitoring of the future study, a nationally representative survey on 8th, 10th, and 12th graders, from 2013-2015. Quartiles of Tips gross rating points (GRPs) were used to estimate exposure. Youth smoking behavior outcomes included smoking prevalence, initiation, and susceptibility. The anti-tobacco attitude outcomes included the extent that anti-tobacco ads made participants (1) less favorable towards smoking or (2) less likely to smoke cigarettes. Modified Poisson regression models estimated average marginal effects; separate additive interactions between Tips GRP exposure and sex, race and/or ethnicity, parents' highest education, and college plans (12th graders only) were used to test for effect modification. Results Tips GRPs were not associated with smoking behaviors within any grade. However, 12th graders in the highest quartile of Tips had a 7.0 percentage point higher probability (95% CI = 0.023-0.116) of responding that anti-tobacco ads made them less likely to smoke. Tips GRPs were associated with a lower probability of past 30-day smoking prevalence among 10th grade females, but not males (joint P-value = .002). No additional statistically significant interactions were found for any other outcomes for any grade. Conclusions This study revealed the potential for adult-targeted campaigns to increase youth's anti-smoking attitudes, but campaign exposure was not associated with smoking behaviors. Implications Few studies have examined the potential for anti-smoking media campaigns to influence audiences outside their targeted audience. In this study, we show the potential for adult-targeted campaigns to impact youth and suggest that Tips exposure may promote anti-smoking attitudes among youth.", "label": [2, 21, 23]}
+{"token": "Combined psychophysiological assessment of ADHD: A pilot study of Bayesian probability approach illustrated by appraisal of ADHD in female college students. Manifestations of ADHD are observed at both psychological and physiological levels and assessed via various psychometric, EEG, and imaging tests. However, no test is 100% accurate in its assessment of ADHD. This study introduces a stochastic assessment combining psychometric tests with previously reported ( Consistency Index) and newly developed ( Alpha Blockade Index) EEG-based physiological markers of ADHD. The assessment utilizes classical Bayesian inference to refine after each step the probability of ADHD of each individual. In a pilot study involving six college females with ADHD and six matched controls, the assessment achieved correct classification for all ADHD and non-ADHD participants. In comparison, the classification of ADHD versus non-ADHD participants was < 85% for any one of the tests separately. The procedure significantly improved the score separation between ADHD versus non-ADHD groups. The final average probabilities for ADHD were 76% for the ADHD group and 8% for the control group. These probabilities correlated ( r = .87) with the Brown ADD scale and (r = .84) with the ADHD-Symptom Inventory used for the screening of the participants. We conclude that, although each separate test was not completely accurate, a combination of several tests classified correctly all ADHD and all non-ADHD participants. The application of the proposed assessment is not limited to the specific tests used in this study - the assessment represents a general paradigm capable of accommodating a variety of ADHD tests into a single diagnostic assessment.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Efficient computation of DRT commuting matrices by a closed-form infinite order approximation to the second differentiation matrix. In order to define the discrete fractional Fourier transform, Hermite Gauss-like eigenvectors are needed and one way of extracting these eigenvectors is to employ DFT commuting matrices. Recently, Pei et al. exploited the idea of obtaining higher order DFT-commuting matrices, which was introduced by Candan previously. The upper bound of O(h(2k)) approximation to N x N commuting matrix is 2k+1 <= N in Candan's work and Pei et al. improved the proximity by removing this upper bound at the expense of higher computational cost. In this paper, we derive an exact closed form expression of infinite-order Taylor series approximation to discrete second derivative operator and employ it in the definition of excellent DFT commuting matrices. We show that in the limit this Taylor series expansion converges to a trigonometric function of second-order differentiating matrix. The commuting matrices possess eigenvectors that are closer to the samples of Hermite-Gaussian eigenfunctions of DFT better than any other methods in the literature with no additional computational cost. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "U.S.-HOLY SEE DIPLOMACY: THE ESTABLISHMENT OF FORMAL RELATIONS, 1984. The authors explore the circumstances that permitted President Ronald Reagan to establish full diplomatic relations with the Holy See where other US. presidents had failed in the past, including can examination of the relationship between Reagan and Pope John Paul II. Their dynamic personalities, life experiences, and repudiation of communism created a natural bond between them that resulted in a period of warm relations between the United States and the Holy See. Several events also occurred in which the United States and the Holy See shared common interests and collaborated extensively. Furthermore, within the domestic realm there was support-or, more accurately, little active opposition from Congress, the courts, and Protestant groups. Finally, the Holy See and Reagan were eager to see these relations established. The combination of these factors created the proper environment for the Reagan administration to send the first U,S. ambassador to the Holy See.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Accessibility and Interaction of Surface OH Groups in Microporous and Mesoporous Catalysts Applied for Vapor-Phase Beckmann Rearrangement of Oximes. H-1 and H-2 MAS NMR spectroscopy were utilized for investigating the interaction of surface complexes upon adsorption of cyclohexanone and cyclododecanone oxime on MFI-type zeolites and [Al]SBA-15. Signals of hydrogen-bonded and protonated complexes were identified and evidenced the diffusion of cyclohexanone oxime into the micropores of silicalite-1 and ZSM-5 and limited accessibility of acid sites in [Al]SBA-15 for cyclododecanone oxime.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Space and landscape as curatorial criteria in the Open-Air Museum of Valparaiso. In this article, the presence of a curatorial figure is studied in the Open-Air Museum of Valparaiso. Beyond the administrative dimension given to the position by the Catholic University of Valparaiso, responsible of the Museum, it is proposed that its ideologist, painter, architect and professor Francisco Mendez Labbe, was also curator of the project. This would be demonstrated in his interest in a relationship between the works and the link between painting and landscape.To prove it, we will review key points of the route and archival documents about the Museum. Specifically, a series of sketches and a photographic record will allow us to establish relationships between Mendez's proposal and the curatorship. However, we will explain that this criterion was not present among his objectives, and he did not realize that his conception of the Museum was in line with the approaches of contemporary curatorship, such as the relationship with space, interaction with works and a proposal of experimental character.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Revision of Begomovirus taxonomy based on pairwise sequence comparisons. Viruses of the genus Begomovirus (family Geminiviridae) are emergent pathogens of crops throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. By virtue of having a small DNA genome that is easily cloned, and due to the recent innovations in cloning and low-cost sequencing, there has been a dramatic increase in the number of available begomovirus genome sequences. Even so, most of the available sequences have been obtained from cultivated plants and are likely a small and phylogenetically unrepresentative sample of begomovirus diversity, a factor constraining taxonomic decisions such as the establishment of operationally useful species demarcation criteria. In addition, problems in assigning new viruses to established species have highlighted shortcomings in the previously recommended mechanism of species demarcation. Based on the analysis of 3,123 full-length begomovirus genome (or DNA-A component) sequences available in public databases as of December 2012, a set of revised guidelines for the classification and nomenclature of begomoviruses are proposed. The guidelines primarily consider a) genus-level biological characteristics and b) results obtained using a standardized classification tool, Sequence Demarcation Tool, which performs pairwise sequence alignments and identity calculations. These guidelines are consistent with the recently published recommendations for the genera Mastrevirus and Curtovirus of the family Geminiviridae. Genome-wide pairwise identities of 91 % and 94 % are proposed as the demarcation threshold for begomoviruses belonging to different species and strains, respectively. Procedures and guidelines are outlined for resolving conflicts that may arise when assigning species and strains to categories wherever the pairwise identity falls on or very near the demarcation threshold value.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Impact of smear microscopy results and observed therapy on tuberculosis treatment in Mombasa, Kenya. RESULTS: Records were obtained from a total of 183 patients: 142 (78%) had pulmonary TB, 68 (37%) were human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected and 81 (44%) had acid-fast bacilli (AFB) positive smear microscopy. Most treated individuals (86%) achieved a successful treatment outcome as defined by the World Health Organization. Of those with poor treatment outcomes, 64% defaulted, 32% died, and 4% failed treatment. Initial negative MB smear and HIV co-infection were associated with poor treatment outcomes (RR 3.32, 95%CI 1.22-8.99 and RR 4.61, 95%CI 1.69-12.59, respectively).SETTING: Tuberculosis (TB) treatment center at Coast Provincial General Hospital in Mombasa, Kenya.DESIGN: Retrospective review of patient treatment records from January 2008 to June 2009. Treatment outcomes of patients were classified as treatment success (cure or treatment completion) or poor treatment outcome (treatment failure, death or default). Relative risk regression was used to determine the association between exposures of interest and poor treatment outcomes.CONCLUSION: Strategies to accelerate accurate diagnosis of smear-negative TB and increase patient retention during treatment, especially in HIV co-infected individuals, are needed to reduce poor treatment outcomes in Kenya.OBJECTIVES: To describe TB management practices in a facility in coastal Kenya and identify factors associated with poor treatment outcomes.", "label": [2, 21, 24]}
+{"token": "Gray wolf optimizer approach to the reliability-cost optimization of residual heat removal system of a nuclear power plant safety system. To ensure the safety of nuclear power plants (NPPs), nuclear regulatory agencies set technical specifications (TSs). TSs define the safety-related operational measures and specify essential requirements and set specific limitations that is necessarily be followed by a nuclear industry to meet the requirements for the safety of an NPP. One of the important bases for the setting of TSs is the estimates of the availability and reliability of various systems and costs associated with an NPP. In this work, authors have presented a framework based upon a hodiernal nature-inspired metaheuristic called multiobjective gray wolf optimizer (MOGWO) algorithm, which mimic the hierarchal and hunting behavior of gray wolves (Canis lupus), for technical specifications optimization of residual heat removal system (RHRS) of an NPP safety system. The efficiency of MOGWO in optimizing the TSs is demonstrated by comparing its results with a very popular swarm-based optimization technique named multiobjective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO).", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Initial Failure of Pristinamycin Treatment in a Case of Multidrug-Resistant Mycoplasma genitalium Urethritis Eventually Treated by Sequential Therapy. We present a case of persistent Mycoplasma genitalium urethritis with documented macrolide and fluoroquinolone resistance, and we describe the A2062T mutation in the 23S rRNA gene, possibly associated with pristinamycin resistance. After several treatment failures and loss of the A2062T mutation, M. genitalium urethritis was finally cured by a sequential antibiotic treatment including minocycline.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Reconciliation with Christianity and the West in Said Nursi's Thought and Practice: An Overview. Said Nursi was a scholar and teacher who made many original contributions to contemporary thought, some of which relate to Christianity and the West. His long life spanned several historical periods, which led inevitably to there being differences in his stance towards the West. This article focuses on the last twenty years of Nursi's life, which included the Second World War and post-war period, during which, within the framework of revealed religion, Nursi advocated reconciliation with the West and cooperation with pious Christians in combating the spiritual and moral depredations of aggressive atheism. He posited that such an approach was foreseen in hadiths about the end of time. A second theme of the article is Nursi's desire to bring together, and present as a new way of teaching the essential qur'anic 'truths of faith', various traditional Islamic sciences and modern science. The reconciliation of science and religion, the recombining of these two branches of knowledge, was one of Nursi's lifelong aims, which he intended to achieve with the Risale-i Nur (the body of work that reflects his mature thought), and which in his later years he looked on as a sort of reconciliation with Western civilization in principle. Thus, reconciliation between Muslims and Christians and between Islam and the West, as advanced by Nursi, should be seen in the wider context of his thought generally. Also mentioned is Nursi's concern that 'awakened humanity' would find the peace and prosperity it yearned for in Islam, and his hope that the Risale-i Nur, which embodies his thought and methods, would contribute to the achievement of this.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "The contribution of internship to develop professional skills into economic sciences. Currently universities are looking for professional skills demanded by relevant environments, whether generic or specific ones. The goal of this paper is establishing generic skills regular to any discipline and internship application of college graduates at the Faculty of Economic Sciences of Universidad Militar Nueva Granada (UMNG). Then a literature review was performed and a survey conducted with undergraduates who performed internship as an option to graduate between 2009 and 2010. Then, the most applied generic skills were interpersonal relationships, ethic and quality. Likewise, the less applied skills related to an appropriate performance in the international environment. The main conclusion is internship is a scenario that universities may use to assess the relevance of training and the skill level of graduates.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Mobility of plume-derived volcanogenic elements in meteoric water at Nyiragongo volcano (Congo) inferred from the chemical composition of single rainfall events. The chemical composition of single rainfall events was investigated at Nyiragongo volcano (Democratic Republic of Congo) with the aim of determining the relative contributions of plume-derived elements. The different locations of the sampling sites allowed both plume-affected samples (hereafter referred to as \\\\'fumigated samples\\\\') and samples representative of the local background to be collected. The chemical composition of the local background reflects the peculiar geographic features of the area, being influenced by biomass burning, geogenic dust, and biological activity. Conversely, fumigated samples contain large amounts of volcanogenic elements that can be clearly distinguished from the local background. These elements are released into the atmosphere from the persistently boiling lava lake of the Nyiragongo crater and from the neonate lava lake of Nyamulagira. These emissions result in a volcanic plume that includes solid particles, acidic droplets, and gaseous species. The chemical signature of the volcanic emissions appears in falling raindrops as they interact with the plume. HCl and HBr readily dissolve in water, and so their ratio in rain samples reflects that of the volcanic plume. The transport of HF is mediated by the large amount of silicate particles generated at the magma-air interface. SO2 is partially converted into SO42- that dissolves in water. The refractory elements dissolved in rain samples derive from the dissolution of silicate particles, and most of them (Al, Mg, Ca, and Sr) are present at exactly the same molar ratios as in the rocks. In contrast, elements such as Na, K, Rb, Cu, and Pb are enriched relative to the whole-rock composition, suggesting that they are volatilized during magma degassing. After correcting for the dissolution of silicate particles, we can define that the volatility of the elements decreases in the following order: Pb >> Rb > K > Na. This finding, which is the first for a volcanic plume, is consistent with previous measurements in high-temperature fumaroles at other volcanic areas. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Formation damage study with a horizontal wellbore model. The main component of the model is a core holder (4-ft-long, 3-in-i.d. stainless-steel pipe) which is specifically designed to accommodate a cylindrical core sample with a horizontal wellbore in its center. The model simulates radial and open-hole flow conditions for horizontal well completion and production. The experimental program evaluates the pre- and post-mud damage well productivity and injectivity. A detailed permeability mapping is presented to show the effect of damage in a horizontal wellbore (skin depth and distribution).Formation damage in horizontal wells has been recognized as one of the major problems limiting their production. This paper presents the results of an innovative and unique horizontal wellbore model which is designed to simulate realistic radial flow conditions for horizontal wells. The paper also summarizes the experimental procedures for the assessment of pre- and post-mud formation damage on two different permeability profiles of Berea sandstones. The results indicate that the model properly simulates the dynamic radial flow conditions.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Equilibria in first price auctions with participation costs. This paper characterizes the equilibria of first price auctions with participation costs in the independent private values environment. Bidders use cutoff strategies to decide whether they will participate in the auction. It is shown that, when bidders are homogeneous, there always exists a unique symmetric equilibrium, and further, there is no other equilibrium when valuation distribution functions are inelastic. When distribution functions are elastic at the symmetric equilibrium, there exists an asymmetric equilibrium. Inelasticity/elasticity includes concavity/convexity of distribution functions as a special case. We find similar results when bidders are heterogeneous. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Kinetic change of serum carcinoembryonic antigen can early predict progression in patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer during maintenance therapy with bevacizumab plus pemetrexed. In this retrospective study, we investigated whether the kinetic change of serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels can be an early indicator for the progression in metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients during maintenance therapy with bevacizumab plus pemetrexed. Ten patients diagnosed with metastatic lung adenocarcinoma who received a first-line therapy including bevacizumab-based chemotherapy and a following maintenance therapy including bevacizumab plus pemetrexed from June 2015 to October 2016 were recruited in this study. During the maintenance treatment, patients' CEA levels all elevated at or after the first cycle of maintenance treatment with a median CEA elevation-free survival time as 17.7 days, which was far more shorter than the median progression-free survival time evaluated by CT imaging specially for maintenance treatment (102.2 days). Before the disease progressed, the values of CEA increased steadily for several cycles with the response evaluation still as stable disease, indicating that the changes of CEA level would be earlier and more sensitive for detection of progression. The CEA kinetic was calculated with a mean of 9.6451 and a median of 8.0135, which sensitively reflected the increasing rate of CEA levels at an early stage. Our study showed that the kinetic change of CEA could be an early predictor for the progression in metastatic NSCLC patients during maintenance therapy.", "label": [2, 4, 21, 39]}
+{"token": "Influence of kinetic and thermodynamic promoters on post-combustion carbon dioxide capture through gas hydrate crystallization. In the present work, we report enhanced kinetics of hydrate formation in the presence of kinetic and thermodynamic promoters, SDS (sodium dodecyl sulphate) and THF (tetrahydrofuran) respectively. Hydrate formation was carried out in a fixed bed reactor for post-combustion capture of CO2. Silica sand was used as a fixed bed medium to capture CO2 from a CO2/N-2/SO2 (17.7 mol% CO2, 1.05 mol% SO2 and balance N-2) gas mixture by hydrate crystallisation. Experiments were performed at a constant temperature (273.65 K) and at different pressures (9.5 and 2.45 MPa) in batch mode. It was found that the addition of SDS enhances the rate and gas uptake of gas hydrate formation. A higher gas consumption was achieved by using 5.56 mol% THF compared to 1.0 and 3.0 mol% THF. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "Biopharmaceutical challenges associated with drugs with low aqueous solubility - The potential impact of lipid-based formulations. The percentage of new chemical entities synthesised with low aqueous solubility and high therapeutic efficacy is growing, this presents major challenges for the drug delivery scientists. The role of physicochemical properties in identification of suitable drug candidates for oral lipid-based delivery systems is discussed. A knowledge of the interplay of physicochemical and biopharmaceutical drug properties with the physiological environment of the gastro-intestinal tract (GIT), as a prerequisite to successful formulation design, is reviewed. The importance of excipient selection with an emphasis on bioactive excipients is stressed. The need for more examples of in vitro-in Vivo Correlations as a means of maximizing the development potential and commercial future for lipid-based formulations, and, promoting confidence within the industry for these delivery systems is highlighted. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Exposure history of the St-Robert (H5) fall. The agreement of exposure ages for St-Robert obtained in several different ways and the similarity of the depth profiles for C-14, Al-26, Be-10, and Ne-21 argue against a lengthy pre-exposure of St-Robert on the parent body and against a two-stage exposure after launch from the parent body. Following Morbidelli and Gladman (1998), we suggest that St-Robert was chipped from deep in its parent body, spent the next 7-8 Ma without undergoing a major collision, was nudged gradually into an orbital resonance with Jupiter, and then traveled quickly to Earth.The compositionally typical H5 chondrite St-Robert has an exposure age, 7.8 Ma, indistinguishable from that of the main cluster of H chondrites. Small values of the cosmogenic Ne-22/Ne-21 ratio in interior samples imply a pre-atmospheric radius on the order of 40 cm. Sample depths based on tracks and the production rates of Bhattacharya et al. (1973) range from 6 to similar to 40 cm and are generally larger than depths estimated from published Co-60 activities, perhaps because the track production rates adopted are too high. Depth profiles of the production rates of C-14, Cl-36, Al-26, Be-10, and Ne-21 in stony material show increases with depth and reach levels 5% to 15% higher than expected from modeling calculations. The maximum concentrations in St-Robert are, however, generally comparable to those measured for the L5 chondrite, Knyahinya, whose pre-atmospheric radius of similar to 45 cm is thought to lead to the maximum possible production rates in chondrites. We infer that the pre-atmospheric radius of St-Robert was within 5 cm of the value that supports maximum production rates (i.e., 45 +/- 5 cm). This radius corresponds to a pre-atmospheric mass of (1.3 +/- 0.4) x 10(3) kg.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Design and Analysis of Fast Image Encryption Algorithm based on Multiple Chaotic Systems in Real-time Security Car. This paper takes intelligent security car as the research background, aiming to find a image encryption algorithm to realize the car in the image secure transmission of wireless transmission network based on open protocols, with good safety and high real-time. this passage is based on the analysis of the existing encryption algorithms of traditional and new image, select the digital image encryption technology based on chaotic system, And put forward a Multiple chaotic image encryption method which is fit for this project, After analysis and test, the algorithm satisfies the requirements of safety and real-time.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "An approximate solution of the interaction between an edge dislocation and an inclusion of arbitrary shape. An approximate solution of the interaction force between an edge dislocation and an inclusion of arbitrary shape is derived, from which a set of succinct formulas for several special inclusion shapes are obtained. As compared with several classical solutions to special inclusion shapes, the present approximate solution has fairly good accuracy. (C) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "A health systems resilience research agenda: moving from concept to practice. Health system resilience, known as the ability for health systems to absorb, adapt or transform to maintain essential functions when stressed or shocked, has quickly gained popularity following shocks like COVID-19. The concept is relatively new in health policy and systems research and the existing research remains mostly theoretical. Research to date has viewed resilience as an outcome that can be measured through performance outcomes, as an ability of complex adaptive systems that is derived from dynamic behaviour and interactions, or as both. However, there is little congruence on the theory and the existing frameworks have not been widely used, which as diluted the research applications for health system resilience. A global group of health system researchers were convened in March 2021 to discuss and identify priorities for health system resilience research and implementation based on lessons from COVID-19 and other health emergencies. Five research priority areas were identified: (1) measuring and managing systems dynamic performance, (2) the linkages between societal resilience and health system resilience, (3) the effect of governance on the capacity for resilience, (4) creating legitimacy and (5) the influence of the private sector on health system resilience. A key to filling these research gaps will be longitudinal and comparative case studies that use cocreation and coproduction approaches that go beyond researchers to include policy-makers, practitioners and the public.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Innovation Adoption and Diffusion of Virtual Laboratories. Educational technology such as Virtual laboratories (VLs) are being perceived as sustainable solutions to growing concerns related to laboratory skill training i.e. delivering quality laboratory education to a large number of students due to shortage of infrastructure and access especially in developing nations. With these VLs being an innovation for engineering education, the study of its diffusion in higher educational institutions is critical for gauging its impact. This study examines the five variables of Rogers Diffusion of Innovations theory in determining how VLs have changed or modified users through its adoption. The involvement of early adopters participating through a program called Nodal centers and their innovation decision stages are addressed. The study also analyzed the change agents as the nodal centers for diffusing the innovation in teaching and learning processes. Virtual laboratory adoption by users (n=43600) over 30 months was surveyed and factors of diffusion were reported. Similar scoring in assessment factors suggested relative advantage, technology acceptance, intention of use and relevance of trialability were pertinent in users' perception of VLs. Social hubs among higher education institutions promoted early adoption through better engagement of students.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Scientific realism in action: Molecular models and Boltzmann's 'Bildtheorie'. This paper approaches the scientific realism question from a naturalistic perspective. On the basis of a historical case study of the work of James Clerk Maxwell and Ludwig Boltzmann on the kinetic theory of gases, it shows that scientists' views about the epistemological status of theories and models typically interact with their scientific results. Subsequently, the implications of this result for the current realism debate are analysed. The case study supports Giere's moderately realist view of scientific models and theories, based on the notion of similarity, and it highlights the crucial role of model users. The paper concludes with a discussion of Boltzmann's Bildtheorie, the sophisticated form of realism that he developed in response to the scientific problems of kinetic theory.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Micromechanical analysis of transversal strength of composite laminae. The paper presents analysis of several micromechanical models for estimating transversal strength of composite laminae and comparing theoretical results with the available experimental data. The tensile, compressive and shear transversal strengths are analyzed. For a load transversal to the fiber direction, micromechanical analysis becomes complicated due to stress concentration. In order to deal with it, an elasticity-based solution is used to obtain stress around single inclusion in infinite matrix. In addition, the finite element simulations are carried out to derive approximation functions for actual values of fiber volume fraction. For tensile transversal strength, the density of dilatational energy is assumed to be the dominant failure mechanism, while for the compressive transversal strength, the interface failure is modeled. Since the critical dilatational energy and interface strength are commonly unavailable in literature, average values are obtained based on the experimental data. Alternatively, a semi-empirical modification of Chamis model is also proposed. For transversal shear strength, the results indicate that the matrix shear strength provides a good approximation. It should be noted that closed-form expressions are obtained, resulting in simple and efficient implementation for engineering applications and design optimization. Results are compared with other micromechanical models and with 58 experimental data from the literature. In general, elasticity-based models and modified Chamis model present a considerable advancement in transversal strength estimation with the small average errors.", "label": [1, 11, 12]}
+{"token": "Beyond the Academy: Making the New Western History Matter in Local Communities. Since its emergence in the mid-1980s, the \\\\'new western history\\\\' has become a standard approach for interpreting the region's past and has influenced the practice of public history in important ways. This essay summarizes the concerns and assumptions of the new western historians and then assesses the impact of their scholarship on public history. Of particular concern is its effect on community museums in the West. Two case studies from museums in Colorado are presented. Finally, the author argues that the spirit of community engagement evinced by some of its leading practitioners has been an important, if less visible, impact of the new western history.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Adaptive learning in an asymmetric auction: genetic algorithm approach. Agent-based simulations are performed to study adaptive learning in the context of asymmetric first-price auctions. Non-linearity of the Nash equilibrium strategies is used to investigate the effect of task complexity on adaptive learning by varying the degree of approximation the agents can handle. In addition, learning in different information environments is explored. Social learning allows agents to imitate each other's bidding strategies based on their relative success. Under individual learning agents are limited to their own experience. We observe convergence to steady states near the predicted equilibrium in all cases. The ability to learn non-linear functions helps the agents with a non-linear equilibrium strategy but hurts the agents with an almost linear one. Better information about the opponent population has a relatively modest impact. A larger number of strategies to experiment with and an ability to systematically compare strategies by holding a number of factors constant have a comparatively stronger beneficial effect.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Asymmetric awareness and moral hazard. This paper introduces asymmetric awareness into the classical principal-agent model and discusses the optimal contract between a fully aware principal and an unaware agent. The principal enlarges the agent's awareness strategically when proposing a contract and faces a tradeoff between participation and incentives. Leaving the agent unaware allows the principal to exploit the agent's incomplete understanding of the world, relaxing the participation constraint, while making the agent aware enables the principal to use the revealed contingencies as signals about the agent's action choice, relaxing the incentive constraint. The optimal contract reveals contingencies that have low probability but are highly informative about the agent's effort. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Preparation of synthetic rutile from pre-treated ilmenite/Ti-rich slag with phenol and resorcinol leaching solutions. The effect of phenol and resorcinol on hydrochloric acid leaching of Ti-rich slag is investigated. The leaching rate is exponentially proportional to acid and phenol concentrations. Any metal-phenol complexes decomposed by chloride ions should considerably increase the leaching rate by playing a role of active transport. Furthermore, phenols are expected to have a synergistic effect on the hydrochloric acid leaching of metal oxides. The additives such as methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol and ethylene glycol improve the leaching efficiency in a chloride medium. It is observed that resorcinol with ethylene glycol acts as a better additive in the leaching of Ti-rich slag. The results will have significant impact on the production of upgraded feed stock (Synthetic Rutile) from Ti-rich slag. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "A Two-Stage Operand Trimming Approximate Logarithmic Multiplier. We present an approximate logarithmic multiplier with two-stage operand trimming, which prioritises area and energy consumption while retains acceptable accuracy. The multiplier trims the least significant parts of input operands in the first stage and the mantissas of the obtained operands' approximations in the second stage. We evaluated the multiplier's efficiency in terms of error, energy, and area utilisation using NanGate 45nm. The experimental results show that the proposed multiplier exhibits smaller area utilisation and energy consumption than the state-of-the-art designs and that it behaves well in image processing and image classification with convolutional neural networks.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "To a better understanding of silver and mercury fulminates thermochemistry. In the present work are calculated, for the first time, the lattice energies (kJmol(-1)) for mercury and silver fulminates (by using the Glasser-Jenkins equations): Hg(CNO)(2) = 1399.1, Ag(CNO), orthorhombic = 389.5 and Ag (CNO), rhombohedral = 305.1 (assuming the following charges: Hg: +2, Ag: +1 and CNO:-1). By using SE-PM6 molecular modelling, the \\\\'real \\\\' charges were calculated, and the \\\\'corrected \\\\' U-POT values (kJmol(-1)) are: Hg (CNO)(2) = 777.0, Ag(CNO), orthorhombic = 107.2 and Ag(CNO), rhombohedral = 83.97. By using absolute chemical hardness values, the specific impulse (I-s) values are 217.05 s and 178.41 s, for Hg(CNO)(2) and Ag(CNO), respectively. The following empirical equation was derived: D = 10 I-s n (where D is the detonation velocity (ms(-1), Is is the specific impulse and n is the number of CNO- per formulae). The gas phase explosion enthalpies (kJmol(-1)) are: Hg(CNO)(2) =-420.6 and Ag(CNO) =-164.4. The sublimation enthalpy for mercury fulminate was calculated as 51.9 kJmol(-1). Others relationship between thermochemical data to mercury and silver fulminates were also established.", "label": [4, 33, 32]}
+{"token": "THE EFFECT OF STAY IN A MATERNITY WAITING HOME ON PERINATAL-MORTALITY IN RURAL ZIMBABWE. A hospital-based cohort study was carried out in a district hospital in Zimbabwe to evaluate the effect of a maternity waiting home on perinatal mortality. Information on antenatal risk factors, use of antenatal care, access to the hospital and stage of labour on arrival was collected for each woman delivering at the hospital during the period 1989-1991 (n=6438). Women who stayed in the maternity waiting home had a lower risk of perinatal death compared to women who came directly from home to the hospital during labour. The crude relative risk of perinatal death for the women coming from home was 1.7 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1-2.6; P<0.05). After adjusting for the effect of potential confounding variables, the relative risk decreased to 1.5 (95% CI 0.95-2.5; P=0.07). However, when the analysis was restricted to women with antenatal risk factors there was a significant 50% reduction in the risk of perinatal death for the women who stayed at the maternity waiting home compared to women who came from home during labour (adjusted relative risk 1.9; 95% CI 1.1-3.4; P<0.05). The use of maternity waiting homes has the potential to reduce perinatal mortality in rural areas with low geographic access to hospitals and merits further evaluation.", "label": [2, 21, 23]}
+{"token": "Economic Analysis of Integrated Ground Source Heat Pumps on a Shared Ground Loop. An integrated geothermal system in which heat pumps for air conditioning and hot water both share the same ground loop was proposed in our previous study. Although this system produced electricity savings of 15% compared to a conventional system in which the two heat pumps operated on their own ground loop, practical requirements regarding further lowering the operation cost of the integrated geothermal system and the possibility of the energy savings being low during winter initiated further investigation into potential energy conservation measures at no initial cost increase, if possible. Outdoor reset control for hot water supply and sequential heat pump operation, both of which could be included at no extra cost, were subsequently targeted as potential measures for greater electricity savings and economic feasibility. When these measures were incorporated into the integrated geothermal system, electricity savings of approximately 25% during the heating season compared to the conventional system were predicted. Eventually it led to annual electricity savings of about 25% compared to the conventional system, which is up to 9.6 million South Korean won a year at today's rates. Additionally, it reached the break-even point earlier than one year after installation.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Genome-wide association studies and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing identify regulatory variants influencing eyebrow thickness in humans. Hair plays an important role in primates and is clearly subject to adaptive selection. While humans have lost most facial hair, eyebrows are a notable exception. Eyebrow thickness is heritable and widely believed to be subject to sexual selection. Nevertheless, few genomic studies have explored its genetic basis. Here, we performed a genome-wide scan for eyebrow thickness in 2961 Han Chinese. We identified two new loci of genome-wide significance, at 3q26.33 near SOX2 (rs1345417: P = 6.51x10(-10)) and at 5q13.2 near FOXD1 (rs12651896: P = 1.73x10(-8)). We further replicated our findings in the Uyghurs, a population from China characterized by East Asian-European admixture (N = 721), the CANDELA cohort from five Latin American countries (N = 2301), and the Rotterdam Study cohort of Dutch Europeans (N = 4411). A meta-analysis combining the full GWAS results from the three cohorts of full or partial Asian descent (Han Chinese, Uyghur and Latin Americans, N = 5983) highlighted a third signal of genome-wide significance at 2q12.3 (rs1866188: P = 5.81x10(-11)) near EDAR. We performed fine-mapping and prioritized four variants for further experimental verification. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing provided evidence that rs1345417 and rs12651896 affect the transcriptional activity of the nearby SOX2 and FOXD1 genes, which are both involved in hair development. Finally, suitable statistical analyses revealed that none of the associated variants showed clear signals of selection in any of the populations tested. Contrary to popular speculation, we found no evidence that eyebrow thickness is subject to strong selective pressure.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Adenovirus vector-infected cells can escape adenovirus antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte killing in vivo. The recent findings that prolonged expression of certain adenovirus (Ad) vector-encoded proteins, including human alpha(1)-antitrypsin (huAAT), mouse erythropoietin (EPO), and human factor IX, can be achieved in animals that do not mount an immune response to the reporter protein were obtained with mouse strains which have been shown to be capable of mounting a cellular immune response against Ad vector antigens, This suggests either that Ad vectors expressing nonimmunogenic transgenes fail to elicit a cellular immune response or that an Ad-specific cellular immune response does develop but is ineffective against cells expressing nonimmunogenic transgenes, Here we demonstrate that an Ad vector expressing huAAT administered by intravenous injection does stimulate an Ad-specific cellular immune response but that this response fails to abolish vector-directed gene expression in vivo, Moreover, expression of huAAT remained stable in animals stimulated by concurrent and multiple administrations of different Ad vectors or viruses, We also demonstrate prolonged expression of huAAT in CD1 mice transgenic for the huAAT gene, indicating that long-term expression is not restricted to C57BL/6 mice, These results demonstrate that under some circumstances, an Ad vector can direct prolonged expression of a nonimmunogenic transgene despite the presence of a robust Ad-specific cellular immune response.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Pollen productivity estimates strongly depend on assumed pollen dispersal. Past plant abundance may be reconstructed from pollen data if dispersal distances of pollen and pollen productivities of each taxon are known. Using surface sediment samples from small and medium sized, closed and near circular lakes from lowland Central Europe, we tested the validity of three pollen dispersal models by comparing empirical pollen data from each lake with simulated pollen data derived from applying various pollen dispersal models to vegetation data from rings situated up to 100 km from each site. Pollen assemblages simulated with a Lagrangian stochastic (LS) model best fit real pollen assemblages, simulations with the commonly used Prentice model on pollen dispersal underestimated the amount of pollen arriving from distances larger than 10 km and overestimated the differences in dispersal distances between lighter (Pinus) and heavier (Fagus, Picea) pollen grains. The LS model appeared to provide more appropriate simulations. Pollen productivity estimates (PPEs) calculated for the data set showed that the choice of the dispersal model has great impact on the results. If derived with the Prentice model, PPEs for Fagus and Picea are three times higher than with the LS model. Studies on pollen productivities thus need to consider the apparent limitations of the Prentice model. We suggest an alternative approach, which uses simulations instead of the extended R-value model, to calculate PPEs. The approach is flexible in the use of dispersal functions and produced consistent results for two independent data sets from small and medium sized lakes.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "An association between the Antarctic mite Alaskozetes antarcticus and an entomophthoralean fungus of the genus Neozygites. A fungal pathogen provisionally identified as Neozygites cf. acaridis has recently been isolated from the Antarctic oribatid mite Alaskozetes antarcticus. The identification of the fungus is discussed with reference to recent changes in the taxonomy of Neozygites. The potential role of the fungus in the Antarctic mite populations is considered in relation to the known mite life cycles, and the particular environmental conditions in the Antarctic.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Green synthesis of near-infrared absorbing eugenate capped iron oxide nanoparticles for photothermal application. Nanomaterials exhibit different interesting physical, chemical, electronic and magnetic properties that can be used in a variety of biomedical applications such as molecular imaging, cancer therapy, biosensing, and targeted drug delivery. Among various types of nanoparticles, super paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) have emerged as exogenous contrast agents for in vitro and in vivo deep tissue imaging. Here, we propose a facile, rapid, non-toxic, and cost-effective single step green synthesis method to fabricate eugenate (4-allyl-2-methoxyphenolate) capped iron oxide nanoparticles (E-capped IONPs). The magnetic E-capped IONPs are first time synthesized using a medicinal aromatic plant, Pimenta dioica. The Pimenta dioica leaf extract was used as a natural reducing agent for E-capped IONPs synthesis. The crystalline structure and size of the synthesized spherical nanoparticles were confirmed using the x-ray diffraction and electron microscopic images respectively. In addition, the presence of the functional groups, responsible for capping and stabilizing the synthesized nanoparticles, were identified by the Fourier transform infra-red spectrum. These nanoparticles were found to be safe for human cervical cancer (HeLa) and human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK 293) cell lines and their safety was established using MTT[3-(4, 5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide] assay. These green synthesized E-capped IONPs display a distinct absorbance in the tissue transparent near-infrared (NIR) wavelength region. This property was used for the NIR photothermal application of E-capped IONPs. The results suggest that these E-capped IONPs could be used for deep tissue photothermal therapy along with its application as an exogenous contrast agent in biomedical imaging.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 32, 11]}
+{"token": "Shopping value, trust, and online shopping well-being: a duality approach. Purpose Based on a duality approach, this study examines the path from utilitarian value via cognitive trust versus hedonic value via affective trust in online shopping well-being. This study also explores the moderating role of extraversion in the relationships between shopping value and trust. Design/methodology/approach A data set collected from 648 online consumers in Vietnam was used to validate the measures employing confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and to test the hypotheses using structural equation modelling (SEM). Findings The results show that online shopping well-being is determined hedonically and affectively rather than in an utilitarian manner and cognitively. Affective trust positively contributes to online shopping well-being, but cognitive trust does not. The dual-process associations between utilitarian shopping value and cognitive trust and between hedonic shopping value and cognitive trust were also confirmed. Finally, extraversion moderates the cognitive and affective associations between shopping values and trust. Originality/value This study contributes to the literature on online shopping by applying a dual perspective to confirm the role of hedonic shopping value and affective trust in positively determining online shopping well-being. As a result, this study provides a deeper understanding about if and why online shopping well-being is affect-based, instead of cognition-based.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "Improving the Speed of Parallel Decimal Multiplication. Hardware support for decimal computer arithmetic is regaining popularity. One reason is the recent growth of decimal computations in commercial, scientific, financial, and Internet-based computer applications. Newly commercialized decimal arithmetic hardware units use radix-10 sequential multipliers that are rather slow for multiplication-intensive applications. Therefore, the future relevant processors are likely to host fast parallel decimal multiplication circuits. The corresponding hardware algorithms are normally composed of three steps: partial product generation (PPG), partial product reduction (PPR), and final carry-propagating addition. The state of the art is represented by two recent full solutions with alternative designs for all the three aforementioned steps. In addition, PPR by itself has been the focus of other recent studies. In this paper, we examine both of the full solutions and the impact of a PPR-only design on the appropriate one. In order to improve the speed of parallel decimal multiplication, we present a new PPG method, fine-tune the PPR method of one of the full solutions and the final addition scheme of the other; thus, assembling a new full solution. Logical Effort analysis and 0.13 mu m synthesis show at least 13 percent speed advantage, but at a cost of at most 36 percent additional area consumption.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 37]}
+{"token": "An Ultrasound Method of Characterization of the Mechanical Properties of Time-Variant Media Based on the Measurement of Reflection Coefficients Under Oblique Incidences: Application to the Setting of Cement. An ultrasonic method for monitoring the mechanical characteristics of a pasty medium and its evolution to a gel or a solid state is proposed. The method is based on the measurement, in a reference medium (indice 1), of the reflection coefficients of an ultrasonic wave on a plane interface with the studied medium (indice 2) under at least three incidence angles. From these measurements, the equations that describe this reflection allow to look for the solutions that provide the velocities of both the longitudinal and the transversal waves, and the density of the studied medium. Due to experimental inaccuracies, the equation system has to be transformed into an inequation one by introducing an uncertainty interval in the measurement of the reflection coefficient, in order to get a solution. The inequation system is solved thanks to a graphical derived method. The method is evaluated by following the reflection coefficients in a fresh cement paste in order to determine the setting time. The cement density being known or measured by another method, the wave velocities during the setting are determined by the measurement of only 2 reflection coefficients. It appears that the setting period might also be determined in the case the density is not precisely known.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Bridging the Gap: Including Patient Voices in Short-Term Medical Mission Evaluations. Methods: A mixed method, cross-sectional survey was created which consisted of 11 questions and a medication quiz. The survey questions were based on items used in prior surveys, as well as the participant responses to those surveys, and attempted to address perceived efficiency, quality, value, and effectiveness of services provided, as well as the impact on the community.Background: Several studies have evaluated short term medical missions (STMM), but most have been from the perspective of the STMM teams providing their own suggestions [1]; few surveys have assessed the perceptions of patients who seek medical care at these STMM clinics [2].Objectives: This project evaluates the efficiency, quality, and value of the services provided by a STMM clinic established in the community of Paraiso in Santo Domingo Norte, Dominican Republic, as perceived by the patients. Study results will allow organizers to make improvements to these clinics and will contribute to a broader understanding of the benefit and value of medical services provided by STMMs.Conclusions: This study brings to light patient perceptions of services at a STMM in the community of Paraiso in Santo Domingo Norte, Dominican Republic. Survey responses highlight the importance of efforts to: minimize clinic wait time; enhance collaboration between local providers and STMMs to reduce deferral of care; and improve medication knowledge among the geriatric population.Findings: Two-hundred sixty-six patients were invited to complete the survey, and 117 (44%) were enrolled in the study. The majority of survey responses were positive and highlighted patients' satisfaction with provider skills and communication. Of note, many responses identified longer than anticipated wait times during two portions of the patient encounter and self-reported deferral of local care to receive care with the STMM. Additionally, although average medication quiz scores were high, average scores decreased with age.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Breakdown sequence in SF6 at pressures up to 8 bar in a geometry representative of a circuit-breaker. Breakdown sequence in SF6 of an electrode arrangement which represents the contacts of a circuit-breaker is investigated at pressures up to 8 bar under positive impulse voltages. The Schlieren frames point out the role played by the cathode as a source emitting electrons by field effect emission. Photomultiplier records demonstrated, at P-d = 2 bar, that the discharge's formative time strongly decreases: from 1 mus at pressure lower than P-d, down to 150 ns at pressure higher than P-d. A change in the discharge regime is associated with this transition. An experimental investigation, using photomultipliers and Schlieren devices, allows us to describe both breakdown sequences. At low pressures, there is a critical volume at the anode. Nevertheless, it is a negative discharge which is responsible for the breakdown although the geometrical electrical field at the cathode boundary is about 60 kV cm(-1). At high pressures, there is no critical volume. However, a positive discharge develops across the gap. Physical considerations taking into account the electron energy are proposed to explain the mechanisms involved in both types of discharge.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Enhancing Recombinant Protein Yields in the E. coli Periplasm by Combining Signal Peptide and Production Rate Screening. Proteins that contain disulfide bonds mainly mature in the oxidative environment of the eukaryotic endoplasmic reticulum or the periplasm of Gram-negative bacteria. In E. coli, disulfide bond containing recombinant proteins are often targeted to the periplasm by an N -terminal signal peptide that is removed once it passes through the Sectranslocon in the cytoplasmic membrane. Despite their conserved targeting function, signal peptides can impact recombinant protein production yields in the periplasm, as can the production rate. Here, we present a combined screen involving different signal peptides and varying production rates that enabled the identification of more optimal conditions for periplasmic production of recombinant proteins with disulfide bonds. The data was generated from two targets, a single chain antibody fragment (BL1) and human growth hormone (hGH), with four different signal peptides and a titratable rhamnose promoter-based system that enables the tuning of protein production rates. Across the screen conditions, the yields for both targets significantly varied, and the optimal signal peptide and rhamnose concentration differed for each protein. Under the optimal conditions, the periplasmic BL1 and hGH were properly folded and active. Our study underpins the importance of combinatorial screening approaches for addressing the requirements associated with the production of a recombinant protein in the periplasm.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "OPTIMISATION OF ALKALI EXTRACTION OF PALM KERNEL CAKE PROTEIN. Palm kernel cake (PKC) is commonly used in animal feed, particularly as ruminant feed to supply protein and energy. There is little information on the properties of protein concentrate produced from the PKC which constitute 14%-17% of the meal. Protein concentrates can be produced from PKC using alkali extraction, where PKC is extracted with an alkali solution and followed by precipitation at the isoelectric point. Thus, this study examined the effects of extraction using several extractants at different conditions; meal ratio of 0.5:50-3.0:50 g ml(-1), concentration of 0.1-1.0 M, pH 1-12, temperature of 30 degrees C-80 degrees C and time duration of 30-180 min. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) was found to be the most suitable alkali for protein extraction. Optimum conditions for protein extraction were obtained at 1.0 M NaOH concentration, 50 degrees C temperature, meal to solvent ratio of 2:50 (g ml(-1)), pH 12 and 120 min. The extracted protein was isolated by isoelectric precipitation at pH 3.5 using 1.0 M hydrochloric acid (HCl). The percentage of protein recovery was 80%-86%. Protein content in the recovery ranged from 45%-50%. Analysis by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) showed that arginine, glutamic acid, phenylalanine and leucine were the most abundant amino acids in the concentrates.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Multifractal Approaches of the Ring Tensile Rupture Patterns of Dried Laver (Porphyra) as Affected by the Relative Humidity. The effect of water activity (a(w)) or the relative humidity (RH) on the tensile rupture properties of dried laver (DL) associated with structures formed with phycocolloids was investigated. The morphological characteristics of tensile ruptured DL samples at various relative humidities were evaluated by multifractal analysis. The RH of the microclimate was controlled from 10% to 90% at 25 degrees C using supersaturated salt solutions. The sorption isotherm of DL was experimentally obtained and quantitatively analyzed using mathematical models. The monolayer moisture contents from the Guggenheim-Anderson-de Boer (GAB) model was 5.92% (w.b.). An increase in the RH resulted in increasing ring tensile stress and maintaining constant ring tensile strain up to 58% to 75% RH, whereas the ring tensile stress and the ring tensile strain rapidly decreased and increased, respectively, when the RH was higher than 75%. The general fractal dimensions and the multifractal spectra f() manifested that the patterns of the lowest and the highest moisture content of dried laver showed high irregularity. The different multifractal parameters obtained from the DL at various RHs well-represented the transient moment of the structures from the monolayer moisture to texture changes associated with RH. Overall, the ring tensile test and the multifractal analysis were useful tools to analyze the change of crispness of DL from its structural characteristics. In addition, the results of this study revealed that the integration and disintegration properties of DL occurred through the networks of phycocolloids at various moisture contents.Practical ApplicationTexture properties are the most important quality attributes for commercial dried laver (DL) products. The relative humidity influences the texture properties of DL during production, storage, shipping, and consuming. This study well characterized the effect of the relative humidity on the texture properties of DL using the tensile tests under microclimate conditions. This information is very practical and can be immediately applied to control the relative humidity of the packaging and the storage room for DL.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Polls and Elections Understanding Persuasion and Activation in Presidential Campaigns: The Random Walk and Mean Reversion Models. Political campaigns are commonly understood as random walks, during which, at any point in time, the level of support for any party or candidate is equally likely to go up or down. Each shift in the polls is then interpreted as the result of some combination of news and campaign strategies. A completely different story of campaigns is the mean reversion model in which the elections are determined by fundamental factors of the economy and partisanship; the role of the campaign is to give voters a chance to reach their predetermined positions. Using a new approach to analyze individual level poll data from recent presidential elections, we find that the fundamentals predict vote intention increasingly well as campaigns progress, which is consistent with the mean reversion model, at least at the time scale of months. We discuss the relevance of this finding to the literature on persuasion and activation effects.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "HOW DO EXCAVATED MANUSCRIPTS AND TRANSMITTED CANONS AND COMMENTARIES SHED LIGHT ON EACH OTHER? AN OUTLOOK FROM MATHEMATICS. Before the mathematical manuscript titled Writings on Mathematical Procedures (Suanshu shu (SIC)) was found at Zhangjiashan, historians of mathematics could trace mathematics in early imperial China only on the basis of the received canonical literature, notably The Nine Chapters on Mathematical Procedures (Jiuzhang suanshu (SIC)). After the Zhangjiashan and other mathematical manuscripts were found, they were mainly compared with The Nine Chapters, in the belief that these were all early imperial mathematical works and therefore adequate objects of comparison. As such, The Nine Chapters was transmitted with layers of commentaries and subcommentaries. This article argues that Writings on Mathematical Procedures presents important parallels with the commentarial literature on The Nine Chapters. This sheds light on how such exegeses were composed. The article further demonstrates that examination of these commentaries and subcommentaries allows us to perceive parallels between Writings on Mathematical Procedures and The Nine Chapters that to date have not been considered.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Spatial organization and activity patterns of the masked palm civet (Paguma larvata) in central-south China. Movement and activity patterns are important components of life history, being central to resource acquisition and defense, mating behavior, and individual survival and fitness. Here, we present results from the 1st systematic radiotracking study of the masked palm civet (Paguma larvata), a widespread viverrid found in subtropical and tropical forests of Asia. From June 2004 to November 2007, we radiotracked 12 masked palm civets (5 males and 7 females) in central-south China. Mean individual home-range size based on 95% minimum convex polygons was 192.6 ha +/- 42.6 SE (range = 64-451 ha). Although males had larger mean home-range sizes than females (276.8 and 136.5 ha, respectively), these differences were not statistically significant. Males also exhibited greater daily movement distances and extents than females, but we found no evidence of sexual dimorphism in body size. Masked palm civets were predominantly nocturnal, but were active intermittently during the day. No significant seasonal (monthly) differences in daily activity patterns were apparent. We did, however, observe reduced hours of activity-but not continuous inactivity-during winter; consequently, we concluded that our study animals did not hibernate or semihibernate. We speculate that our observations of home-range overlap among individuals may indicate group living in the masked palm civet.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "An assay for Staphylococcus aureus based on a self-catalytic ampicillin-metal (Fe3+)-organic gels-H2O2 chemiluminescence system with near-zero background noise. A self-catalytic ampicillin-metal (Fe3+)-organic gels (AMP-MOGs (Fe))-H2O2 CL system, which is not influenced by transition metal ions, was studied. A method for CL detection of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) based on the AMP-MOGs (Fe)-H2O2 CL system was achieved. A superior detection limit of 31 CFU mL(-1) toward S. aureus was obtained with near-zero background noise.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Psychiatric comorbidity and acculturation stress among Puerto Rican substance abusers. Methods: This study compares the prevalence and patterns of psychiatric comorbidity among Puerto Ricans with substance use disorders living in San Juan (Puerto Rico) to those who have migrated to New Haven (Connecticut) and examines the association between acculturation-related stress and the prevalence and patterns of psychiatric comorbidity among those who have migrated to New Haven.Conclusions: The overall prevalence and patterns of psychiatric comorbidity are remarkably similar among Puerto Rican substance abusers whether they live in San Juan or have migrated to New Haven, thereby demonstrating robustness to differences in geographic location. Nevertheless, the degree of acculturation-related family stress is positively associated with co-occurring substance and psychiatric disorders, particularly affective disorders. Intervention in family strain related to the acculturation process may diminish the development of comorbid mental disorders and assist in implementing successful treatment of substance abuse.Background: Although acculturation to the United States has been associated with an increase in substance, mood, and anxiety disorders in Latino populations, few studies have examined this concept relative to comorbidity among these syndromes.Results: Lifetime levels of nearly all comorbid psychiatric disorders among respondents with substance use disorders were generally similar across sites. However, the risk of any co-occurring psychiatric disorder was higher among substance use disorder cases in New Haven who reported high levels of total acculturation stress and family-specific acculturation stress. These findings were generally accounted for by associations between affective disorders and high scores on these indicators of acculturation stress.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "An 'Eco-friendly' all aqueous sol gel process for multi functional ultrafiltration membrane on porous tubular alumina substrate. An all aqueous sol gel process for developing photoactive titania ultrafiltration membranes on tubular macroporous commercial alumina substrate is presented. The precursor for titania was titanylsulfate and a multilayer approach was adopted for developing the membrane on substrates with average pore sizes of 1.4 mu m. Substrate pore size was systematically reduced by an initial alumina slurry coating followed by a boehmite sol coating and finally a titania nano sol coating. The alumina suspension had an average particle size of 350 nm, boehmite sol, a particle size of 147 nm and the titania sol, 27 nm. After calcinations, the phase composition of the interlayer was a-alumina, that of boehmite layer was gamma-alumina and the ultrafiltration top titania layer consisted of a mixture of anatase, rutile and brookite. The membranes were photoactive as observed from methylene blue degradation studies. Pore size reduction occurred from 1.4 mu m to <100 nm by the multilayer coating. Highly uniform membrane layers on multichannel tubes of length 20 cm have been demonstrated. The presented method is an all aqueous process and no organic solvent was required for any step in the coating procedure. These membranes have a retention efficiency of 98% for similar to 11 nm sized bovine serum albumin (BSA). (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 33]}
+{"token": "More Than a Feeling': Finding Statutory Unconscionable Conduct. Finding statutory unconscionable conduct does not depend on finding \\\\'moral obloquy\\\\'. Nor does it involve personal intuition. Instead, finding statutory unconscionable conduct requires a disciplined evaluation of the impugned conduct against the normative standard enshrined in the Australian Consumer Law. In short, it requires the application of two separate but overlapping steps: identifying the relevant normative standard; and measuring the impugned conduct against that standard.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Determinants of innovation capacity: Empirical evidence from services firms. This research aims to analyze the degree of importance of investment and expenditure on innovation activities for innovation capacity, in the scope of Portuguese services firms. The literature review considers three main approaches regarding service innovation: Assimilation, demarcation and synthesis. A conceptual model was proposed and several research hypotheses were empirically tested using secondary data, belonging to the 4th CIS 4, supervised by EUROSTAT. A data set from 1306 services firms was studied. The method used was the logistic regression model. According to the results obtained, the greater the financial investment in acquisition of machinery, equipment and software, in internal research and development, in acquisition of external knowledge, in marketing activities and other procedures, the greater the propensity for firms to innovate in terms of services. This study highlights the contributions that innovation activities can provide in what regards the development of innovation process, giving special emphasis to their service innovation.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "HOW I LEARNED TO STOP WORRYING AND LOVE THE INVERTED SPECTRUM. It is possible for a person and their environment to be physically identical each day and yet the representational content of their beliefs about color are inverted. Each day they utter the same words, 'Wow! The colors of everything have switched again today.' In uttering these words, they express a different proposition each day. This supports the view held by Reichenbach and Carnap that when it comes to representations of colored objects, relations of similarity and difference are fundamental. There are no such things as colors like 'redness' and 'greenness' apart from the particular things we call red and green.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "The epidemiology of syphilis in pregnancy. This study evaluated the magnitude, risk factors and outcomes of syphilis in pregnancy in a large cohort of women in four countries participating in the World Health Organization (WHO) antenatal care trial. All women attending the first prenatal care at each selected clinic were enrolled. Screening at the first antenatal visit was routinely performed with either rapid plasma reagin or Venereal Disease Research Laboratory and confirmed by fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption. All women also had the same syphilis tests after delivery. The initial prevalence, the incidence during pregnancy and the overall prevalence of syphilis at delivery were 0.9%, 0.4% and 1.3% respectively. Risk factors for syphilis during pregnancy were younger age for the incidence and older age and a history of stillbirth for the prevalence. Women with syphilis during pregnancy had significantly more adverse outcomes. We support the recommendation that in addition to the initial testing, a second routine test for syphilis ought to be established early in the third trimester even in low prevalence areas.", "label": [2, 17, 24]}
+{"token": "Museums as supportive workplaces: an empirical enquiry in the UK museum workforce. Museums' vibrancy and viability are heavily dependent on supporting the development and well-being of talented and dedicated people. Although issues of organisational culture and good management have gained increasing importance for the sector, there is little empirical research on how leadership and day-to-day work conditions in museums shape workers' job satisfaction and organisational commitment. Framed through organisation theory, this paper draws on survey data from UK museum staff and volunteers to examine the role of transformational leadership in driving workforce job satisfaction and organisational commitment outcomes, as mediated by key job resources and demands. Our findings show that where a transformational approach to leadership effectively communicates a shared organisational mission there is a positive impact on worker attitudes. Practical measures are suggested on how museum leaders can achieve such outcomes by inviting worker participation in decision-making, promoting a sense of task significance, highlighting impact on museum beneficiaries and reducing role ambiguity.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Japanese educational culture in times of the COVID-19 pandemic. National culture determines educational culture. The educational culture characteristics of each country will be demonstrated through the awareness of education, the way the educational apparatus is organized, and the way that education deals with the crisis in the context of the COVID-19 epidemic on a global scale. The study uses structural functionalism theory to systematize the elements in educational culture and analyzes these elements in symmetrical pairs to outline the Japanese educational culture during the COVID-19 pandemic from the beginning of the year 2020 until now. In addition, from the view of the specific Japanese educational culture, the study also uses Hofstede's cultural dimension theory to analyze pandemic response policy.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Prostatic acid phosphatase degrades lysophosphatidic acid in seminal plasma. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a lipid mediator with multiple biological activities and is detected in various biological fluids, including human seminal plasma. Due to its cell proliferation stimulatory and anti-apoptotic activities, LPA has been implicated in the progression of some cancers such as ovarian cancer and prostate cancer. Here, we show that prostatic acid phosphatase, which is a non-specific phosphatase and which has been implicated in the progression of prostate cancer, inactivates LPA in human seminal plasma. Human seminal plasma contains both an LPA-synthetic enzyme, lysoPLD, which converts lysophospholipids to LPA and is responsible for LPA production in serum, and its major substrate, lysophosphatidylcholine. In serum, LPA accumulated during incubation at 37 degreesC. However, in seminal plasma, LPA did not accumulate. This discrepancy is explained by the presence of a strong LPA-degrading activity. Incubation of LPA with seminal plasma resulted in the disappearance of LPA and an accompanying accumulation of monoglyceride showing that LPA is degraded by phosphatase activity present in the seminal plasma. When seminal plasma was incubated in the presence of a phosphatase inhibitor, sodium orthovanadate, LPA accumulated, indicating that LPA is produced and degraded in the fluid. Biochemical characterization of the LPA-phosphatase activity identified two phosphatase activities in human seminal plasma. By Western blotting analysis in combination with several column chromatographies, the major activity was revealed to be identical to prostatic acid phosphatase. The present study demonstrates active LPA metabolism in seminal plasma and indicates the possible role of LPA signaling in male sexual organs including prostate cancer. (C) 2004 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of the Federation of European Biochemical Societies.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Fat dynamics and development of body condition indices for harvested populations of wolverine Gulo gulo. Sufficient energy reserves are crucial to the overwinter survival of northern non-hibernating mustelids. We sought a reliable index of body condition (fatness) in harvested populations of wolverine Gulo gulo, based on the relationship between fatness and the mass of distinct fat depots extractable by necropsy. Fatness did not differ significantly between genders or winter months, nor was it significantly related to body size or age. Using a first group of 18 males and 14 females, we developed predictive least-square linear regressions between fat depots (popliteal, sternal, omentum, mesenteric and perirenal) and fatness (g fat/100 g body mass) using skinned carcasses provided by fur trappers in the Yukon, Canada. Fatness was consistently better predicted in females than in males. Fatness was best predicted by the sternal fat depot (R-2=0.73) in males and by the omentum as well as sternal fat depots in females (R-2=0.94 and 0.87, respectively). We then compared known fatness and fatness predicted from regressions of the sternal fat depot using a second group of 14 males and nine females, and mean fatness did not differ significantly. We suggest that, due to its ease of extraction and predictive power, the sternal fat depot is a valid fat index with both sexes of wolverine, although it (or any other fat depot) should be used with caution with males, which seem more prone to obesity. This new index will help wildlife managers monitor changes in body condition of wolverines in response to changes in environmental conditions.", "label": [4, 34, 43]}
+{"token": "Terpenes on Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus: Acaricidal activity and acetylcholinesterase inhibition. The Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus tick is the main ectoparasite of cattle in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. Resistance to chemical acaricides has become widespread affirming the need for new drugs to tick control. Terpenes have become a promising alternative for cattle tick control, however the mechanism of action of these compounds is still controversial. Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is a well established mechanism of action of organophosphate and carbamate acaricides, but the possible action of terpenes on tick AChEs has seldom been studied in resistant and sensitive strains of R. (B.) microplus. The aim of the present study was to evaluate terpene inhibition of AChE from resistant and sensitive strains of R. (B.) microplus in correlation with their acaricidal activity. Among the terpenes used in the present study, p-cymene, thymol, carvacrol, and citral displayed acaricidal activity with LC50 of 1.75, 1.54, 1.41, and 0.38 mg.mL(-1) for the susceptible strain, and LC50 of 1.40, 1.81, 1.10, and 1.13 mg.mL(-1) for the resistant strain. Thymol and carvacrol inhibited the AChE of the susceptible strain larvae with IC50 of 0.93 and 0.04 mg.mL(-1), respectively. The IC50 exhibited by eucalyptol, carvacrol and thymol for AChE of the resistant strain larvae were 0.36, 0.28, and 0.13 mg.mL(-1), respectively. This was the first study to investigate the action of terpenes on AChE from susceptible and resistant R. (B.) microplus. As not all terpenes with acaridical activity showed AChE inhibition, the participation of AChE in the acaricidal activity of terpenes needs further investigation.", "label": [2, 0, 17, 10]}
+{"token": "Possible Association between Serotonin Transporter Gene Polymorphism and Suicide Behavior in Major Depressive Disorder. Methods Serotonin transporter intron 2 VNTR polymorphism (5-HTTVNTR) and serotonin transporter linked polymorphic region polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) were analyzed in 132 depressed patients with suicidal attempt as well. as in 122 normal controls. Hamiltoris 17-item Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), the Risk-Rescue rating system (RRR) and the Lethality Suicide Attempt Rating Scale updated (LSARS-II) were assessed for the depressed patients.Conclusion These results show the possibility that 10 allele of 5-HTTVNTR is related to suicidal behavior in the suicidal subjects with MDD and suggest that 12 allele of 5-HTTVNTR might be related to more lethality in the suicidal subjects with MDD.Results Although not statistically significant, a trend was found such that the 10/10 and 10/12 alleles of 5-HTTVNTR were more common in suicidal subjects than in control subjects. Comparing allele frequency, those with a 10 allele or 10 allele carriers were higher in suicidal subjects than in control subjects. No difference was noted in 5-HTTLPR genotypes and haplotype distribution between the suicidal subjects and control subjects. The RRR scores in subjects with the 10/10 5-HTTVNTR genotype or 10 5-HTTVNTR allele were significantly lower than those in subjects with other genotypes.Objective The serotonin transporter (5-HTT) genes are major candidate genes for modulating the suicidal behavior. We investigated the association between serotonin transporter polymorphisms and suicidal behavior in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD).", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Daily patterns and duration of wolf activity in the Bialowieza Forest, Poland. We studied the influence of human activity, hunting of prey by wolves, reproduction, and weather conditions on daily patterns and duration of activity of 11 radiotracked wolves (Canis lupus) in the Bialowieza Forest (Poland) from 1994 to 1999. On average, wolves were active 45.2% +/- 0.9 SE of the time and traveled 0.92 +/- 0.05 km/h. The mean length of activity bouts was 0.76 +/- 0.05 h, whereas inactivity bouts averaged 1.02 +/- 0.07 h. Wolves were active throughout the day, but their activity peaked at dawn and dusk, which coincided with periods when they killed most prey. Periods of reproduction and high temperatures had less pronounced effects on activity patterns. Human activity and other factors did not significantly affect the wolves' daily activity patterns. The influence of humans may be indirect if hunting of ungulates by humans modifies activity patterns of the wolves' prey. We conclude that the daily activity patterns of wolves in our study area were mainly shaped by their pattern of hunting prey.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Different pattern of viral infections and clinical outcomes in patient with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with pneumonia. Respiratory viruses are well-known causes of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AE-COPD) and also important pathogens for concomitant pneumonia in COPD (CP-COPD). However, the differences in a viral infection pattern and clinical impacts of respiratory viruses between the two groups have not been well investigated. The clinical and microbiological data from COPD patients admitted with AE-COPD (n=281) or CP-COPD (n=284) between January 2010 and December 2012 were reviewed. After excluding 88 patients (40 with AE-COPD and 48 with CP-COPD) who did not undergo a multiplex RT-PCR test for respiratory viruses, the demographic characteristics, identified viruses, and clinical outcomes of the AE-COPD and CP-COPD groups were compared. Respiratory viruses were identified in 41.9% of AE-COPD group and 33.5% of the CP-COPD groups. The most common virus was influenza virus in the AE-COPD group (33.7%) versus human coronavirus (24.1%) in the CP-COPD group. Influenza virus was significantly more common in the AE-ACOPD group than in the CP-COPD group (P<0.01). In-hospital mortality of AE-COPD and CP-COPD were 1.2% and 12.3%, respectively (P<0.01). Among CP-COPD patients, in-hospital mortality of patients with only viral infection group, only bacterial infection group, and viral-bacterial co-infection were 2.6%, 25.8%, and 17.5%, respectively (P=0.01). Respiratory viruses were commonly identified in both AE-COPD and CP-COPD, influenza virus and human coronavirus were the most common viruses identified in AE-COPD and CP-COPD patients, respectively. The mortality rates of only viral infection group was significantly lower than only bacterial infection or viral-bacterial co-infection group in CP-COPD patients. J. Med. Virol. 88:2092-2099, 2016. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "CRYPTOSPORIDIUM INFECTION AND DIARRHEA IN RURAL AND URBAN AREAS OF JIANGSU, PEOPLES-REPUBLIC-OF-CHINA. Screening of infants and children under age 15 years for Cryptosporidium oocysts in their stools was carried out in the suburb of Xuzhou City and six rural areas of Jiangsu Province. The infection rate varied from 0.7 to 5.06%. Of the total of 5,089 children examined, 89 (1.75%) were oocyst positive. The incidence was evidently higher in the group of children under age 4 years than it was in children from 4 to 15 years (P < 0.01). Routine blood examination and immunoassay performed on blood samples from some of the infected children indicated that more than half of them had anemia and lower cellular immunity. Diarrhea was the main symptom of cryptosporidiosis. It was intermittent or persistent and was present in 57 of the 89 children positive for Cryptosporidium oocysts, while the other 32 children were asymptomatic carriers. Examination of stool specimens of adult members and domestic animals of about half of the infected families showed that two mothers, one pig, and one dog were positive for Cryptosporidium oocysts.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "An axiomatization of the mixed utilitarian-maximin social welfare orderings. We axiomatize the class of mixed utilitarian-maximin social welfare orderings. These orderings are convex combinations of utilitarianism and the maximin rule. Our first step is to show that the conjunction of the weak Suppes-Sen principle, the Pigou-Dalton transfer principle, continuity and the composite transfer principle is equivalent to the existence of a continuous and monotone ordering of pairs of average and minimum utilities that can be used to rank utility vectors. Using this observation, the main result of the paper establishes that the utilitarian-maximin social welfare orderings are characterized by adding the axiom of cardinal full comparability. In addition, we examine the consequences of replacing cardinal full comparability with ratio-scale full comparability and translation-scale full comparability, respectively. We also discuss the classes of normative inequality measures corresponding to our social welfare orderings.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "CREDIT COOPERATIVES ON THE ISLAND OF KRK AND THE ECONOMICAL JOURNAL PUCKIPRIJATELJ DURING THE FIRST DECADE OF 20th CENTURY. During the late 19th and early 20th century economical situation on the island of Krk was difficult for the local peasantry which made the majority of the island population. Large debts, poor quality of soil, low level of agricultural techniques and rival foreign production all contributed to the difficult position of Krk peasantry. In 1899 the local clergy led by Antun Mahnic, the bishop of Krk, initiated the journal Pucki prijatelj whose main purpose was to improve the economical position of the peasantry. This effort was inspired by the similar actions in Slovenian provinces and Istria. The journal played an important role in the economical enlightenment of the peasantry and reported on the organization and activities of credit cooperatives. On Krk island the first cooperatives were founded in 1899. From 1911 Pucki prijatelj was published in Pazin and at the same time seven credit cooperatives or saving banks existed on the island of Krk. Only after the World War I the publishing of Pucki prijatelj was cancelled and during the same period further development of credit cooperatives was stopped.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Ground-glass opacity on thin-section CT: Value in differentiating subtypes of adenocarcinoma of the lung. OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to determine whether thin-section CT could be used to differentiate small localized bronchioloalveolar carcinoma from peripheral adenocarcinoma having a bronchioloalveolar (replacement) growth pattern of alveolar lining cells and from adenocarcinoma not having a replacement growth pattern on the basis of the extent of ground-glass opacity revealed by thin-section CT.CONCLUSION. Determination of the ground-glass opacity area in each tumor as revealed on thin-section CT was useful for differentiating small localized bronchioloalveolar carcinomas from small adenocarcinomas not having a replacement growth pattern.RESULTS. The percentage of lesions that had ground-glass opacity was significantly greater in localized bronchioloalveolar carcinomas (mean, 56.7% +/- 33.04%) than in adenocarcinomas with a replacement growth pattern (mean, 26.3% +/- 25.3%, p < .001) or in adenocarcinomas without a replacement growth pattern (mean, 8.3% +/- 4.7%, p < .001).MATERIALS AND METHODS. One hundred twenty-four small, surgically resected, peripheral adenocarcinomas from 119 patients (67 men and 52 women; mean age, 60 years) were studied. Lesion diameters were 0.4-2.0 cm (median, 1.5 cm). The extent of ground-glass opacity within lesions on preoperative thin-section CT was reviewed retrospectively by three thoracic radiologists. On the basis of replacement growth of alveolar lining cells, small ade nocarcinomas were classified histologically as localized bronchioloalveolar carcinomas (n = 32) or as adenocarcinomas with (n = 53) or without (n = 29) a replacement growth pattern of alveolar lining cells.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Dengue and Other Common Causes of Acute Febrile Illness in Asia: An Active Surveillance Study in Children. Conclusions: During the study period, the most common identified causes of pediatric acute febrile illness among the seven tested for were chikungunya, S. Typhi and dengue. Not all dengue cases were clinically diagnosed; laboratory confirmation is essential to refine disease burden estimates.Background: Common causes of acute febrile illness in tropical countries have similar symptoms, which often mimic those of dengue. Accurate clinical diagnosis can be difficult without laboratory confirmation and disease burden is generally under-reported. Accurate, population-based, laboratory-confirmed incidence data on dengue and other causes of acute fever in dengue-endemic Asian countries are needed.Methods and principal findings: This prospective, multicenter, active fever surveillance, cohort study was conducted in selected centers in Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam to determine the incidence density of acute febrile episodes (>= 38 degrees C for >= 2 days) in 1,500 healthy children aged 2-14 years, followed for a mean 237 days. Causes of fever were assessed by testing acute and convalescent sera from febrile participants for dengue, chikungunya, hepatitis A, influenza A, leptospirosis, rickettsia, and Salmonella Typhi. Overall, 289 participants had acute fever, an incidence density of 33.6 per 100 person-years (95% CI: 30.0; 37.8); 57% were IgM-positive for at least one of these diseases. The most common causes of fever by IgM ELISA were chikungunya (in 35.0% of in febrile participants) and S. Typhi (in 29.4%). The overall incidence density of dengue per 100 person-years was 3.4 by nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) antigen positivity (95% CI: 2.4; 4.8) and 7.3 (95% CI: 5.7; 9.2) by serology. Dengue was diagnosed in 11.4% (95% CI: 8.0; 15.7) and 23.9% (95% CI: 19.1; 29.2) of febrile participants by NS1 positivity and serology, respectively. Of the febrile episodes not clinically diagnosed as dengue, 5.3% were dengue-positive by NS1 antigen testing and 16.0% were dengue-positive by serology.", "label": [2, 17, 21, 24]}
+{"token": "CHARACTERISTICS AND COMPARATIVE OF ORGANIC FOOD PRODUCERS IN SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE: THE CASE OF THE MURCIA REGION, SPAIN. The Region of Murcia (Spain) has one of the main areas of organic fruit and vegetable production in Europe, with extensions for some products of between 10 and 20 % of the country's organic agriculture surface. This work contains a survey carried out on 106 farmers, along with a typology of organic cultivations. First, an analysis was performed by conglomerates on the variables of each company, distinguishing small and large ones; later, using logistic regression models, an analysis was carried out on the characteristics that define the groups of farmers, the first one being the least professional but most environmentally aware farmers. The typology found of these farmers suggests the interest for more differentiated development policies for organic farming.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "The becoming of an archive: perspectives on a music archive and the limits of institutionality. The call on South African music departments to critically engage with their curricula in order to reflect the broader music landscape wherein they function has been ongoing for the past 40 years. While some departments did engage in strategies to transform their curricula, various scholars have pointed out that most of these institutions have to some extent remained fixed within conservative syllabi and ideological practices conceived to serve the previous dispensation. It is within this field of discursive engagement and political actions directed towards change that archives can play an important role in decolonising higher education institutions. While recognising that archives work to a slower historical beat than what is currently (often militantly) demanded in debates on decolonisation in South African universities, this article wishes to argue that this temporal differential is important in terms of long-term institutional and curricular reform. This article will consider these questions with particular reference to the Documentation Centre for Music (DOMUS), an archive-centred music research project in the Music Department at the University of Stellenbosch. This article will posit that DOMUS's collection practices and projects may serve as examples of active and radical strategies with the potential to affect change within conservative institutional spaces.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Proposed Teacher Competencies to Support Effective Nature of Science Instruction: A Meta-Synthesis of the Literature. Enhancing students' understanding of aspects of the nature of science (NOS) recommended by the science education community is an important goal of science instruction. This can occur only when teachers are adequately prepared for teaching NOS. However, the science education community is still considering what is needed to enhance the efficiency of NOS instruction with respect to the preparation of NOS teachers. Based on a qualitative meta-synthesis of recent literature (2009-2018), we propose a framework of competencies for what teachers need to know to be an effective NOS instructor. Fifty-eight peer-reviewed journal articles targeting NOS instruction for, and related classroom practices of, preservice and inservice teachers were analyzed. This evaluation resulted in the identification of 20 specific competencies clustered in seven categories deemed necessary in the support of effective NOS instruction, generally divided into those that are NOS specific and those directed at more general pedagogical issues. These include (1) general NOS knowledge, (2) subject matter knowledge, (3) knowledge of learners with respect to NOS, (4) knowledge about NOS instructional strategies, (5) knowledge about NOS assessment, (6) general pedagogical knowledge, and (7) teachers' motivations and beliefs about teaching NOS. The proposed competencies can be used as a guide for science educators preparing teachers who, in turn, are able to demonstrate NOS competencies and enhance the quality and depth of their students' learning.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Electrochemical synthesis of SnO2 films containing three-dimensionally organized uniform mesopores via interfacial surfactant templating. SnO2 films containing organized mesopores and nanocrystalline frameworks with easily removable surfactant templates were produced electrochemically using interfacial amphiphilic assemblies formed on the working electrode as a template.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Treatment and prevention of equine gastric ulcer syndrome. Equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS) is common in performance horses and in foals [1-12]. Diagnosis of EGUS is based on history, clinical signs, endoscopic examination, and response to treatment. All ages and breeds of horses are susceptible to EGUS, and current therapeutic strategies focus on blocking gastric acid secretion and raising stomach pH. To date, there is only one US Federal Drug Administration (FDA)-approved pharmacologic agent for the treatment of EGUS, GastroGard (Merial Limited, Duluth, GA). A more comprehensive approach to EGUS includes determining and correcting the underlying cause, environmental management, dietary manipulation, and pharmacologic intervention. This article focuses on a comprehensive approach to the treatment of EGUS and briefly covers basic anatomy and physiology of the equine stomach, the multiple etiologies and risk factors for EGUS, and preventative management strategies.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "From Outbreak to Pandemic Narrative: Reading Newspaper Coverage of the 2014 Ebola Epidemic. Using framing analysis, this article explores how the English language press organized coverage of the 2014 Ebola epidemic in West Africa. The coverage began with a standard \\\\'outbreak\\\\' narrative that defined the problem in terms of \\\\'primitive\\\\' lifeways and inadequate humanitarian aid. However, after the World Health Organization declared an international emergency and after Ebola carriers began to appear in the West, the framing changed toward a \\\\'pandemic\\\\' narrative that shifted attention away from medical solutions, humanitarian aid, and national safety toward government and military action, biosecurity, and the global species network. This change in the press narrative makes sense to populations in the West because they increasingly live within a \\\\'pandemic culture\\\\' that has become characteristic of globalized societies.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Enhancement of atmospheric H2SO4/H2O nucleation: organic oxidation products versus amines. Atmospheric H2SO4/H2O nucleation influencing effects have been studied in the flow tube IfT-LFT (Institute for Tropospheric Research - Laminar Flow Tube) at 293 +/- 0.5K and a pressure of 1 bar using synthetic air as the carrier gas. The presence of a possible background amine concentration in the order of 10(7)-10(8) molecule cm(-3) throughout the experiments has to be taken into account. In a first set of investigations, ozonolysis of olefins (tetramethylethylene, 1-methyl-cyclohexene, alpha-pinene and limonene) for close to atmospheric concentrations, served as the source of OH radicals and possibly other oxidants initiating H2SO4 formation starting from SO2. The oxidant generation is inevitably associated with the formation of organic oxidation products arising from the parent olefins. These products (first generation mainly) showed no clear effect on the number of nucleated particles within a wide range of experimental conditions for H2SO4 concentrations higher than similar to 10(7) molecule cm(-3). Also the early growth process of the nucleated particles was not significantly influenced by the organic oxidation products in line with the expected growth by organic products using literature data. An additional, H2SO4-independent process of particle (nano-CN) formation was observed in the case of alpha-pinene and limonene ozonolysis for H2SO4 concentrations smaller than similar to 10(7) molecule cm(-3). Furthermore, the findings confirm the appearance of an additional oxidant for SO2 beside OH radicals, very likely stabilized Criegee Intermediates (sCI). A second set of experiments has been performed in the presence of added amines in the concentrations range of a few 10(7)-10(10) molecule cm(-3) applying photolytic OH radical generation for H2SO4 production without addition of other organics. All amines showed significant nucleation enhancement with increasing efficiency in the order pyridine <aniline <dimethylamine <trimethylamine. This result supports the idea of H2SO4 cluster stabilization by amines due to strong H2SO4 <-> amine interactions. On the other hand, this study indicates that for organic oxidation products (in presence of the possible amine background as stated) a distinct H2SO4/H2O nucleation enhancement can be due to increased H2SO4 formation caused by additional organic oxidant production (sCI) rather than by stabilization of H2SO4 clusters due to H2SO4 <-> organics interactions.", "label": [4, 5, 36, 47]}
+{"token": "Substrate moisture, particle size and temperature preferences of trap-building larvae of sympatric antlions and wormlions from the rainforest of Borneo. 1. Larvae of antlions (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) and wormlions (Diptera: Vermileonidae) display a convergently evolved sit-and-wait hunting strategy of building pitfall traps in sandy areas. This study investigated a sympatric population of antlions and wormlions in the lowland rainforest of Borneo for substrate moisture, particle size and temperature preferences. It was hypothesised that these animals would show different preferences regarding these microhabitat traits. 2. The results showed that antlions had a higher aversion to moisture compared with wormlions, but that wormlions had a higher preference for small-particle sand. Furthermore, thermal preferences in antlions and wormlions were significantly different, with antlions choosing higher temperatures. 3. The detected differences between antlions and wormlions might contribute to their niche partitioning in the mixed Bornean population and thus facilitate coexistence of these animals. It is possible that the hotter and dryer microhabitat edges are preferred by antlions.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Alternating current characterization of nano-Pt(II) octaethylporphyrin (PtOEP) thin film as a new organic semiconductor. Alternating current (AC) conductivity and dielectric properties of thermally evaporated Au/PtOEP/Au thin films are investigated each as a function of temperature (303 K-473 K) and frequency (50 Hz-5 MHz). The frequency dependence of AC conductivity follows the Jonscher universal dynamic law. The AC-activation energies are determined at different frequencies. It is found that the correlated barrier hopping (CBH) model is the dominant conduction mechanism. The variation of the frequency exponent s with temperature is analyzed in terms of the CBH model. Coulombic barrier height W-m, hopping distance R-omega, and the density of localized states N (E-F) are valued at different frequencies. Dielectric constant epsilon(1) (omega, T) and dielectric loss epsilon(2) (omega, T) are discussed in terms of the dielectric polarization process. The dielectric modulus shows the non-Debye relaxation in the material. The extracted relaxation time by using the imaginary part of modulus (M '') is found to follow the Arrhenius law.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Effect of surface morphology on membrane fouling by humic acid with the use of cellulose acetate butyrate hollow fiber membranes. A serious problem faced during the application of membrane filtration in water treatment is membrane fouling by natural organic matter (NOM). The hydrophilicity, zeta potential and morphology of membrane surface mainly influence membrane fouling. The aim of the present study is to reveal the correlation between membrane surface morphology and membrane fouling by use of humic acid solution and to investigate the efficiency of backwashing by water, which is applied to restore membrane flux. Cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) hollow fiber membranes were used in the present study. To obtain the membranes with various surface structures, membranes were prepared via both thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) and nonsolvent-induced phase separation (NIPS) by changing the preparation conditions such as polymer concentration, air gap distance and coagulation bath composition. Since the membrane material is the same, the effects of hydrophilicity and zeta potential on membrane fouling can be ignored. More significant flux decline was observed in the membrane with lower humic acid rejection. For the membranes with similar water permeability, the lower the porosity at the outer surface, the more serious the membrane fouling. Furthermore, the effect of the membrane morphology on backwashing performance was discussed. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 33]}
+{"token": "Observations of two types of Pc 1-2 pulsations in the outer dayside magnetosphere. Analysis of high time resolution magnetometer data from the Polar satellite and from an array of high-latitude ground stations in Antarctica has identified 20 simultaneously observed Pc 1-2 wave events in the outer dayside magnetosphere during the first 17 months of Polar operations. In contrast to most earlier satellite studies of Pc 1-2 waves, based on data from equatorial satellites near apogee which moved only slowly across L shells if at all, the initial orbit of Polar allowed it to rapidly cross outer magnetospheric L shells, but significantly away from the magnetic equator. Consistent with several previous studies of outer magnetospheric Pc 1-2 waves, the majority of these events (75%) were associated with significant compressions of the magnetosphere. Seven of the events occurred simultaneously in satellite and ground data, with wave bursts temporally associated with compressions. These events, most at L values >9, confirm the suggestion of Anderson and Hamilton [1993] that the outer dayside magnetosphere is often near marginal stability for electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) wave generation, so waves can be stimulated by even modest magnetospheric compressions. However, 10 of the wave events (five associated with compressions, and five not) were highly localized in L shell. In these \\\\'spatially localized'' cases, continuous wave emissions were seen on the ground for extended periods of time, while in space waves were observed for only a few minutes and occurred only in radially narrow regions. The noncompressional events, all spatially localized, appear to be the first examples identified in space of the class of wave events known as Pc 1-2, sustained narrowband emissions which have durations at high-latitude ground stations of the order of 10 hours in the day and dusk local time sectors. All 10 of the spatially localized events, whether compressional or not, followed intervals of at least 12 hours of sustained very quiet magnetospheric conditions. Energetic ion observations from Polar confirm earlier suggestions that drifting plasma sheet ions are the source of dayside Pc 1-2 waves in the outer dayside magnetosphere, but they also show different particle configurations for the spatially localized and temporally ordered event categories. Events in both categories occurred within radially extended regions with ring-like, moderately anisotropic distributions of greater than or equal to5 keV protons and with deep minima in the flux distributions at energies <5 keV. However, spatially localized wave events occurred only in association with radially localized regions that also contained highly anisotropic fluxes of similar to 0.5-3 keV protons, at a considerable distance from the magnetospheric boundary. In contrast, no such radial structure was evident in any of the temporally ordered events, or in three \\\\'uncertain'' events. The association of the spatially localized events with highly structured populations of plasma sheet protons of keV and higher energies indicates an important but unanticipated role for these protons in destabilizing plasma in the outer dayside magnetosphere, possibly through increasing the local plasma beta near the magnetic equator.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Influence of Photoperiod on Hydrogen Peroxide Metabolism during Diapause Induction in Cotesia vestalis (Haliday) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Hydrogen peroxide is a toxic metabolite of oxidative metabolism, but may also serve as a broad spectrum signaling molecule controlling a variety of essential physiological processes. Photoperiod influences diapause beyond the maternal generation in Cotesia vestalis and we speculated that intracellular hydrogen peroxide was a possible signal mediating this generational effect. To investigate the signaling functions of hydrogen peroxide in diapause induction in C. vestalis, hydrogen peroxide and activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase were measured at diapause, and in maternal non-diapausing prepupa, adult, and offspring egg stages form the cultures reared at 25 C under the photoperiods of 8:16, 12:12, and 16:8 (L:D) h. The hydrogen peroxide contents and activities of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase in maternal non-diapausing prepupae and adults declined as the light period was reduced, whereas catalase activity increased significantly. Compared to diapausing prepupae, maternal non-diapausing prepupae under 8 h short light had significantly higher superoxide dismutase, lower catalase, and similar peroxidase activities. Under the three photoperiods, the variation trends of protective enzyme activities in offspring eggs were similar to the trends in maternal prepupae and adults. The variation trends of hydrogen peroxide in eggs were opposite to the trends in maternal prepupae and adults. Peroxidase and catalase activities in eggs were significantly higher after oviposition than before oviposition. These findings indicate that hydrogen peroxide plays an important role in signal transduction between two generations.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Case report of a myxoma in a gamecock. A mass was detected on the right side of the crop of a 17-month-old gamecock. Macroscopically, the excised mass, 10 x 7.0 x 4.0 cm in size, was ovoid-shaped with a smooth surface and a few lobules. Microscopically, the individual neoplasm cell was stellate or fusiform in shape and the cell nucleus was round, ovoid or elongated, with multiple nucleoli. No hypercellular or pleomorphic areas were identified and no mitoses were observed. The mass was myxoma according to the macroscopic and microscopic results of this study.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Committing to a romantic partner: Does attractiveness matter? A dyadic approach. Physical attractiveness is a highly valued trait in prospective romantic partners. However, it is unclear whether romantic partners' attractiveness is associated with commitment to the relationship. We report the results of a study of 565 male-female couples residing in Austria, Germany, or Switzerland. Employing dyadic analytical methods, we show that both men and women were more committed to their relationships if they perceived their partners as attractive. However, attractiveness also had a negative effect on commitment: People tended to feel less committed the more attractive their partners perceived themselves. Furthermore, although partners perceived themselves as similar in attractiveness to their partners, analyses revealed that similarity was not associated with commitment. Together, the findings demonstrate that attractiveness does matter for commitment to existing romantic relationships and emphasize the value of dyadic approaches to studying romantic relationships.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Patterns of abundance and seasonality of polychaetes sheltering in southwestern Atlantic estuarine epibenthic shell beds. The purpose of this study was to investigate the spatial and temporal distribution of the polychaete species that inhabit shell cavities in beds of the stout razor clam Tagelus plebeius. Samples were taken bimonthly between July 1996 and September 1997, and an additional one was taken in February 1998. The assemblage was dominated by the amphipod Corophium insidiosum and three polychaete species (Laeonereis acuta, Heteromastus similis and Neanthes succinea). The abundance oft, acuta was higher in summer, simultaneously with the occurrence of juveniles. Ln contrast, C. insidiosum and H. similis were more abundant in winter together with the occurrence of juveniles of the latter species. The predator N. succinea occurred at the end of the sampling period, concurrently with a decrease in all other macroinfaunal taxa. An estimation based on polychaete predation rates indicated that these decreases in macroinfaunal densities may be the result of consumption by N. succinea. Polychaete distribution along the intertidal slope did not vary along the sampling period. Higher density of polychaetes was found in the internal shell sediment than in the sediment outside them. All the evidence suggests that variability in the intensity of species recruitment and direct or indirect biotic interactions may determine the spatial and temporal distribution of macroinfaunal species in these beds.", "label": [4, 42, 36]}
+{"token": "Dynamic behaviour of a thin laminated plate embedded with auxetic layers subject to in-plane excitation. The dynamic modelling of a simply-supported thin laminated plate subject to in-plane excitation is established based on the classic shear theory and von Karman nonlinear theory. The method of multiple scales is used to determine an approximate solution for the system. According to solvability conditions, the nonlinear modulation equations arising from the principal parametric resonances are obtained and two possible nontrivial solutions are performed. To analyze the nonlinear dynamic response of the plate embedded with auxetic layers, 5-layered sandwich plate, in which two auxetic elastic layers are alternatively sandwiched between three positive Poisson's ratio (PPR) elastic ones, is presented. The natural frequency of model (m, n) shows an increase with respect to the absolute value of Poisson's ratio. Particularly, the amplitude-frequency responses of the laminated plate subject to principal parametric resonance are analyzed for different values of Poisson's ratio. Moreover, it can be found that for model (m, n), there must be some certain value or interval of negative Poisson's ratio (NPR), which, results in zero response effect, in other words, the in-plane excitation will be ineffective for this model when the Poisson's ratio just lies at such a value or interval. Furthermore, it can also be observed that the certain interval of Poisson's ratio becomes wider with the increase of damping. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "Quantitative and qualitative individual differences in visual comparison processing: are strategies only analytic or holistic?. Forty-two subjects participated in a visual comparison task and then gave retrospective reports about their solution strategy. In order to replicate Cooper's (1976, 1982) results, individual RT data were analysed and two distinct patterns emerged: for some subjects, comparison time decreased as similarity between the stimuli decreased, while for the other subjects comparison time remained constant. However, the analysis of verbal reports revealed five strategy groups, hence verbal data did not fit with a dual-route (holistic vs analytic) model. Moreover the five subject groups using different strategies produced different patterns of RTs which were consistent with mean predicted variations for each strategy. It was also found that some strategies were faster than others. Implications for accommodating individual differences into processing models and the usefulness/reliability of RT data and verbal reports as tools for inferring individual strategies are discussed. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Semi-peripheral Islamophobias: the political diversity of anti-Muslim discourses in Poland. Bobako's paper examines two genres of Polish Islamophobic discourse, a liberal and a nationalist one, and links their specificity to the semi-peripheral position of Poland. It argues that the liberal endorsement of Islamophobia is a way to confirm symbolically Poland's belonging to 'the West' and its commitment to the normative project of European modernity, with its affirmation of individualism, human rights, sexual freedom and secularism. On the other hand, Bobako shows that the Islamophobia of the resurgent nationalist forces in Poland is, paradoxically, the outcome of a rejection of this very project, which is perceived as a threat to national political sovereignty and cultural autonomy. She connects this rejection to Poland's post-Communist trajectory of economic marginalization and instability, providing a context for the widespread dissatisfaction with Poland's place in the European Union.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Identification of changes along a continuum of speech intonation is impaired in congenital amusia. A small number of individuals have severe musical problems that have neuro-genetic underpinnings. This musical disorder is termed \\\\'congenital amusia,\\\\' an umbrella term for lifelong musical disabilities that cannot be attributed to deafness, lack of exposure, or brain damage after birth. Amusics seem to lack the ability to detect fine pitch differences in tone sequences. However, differences between statements and questions, which vary in final pitch, are well perceived by most congenital amusic individuals. We hypothesized that the origin of this apparent domain-specificity of the disorder lies in the range of pitch variations, which are very coarse in speech as compared to music. Here, we tested this hypothesis by using a continuum of gradually increasing final pitch in both speech and tone sequences. To this aim, nine amusic cases and nine matched controls were presented with statements and questions that varied on a pitch continuum from falling to rising in 11 steps. The sentences were either naturally spoken or were tone sequence versions of these. The task was to categorize the sentences as statements or questions and the tone sequences as falling or rising. In each case, the observation of an S-shaped identification function indicates that amusics can accurately identify unambiguous examples of statements and questions but have problems with fine variations between these endpoints. Thus, the results indicate that a deficient pitch perception might compromise music, not because it is specialized for that domain but because music requirements are more fine-grained.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Mineral value of Croatian artisanal hard sheep cheeses in terms of geographical indication. The objective of the present study was to estimate concentrations of Ca, P, K, Mg, Mn, Zn, Cu and Fe in artisanal hard cheeses made from raw sheep milk in different Mediterranean areas in Croatia. In order to study both the nutritive value and geographical indication, 42 mature cheeses from the Istrian peninsula (I), the island of Pag (P) and Dalmatian islands (D) were examined. The measured concentrations of the macrominerals (Ca, P, K, Mg) and trace elements (Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu) in all cheeses was high and within the ranges according to the literature data. A significant difference between areas was found only for K, Fe, and Zn concentrations while the concentration of other minerals was area independent. The lowest concentration of K, Fe and Zn was estimated in Istrian cheeses. Therefore, in addition to K, both Zn and Fe may be considered useful criteria for distinguishing artisanal cheeses according to geographical indication. Nutritionally, however, the main value of these artisanal cheeses appears to be their rather high concentration of Zn (I) = 3.492, (P) = 3.900 and (D) = 4.0166 mg/100g cheese, respectively.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Consumer perceptions of satiating and meal replacement bars, built up from cues in packaging information, health claims and nutritional claims. Previous research has shown that consumers' sensory and hedonic perceptions could be greatly influenced by the messages highlighted on the front of the packaging, particularly nutrition and health claims for reduced-calorie or functional foods. In food products designed for hunger control, mentioning satiating effects or meal replacement could potentially influence the expected satiety or other perceptions, including those associated with a filling effect. This study investigated the effect of packaging information on consumer perceptions of eleven commercial chocolate-flavoured satiating and meal replacement bars. Projective mapping (Napping (R)) with a descriptive step was used to profile the expectations elicited by the eleven bars, based on their extrinsic characteristics (without tasting them), with two different groups of consumers in two different scenarios: mapping the samples' packaging and mapping cards with an identical design showing the most important information displayed on the packaging (product name, nutrition information panel and nutrition and health messages or claims). The terms and comments obtained in the two scenarios were analysed and perceptual spaces were generated from the sample location and attributes obtained in the Napping (R) exercises, using multi factor analysis (MFA). The results showed that when evaluating the real packaging, the consumers mainly focused on the meal replacement- or satiation-related messages and on the images to build up their perception, attaching less or no importance to the nutritional information that was also displayed on the box. When examining the packaging, sensory expectations - which probably emerged from the images of the bars - were also a very important factor in placing the samples in the perceptual space. When looking only at the cards, the consumers' grouping and attribute generation focused in great detail on the nutritional information. The calorie content also became a much more important factor in their perceptions of the bars. Interestingly for the product category analysed, messages about \\\\'satiating\\\\' and \\\\'meal replacement\\\\' effects were clearly distinct and negatively correlated in the consumers' minds. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "A Neural Signature of Parkinsonism in Patients With Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: A Multimodal MRI Study Using Parallel ICA. Motor abnormalities in schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) have increasingly attracted scientific interest in the past years. However, the neural mechanisms underlying parkinsonism in SSD are unclear. The present multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study examined SSD patients with and without parkinsonism, as defined by a Simpson and Angus Scale (SAS) total score of >= 4 (SAS group, n = 22) or <4 (non-SAS group, n = 22). Parallel independent component analysis (p-ICA) was used to examine the covarying components among gray matter volume maps computed from structural MRI (sMRI) and fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (fALFF) maps computed from resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) patient data. We found a significant correlation (P =.020, false discovery rate [FDR] corrected) between an sMRI component and an rs-fMRI component, which also significantly differed between the SAS and non-SAS group (P =.042, z = -2.04). The rs-fMRI component comprised the cortical sensorimotor network, and the sMRI component included predominantly a frontothalamic/ cerebellar network. Across the patient sample, correlations adjusted for the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) total scores showed a significant relationship between tremor score and loadings of the cortical sensorimotor network, as well as between glabella-salivation score, frontothalamic/cerebellar and cortical sensorimotor network loadings. These data provide novel insights into neural mechanisms of parkinsonism in SSD. Aberrant bottom-up modulation of cortical motor regions may account for these specific motor symptoms, at least in patients with SSD.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "First record of Camarochilus confusus (Heteroptera: Pachynomidae) from Argentina, the second pachynomid and first Pachynominae registered for the country. Fieldwork in two protected areas from northeastern Argentina (P.N. El Impenetrable in Chaco Province, and the P.N. Rio Pilcomayo in Formosa Province) exploring the Heteroptea fauna, resulted in the discovery of a Camarochilus confusus Harris 1930 male that was collected by sweeping the vegetation. The species belongs to the subfamily Pachynominae, representing the first record of the group in the country. Aphelonotus simplus Uhler 1894 (Aphelonotinae), was also collected using light traps, confirming its occurrence in the Chaco ecoregions in Argentina.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Enteric vaccines for the developing world: a challenge for mucosal immunology. Enteric infections kill approximately two million children under the age of 5 in developing countries and cause more than four billion disease episodes worldwide each year. In addition, these diseases affect the growth, cognitive function, and quality of life negatively. There is an urgent need for vaccines that induce effective and long-lasting intestinal immunity against diarrheal infections, especially during infancy and early childhood. Yet, most vaccines available are formulated on an empirical basis. To date, arguably, vaccines have done more for immunologists than immunologists have done for vaccines.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "Tacit collusion in repeated auctions. This paper considers the question of tacit collusion in repeated auctions with independent private values and with limited public monitoring. McAfee and McMillan show that the extent of collusion is tied to the availability of transfers. Monetary transfers allow cartels to extract full surplus. A folk theorem proved by Fudenberg et al. (Econometrica 62 (1994) 997-1039) shows that transfers of future payoffs are almost as good if players are patient and communicate before auctions. We ask how the scope of collusion is affected if players dispense with explicit communication and their monitoring is limited. Collusion better than bid rotation is still feasible, but full surplus cannot be extracted. This constraint becomes less severe with more players and large cartels can become asymptotically efficient even with very limited monitoring. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Simulation of earthquake processes by finite element method: The case of megathrust earthquakes on the Sumatra subduction zone. Numerical simulation of the earthquake processes is a key method to carry out physical accurate earthquake forecast in the future,but today empirical method is used in earthquake prediction, which is seldom successful. In this paper,we use a unified rate-dependent frictional law to formulate two different frictional states, one is sticking, and the other is sliding. Based on R-minimum, time integration method with static explicit is adopted in finite element analysis in order to make the result convergent in calculation. Take the Sumatra subduction zone as an example, where the major earthquake with M-m 9.3 occurred in 2004, the process of locking, unlocking, and sliding between the subduction plate and the overriding plate is simulated. The large-scale sudden sliding, which is regarded as an event. The earthquakes simulated by the model on the Sumatra subduction zone have characteristics of quasi-cycle in time and migration in space. The earthquake ruptures propagate upward from bottom. Moreover, the geometry of the subduction zone has much influence on the location of the large event.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Deep Insight into the Pinch Effect in a Tundish with Channel-Type Induction Heater. Tundish with channel-type induction heater plays an important role in the continuous casting of high-quality steel. Electromagnetic pinch is a unique phenomenon in the tundish with channel type induction heater. To have a deep insight into the electromagnetic pinch effect, numerical simulation is applied to investigate the magnetohydrodynamic flow in the tundish. Research results show that the magnetic field, flow field, and temperature field predicted by the mathematical model agree well with the experimental data. Induced current density, magnetic flux density, electromagnetic force, and Joule heat in two channels are symmetrically distributed and are greater than that in the receiving and distributing chambers. The eccentric electromagnetic force leads to the single-/double-recirculation zones in the channel. There are larger separation areas in the channel enclosed with the iron core than in the other channel, and it is easy for molten steel to separate from the channel wall surface at the top of the channel. Different forces play different roles in the pinch condition, and the order of importance is as follows: electromagnetic force, stress, gravity, supporting force, centrifugal force, and thermal buoyancy.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Integrating Cover Crops and POST Herbicides for Glyphosate-Resistant Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) Control in Corn. Field experiments were conducted in 2013 and 2014 in Jackson, TN, to evaluate the efficacy of integrating cover crops and POST herbicides in corn to control glyphosate-resistant (GR) Palmer amaranth. Crimson clover and hairy vetch were planted in the fall and accumulated greater than 1,600 kg ha(-1) aboveground biomass by time of termination. Crimson clover and hairy vetch provided 62% and 58% Palmer amaranth control 14 d before application, respectively. POST herbicide treatments of glyphosate + S-metolachlor + mesotrione + atrazine, thiencarbazone-methyl + tembotrione + atrazine, and glyphosate + atrazine were applied when Palmer amaranth reached 15 cm tall. The herbicide treatments provided greater than 95% control of Palmer amaranth 28 d after application. In addition to Palmer amaranth suppression, corn was taller at V5 and V7 following a hairy vetch cover crop. Hairy vetch and crimson clover residues provided early season weed suppression because of biomass accumulation. Palmer amaranth in the nontreated control plots reached 15 cm 4 and 3 d ahead of the cover-treated plots in 2013 and 2014, respectively. This could potentially increase POST herbicide-application flexibility for producers. Results of this trial also suggest that cover crops alone are not a means of season-long control of GR Palmer amaranth. From a herbicide resistance-management perspective, the integration of cover crops with herbicide mixtures that incorporate multiple sites of action should aid in mitigating the further selection of herbicide resistance in Palmer amaranth.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Co-opetition and knowledge co-creation in Japanese supplier-networks: The case of Toyota. This article examines how knowledge co-creation takes place within the Toyota network. We extend the work of Dyer and Nobeoka, who contributed to the theory of network-level learning by showing how Toyota succeeded in 'creating and managing a high-performance knowledge-sharing network'. By examining the role of co-operation as well as competition in an in-depth case study, our study moves beyond the concept of knowledge sharing towards a theory of knowledge co-creation with suppliers. In doing so, we propose that the duality of competitive and cooperative forces (that is, 'co-opetition') in a business partnership has played a hitherto neglected role in the process of knowledge creation for multi-technology innovations. Asian Business & Management (2011) 10, 66-86. doi:10.1057/abm.2010.31; published online 1 December 2010", "label": [5, 44, 46]}
+{"token": "EFFECT OF EXOGENOUS FACTORS ON MALT QUALITY. The aim of this study was to test effects of steeping technology, water content and the length of germination period on the quality of malt under conditions of a changing composition of gas present in a layer of germinating kernels of spring barley (hereinafter mentioned as \\\\'intergrain gas\\\\'). Targeted changes in its composition enable to simulate individual (potential) technologies of malting. This enabled to use the technology of floor malting with a minimum ventilation and exchange of intergrain gas. Further the technology of germination in a modified atmosphere (i.e. with changing concentrations of ethylene) and that of continuous ventilation during the whole period of germination were tested. It was demonstrated that a modified composition of intergrain gas can influence the final quality of malt. Low concentrations of added ethylene showed a positive effect on values of relative extract at 45 degrees C. Composition of intergrain gas also influenced malt homogeneity and modification.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "A computer simulation model of mass media interventions directed at tobacco use. Results. The model predicts that sustained media interventions of sufficient magnitude and duration directed at all smokers have the potential to substantially reduce the number of smokers and premature deaths, with the effects growing over time. For the same expenditures, youth interventions would appear to have smaller and more delayed effects.Objectives. The goal of this study was to develop a simulation model to examine the effects of tobacco control mass media interventions on smoking rates and smoking-attributable deaths.Conclusions. Media interventions, particularly those targeted at the general population and of sufficient scale and duration, have the ability to substantially reduce smoking rates and save lives, but their effects are likely to depend on how they are implemented. (C) 2001 American Health Foundation and Academic Press.Methods. The model projects the number of smokers and smoking-related deaths. Based on empirical and theoretical research, the effects of media interventions, varying in magnitude and duration, directed at all smokers and directed specifically at youth under age 18 are modeled.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Cigarette smoking at hire as a predictor of employment outcome. We have reported that cigarette smoking at the time of hire is associated with elevated rates of accidents, injuries, absence, discipline, and firing among US postal workers. We followed this cohort of 2537 for a second year to assess whether these associations would change with time in a workplace with active smoking cessation programs. Smokers' elevated risks for accidents, injuries, and discipline decreased after the first year. Risk for involuntary turnover was slightly higher in the 2-year analysis. The elevation in the rate of absence for smokers remained comparable in both periods. Although it is possible that the decline in the relative risk of accidents, injuries, and discipline may reflect changes in smoking status, we were unable to obtain follow-up data on smoking status to test this hypothesis.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations. Binary polymorphisms associated with the non-recombining region of the human Y chromosome (NRY) preserve the paternal genetic: legacy of our species that has persisted to the present, permitting inference of human evolution, population affinity and demographic history(1). We used denaturing highperformance liquid chromatography (DHPLC; ref. 2) to identify 160 of the 166 bi-allelic and 1 tri-allelic site that formed a parsimonious; genealogy of 116 haplotypes, several of which display distinct population affinities based on the analysis of 1062 globally representative individuals. A minority of contemporary East Africans and Khoisan represent the descendants of the most ancestral patrilineages of anatomically modern humans that left Africa between 35,000 and 89,000 years ago.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Linking universal network quality perception and change readiness The mediating roles of tacit knowledge and organizational climate. Purpose This paper aims to examine empirically, within the context of the public sector, in what way the overall quality perception of an individual's network relationships at work affect the psychological condition known as change readiness. Moreover, the research examines whether tacit knowledge and organizational climate can have indirect effects on the relationship between universal network quality perception and change readiness. Design/methodology/approach The data were collected through a self-reported survey from 105 individuals employed on a full-time basis by the government sector in Abu Dhabi, UAE. Using regression and mediation analysis, three hypotheses are tested relating to the direct effect of universal network quality perception and change readiness, accompanied by the indirect effects of tacit knowledge and organizational climate on the preceding relationship. Findings The results emanated from statistical analysis show that universal network quality perception has a positive association with change readiness, and tacit knowledge and organizational climate mediate significantly the relationship between the universal network quality perception and change readiness. Research limitations/implications - Considering the nature of the study, conclusions with regard to causality might not be that strong as the findings relevant to the dependent variable represented by change readiness are not based on longitudinal research and the sample comprises only local people with similar cultural background. Therefore, study conclusions may not be suitable for generalization. Practical implications - The mediating effects highlight the consideration of tacit knowledge and organizational climate as influential organizational mechanisms within the framework of a proactive change management practice due to their positive impact on the psychological uncertainty and lack of job content competencies that a change initiative might cause to employees and their behavioral reactions. Originality/value The paper reveals the role of universal network quality perception as a conduit of positive social influence on change readiness. This role becomes significantly elastic when tacit knowledge and organizational climate become notable links of relationship quality because of their ability to trigger favorable psychosocial behavioral patterns toward organizational change. Furthermore, this study expands the literature on organizational change readiness factors in the UAE, for which few studies currently exist.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "Lossless binary image compression using logic functions and spectra. A lossless compression of images using coding schemes and patterns that include minterm, cube and coordinate data coding, Walsh, triangular and Reed-Muller weights based patterns, Reed-Muller spectra and reference row technique is proposed. The experimental results indicate that the technique is fairly efficient when compared with other methods based on representations of logic functions. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 37]}
+{"token": "Effect of coal extracted with NMP on its aggregation. Tow-step extraction of Upper Freeport (UF) coal, i.e. exhaustive extraction with N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP) solvent and subsequent extraction with the CS2/NMP mixed solvent (1: 1 by volume) with or without additive was compared with the direct extraction of UF coal with the CS2/NMP mixed solvent (1: 1 by volume) with or without additive. It was found that there is almost no difference of extraction yields between the two-step extraction and direct extraction with or without additive. The result show that NMP can only give external extraction to extract the outside fractions of coal particles, and this will not cause the new aggregation formed in the coal molecules. The interactions between coal molecule and additive are responsible for the extraction yield enhancement by additive. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "A Circumferentially Enhanced Hermite Reproducing Kernel Meshfree Method for Buckling Analysis of Kirchhoff-Love Cylindrical Shells. A circumferentially enhanced Hermite reproducing kernel (HRK) meshfree method is developed for the buckling analysis of Kirchhoff-Love cylindrical shells. In this method, in order to accurately represent the circumferential periodicity of cylindrical shells, the shell mid-surface is first discretized by a set of physical nodes in the two-dimensional parametric space, thereafter another set of dummy nodes are added by a straightforward periodic translation of the physical nodes. Subsequently the meshfree shape functions are constructed using both the physical nodes and the dummy nodes through a periodically linked relationship. The resulting meshfree shape functions exhibit the desired circumferential periodicity. The meshfree shape functions are formulated in the HRK framework which can be degenerated to the standard reproducing kernel (RK) shape functions just by removing the rotational terms. Meanwhile, the cylindrical shell buckling equations are rationally derived from the consistent linearization of the internal virtual work. During the meshfree discretization, the in-plane shell displacements are represented by the conventional RK shape functions, while the out-of-plane shell deflection is approximated by the Hermite meshfree shape functions with both directional and rotational degrees of freedom. The numerical integration of the material as well as the geometric stiffness matrices are carried out by the strain smoothing sub-domain stabilized conforming integration (SSCI) method. Numerical examples show that the proposed approach yields very favorable results for the buckling analysis of cylindrical shells.", "label": [1, 15, 12]}
+{"token": "Learning Bayesian networks from data: An information-theory based approach. This paper provides algorithms that use an information-theoretic analysis to learn Bayesian network structures from data. Based on our three-phase learning framework, we develop efficient algorithms that can effectively learn Bayesian networks, requiring only polynomial numbers of conditional independence (CI) tests in typical cases. We provide precise conditions that specify when these algorithms are guaranteed to be correct as well as empirical evidence (from real world applications and simulation tests) that demonstrates that these systems work efficiently and reliably in practice. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "How to Ascertain Drug Safety in the Context of Benefit. Controversies and Concerns. There is great concern about clearly defining benefit and risk in the context of both drug development and clinical practice. in view of this pressure, the OMERACT Executive identified the need to bring together clinical trialists, pharmacoepidemiologists, clinicians, clinical epidemiologists, statistical experts, and regulatory representatives to discuss different approaches to define risk and perhaps improved ways to express it. Each attendee spoke on a given topic and the group was charged to consider the issue of risk in the context of formally posed questions. This article provides a summary of the presentations and Outlines the discussions that followed. (J Rheumatol 2009; 36:2114-21; doi:10.3899/jrheum.090591)", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Risk Factors for Traumatic Exposure and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms. This study explored the role of personality traits in the risk for exposure to a traumatic event and the development of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). It also measured the contribution of subjective experience of the traumatic event to PTSS. Of 1,360 BA students recruited from a major university in northern Israel, 367 (27%) reported a history of traumatic exposure. The findings indicate that individuals who scored high on neuroticism, while making the effort to avoid traumas, perceived and experienced traumatic exposures as a threat and hence were more susceptible to developing PTSS. In contrast, individuals who scored high on extraversion might be more prone to occurrences with a traumatic potential due to their tendency to undertake challenges, but were less apt to react in a posttraumatic manner.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "The place of victims' preferences in the sentencing of 'their' offenders. How does English law treat victims' opinions as to the appropriate sentence that their offenders should receive? The issue is of particular importance since the introduction in October 2001 of the Victim Personal Statement Scheme, which aims to provide victims with a formal opportunity to have input into criminal justice decision-making. The article will consider the current position of victims' opinions in sentencing and highlight controversies within the existing law.", "label": [3, 5, 26, 51]}
+{"token": "Racing performance of Swedish Standardbred trotting horses with proximal palmar/plantar first phalangeal (Birkeland) fragments compared to fragment free controls. The horses raced a total of 16,448 races. Horses gained speed as a function of race number. There was no difference in racing speed between horses with POF fractures that raced before surgery and control horses. Horses did not slow before, nor speed up after, surgery. There was no difference in the number of days between the last race prior to, or the first race after, the hospital visit between POF and control horses. Career earnings and lifetime starts were not significantly different between groups. The results of this study suggest the need to reevaluate the previously reported benefits of surgical intervention for POF. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.The aim of this study was to determine whether horses with a proximal palmar/plantar first phalangeal osteochondral fragment (POF) had comparable racing careers (prior to and following surgery) to horses without this fracture. A retrospective cohort study included 174 Swedish Standardbred trotters with osteochondral fragmentation in the palmar/plantar fetlock joint and 613 radiographically negative control horses presented for prepurchase examinations. Medical records and radiographs were examined for each horse. Racing data were retrieved from online Swedish Standardbred harness racing records. The effect of having a POF on race speed compared to radiographically negative control horses was examined using generalised estimating equations. Multivariable regression was used to examine differences in money earned and career longevity.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Leak detection in water distribution pipes using singular spectrum analysis. Small leaks in buried water distribution pipelines run continuously for long periods of time without being detected. They do not produce any appreciable flow or pressure changes at the monitored locations. The non-stationarity of the monitoring data, background noise, and the uncertainties in interpreting sensory information adds complexity to detecting leaks. This paper explores the application of singular spectrum analysis (SSA) in extracting leak components from noisy measurements. SSA is a non-parametric and adaptive method, able to decompose a signal into interpretable components without making linearity or stationarity assumptions. When applied to noisy hydro-acoustic signals, it is shown that the leak signatures are extracted efficiently. A semi-supervised approach for leak detection is presented, in which the SSA decomposition of leak-free historical data is combined with ensemble one-class support vector machine. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of SSA for leak detection in water distribution pipelines.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Maternal infections and subsequent psychosis among offspring. Results: Maternal levels of IgG and IgM class immunoglobulins before the mothers were delivered of their neonates were significantly elevated among the case series (t=3.06, P=.003; t=2.93, P=.004, respectively, for IgG and IgM immunoglobulin-albumin ratios). Secondary analyses indicated a significant association between maternal antibodies to herpes simplex virus type 2 glycoprotein gG2 and subsequent psychotic illness (matched t test=2.43, P=.02). We didn't find significant differences between case and control mothers in the serum levels of IgA class immunoglobulins, or in specific IgG antibodies to herpes simplex Virus type 1, cytomegalovirus, Toxoplasma gondii, rubella virus, human parvovirus B19, Chlamydia trachomatis, or human papillomavirus type 16.Methods: We conducted a nested case-control study of 27 adults with schizophrenia and other psychotic illnesses and 54 matched unaffected control subjects (matched for sex, ethnicity, and date of birth) from the Providence, RI, cohort of the Collaborative Perinatal Project. We retrieved stored blood samples that had been obtained from these mothers at the end of pregnancy. These samples were analyzed for total class-specific immunoglobulins and for specific antibodies directed at recognized perinatal pathogens capable of affecting brain development.Background: We tested the hypothesis that maternal infections during pregnancy are associated with the subs equent development of schizophrenia and other psychoses in adulthood.Conclusions: The offspring of mothers with elevated levels of total IgG and IgM immunoglobulins and antibodies to herpes simplex virus type 2 are at increased risk for the development of schizophrenia and other psychotic illnesses in adulthood.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "How much brain does the school need? Prospects and limits of neuro-psychological research on teaching and learning. In spite of its fascinating findings on human information processing, brain research as yet only allows for some very general conclusions as to the layout of learning opportunities in pre-school and school. Educational institutions have been established to enable students to acquire and apply, within a few years, knowledge which it has taken mankind hundreds or thousands of years to elaborate. For this to be successful, teachers have to acquire pedagogical content knowledge and use it to optimise learning opportunities. The history of science as well as cognitive psychology provide insights that may help teachers to build up adequate pedagogical content knowledge.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "A structural approach for understanding multispecies coexistence. Although observations of species-rich communities have long served as a primary motivation for research on the coexistence of competitors, the majority of our empirical and theoretical understanding comes from two-species systems. How much of the coexistence observed in species-rich communities results from indirect effects among competitors that only emerge in diverse systems remains poorly understood. Resolving this issue requires simple, scalable, and intuitive metrics for quantifying the conditions for coexistence in multispecies systems, and how these conditions differ from those expected based solely on pairwise interactions. To achieve these aims, we develop a structural approach for studying the set of parameter values compatible with n-species coexistence given the geometric constraints imposed by the matrix of competition coefficients. We derive novel mathematical metrics analogous to stabilizing niche differences and fitness differences that measure the range of conditions compatible with multispecies coexistence, incorporating the effects of indirect interactions emerging in diverse systems. We show how our measures can be used to quantify the extent to which the conditions for coexistence in multispecies systems differ from those that allow pairwise coexistence, and apply the method to a field system of annual plants. We conclude by presenting new challenges and empirical opportunities emerging from our structural metrics of multispecies coexistence.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "A comparison of the Iberian and Ebro Basins during the Permian and Triassic, eastern Spain: A quantitative subsidence modelling approach. The Permian-Triassic sediments of the Iberian Plate are a well studied case of classical Buntsandstein-Muschelkalk-Keuper facies, with good sedimentological interpretations and precise datings based on pollen and spore assemblages, ammonoids and foraminifera. Synrift-postrift cycles are recorded in these facies, but there are only a few studies of quantitative subsidence analysis (backstripping method) and only a previous one using forward modelling for the quantification of synrift-postrift phases of this period.Here we present the results obtained by the quantitative analysis of fourteen field sections and oil-well electric log records in the Iberian and Ebro Basins, Spain. Backstripping analysis showed five synrift phases of 1 to 3 million years duration followed by postrift periods for the Permian-Triassic interval. The duration, however, shows lateral variations and some of them are absent in the Ebro Basin. The forward modelling analysis, assuming local isostatic compensation, has been applied to each observation point using one-layer and two-layer lithospheric configurations. The second one shows a better fit between observation and model prediction in a systematic way, so a two layer configuration is assumed for the sedimentary basin filling analysis. Lithospheric stretching factors beta and delta obtained in the forward modelling analysis are never higher than 1.2, but sometimes beta<1 and simultaneously delta>1 in the same section. If surficial extension is compensated by deep compression either at the roots of the rift basins or in far-away zones is not yet clear, but this anomaly can be explained using a simple shear extensional model for the Iberian and Ebro basins. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Molecular detection and identification of agents of eumycetoma: Detailed report of two cases. We describe two cases of eumycetoma in the legs. The infections could not be adequately diagnosed by classical mycology, but the causative agents were successfully identified as Madurella mycetomatis by species-specific PCR and DNA sequencing.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Reprint of 'Novel mycoviruses discovered from metatranscriptomics survey of soybean phyllosphere phytobiomes. Mycoviruses can be beneficial to plants in that they can debilitate pathogenic fungi thereby reducing the severity of associated plant diseases. Studies to date have focused primarily on culturable fungi that represent a fraction of natural fungal populations. The nonculturable fungi, however, can harbor diverse populations of mycoviruses that reduce plant disease or enhance resistance to abiotic stress. Metatranscriptome analysis of field-grown plant samples using high-throughput sequencing offers the possibility of unbiased detection and quantification of mycoviruses regardless of the culturability of their fungal hosts together with the complete associated microbial consortia. In this study, we describe the fungal viromes of the phyllosphere of production soybean fields in Illinois, USA by analyzing the metatranscriptomes of thousands of soybean leaf samples collected during the 2008 and 2009 growing seasons. The analyses identified 25 partial genome sequences that represented at least 22 mycovirus genomes, only one of which had been described previously. The novel mycovirus genomes showed similarity to 10 distinct lineages including the genera Alphapartitivirus, Botybirnavirus, Endornavirus, Mitovirus, Mycoflexivirus, Ourmiavirus, Totivirus, Victorivirus, family Tombusviridae, order Mononegavirales, and the recently proposed genus Gemycircularvirus. The present study adds to the wealth of mycoviruses associated with plant phytobiomes and establishes groundwork needed for further characterization of the viruses. Published by Elsevier B.V.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Patterns of reproduction in southern versus northern populations of Leptothorax ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Populations of 2 Leptothorax ant species were sampled near the edge of their ranges. The southern population of L. curvispinosus Mayr showed no significant demographic shifts from northern populations, but the southern population of L. longispinosus Roger was almost exclusively monogynous, in contrast to northern counterparts. In both species, we found clear evidence of queen-worker conflict over allocation to males and also over allocation to growth versus reproduction in the southern populations. Geographic variation between populations can prove very useful for investigating evolutionary dynamics in social insects.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Chromatin structure of the simian virus 40 late promoter: a deletional analysis. The goal of this study was to determine the minimal sequence within the simian virus 40 (SV40) late promoter region, nucleotides (nt) 255 to 424, capable of phasing nucleosomes as measured by its ability to confer the greatest endonuclease sensitivity on adjacent DNA sequences. To identify the minimal sequence, a deletional analysis of the late region was performed by utilizing a SV40 recombinant reporter system. The reporter system consisted of a series of unique restriction sites introduced into SV40 at nt 2666. The unique restriction sites allowed the insertion of test sequences as well as measurement of conferred endonuclease sensitivity, The results of the deletional analysis demonstrated that constructs capable of conferring the greatest nuclease sensitivities consistently included nt 255 to 280, The activator protein 4 (AP-4) and GTIIC transcription factor binding sequences lie within this region and were analyzed individually. Their abilities to confer nuclease sensitivity upon the reporter nearly matched that of the entire late domain. These results suggest that transcription factors AP-4 and transcription-enhancing factor which binds the GTIIC sequence are able to confer significant levels of nuclease sensitivity and are likely involved in the formation of the SV40 nucleosome-free region.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "A STUDY OF ETHICS POSITION ACROSS GENDER AND RESIDENTIAL SURROUNDING AMONG STUDENTS. This paper attempts to examine the gender difference among students with respect to their ethical ideology and the difference in the ethics position between students residing in rural and urban area. The data was collected from 141 students doing graduation and post graduation courses in universities and colleges in and around Hisar (Haryana) with average age being 21 years. The instruments used for the study was ethics position questionnaire developed by Forsyth (1980). The data were analyzed for descriptive and t-test using SPSS. The results reveal that there is no statistically significant difference between males and females for the ethics position of idealism and relativism. Also, the residential area (i.e. in terms of rural and urban) has no statistically significant difference for the ethics position.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "Performance analysis and design of STBCs for frequency-selective fading channels. In this paper, space-time block-coded transmission over frequency-selective fading channels is investigated. A lower bound for the pairwise error probability for optimum detection is given. Also, an approximation for the bit-error rate is derived and compared with simulation results for maximum-likelihood sequence estimation (MLSE) for the GSM/EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution) system. Furthermore, a novel design rule for space-time block codes (STBCs) for frequency-selective fading channels is provided. A corresponding code is designed and shown to yield higher performance than Alamouti's code. It is demonstrated that for fading channels with L independent impulse response coefficients, STBCs designed for the flat fading channel can achieve at most a diversity order of (N-T + L - 1) N-R if N-T transmit antennas and N-R receive antennas are used. On the other hand, the maximum diversity order employing the proposed code design rule is LNTNR.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
+{"token": "Neuroscience and the Personalization of Criminal Law. While objective standards of reasonableness permeate most legal disciplines, criminal law has trended toward personalization since the 1960s, when the Model Penal Code introduced conceptions of mental states based on Freudian psychoanalytic theory. Today, advancements in neuroscience offer previously inconceivable insights into living brain structures and damage. This Essay contends that a criminal justice system that uses personalizing neuroscientific evidence will yield better outcomes. This Essay contributes two unique tools to the personalized law debate. First are the results of my two-decade-long Neuroscience Study, in which I have compiled eight hundred criminal cases that addressed neuroscientific evidence in any capacity. The data gathered from these cases suggest that simplistic views that regard neuroscience as either entirely exculpatory or solely indicative of future dangerousness are misinformed. Second, this Essay posits a probabilistic theory of analyzing evidence based on Bayes's Theorem. Bayes's Theorem offers a compelling model of human reasoning that comports with the process of assessing a defendant's culpability in legal settings. Neuroscientific evidence can thus be understood as a means of modifying initial beliefs and mitigating implicit biases in criminal contexts. Employing these tools, I analyze the impact of personalized evidence on criminal defenses, which I argue are strongly motivated by probabilistic determinations of a defendant's culpability. These determinations have significant impacts beyond individual cases and can contribute to trends in litigation funding. This Essay systematically argues that personalization, fueled by neuroscientific evidence, can provide gains in fairness and efficiency, especially when admitted in the context of criminal defenses, due to their emphasis on probabilistic determinations of culpability.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Effects of Residual Hardware Impairments on Secure NOMA-Based Cooperative Systems. Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) has been proposed as a promising technology that is capable of improving the spectral efficiency of fifth-generation wireless networks and beyond. However, in practical communication scenarios, transceiver architectures inevitably suffer from radio frequency (RF) front-end related impairments that cause non-negligible performance degradation. This issue can be addressed by analog and digital signal processing algorithms, however, inevitable aspects of this approach such as time-varying hardware characteristics and imperfect compensation schemes result to detrimental residual distortions. In the present contribution we investigate the physical layer security of NOMA-based amplify-and-forward relay systems under such realistically incurred residual hardware impairment (RHI) effects. Exact and asymptotic analytic expressions for the corresponding outage probability (OP) and intercept probability (IP) of the considered setup over multipath fading channels are derived and corroborated by respective simulation results. Based on this, it is shown that RHI affects both the legitimate users and eavesdroppers by increasing the OP and decreasing the IP. For a fixed OP, RHI generally increases the corresponding IP, thereby reducing the secure performance of the system. Further interesting insights are provided, verifying the importance of the offered results for the effective design and deployment of secure cooperative communication systems.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 37]}
+{"token": "Critical comparison of the boundary effect model with cohesive crack model and size effect law. The purpose of this critique is to help crystallize a consensus about the proper size effect formulation, not only for concrete structures but also, and mainly, for other quasibrittle materials and structures, including airframes made of fiber composites, ceramic components and micro-meter-scale devices, and for failure assessments of sea ice, rock, stiff soils, bone, and various bio-or bio-mimetic materials, for all of which the non-statistical size effect is yet to be widely accepted in practice.For several decades it has been clear that the size effect on structural strength, exhibiting a major non-statistical component, is a quintessential property of all quasibrittle materials. However, progress in design codes and practice for these materials has been retarded by protracted controversies about the proper mathematical form and justification of the size effect law (SEL). A fresh exception is the American Concrete Institute which, in 2019, becomes the first concrete code-making society to adopt the SEL based on quasibrittle fracture mechanics. This article begins by discussing several long-running controversies that have recently abated, and then focuses critically on the so-called Boundary Effect Model (BEM), promoted for concrete relentlessly for two decades, in ever-changing versions, by Xiaozhi Hu et al. The BEM is here compared to the quasibrittle SEL based on asymptotic matching. Its errors, weaknesses and inconsistencies are identified-including incorrect large-and small-size asymptotic size effects, conflicts with broad-range comprehensive test data and with the cohesive crack model, incorrect aggregate-size dependence of strength, illogical dependence on ligament stress profile, inability to capture the statistical part of size effect at large sizes, simplistic effect of boundary proximity, and lack of distinction between Type 1 and 2 size effects. In contrast to the SEL, the BEM is not applicable to mixed and shear fracture modes and to complex geometries of engineering structures, and is not transplantable from concrete to other quasibrittle materials.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "Explicit representation of constrained schema mappings for mediated data integration. In an environment of heterogeneous data sources it may be necessary to integrate these in order to provide a single global view to the data. Nowadays this problem is solved by mediators, which are tolerant not only to heterogeneity of the sources, but also of their availability and of structural changes. For some mediation problems it is reasonable to assume the existence of a fixed structured target schema as the global view. In these cases, mismatches of target concepts and source concepts can occur, which make it impossible for a mediator to interpret the data correctly and completely at the same time. We will show how to enforce correct interpretations by imposing constraints on the mappings between the target schema and the source schemas. The strength of such constraints can be decreased in a flexible and controlled way, for the sake of exploiting more sources, and at the cost of potentially loosing assurance in correctness. Additionally, we treat interpretation completeness of sources. A careful specification of data structures and algorithms allows for using mappings of this kind in a generic mediation system. The data structures represent mappings explicitly by linking structural descriptions of source data to the target schema expressed in an object oriented data model.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Bringing Islamic tradition back to management development A new Islamic Dawah based framework to foster workplace ethics. Originality/value - This study extends marketing knowledge in general and internal marketing knowledge specifically by presenting a first-ever Islamic Dawah-based model to foster workplace ethics.Purpose - The purpose of this study is to understand the practice of Dawah among Muslims by discovering its perceived motives and benefits that can be replicated to organizational settings. Furthermore, the motives and benefits of performing Islamic Dawah are tied together to establish a Dawah based framework to foster ethical decision making in organizations.Design/methodology/approach - This qualitative study is based on interviews conducted among 40 male Muslims from Pakistan. The sample consists of Muslim scholars having strong religious knowledge, younger people and old-age Muslims. The data collected through the interviews are transcribed and content-analysed by using multiple coding schemes.Findings - The Islamic Dawah-based framework is based on five elements, which are self-reform, transcendence, complacency, dutifulness and pridefulness. The findings reveal that Muslim scholars put much emphasis on sharing of Islamic faith and livelihood among the members of the community, while the common people, both from the younger and older generations, are more concerned with establishing their own understanding of the Islamic value system and self-improvement. Aside from the spiritual impact that Dawah has on them, the role of family members in stimulating the practice of Dawah is highlighted.Practical implications - The study has managerial relevance in a way that the highlighted themes represented by a framework can be replicated to an organizational setting to impart a culture of ethicality which is purely based on Islamic tradition. The roles of peers, CEO and self-correction are pivotal to establishment of an ethical workplace culture.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "Fastmet (R)/Fastmelt (R): the final steps in waste recovery. The Fastmet/Fastmelt processes are technologies developed for the recovery of steel mill wastes and converting them into DRI, HBI or hot metal. The processes utilize an agglomeration system for briquetting or pelletizing of the wastes for feed to a Fastmelt rotary hearth furnace for reduction and, if desired, a direct coupled Fastmelt melting furnace for producing hot metal. Midrex and its parent company, Kobe Steel, have been operating small scale units and estimated the corresponding production costs.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "KNOWLEDGE BY DEDUCTION. It seems beyond doubt that a thinker can come to know a conclusion by deducing it from premisses that he knows already, but philosophers have found it puzzling how a thinker could acquire knowledge in this way. Assuming a broadly externalist conception of knowledge, I explain why judgements competently deduced from known premisses are themselves knowledgeable. Assuming an exclusionary conception of judgeable content, I further explain how such judgements can be informative. (According to the exclusionary conception, which I develop from some remarks in Ramsey, a judgement's content is given by the hitherto live possibilities that it excludes or rules out.) I propose that the value of logic lies in its allowing us to combine different sources of knowledge, so that we can learn things that we could not learn from those sources individually. I conclude by arguing that while single-conclusion logics possess that value, multiple-conclusion logics do not.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Early Development of Leaf Trichomes Is Associated With Decreased Damage in Teosinte, Compared With Maize, by Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Invertebrate herbivores prefer younger over older plant stages. Therefore, defensive traits against herbivores during early plant ontogeny are important. Defensive chemical and physical traits are well-studied in domesticated plants, but not in their wild relatives. Little is known about the function of trichomes, a physical defense against herbivore arthropods that damage cultivated plants and their wild ancestors. Maize is one of the most important crops in the world, but few studies have been conducted on the physical defenses during early ontogeny of maize and its wild relative teosinte. Therefore, the objective of this study was to characterize the density of trichomes (macrohairs) in maize and teosintes, and to evaluate the chewing damage by Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae on the 6-leaf stage of 1) perennial teosinte Zea perennis (Poaceae), 2) annual teosinte Zea mays ssp. parviglumis, 3) landrace maize, and 4) on the 2-leaf stage of the landrace maize. Significantly less damage occurred in both teosinte species, which showed pubescence (trichomes) on the upper leaf-blade, but not on the midrib leaf surface. The highest trichome density was found on Z. perennis, followed by Z. mays ssp. parviglumis at the 6-leaf stage. No trichomes were found on the landrace maize, at the 6-leaf stage or 2-leaf stage. Results suggest that trichomes play an important role in preventing damage by chewing larvae on the ancestors of maize. Genes that promote macrohair initiation in teosintes during early vegetative development could be incorporated into maize plants in the future.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Gauss type quadratures based on trigonometric bases. New quadrature formulas are developed based on specific bases of trigonometric functions. Those quadratures are comparable with Gauss quadrature formulas, oriented to a class of functions common with those formulas, but have nothing to do with a quadrature for periodic functions based on trigonometric formulas as well.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Antonio Vinciguerra: the Ideological Initiator of the Venetian Appearance of the City of Krk. The island of Krk was the last island of the North Adriatic to become part of the great dominion of the Most Serene Republic of Venice. This article deals with Antonio Vinciguerra, the Secretary of the Republic, who was sent to Krk as its representative in the crucial moment in 1480. He played an important role in the takeover of the island. Vinciguerra was immediately appointed as a proveditor, the role he held for almost a year. We learn of his acts from his manuscript entitled Cronica di Veglia. Symbolic \\\\'colonization\\\\' of the urban space was a common practice of the Venetian Republic, and the text demonstrates the role of an important figure as the initiator of the gradual and subtle changes in the appearance of the city which would soon boast numerous signs of the Venetian hegemony, such as lions of St Mark.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Long live liberty, equality, fraternity and dynamite': The German Bourgeoisie and the constructing of popular liberal and national socialist subcultures in marginal Germany. It is well known that in most regions which were the strongholds of German Liberalism in the decade before 1914 the Nazi Party won massive support from the late 1920s. The article would like to add another dimension to the many explanations which have been offered in recent decades for the Nazi success. It seeks to exonerate the provincial-bourgeois-Liberals from the accusation of being proto-fascists or volkisch-nationalists, and explain the dual nature of German Liberalism and National Socialism before 1933. In order to do this, the article examines neglected radical-bourgeois elements in some southern German regions which were strongholds of National-Socialism in the late 1920s and early 1930s, and draw attention to the continuity and similarity between Liberal radicalism within the bourgeois Liberal organisations of the second half of the 19th and early 20th century and National Socialism before 1933.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Navigating New Socio-Demographic Landscapes: Using Anthropological Demography to Understand the 'Persistence' of High and Early Fertility Among British Pakistanis. British Pakistanis continue to have earlier and higher fertility than other ethnic groups in the UK, despite a recent rise in educational and employment opportunities for British Pakistani women. In this paper we present findings from an interview-based study with 91 British Pakistani women and men in the Northeast of England, in order to throw some light on the reproductive choices and constraints that underlie this apparent demographic anomaly. Drawing on detailed reproductive narratives, we show that, contrary to common assumptions within the literature, relatively high and early fertility does not necessarily indicate a passive acceptance of 'cultural norms' or a reluctance to engage with new social and economic opportunities. For some young women at least, early motherhood represents a deliberate and strategic choice: a way of managing different sets of family-building and other aspirations, embedded within a complex interplay of relationships between individuals, couples and wider families. This study contributes to the emerging 'inter-discipline' of anthropological demography, which offers important insights into population processes that neither discipline can do alone.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Physicochemical Properties of Sugarcane Cultivars Affected Life History and Population Growth Parameters of Sesamia nonagrioides (Lefebvre) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Simple Summary The sugarcane stem borer, Sesamia nonagrioides (Lefebvre), is the most important pest of sugarcane in Iran and some other regions of the world. Variation in the resistance of six commercial sugarcane cultivars to S. nonagrioides was investigated using the oviposition preference, life history, and population growth parameters. Moreover, the physical and biochemical properties of the tested sugarcane cultivars were estimated to understand any possible correlation between the insect's parameters and the physiochemical features of the cultivars tested. The physicochemical properties of sugarcane cultivars significantly affected S. nonagrioides oviposition behavior, life history, and population parameters. Based on the obtained results, the resistant cultivar, SP70-1143, could be recommended for cultivation in sugarcane fields where the risk of S. nonagrioides damage is usually high. The use of resistant cultivars is an efficient management strategy against S. nonagrioides. The effects of different sugarcane cultivars, CP48-103, CP57-614, CP69-1062, CP73-21, SP70-1143, and IRC99-02 were evaluated on the oviposition preference (free-choice assay), life history, and life table parameters of S. nonagrioides at 27 +/- 1 degrees C, 60 +/- 5% RH and a photoperiod of 16: 8 (L: D) h. The longest and shortest developmental times were on cultivars SP70-1143 and CP48-103, respectively. The oviposition preference of S. nonagrioides was the highest on cultivars CP48-103 and CP69-1062, and negatively correlated with the shoot trichome density and shoot rind hardness of the cultivars. The highest intrinsic rate of increase of S. nonagrioides was on cultivar CP48-103 and the lowest was on cultivar SP70-1143. The shortest mean generation time was on CP48-103 and the longest was on SP70-1143. The results indicate that cultivars CP48-103 and CP69-1062 were susceptible, and cultivar SP70-1143 was partially resistant against S. nonagrioides. This information could be useful for developing integrated management programs of S. nonagrioides, such as the use of resistant cultivars to reduce the damage caused by this pest in sugarcane fields.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Aggregating sets of von Neumann-Morgenstern utilities. We analyze the preference aggregation problem without the assumption that individuals and society have fully determined and observable preferences. More precisely, we endow individuals and society with sets of possible von Neumann-Morgenstern utility functions over lotteries. We generalize the classical Pareto and Independence of Irrelevant Alternatives axioms and show they imply a generalization of the classical neutrality assumption. We then characterize the class of neutral social welfare functions. This class is considerably broader for indeterminate than for determinate utilities, where it basically reduces to utilitarianism. We finally characterize several classes of neutral social welfare functions for indeterminate utilities, including the utilitarian and \\\\'multi-utilitarian\\\\' classes. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "The coupled rotation of the inner core. The rotation of the inner core (IC) is influenced by the rest of the Earth through a number of coupling mechanisms. Among four possible coupling mechanisms, gravitational, pressure, viscous and electromagnetic, the first two torques are dominant. Numerous existing IC gravitational torque estimates have been shown to agree very well with one another (Xu & Szeto 1996). It is shown in this paper that different estimates of the IC pressure torque are also in good agreement.The coupled rotation of the IC has been investigated in the frequency domain by several research groups (Mathews et nl. 1991a,b; De Vries & Wahr 1991; Dehant et al. 1993; Jiang 1993). Not all of these efforts obtained two IC-related rotational modes, the inner-core wobble (ICW) and the free-inner-core nutation (FICN). We investigate this problem in the time domain and confirm the existence of the two modes. The periods of ICW and FICN are in good agreement with those obtained by other researchers. In studying the effects of coupling torques on the IC rotational modes we have found that depending on whether the IC net torque is 'restoring' or otherwise, an increased torque magnitude will respectively shorten or lengthen the ICW period. We have also found that the sense of FICN is determined by the orientation of the net coupling torque on the IC.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "DIRECT IMAGING OF INTERACTIONS BETWEEN AN ICOSAHEDRAL VIRUS AND CONJUGATE F-AB FRAGMENTS BY CRYOELECTRON MICROSCOPY AND X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY. The binding properties of seven mouse monoclonal antibodies (McAbs) raised against cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) were characterized by conventional and inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. McAb binding to CPMV on electron microscope (EM) grids was also assayed with gold-labeled anti-mouse antibodies. Two of the seven McAbs (5B2 and 10B7) were found to bind tighter to CPMV than the others in the inhibition ELISA and the EM assay. F-ab fragments from both of these McAbs were prepared and complexed with CPMV in solution. Electron micrographs of flash frozen (vitrified) samples of native CPMV and CPMV complexed with F-ab fragments from McAbs 5B2 and 10B7 as well as IgGs from 5B2 were recorded and reconstructions were computed at 23 Angstrom resolution for the CPMV/F-ab complexes and 30 Angstrom resolution for the CPMV/IgG complex. Structures of all three complexes clearly displayed the F-ab fragments distributed with icosahedral symmetry on the surface of CPMV. The IgG bound in a monodentate fashion with only one F-ab attached to the virus surface. F-ab fragments from 582 and 10B7 bound to nearly identical positions. The refined 2.8 Angstrom X-ray structure of CPMV was used to identify the roughly 30 amino acids covered by the F-ab fragments. The ''footprint'' spans a subunit interface and appears spatially similar to antigenic site 3B on poliovirus. In a previous, preliminary report of the CPMV/F-ab 582 complex (Wang et al., 1992, Nature 355, 275-278) the wrong enantiomorph of the reconstruction was chosen. This was corrected and, since the F-ab binds close to a mirror plane, the change in the footprint was minor. (C) 1994 Academic Press, Inc.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Effect of built-in potential on charge carrier mobility evaluated from extraction current transients in poly(3-hexylthiophene) thin film. The charge carrier mobility of a poly(3-hexylthiophene) film was estimated using charge extraction by the linearly increasing voltage (CELIV) method under dark conditions. To estimate the mobility of a thin film with a thickness similar to that of an actual device, the effects of the built-in potential and depletion region at the counter electrode interface were investigated. The application of a forward bias before the voltage scan affected the estimated mobility, and flat-band conditions were required to estimate the mobility precisely. The dark CELIV mobility was compared with the mobility estimated by the space-charge-limited current method using thin films under the same conditions. (C) 2018 The Japan Society of Applied Physics", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Hard acts to follow: Predecessor effects on party leader survival. In this article, using our original data on party leadership succession in 23 parliamentary democracies, we investigate the determinants of a party leader's survival rate: how long he/she remains in office. Unlike previous studies, which focus on institutional settings of leadership selection or on situational (political, economic and international) conditions at the time of succession, we propose a perceptual theory of leadership survival, focusing on the expectations of party constituents (or indirectly, the voting public) who have the power to remove a leader. Specifically, we argue that they benchmark' their expectation of a current party leader's performance by comparing it against their memory of that leader's immediate predecessor. Empirically, we show that party leaders who succeeded a (very) long-serving party leader and/or a leader who had also been the head of government experience lower longevity than others, making these types of predecessor hard acts to follow'.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Recovery from exhaustive swimming and its effect on fillet quality in haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus). Wild haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) of commercial size (0.8-2.49 kg, 45-60 cm) were swum to exhaustion in a large swim tunnel and then allowed to recuperate for 0, 3 or 6 h, to investigate the effects of exhaustive swimming on blood glucose, blood lactate and post mortem development of fillet quality. There was a positive linear relationship between critical (aerobic) swimming speed (U-crit) and body length (BL). The average U-crit was 1.25 +/- 0.29 (SD) BL s(-1), which is close to that reported by others for haddock. Swimming to exhaustion resulted in reduced time to reach maximum muscle stiffness of the fillet (no recuperation vs unswum control), but the effect was remedied by recuperation for 3 h or more. Blood glucose and blood lactate increased during exercise and remained elevated throughout the entire 6-h resting period, indicating that complete recovery of these parameters may take more than 6 h. There was no significant effect of exhaustive swimming on muscle pH or colouration of the fillet. Taken together, the data suggest that swimming to exhaustion may have moderate and reversible negative effects on fillet quality in haddock. The effects observed in the present study are consistent with a recent study on exhaustive swimming in Atlantic cod, but less severe than that reported for haddock caught by trawl. This suggests that other factors (e.g. crowding/packing in the codend, barotrauma or suffocation) are contributing to the deterioration of fillet quality seen frequently in haddock caught by trawl.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Development of an olfactory test method for measuring perception of everyday food odors among older adults. Age related decline in olfactory function has major implications for food intake in older adults as the sense of smell is essential to the perception of food. The aim of this study was to develop an olfactory test method that addresses the consequences of decline in intensity perception in relation to food appreciation. This test was developed in four steps: (a) Selection of diverse food odors, evaluated on perceived familiarity. (b) Standardization of an intensity reference level for food odors in relation to 1-butanol. (c) Assessment of shelf-life stability. (d) Test-retest reliability for intensity and identification. Fourteen food odors comprising asparagus, bacon, banana, cinnamon, curry, coffee, fried meat, mushroom, onion, orange, raspberry, thyme, toasted bread, and vanilla obtained satisfactory familiarity score, test-retest reliability, and a stable shelf-life except for cooked fish which was therefore excluded. This food odor test is a promising tool for evaluating olfactory performance in older people in relation to common foods and changes in preferences. However, more work is needed to further evaluate the method in practice in a larger cohort including older adults and a reference group. Practical Applications This food odor test using complex food odors is relevant in settings where meals are customized to improve food intake in older adults.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Laboratory Evaluation of Acute Toxicity of the Essential Oil of Allium tuberosum Leaves and Its Selected Major Constituents Against Apolygus lucorum (Hemiptera: Miridae). The aim of this research was to evaluate acute toxicity of the essential oil of leaves of Chinese chives, Allium tuberosum Rottler ex Spreng (Asparagales: Alliaceae) and its major constituents against Apolygus lucorum Meyer-Dur (Hemiptera: Miridae). The essential oil of A. tuberosum leaves was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatographymass spectrometry. The major constituents of the oil were sulfur-containing compounds, including allyl methyl trisulfide (36.24%), diallyl disulfide (27.26%), diallyl trisulfide (18.68%), and dimethyl trisulfide (9.23%). The essential oil of A. tuberosum leaves exhibited acute toxicity against Ap. lucorum with an LD50 value of 20.03 mu g per adult. Among the main compounds, diallyl trisulfide (LD50 = 10.13 mu g per adult) showed stronger acute toxicity than allyl methyl trisulfide (LD50 = 21.10 mu g per adult) and dimethyl trisulfide (LD50 = 21.65 mu g per adult). The LD50 value of diallyl disulfide against Ap. lucorum was 28.10 mu g per adult. The results indicated that the essential oil of A. tuberosum and its major constituents may have a potential to be developed as botanical insecticides against Ap. lucorum.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Reverse transcriptase drug resistance mutations in HIV-1 subtype C infected patients on ART in Karonga District, Malawi. Results: Fifteen individuals showed DRMs, and in ten individuals DRMs were seen from baseline samples (reported to be ART naive). Three individuals in whom no DRMs were observed at baseline showed the emergence of DRMs during ART exposure. Four individuals who did show DRMs at baseline showed additional DRMs at subsequent time points, while two individuals showed evidence of DRMs at baseline and either no DRMs, or different DRMs, at later timepoints. Three individuals had immune failure but none appeared to be failing clinically.Conclusion: Despite the presence of DRMs to drugs included in the current regimen in some individuals, and immune failure in three, no signs of clinical failure were seen during this study. This cohort will continue to be monitored as part of the Karonga Prevention Study so that the long-term impact of these mutations can be assessed. Documenting proviral population is also important in monitoring the emergence of drug resistance as selective pressure provided by ART compromises the current plasma population, archived viruses can re-emergeBackground: Drug resistance testing before initiation of, or during, antiretroviral therapy (ART) is not routinely performed in resource-limited settings. High levels of viral resistance circulating within the population will have impact on treatment programs by increasing the chances of transmission of resistant strains and treatment failure. Here, we investigate Drug Resistance Mutations (DRMs) from blood samples obtained at regular intervals from patients on ART (Baseline-22 months) in Karonga District, Malawi. One hundred and forty nine reverse transcriptase (RT) consensus sequences were obtained via nested PCR and automated sequencing from blood samples collected at three-month intervals from 75 HIV-1 subtype C infected individuals in the ART programme.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "NO2 adsorption behaviour on LaFeO3 electrodes of YSZ-based non-nernstian electrochemical sensors. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to examine the NO2 adsorption behaviour on the LaFeO3 and Pt electrodes of planar yttria stabilized zirconia non-Nernstian gas sensors. The electrochemical sensors were exposed to the same gas atmosphere containing 1000 ppm NO2 at 650A degrees C. XPS of the as-prepared sensors and sensors after exposure to NO2 revealed bonded nitrogen peaks on the surface of the semiconducting oxide but no nitrogen peaks on the Pt electrode. Therefore, NO2 adsorption on a LaFeO3 electrode plays an important role in the NO2 detection mechanism.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "Lie-Trotter Formula for the Hadamard Product. Suppose that A and B are two positive-definite matrices, then, the limit of (A(p/2)B(p)A(p/2))(1/p) as p tends to 0 can be obtained by the well known Lie-Trotter formula. In this article, we generalize the usual product of matrices to the Hadamard product denoted as * which is commutative, and obtain the explicit formula of the limit (A(p) * B-p)(1/p) as p tends to 0. Furthermore, the existence of the limit of (A(p) * B-p)(1/p) as p tends to +infinity is proved.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Epidemiological study of canine transmissible venereal tumor (CTVT) in Brazil, 2000-2020. Canine transmissible venereal tumor (CTVT) is a contagious neoplasm, mainly transmitted through coitus. This round cell mesenchymal tumor is common in Brazil, often located in the genitalia although extragenital presentations may also occur, such as cutaneous, oral, and nasal forms. The objective of this study was to perform an epidemiological analysis of CTVT from published data in the recent academic literature to systematically demonstrate the distribution of CTVT in Brazil, identify the frequency of this neoplasm and its main diagnostic tests, and characterize its main clinical manifestations in Brazil. For such purpose, it was analyzed the scientific publications with cases of CTVT in Brazil, in English or Portuguese, published between 2000-2020. The CTVT was identified in 19 Brazilian states plus the Federal District, totaling 3,622 cases across the national territory, with the largest number of cases recorded in the Southeast region. The cytological exam was the most used for the diagnosis of CTVT (89.2 %), followed by histopathological (37.8 %) and immunohistochemistry (13.5 %)1 . Predominant epidemiological aspects of CTVT identified in the study were: Mixed breed dogs (75.2 %), females (62.5 %), in adulthood (between 2 and 7 years) and dogs with free extra outdoor access (91.1 %). Genital presentation was the most frequent in the literature (86 %), followed by cutaneous (21.8 %), nasal (10 %), oral and lymph nodes presentations (10-5 %) and less frequent manifestations as ocular and anal/perianal (< 5 %). CTVT is a neoplasm widely distributed in Brazil, highly frequent and with several forms of clinical presentation, which can be underdiagnosed if there is no adequate knowledge of this tumor and its epidemiological characteristics. The extragenital manifestations of the neoplasm need further studies for its better characterization and more precise definition of its frequencies.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Seismoelectric measurements in a porous quartz-sand sample with anisotropic permeability. Seismoelectric coupling coefficients are difficult to predict theoretically because they depend on a large numbers of rock properties, including porosity, permeability, tortuosity, etc. The dependence of the coupling coefficient on rock properties such as permeability requires experimental data. In this study, we carry out a set of laboratory measurements to determine the dependence of seismoelectric coupling coefficient on permeability. We use both an artificial porous sandstone sample, with cracks, built using quartz-sand and Berea sandstone samples. The artificial sample is a cube with 39% porosity. Its permeability levels are anisotropic: 14.7 D, 13.8 D, and 8.3 D in the x-, y-, and z-directions, respectively. Seismoelectric measurements are performed in a water tank in the frequency range of 20 kHz-90 kHz. A piezoelectric P-wave source is used to generate an acoustic wave that propagates through the sample from the three different (x, y, and z) directions. The amplitudes of the seismoelectric signal induced by the acoustic waves vary with the direction. The highest signal is in the direction of the highest permeability, and the lowest signal is in the direction of the lowest permeability. Since the porosity of the sample is constant, the results directly show the dependence of seismoelectric coefficients on permeability. Seismoelectric measurements with natural rocks are performed using Berea sandstone 500 and 100 samples. Because the Berea samples are nearly isotropic in permeability, the amplitudes of the seismoelectric signals induced in the different directions are the same within the measurement error. Because the permeability of Berea 500 is higher than that of Berea 100, the amplitude of the seismoelectric signals induced in Berea 500 is higher than those in Berea 100. To determine the relative contributions of porosity and permeability on seismoelectric conversion, we carried out an analysis, using Pride (1994) formulation and Kozeny-Carman relationship; the normalized amplitudes of seismoelectric coupling coefficients in three directions are calculated and compared with the experimental results. The results show that the seismoelectric conversion is related to permeability in the frequency range of measurements. This is an encouraging result since it opens the possibility of determining the permeability of a formation from seismoelectric measurements.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Essento insect food AG: How edible insects evolved from an infringement into a sustainable business model. This case tells the story of the start-up Essento, which develops, produces and markets insect-based foods, and the nascent sustainable entrepreneur behind the company. Essento contributed significantly to shaping the legal basis for the consumption of edible insects in Switzerland and rises to the challenge of creating an entirely new market and lacking customer acceptance.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "Expression of the barley yellow dwarf virus-gav movement protein and its detection in the infected and transgenic plants. Movement proteins (MPs) that facilitate virus movement in the plants were identified in a number of plant viruses. In this study, full-length MP gene of the Chinese isolate Barley yellow dwarf virus-GAV (BYDV-GAV) was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. About 32% of the expressed MP was soluble providing the concentration of isopropyl-B-D-galactopyranoside (IPTG), time of the induction, temperature and shaking speed were optimized. The soluble MP was purified using nickel-affinity column. Immune serum prepared against purified MP was used for the detection of MP in the BYDV-GAV infected leaves of oat and in the leaves of transgenic wheat plants expressing the full-length and truncated MP gene.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Adolescent Effortful Control as Moderator of Father's Psychological Control in Externalizing Problems: A Longitudinal Study. This longitudinal study investigates the moderating role of a temperamental trait, the effortful control, in the relation between father's psychological control and externalizing problems. In Wave 1, the participants included 507 adolescents attending the second classes of two public schools situated in two Italian cities; in Wave 2, 482 adolescents attending the fifth classes of high school participated again in the study. The results demonstrated a positive contribution of paternal achievement-oriented psychological control to externalizing problems and a moderator effect of effortful control in the relationship between the father's psychological control and externalizing problems. These findings extend current knowledge on the role of the father in the difficult task of balancing the promotion of individuality without falling into psychological control that can trigger externalizing problems among adolescents, especially when the temperament of the latter does not foresee the availability of self-regulating abilities that mediate disadvantageous reactivity.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Relational Autonomy and Paternalistic Interventions. I argue that any account that incorporates such a condition (irrespective of how the relations, S, are spelt out) cannot play one of autonomy's key normative roles: identifying those agents who ought to be protected from (hard) paternalistic intervention. I argue, against objections from Oshana, that there are good reasons for maintaining the notion of autonomy in this role, and thus that such relational conceptions should not be accepted. This rejection goes beyond that from John Christman, which holds only for those relational conditions which are value-laden.(RelAgency) A necessary condition for autonomous agency is that the agent stands in social relations S.Relational conceptions of autonomy attempt to take into account the social aspects of autonomous agency. Those views that incorporate not merely causally, but constitutively necessary relational conditions, incorporate a condition that has the form:", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Holocene vegetation and fire dynamics at Crveni Potok, a small mire in the Dinaric Alps (Tara National Park, Serbia). We analysed sediments from Crveni Potok (Tara Mountains, Serbia), a key site in the Dinaric Alps because it is located within the restricted distribution range of the endemic conifer Picea omorika (Serbian spruce), and thereby bears a unique potential in revealing its Holocene history. We used a set of proxies (pollen, plant-macrofossils, charcoal) to reconstruct the long-term vegetation and fire histories at different spatial scales. The comprehensive snapshot provided by the reconstructions fill an important gap of European long-term vegetation and fire histories in the overall data-coverage poor region of the Dinaric Alps. The reconstructions unfolded an unusual late-Holocene persistence of high forest cover that contrasts with the large majority of European landscape-scale forest-cover records, which show massive anthropogenic openings in the past two millennia. We also found evidence for good post-fire recovery of the currently threatened endemic P. omorika populations. This leads us to suggest that prescribed burning programmes may be beneficial to reduce the vulnerability of the species, and for ecological restoration and conservation purposes of the declining and endangered populations. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Current state of the art for renal replacement therapy in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is associated with incremental risk for death and chronic kidney disease and represents a mounting clinical challenge for healthcare professionals. Renal replacement therapy (RRT) use in ICU settings is rising, likely in response to similar trends in AKI, taken together with an ageing population burdened by high prevalence of multi-morbidity and high illness acuity. Numerous features of RRT prescription and delivery are not standardized, nor are they supported from high-quality evidence derived from randomized trials. Despite the publication of rigorous clinical practice guidelines focused on RRT for AKI that are intended to optimize the quality and reliability of RRT in ICU settings, practice patterns and outcomes continue to show significant variability. In this concise review, we aim to summarize new knowledge and recent advances for the provision of RRT for critically ill patients with AKI.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "The Role of Salespeople in Value Co-Creation and Its Impact on Sales Performance. Purpose This paper aims to examine salesperson skills, including listening, communication, and adaptive selling, that can enable value co-creation with customers and increase sales performance, while taking into consideration the contingent role of salesperson relationship-enhancing activities. Methodology Survey and objective sales performance data were collected from 201 B2B salespeople in the industrial goods industry. The hypotheses were tested using PLS-SEM. Findings The results show adaptive selling, listening, and communication of salespeople positively impact the behaviors of salespeople to co-create value with customers. The results show that when salespeople co-create value with customers, they will have a positive effect on sales performance. Results show how value co-creation mediates the effects of listening and adaptive selling on sales performance. Research Implications Salespeople need to effectively listen to their customers to provide needed solutions by jointly working with them to co-create value. Similarly, a salesperson's communication and adaptive selling skills have collective impacts that positively contribute to the value co-creation process. Results supplement previous findings in the literature by showing value co-creation holds a positive effect on sales performance at the micro salesperson level. The results offer additional support to the ongoing dialog on the role of a salesperson as a value co-creator. Practical Implications This study has identified several variables that engender successful co-creation by salespeople in B2B sales contexts. Findings demonstrate that salespeople who can adapt their selling approach, are good listeners, and can effectively communicate with customers can engender the value co-creation process with customers. The findings serve as a base to create professional guidelines about the skills and capabilities salespeople need to successfully execute a value co-creation process. Originality/Value The study adds to the literature on value co-creation by highlighting three factors that can enhance the value co-creation process at the level of salespeople leading to better sales outcomes. This research adds the existing literature on the role of value co-creation in sales by empirically examining the relationship between value co-creation and sales performance at the salesperson level.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "An herbal El Dorado: the quest for botanical wealth in the Spanish Empire. Few historians of science would associate the Spanish Empire with scientific innovation. However, recent research is increasingly demonstrating the Crown's strong commitment to scientific research, particularly in the areas of botany, natural history and medicine. Although this commitment began in the 16th century, it reached full development in the 18th, when Enlightenment ideals led to growing interest in exploiting natural resources in the New World. Interest in new resources, which offered alternatives to silver and traditional cash crops, focused largely on medicinal herbs indigenous to the Americas. Herbs that provided 'miracle cures' for age-old diseases would bring both material and moral wealth to the Crown, and were thus pursued vigorously throughout Spanish America. The result was a search for an 'herbal' El Dorado, reminiscent of 16th-century expeditions in search of a mythical land of gold - only in this case, medicine, not metal, was the goal.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Preliminary Dynamic Modulus Criteria of HMA for Field Rutting of Asphalt Pavements: Michigan's Experience. This paper presents a comparative study of laboratory results of both dynamic modulus testing and field rutting performances of hot-mix asphalt (HMA) in the state of Michigan. Fourteen field-produced mixtures at various traffic levels and aggregate sizes were evaluated and compared to those of field rutting. These mixtures were collected from job sites and compacted with a Superpave gyratory compactor to imitate the common air void level used in Mich., which is 7%. Dynamic modulus E* was measured at temperatures ranging from -5 to 39.2 degrees C and frequencies ranging from 0.1 to 25 Hz. The results show that the dynamic modulus values increased when the designed traffic level for HMA mixtures increased. The field rutting performance was evaluated based on theoretical pavement rutting life index. Two parameters, vertical bar E*vertical bar and vertical bar E*vertical bar/sin(phi), were compared to the theoretical pavement rutting index. Based upon the preliminary study, it was found that E* was a suitable parameter in comparing the field and laboratory performance. Preliminary vertical bar E*vertical bar criteria for Mich. were prepared based upon the contractor's warranty criteria consisting of the theoretical pavement rutting life index, and the collected traffic survey data. In addition, sigmoidal master curves were constructed using all minimum vertical bar E*vertical bar data in order to meet the practitioners' needs.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Transmission Asset Investment in Electricity Markets. We construct a general analytic framework for the transmission network investment problem in the market environment and demonstrate its application to some test systems. We define a set of metrics to quantify the improvement attained in terms of welfare for all the participants and make use of them in the evaluation of the impacts of new transmission investments under competition. The proposed metrics are useful to the central entity responsible for transmission planning to provide meaningful measures of the effects of a modification in the grid over the planning horizon. The proposed framework is particularly useful to transmission network planners to support desired environmental targets. The analysis of the effects of new investments on the participants affected by the expansion includes the assessment of appropriate environmental attributes. The consistency of the measured values in terms of these metrics allows the comparison of disparate transmission investment projects and their effective prioritization. A key element of the framework is the deployment of an optimization scheme to maximize the social welfare with and without the transmission asset investments under various bidding behaviors of the market players and contracting conditions. We report the application of the proposed framework to investigate several transmission expansion scenarios on the IEEE 24-bus reliability test system network. The results on both pool-based markets and combined pool-bilateral contract markets provide a good illustration of the capability of the framework to effectively address realistic questions in transmission investment.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "The public in 'Public Theology. The essay offers a reflection on the meaning of the term public and its use in Public Theology writings. Its goal is to contribute to the continuous debate on the meaning and referent of the word public in the context of contemporary societies, together with its contribution to the development of the so called Public Theology. In its first section, it presents the contemporary discussion on the term by public theologians. In the second, it presents some reasons for the ambiguity of the term public, caused by the very ambiguity of the distinction between public and private in contemporary societies. In the final section, it turns to the writings of Dewey, Foucault, Agamben and Derrida in order to find their contributions to the ongoing debate of the Public Theology.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Characterization of fulvic acid fractions obtained by sequential extractions with pH buffers, water, and ethanol from paddy soils. Increasing industrial development and rapid urbanization affects adversely the paddy regions of China in terms of environmental pollution. Soil organic matter is one of the major components, which influence the contaminants mobility in soils. Fulvic acid is one of the major fractions of the soil organic matter of the paddy soils. It is imperative to separate fulvic acids (FA) to different fractions based on their chemical properties to reduce their heterogeneity and to cognize their environmental behavior. Five FA fractions from two paddy soils were first obtained by eluting FA through XAD-8 resin with sequential eluents (pH 4.8, pH 7.0, and pH 11 buffering solutions, water, and ethanol), and were then characterized by elemental analysis, Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, liquid H-1 nuclear magnetic resonance (H-1 NMR) spectroscopy, and cross-polarization magic-angle spinning C-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS C-13 NMR) spectroscopy. The results are consistent between the methods used, suggesting that the later eluted fractions (eluted with water or ethanol) in the sequential elution contained lower carboxylic C, and higher alkyl C than the earlier ones. We hope that such fractionation of humic matters would be useful in detail understanding of the interaction between natural organic matter and contaminants. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Increased serum resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae strains producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases. The aim of this study was to determine whether there is an association between serum resistance, O serotypes, and the production of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) in Klebsiella pneumoniae. Ninety ESBL-producing and 178 non-ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae isolates gathered in five European countries were O serotyped and tested for sensitivity to the serum's bactericidal effect. The frequency of serum-resistant isolates was higher among ESBL-producing strains (30%; 27/90 isolates) than among non-ESBL-producing strains (17.9%; 32/178 isolates) (P = 0.037; odds ratio [OR] = 1.96; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 1.08 to 3.53). Although O1 was the most common O serotype in both Klebsiella groups, its frequency among ESBL-producing strains was significantly higher (59%; 53/90 isolates) than among non-ESBL producers (36%; 64/178 isolates) (P = 0.0006; OR = 2.5; 95% CI = 1.52 to 4.29). Furthermore, the prevalence of the O1 serotype was higher among serum-resistant strains of both ESBL-producing (74%; 20/27isolates) and non-ESBL producers (75%; 24/32 isolates) than among serum-sensitive ESBL producers (52.4%; 33/63 isolates) and non-ESBL producers (27.4%; 40/146 isolates). Serum resistance among ESBL-producing strains (36%; 17/47 isolates) versus non-ESBL-producing strains (16%; 27/166 isolates) was also significantly higher after the exclusion of clonal strains (P = 0.0056; OR = 2.9; 95% C = 1.41 to 6.01). Sixteen ESBL types were detected, among which the frequency of serum resistance was significantly lower among the SHV-producing strains (9/48 isolates) than among the TEM producers (16/35 isolates) (P = 0.016; OR = 3.65; CI = 1.3 to 9.7). Curing ESBL-coding plasmids did not influence the serum resistance of the bacteria; all six plasmid-cured derivatives maintained serum resistance. The present findings suggest that ESBL-producing strains have a greater pathogenic potential than non-ESBL-producing strains, but the linkage between O serotypes, serum resistance, and ESBL production remains unclear at this stage.", "label": [2, 4, 21, 40]}
+{"token": "Dynamic vibronic coupling in InGaAs quantum dots [Invited]. The electron-phonon coupling in self-assembled InGaAs quantum dots is relatively weak at low light intensities, which means that the zero-phonon line in emission is strong compared to the phonon sideband. However, the coupling to acoustic phonons can be dynamically enhanced in the presence of an intense optical pulse tuned within the phonon sideband. Recent experiments have shown that this dynamic vibronic coupling can enable population inversion to be achieved when pumping with a blueshifted laser and for rapid de-excitation of an inverted state with red detuning. In this paper we confirm the incoherent nature of the phonon-assisted pumping process and explore the temperature dependence of the mechanism. We also show that a combination of blue-shifted and redshifted pulses can create and destroy an exciton within a timescale of similar to 20 ps as determined by the pulse duration and ultimately limited by the phonon thermalization time. (C) 2016 Optical Society of America", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Democracy and the Transnational Dimensions of Low-Level Conflict and State Repression. This paper examines the transnational dimensions of low-level conflict and state repression. In this regard, special emphasis is placed on the role of political regimes. Drawing on a simple model, we argue that democracy has opposing effects on conflict intensity. On one hand, democracy satisfies demand for political participation and thus reduces conflict potential, while, on the other hand, we highlight that domestic democracy may spur dissatisfaction and conflict abroad, which, in turn, may induce conflict spillovers. As a result, the net effect of democracy on low-level conflict and state repression is ambiguous and depends on the level of democracy in the neighborhood: We predict that democracy is more pacifying in democratic environments and may spur conflict in autocratic environments. By the symmetry of the model, we also predict that democratic environments are more pacifying for democratic countries and may spur conflict in autocracies. Empirical evidence using panel data on different types of low-level conflict and state repression for 160 countries in the period from 1950 to 2011 supports these hypotheses. Additionally, two case studies illustrate the mechanisms of our model.", "label": [5, 47, 49]}
+{"token": "Fully optimized second-order homogenization estimates for the macroscopic response and texture evolution of low-symmetry viscoplastic polycrystals. In this paper, we present a finite-strain homogenization model for the macroscopic response of viscoplastic polycrystals deforming by crystallographic slip. The model makes use of the recently developed fully optimized second-order (FOSO) variational homogenization method, together with self-consistent estimates for the instantaneous response of a linear comparison composite (LCC) with optimally selected properties, to generate corresponding estimates for nonlinear viscoplastic polycrystals. The estimates are guaranteed to be exact to second order in the heterogeneity contrast, and to satisfy all known bounds. Unlike earlier second-order methods, the FOSO method has the distinct advantage that the macroscopic behavior and field statistics in the nonlinear composite can be conveniently extracted directly from the corresponding quantities in the LCC. Moreover, consistent homogenization estimates for the average strain-rate and spin fields in the grains are used to derive the evolution equations for the morphological and crystallographic textures of the polycrystals at large deformations. The FOSO method is then used for the first time to investigate the effects of rate sensitivity and grain anisotropy on the macroscopic response and field statistics of untextured (low-symmetry) HCP polycrystals. Comparisons with full-field simulations and earlier homogenization models show that the FOSO method is the most accurate to date. In addition, the FOSO method is used to predict the texture evolution for ice-like HCP polycrystals subjected to finite-strain loading conditions. It is found that the method is able to capture the strong basal texture that is observed experimentally in these materials under compression, leading to strong geometric softening/hardening effects, as well as strong viscous anisotropy in the overall response.", "label": [1, 15, 11, 12]}
+{"token": "L(h, k)-labelings of Hamming graphs. Given integers c >= 0 and h >= k >= 1, a c-L(h, k)-labeling of a graph G is a mapping f : V(G) -> {0, 1, 2,..,c} such that vertical bar f(u) -f(v)vertical bar >= h if d(G)(u, v) = 1 and vertical bar f(u) -f(v)vertical bar >= k if d(G)(u, v) = 2. The L(h, k)-number lambda(h,k)(G) of G is the minimum c such that G has a c-L(h, k)-labeling. The Hamming graph is the Cartesian product of complete graphs. In this paper, we study L(h, k)-labeling numbers of Hamming graphs. In particular, we determine lambda(h.k)(K-n(q)) for 2 <= q <= p with h/k <= n - q + 1 or 2 <= q <= p with h/k >= qn - 2q + 2 or q = p + I with h/k <= n/p, where p is the minimum prime factor of n. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Factors associated with survival of patients with tuberculosis in Lima, Peru. Although in Peru, Control Program of Tuberculosis has been successful in the reduction of incidence, morbidity and mortality, fatal cases are still observed. A longitudinal retrospective study was undertaken in a population on the outskirts of Lima between January 2000 and December 2005. Kaplan-Meier and Cox Regression analysis were used in this study. A total of 425 patients commencing tuberculosis treatment were included, with a case fatality ratio of 4.5%. Factors associated with mortality were: body mass index < 18 kg/ m(2) at treatment beginning, HR = 4.89 (95% CI: 1.49-16.03) and HIV infection, HR = 5.78(95% CI: 1.11 - 29.99); whilst education level, HR = 0.28 (95% CI: 0.10 - 0.83) was associated with survival. Amongst this population commencing treatment for tuberculosis, body mass index and HIV infection were associated with an increased risk of death; in contrast, the education level was associated with improving in the survival.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "The Imperial Administration in Solving the Land Question in the Uryankhai Territory from 1914 to 1917. The article provides historical information about the activities of the tsarist administration of the Uryankhai Territory in the land issue during the protectorate of the Russian Empire. We established the national principles and foundations of civil law relations, which acted simultaneously in land use on the territory of Tuva from 1914 to 1917. Russian peasants moved to southern Siberia. Land was attractive for Siberian peasants near the Biy-Khem River (Big Yenisei). The elders of the Tuvan communities distributed land between the immigrants until 1914. The immigrants executed documents called permits, which were made in writing. Cash payments were a prerequisite for all land transactions between Tuvans and peasants. Tuvans set terms for the use of land. It was a land lease. However, Russian peasants thought about buying and selling land, they were mistaken. The number of Russian peasant immigrants increased significantly during the Protectorate of the Uryankhai Territory. Cases of sale and \\\\'resale\\\\' contributed to the fragmentation of land. Russian rural elders executed transactions of purchase and sale of land. Old-timers peasants sold land to immigrants who arrived in the Uryanhai Territory recently. These cases violated the Circular of the Commissioner for the Urikhay Territory (April 1914, day 18, No. 627). The commissioner gave the village elders the right to register transactions only, the sale was officially prohibited. The elders confirmed the presence of land transactions in the Russian villages of the Ust-Irbeyskoye, the Bayan-Kol, the Shcherbakovskoye from 1915 to 1916. Wardens denied cases of official land transactions in the Russian villages of the Kemchik, the Tarlyk, the Atamanovo, the Uyuk, the Fedorovka, the Sosnovka, the Verkhne- and the Nizhne-Nikolskoe, the Berezovka. This was an unresolved land issue. This was a lack of guarantees from the local authorities and reliable protection of property rights, ownership and use of land. Peasant land disputes were a characteristic from 1914 to 1917 in the Uryanhai. Peasants-applications were considered by the Commissioner for Affairs of the Uryankhai Territory, the Chief-Border of the Minusinsky okrug (Usinsky Chief-Border) and officials of the Resettlement Department. Peasants complained to officials about the violation of their property rights. However, land disputes were resolved by the concept of the lack of private ownership of land in the Uryankhai Territory. The peasants addressed their complaints to the Yenisei governor and the Irkutsk governor-general. Claims consisted in the actions (inaction) of the local royal authorities. The land issue persisted in the social and economic conditions of pre-revolutionary Russia. There was an authoritarian regime, a vertical of power and centralization of decisions. The land issue was not resolved by local authorities in Uryanhai.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Observing the Sun with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA): Fast-Scan Single-Dish Mapping. The Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) radio telescope has commenced science observations of the Sun starting in late 2016. Since the Sun is much larger than the field of view of individual ALMA dishes, the ALMA interferometer is unable to measure the background level of solar emission when observing the solar disk. The absolute temperature scale is a critical measurement for much of ALMA solar science, including the understanding of energy transfer through the solar atmosphere, the properties of prominences, and the study of shock heating in the chromosphere. In order to provide an absolute temperature scale, ALMA solar observing will take advantage of the remarkable fast-scanning capabilities of the ALMA 12 m dishes to make single-dish maps of the full Sun. This article reports on the results of an extensive commissioning effort to optimize the mapping procedure, and it describes the nature of the resulting data. Amplitude calibration is discussed in detail: a path that uses the two loads in the ALMA calibration system as well as sky measurements is described and applied to commissioning data. Inspection of a large number of single-dish datasets shows significant variation in the resulting temperatures, and based on the temperature distributions, we derive quiet-Sun values at disk center of 7300 K at lambda = 3 mm and 5900 K at lambda = 1.3 mm. These values have statistical uncertainties of about 100 K, but systematic uncertainties in the temperature scale that may be significantly larger. Example images are presented from two periods with very different levels of solar activity. At a resolution of about 25 '', the 1.3 mm wavelength images show temperatures on the disk that vary over about a 2000 K range. Active regions and plages are among the hotter features, while a large sunspot umbra shows up as a depression, and filament channels are relatively cool. Prominences above the solar limb are a common feature of the single-dish images.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Surveys of weed management on flooded rice yields in southern Brazil. One of the main limiting factors for high yields of flooded rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the presence of weeds, especially herbicide-resistant weeds. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of weed management practices adopted by flooded rice farmers in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil, with grain yield. For this purpose, 324 interview surveys were administered to farmers who supplied information about the history of weed management and yields. The answers to the survey indicated that weedy rice (Oryza sativa L.) and Echinochloa spp. were the most important weeds that occurred in flooded rice areas in RS. Advanced growth stage of weeds and inadequate environmental conditions such as air temperature and relative humidity were listed as the main reasons for low weed control efficacy. Farmers achieved greater rice yields when they adopted rice-soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] (9,140 kg ha(-1) average yield) and herbicide site of action rotations (8,801 kg ha(-1) average yield) along with tank mixes (8,580 kg ha(-1) average yield) as specific management practices for resistant weed control. The use of glyphosate with residual herbicides in a tank mix in the rice spiking stage is the main factor related to greater yields. The postemergence applications and their relationship to delaying of flooding in rice is a factor that reduces rice yield when no spiking glyphosate application was made. Identification of the most important weeds in terms of occurrence and knowledge of the main agronomic practices adopted by farmers are essential so that recommendations for integrated management practices can be adopted in an increasingly accurate and sustainable manner in flooded rice areas in southern Brazil.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Establishment of an accreditation system for midwifery education in Afghanistan: Maintaining quality during national expansion. Results: All. midwifery schools were mandated to achieve accreditation. Nineteen schools had been accredited by early 2007, with an average achievement of 91% of the agreed and mandated national standards for running a midwifery school. One school has been closed by the National Midwifery Education Accreditation Board due to inability to achieve the standards.Objective: To establish a mechanism for ensuring and regulating quality of pre-service midwifery education in Afghanistan during a period of intense expansion.Methods: Afghanistan's high maternal. mortality is due, in part, to a lack of competent skilled midwives. In post-conflict Afghanistan, 21 midwifery schools were re-opened or established between 2003 and 2007 in an atmosphere without proper regulatory mechanisms for ensuring educational quality. A national accreditation programme for midwifery education was developed with the following components: an appropriate policy foundation; educational standards and tools to assess achievement of these standards; technical support to programmes to identify gaps and solve problems; and a system of official recognition.Conclusion: Establishment of a national mechanism to accredit midwifery schools and ensure quality education can be achieved during a period of rapid expansion. (C) 2008 The Royal Institute of Public Health. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Study design: Case study of public health practice in health workforce development.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Social persistence of plant-based management of dryland salinity. Rural areas of Australia are undergoing rapid social and economic transformations, creating a divergence between those rural landscapes that are depopulating and those that are repopulating. In the depopulating landscape of the cropping zones at risk to salinity, the new paradigm of salinity management based on the development of new plant production systems may be the best strategy available. We suspect this strategy will be less suited to the repopulating rural areas, where amenity is a major factor in population growth. In these landscapes, investment in recharge control based upon commercial pasture production or plantation forest industries is unlikely to be socially compatible with the aspirations of future residents. Strategies aimed at low-cost re-establishment of native vegetation may be more appropriate, but will still be limited in their application. Any discussion of the sustainability of plant-based management systems for dryland salinity needs to include not only biological or agronomic persistence, but also social persistence.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Pollen-Mediated Gene Flow in Common Lambsquarters (Chenopodium album). Common lambsquarters is highly competitive in many cropping systems and has demonstrated resistance to several herbicide mechanisms of action. However, predicting the spread of resistance is difficult due to limited information about gene flow. We conducted research to determine the potential for movement of resistance alleles in common lambsquarters under field conditions. Chenopodium giganteum (a member of the C album aggregate) that has a dominant magenta phenotypic marker was used as a pollen parent in gene flow experiments. A wild-type accession of common lambsquarters was used as a seed parent. Seed parents were grown in a soybean field and arranged in concentric circles 2 to 15 m from a center which contained 24 pollen parents. The concentric circles were divided into eight directions. Pollen movement was estimated by determining the percentage of progeny with the magenta phenotype from seed parents. Average cross-pollination across directions was greatest (3.0%) at 2 m and decreased to low levels (0.16%) 15 m from the center, consistent with observations of other primarily self-pollinated species. Cross-pollination was greatest (P < 0.10) in the south-southwest, west-southwest, and west-northwest directions, approximately 180 degrees from the prevailing wind direction during the time of pollen shed. Since common lambsquarters does not have an active dispersal mechanism for seeds, pollen-mediated gene flow may play an important role in the transfer and frequency of resistance alleles within and between populations.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "The air-blast response of sandwich panels with composite face sheets and polymer foam cores: Experiments and predictions. The paper reports on an experimental and numerical investigation into the response of sandwich panels, with PVC foam cores and glass fibre reinforced vinyl ester face sheets, to localised blast loading. It also reports on the response of equivalent mass glass fibre reinforced vinyl ester panels. The loading was generated by detonating discs of plastic explosive at a small stand-off distance of 50 mm. Multiple failure modes were exhibited by the panels, including core compression, fragmentation and complete penetration, debonding between the face sheet and core, delamination between the fibre layers and rupture of the fibres. The sandwich panels exhibited complete penetration failure while no penetration occurred in the equivalent mass composite only panels. Reasonable agreement between the experimental results and numerical simulations is observed. The analysis reveals the reasons why the composite only panels perform better than the sandwich panels with PVC foam core. Due to the lower transverse stiffness of the individual components of the sandwich panel, considerably higher transverse velocity of the face sheet develops at the beginning of the process causing larger deflections and therefore larger in-plane stresses in the face sheet despite the high energy absorbing capacity of the foam core. The influence of the core density on the sandwich panel resistance to blast loading is also briefly discussed. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 15, 12]}
+{"token": "Digital marketing and business-to-business relationships: a close look at the interface and a roadmap for the future. Design/methodology/approachIn this conceptual paper, the authors' approach is to carefully review relevant literature, and to lay out the field of digital marketing and B2B relationships, conceptualizing it for future research.FindingsOriginality/valueThe intersection of digitalization and B2B relationships is an under-researched topic. With this paper and the accompanying special issues papers, the authors hope to begin to fill this critical gap.The authors find that the following areas are critically important to understanding future trends in digital marketing and B2B relationships: coopetition, value co-creation, B2B branding, servitization, innovation networks, relationship dynamics and power and trust.This study aims to introduce the special issue on digital marketing and business-to-business (B2B) relationships. In general, only modest attention has been devoted to the study of digitalization in the B2B sector and even less on the importance of the perils and promises of digitalization for B2B relationships. This study's goal is to help focus scholarly attention on the implications of digitalization on B2B relationships.Purpose", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "And those who live, how shall I tell their fame?' Historical pageants, collective remembrance and the First World War, 1919-39. This article examines the ways in which the First World War was represented in historical pageants during the interwar period. Pageants in this period are often overlooked as sites of commemoration and dramatic representation. Three types of pageant are identified: those that portrayed the war hyper-realistically, those which relied on symbolism and allegory to convey messages about war and peace, and those which sought to incorporate the war into the longer histories of the communities whose pasts they depicted. The article argues that traditional' forms of representation of the past proved to be resilient features of popular commemoration and remembrance.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "What are the impacts of religious diversity? A review of the methodological considerations and empirical findings of a research project on religious pluralisation in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. In the first place, this article offers a brief insight into the state of contemporary research on religious diversity and some of its methodological problems. Second, a multi-dimensional model is suggested in order to measure religious diversity. Thus, one can distinguish between different degrees of diversity allowing one to examine the results obtained both for the field of religious communities and in terms of their social implications. In a third step, the first results of a research project on religious diversity in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, and some of its impacts on the religious field are presented. One of the most important outcomes of this project is the finding that there is no evidence to support the thesis that religious diversity would lead to increased participation in religious organisations. (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier Ltd.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "The geography of urban agriculture: New trends and challenges. In the article, which is a theoretical and conceptual introduction for the Special Issue of Moravian Geographical Reports on 'New trends and challenges of urban agriculture in the context of Europe', the authors resume and review diverging issues of urban agriculture, exploring and discussing them from a geographical perspective and in a wider context of the transformation of urban and rural spaces, urban regeneration and renewal, agricultural restructuring, multifunctionality, ecosystem services, land-use conflicts and social responsibility. After the introduction that depicts a changing role of agriculture in the context of urban and rural transformations, the current research on urban agriculture in Europe is summarised and reviewed. Then the main trends and concepts of growing and expanding urban agriculture are presented and discussed with a special emphasis on the challenges these pose to geographers.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "The use of paradigmatic research: The model of a perfect world according to Targum Qohelet. Contribution: The application of paradigmatic methodology bridges the gap between the relatively secular nature of the Hebrew version of Qohelet (Ecclesiastes) and the overwhelmingly and inescapable theological forms of the Aramaic targum. The paradigms in the Aramaic translation identify how the targum applied rabbinic ideology to explain the meanings that lies behind the original Hebrew text of Qohelet. The paradigms, when taken together reveal how the cynical nature of Hebrew Qohelet was changed into a rabbinical guide for righteous living, here described as 'perfect world'.The purpose of this study is to identify and explain a religious paradigm in Targum Qohelet (TgQoh). Targum Qohelet is dated to a period between 500 CE and 1101 CE. This study concludes that the most probable setting for this Targum was the beit midrash (the house of study). A paradigmatic research approach is used to identify the range of translation components to explain the translation method employed in TgQoh and the rationale behind it. This research approach reveals how the translator(s) used their interpretative ability to create a completely different thought-world when compared with the original Hebrew Text. Various subparadigms emerge as a network of connected religious beliefs to form a cogent systematic rabbinic theology of a perfect world order to replace the pessimism of the Hebrew base text. The Aramaic version reflects a complete solution to the existential problems raised by Biblical Qohelet. It seeks to provide humankind with guidelines for creating a 'perfect world' both on earth and in the afterlife. The use of a paradigmatic analysis based on the concept of a 'perfect world' provides an ideal model for analysing the translation strategy of TgQoh and understanding its method of rendering.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Carbon Footprint and Variable Costs of Production Components for a Container-grown Evergreen Shrub Using Life Cycle Assessment: An East Coast US Model. The production components of an evergreen shrub (Ilex crenata Bennett's Compacta') grown in a no. 3 container in an east coast U.S. nursery were analyzed for their costs and contributions to carbon footprint, as well as the product impact in the landscape throughout its life cycle. A life cycle inventory was conducted of input materials, equipment use, and all cultural practices and other processes used in a model production system for this evergreen shrub. A life cycle assessment (LCA) of the model numerated the associated greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), carbon footprint, and variable cost of each component. The LCA also included the transportation and transplanting of the final product in the landscape as well as its removal after a 40-year useful life. GHG from input products and processes during the production (cutting-to-gate) of the evergreen shrub were estimated to be 2.918 kg CO(2)e. When considering carbon sequestration during production weighted over a 100-year assessment period, the carbon footprint for this model system at the nursery gate was 2.144 kg CO(2)e. Operations, combining the impact of material and equipmerit use, that contributed most of GHG during production included fertilization (0.707 kg CO(2)e), the liner and transplanting (0.461 kg CO(2)e), the container (0.468 kg CO(2)e), gravel and ground cloth installation (0.222 kg CO(2)e), substrate materials and preparation (0.227 kg CO(2)e), and weed control (0.122 kg CO(2)e). The major contributors to global warming potential (GWP) were also major contributors to the cutting-to-gate variable costs ($3.224) except for processes that required significant labor investments. Transporting the shrub to the landscaper, transporting it to the landscape site, and transplanting it would result in GHG of 0376, 0.458, and 0 kg CO(2)e, respectively. Variable costs for postharvest activities were $6.409 and were dominated by labor costs (90%).", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Climate affects embryonic development in a viviparous snake, Vipera aspis. Climatic conditions during embryonic development can exert profound and long-term effects on many types of organisms, but most previous research on this topic has focussed on endothermic vertebrates (birds and mammals). Although viviparity in ectothermic taxa allows the reproducing female to buffer ambient thermal variation for her developing offspring, even an actively thermoregulating female may be unable to provide optimal incubation regimes in severe weather conditions. We examined the extent to which fluctuations in natural thermal conditions during pregnancy affect reproduction in a temperate viviparous snake, the aspic viper (Vipera aspis). Data gathered from a long term field study demonstrated that ambient thermal conditions influenced (1) female body temperatures and (2) gestation length, embryo viability, and offspring phenotypes. Interestingly, thermal conditions during each of the three months of gestation affected different aspects of reproduction. Hotter weather early in gestation (June) increased ventral scale counts (=number of body segments) of neonates; hotter weather mid-gestation (July) hastened development and thus the date of parturition; and hotter weather late in gestation (August) reduced the incidence of stillborn neonates. The population that we studied is close to the northern limit of the species' range, and embryonic thermal requirements may prevent Vipera aspis from extending into cooler conditions further north.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Fabrication, optical and electrical properties of solvethermal reduced graphene oxide/polyimide composites by in situ polymerization. Solvothermal reduced graphene oxide (SRGO) suspensions in dimethylacetamide (DMAC) are facilely prepared by a solvothermal process. Then, SRGO/polyimide (PI) composites are efficiently prepared by in situ polymerization and finally cured at 300 degrees C for 2 h. Optical, dielectric and electrical properties are carefully evaluated by the optical transmission, dielectric constants (epsilon) and dielectric loss factors, conductivity, etc. The SRGO/PI composite film with 0.5 wt% SRGO sheets exhibits the obvious optical absorption in region of 0.5-2.4 mu m and the higher emissivity in region of 6-24 mu m. Moreover, the dielectric constants and resistivity of SRGO/PI composites display an obvious decrease from epsilon=4.0 to epsilon=3.0 and from 10(14) to 10(6) Omega cm, respectively. This approach would supply a potential revolution to improve optical and electrical properties of SRGO/PI composites. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 1, 33, 32, 11]}
+{"token": "Characterization of the brome mosaic virus movement protein expressed in E-coli. The biochemical and functional properties of the movement protein (MP) of brome mosaic virus (BMV) were investigated. Expression and purification of the BMV MP from Escherichia coli resulted in a pure and soluble protein preparation. Sucrose gradient centrifugation revealed that BMV MP forms oligomers consisting of two or more copies but no higher order multimers even when different ionic strengths and pHs were applied. Nitro-cellulose filter binding and gel retardation studies showed that in vitro the BMV MP preferentially bound to ss nucleic acids (RNA and DNA); the affinity to ssRNA was lower compared to BMV coat protein. The binding to ss nucleic acid was cooperative and not sequence specific and the hypothetical binding site was calculated to be around three to six nucleotides per MP monomer. The nucleic acid binding properties of the BMV MP are discussed in relation to the recent finding that this protein is also able to form tubular structures in infected protoplasts. (C) 1998 Academic Press.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "First molecular evidence for the existence of distinct fish and snake adenoviruses. From adenovirus-like viruses originating from a fish and a snake species, a conserved part of the adenoviral DNA polymerase gene was PCR amplified, cloned and sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the snake adenovirus is closely related to the members of the proposed genus Atadenovirus, whereas the fish isolate seems to represent a separate cluster, likely a new genus.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "The light belongs to Yves Saint Laurent: luxury beauty brands in translation. This paper examines the issues related to the translation into Arabic of international advertising campaigns, with particular reference to the luxury goods market in the Arabian Gulf area. Data selected from a corpus comprising 43 English-Arabic luxury cosmetics brochures is analyzed using concepts from discourse analysis and stylistics. Our results point to a tendency towards explicitation, evident mainly in the addition of cohesive devices and the avoidance of sentence fragments, beyond what is dictated by the grammatical and stylistic constraints of Arabic. Our data reveals a general translation preference to evade creative language choices in favor of more direct and explicit advertising messages. We argue that, contrary to Hofstede's predictions as regards culturally-determined advertising styles, the tendency for precise and explicit messages that emerges in our Arabic data is suggestive of a low-context communication style. This translation approach is at odds with the principles of luxury advertising, which emphasize implicitness, distance, and ambiguity and view language as an extension of the creative process involved in the production of the luxury item. By highlighting the vital role of translation in cross-cultural brand communications, our study underlines the connection between the fields of translation studies and marketing.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "The Consistent Behavior of Tropical Rain: Average Reflectivity Vertical Profiles Determined by Rain Top Height. Sixteen years of Tropical Rain Measuring Mission (TRMM) reflectivity profile data are collected for oceanic, continental, and island tropical regions within the boreal winter intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ). When sorted by the rain top height (RTH), a consistent behavior emerges where the average reflectivity profiles originating at different RTHs form non-overlapping manifolds in the height-reflectivity space, excluding the brightband regions for stratiform type profiles. Based on reflectivity slope (dBZ km(-1)) profile characteristics and physical considerations, the profiles are divided into three classes: 1) cold profiles, which originate above the -20 degrees C isotherm height and display convergence to a single reflectivity slope profile independent of RTH; 2) warm profiles, which originate below the 0 degrees C isotherm height and display strong reflectivity slope dependence on RTH, with slope values per RTH linearly decreasing with decreased height; and 3) mixed profiles, which originate at the layer located in between the lowest cold rain and highest warm rain profiles and show a gradual transition from cold profile to warm profile reflectivity slope behavior. Stratiform type profiles show similarity for all regions. It is shown that the typical tropical stratiform cold rain profile can be simply parameterized given the temperature profile. Convective type profiles present larger interregional differences. Their deviation from the typical stratiform cold rain profile is used as a measure for convective intensity, where continental and island regions show larger deviations compared to oceanic ones.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "A New Taxonomy of Affect-A Spatiotemporal Framework: Constructing the Elephant. The holy grail of emotion theory is arguably still the discovery of a taxonomy, but one that is predicated on first establishing a corresponding structure of affect. Plans for the construction of a taxonomy are presented, based on the emotions and supported with the tripartite mind. A two-axis circumplex-like framework forms the proposed structure. The fundamental orthogonal axes are a temporal vertical axis and a spatial horizontal axis, which subsume another five essential opposing and complementary properties that underpin affect. These dimensions create four basic states that categorize affect and account for the differences and similarities between emotions within categories. A binomial labeling method posits the view that the valence of emotions is determined by the valence of the category they emanate from. The Euclidian spaces created account for mixed emotions and conditions and show how basic emotions from different categories create complex emotions and conditions. This model will also explore why some emotions like shame-embarrassment and contempt-disgust are often seen as synonyms due to a categorical error. It also provides an exposition of the function of reactive and self-reflective emotions and anxiety.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Improved 11-year solar signal in the freie universitat Berlin climate middle atmosphere model (FUB-CMAM). [1] So far, general circulation model studies have not been able to capture the magnitude and characteristics of the observed 11-year solar signal in the stratosphere satisfactorily. Here results from model experiments with the Freie Universitat Berlin Climate Middle Atmosphere Model are presented that are in considerable agreement with observations. The experiments used realistic spectral solar irradiance changes, ozone changes from a two-dimensional radiative-chemical-transport model, and a relaxation toward observed equatorial wind profiles throughout the stratosphere. During Northern Hemisphere winter a realistic poleward downward propagation of the polar night jet (PNJ) anomalies, significantly weaker planetary wave activity, and a weaker mean meridional circulation under solar maximum conditions are reproduced in the model. The observed interaction between the Sun and the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO) is captured and stratospheric warmings occur preferentially in the west phase of the QBO. Only the magnitude of the anomalies during the dynamically active season improves, whereas the summer signal and the signal at low latitudes are still too weak. The results emphasize the important role of equatorial winds in achieving a more realistic solar signal by producing a more realistic wind climatology. Furthermore, they confirm recent results that equatorial winds in the upper stratosphere, the region dominated by the Semiannual Oscillation, are an important factor in determining interannual variability of the PNJ.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Propagation of nonlinear waves in graded flexible metamaterials. Attenuation and amplification of wave amplitudes are the major concerns for the design of engineering structures subjected to dynamic/impact loadings. As a kind of special structures, flexible chains have been demonstrated to support solitary waves when they undergo impacts. Here we propose a method to harness graded flexible structures with stiffness gradient to realize the decrease and increase of the amplitude of the pulse or pulse-like signals, which contributes to the design of absorber and mechanical triode. By combining the positive gradient with the concept of amplitude gap, we find the pulse or pulse-like signals can be distorted and destructed, which paves a new way to implement impact mitigation.", "label": [1, 15, 12]}
+{"token": "An after-ripening thermal-time model for Lithospermum arvense seeds based on changes in population hydrotime parameters. Lithospermum arvense seeds show primary physiological dormancy. Changes in population hydrotime parameters during after-ripening were used to model primary dormancy loss. Lithospermum arvense seeds were dry-stored at constant temperatures of 5, 15, 24 and 30 degrees C for 180 days. After different storage periods, seeds were incubated at 10 degrees C at a range of water potentials (0 to) -1.2 MPa). Experimentally obtained cumulative-germination curves were analysed by repeated probit regressions to obtain seed population hydrotime parameters. The population mean base water potential (Psi(b)(50)) showed a progressive decrease as after-ripening time progressed and the dormancy release rate was positively related to storage temperature. The hydrotime constant (theta(H)) and the SD of the base water potential (sigma(Psi b)) were unaffected by after-ripening time or storage temperature. To account for the effect of after-ripening time and temperature on dormancy release, an after-ripening thermal-time model was developed. The model consisted of the description of Psi(b)(50) changes as a function of an after-ripening thermal-time index (theta(AT)). An exponential decay function accurately described (R(2) = 0.92) the decrease pattern of Psi(b)(50) as function of theta(AT). Model evaluation under fluctuating soil water regimes showed a good correlation between observed and predicted data (r = 0.94 and 0.96). This indicated that the after-ripening process could be adequately described as a thermal-time response, further suggesting the potential applicability of the model to predict L. arvense emergence in the field.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Reflection of the Performance Practice of the Baroque Period in Figuration-Type Thematicism of the Solo Violin Urtext. The specific features of the organization of the solo violin musical text in the baroque era was determined by a single practice of instrumental music making. Participation of the violin in diverse oral forms of ensemble or solo intonating, which, nonetheless, are closely interconnected with each other, has stipulated the formation of the integral and varied instrumental urtext. Free from editorial editions and synoptically expounded, it was opened up for transformations and performers' interpretations. Most vividly the processes of conception of the instrumental specificity of violin thematicism as such occurs in solo compositions where the signs-images of the affixed and preluding virtuoso violinist are imprinted. They are examined in the article by means of semantic analysis of widespread types of exposition and cliche connected with the specificity of violin playing. On the one hand, these are signs-images, formed in ensemble music - the \\\\'chord\\\\' technique (with the consideration of adaptation for performance on the violin without accompaniment) and playing with double notes. On the other hand, there is ornamental melodic and figuration-type thematicism, typical for solo improvisational and preluding \\\\'utterance.\\\\' Closely interacting with each other in the solo urtext score, they are inscribed on one musical line. Being formed in one-voice thematicism by means of its bifurcation into the strata of support and ornament (harmonic and melodic figurations), the signs-images of solo and ensemble music-making exist in the conditions of a concealed type of polyphony. One can discover in them the presence of several semantic strata developing into various relationships, which testifies of the multidimensionality of the construction of the solo violin musical text.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus induces CD4(+)CD8(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs). The aim of this study was to analyze the regulatory T cells (Tregs) induced by the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in pigs. Serum, blood, tonsil, and mediastinal lymph nodes' samples were obtained at different time post-infection (dpi). The frequencies of CD4(+)CD8(-)CD25(+)Foxp3(+), CD4(+)CD8(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+), or CD4(-)CD8(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) phenotypes were determined in PBMC and lymph node cells, and cells producing IL-10 or TGF-beta were analyzed. PRRSV increased the number of CD4(+)CD8(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) cells at 14 dpi, whereas CD4(+)CD8(-)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) remained constant until 28 dpi. Positive correlation exists between viremia and induced regulatory cells. CD4(+)CD8(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+)-induced Treg cells were consistently observed in lymphoid tissues. Analysis of IL-10- and TGF-beta-producing cell demonstrated that in response to PRRSV, CD4(+)CD8(-)Foxp3(low) and CD4(+)CD8(+)Foxp3(high) cells increase moderately the proportion of IL-10(+) cells. TGF-beta was only observed in the CD4(+)CD8(+)Foxp3(high) population after PRRSV stimulation. In conclusion, PRRSV infection increases the frequency of Tregs with the phenotype CD4(+)CD8(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(high) and produces TGF-beta. (c) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Robust increase in population exposure to heat stress with increasing global warming. Extreme heat, particularly if combined with humidity, poses a severe risk to human health. To estimate future global risk of extreme heat with humidity on health, we calculate indicators of heat stress that have been commonly used: the Heat Index, the Wet-Bulb Globe Temperature and the Wet-Bulb Temperature, from the latest Climate Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) projections. We analyse how and where different levels of heat stress hazards will change, from severe to deadly, and how results are sensitive to the choice of the index used. We evaluate this risk at country-level and use population and GDP vertical bar PPP growth scenario to estimate the vulnerability of each nation. Consistent with previous studies, we find that South and East Asia, and the Middle-East, are highly exposed to heat stress hazards, and that this exposure increases by 20%-60% with global mean temperature change from 1.5 to 3 degrees C. However, we also find substantial increases in heat health risk for some vulnerable countries with less adaptive capacity, such as West Africa, and Central and South America. For these regions, about 20 to more than 50% of the population could be exposed to severe heat stress each year on average, independent of the index used. For global warming of 3 degrees, European countries and the USA will also be exposed several times per year to conditions with daily mean heat stress level equal to the maximum heat stress of the 2003 heat wave.", "label": [4, 5, 36, 47]}
+{"token": "Approaching the Mekong in a Time of Turbulence. Disputes regarding trans-boundary waters are almost always fraught with difficulty, so it is no surprise that disagreements over rights to the Mekong are proving problematic. Not only are the six nation-states comprising the GMS quite different from one another, but one-the PRC-is a great power. The fact that the source of the Mekong is located on the Tibetan Plateau-that is, within the territorial bounds of the PRC obviously complicates matters further regarding water rights. This paper will address issues regarding governance over the Mekong, issues becoming increasingly pressing every year because of climate change, on the one hand, and upstream dam-building/river diversion schemes, on the other. In so doing, the author will examine several approaches to/rationales for river governance-first-recourse governmental regulation, Chinese IR theories, natural law/environmental ethics, etc.-but will make the case for the efficacy of a transactions-cost approach to addressing issues of trans-boundary water rights on the Mekong. This more voluntaristic approach-which emphasizes efficiency and the accurate ascertainment and allocation, and effective enforcement of property rights regarding concerned parties, public and private-is based loosely on the work of Ronald Coase.", "label": [4, 5, 36, 47]}
+{"token": "What limits male range sizes at different population densities? Evidence from three populations of water voles. In many mammalian species, females compete with each other for food and space to raise offspring, while males compete with each other for access to females. Few studies have examined the factors which limit male range sizes or the degree of overlap between male ranges. We deduced four possible responses of the range sizes of non-territorial male small mammals to increasing population density and/ or levels of forage abundance. These were: (1) male range sizes might remain the same irrespective of population density; (2) at high population densities males may become territorial, and their ranges small and non-overlapping; (3) at high forage abundance/population densities, males' ranges may become smaller but remain intra-sexually overlapping; (4) at high forage abundance, male range sizes may increase. We examined the relationship between population density, range lengths and range overlaps and body weights of both sexes in a comparative study of three populations of water voles Arvicola terrestris. Male range sizes were smaller at higher population densities, but their ranges remained both inter-and intrasexually overlapping. Heavier males had larger ranges than did lighter males at all sites. These results comply with what would be expected if male range sizes were at least partially restricted by the number of ranges of other individuals with which they overlapped. Although we could not discount the hypothesis that forage abundance may also have had a direct effect on male range sizes, our results implied that male range sizes were at least partially determined by social factors.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Effect of the surface properties on filtration performance of Al2O3-TiO2 composite membrane. Knowledge of the surface properties of ceramic membranes is useful for understanding and predicting their filtration performance. In this study focus was put on investigation of the effect of membrane surface properties on filtration performance. The TiO2-doped Al2O3 composite microfiltration membrane with an average pore size of 0.2 mu m was prepared by solid state sintering method. The surface wettability and surface charge properties of porous ceramic membrane were determined by measurement of the dynamic contact angle and streaming potential. The results indicate the TiO2 doping improves membrane hydrophilicity and makes the isoelectric point shift towards lower pH. The Al2O3 and Al2O3-TiO2 membrane were applied to separate oily wastewater to evaluate the filtration performance. The interactions between the membrane surface and oil droplets strongly influence the formation of membrane fouling. A higher and more stable permeate flux was observed through the Al2O3-TiO2 composite membrane, which demonstrated that in the filtration of oily wastewater enhancing membrane hydrophilicity and having the same type of charge as the oil droplets can improve the membrane filtration performance. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "Community hydric monitoring: homegrown knowledge as local and environmental defense in Argentina, Peru and Colombia. The expansion of large-scale mining projects in Latin America has led to the application of several different institutional and business-endorsed water monitoring systems. These have attempted to deal with their vast environmental consequences. The methods are based on the devaluation of other forms of knowledge. As a response to this tendency, community hydric monitoring (MHC in Spanish) has been proposed in order to empower community-based knowledge. Alternative forms of knowledge are seen as useful ways of illuminating the impact of mining on water supplies. Likewise, communities have been active in developing connections with Academia, NGO's and social organizations to promote a meaningful dialogue with conventional technical paradigms. These exchanges aim to generate counter-narratives about water quality, as well as to develop a defense strategy against mining. Here we focus on the research done between 2018 and 2020 in Argentina (Veladero), Peru (Antapaccay-Expansion Tintaya) and Colombia (Cerrejon). In all these cases, the local population has developed its own MHC, based on local knowledge about water. We analyze the information asymmetries resulting from socio-environmental inequality and we advocate for a wider discussion which incorporates community-generated knowledge, and more diverse and comprehensive approaches to understanding, knowing and re lating to water and to local conditions.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Bridging the chasm between survey and case study research: Research methods for achieving generalization, accuracy, and complexity. This article describes how behavioral science research methods that management and marketing scholars apply in studying processes involving decisions and organizational outcomes relate to three principal research objectives: fulfilling generality of findings, achieving accuracy of process actions and outcomes, and capturing complexity of nuances and conditions. The article's unique contribution is in advocating and describing the possibilities of researchers replacing Thorngate's (1976) \\\\'postulate of commensurate complexity\\\\' - it is impossible for a theory of social behavior to be simultaneously general, accurate, and simple and as a result organizational theorists inevitably have to make tradeoffs in their theory development with a new postulate of disproportionate achievement. This new postulate proposes the possibilities and advocates the building and testing of useful process models that achieve all three principal research objectives. Rather than assuming the stance that a researcher must make tradeoffs that permit achieving any two, but not all three, principal research objectives as Weick (1979) clock analogy shows, this article advocates embracing a property space (a three-dimensional box rather than a clock) view of research objectives and research methods. Tradeoffs need not be made; having-your-cake-and-eating-it-too is possible. The article includes a brief review of principal criticisms that case study researchers often express of surveys of respondents using fixed-point surveys. Likewise, the article reviews principal criticisms of case study research studies that researchers who favor the use of fixed-point surveys express. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 44, 46]}
+{"token": "Grammar of Dissent? Theology and the Language of Religious Education. The prosperity of theology at Universities in this country is, for better or worse, linked to the prosperity or otherwise of Religious Education in the nation's schools where pupils first learn the grammar and vocabulary of belief. Yet despite one of the aspirations of recent reforms of the subject being to harmonize student transition from secondary to tertiary level, other voices have been raised which question the validity of that project. This article considers why religious education is currently such a contested pedagogical space, what kind of alternatives are being proposed and why Newman's Idea of a University and an 'inclusive' understanding of Theology might inform a coherent Catholic response.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Novel methods predict equilibrium vapor methanol content during gas hydrate inhibition. In economic and safety hazards points of view, it is crucial to avoid the formation of clathrate hydrate of gases in oil and natural gas transportation/production systems. Injection of methanol as a thermodynamic inhibitor is a common approach in industry to shift the hydrate phase boundary to higher pressures/lower temperatures. Accurate computation of methanol loss to the vapor phase within hydrate inhibition is essential to calculate the right injection rate of methanol. In this study, two procedures have been proposed for fast and precise estimating the ratio of methanol content of vapor phase to methanol liquid composition (R-MeoH). In the first method, a new mathematical expression is presented. The obtained correlation is reliable for temperatures between 267.15 and 279.15 K and pressures between 1160 and 28000 kPa. The second method employs artificial neural network (ANN) approach for RMeoH prediction. Both developed models results are in good agreement with reported data in literature. The ANN based model, however, is more accurate than the new correlation. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "Research on the identification and management of vehicle behaviour based on Internet of things technology. The behaviour analysis of the electric vehicle is helpful to grasp the running condition, improve the running efficiency and ensure the safe operation of the vehicle. With the development of Internet of things (IoT) technology, it has become a reality to monitor and analyse the car behaviour. By analysing the functional requirements of the electric vehicle behaviour analysis management system, this paper designs behaviour analysis management system of electric vehicle based on the Internet of things technology. Firstly, the basic structure of the electric vehicle behaviour analysis management system based on the Internet of things technology is constructed, and then the deep network data mining model based on Hadoop is established to analyse the vehicle behaviour. The simulation results verify the reliability of the system. In addition, compared with the traditional support vector machine algorithm, this algorithm can effectively deal with massive data and improve the prediction accuracy by 9.76%. Compared with other deep learning algorithms, it can improve the prediction accuracy by 3.64%.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 37]}
+{"token": "Just the Way You Are': Linking Music Listening on Spotify and Personality. Advances in digital technology have put music libraries at people's fingertips, giving them immediate access to more music than ever before. Here we overcome limitations of prior research by leveraging ecologically valid streaming data: 17.6 million songs and over 662,000 hr of music listened to by 5,808 Spotify users spanning a 3-month period. Building on interactionist theories, we investigated the link between personality traits and music listening behavior, described by an extensive set of 211 mood, genre, demographic, and behavioral metrics. Findings from machine learning showed that the Big Five personality traits are predicted by musical preferences and habitual listening behaviors with moderate to high accuracy. Importantly, our work contrasts a recent self-report-based meta-analysis, which suggested that personality traits play only a small role in musical preferences; rather, we show with big data and advanced machine learning methods that personality is indeed important and warrants continued rigorous investigation.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Fred P. Ellison and the State of Luso-Brazilian Studies in the Twenty-First Century. Fred P. Ellison (1922-2014) was a pioneer in the field of Luso-Brazilian Studies in North America. This cluster of short essays by teacher-scholars who studied and/or worked with Ellison examines his multifaceted leadership in the field and his contributions to Portuguese language instruction, literary criticism, and translation. Colleagues relate his trail-blazing work, and long-term activities for over four decades (c.1950-c.1990), to the current state of Luso-Brazilian affairs in higher education.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "On the position of the nitrogen 2p energy level in endohedral N@C-60 (I-h). We present results of non-empirical ROHF, UHF, and DFT calculations of endohedral N@C-60 (I-h) and of its constituents, C-60 (I-h) and the free N atom, in their neutral and charged forms. Based on these results, a detailed discussion is presented on the position of the nitrogen 2p energy level in N@C60. The main purpose of this work is to reveal the source of essential discrepancies in previous ROHF and DFT calculations on N@C-60 (I-h). We first demonstrate the limited validity of the Koopmans ' theorem exploited in previous works. It is shown that the one-electron energies in N@C-60 derived at the same ROHF/6-31G* level with different quantum chemical programs (Gamess, (GAUSSIAN) 98, Monstergauss, Turbomole) are not constant and vary over wide limits. The value of the ionization potential from the 2p level of the encapsulated N atom was estimated in the present work by both a Delta SCF method and the Koopmans ' theorem and was compared with previously reported values. We also show that ROHF and DFT methods give in fact the very similar results for N@C-60 (i.e. the same ground electronic configuration and the same localization of the spin density) and discuss the known opposing conclusion on this point. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "The intellectual project of Asin Palacios: New approaches to Spanish conservative thought from the perspective of Arabism. Spanish Arabist Miguel Asin Palacios (1871-1944) interacted with the Spanish conservative thought in the late XIX century making use of the national discourse of Menendez Pelayo and certain ideas of Neo-scholastic philosophy, combining them through a new approach to Spanish conservative thought from the perspective of Arabism.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "The effect of disorder on polymer depinning transitions. We consider a polymer, with monomer locations modeled by the trajectory of a Markov chain, in the presence of a potential that interacts with the polymer when it visits a particular site 0. We assume that probability of an excursion of length n is given by n(-c) phi(n) for some 1< c < 2 and slowly varying phi. Disorder is introduced by having the interaction vary from one monomer to another, as a constant u plus i.i.d. mean-0 randomness. There is a critical value of u above which the polymer is pinned, placing a positive fraction (called the contact fraction) of its monomers at 0 with high probability. To see the effect of disorder on the depinning transition, we compare the contact fraction and free energy (as functions of u) to the corresponding annealed system. We show that for c > 3/2, at high temperature, the quenched and annealed curves differ significantly only in a very small neighborhood of the critical point-the size of this neighborhood scales as beta(1/(2c-3)), where beta is the inverse temperature. For c 3/ 2, given epsilon > 0, for sufficiently high temperature the quenched and annealed curves are within a factor of 1 - epsilon for all u near the critical point; in particular the quenched and annealed critical points are equal. For c = 3/ 2 the regime depends on the slowly varying function phi.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Selecting public goods institutions: Who likes to punish and reward?. We study the link between individual attitudes toward uncertainty on the one hand, and preferences over, as well as behavior within, various public goods institutions on the other hand. We incentive-compatibly elicit preferences over voluntary contribution mechanisms with and without reward and punishment options and then randomly assign subjects to play in one of the four institutions. We find that payoffs are significantly greater when punishment is allowed but that only a small minority of participants prefers such an environment. Somewhat surprisingly, preferences over institutions are generally independent of individual characteristics. Conversely, individual characteristics, including institutional preferences, are significantly predictive of behavior in the public goods game. For instance, risk-averse individuals preemptively punish more often. This suggests that when studying sanctions and rewards, it is important to consider individual attitudes toward risk and uncertaintyalthough they may not affect the original selection into institutions.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "CRITICAL CARE FOR A HYPOTHERMIC AND HYPOGLYCEMIC WHITE RHINOCEROS (CERATOTHERIUM SIMUM SIMUM) CALF. A 3-day-old, 57.3-kg, male white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum) neonate presented laterally recumbent with comatose mentation, cold extremities, and severe hypothermia, hypoxemia, and hypoglycemia. Critical care support was initiated with aggressive fluid and warming support as well as dextrose and oxygen supplementation. After initial stabilization, additional complications arose in subsequent weeks including intermittent diarrhea, dry skin with loss of epidermal layers, urticaria on the head, and superficial wounds on the face, ears, feet, and penis. There is a lack of critical care information for rhinoceros calves. However, due to similarities to other Perissodactylids, some general guidelines for critical equid neonatal care were implemented. The calf was hand-raised until weaning and is now a subadult white rhinoceros with no abnormalities.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Sub-clinical diseases affecting performance in Standardbred trotters: Diagnostic methods and predictive parameters. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of sub-clinical diseases in poorly-performing Standardbred horses, compare their physiological response to exercise with control horses, and identify predictive parameters of poor-performance. Fifty horses underwent thorough clinical and ancillary examinations, including haematological and biochemical evaluation, Doppler echocardiography, standardised exercise tests (SETs) on both treadmill and racetrack, treadmill video-endoscopy and collection of respiratory fluids.Most of the poorly-performing horses exhibited many concomitant diseases. The most frequently diagnosed problems involved the lower and upper respiratory tract and the musculoskeletal system. Poor-performers had lower speeds at a blood lactate (LA) concentration of 4 mmol/L (V-LA4) and a heart rate (HR) of 200 bpm (V-200) on treadmill and racetrack, as well as lower values for haematological parameters, plasma angiotensin-converting enzyme and antioxidants, compared to control horses. Problems of the respiratory system were the most frequently diagnosed sub-clinical diseases affecting performance. SETs, together with some blood markers, may be useful as a non-specific diagnostic tool for early detection of diseases that may affect performance. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "PRIVATE LAW OFFICES. Offices have a vital, but limited, role to play in private law. This article analyses the nature of private law offices, concluding, first, that the identity of an office is coextensive with the constellation of rights, duties, powers, and so on which are attributed to the office-holder and which reflect the nature of the representative task she is appointed to perform, and, second, that, so long as the need for representation remains, the office needs to be filled. This is why offices are always accompanied by appointment procedures which allow the office to be filled when an incumbent dies or is unfit to continue. It is argued that a private law office should be employed only when a valid need, or valuable potential, for representation of one person by another arises. Applying this analysis, it is denied that parenthood and ownership are private law offices.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Femtosecond and nanosecond laser induced breakdown spectroscopic studies of NTO, HMX, and RDX. We present our results from the laser induced breakdown spectroscopic studies of 5-Nitro-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazol-3-one (NTO), Octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX), and 1,3,5-Trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) investigated using nanosecond and femtosecond pulses. The presence of C, CN peaks in the spectra, signatures of high energy materials, was confirmed and persistence of emissions has been measured. Some of the Nitrogen peaks in fs LIBS spectra were found to be lower in magnitude (after normalization with N 868.60 nm peak) compared to the ns LIBS spectra. The presence of an additional CN peak in the fs spectra was identified for all samples. The ratio of CN peaks (38828 nm, 387.08 nm, 386.16 nm) to C peak (247.82 nm), recorded with similar fluences, was discovered to be stronger in the fs case. Some of the possible mechanisms ensuing from our studies towards discrimination of such materials are outlined. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Eleonora de Fonseca Pimentel, the 'Monitore Napoletano' and the problem of political participation. Whereas in Italy, she is considered a classical heroine, Eleonora de Fonseca Pimentel has remained practically unknown to French historians. Yet this intrepid editor of the Moniteur (February-June 1799), who during the Republic of Naples played a founding role in political journalism - an activity that resulted in her execution - has been the subject of memorable accounts. This article traces the different historiographic moments which according to the preference of their authors, emphasize different aspects of her life. The substance of her political ideas, centered on the dissemination of republican principles, continue the literary writings of women of the Enlightenment so praised by Voltaire. Her silence about the political participation of women remains a subject of debate.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Effects of heat on the germination of sclerophyllous forest species in the highlands of Madagascar. The effects of fire on germination have been extensively studied in many ecosystems. Several studies have shown that plant species in ecosystems frequently exposed to fire can survive through two main mechanisms: vegetative regeneration (re-sprouts) and recruitment of new individuals from a fire-resistant seed bank. In Africa, an increase in temperature can break seed dormancy and stimulate germination of some herbaceous and woody species. In Madagascar, the once widespread highland ecosystems dominated by woody species are now highly fragmented and dominated by anthropic grasslands and fields, with a significantly reduced area occupied by sclerophyllous forests referred to as tapia woodlands'. Six species of this endemic vegetation type were studied: Abrahamia ibityensis (Anacardiaceae), Aphloia theiformis (Aphloiaceae), Carissa edulis (Apocynaceae), Pentachlaena latifolia (Sarcolaenaceae), Uapaca bojeri (Phyllanthaceae) and Vaccinium secundiflorum (Ericaceae). Germination tests were conducted (i) by soaking seeds in water for 24h (imbibition) or (ii) by exposing the seeds to dry heat. Four different temperatures (40, 60, 80 and 120 degrees C) were applied, and seeds were exposed for 10, 30, 60 and 90min. To simulate hotter faster-burning fires, two higher temperatures (100 and 120 degrees C) were also used by exposing seeds to dry heat for 5min. The results did not reveal any significant effect of 24-h water imbibition on germination. For most species, germination decreased with increasing temperature of treatment using dry heat. Uapaca bojeri did not germinate under any treatment. Further studies on the biological and ecological characteristics of tapia woodland species in response to fire are needed to help guide conservation, management and restoration activities focusing on this endemic vegetation type.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Tree Trunk and Obstacle Detection in Apple Orchard Based on Improved YOLOv5s Model. In this paper, we propose a tree trunk and obstacle detection method in a semistructured apple orchard environment based on improved YOLOv5s, with an aim to improve the real-time detection performance. The improvement includes using the K-means clustering algorithm to calculate anchor frame and adding the Squeeze-and-Excitation module and 10% pruning operation to ensure both detection accuracy and speed. Images of apple orchards in different seasons and under different light conditions are collected to better simulate the actual operating environment. The Gradient-weighted Class Activation Map technology is used to visualize the performance of YOLOv5s network with and without improvement to increase interpretability of improved network on detection accuracy. The detected tree trunk can then be used to calculate the traveling route of an orchard carrier platform, where the centroid coordinates of the identified trunk anchor are fitted by the least square method to obtain the endpoint of the next time traveling rout. The mean average precision values of the proposed model in spring, summer, autumn, and winter were 95.61%, 98.37%, 96.53%, and 89.61%, respectively. The model size of the improved model is reduced by 13.6 MB, and the accuracy and average accuracy on the test set are increased by 5.60% and 1.30%, respectively. The average detection time is 33 ms, which meets the requirements of real-time detection of an orchard carrier platform.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Supra-twelfth supracostal access: When and where to puncture?. Conclusion: Laterally placed supra-12th rib punctures made during the normal ventilatory cycle have an acceptably low pleural morbidity and no risk of lung injury.Results: All supracostal accesses were supra-12th rib only. The average distance from midline of the site of puncture on the skin was 8.2 cm ( range 5.5-9.1 cm). Complete stone clearance was achieved in 27/28 (96.4%) of the renal units. One patient had symptomatic hydrothorax necessitating chest tube placement. None of the patients had any lung or solid organ ( liver or spleen) injury on CT imaging. Three patients had mild pleural effusion without symptoms, which was detected on postoperative CT.Patients and Methods: We conducted a prospective study of 28 consecutive supracostal accesses in our department. All the punctures were made by the treating urologist under fluoroscopic guidance. Punctures were made during the normal respiratory cycle, and dilatation was up to 30F. Postoperatively, chest radiography and CT of the chest and upper abdomen were performed for evaluation of complications.Background and Purpose: Supracostal access for percutaneous renal surgery raises concern for the intrathoracic complications of the puncture. We analyzed the incidence of pleural transgression and intrathoracic complications after supracostal punctures in relation to the site of puncture ( medial v lateral placement) and the respiratory phase during the puncture.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Below- and above-ground effects of deadwood and termites in plantation forests. Deadwood is an important legacy structure in managed forests, providing continuity in shelter and resource availability for many organisms and acting as a vehicle by which nutrients can be passed from one stand to the next following a harvest. Despite existing at the interface between below- and above-ground systems, however, much remains unknown about the role woody debris plays in linking these zones. Moreover, it remains untested whether the accelerative effects of wood-feeding insects on wood decomposition influence tree growth or nutritional status in forests. In this study, we added different quantities of pine logs to the bases of saplings in two-year-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations in Mississippi, USA. We included a treatment in which subterranean termites (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae: Reticulitermes) were excluded from logs to determine how these insects affect the release of nutrients from wood and, in turn, tree growth. After 51 months of decomposition, we quantified below-ground effects by measuring microbial biomass, plant-available forms of N, and ectomycorrhizal diversity associated with fine tree roots. Meanwhile, above-ground measurements focused on the elemental concentrations in decomposing wood either protected or unprotected from termites and tree metrics related to growth and nutrient status. We found additions of wood to significantly increase nitrate and potential net nitrification relative to reference treatments but detected no significant effects on tree growth, needle nitrogen concentrations, or ectomycorrhizal diversity. Soil nitrate and potential net nitrification were higher under protected vs. unprotected logs, and plant-available forms of N were mostly more abundant short distances away from both protected and unprotected logs than directly under them. The wood of logs protected from termites had significantly lower concentrations of most elements compared to that of unprotected logs, largely due to the large amounts of soil imported into unprotected logs by termites. Termite exclusion had no measurable effect on tree growth, nutritional status, or ectomycorrhizal diversity, however. Our findings indicate that deadwood and termites both contribute to the spatial heterogeneity of soil properties but may have limited short-term local effects on tree growth. Longer-term studies and studies on less fertile sites are needed.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Cross resistance of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitor-resistant wild oat (Avena fatua) biotypes in the Pacific Northwest. Seeds from five suspected acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitor-resistant wild oat biotypes (R1 to R5) were collected in wheat and lentil fields in the Pacific Northwest. Based on whole plant dose-response experiments, the five resistant biotypes were 2 to 24 times more resistant to the aryloxyphenoxypropionate (APP) herbicides (fenoxaprop, diclofop, and quizalofop) compared with the susceptible biotype. However, none of the resistant biotypes were resistant to the cyclohexanedione (CHD) herbicides, sethoxydim and clethodim. R2 was the only biotype resistant to tralkoxydim and pinoxaden, a phenylpyrazolin herbicide and an ACCase inhibitor. The R2 biotype was 35 and 16 times more resistant to tralkoxydim and pinoxaden, respectively, when compared with the susceptible biotype. The levels of resistance and cross-resistance patterns varied among biotypes indicating either more than one mechanism of resistance or different resistance mutations in these wild oat biotypes. The CHD herbicides, sethoxydim and clethodim, could be used to control these resistant biotypes. Except for the R2 biotype, pinoxaden could be used to control the resistant wild oat biotypes. The resistance patterns of these wild oat biotypes are an indication of the difficulty in predicting cross-resistance among the ACCase inhibitor herbicides.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Exploring Attitudes and Reactions to Unfamiliar Food Pairings: An Examination of the Underlying Motivations and the Impact of Culinary Education. A mixed-methodology study was conducted to better understand consumer attitudes and behaviors toward novel food pairings and the impact of culinary education. Focus groups were conducted to investigate the underlying motivational factors to the reactions and behaviors toward unfamiliar foods. The second phase of the study consisted of sensory evaluation by two separate cohorts, panelists with and without culinary education, of food products created through the novel pairings of foods. Panelists with culinary education expressed a greater overall liking for the animal-based pairing. Sensory-Affective and Ideational factors appeared to be underlying motivational factors of these hedonic reactions.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Organic geochemical characteristics and shale oil potential of the middle Eocene early-mature shale in the Nanpu Sag, Bohai Bay Basin, Eastern China. The decline of proven conventional petroleum resources in the shallow portions of the Nanpu sag has shifted attention to the exploration of deep unconventional oil and gas resources there, especially the shale oil resources in the middle Eocene shales of the Shahejie Formation (MES shales). In this study, to assess the oil potential of the MES shales, we carried out a systematical geochemical and basin modeling characterization. The results show that the MES shales have low maturity and are at the early stage of hydrocarbon generation, with a mean vitrinite reflectance of 0.64% and low ratio of C-27 18 alpha(H)-22, 29, 30-trisnorneohopane to C-27 17 alpha(H)-22, 29, 30-trisnorhopane (0.44-1.18). The MES shales contain abundant organic matter (OM), with an average total organic carbon content of 2.21 wt %. Biomarker analyses show that the OM in the MES shales derived mainly from floating macrophyte and aquatic algae, microalgae and bacteria. The sapropelinite group in the MES shales is predominant in the organic macerals, and the kerogen is sapropelic and dominated by types I and II1. Biomarker analyses also reveal that the MES shales were deposited in the stratified water column as suggested by the presence of gammacerane, under relatively warm and wet climatic conditions. The anoxic conditions built up in the water column facilitated the OM preservation, although slight microbial degradation resulted in relatively high carbon preference index values. Modeling results based on geochemical data and basin analyses show that considerable quantities of hydrocarbons remain in the low-maturity MES shales. The preliminary estimate of the quantity of shale oil resources in the Gaoliu area of Nanpu sag is approximately 1.78 x 10(8) t. Nanpu sag have good shale oil potential, and shale oil exploration may be more feasible for MES shales, especially in the context of in-situ heating technology.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "VAPORWARE. It is a widely adopted practice for firms to announce new products well in advance of actual market availability, especially in the computer industry. In this article, a firm makes pre-announcements on its product, which are \\\\'cheap talk.\\\\' We develop a reputation model of \\\\'vaporware\\\\' where the product pre-announcement can partially convey information about the product's quality. We discuss its implications for social welfare.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "An original look at originalism. While the normative debate over originalism continues unabated (e.g., Scalia 1997; Whittington 1999), the systematic empirical validity of originalism lies relatively unexamined. Using data derived from briefs filed by litigants over eight years, we developed an initial systematic test of the influence of arguments about text and intent on the decisions of U.S. Supreme Court Justices. Typically, we find that Justices support textual or intentional arguments when they are made by liberal parties or when they are made by conservative parties, but not across the board. Multivariate analyses show that legal arguments as to text, and particularly intent, have little impact on the votes of even those justices alleged to be originalists. Instead, ideology continues to explain their decisions.", "label": [3, 5, 26, 51]}
+{"token": "Investigation of penetration mechanics of PW Kevlar fiber reinforced HDPE composites. In this article, a study on the quasi-static penetration resistance behavior of plain weave Kevlar/high density polyethylene composite with varying thicknesses, i.e. H-C=3.1-9.4mm, is presented using the quasi-static punch shear test methodology for the experiments. The penetration resistance is usually shown by a load-displacement graph, integral of which is the energy dissipated by the composite during penetration. The penetration energy varies with the diameter of the support span which can be equal or higher than the punch diameter. During tests, a flat punch of diameter 7.6mm with a range of support spans 8.89 to 50.8mm has been used and quasi-static punch shear test experiments are carried out for varying support span to punch diameter ratios (i.e. SPR=1.16, 1.33, 1.67, 2.00, 2.33, 2.67, etc.). Their damage mechanisms for different support span to punch diameter ratios and thickness are documented. Stiffness, peak force, deflection, damage area and energy dissipation results are presented in detailed form.", "label": [1, 11, 12]}
+{"token": "Cropping system diversification does not always beget weed diversity. Cropping system (CS) diversification appears as a promising solution to increase CS sustainability. However, weed community response to different options of CS diversification remains poorly documented. Moreover, these effects are expected to be more pronounced in experimental than commercial farms because experimental farms explore more diverse combinations of farming practices. We hypothesized that (i) CS diversification would increase weed diversity at multiple spatio-temporal scales but that (ii) different options of CS diversification would select different weed communities and that (iii) responses could differ between experimental and commercial farms. Hence, weed density per species was measured over a 6-year time period in a CS experiment and in a farmers' network (both resorting to diverse CSs that were numerically summarized to allow their comparison, i.e. different positions along gradients of tillage intensity, herbicide use, crop rotation length etc.). Weed density measures were used to compute weed diversity indices (taxonomic and functional, at annual and plurennial scales) and community weighted means on key response traits for each CS. All experimented alternative CSs (diversified crop sequences with coherent but different combinations of weed management tools) showed that diverse combinations of agronomic tools are available to increase weed diversity, as highlighted by a 3 and 2-fold increase in species richness at the annual and plurennial scales, respectively. In contrast, only one farmer CS (3year rotation, low tillage intensity, intermediate herbicide reliance) showed significantly higher levels of weed diversity, possibly because the reduced tillage intensity was not compensated by other agronomic levers (e.g. increase of herbicide use and/or crop rotation diversity). Such outcomes were attributed to (i) reduced CS complexity in commercial compared to experimental farms and (ii) high herbicide reliance in commercial farms, irrespectively of CS complexity. Across both experimental and commercial farms, tillage, weed management and crop type appeared as the main factors structuring weed communities. Systems with reduced tillage were associated with a higher percentage of grasses and perennials. Systems with spring/summer crops and/or mechanical weeding were associated with a higher proportion of spring/summer and perennial species. These results suggest that solutions are readily available for farmers to implement sustainable weed management, but supports are required to address the factors hindering the adoption of these experimented CS in commercial conditions.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "Development of a transformation system for gene knock-out in the flavinogenic yeast Pichia guilliermondii. Pichia guilliermondii is a representative of a yeast species, all of which over-synthesize riboflavin in response to iron deprivation. Molecular genetic studies in this yeast species have been hampered by a lack of strain-specific tools for gene manipulation. Stable P guilliermondii ura3 mutants were selected on the basis of 5'-fluoroorotic acid resistance. Plasmid carrying Saccharomyces cerevisiae URA3 gene transformed the mutant strains to prototrophy with a low efficiency. Substitution of a single leucine codon CUG by another leucine codon CUC in the URA3 gene increased the efficiency of transformation 100 fold. Deletion cassettes for the RIBI and RIB7 genes, coding for GTP cyclohydrolase and riboflavin synthase, respectively, were constructed using the modified URA3 gene and subsequently introduced into a P. guilliermondii ura3 strain. Site-specific integrants were identified by selection for the Rib(-) Ura(+) phenotype and confirmed by PCR analysis. Transformation of the P guilliermondii ura3 strain was performed using electroporation, spheroplasting or lithium acetate treatment. Only the lithium acetate transformation procedure provided selection of uracil prototrophic, riboflavin deficient recombinant strains. Depending on the type of cassette, efficiency of site-specific integration was 0.1% and 3-12% in the case of the RIBI and RIB7 genes, respectively. We suggest that the presence of the ARS element adjacent to the 3' end of the RIB] gene significantly reduced the frequency of homologous recombination. Efficient gene deletion in P. guilliermondii can be achieved using the modified URA3 gene of S. cerevisiae flanked by 0.8-0.9 kb sequences homologous to the target gene. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 40, 39]}
+{"token": "A Nano-Au/C-MWCNT based label free amperometric immunosensor for the detection of capsicum chlorosis virus in bell pepper. Accurate and on time diagnosis of plant viruses is an essential prerequisite for efficient control in field conditions. A number of diagnostic methods have been reported with the required level of sensitivity. Here, we propose a label free immunosensor for efficient and sensitive detection of capsicum chlorosis virus (CaCV) in bell pepper. Antigen was immobilized over the surface of gold nanoparticle/multi-walled carbon nanotube (Nano-Au/C-MWCNT) screen printed electrodes using 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC)/N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) cross linking chemistry followed by interaction with groundnut bud necrosis virus (GBNV)/CaCV specific polyclonal antibody. The electrochemical response was measured by cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) using the redox indicator. Electrode surface characterization was done by performing scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Electrochemical studies showed positive results at different antigenic dilutions ranging from 10(-2) - 8x10(-5). The sensitivity of the immunosensor developed has been compared with direct antigen coated enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAC-ELISA) and the results showed that the immunosensor developed was 800-1000 times more sensitive, when compared to DAC-ELISA for CaCV detection. The immunosensor we have developed is economical and sensitive and could be used for immediate determination of the presence of virus in extracts from bell pepper leaves.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Ontological dependence in a spacetime-world. Priority Monism (hereafter, 'Monism'), as defined by Jonathan Schaffer (Philos Rev 119:131-176, 2010), has a number of components. It is the view that: the cosmos exists; the cosmos is a maximal actual concrete object, of which all actual concrete objects are parts; the cosmos is basic-there is no object upon which the cosmos depends, ontologically; ontological dependence is a primitive and unanalysable relation. In a recent attack, Lowe (Spinoza on monism. Palgave Macmillan, London, pp 92-122, 2012) has offered a series of arguments to show that Monism fails. He offers up four tranches of argument, with different focuses. These focal points are: (1) being a concrete object; (2) aggregation and dependence; (3) analyses of ontological dependence; (4) Schaffer's no-overlap principle. These are all technical notions, but each figures at the heart of a cluster of arguments that Lowe puts forward. To respond, I work through each tranche of argument in turn. Before that, in the first section, I offer a cursory statement of Monism, as Schaffer presents it in his 2010 paper, Monism: The Priority of the Whole. I then respond to each of Lowe's criticisms in turn, deploying material from Schaffer's 2009 paper Spacetime: the One Substance, as well as various pieces of conceptual machinery from Lowe's own works (The possibility of metaphysics. Clarendon, Oxford, 1998, 2010) to deflect Lowe's (Spinoza on monism. Palgave Macmillan, London, pp 92-122, 2012) attacks. In the process of defending Monism from Lowe (Spinoza on monism. Palgave Macmillan, London, pp 92-122, 2012), I end up offering some subtle refinements to Schaffer's (Philos Rev 119:131-176, 2010) view and explain how the resulting 'hybrid' view fares in the wider dialectic.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Disentangling Strategic and Opportunistic Looting: The Relationship between Antiquities Looting and Armed Conflict in Egypt. Antiquities are looted from archaeological sites across the world, seemingly more often in areas of armed conflict. While this is not the only context in which antiquities are looted, it is an important context and one for which much is still unknown. Previously, the relationship between antiquities looting and armed conflict has been assessed with qualitative case studies and journalistic evidence due to a lack of systematically collected data. This study considers the relationship between antiquities looting and armed conflict in Egypt from 1997 to 2014 with a newly collected time series dataset. Autoregressive Distributed Lag Models (ARDL) with a bounds testing approach are used to assess both the overall relationship between these two phenomena and their temporal ordering. This article finds that antiquities looting and armed conflict are, indeed, statistically related; and that antiquities looting more often precedes armed conflict rather than the other way around. This finding suggests that looting is more strategic than opportunistic. Implications and future directions are discussed.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Magneto-thermoelasticity for an infinite body with a spherical cavity and variable material properties without energy dissipation. The model of generalized thermoelasticity proposed by Green and Naghdi, is applied to study the electromagneto-thermoelastic interactions in an infinite perfectly conducting body with a spherical cavity. The modulus of elasticity are taking as linear function of temperature. By means of the Laplace transform and Laplace inversion, the problem is solved. The closed form solutions for displacement, temperature, and thermal stresses are represented graphically. A comparison is made with the results in the case of temperature-independent. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "Behavior of.u, Zn, Pb, As compounds during copper-zinc concentrate and matte comelting in converters. The practicability of improving the existing technology of converting copper mattes by comelting with the difficult-toprocess high-sulfur copper-zinc concentrate. The basis for research in the behavior of non-ferrous metals, arsenic and antimony is thermodynamic analysis of the reactions of matte components, converter slag and copper-zinc concentrate interaction in the temperature range 1073-1573 K. The behaviour mechanism of copper, zinc, lead, arsenic, and antimony compounds during co-processing of copper-zinc concentrate with matte is established. High values of the Gibbs free energy of reactions of interaction between oxides of lead and zinc with elemental sulfur, sulfides of non-ferrous metals and iron show the feasibility of the highest possible extraction of lead and zinc into dust in the form of their volatile compounds: sulfides, as well as oxides of lead and zinc in the metallic state in the form of gas. There is shown the possibility of the highest possible extraction of arsenic and antimony into dust by means of converting their nonvolatile pentavalent oxides (As2O5, Sb2O5) into volatile trivalent oxides (As2O3, Sb2O3) and non-toxic sulfides (As2S3, Sb2S3) by the converter slag sulfidizing with the components of copper-zinc concentrate: elemental sulfur and iron sulfide.Direct processing of copper-zinc concentrate in converter allows selective extracting copper into matte as well as lead and zinc into a rich semiproduct suitable for their extraction by existing technologies. It is shown that a significant quality improvement of the resulting converter slag and blister copper is achieved by the high sublimation of arsenic and antimony into dust under conditions of converting copper-lead mattes together with a high-sulfur concentrate.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Low cost airport terminal locations and configurations. The growth in the demand for low-cost airlines has coincided with the growth in the airport industry. One attempt by airports to attract such carriers has been to construct dedicated terminals called low-cost terminals. The ability of these to accommodate fast aircraft-operation time in airfields is heavily influenced by its configuration and location in the airport. Here we evaluate the location and configuration of the dedicated terminal by considering the aircraft taxiing distance and passenger walking distance. Result show a single pier to be preferable configuration for a low-cost terminal. Time and cost efficiency seem to be driven largely by the location of the terminal, rather than its configuration. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Social change and the persistence of sex typing: 1974-1997. The most accepted explanation for gender differences is the sociocultural model that holds them to be results of socialization and/or occupancy of sex differentiated roles. There has been extensive social change in the past three decades, reducing sex typed role assignments and attitudes. However, examination of some 30 researches shows that the social change has not been followed by change in sex typing. This present study of trends in stereotypic and self responses between 1974 and 1997 confirms the stability in sex typing, over seven surveys and 4,000 respondents. In addition, there is evidence of increase in the perceived femininity of females. These results are contrary to the predictions from the sociocultural model. They are, however, consistent with the alternate evolutionary model postulating constant gendered differences based on genetic patterns evolved from adaptations to differing reproductive challenges of early males and females.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Scale economies, consistent conjectures and teams. This paper models the behavior of team members in a consistent conjectures equilibrium. When subject to scale economies, team members produce more than Nash and when subject to scale diseconomies, they produce less than Nash. Moreover, even when effort levels of team members are perfect substitutes in production, they can be strategic complements in the face of scale economies. Finally, with sufficient scale economies, the complementarity eliminates free-riding and the team optimum is obtained. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Fibre steering for a composite C-beam. Fibre steering of composite tows within lamina is being investigated as a means of producing composite components with increased strength or stiffness when compared to the commonly adopted unidirectional and fabric laminates used in industry. The concept of fibre steering and application to a tensile plate with an open hole and a pin-loaded hole is reviewed. The design and manufacture of fibre steering along trajectories for a cantilevered C-section beam representative of an aerospace control surface spar is then described. The results of experimental testing and finite element analysis of the beam are presented. The results indicate that a significant reduction in deflection is possible over an equivalent flange-stiffened design. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 11, 12]}
+{"token": "Tuning for Schema Matching. Schema matching has long been heading towards complete automation. However, the difficulty arising from heterogeneity in the data sources, domain specificity or structure complexity has led to a plethora of semi-automatic matching tools. Besides, letting users the possibility to tune a tool also provides more flexibility, for instance to increase the matching quality. In the recent years, much work has been carried out to support users in the tuning process, specifically at higher levels. Indeed, tuning occurs at every step of the matching process. At the lowest level, similarity measures include internal parameters which directly impact computed similarity values. Furthermore, a common filter to present mappings to users are the thresholds applied to these values. At a mid-level, users can adopt one or more strategies according to the matching tool that they use. These strategies aim at combining similarity measures in an efficient way. Several tools support the users in this task, mainly by providing state-of-the-art graphical user interfaces. Automatically tuning a matching tool at this level is also possible, but this is limited to a few matching tools. The highest level deals with the choice of the matching tool. Due to the proliferation of these approaches, the first issue for the user is to find the one which would best satisfies his/her criteria. Although benchmarking available matching tools with datasets can be useful, we show that several approaches have been recently designed to solve this problem.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Mixed Motives: Economic, Social, and Normative Motivations in Business Compliance. This article develops theoretical understanding of the motives of business firms and their managers for compliance. First, we develop a typology to conceptualize and measure business motives relevant to compliance behavior. We distinguish between three categories of motives: economic, social, and normative. We hypothesize, however, that business firms and their managers do not divide into types motivated exclusively by singular priorities. We expect each firm to hold a constellation of plural motives. Moreover, we expect that economic and social motives are more alike between regulatees within the same regulatory regime than normative motives. Second, we conduct a preliminary test of the plausibility of our typology of motives and our theory of constellations of plural motives using data from a survey of the thousand biggest companies in Australia. Finally, we conclude that the path from fundamental interests or motives to behavior is filled with constraints and contingent factors at the individual, organizational, and structural levels.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "AN ANALYSIS OF A SEISMIC-REFLECTION FROM THE BASE OF A GAS HYDRATE ZONE, OFFSHORE PERU. Seismic reflection data recorded near ODP Site 688, offshore Peru, exhibit a persistent bottom-simulating reflector (BSR) from a depth corresponding to the theoretical base of the gas hydrate stability field.  Although gas hydrate has been recovered in cores from scientific drilling in both the Pacific and the Atlantic, drilling in areas exhibiting a BSR has usually been avoided because of the perceived risk of releasing free gas trapped beneath the hydrated sediments.  To carry out a quantitative analysis of the BSR, the seismic data were reprocessed using signature deconvolution and true amplitude recovery techniques.  Synthetic seismograms that were created using acoustic parameters extracted from the seismic data and physical properties from Site 688 borehole measurements were compared to the observed seismic data to estimate the thickness of the free-gas zone.  Results indicate the BSR is discontinuous laterally.  Where the BSR is of high amplitude, free gas in a zone 5.5-17 m thick beneath the hydrated sediments provides the observed waveform; where the BSR amplitude is low, the free-gas zone is much thinner than 5.5 m or is entirely absent.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "The invention performance implications of coopetition: How technological, geographical, and product market overlaps shape learning and competitive tension in R&D alliances. Research Summary We examine how technological, geographical, and product market overlaps between a firm and its alliance partner influence the firm's invention performance by shaping the learning and competitive tension in an R&D alliance. Drawing on research on learning in alliances and competitive dynamics, we argue that the firm's invention performance is influenced positively by technological and geographical overlaps and negatively by product market overlap. We further argue that product market overlap negatively moderates the positive relationships between technological and geographical overlaps and the firm's invention performance. Testing our theory on a dataset of 215 R&D alliances provides support for most of our hypotheses. We discuss how our theory and findings enrich coopetition and alliance research. Managerial Summary Prominent R&D alliances, such as between BioNtech and Pfizer or Samsung and Sony, typify coopetition-the collaboration between competing firms. In this context of coopetition, we study how a firm's invention performance is influenced by the technological, geographical, and product market overlaps it has with its R&D alliance partner. Empirical results from a sample of 215 R&D alliances formed between U.S. pharmaceutical firms confirm our theory that product market overlap is distinct from the other types of overlap: it changes the thrust of the alliance from joint value creation toward private value appropriation. This way, product market overlap not only decreases a firm's invention performance, but also weakens the positive impacts of technological and geographical overlaps on a firm's invention performance.", "label": [5, 44, 46]}
+{"token": "Effect of elevated steeping temperature on the starch properties of stored milled rice. Physicochemical properties of rice starch isolated from 3-year-stored milled rice after steeping at 40-60degreesC for 2 hr were investigated. Lightness of rice starch was slightly increased by steeping, while yellowness and redness decreased. Average granule size of starch isolated from stored rice was increased by steeping treatment. Increasing steeping temperature increased both swelling power and solubility to a less extent at temperature of >70degreesC. Differential Scanning Calorimetry results suggested partial annealing effect on stored rice starch by steeping at 60degreesC. Pasting properties by a Rapid Visco Analyzer indicated starches from steeped rice samples at 40 and 50degreesC gave slightly reduced peak, trough, final, and setback viscosities, while those from steeped rice at 60degreesC exhibited reduced breakdown, resulting in higher final and setback viscosities after cooling.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "New Data on Comparative Cytogenetics of the Mouse-Like Hamsters (Calomyscus Thomas, 1905) from Iran and Turkmenistan. The taxonomy of the genus Calomyscus remains controversial. According to the latest systematics the genus includes eight species with great karyotypic variation. Here, we studied karyotypes of 14 Calomyscus individuals from different regions of Iran and Turkmenistan using a new set of chromosome painting probes from a Calomyscus sp. male (2n = 46, XY; Shahr-e-Kord-Soreshjan-Cheshme Maiak Province). We showed the retention of large syntenic blocks in karyotypes of individuals with identical chromosome numbers. The only rearrangement (fusion 2/21) differentiated Calomyscus elburzensis, Calomyscus mystax mystax, and Calomyscus sp. from Isfahan Province with 2n = 44 from karyotypes of C. bailwardi, Calomyscus sp. from Shahr-e-Kord, Chahar Mahal and Bakhtiari-Aloni, and Khuzestan-Izeh Provinces with 2n = 46. The individuals from Shahdad tunnel, Kerman Province with 2n = 51-52 demonstrated non-centric fissions of chromosomes 4, 5, and 6 of the 46-chromosomal form with the formation of separate small acrocentrics. A heteromorphic pair of chromosomes in a specimen with 2n = 51 resulted from a fusion of two autosomes. C-banding and chromomycin A3-DAPI staining after G-banding showed extensive heterochromatin variation between individuals.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Detection of the tip of the red giant branch in NGC 5128. We present a color-magnitude diagram of more than 10,000 stars in the halo of the galaxy NGC 5128 (Centaurus A), based on WFPC2 images through V-band and I-band filters. The position of the red giant branch (RGB) stars is compared with the loci of the red giant branch in six well-studied globular clusters and in the dwarf elliptical galaxy NGC 185; the tip of the RGB is signalled by an observed turn-up in the luminosity function at I similar or equal to 24.1 +/- 0.1 mag; this yields a distance modulus (m - M)(0) = 27.8 +/- 0.2 for NGC 5128 (i.e., a distance of 3.6 +/- 0.2 Mpc), in agreement with previous determinations based on the planetary nebulae luminosity function and on the surface brightness fluctuations technique.The presence of an intermediate-age stellar population (similar to 5 Gyr) is suggested by the luminosity function of the asymptotic giant branch stars, extending up to I = 22.6 mag (for V-I > 2) and M(bol) similar to -5 mag; however, the number of these stars constrains the intermediate-age stellar population in the halo of NGC 5128 to be less than similar to 10% of the total. The color distribution at constant I magnitude, albeit affected by the completeness level of our sample, strongly suggests a mean value of [Fe/H] > -0.9 dex, possibly similar to the value found in M31 and higher than that observed in NGC 185. Like the M31 halo, the halo of NGC 5128 exhibits a broad range of levels of chemical enrichment.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "RESPONSES OF DETACHED RICE LEAVES (ORYZA-SATIVA L) TO MODERATE SUPPLEMENTARY ULTRAVIOLET-B RADIATION ALLOW EARLY SCREENING FOR RELATIVE SENSITIVITY TO ULTRAVIOLET-B IRRADIATION. Responses to short-term supplementary ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation were studied in detached ]eaves of two indica rice cultivars (Er Bai Ai and Lemont) to evaluate whether this might be an initial  method for screening for UV-B susceptibility. Leaf tissue from plants grown in a greenhouse (28-degrees-C day/20-degrees-C night, with a maximum irradiance of 800-1000 mumol photons M-2 S-1) Was placed under moderate supplementary UV-B radiation for 20 h. The effects of this short-term treatment were measured by determining the ratio of variable to maximum chlorophyll fluorescence (F(v)/F(m)), quantum yield of photosynthetic O2 exchange, chlorophyll content, maximum Rubisco activity as well as the concentrations of total soluble protein and Rubisco protein. All the above parameters showed considerable declines, which were always greater in cv. Er Bai Ai than in cv. Lemont. The in vivo activation of Rubisco was markedly increased in detached leaves treated with supplementary UV-B compared with control leaves; the increase was greater in cv. Er Bai Ai than in cv. Lemont. The photosynthetic responses invoked in the detached rice leaves are remarkably similar to those observed previously [He et al. (1993). Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 20, 129-421 in intact rice plants which had a longer-term supplementary UV-B exposure of comparable cumulative biologically effective UV-B dosage. We conclude that rapid short-term responses of detached leaves allow early screening of relative sensitivity of rice cultivars to UV-B.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Chemical control of parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) in two contrasting cultivars of rice under direct-seeded conditions. Parthenium weed is an emerging problem in direct-seeded rice due to the suitable microclimatic conditions for its establishment in this system. This two-years field study evaluated the potential of pendimethalin (preemergence) and bispyribac-sodium plus bensulfuron-methyl (post-emergence) herbicides to control parthenium weed when applied alone or in combination in two rice cultivars, Basmati-2000 (long duration and tall stature) and Shaheen Basmati (short duration and short stature) under direct-seeded conditions. The cultivar Basmati-2000 had a lower parthenium weed density (27 and 14%) and dry biomass (27 and 25%) but had a greater plant height (8 and 13%), produced more kernels per panicle (8 and 12%) and had a greater grain yield (7 and 9%) when compared to Shaheen Basmati in 2016 and 2017, respectively. The application of pendimethalin followed by bispyribac-sodium plus bensulfuron-methyl provided the highest reductions of 90 and 88% in parthenium weed biomass as compared to the weedy treatment in 2016 and 2017, respectively. In this treatment, rice plants were taller (8 and 10%), having greater panicle lengths (17 and 16%), branches per panicle (11 and 21%), kernels per panicle (9 and 6%), 1000-kernel weight (7 and 9%) and grain yield (33 and 37%) as compared to the weedy treatment in 2016 and 2017, respectively. The highest grain yield and net benefits were recorded in the weed-free treatment. In both years, the sole application of pendimethalin or bispyribac-sodium plus bensulfuronmethyl reduced parthenium weed biomass by 66-69% and 80-82%, respectively as compared to the weedy treatment. Overall, the herbicide treatments followed this order in terms of weed control efficiency, grain yield and economic benefits: pendimethalin followed by bispyribac-sodium plus bensulfuron-methyl > bispyribacsodium plus bensulfuron-methyl > pendimethalin. In conclusion, rice cultivar Basmati-2000 was more suppressive to parthenium weed due to its tall stature. It also produced higher yields and economic returns than the cultivar Shaheen Basmati. The sequential application of pendimethalin and bispyribac-sodium plus bensulfuronmethyl provided an excellent way to control (ca. 90%) parthenium weed and enhanced the productivity and profitability of both rice cultivars under direct-seeded conditions.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "Human Consciousness: Where Is It From and What Is It for. Consciousness is not a process in the brain but a kind of behavior that, of course, is controlled by the brain like any other behavior. Human consciousness emerges on the interface between three components of animal behavior: communication, play, and the use of tools. These three components interact on the basis of anticipatory behavioral control, which is common for all complex forms of animal life. All three do not exclusively distinguish our close relatives, i.e., primates, but are broadly presented among various species of mammals, birds, and even cephalopods; however, their particular combination in humans is unique. The interaction between communication and play yields symbolic games, most importantly language; the interaction between symbols and tools results in human praxis. Taken together, this gives rise to a mechanism that allows a creature, instead of performing controlling actions overtly, to play forward the corresponding behavioral options in a \\\\'second reality\\\\' of objectively (by means of tools) grounded symbolic systems. The theory possesses the following properties: (1) It is anti-reductionist and anti-eliminativist, and yet, human consciousness is considered as a purely natural (biological) phenomenon. (2) It avoids epiphenomenalism and indicates in which conditions human consciousness has evolutionary advantages, and in which it may even be disadvantageous. (3) It allows to easily explain the most typical features of consciousness, such as objectivity, seriality and limited resources, the relationship between consciousness and explicit memory, the feeling of conscious agency, etc.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Product innovation and cause-related marketing success A conceptual framework and a research agenda. Design/methodology/approach - The paper is conceptual and incorporates and interrelates the findings of existing CRM research as applied within the context of corporate social responsibility (CSR). Specifically this paper accumulates the state of prior wisdom on CRM success through the identification of several product-and brand-related success factors, based on a systematic review of the literature. In doing so, it introduces the concept of product innovation as a CRM success factor and integrates those distinct fields into a conceptual framework.Research limitations/implications - Towards this direction, the objective of this study is theory construction rather than theory testing. Thus, much work remains to be done in terms of empirically testing our research propositions. In conclusion, this paper posits a set of research directions designed to enable scholars to further advance the integration of product innovation and CRM from both problem-driven theory development as well as theory-driven practice management perspectives.Findings - The authors develop an integrative framework and a propositional inventory that represents a consolidated foundation for the systematic development of a theory for successful CRM strategies, along with the integration of product innovation within the field of CRM.Purpose - The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, the authors aim to identify all the product-and brand-related factors that promote cause-related marketing (CRM) success. The second part of this research aim is, to undertake a product innovation theory application into the context of CRM, examine the degree and nature of its theoretical and practical consonance, and develop an integrated conceptual framework for CRM success.Originality/value - The value of this paper accumulates the state of prior wisdom on CRM success, a notion with increasing use by corporations in recent years. Furthermore, this paper appears to be the first of its kind to examine, from the theorist perspective, the dynamics implied by synthesizing these, so far, distinct concepts. Additionally, the research adds appreciable value to academic knowledge on the fundamental discussion of the bidirectional relationship between CSR and innovation, also contributing an analogous CRM success framework to the existing wisdom.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "Nation, State, Empire and War: Problems of Liberalism in Modern Japanese History and Beyond. Liberalism in Japan before 1945 has been understood to be problematic because of its disposition to embrace elitism, nationalism and imperialism. These problems are often argued to have been caused by particular Japanese impediments, such as its history, customs, culture and system, and accordingly it is suggested that a 'proper' development of liberalism as seen in the 'West' did not occur in Japan. This essay argues that these problems are in fact problems inherent in the internal logic of liberalism in the modern period, and especially in the age of mass-based democracy and of empire. It argues so by expanding the thesis of Berlin on liberty of 1958, and examining the notion of 'positive liberty' in particular. The essay argues that the Japanese case articulates an often-neglected and problematic aspect of the discourse of liberalism, and concludes that this aspect needs to be seriously taken into account in an exploration of a critical alternative to currently dominant neo-liberal visions and institutions.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Surveillance Spectacles: The Big Art Group's Flicker and the Screened Body in Performance. Caden Manson, the founder of The Big Art Group, terms their trilogy of performances as 'Real Time Film', pieces that stage split-second choreography with a technological mise en scene of digital cameras and screens. Flicker sets up a dialogic relationship between fragmented bodies and cohesive bodies through a performance that takes place simultaneously on a material stage and on digital-screen projections at stage front. The tension between the material space and the digital screen space as staged in Flicker is seen through the group's set design that incorporates three stage-front contiguous screens that continue from wing to wing and are as high as the actors' shoulders. Atop each of the screens is a live-feed digital camera facing the actors though only capturing a portion of the stage. The technologies of Manson's Real Time Film capture bodies of differing races and genders- which remain distinct on the material stage- and suture them together as a singular, cohesive body on the digital screen. The material performance behind the screen, which is visible at all times, simply reiterates the embodied difference in the actors carrying out these movements. The contrasting modes of embodiment allow for what I term 'proprioceptive-semiotic bodies' that are simultaneously experienced as a system of sensorial information and as inscribed by various social texts. This article thus analyzes the question of where the dominant mode of production lies- on the screen, where action and a singular character identity cohere, or behind the screen, where the embodied difference of the actors is continually prioritized.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Thermoanaerobacter yonseiensis sp nov., a novel extremely thermophilic, xylose-utilizing bacterium that grows at up to 85 degrees C. A novel strictly anaerobic, extremely thermophilic, spore-forming and xylose-utilizing bacterium, designated strain KB-1(TP) (type and patent strain), was isolated from a geothermal hot stream at Sileri on Java island, Indonesia. The cells were rod-shaped, motile and had terminal spores. The newly isolated strain stained Gram-positive and the cells occurred singly or in pairs during the exponential growth phase. The temperature optimum for growth was 75 degreesC and growth occurred in the range 50-85 degreesC. The pH range for growth was 4.5-9.0. with an optimum at ph 6.5. Strain KB-1(TP) grew chemo-organotrophically by fermenting a wide range of substrates such as glucose, fructose, D-xylose, lactose, maltose, sucrose, mannose, galactose, cellobiose. pullulan and soluble starch. Arabinose, xylan, cellulose, olive oil and Tween 80 were not fermented. The predominant fermentation end products after growth on glucose were lactate, acetate, ethanol, CO2 and small amounts of isovaleric acid, butyric acid, propionic acid, 1-pentanol and 2-propanol. Thiosulfate was reduced to H2S. Strain KB-1(TP) was sensitive to tetracycline, chloramphenicol, penicillin G, neomycin, kanamycin, vancomycin and rifampicin at concentrations of 100 mug ml(-1). No effect was observed with chloramphenicol and neomycin at concentrations of 10 mug ml(-1). This indicates that strain KB-1(TP) belongs to the bacterial domain. The G+C content of the DNA was 37 mol%. The comparison of the 16S rDNA sequence to that of closely related strains revealed that strain KB-1(TP) belonged to clostridial cluster V, showing highest sequence identities (92.7%) to members of the genus Thermoanaerobacter. Taking into account the physiological and molecular properties of the new isolate, it is proposed that strain KB-1(TP) should be classified as a new species of the genus Thermoanaerobacter, designated Thermoanaerobacter yonseiensis. The type strain, KB-1(TP) has been deposited in the Korean Federation of Culture Collections (KFCC 11116(P)) as a patent strain and in the Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen as a type strain (= DSM 13777(T)).", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Between Diversity, Representation and 'Best Evidence': Rethinking Select Committee Evidence-Gathering Practices. Select committees play an important role in scrutinising government policy. They have come under increasing pressure to seek evidence for their inquiries-including both formal and informal evidence-from a wider range of stakeholders. Two particular pressures can be observed within this trend. First, committees are expected to show commitment to hearing from a more diverse set of stakeholders. The second pressure relates to the representativeness of those providing evidence. Consequently, they have been urged to increase public engagement. The recent Citizens' Assembly into adult social care points to one mechanism for engaging a 'mini-public' in committee inquiries. Due to their use of random and stratified sampling to recruit participants, mini-publics could diversify the evidence base and facilitate public scrutiny of the committees. However, we know little of what committee members and staffs think about these issues. In this article, we draw insights from over 60 interviews with select committee chairs, members and staff to gain insight into their perspectives on evidence diversity and the potential of mini-publics to promote this. We find that traditional approaches to inquiries are still favoured. While mini-publics are seen as a solution to the failings of current approaches to public engagement, this is for instrumental reasons, meaning that they are only valued in particular circumstances. Ultimately, further culture change is required if committee inquiries are to move substantially beyond the traditional approach.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Noble gas tracing of groundwater/coalbed methane interaction in the San Juan Basin, USA. The San Juan Basin natural gas field, located in northwestern New Mexico and southwestern Colorado in the USA, is a case-type coalbed methane system. Groundwater is thought to play a key role in both biogenic methane generation and the CO2 sequestration potential of coalbed systems. We show here how noble gases can be used to construct a physical model that describes the interaction between the groundwater system and the produced gas. We collected 28 gas samples from producing wells in the artesian overpressured high production region of the basin together with 8 gas samples from the underpressured low production zone as a control. Stable isotope and major species determination clearly characterize the gas in the high production region as dominantly biogenic in origin, and the underpressured low producing region as having a significant admix of thermogenic coal gas. He-3/He-4 ratios increase from 0.0836R(a) at the basin margin to 0.318R(a) towards the center, indicating a clear but small mantle He signature in all gases. Coherent fractionation of water-derived Ne-20/Ar-36 and crustal He-4/Ar-40* are explained by a simple Rayleigh fractionation model of open system groundwater degassing. Low Ne-20 concentrations compared to the model predicted values are accounted for by dilution of the groundwater-associated gas by desorbed coalbed methane. This Rayleigh fractionation and dilution model together with the gas production history allows us to quantify the amount of water involved in gas production at each well. The quantified water volumes in both underpressured and overpressured zones range from 1.7 X 10(3) m(3) to 4.2 X 10(5) m(3), with no clear distinction between over- and underpressured production zones. These results conclusively show that the volume of groundwater seen by coal does not play a role in determining the volume of methane produced by secondary biodegradation of these coalbeds. There is no requirement of continuous groundwater flow for renewing the microbes or nutrient components. We furthermore observe strong mass related isotopic fractionation of Ne-20/Ne-22 and Ar-38/Ar-36 isotopic ratios. This can be explained by a noble gas concentration gradient in the groundwater during gas production, which causes diffusive partial re-equilibration of the noble gas isotopes. It is important for the study of other systems in which extensive groundwater degassing may have occurred to recognize that severe isotopic fractionation of air-derived noble gases can occur when such concentration gradients are established during gas production. Excess air-derived Xe and Kr in our samples are shown to be related to the diluting coalbed methane and can only be accounted for if Xe and Kr are preferentially and volumetrically trapped within the coal matrix and released during biodegradation to form CH4. Copyright (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Sedimentary pigments and nature of organic matter within the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) of the Eastern Arabian Sea (Indian margin). Sedimentary pigments, carbon and nitrogen content and their stable isotopes were studied in three short cores collected from the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) of the Eastern Arabian Sea (EAS). Nine pigments including chlorophyll a and their degradation products were quantified using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Astaxanthin followed by canthaxanthin and zeaxanthin were the major carotenoids detected in these cores. The total pigment concentration was high in the core collected from 500 m water depth (6.5 mu gg(-1)) followed by 800 m (1.7 mu gg(-1)) and 1100 m (1.1 mu gg(-1)) depths respectively. The organic carbon did not have considerable control on sedimentary pigments preservation. Pigment degradation was comparatively high in the core collected from the 800 m site which depended not only the bottom dissolved oxygen levels, but also on the faunal activity. As reported earlier, the bottom water dissolved oxygen and presence of fauna have good control on the organic carbon accumulation and preservation at Indian margin OMZ sediments. The C/N ratios and delta C-13 values for all the cores conclude the marine origin of organic matter and delta N-15 profiles revealed signature of upwelling associated denitrification within the water column. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 42, 36]}
+{"token": "Role of common mental and physical disorders in partial disability around the world. Respondents from 26 nationally representative samples (n=61 259, age 18+) were interviewed regarding mental and physical disorders, and day-to-day functioning. The Composite International Diagnostic Interview, version 3.0 (CIDI 3.0) was used to assess mental disorders; partial disability (expressed in full day equivalents) was assessed with the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule in the CIDI 3.0.Mental and physical disorders have a considerable impact on partial disability, at both the individual and at the societal level. Physical disorders yielded higher effects on partial disability than mental disorders.ConclusionsRespondents with disorders reported about 1.58 additional disability days per month compared with respondents without disorders. At the individual level, mental disorders (especially post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and bipolar disorder) yielded a higher number of days with disability than physical disorders. At the societal level, the population attributable risk proportion due to physical and mental disorders was 49% and 15% respectively.ResultsBackgroundMethodTo estimate individual (i.e. the consequences for an individual with a disorder) and societal effects (i.e. the avoidable partial disability in the society due to disorders) of mental and physical disorders on days with partial disability around the world.AimsMental and physical disorders are associated with total disability, but their effects on days with partial disability (i.e. the ability to perform some, but not full-role, functioning in daily life) are not well understood.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Muted violence: Italian war crimes in occupied Greece. This article considers the myth of Italians as 'good people' that has dominated postwar historiography as well as the public and institutional discourse, and analyses the connection between the judiciary paradigm and the historical narrative of the Second World War. It presents an account of Italian war crimes in occupied Greece and suggests a possible interpretation regarding the military violence towards the civilian population. War crimes are considered within the context of the general orientation of the fascist policy of occupation and the structures of conflict that emerged in the occupied territories. In particular, it discusses the turning point in Italian repressive action, from the logic of reprisal to a policy of massacre.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Professional associations' strategies for revitalizing professional psychology. The professional associations of psychologists are working to revitalize professional psychology. In response to recent challenges, these associations have attempted to (a) remove barriers to quality services within the mental care health delivery system; (b) help psychologists become better integrated within the overall health care system, as opposed to being narrowly defined as mental health professionals; and (c) help more psychologists move into services outside of the health care delivery system. These 3 strategies are motivated by a vision of psychology as a broad problem-solving discipline that can contribute to human welfare in a varied range of domains.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Fatal attraction: a critique of Carl Schmitt's international political and legal theory. The ongoing Schmitt revival has extended Carl Schmitt's reach over the fields of international legal and political theory. Neo-Schmittians suggest that his international thought provides a new reading of the history of international law and order, which validates the explanatory power of his theoretical premises - the concept of the political, political decisionism, and concrete-order-thinking. Against this background, this article mounts a systematic reappraisal of Schmitt's international thought in a historical perspective. The argument is that his work requires re-contextualization as the intellectual product of an ultra-intense moment in Schmitt's friend/enemy distinction. It inscribed Hitler's 'spatial revolution' into a full-scale reinterpretation of Europe's geopolitical history, grounded in land appropriations, which legitimized Nazi Germany's wars of conquest. Consequently, Schmitt's elevation of the early modern nomos as the model for civilized warfare - the 'golden age' of international law - against which American legal universalism can be portrayed as degenerated, is conceptually and empirically flawed. Schmitt devised a politically motivated set of theoretical premises to provide a historical counter-narrative against liberal normativism, which generated defective history. The reconstruction of this history reveals the explanatory limits of his theoretical vocabulary - friend/enemy binary, sovereignty-as-exception, nomos/universalism - for past and present analytical purposes. Schmitt's defective analytics and problematic history compromise the standing of his work for purposes of international theory.", "label": [5, 47, 49]}
+{"token": "The environmental and health impacts of tobacco agriculture, cigarette manufacture and consumption. The health consequences of tobacco use are well known, but less recognized are the significant environmental impacts of tobacco production and use. The environmental impacts of tobacco include tobacco growing and curing; product manufacturing and distribution;. product consumption; and post-consumption waste. The World Health Organilation's Framework Convention on Tobacco Control addresses environmental concerns in Articles 17 and 18, which primarily apply to tobacco agriculture. Article 5.3 calls for protection from policy interference by the tobacco industry regarding the environmental harms of tobacco production and use. We detail the environmental impacts of the tobacco life-cycle and suggest policy responses.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Effect of modified microbial flocculant on membrane fouling alleviation in a hybrid aerobic granular sludge membrane system for wastewater reuse. Pre-coagulation is an excellent method for alleviating membrane fouling in aerobic granular sludge (AGS) membrane systems (AGSMSs) for wastewater reuse. However, little attention has been paid to modified microbial flocculants (MMFs) for membrane fouling mitigation. Herein, an MMF was prepared, and the effect of its dosage (5-30 mg/L) on membrane fouling mitigation was investigated. MMF pre-coagulation could effectively alleviate membrane fouling by utilizing electrical neutralization and adsorption bridging. When the MMF dosage was 10 mg/L, the membrane flux was increased by 79.4% and the total fouling resistance was reduced by 90.3%. The MMF dosage of 10 mg/L greatly inhibited the adhesion and accumulation of foulants, thereby forming a loose and porous cake layer on the membrane surface. Moreover, the extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek theory further clarified that the greatest energy barriers existed throughout the filtration process with an MMF dosage of 10 mg/L. Correlation analysis showed that the occurrence of membrane fouling was mainly related to total phosphorus, chemical oxygen demand, and polysaccharides in the raw wastewater. This study reveals the effects of different MMF dosages on membrane fouling and provides a novel approach for MMF pre-coagulation to mitigate membrane fouling.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "Performance-based engineering and multi-criteria decision analysis for sustainable and resilient building design. In this paper, an integrated approach for a holistic (involving notions of resiliency and sustainability) building design is presented to select the optimal design alternative based on multiple conflicting criteria using the multi-attribute utility theory (MAUT). A probabilistic formulation of MAUT is proposed, where the distributions of the uncertain parameters are determined by a performance-based engineering (PBE) approach. Here PBE is used to evaluate the building energy efficiency and sustainability in addition to structural safety. In the proposed framework, different design alternatives of a building are ranked based on the generalized expected utility, which is able to include the most adopted probabilistic decision models, like the expected utility and the cumulative prospect theory. The distributions of the utilities are obtained from the first-order reliability method to provide (i) good tradeoff between accuracy and efficiency, and (ii) rational decision making by evaluating the most critical realizations of the consequences of each alternative through the design point. The application of the proposed approach to a building shows that design for resilience may imply design for sustainability and that green buildings (alone) may be not resilient in the face of extreme events.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "The treatment of recalcitrant post-traumatic nightmares with autogenic training and autogenic abreaction: A case study. Recurrent and frightening dreams are commonly experienced by patients who suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder after a motor vehicle accident. Such nocturnal episodes, if left untreated, can result in the experience of severe distress with physical, emotional, and psychophysiological concomitant. The present single-case study investigated the effects of the standard autogenic exercises and autogenic abreaction in reducing the frequency and severity of post-traumatic nightmares in a survivor of a car crash. The patient was also instructed in two additional organ-specific formulas in order to improve her sleep. The results of the study showed that the interventions were successful in effectively treating the patient's distressing nightmares. Follow-up data suggested that the treatment effects persisted after the termination of therapy. Suggestions for future investigations are discussed.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HASTELLOY C-22HS IN END MILLING. This paper presents a finite element analysis of the stress distribution in the end milling operation of nickel-based superalloy HASTELLOY C-2000. Commercially available finite element software was used to develop the model and analyze the distribution of stress components in the machined surface of HASTELLOY C-22HS following end milling with coated carbide tools. The friction interaction along the tool-chip interface was modeled using the Coulomb friction law. It was found that the stress had lower values under the cut surface and that it increased gradually near the cutting edge.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "In Vitro Activities of the Novel Investigational Tetrazoles VT-1161 and VT-1598 Compared to the Triazole Antifungals against Azole-Resistant Strains and Clinical Isolates of Candida albicans. The fungal Cyp51-specific inhibitors VT-1161 and VT-1598 have emerged as promising new therapies to combat fungal infections, including Candida spp. To evaluate their in vitro activities compared to other azoles, MICs were determined by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) method for VT-1161, VT-1598, fluconazole, voriconazole, itraconazole, and posaconazole against 68 C. albicans clinical isolates well characterized for azole resistance mechanisms and mutant strains representing individual azole resistance mechanisms. VT-1161 and VT-1598 demonstrated potent activity (geometric mean MICs <= 0.15 mu g/ml) against predominantly fluconazole-resistant (>= 8 mu g/ml) isolates. However, five of 68 isolates exhibited MICs greater than six dilutions (>= 2 mu g/ml) to both tetrazoles compared to fluconazolesusceptible isolates. Four of these isolates likewise exhibited high MICs beyond the upper limit of the assay for all triazoles tested. A premature stop codon in ERGS likely explained the high-level resistance in one isolate. VT-1598 was effective against strains with hyperactive Tac1, Mrr1, and Upc2 transcription factors and against most ERG11 mutant strains. VT-1161 MICs were elevated compared to the control strain SC5314 for hyperactive Tad strains and two strains with Erg11 substitutions (Y132F and Y132F&K143R) but showed activity against hyperactive Mrr1 and Upc2 strains. While mutations affecting Erg3 activity appear to greatly reduce susceptibility to VT-1161 and VT-1598, the elevated MICs of both tetrazoles for four isolates could not be explained by known azole resistance mechanisms, suggesting the presence of undescribed resistance mechanisms to triazole- and tetrazole-based sterol demethylase inhibitors.", "label": [2, 4, 21, 40]}
+{"token": "THE EFFICIENCY OF LCSMA IN REDUCING CHALLENGING BEHAVIORS IN CHILDREN WITH AUTISM. The present study, based on three longitudinal case studies, investigated the relationship between language developmental stage and challenging behaviors exhibited by children with autism with the purpose of expressing refusal. Participants received an intervention based on language and communication stimulation addressed to children with autism spectrum disorder (LCSMA, Dascal Crisan, 2012). Results confirm the correlation between language developmental stage and the presence of challenging behaviors, respectively the lack of functional communication skills determines a more frequent display of maladaptive behaviors. Our results also prove the efficiency of the method in the case of the 3 participants included in the study. They acquired functional communication skills to express refusal, an acquisitions that facilitated a significant reduction in the frequency of challenging behaviors.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Morbidity and mortality in schizophrenia with comorbid substance use disorders. Methods 45,476 individuals with schizophrenia from two independent national cohort studies, aged <46 years at cohort entry, were followed during 22 (1996-2017, Finland) and 11 years (2006-2016, Sweden). We first assessed SUD prevalence (excluding smoking). Then, we performed Cox regression on risk of psychiatric hospitalization and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in SUD compared with those without SUD.Objective Schizophrenia is highly comorbid with substance use disorders (SUD) but large epidemiological cohorts exploring the prevalence and prognostic significance of SUD are lacking. Here, we investigated the prevalence of SUD in patients with schizophrenia in Finland and Sweden, and the effect of these co-occurring disorders on risks of psychiatric hospitalization and mortality.Conclusion Co-occurring SUD, and particularly alcohol and multiple drug use, are associated with high rates of hospitalization and mortality in schizophrenia. Preventive interventions should prioritize detection and tailored treatments for these comorbidities, which often remain underdiagnosed and untreated.Results The prevalence of SUD ranged from 26% (Finland) to 31% (Sweden). Multiple drug use (n = 4164, 48%, Finland; n = 3268, 67%, Sweden) and alcohol use disorders (n = 3846, 45%, Finland; n = 1002, 21%, Sweden) were the most prevalent SUD, followed by cannabis. Any SUD comorbidity, and particularly multiple drug use and alcohol use, were associated with 50% to 100% increase in hospitalization (aHR any SUD: 1.53, 95% CI = 1.46-1.61, Finland; 1.83, 1.72-1.96, Sweden) and mortality (aHR all-cause mortality: 1.65, 95% CI = 1.50-1.81, Finland; 2.17, 1.74-2.70, Sweden) compared to individuals without SUD. Elevated mortality risks were observed especially for suicides and other external causes. All results were similar across countries.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "The role of music producers and sound engineers in the current recording context, as perceived by young professionals. As a result of recent technological advances, musicians tend to produce their music themselves in home studios, without necessarily collaborating with a professional producer or a sound engineer. To understand how this new paradigm affects musical recordings, we need to study the context of recording sessions involving a producer and a sound engineer. In this article we investigate the role of producers and sound engineers, as perceived by young professionals actively involved in recording sessions. We collected verbal data from 16 musicians and 6 sound engineers, from different countries and backgrounds. Participants were asked to freely define in their own words the role of an ideal producer and an ideal sound engineer. Then, we invited them to describe positive or negative experiences they had previously encountered in the studio. We classified their spontaneous descriptions into emerging themes using the constant comparison method. The three main categories referred to mission, skills, and interaction. A consensus emerged regarding the respective missions of producers and sound engineers. While the producer is responsible for the artistic direction of the project, the sound engineer has to make appropriate sound choices by taking into consideration the musicians' requests. The primary skills reported for the ideal producer were communication and interpersonal skills. The ideal sound engineer, paradoxically, was described as minimally interacting with musicians during sessions. To conclude, we discuss future directions to clarify the relationships between the missions and skills producers and sound engineers are expected to exhibit, and to further investigate the level of the producer's artistic involvement.", "label": [3, 5, 27, 50]}
+{"token": "Comparative study on the cello's initiation methods used in Andalusian music conservatories. Implications for teachers. This study analyzes different methods of cello teaching and learning in music conservatories in Andalusia (Spain) and the educational implications they may have in the teaching-learning process of this instrument, especially for teachers. Andalusia was chosen because this is one of the autonomous communities with the largest number of music conservatories at the elementary level. A descriptive methodology was used, through content analysis. Data was collected with an instrument composed of 41 items. A comparison of the different methods of initiation to cello was carried out, according to four analytic dimensions: didactic-methodological aspects, physical parameters, psychological aspects and musical sensitization. The results for the first dimension show a divergence between the analyzed texts regarding the role of the teacher in the didactic process. Regarding physical parameters, there is a lack of content in the different methods that does not help to prevent possible health problems and performance in young students. Additionally, little attention is given to the development of psychological aspects (concentration and memory). Finally, the methods analyzed show special attention to aspects related to the musical sensitization dimension (tuning, rhythmic sense and study habits). The results of this study highlight the importance of teacher training in active, creative and contemporary teaching methodologies, since most of the methods analyzed leave teachers with highly relevant aspects in the musical development of students.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Deciphering the Growth Behaviour of Mycobacterium africanum. Background: Human tuberculosis (TB) in West Africa is not only caused by M. tuberculosis but also by bacteria of the two lineages of M. africanum. For instance, in The Gambia, 40% of TB is due to infections with M. africanum West African 2. This bacterial lineage is associated with HIV infection, reduced ESAT-6 immunogenicity and slower progression to active disease. Although these characteristics suggest an attenuated phenotype of M. africanum, no underlying mechanism has been described. From the first descriptions of M. africanum in the literature in 1969, the time to a positive culture of M. africanum on solid medium was known to be longer than the time to a positive culture of M. tuberculosis. However, the delayed growth of M. africanum, which may correlate with the less virulent phenotype in the human host, has not previously been studied in detail.Methodology/Principal Findings: We compared the growth rates of M. tuberculosis and M. africanum isolates from The Gambia in two liquid culture systems. M. africanum grows significantly slower than M. tuberculosis, not only when grown directly from sputa, but also in growth experiments under defined laboratory conditions. We also sequenced four M. africanum isolates and compared their whole genomes with the published M. tuberculosis H37Rv genome. M. africanum strains have several non-synonymous SNPs or frameshift mutations in genes that were previously associated with growth-attenuation. M. africanum strains also have a higher mutation frequency in genes crucial for transport of sulphur, ions and lipids/fatty acids across the cell membrane into the bacterial cell. Surprisingly, 5 of 7 operons, recently described as essential for intracellular survival of H37Rv in the host macrophage, showed at least one non-synonymously mutated gene in M. africanum.Conclusions/Significance: The altered growth behaviour of M. africanum might indicate a different survival strategy within host cells.", "label": [2, 17, 21, 24]}
+{"token": "Higher negative emotions in response to cigarette pictorial warning labels predict higher quit intentions among smokers. Background Cigarette pictorial warning labels (PWLs) could produce stronger quit intentions than text-only warning labels (TWLs) due to greater emotional arousal. Yet, it remains unclear whether PWLs that elicit different levels of emotions produce different outcomes. To better understand the role of negative emotions in the effects of PWLs, this study developed two sets of PWLs arousing different emotional levels (high vs low) but equally high on informativeness and compared them to each other and to the current TWLs. Methods Adult US smokers (n=1503) were randomised to view nine high-emotion-arousing or low-emotion-arousing PWLs or TWLs. After each label, participants reported the negative emotions they felt while looking at the label. After seeing all the labels, participants reported their intentions to quit smoking. Mediation analyses tested whether message condition influenced quit intentions indirectly through negative emotions. Results Compared with TWLs, PWLs produced higher levels of negative emotions (b=0.27, SE=0.04, p<0.001). Compared with low-emotion arousing PWLs, high-emotion-arousing PWLs produced higher levels of negative emotions (b=0.24, SE=0.07, p<0.001). Higher negative emotions predicted stronger quit intentions (b=0.20, SE=0.03, p<0.001). Negative emotions mediated the effects of PWLs versus TWLs and high-emotion-arousing versus low- emotion-arousing PWLs on quit intentions. Conclusions The results provide additional evidence for negative emotions as the mechanism through which PWLs motivate smokers to consider quitting. The findings call on the Food and Drug Administration to design and implement high-emotion-arousing cigarette warning labels.", "label": [2, 21, 23]}
+{"token": "Variability of soil methane production on the micro-scale: spatial association with hot spots of organic material and Archaeal populations. High temporal and spatial variability is a key problem when quantifying methane emissions from soils. Whereas the spatial variability on the landscape scale has been investigated in different studies, we investigated the spatial heterogeneity of CH4 production on 1 cm scale, as well as the role of organic material as a relevant factor. Undisturbed soil cores (dia, 6 cm) of two mineral and one peaty wetland soils (Typic Humaquept, Aeric Endoaquept and Limnic Haplohemist) from the cool-humid region in southwest Germany were anaerobically incubated for 3 months. The time course of the CH4 production rates was dependent on the water-table-level history of the incubated horizon and on the soil type. However, the absolute amounts of CH4 production differed largely between parallel cores from each soil type, although they were obtained within 1 m(2). The native structures of the soil cores were determined by computed tomography. Fresh organic material was observed in all highly productive soil cores, whereas soil cores with low methanogenic activity included far less fresh organic material. The observed hot spots of fresh organic material were correlated to high amounts of Archaea, as analyzed by etherlipid analysis as well as by in situ hybridization using an Archaea-specific probe. The most dominant factor for the spatial variation in CH4 production on the micro-scale is the distribution of fresh organic material, which activates and possibly attracts methanogenic Archaea (methanogens). (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Serial plasma glucose changes in dogs suffering from severe dog bite wounds. The objective of this study was to describe the changes in plasma glucose concentration in 20 severely injured dogs suffering from dog bite wounds over a period of 72 hours from the initiation of trauma. Historical, signalment, clinical and haematological factors were investigated for their possible effect on plasma glucose concentration. Haematology was repeated every 24 hours and plasma glucose concentrations were measured at 8-hourly intervals post-trauma. On admission, 1 dog was hypoglycaemic, 8 were normoglycaemic and 11 were hyperglycaemic. No dogs showed hypoglycaemia at any other stage during the study period. The median blood glucose concentrations at each of the 10 collection points, excluding the 56-hour and 64-hour collection points, were in the hyperglycaemic range (5.8-6.2 mmol/l). Puppies and thin dogs had significantly higher median plasma glucose concentrations than adult and fat dogs respectively (P < 0.05 for both). Fifteen dogs survived the 72-hour study period. Overall 13 dogs (81.3 70) made a full recovery after treatment. Three of 4 dogs that presented in a collapsed state died, whereas all dogs admitted as merely depressed or alert survived (P = 0.004). The high incidence of hyperglycaemia can possibly be explained by the 'diabetes of injury\\\\' phenomenon. However, hyperglycaemia in this group of dogs was marginal and potential benefits of insulin therapy are unlikely to outweigh the risk of adverse effects such as hypoglycaemia.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Colony site characteristics of sympatric breeding tern species on the Mond Islands, the Persian Gulf. We have investigated characteristics of colony site of three sympatric breeding tern species on small islands of a subtropical region, the Persian Gulf. The three most populous ground-nesting waterbird species -Bridled Tern Onychoprion anaethetus, Lesser Thal-asseus bengalensis and Greater Thalasseus bergii Crested Terns - were studied during the 2009-2011 breeding seasons. The average area size of mixed colonies was 454 m(2). The density of nests of the Bridled Tern was 846 nests/ha. The proportion of the number of nests in a mixed colony for Lesser Crested Tern (5546 nests) was approximately 10-fold compared to the Greater Crested Tern (542 nests). The density of Bridled Tern nests/ha was significantly higher in areas with 50-75% vegetation cover (> 1200 nests/ha) than in areas of < 5% vegetation cover (72-105 nests/ha) (p < 0.05). Mixed colonies of the Lesser and Greater Crested Terns were located on unvegetated land, at an average distance of 4.1 m to vegetation, and on sandy soil (79.4% on average) and above high spring tide water lines (0.59 m on average). There were more potential nesting areas than occupied areas for the mixed colonies of the Lesser and Greater Crested Terns, indicated that they did not face nest site limitation.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Behavioral interactions between aphaenogaster rudis (Hymenoptera : Formicidae) and reticulitermes flavipes (Isoptera : Rhinotermitidae): The importance of physical barriers. Predation pressure from ants is a major driving force in the adaptive evolution of termite defense strategies and termites have evolved elaborate chemical and physical defenses to protect themselves against ants. We examined predator prey interactions between the woodland ant, Aphaenogaster rudis (Emery) and the eastern subterranean termite, Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar), two sympatric species widely distributed throughout deciduous forests in eastern North America. To examine the behavioral interactions between A. rudis and R. flavipes we used a series of laboratory behavioral assays and predation experiments where A. rudis and R. flavipes could interact individually or in groups. One- on- one aggression tests revealed that R. flavipes are vulnerable to predation by A. rudis when individual termite workers or soldiers are exposed to ant attacks in open dishes and 100% of termite workers and soldiers died, even though the soldiers were significantly more aggressive towards the ants. The results of predation experiments where larger ant and termite colony fragments interacted provide experimental evidence for the importance of physical barriers for termite colony defense. In experiments where the termites nested within artificial nests (sand-filled containers), A. rudis was aggressive at invading termite nests and inflicted 100% mortality on the termites. In contrast, termite mortality was comparable to controls when termite colonies nested in natural nests comprised of wood blocks. Our results highlight the importance of physical barriers in termite colony defense and suggest that under natural field conditions termites may be less susceptible to attacks by ants when they nest in solid wood, which may offer more structural protection than sand alone.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Knowledge of the firm and the evolutionary theory of the multinational corporation. Firms are social communities that specialize in the creation and internal transfer of knowledge. The multinational corporation arises not out of the failure of markets for the buying and selling of knowledge, but out of its superior; efficiency as an organizational vehicle by which to transfer this knowledge across borders. We test the claim that firms specialize in the internal transfer of tacit knowledge by empirically examining the decision to transfer the capability to manufacture new products to wholly owned subsidiaries or to other parties. The empirical results show that the less codifiable and the harder to teach is the technology, the more likely the transfer will be to wholly owned operations. This result implies that the choice of transfer mode is determined by the efficiency of the multinational corporation in transferring knowledge 05 relative to other firms, not relative to an abstract market transaction. The notion of the firm as specializing in the transfer and recombination of knowledge is the foundation to an evolutionary theory of the multinational corporation", "label": [5, 44, 46]}
+{"token": "Extracting policy positions from political texts using words as data. We present a new way of extracting policy positions from political texts that treats texts not as discourses to be understood and interpreted but rather, as data in the form of words. We compare this approach to previous methods of text analysis and use it to replicate published estimates of the policy positions of political parties in Britain and Ireland, on both economic and social policy dimensions. We \\\\'export\\\\' the method to a non-English-language environment, analyzing the policy positions of German parties, including the PDS as it entered the former West German party system. Finally, we extend its application beyond the analysis of party manifestos, to the estimation of political positions from legislative speeches. Our \\\\'language-blind\\\\' word scoring technique successfully replicates published policy estimates without the substantial costs of time and labor that these require. Furthermore, unlike in any previous method for extracting policy positions from political texts, we provide uncertainty measures for our estimates, allowing analysts to make informed judgments of the extent to which differences between two estimated policy positions can be viewed as significant or merely as products of measurement error.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "The role of cultivars in managing weeds in dry-seeded rice production systems. Dry-seeded rice (DSR) is an emerging production system in Asia. However, weeds are a major biological constraint in the success of DSR production. Although newly available herbicides may provide satisfactory weed control in DSR, an excessive use of herbicides may increase the risk of herbicide resistance and shifts towards problematic weed species. Cultural management practices with the integrated use of cultivars could be exploited to reduce selection pressure and delay herbicide resistance in weeds. The lack of suitable weed-competitive cultivars, however, has been a major constraint in this direction and there is a need to exploit the role of rice cultivars for weed management in DSR. The traits that are likely to be most helpful for weed management in direct seeding include seed germination in anaerobic conditions and tolerance of early submergence for uniform crop establishment, high and early seedling vigour with rapid leaf area development during the early vegetative stage for weed suppression, cultivars having an allelopathic effect, and herbicide-resistant rice cultivars. (c) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "Diagnosis and surgical management of malignant ovarian teratoma in a green iguana (Iguana iguana). Case Presentation: A 9-year-old intact female green iguana (Iguana iguana) with a clinical history of persistent anorexia and progressive abdominal distension was referred to the surgery department. On physical examination, a presumptive diagnosis of follicular stasis was established. Radiographic evaluation showed a large radioopaque mass within the abdomen, which was visible both in latero-lateral and ventro-dorsal exposures. Abdominal ultrasonography showed a large intra-abdominal mass, with numerous cyst-like structures filled with liquid and a heterogeneous aspect with hypoechoic areas. Exploratory laparatomy was thus suggested and the mass was removed surgically. The histologic findings of the neoplasm were consistent with those of ovarian malignant teratoma. Surgical excision of the mass in our case was considered curative and after a follow-up period of 6 months the animal has recovered completely.Conclusions: A malignant ovarian teratoma has not been previously reported in green iguana and should be included in the list of differential diagnosis of ovarian tumors in this species. This report will contribute to a better understanding of the pathology of this rare tumor in green iguanas.Background: Ovarian tumors in reptiles are uncommonly reported in the literature and for green iguanas previously reported cases include teratomas, one adenocarcinoma and one papillary cystadenocarcinoma. The present report is the first of a malignant ovarian teratoma in a green iguana. Complete and detailed pathological features, differential diagnosis and surgical management of malignant ovarian teratoma are discussed in this paper.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "The American Factor: Sino-American Rapprochement and Chinese Attitudes to the Vietnam War, 1968-72. It is clear that any work dealing with the United States and China during the 1960 s and 1970 s must make reference to the Vietnam War, and likewise any work dealing with Chinese involvement in the Vietnam War cannot overlook China's burgeoning relationship with the United States. However, since the release of documents from the Nixon administration and the publication of recent Chinese-language scholarship, there has been no systematic study of the connection between these two political processes. This paper charts the impact of Sino-American rapprochement on Beijing's attitudes towards the Vietnam War, and to what extent it caused China to alter its Vietnam policy.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Synthesis of DLC films by PECVD combined with hollow cathode sputtering. The mechanical and electrical properties of aluminium-doped diamond-like carbon (DLC) thin films obtained with a hybrid method combining hollow magnetron discharge sputtering and plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) are reported. The ratio between the mass flows of methane reactive gas and argon inert gas was found to have a big influence on the properties of doped DLC films. For low mass flow of methane gas the cathode surface was kept in a metallic state. By increasing methane mass flow the cathode surface became to be covered with DLC and the behaviour of the discharge changed, influencing the properties of deposited films. The lowest resistivity (10(-4) Omega cm) of thin films was obtained in the metallic state of the cathode but without DLC character, as indicated by Raman measurements. The resistivity increased in the intermediate mode (0.01 Omega cm) and attained higher value (1 Omega cm) in the poisoned state of the cathode. These films presented DLC character, with D and G bands, as revealed by Raman measurements. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 1, 32, 11]}
+{"token": "He stole our translation' Translation reviews and the construction of Marxist discourse. Despite the centrality of translations in introducing Marxist ideas, we know little about the agendas that shaped them. This paper investigates how reviews of translated Marxist theoretical texts, issued between 1927 and 1934 by the Communist Party of Greece, were utilised in a struggle to appropriate Marxist discourse from its rivals. Drawing on Foucault's procedures of discourse control, and calling attention to power struggles among forces with counterhegemonic ideas, the paper analyses the party's rules and conditions under which it was legitimate for a translator to carry out a translation and for the translation to enter political discourse. It will be argued that political tensions triggered changes in reviewing practices and efforts to renew translation quality criteria. These tensions shaped contemporary debates on the correct interpretation of Marxism and helped advance the party's position (a) by calling on readers to disregard earlier translations issued by political rivals; (b) by constructing its own translations as truth-objects; and by fashioning itself as the gatekeeper of Marxism. Studying translation reviews allows us to extend our understanding of the complexities of discourse formation, to trace the history of discourses, to document how knowledge can be a resource in power struggles, and to understand how power struggles can recast discursive practices.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Comparing individual-based and household-based measures of social class to assess class inequalities in women's health: a methodological study of 684 US women. Setting-A large pre-paid health maintenance organisation in Oakland, CA (US).Main results-The proportion of women categorised as ((working class)) equalled 45, 30, and 21 per cent, respectively, for the individual level, gender neutral household, and conventional household class measures. Class inequalities in health, comparing women categorised as working class with non-working class, generally were stronger using the gender neutral household class measure, compared with the conventional household or individual class measure; in the case of \\\\'fair or poor\\\\' health, the respective odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (adjusted for age and marital status) were 1.9 (1.1, 3.4), 1.5 (0.9, 2.5), and 1.3 (0.8, 2.2), while for high post-load glucose levels, they were 1.7 (1.1, 2.6), 1.2 (0.8, 1.7), and 1.3 (0.9, 1.8). The combined household class measure yielded effect estimates comparable to those of the gender neutral household class measure but with less precision, because of smaller strata.Conclusions-Epidemiological studies concerning class inequalities in women's health should use the gender neutral household class measure or, if sample size is sufficiently large, the combined household class measure.Participants-686 women (90% white) enrolled in Examination II of the Kaiser Permanente Women Twins Study (1989-1990).Design-Cross sectional study, using health data obtained by physical examination, laboratory analysis, and self report.Study objective-To describe and compare magnitude of class inequalities in women's health detected with four occupation-based class measures: individual, conventional household (male dominant), gender neutral household, and combined household.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Evaluating efficacy of preemergence soybean herbicides using field treated soil in greenhouse bioassays. Amid widespread occurrence of herbicide-resistant weeds in the United States, the use of PRE herbicides and cover crops have resurged once again as important strategies for weed management in cropping systems. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the length of soil residual weed control from PRE soybean herbicides and the detrimental impact of these herbicides on cover crop species using field treated soil in greenhouse bioassays. Greenhouse bioassays were conducted using soil from field experiments conducted in 2018 and 2019 in Arlington and Lancaster, WI. PRE herbicides consisted of imazethapyr, chlorimuron-ethyl, and cloransulam-methyl (acetolactate synthase [ALS] inhibitors); metribuzin (photosystem II [PS II] inhibitor); sulfentrazone, flumioxazin, and saflufenacil (protoporphyrinogen oxidase [PPO] inhibitors); acetochlor, S-metolachlor, dimethenamid-P, and pyroxasulfone (very long-chain fatty acid [VLCFA] inhibitors); and a nontreated control. Greenhouse bioassays were conducted using soil (depth, 0 to 10 cm) sampled at 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 d after treatment (DAT). Palmer amaranth and giant foxtail (weeds), and radish and cereal rye (cover crops) were used as bioindicators of herbicide levels in the soil. Bioassay results showed extended soil residual control of Palmer amaranth with sulfentrazone and pyroxasulfone; extended residual control of giant foxtail was observed with pyroxasulfone and S-metolachlor. Chlorimuron-ethyl and metribuzin were the most injurious herbicides to radish and cereal rye shortly after application, respectively, but minimal injury was observed from soil samples collected 50 DAT, indicating the use of PRE and fall-seeded cover crops in southern Wisconsin can be compatible. These results can support growers and practitioners with selection of effective PRE herbicides for Palmer amaranth and giant foxtail control and reduced impact on fall-seeded radish and cereal rye cover crops, altogether leading to more effective, diverse, and sustainable weed management programs.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "The tropical warm pool international cloud experiment. A comprehensive dataset describing tropical cloud systems and their environmental setting and impacts has been collected during the Tropical Warm Pool International Cloud Experiment (TWP-ICE) and Aerosol and Chemical Transport in Tropical Convection (ACTIVE) campaign in the area around Darwin, Northern Australia, in January and February 2006. The aim of the experiment was to observe the evolution of tropical cloud systems and their interaction with the environment within an observational framework optimized for a range of modeling activities with the goal of improving the representation of cloud and aerosol process in a range of models. The experiment design utilized permanent observational facilities in Darwin, including a polarimetric weather radar and a suite of cloud remote-sensing instruments. This was augmented by a dense network of soundings, together with radiation, flux, lightning, and remote-sensing measurements, as well as oceanographic observations. A fleet of five research aircraft, including two high-altitude aircraft, were taking measurements of fluxes, cloud microphysics, and chemistry; cloud radar and lidar were carried on a third aircraft. Highlights of the experiment include an intense mesoscale convective system (MCS) developed within the network, observations used to analyze the impacts of aerosol on convective systems, and observations used to relate cirrus properties to the parent storm properties.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Plea bargaining outside the shadow of trial. Plea-bargaining literature predicts that parties strike plea bargains in the shadow of expected trial outcomes. In other words, parties forecast the expected sentence after trial, discount it by the probability of acquittal, and offer some proportional discount. This oversimplified model ignores how structural distortions skew bargaining outcomes. Agency costs; attorney competence, compensation, and workloads; resources; sentencing and bail rules; and information deficits all skew bargaining. In addition, psychological biases and heuristics warp judgments: overconfidence, denial, discounting, risk preferences, loss aversion, framing, and anchoring all affect bargaining decisions. Skilled lawyers can partly counteract some of these problems but sometimes overcompensate. The oversimplified shadow-of-trial model of plea bargaining must thus be supplemented by a structural-psychological perspective. In this perspective, uncertainty, money, self-interest, and demographic variation greatly influence plea bargains. Some of these influences can be ameliorated, others are difficult to correct, but each casts light on how civil and criminal bargaining differ in important respects.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Discovery of a North American genetic variant of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae pathogenic to grasshoppers. A genetic variant of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae, isolated from a soil in Alberta, Canada, from a location with a history of severe grasshopper infestations, was evaluated for pathogenicity in bioassays of living grasshoppers. Mortality in treated individuals drawn from a laboratory colony was 99% (LT50 = 6.7 days, LT90 = 9.6 days) at 12 days post-inoculation compared to 100% (LT50 = 4.1 days, LT90 = 5.8 days) mortality at 8 days in insects exposed to a commercial isolate of M. anisopliae var. acridum (IMI 330189). Experimental infection of field-collected grasshoppers under laboratory conditions with the native isolate of M. anisopliae var. anisopliae resulted in 100% (LT50 = 4.4 days, LT90 = 5.4 days) mortality attained within 7 days compared to 100% (LT50 = 4.7 days, LT90 = 6.3 days) mortality in 9 days in insects treated with M. anisopliae var. acridum. Amplification of fungal genomic DNA from the indigenous isolate with primers for the specific detection of M. anisopliae var. anisopliae produced a product almost 300 bp larger than expected based on previously known isolates. This is the first demonstration of a highly virulent, indigenous non-chemical control agent of grasshoppers in North America.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Phenotypic plasticity and bet-hedging in a heterocarpic winter annual/spring ephemeral cold desert species of Brassicaceae. Phenotypic plasticity can play an important role in colonization and survival of plants in an environmentally fluctuating habitat. The primary aim of this study was to determine the influence of level of abiotic (soil moisture and nutrient availability) and biotic (density and herbivory) factors on phenotypic plasticity in the number and proportional mass allocation to the heteromorphic dehiscent upper (high dispersal, low dormancy) and indehiscent lower (low dispersal, high dormancy) siliques of individuals of the cold desert winter annual/spring ephemeral Diptychocarpus strictus derived from different seed morphs. Plants produced from seeds sown in an experimental garden were subjected to different levels of soil moisture, nutrient supply, density and simulated herbivory. Mass allocated to vegetative and reproductive components was measured and number of upper and lower siliques counted. Except for number ratio of upper: lower siliques under nutrient supply, levels of the four treatments resulted in significant variation in total plant mass, reproductive mass, number of siliques (upper and lower), number and mass of each silique morph, individual seed mass, upper/lower silique ratio and mass allocation to each organ in an individual. In favorable environments, the upper/lower silique ratio was relatively high, while in unfavorable environments it was relatively low. The relative allocation to upper and lower siliques was significantly negatively correlated, suggesting that allocation to upper siliques in good growth conditions occurred at the expense of allocation to lower siliques. This appears to be the first report on the effect of herbivory on diaspore morph ratio in heterocarpic plants and one of only a very few on the effect of density on morph ratio in this group. In D. strictus, stressful vs nonstressful growth conditions caused a shift in the ratio of heteromorphic diaspores, which themselves are assumed to be bet-hedging.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Flooding depths and burial effects on seedling emergence of five California weedy rice (Oryza sativa spontanea) accessions. Weedy rice (Oryza sativa f. spontanea Roshev.) has recently become a significant botanical pest in California rice (Oryza sativa L.) production systems. The conspecificity of this pest with cultivated rice negates the use of selective herbicides, rendering the development of nonchemical methods a necessary component of creating management strategies for this weed. Experiments were conducted to determine the emergence and early growth responses of O. sativa spontanea to flooding soil and burial conditions. Treatment combinations of four flooding depths (0, 5, 10, and 15 cm) and four burial depths (1.3, 2.5, 5, and 10 cm) were applied to test the emergence of five O. sativa spontanea accessions as well as 'M-206', a commonly used rice cultivar in California, for comparison. Results revealed that burial depth had a significant effect on seedling emergence. A 43% to 91% decrease in emergence between seedlings buried at 1.3 and 2.5 cm depending on the flooding depth and accession and an absence of emergence from seedlings buried at or below 5 cm were observed. Flooding depth did not affect emergence, but there was a significant interaction between burial and flooding treatments. There was no significant difference between total O. sativa spontanea emergence from the soil and water surfaces regardless of burial or flooding depths, implying that once the various accessions have emerged from the soil they will also emerge from the floodwater. Most accessions had similar total emergence compared with M-206 cultivated rice but produced more dry weight than M-206 when planted at 1.3 cm in the soil. The results of this experiment can be used to inform stakeholders of the flooding conditions necessary as well as soil burial depths that will promote or inhibit the emergence of California O. sativa spontanea accessions from the weed seedbank.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Cognitive composites for genetic frontotemporal dementia: GENFI-Cog. Background: Clinical endpoints for upcoming therapeutic trials in frontotemporal dementia (FTD) are increasingly urgent. Cognitive composite scores are often used as endpoints but are lacking in genetic FTD. We aimed to create cognitive composite scores for genetic frontotemporal dementia (FTD) as well as recommendations for recruitment and duration in clinical trial design.Methods: A standardized neuropsychological test battery covering six cognitive domains was completed by 69 C9orf72, 41 GRN, and 28 MAPT mutation carriers with CDR (R) plus NACC-FTLD >= 0.5 and 275 controls. Logistic regression was used to identify the combination of tests that distinguished best between each mutation carrier group and controls. The composite scores were calculated from the weighted averages of test scores in the models based on the regression coefficients. Sample size estimates were calculated for individual cognitive tests and composites in a theoretical trial aimed at preventing progression from a prodromal stage (CDR (R) plus NACC-FTLD 0.5) to a fully symptomatic stage (CDR (R) plus NACC-FTLD >= 1). Time-to-event analysis was performed to determine how quickly mutation carriers progressed from CDR (R) plus NACC-FTLD = 0.5 to >= 1 (and therefore how long a trial would need to be).Discussion: We created gene-specific cognitive composite scores for C9orf72, GRN, and MAPT mutation carriers, which resulted in substantially lower estimated sample sizes to detect a treatment effect than the individual cognitive tests. The GENFI-Cog composites have potential as cognitive endpoints for upcoming clinical trials. The results from this study provide recommendations for estimating sample size and trial duration.Results: The results from the logistic regression analyses resulted in different composite scores for each mutation carrier group (i.e. C9orf72, GRN, and MAPT). The estimated sample size to detect a treatment effect was lower for composite scores than for most individual tests. A Kaplan-Meier curve showed that after 3 years, - 50% of individuals had converted from CDR (R) plus NACC-FTLD 0.5 to >= 1, which means that the estimated effect size needs to be halved in sample size calculations as only half of the mutation carriers would be expected to progress from CDR (R) plus NACC FTLD 0.5 to >= 1 without treatment over that time period.", "label": [2, 17, 21]}
+{"token": "Research-based architecture and the community healthcare consumer: A statewide initiative. From the earliest days of environmental design research, a main objective has been to improve the quality of life of building occupants by improving the quality of the built environment. Through the years of studies in healthcare settings, few systematic efforts within a. unified protocol have addressed the needs of the user-as-consumer. In response, in 1990 a coordinated, long-term initiative was launched by a statewide public-sector health agency in the United States. The principal objective has been to improve the quality of newly constructed community health facilities for end consumers as patients and care providers, while recognizing the key role of intermediate consumers as owner-clients. This paper offers a status report of this statewide user focused initiative at the nearly ten-year point in its implementation. In this report, the authors draw distinctions between the roles, the functions, and the sometimes paradoxically disjunctive agendas of end consumers and intermediate consumers. Successes and challenges are outlined with their implications for facility planning and architecture in the United States and elsewhere.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Fluid-mud deposits in the Early Cretaceous McMurray Formation. Fluid muds commonly occur in estuarine environments, but their ancient examples have rarely been studied in terms of depositional characteristics and processes. Cores of estuarine channel deposits of the Early Cretaceous McMurray Formation, Alberta, Canada show various mudstone layers that possess depositional characteristics of high clay-concentration flows. These mudstone layers are examined in detail through microscopic observation of thin sections and classified into three microfacies (< 1 to 25 mm thick) on the basis of sedimentary texture and structures. Structureless mudstone (Microfacies 1) consists mainly of clay particles and contains randomly dispersed coarser grains (coarse silt to fine sand). This microfacies is interpreted as being deposited by cohesive mud flows, i.e., fluid muds, which possessed sufficient strength to support suspended coarser grains (quasi-laminar plug flow). Silt-streaked mudstone (Microfacies 2) mainly comprises mudstone with dispersed coarse grains and includes very thin, discontinuous silt streaks of coarse-silt to very-fine-sand grains. The texture similar to Microfacies 1 indicates that Microfacies 2 was also deposited by cohesive fluid muds. The silt streaks are, however, suggestive of the presence of intermittent weak turbulence under the plug (upper transitional plug flow). Heterolithic laminated mudstone (Microfacies 3) is characterized by alternation of relatively thick silt laminae and much thinner clay laminae. It is either parallel-laminated or low-angle cross-laminated, occasionally showing low-amplitude ripple forms. The heterolithic laminae are interpreted as the results of shear sorting in the basal turbulent zone under a cohesive plug. They may represent low-amplitude bed-waves formed under lower transitional plug flows. These three microfacies reflect a range of flow phases of fluid muds, which change with flow velocities and suspended mud concentrations. The results of this study provide important knowledge to recognize fluid-mud deposits in ancient sequences and to better understand depositional processes of mudstones.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Mathematical modeling and computer simulation of the rotating impeller particle flotation process: Part II. Particle agglomeration and flotation. Effective removal of unwanted particles from a molten metal alloy by flotation relies on purging a gas into the melt through a rotating impeller. This device is commonly known as a rotary degasser. Unwanted particles in the melt attach to the rising gas bubbles and rise to the slag layer where they are removed from the metal bulk. In addition, the turbulence created by the rotating impeller causes the randomly distributed solid particles to agglomerate into relatively large clusters. These clusters float up or settle down due to the difference between their density and that of the melt. A mathematical model has been developed to describe the particle dynamics and particle agglomeration that occur during the rotary degassing of aluminum melts. While previous investigations addressed particle collisions in low intensity turbulent fields where the size of the colliding particles is smaller than the Kolmogorov length scale, this model is more encompassing as it considers both low intensity and high intensity turbulence. Consequently, this model is more representative of a typical industrial rotary degassing operation.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Self-Organized Laboratories for Smart Campus. A smart campus provides students who are geographically scattered with online tools to get access to learning resources and laboratories. Although these remote laboratories have the potential and capabilities to implement different learning experiments, most of them are configured in a static fashion, being able to serve only one experiment for a given period of time. This lack of adaptability and flexibility causes long waiting queues of students in certain overloaded remote laboratories, while others are underused. To overcome this limitation, a smart campus can incorporate new techniques and paradigms such as Network function virtualization (NFV) and Software-defined networking (SDN), which are rapidly modifying current cloud services and applications to provide autonomous and adaptive solutions. In this context, the main contribution of this paper is an SDN/NFV-based architecture with autonomic capabilities to adapt to the remote laboratories configuration according to the end-user demand. The proposed architecture will be able to optimize computing resources to ensure the users' quality of service in a smart campus with remote laboratories. A use case with a remote laboratory, based on the control of a servo motor, shows how our solution can dynamically change the lab service under specific circumstances. Finally, experiments using diverse configurations and service descriptions show the performance and suitability of the proposal.", "label": [5, 4, 48, 37]}
+{"token": "New combination of thermodynamic and kinetic promoters to enhance carbon dioxide hydrate formation under static conditions. Gas hydrate based technologies have been considered as a promising novel approach for the capture of carbon dioxide from fuel and flue gas mixtures, sequestration of CO2, storage of cold energy, and desalination of sea-water. However, the practical application of these technologies is restricted due to the slow kinetics of CO2 hydrate formation and the low conversion of water into hydrate, especially without stirring. In the presented work, the effect of the mixed additive of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (CH(2)FCF3, R-134a) and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) on the CO2 enclathration into hydrate is studied. The experiments were carried out with a gas mixture of 94 mol% CO2 + 6 mol% R-134a for pure water and 0.1 wt% SDS solution in an unstirred reactor. The addition of R-134a alone (without SDS) decreased the induction time but did not affect the hydrate growth kinetics or the water conversion into hydrate. The addition of SDS did not affect the induction time for the mixed CO2 + R-134a hydrate but decreased the induction time for the simple CO2 hydrate and increased both the hydrate growth rate and the water conversion. Visual observation of the hydrate formation for the CO2 + R-134a gas mixture revealed that, without SDS, the hydrate formation was limited by the lateral growth of the hydrate film at the gas-liquid interface. In the presence of SDS, the capillary-driven hydrate growth on the reactor walls was observed with the water conversion into hydrate of more than 90%. The possible mechanism for the joint effect of R-134a and SDS on the CO2 enclathration into hydrate was discussed.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "The excavation of Megiddo and the discovery of a royal tomb. We have little information about the Canaanite context before the emergence of Israel. The largest sources are the Tell el-Amarna letters, which reveal that in the fourteenth century BCE and probably in subsequent centuries, Canaan was organized into city-states (MORAN, 1992; RAINEY, 2015, KAEFER, 2018, p. 121-140). However, the origin of the population living in the city-states, who ruled these cities, whether the population of the plains and the population of the mountains were of the same ethnic group?, are questions that still need to be answered. So, the present article pretends to be a small contribution in the search of these answers. It will focus on the excavation of the archaeological site of Megiddo (Tel Megiddo), the royal tomb there discovered in 2016 and the possible contribution of this discovery to the study of Canaan prior to Israel.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Role of wild birds in the spread of Glade 2.3.4.4e H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus into South Korea and Japan. H5Nx highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) have caused transboundary epizootics in poultry and wild birds. In 2016, the H5N6 subtype of Glade 2.3.4.4e HPAIVs caused multiple outbreaks in Asia, including China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam. However, the geographical spread pattern of 2.3.4.4e H5N6 HPAIV has not been clearly identified. To better understand the emergence and transmission history of 2.3.4.4e H5N6 HPAIV, we investigated the underlying epidemiologic processes associated with this viral spread by performing a Bayesian phylogeography analysis. The results revealed that wild waterfowl played a central role in the transboundary spread of Glade 2.3.4.4e H5N6 HPAIV into both endemic and non-endemic countries, causing multiple incursions of the 2.3.4.4e H5N6 HPAIV into South Korea, Japan, and Vietnam. In our analysis, Guangdong province, China was estimated to be the most probable site where 2.3.4.4e H5N6 HPAIVs emerged prior to the transboundary transmissions. Continued genomic surveillance in both wild birds and poultry would be necessary for monitoring of HPAIV incursions. In addition, enhanced biosecurity would be key to preventing the HPAIV spread by minimizing contact between domestic poultry and wild birds.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Clustering of leprosy beyond the household level in a highly endemic setting on the Comoros, an observational study. BackgroundThe island of Anjouan (Comoros) is highly endemic for leprosy with an annual incidence of 5-10/10,000. In May/June, 2015 single-dose Rifampicin post-exposure prophylaxis (SDR-PEP) was administered to 269 close contacts of 70 leprosy-patients in four villages as a pilot programmatic intervention. Two years later we revisited the villages for follow-up investigations. The main aim of our study was to quantify spatial associations between reported leprosy cases before and after PEP implementation. A secondary aim was to assess the effect of this single round of SDR-PEP at the individual level.MethodsWe conducted door-to-door leprosy screening in all four villages in August/September, 2017. We screened all consenting individuals for leprosy and recorded geographic coordinates of their household. We also recorded whether they had received SDR-PEP and whether they had been diagnosed with leprosy, before or after the 2015 intervention. We fitted a Poisson model with leprosy as outcome and distance to the nearest pre-intervention case and SDR-PEP as predictors.ResultsDuring the survey we found 114 new cases among 5760 contacts screened (2.0% prevalence), in addition to the 39 cases detected in the two preceding years. We found statistically significant associations of incident leprosy with physical distance to index cases ranging from 2.4 (95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.5-3.6) for household contacts to 1.8 (95% CI 1.3-2.5) for those living at 1-25m, compared to individuals living at 75m.The effect of SDR-PEP appeared protective but did not reach statistical significance due to the low numbers, with an incidence rate ratio (IRR) of 0.6 (95% CI 0.3-1.2) overall, and 0.5 (95% CI 0.2-1.3) when considering only household contacts.ConclusionsThis pilot demonstrated an increased risk of leprosy in contacts beyond the household, therefore a wider circle should be considered for chemoprophylaxis. Baseline surveys and extended contact definitions are essential for improving SDR-PEP effectiveness.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "A new differential code bias (C1-P1) estimation method and its performance evaluation. The current satellite clock products are computed using the ionosphere-free phase (L1/L2) and code (P1/P2) observations. Thus, if users conduct undifferenced positioning using these clock products together with C1 and P2 observations, the differential code bias (DCB) (C1-P1) should be properly compensated. The influence of DCB (C1-P1) on the undifferenced ambiguity solutions is investigated. Based on the investigation, we propose a new DCB (C1-P1) estimation method. Using it, the satellite DCB (C1-P1) can be computed. A 30-day (DOY 205-234, 2012) dual-frequency GPS data set is processed to estimate the DCB (C1-P1). Comparing the estimated results with that of IGS DCB products, the accuracy is better than 0.13 m. The performances of DCB (C1-P1) in the code-based single-point positioning, precise point positioning (PPP) convergence and wide-lane uncalibrated phase delay (UPD) estimation are investigated using the estimated DCB (C1-P1). The results of the code-based single-point positioning show that the influence of DCB (C1-P1) on the up direction is more evident than on the horizontal directions. The accuracy is improved by 50 % and reaches to decimeter level with DCB (C1-P1) application. The performance of DCB (C1-P1) in PPP shows that it can accelerate PPP convergence through improving the accuracy of the code observation. The computed UPD values show that influence of DCB (C1-P1) on UPD of each satellite is different, and some values are larger than 0.3 cycles.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "An Attitude Survey and Assessment of the Feasibility, Acceptability, and Usability of a Traumatic Brain Injury Decision Support Tool in Uganda. METHODS: We performed our feasibility assessment with providers involved in TBI care at both a regional and national referral hospital in Uganda. We collected qualitative and quantitative data on decision support needs, application ease of use, and implementation design.BACKGROUND: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) prognostic models are potential solutions to severe human and technical shortages. Although numerous TBI prognostic models have been developed, none are widely used in clinical practice, largely because of a lack of feasibility research to inform implementation. We previously developed a prognostic model and Web-based application for in-hospital TBI care in low-resource settings. In this study, we tested the feasibility, acceptability, and usability of the application with potential end-users.CONCLUSIONS: We elucidated several potential uses for our app and important contextual factors that will support future implementation. This investigation helps address an unmet need to determine the feasibility of TBI clinical decision support systems in low-resource settings.RESULTS: We completed 25 questionnaires on potential uses of the app and 11 semistructured feasibility interviews. Top-cited uses were informing the decision to operate, informing the decision to send the patient to intensive care, and counseling patients and relatives. Participants affirmed the potential of the application to support difficult triage situations, particularly in the setting of limited access to diagnostics and interventions, but were hesitant to use this technology with end-of-life decisions. Although all participants were satisfied with the application and agreed that it was easy to use, several expressed a need for this technology to be accessible by smartphone and offline.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Millimeter radiation from a 3D model of the solar atmosphere II. Chromospheric magnetic field. Aims. We use state-of-the-art, three-dimensional non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (non-LTE) radiative magnetohydrodynamic simulations of the quiet solar atmosphere to carry out detailed tests of chromospheric magnetic field diagnostics from free-free radiation at millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths (mm/submm).Results. The comparison of the deduced and model chromospheric magnetic fields at the spatial resolution of both the model and current observations demonstrates a good correlation, but has a tendency to underestimate the model field. The systematic discrepancy of about 10% is probably due to averaging of the restored field over the heights contributing to the radiation, weighted by the strength of the contribution. On the whole, the method of probing the longitudinal component of the magnetic field with free-free emission at mm/submm wavelengths is found to be applicable to measurements of the weak quiet-Sun magnetic fields. However, successful exploitation of this technique requires very accurate measurements of the polarization properties (primary beam and receiver polarization response) of the antennas, which will be the principal factor that determines the level to which chromospheric magnetic fields can be measured.Methods. The vertical component of the magnetic field was deduced from the mm/submm brightness spectra and the degree of circular polarization synthesized at millimeter frequencies. We used the frequency bands observed by the Atacama Large Millimeter /Submillimeter Array (ALMA) as a convenient reference. The magnetic field maps obtained describe the longitudinal magnetic field at the effective formation heights of the relevant wavelengths in the solar chromosphere.Conclusions. Consequently, high-resolution and high-precision observations of circularly polarized radiation at millimeter wavelengths can be a powerful tool for producing chromospheric longitudinal magnetograms.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Effect of Post-Welding Heat Treatment on Mechanical Properties of Joints of Steel P92 Formed by Submerged Arc Welding. Results of mechanical tests and metallographic studies of welded joints of steel P92 obtained by submerged arc welding are presented. The effect of the post-welding heat treatment on the mechanical properties of the welds is described.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "AgtA, the Dicarboxylic Amino Acid Transporter of Aspergillus nidulans, Is Concertedly Down-Regulated by Exquisite Sensitivity to Nitrogen Metabolite Repression and Ammonium-Elicited Endocytosis. We identified agtA, a gene that encodes the specific dicarboxylic amino acid transporter of Aspergillus nidulans. The deletion of the gene resulted in loss of utilization of aspartate as a nitrogen source and of aspartate uptake, while not completely abolishing glutamate utilization. Kinetic constants showed that AgtA is a high-affinity dicarboxylic amino acid transporter and are in agreement with those determined for a cognate transporter activity identified previously. The gene is extremely sensitive to nitrogen metabolite repression, depends on AreA for its expression, and is seemingly independent from specific induction. We showed that the localization of AgtA in the plasma membrane necessitates the ShrA protein and that an active process elicited by ammonium results in internalization and targeting of AgtA to the vacuole, followed by degradation. Thus, nitrogen metabolite repression and ammonium-promoted vacuolar degradation act in concert to downregulate dicarboxylic amino acid transport activity.", "label": [4, 40, 39]}
+{"token": "From HTML to XML and more? A case study of language games within portal server technology implementation. Purpose. We investigate one specific case in which the transformation from a HTML to an XML-based organizational Web environment was pursued through portal server technology. The aim is to understand the dynamics of negotiating functionality when there are so many more options available than merely shifting to XML.Method. We report the early phases of a longitudinal study in which various members of the organization, as well as developers, are repeatedly interviewed in order to map changing insights and attitudes. The array of misunderstandings observed is discussed through Wittgenstein's concept of language games.Originality. The use of language games, and a longitudinal qualitative study, supplies an in-depth view of complications connected to the implementation of information systems that involves existing information practices.Results. Ordinary users are seen to have substantial difficulties in understanding and discussing the new technology. Their emphasis is on sophisticated applications that developers were unable to implement in time for the launching of the portal. Members of the project group and the steering group also evidenced difficulties in communicating on the key language games on motives, priority, features, implementation and timeline.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "A new red fluorophore with aggregation enhanced emission by an unexpected 'One-step' protocol. In this work, a triphenylamine-benzothiadiazole-based new fluorophore is obtained from a facile one-step protocol. A possible reduction mechanism is proposed, and an amine containing -H plays a key role in the reduction reaction. The resultant product A1H2 exhibits bright red emission in solid state, with an absolute quantum yield of 44.5%. Aggregation induced emission enhancement of A1H2 is also observed with the increased water fraction in THF-H2O mixture. The nanoparticles of A1H2 reveal good stability and biocompatibility, which are successfully applied in cellular cytoplasm imaging.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Nonlinear dynamics of FGM circular cylindrical shell with clamped-clamped edges. An analysis on the nonlinear dynamics of a clamped-clamped FGM circular cylindrical shell subjected to an external excitation and uniform temperature change is presented in this paper. Material properties of the constituents are assumed to be temperature-independent and the effective properties of FGM cylindrical shell are graded in thickness direction according to a simple power law function in terms of the volume fractions. Based on the first-order shear deformation shell theory and von Karman type nonlinear strain-displacement relationship, the nonlinear governing equations of motion are derived by using Hamilton's principle. Galerkin's method is then utilized to discretize the governing partial equations to a two-degree-of-freedom nonlinear system including the quadratic and cubic nonlinear terms under combined external excitations. Numerical results including the bifurcations, waveform, phase plots and Poincare maps are presented for clamped-clamped FGM cylindrical shells showing the influences of material gradient index, the thickness and the external loading on the nonlinear dynamics. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 11, 12]}
+{"token": "Itinerant Men, Evanescent Women: Ismael Ferroukhi's Le Grand Voyage. This article proposes a reading of Le Grand Voyage. This road movie recounts the 3000-mile-long automobile journey from Provence to Mecca of a Muslim father and his agnostic French-born son. An atypical road movie in many ways, it aims to challenge Western preconceived notions about the Muslim world and, to paraphrase the director, to rehabilitate the smeared reputation of Islam. While the film does not perhaps defy stereotypes about woman's position within this world, the emotive voice of Moroccan singer Amina Alaoui in the last scene may suggest that the female role will become more prominent in the next generation.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Fast analysis of proteins in wines by capillary gel electrophoresis. Wine proteins play an important role in different characteristics of wine (e.g., aroma and body, foaming in sparkling wines). They can also cause a number of technological problems during vinification and may be responsible for the appearance of turbidity in bottled wine. These important features of proteins in wine have made necessary the development of new and fast analytical methods that can provide deeper knowledge about these biopolymers. However, separation and characterization of wine proteins is difficult and time-consuming mainly due to their low concentration and large number of interfering compounds. Besides, long sample preparation protocols can bring about protein decomposition. This paper proposes a new and fast method for carrying out the analysis of the protein fraction of wines. The procedure consists of direct treatment of wine using a centrifugal filter device (CFD), denaturation of the proteinaceous fraction with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and 2-mercaptoethanol. and subsequent CGE analysis of SDS-proteins. Results on the molecular weight (Mw) and relative quantity of proteins of wines are attained in about 1 h with this procedure. The method is applied to analyze different wines from Canary Islands. To our knowledge, this is the first report of separation of wine proteins according to their Mw by CGE.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Mediating genocide: Cultural understanding through digital and print media stories in global communication. The rise of digital media is creating new ways for media producers and users to engage with stories from around the world. The use of stories is a common way for content to be shared. The global communication space for sharing stories is referred to as the mediapolis, and it incorporates networked interactions mediated through digital technology and traditional media such as print media. The mediapolis generates ways for users to engage with media stories, and its international reach raises concerns about how stories from across the globe can be mutually understood. To address the various ways in which users engage in events of global and ethical significance we discuss the relationship between media (digital and print), media stories and how users are positioned to engage with stories. We explore how the media environment can foster shared understanding amongst users through the use of stories in the mediapolis. To do this we examine memorialisation, focussing on the 1994 Rwandan Genocide. We analyse the print-and web-based stories produced by the Kigali Genocide Memorial (KGM) in Rwanda. We discuss how the medium and the story engender different types of engagement in relation to an event. We develop the concept of the ` hybrid-engager' to show how media users engage with media stories in different ways fostering various levels of understanding. This paper is a positioning exercise for grounding further conceptual development and empirical studies.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Conceptual convergences between social representations and cultural patterns. This paper is about conceptual convergences between social representations and cultural models. They were noticed some fundamental differences among the theories and the approaches that enlightened them. The aim of this article is to find points of converging, mutual enrichment, as well as the forces that allow making some differences among the research programs, the definitions and the properties of the phenomena involved in both concepts. It is the first step for looking up complementarities between two sides of the same coin: a cognitive perspective of culture and a social view of cognition.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "The Influence of Convective Momentum Transport and Vertical Wind Shear on the Evolution of a Cold Air Outbreak. To study the influence of convective momentum transport (CMT) on wind, boundary layer and cloud evolution in a marine cold air outbreak (CAO) we use large-eddy simulations subject to different baroclinicity (wind shear) but similar surface forcing. The simulated domain is large enough,O(100x100 km(2)), to develop typical mesoscale cellular convective structures. We find that a maximum friction induced by momentum transport (MT) locates in the cloud layer for an increase of geostrophic wind with height (forward shear, FW) and near the surface for a decrease of wind with height (backward shear, BW). Although the total MT always acts as a friction, the interaction of friction-induced cross-isobaric flow with the Coriolis force can develop supergeostrophic winds near the surface (FW) or in the cloud layer (BW). The contribution of convection to MT is evaluated by decomposing the momentum flux by column water vapor and eddy size, revealing that CMT acts to accelerate subcloud layer winds under FW shear and that mesoscale circulations contribute significantly to MT for this horizontal resolution (250 m), even if small-scale eddies are nonnegligible and likely more important as resolution increases. Under FW shear, a deeper boundary layer and faster cloud transition are simulated, because MT acts to increase surface fluxes and wind shear enhances turbulent mixing across cloud tops. Our results show that the coupling between winds and convection is crucial for a range of problems, from CAO lifetime and cloud transitions to ocean heat loss and near-surface wind variability.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "A dual-output hardening design of inverter chain for P-hit single-event transient pulse elimination. A dual-output design of inverter chain that is hardened against P-hit single-event transient (SET) is proposed in this paper. The output nodes of the proposed inverter chain are hardened by dual-output topological structure design and stacked PMOSs with isolation. The simulation results based on a 65 nm CMOS technology suggest that the proposed design can eliminate SET pulse significantly. In comparison with the conventional inverter chain and inverter chain using the source-isolation technique, the proposed design is capable of maintain the output steadily irrespective of whether an ion hits \\\\'0\\\\' or hits \\\\'1\\\\', i.e., the struck node is at logic \\\\'0\\\\' or logic \\\\'1\\\\'. Besides, the SET pulse occurring at any stage of inverter chains with the proposed methodology will not disturb the final output, as long as it does not occur at the final stage.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Molecular typing of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis with SfiI and comparison of this method with restriction fragment-length polymorphism analysis. A panel of 131 well-characterised Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 strains, previously used to evaluate a restriction fragment-length polymorphisms (RFLP) typing scheme, was examined by pulsed-held gel electrophoresis (PFGE) with the restriction endonuclease SfiI, The data obtained show that PFGE with SfiI is highly discriminatory method yielding an index of discrimination (IOD) of 0.992 and 0.975, with 100% and 90% similarity thresholds respectively, compared with an IOD of 0.909 for the RFLP typing method. Reproducibility of PFGE profiles within gels was excellent and it was possible to compare the profiles visually. However, the reproducibility of the technique between gels was poor and visual comparison of the patterns was extremely difficult. Computer-aided analysis assisted the assessment of inter-gel reproducibility, Of 11 duplicates examined only four pairs showed 100% similarity, although 9 of 11 showed greater than or equal to 90% similarity. In an attempt to determine if the PFGE banding patterns were sufficiently unambiguous to allow the method to be used as a definitive typing method, 20 coded strains were examined. At a 90% similarity level, 16 of these were placed in the correct PFGE type and four were not allocated to a type. Partial digestion of DNA by SfiI was noted despite careful control of DNA and enzyme concentrations, suggesting that an alternative enzyme might give more reproducible results.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Calculation of rates of exciton dissociation into hot charge-transfer states in model organic photovoltaic interfaces. We investigate the process of exciton dissociation in ordered and disordered model donor/acceptor systems and describe a method to calculate exciton dissociation rates. We consider a one-dimensional system with Frenkel states in the donor material and states where charge transfer has taken place between donor and acceptor. We introduce a Green's function approach to calculate the generation rates of charge-transfer states. For disorder in the Frenkel states we find a clear exponential dependence of charge dissociation rates with exciton-interface distance, with a distance decay constant beta that increases linearly with the amount of disorder. Disorder in the parameters that describe (final) charge-transfer states has little effect on the rates. Exciton dissociation invariably leads to partially separated charges. In all cases final states are \\\\'hot\\\\' charge-transfer states, with electron and hole located far from the interface.", "label": [4, 1, 32, 11]}
+{"token": "FEMALE ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN EGYPT: NEW THEORETICAL AND PUBLIC POLICY IMPLICATIONS. This paper is a report that aims to review research and reports on female entrepreneurship in order to guide and inform academics and public policy agencies about the opportunities and challenges surrounding female entrepreneurship in emerging markets such as Egypt. The female entrepreneurship discourse thus far highlights the need for further studies to advance the understanding of female entrepreneurship phenomenon. Therefore, this paper is one of the few research discussing female self-employment and entrepreneurial choices in Egypt. It also aims at synthesizing the previous literature and technical reports on female entrepreneurship to explore the challenges facing female entrepreneurs in general and in Egypt in specific. The paper builds on the institutional theory to delineate the operand and operant resources necessary to boost female entrepreneurship in emerging markets. The research implications should assist stakeholders to perceive the role of entrepreneurial marketing education in enhancing entrepreneurial success and solve the controversial role of the institutional environment in constraining female entrepreneurship. Finally, the paper will discuss future research opportunities and public policy implications for female entrepreneurship in Egypt. The paper is organized as follows. First, an introduction about the female entrepreneurship phenomenon in Egypt and the Arab and countries are introduced. Then, the second section discusses what female entrepreneurship means and the current status of the female-owned and managed organizations in Egypt. Next, a synthesis of the extant literature on female entrepreneurship is provided to explicate the drivers of female entrepreneurship success. Finally, concluding remarks about the future of female entrepreneurship studies and public policy implications are presented.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "Effects of VC-LiBOB binary additives on SEI formation in ionic liquid-organic composite electrolyte. A safe electrolyte based on an ionic liquid-organic composite with binary additives was prepared. The stable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) forms on the surface of a carbon anode by addition of vinylene carbonate (VC) and lithium bis(oxalato) borate (LiBOB) binary additives in ionic liquid-organic electrolyte mixture. The stable SEI effectively prevents the co-intercalation of PP13(+) cations, thus leading to an obvious improvement in the performance of the cell.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Transmissions and Transformations: Global Peace Movements between the Hague Conferences and World War I. The meetings of the Hague Peace Conference and the Lake Mohonk Conference on International Arbitration at the turn of twentieth century stimulated renewed interest in organizations such as the American Peace Society, and inspired the formation of the Cosmopolitan Club on university campuses. Around 1910, the European Corda Fratres joined forces with the Association of Cosmopolitan Clubs. Hu Shi, president of the Cornell Cosmopolitan Club in 1913, became a convert to the cause of peace, and defended his pacifism in war-stricken China throughout his life. In the same period, the Japan Peace Society worked closely with many American peace organizations. From Europe to America to Asia, most peace proponents advocated arbitration, conciliation, international laws, the establishment of an international court and an international congress. Their shared language of the discourse on pacifism demonstrates vividly an instance of the transmigration of ideas across spatial and cultural boundaries.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Disparities in E-Cigarette and Tobacco Use Among Adolescents With Disabilities. IntroductionConclusionMethodsEffective tobacco control programs should target populations with the greatest burden of tobacco use. Results suggest that tobacco prevention and reduction efforts should explicitly include adolescents with disabilities and employ accommodations that support their participation in program activities.ResultsStudents with disabilities were more likely to use a variety of tobacco products compared with their nondisabled peers, including cigarettes (12.3% vs 5.4%), little cigars (7.0% vs 5.4%), hookahs ( 6.2% vs 3.8%), and e-cigarettes (18.3% vs 12.3%). In adjusted models, students with a disability were more likely to report using combustibles only (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR], 1.55; 95% CI, 1.31-1.84), e-cigarettes only (aPR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.16-1.59), or dual use (aPR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.29-1.80) compared with nondisabled students.Data were from the 2015 and 2017 Oregon Healthy Teens survey, a statewide representative sample of 11th-grade students. We estimated the prevalence of current (past 30 day) tobacco use by product type and disability status (yes or no). We used multivariable Poisson regression to estimate prevalence ratios measuring the association between disability status and current tobacco use, by product: 1) combustible products only, 2) e-cigarettes only, and 3) dual use of combustibles and e-cigarettes.In 2019, nearly 30% of US high-school students reported current (past 30 day) e-cigarette use. Adolescents with disabilities are consistently more likely to smoke cigarettes compared with their nondisabled peers, yet little is known about their use of other forms of tobacco, including e-cigarettes. We compared the prevalence of tobacco use (e-cigarettes, cigarettes, little cigars, large cigars, hookahs, and smokeless tobacco) among high school students with at least 1 disability to those without disability.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "No evidence of androgenic neurosteroid involvement in pediatric OCD. Certain androgenic neurosteroids have been shown to have a relationship with anxiety disorders in adults. Demonstrating these changes in pediatric patients as well is important in terms of elucidating the etiology of these disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate the testosterone, DHEA-S and cortisol levels in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) patients. A total of 39 pediatric OCD patients aged 7-16 years and 34 healthy children of similar age and gender were included in this study. Serum total testosterone, DHEA-S and cortisol levels were measured by using the ELISA method and their relationship with clinical data was investigated. No statistically significant difference was found between the patient and control groups in terms of testosterone, DHEA-A and cortisol levels in the analyses performed (p=0.175, p=0.642. p=0.842. respectively). The results of this first study have revealed that testosterone, DHEA-S and cortisol levels in pediatric OCD patients are not different than in the controls. However, the fact that these neurosteroid levels have been found to differ between adult patients and controls previously indicates that neurosteroid changes may be a finding that appears during the course of anxiety disorders. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Comparing magnetic field extrapolations with measurements of magnetic loops. We compare magnetic field extrapolations from a photospheric magnetogram with the observationally inferred structure of magnetic loops in a newly developed active region. This is the first time that the reconstructed 3D-topology of the magnetic field is available to test the extrapolations. We compare the observations with potential fields, linear force-free fields and non-linear force-free fields. This comparison reveals that a potential field extrapolation is not suitable for a reconstruction of the magnetic field in this young, developing active region. The inclusion of field-line-parallel electric currents, the so called force-free approach, gives much better results. Furthermore, a non-linear force-free computation reproduces the observations better than the linear force-free approximation, although no free parameters are available in the former case.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Enthalpy based modelling and design of asymptotic observers for chemical reactors. This article proposes to consider the basic thermodynamics based formulation of the energy balance equation for chemical systems with a limited number of simplifying assumptions. The objective is to show, via the design of one typical mass and energy balance state observer, how such design can be modified by considering the proposed thermodynamically based model formulation. The objective is also to emphasise the difference and the links between the energy balance-based temperature equation largely used in process control. The design of the asymptotic observer is illustrated with two examples: one CSTR in liquid phase and another one in gaseous phase.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Cognition as an outcome measure in schizophrenia. Conclusions Cognitive outcome measures have reshaped our understanding of schizophrenia and will be essential tools for unravelling the aetiology of the disease and designing more effective interventions.Aims To critically examine a selection of the most common batteries used to assess cognition in schizophrenia.Method Literature review of cognitive assessment batteries for use in schizophrenia.Declaration of interest R.S.E.K. receives royalties from sales of the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS) battery and the MATRICS Consensus Battery (MCCB). He is a member of the MATRICS Neurocognition Committee and Director of the TURNS Chief Neuropsychologists Group. He receives consultancy fees from several pharmaceutical companies.Background Cognitive deficits area core feature of schizophrenia. These deficits are not caused by medication or symptoms, and have a dramatic negative effect on real-world functioning.Results A wide variety of neuro-cognitive test batteries have been developed or adapted to assess cognition in schizophrenia. These differ in time requirements, repeatability, ease of administration, degree of face validity, availability of co-normative data and degree to which results can be parsed into separate domains of cognitive functioning. The most appropriate depends on the setting and the question being addressed.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "To history of orthodoxy in Ugrian Rus on the eve of the WWI (on materials of american newspaper 'Svet'). The article analyzes the materials, which have been published in the pages of the American periodical \\\\'Svet\\\\'. Studies have shown that the newspaper published about two dozen articles, information, documents relating to the history of Orthodoxy in Russia Ugric. Publications disclose the policy of the Hungarian authorities on Orthodox show violence and illegal handling of the defendants brought the groundlessness of the sentence.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Ultrasensitive inkjet-printed based SERS sensor combining a high-performance gold nanosphere ink and hydrophobic paper. We report the fabrication of a low-cost paper-based SERS platform with enhanced sensing capabilities. The sensor consists of a highly concentrated glycerol/ethanol dispersion of ca. 77 nm Au nanospheres (AuSph) inkjet-printed on hydrophobic chromatographic paper forming circular sensing spots of 1 mm in diameter. The AuSph ink exhibits high stability for 1 year. Interestingly, we demonstrate that the modification of the paper surface with hydrophobic ligands improve the sensing capabilities by confining the analyze solution in the AuSph sensing platform. It contributes to both concentrate the analyze, as well as, to decrease the sample volume to just a few mu L. We also analyze the effect of the amount of the nanoparticles, tunable by the number of printing cycles, in the SERS performance of the plasmonic spots. The results show that 5 printing cycles give rise to sensing platforms with great SERS response in terms of intensity and uniformity. The spot-to-spot reproducibility is also analyzed observing good results even for AuSph spots from different printed papers. The paper-based SERS platform was tested towards the detection of crystal violet (CV) and the fungicide thiram. Additionally, applying a digital protocol for SERS analysis, a good linear correlation between the digital counts (or positive events) and the analyze concentration was obtained at the single-molecule SERS regime. In both cases, the quantification region threshold was 10(-11 )M. The great sensitivity performance of the inkjet-printed SERS substrate is reflected by the low sample volume needed (only 2 mu L). The inkjet-printed SERS substrate and the fabrication method demonstrated to be efficient, reliable, reproducible and robust, with a cost less than $ 0.01 per spot.", "label": [4, 1, 33, 15]}
+{"token": "UNB3m_pack: a neutral atmosphere delay package for radiometric space techniques. Several hybrid neutral atmosphere delay models have been developed at the University of New Brunswick. In this paper we are presenting UNB3m_pack, a package with subroutines in FORTRAN and corresponding functions in MatLab which provides neutral atmospheric information estimated using the UNB3m model. The main goal of UNB3m is to provide reliable predicted neutral atmosphere delays for users of global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) and other transatmospheric radiometric techniques. Slant neutral atmosphere delays are the main output of the package, however, it can be used to estimate zenith delays, Niell mapping functions values, delay rates, mapping function rates, station pressure, temperature, relative humidity and the mean temperature of water vapor in the atmospheric column. The subroutines work using day of year, latitude, height and elevation angle as input values. The files of the package have a commented section at the beginning, explaining how the subroutines work and what the input and output parameters are. The subroutines are self-contained, i.e., they do not need any auxiliary files. The user has simply to add to his/her software one or more of the available files and call them in the appropriate way.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Home range size and dispersion in the helmeted guineafowl (Numida meleagris galeata Pallas) of the Waza National Park, Cameroon. Field investigations of the home range size and emigration pattern of wild helmeted guineafowl (Numida meleagris galeata Pallas) from 1992 to 1995 showed that home range size (+/- 95% confidence limits (CL)) varied with season from 3.6 +/- 1.5 km(2) for the dry seasons to 3.6 +/- 1.5 km(2) for the rainy seasons. Home range size varied depending on whether it was estimated with data for adult males, adult females or young birds, with a higher home range size for young birds, closely followed by adult males. Group size (+/-95%CL) varied by month, and was highest between March and April (47.0 +/- 8.1 birds/group) and lowest in August 9.0 +/- 5.1 birds/group). More young birds (+/- 95% CL) (36.8 +/- 19.6%) dispersed than adult males (21.1 +/- 1.9%) or adult females (13.5 +/- 1.8%). There was a highly significant positive correlation between group size and the number of birds emigrating from the group. There was also a significant negative correlation between the weights of birds at tagging and the percentage that emigrated during the first year of study but not later. This is suggested to be linked to the high number of young birds emigrating, since they weigh relatively less than adults. The lack of correlation between body weight and number of birds emigrating a year or later after birds were tagged was thought to be due to the fact that birds tagged while young attained adult weight within a year.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Discovery of a lithic industry in the Bourbonnais Sands and Clays Formation (Southern Paris Basin, Upper Pliocene). A lithic industry has been discovered in sand-pits near Nevers in the uppermost part of the Lower Sands. They are flakes and denticulated choppers that have a black or brown patina. No industry of comparable age has hitherto been found in Europe in beds which can clearly be dated stratigraphically to between 2.5 and 2.4 Ma.The Bourbonnais Formation, consisting of detrital materials from the Massif Central, is divided into three parts. They have been dated by mineralogical and palynological methods: the Upper Sands (1-2.3 Ma), the Black Clays (2.3-2.5 Ma) and the Lower Sands (2.4-2.5 Ma, End Reuverian).", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "A multitrait-multisource confirmatory factor analytic approach to the construct validity of ADHD rating scales. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to model a multitrait-multisource design to evaluate the construct validity of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) rating scales. The 2 trait factors were the ADHD inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity dimensions. The 2 source factors were parents and teachers. In Study 1, parents and teachers rated 1,475 Australian elementary school children on the ADHD symptoms. In Study 2, parents and teachers rated 285 Brazilian elementary school children on the ADHD symptoms. Similar results occurred in both studies with most of the ADHD symptoms containing more source than trait variance, thus providing weak evidence for the convergent and discriminant validity of the symptoms as measured by rating scales. The study outlines the implications of such strong source effects for understanding ADHD.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "The moderating effect of goal-setting characteristics on the sales control systems-job performance relationship. There have been no consistent findings with regard to the relationships between sales control systems and job performance. The authors propose a contingency model in which the effects of sales control systems on job performance are moderated by goal-setting characteristics (goal difficulty, goal specificity, and goal participation). They empirically test the model using two studies conducted in the United States and China, respectively. The findings suggest the need for considering goal-setting characteristics when one attempts to link sales control systems to salesperson's job performance. Managerial and research implications are offered at the conclusion of the paper. (c) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "GRAZING OF FORESTED GRASSLAND AND ITS CONSERVATION. It is shown that the grass biomass could vanish if overgrazing continued without any control. However, if appropriate effort is applied, the grass biomass can be maintained to its original level even under continued grazing.A mathematical model for the depletion of grass biomass due to overgrazing by cattle migrating from plains to forested grassland is proposed and analysed. A model for conservation of the grass biomass is also suggested.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "A further interpretation of the relational agency of information systems: A research note. This paper proposes a reinterpretation of the agency of information system (IS) as relational. It explores how the agency of IS has been articulated in the extant stream of accounting information system (AIS) research and explains how a relational view of agency can enhance our understanding of IS in its organizational context. This reinterpretation highlights the limitation of viewing IS as technology (technocentric view) with predefined functionality and predictable effects. Attention is also shifted away from an anthropocentric conceptualization of IS; where the technology is seen as a tool and agency is attributed only to humans. We argue in the paper that both the technocentric and anthropocentric views of IS limit what can be learned about the agency of IS. Drawing on actor-network theory (ANT), this study conceptualizes IS as a relational network and proposes a relational view of the agency of IS. This relational view suggests that the social and material entities that make up IS have no absolute essence when viewed in isolation; rather, their collective force defines the agency of IS. The implications of the relational view of agency for AIS research are also highlighted. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 44, 46]}
+{"token": "Extension of the gambin model to multimodal species abundance distributions. Species abundance distributions (SADs) are one of the most widely used tools in macroecology, and it has become increasingly apparent that many empirical SADs can best be described as multimodal. However, only a few SAD models have been extended to incorporate multiple modes and no software packages are available to fit multimodal SAD models. In this study, we present an extension of the gambin SAD model to multimodal SADs. We derive the maximum likelihood equations for fitting the bimodal gambin distribution and generalize this approach to fit gambin models with any number of modes. We present these new functions, along with additional functions to aid in the analysis of multimodal SADs, within an updated r package (\\\\'gambin\\\\'; version 2.4.0) that enables the fitting, plotting and evaluating of gambin models with any number of modes. We use a mixture of simulations and empirical datasets to test our new models, including tests of the sensitivity of the model parameters to the number of individuals and the number of species in a sample. We show that the new multimodal gambin models perform well under a variety of circumstances, and that the application of these new models to empirical SAD and other macroecological (e.g., species range size distributions) datasets can provide interesting insights. The updated software package is simple to use and provides straightforward yet flexible statistical analyses of multimodality in SAD-type datasets.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Analytical sociology in Tocqueville's Democracy in America. Analytical sociology seeks to explain complex social processes by carefully dissecting them and then bringing into focus their most important constituent components. It is through dissection and analytical abstractions that the important cogs and wheels of social processes are made visible and intelligible. By identifying some common features between Tocqueville's Democracy in America and contemporary analytical sociology, we argue that the explanatory approach that Tocqueville pursued in many respects is a forerunner to analytical sociology. These features are contrasted with those of other classical approaches in order to highlight the defining characteristics of Tocqueville's approach. One reason why Tocqueville is still worth reading, 200 years after his birth, is as an early example of the explanatory power of the analytical approach to sociology. However, the methodological and theoretical advances that sociology has undergone since the publication of Democracy in America makes it more interesting as a classic than as a useful source of reference for today's sociology students.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "PHASE I STUDY OF PREOPERATIVE SHORT-COURSE CHEMORADIATION WITH PROTON BEAM THERAPY AND CAPECITABINE FOR RESECTABLE PANCREATIC DUCTAL ADENOCARCINOMA OF THE HEAD. Results: Three patients were treated at Dose Levels 1 to 3 and 6 patients at Dose Level 4, which was selected as the MTD. No dose limiting toxicities were observed. Grade 3 toxicity was noted in 4 patients (pain in 1; stent obstruction or infection in 3). Eleven patients underwent resection. Reasons for no resection were metastatic disease (3 patients) and unresectable tumor (1 patient). Mean postsurgical length of stay was 6 days (range, 5-10 days). No unexpected 30-day postoperative complications, including leak or obstruction, were found.Purpose: To evaluate the safety of 1 week of chemoradiation with proton beam therapy and capecitabine followed by early surgery.Conclusions: Preoperative chemoradiation with 1 week of proton beam therapy and capecitabine followed by early surgery is feasible. A Phase II study is underway. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc.Methods and Materials: Fifteen patients with localized resectable, pancreatic adenocarcinoma of the head were enrolled from May 2006 to September 2008. Patients received radiation with proton beam. In dose level I, patients received 3 GyE x 10 (Week 1, Monday-Friday; Week 2, Monday-Friday). Patients in Dose Levels 2 to 4 received 5 GyE x Sin progressively shortened schedules: level 2 (Week 1, Monday, Wednesday, and Friday; Week 2, Tuesday and Thursday), Level 3 (Week I, Monday, Tuesday, Thursday, and Friday; Week 2, Monday), Level 4 (Week 1, Monday through Friday). Capecitabine was given as 825 mg/m(2) b.i.d. Weeks 1 and 2 Monday through Friday for a total of 10 days in all dose levels. Surgery was performed 4 to 6 weeks after completion of chemotherapy for Dose Levels 1 to 3 and then after 1 to 3 weeks for Dose Level 4.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "What Role Have Former ETA Terrorists Played in Counterterrorism and Counterradicalization Initiatives in Spain?. This article responds to the following research question: what role have former Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA) members played in counterterrorism and counterradicalization initiatives vis-a-vis the terror group in Spain? Our analysis of the role played by former ETA members so far demonstrates that only a minority of former ETA terrorists have disengaged from the terrorist organization and at the same time voiced some criticism of their past violent activities. Such a step, although a positive one, is part of a process that in most of the cases analyzed has to be deemed as incomplete due to deficits, some of them very significant, which considerably limit their effectiveness in countering terrorism and radicalization.", "label": [5, 47, 49]}
+{"token": "On the Composition of Four Irreducible Morphisms in the Fifth Power of the Radical. Given A an artin algebra we study when the non-zero composition of four irreducible morphisms between indecomposable A-modules belongs to the fifth power of the radical of its module category. In particular, when A is a finite dimensional algebra over an algebraically closed field we prove that if the composition of four irreducible morphisms between indecomposable A-modules belongs to the fifth power of the radical of their module category then any composition of four irreducible morphisms between the same indecomposable A-modules so is.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "A field evaluation of a SO2 passive sampler in tropical industrial and urban air. Passive samplers have been widely used for over 30 years in the measurement of personal exposure to vapours and gases in the workplace. These samplers have just recently been applied in the monitoring of ambient air, which presents concentrations that are normally much smaller than those found in occupational environments. The locally constructed passive sampler was based on gas molecular diffusion through static air layer. The design used minimizes particle interference and turbulent diffusion. After exposure, the SO2 trapped in impregnated filters with Na2CO3 was extracted by means of an ultrasonic bath, for 15 min, using 1.0 x 10(-2) mol L-1 H2O2. It was determined as SO4-2 by ion chromatography. The performance of the passive sampler was evaluated at different exposure periods, being applied in industrial and urban areas. Method precision as relative standard deviation for three simultaneously applied passive samplers was within 10%. Passive sampling, when compared to active monitoring methods under real conditions, used in urban and industrial areas, showed an overall accuracy of 15%. A statistical comparison with an active method was performed to demonstrate the validity of the passive method. Sampler capacity varied between 98 and 421 mug SO2 m(-3) for exposure periods of one month and one week, respectively, which allows its use in highly polluted areas. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 5, 36, 47]}
+{"token": "Closed-loop equilibrium in a multi-stage innovation race. We examine a multistage model of an R&D race where players have multiple projects. We also develop perturbation methods for general dynamic games that can be expressed as analytic operators in a Banach space. We apply these perturbation methods to solve races with a small prize. We compute second-order asymptotically valid solutions for equilibrium and socially optimal decisions to determine qualitative properties of equilibrium. We find that innovators invest relatively too much on risky projects. Strategic reactions are ambiguous in general; in particular, a player may increase expenditures as his opponent moves ahead of him.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "LEGAL TRANSLATORS TRAINING: ANALYSIS OF LEGAL TRANSLATION COMPETENCE AND SUGGESTIONS FOR A TRAINING PROGRAMME. This paper aims at offering a training programme for legal translators from the analysis of legal translation competence. To do so, before analyzing the different competences at stake in legal translation, we will recall why legal translation is thought to be different from the translation of other text types and will also go through some opinions that defend different training backgrounds for legal translators. Our training proposal can be adapted to both translation and law graduates as well to professional translators not familiar with legal texts.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Evaluation of a new web design for the dictionary portal OWID. The main aim of the study presented in this chapter was to try out eye-tracking as form to collect data about dictionary use as it is - for research into dictionary use - a new and not widely used technology. As the topic of research, we decided to evaluate the new web design of the IDS dictionary portal OWID. In the mid of 2011 where the study was conducted, the relaunch of the web design was internally finished but externally not released yet. In this regard, it was a good time to see whether users get along well with the new design decisions. 38 persons participated in our study, all of them students aged 20-30 years. Besides the results the chapter also includes critical comments on methodological aspects of our study.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Comparison of the BD MAX Enteric Bacterial Panel to Routine Culture Methods for Detection of Campylobacter, Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (O157), Salmonella, and Shigella Isolates in Preserved Stool Specimens. We compared the BD MAX enteric bacterial panel (EBP) to culture for the detection of Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, and Shiga toxin-producing enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157 in seeded stool samples. The EBP panel demonstrated superior sensitivity and reliably detected Salmonella, EHEC O157, Shigella, and Campylobacter at concentrations 1- to 2-log(10) lower than those needed for culture detection.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Promiscuity and specificity of eukaryotic glycosyltransferases. Glycosyltransferases are a large family of enzymes responsible for covalently linking sugar monosaccharides to a variety of organic substrates. These enzymes drive the synthesis of complex oligosaccharides known as glycans, which play key roles in inter-cellular interactions across all the kingdoms of life; they also catalyze sugar attachment during the synthesis of small-molecule metabolites such as plant flavonoids. A given glycosyltransferase enzyme is typically responsible for attaching a specific donor monosaccharide, via a specific glycosidic linkage, to a specific moiety on the acceptor substrate. However these enzymes are often promiscuous, able catalyze linkages between a variety of donors and acceptors. In this review we discuss distinct classes of glycosyltransferase promiscuity, each illustrated by enzymatic examples from small-molecule or glycan synthesis. We highlight the physical causes of promiscuity, and its biochemical consequences. Structural studies of glycosyltransferases involved in glycan synthesis show that they make specific contacts with 'recognition motifs' that are much smaller than the full oligosaccharide substrate. There is a wide range in the sizes of glycosyltransferase recognition motifs: highly promiscuous enzymes recognize monosaccharide or disaccharide motifs across multiple oligosaccharides, while highly specific enzymes recognize large, complex motifs found on few oligosaccharides. In eukaryotes, the localization of glycosyltransferases within compartments of the Golgi apparatus may play a role in mitigating the glycan variability caused by enzyme promiscuity.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Disease mapping for informing targeted health interventions: childhood pneumonia in Bohol, Philippines. MethodsAn efficacy study of 11-valent pneumococcal vaccine was conducted in six municipalities in the Bohol Province of central Philippines from July 2000 to December 2004. Geocoded under-five pneumonia cases (using WHO classifications) were mapped to create spatial patterns of pneumonia at the local health unit (barangay) level.ResultsThere were 2951 children with WHO-defined clinical pneumonia, of whom 1074 were severe or very severely ill, 278 were radiographic, and 219 were hypoxaemic. While most children with pneumonia were from urban barangays, there was a disproportionately higher distribution of severe/very severe pneumonia in rural barangays and the most severe hypoxaemic children were concentrated in the northern barangays most distant from the regional hospital.ConclusionsMapping of ALRI at the local administrative health level can be performed relatively simply. If these principles are applied to routinely collected IMCI classification of disease at the district level in developing countries, such efforts can form the basis for directing public health and healthcare delivery efforts in a targeted manner.BackgroundAcute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRI) are the leading cause of childhood mortality worldwide. Currently, most developing countries assign resources at a district level, and yet District Medical Officers have few tools for directing targeted interventions to high mortality or morbidity areas. Mapping of ALRI at the local level can guide more efficient allocation of resources, coordination of efforts and targeted interventions, which are particularly relevant for health management in resource-scarce settings.", "label": [2, 21, 23]}
+{"token": "Variations in seasonal solar insolation are associated with a history of suicide attempts in bipolar I disorder. Background Bipolar disorder is associated with circadian disruption and a high risk of suicidal behavior. In a previous exploratory study of patients with bipolar I disorder, we found that a history of suicide attempts was associated with differences between winter and summer levels of solar insolation. The purpose of this study was to confirm this finding using international data from 42% more collection sites and 25% more countries. Methods Data analyzed were from 71 prior and new collection sites in 40 countries at a wide range of latitudes. The analysis included 4876 patients with bipolar I disorder, 45% more data than previously analyzed. Of the patients, 1496 (30.7%) had a history of suicide attempt. Solar insolation data, the amount of the sun's electromagnetic energy striking the surface of the earth, was obtained for each onset location (479 locations in 64 countries). Results This analysis confirmed the results of the exploratory study with the same best model and slightly better statistical significance. There was a significant inverse association between a history of suicide attempts and the ratio of mean winter insolation to mean summer insolation (mean winter insolation/mean summer insolation). This ratio is largest near the equator which has little change in solar insolation over the year, and smallest near the poles where the winter insolation is very small compared to the summer insolation. Other variables in the model associated with an increased risk of suicide attempts were a history of alcohol or substance abuse, female gender, and younger birth cohort. The winter/summer insolation ratio was also replaced with the ratio of minimum mean monthly insolation to the maximum mean monthly insolation to accommodate insolation patterns in the tropics, and nearly identical results were found. All estimated coefficients were significant at p < 0.01. Conclusion A large change in solar insolation, both between winter and summer and between the minimum and maximum monthly values, may increase the risk of suicide attempts in bipolar I disorder. With frequent circadian rhythm dysfunction and suicidal behavior in bipolar disorder, greater understanding of the optimal roles of daylight and electric lighting in circadian entrainment is needed.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "alpha(1)-Adrenoceptor subtypes in isolated corporal tissue from patients undergoing gender re-assignment. CONCLUSION alpha(1)-adrenoceptors in human cavernosal tissue have a relatively low affinity for BMY 7378 and chloroethylclonidine, but are more sensitive to WB4101. This confirms that the predominant alpha(1)-adrenoceptor subtype in human corpus cavernosum is the alpha(1A) subtype and this might help in developing more selective antagonists and agonists for managing erectile dysfunction and priapism.RESULTS WB4101 produced a parallel rightward shift of the CRC to phenylephrine, with a pK(B) of 7.49. BMY 7378 also produced a parallel rightward shift of the CRC to phenylephrine with a pK(B) of 6.45. Chloroethylclonidine had a similar effect on the phenylephrine CRC, with a pK(B) of 5.90.OBJECTIVE To investigate the pharmacology and functionality of alpha(1)-adrenoceptors in human corpus cavernosum, and to determine the predominant subtype.MATERIALS AND METHODS Cavernosal tissue specimens were obtained from the penises of 22 men (mean age 37.4 years) removed during gender re-assignment surgery. The men had been maintained on long-term oestrogen therapy before surgery, to aid the development of secondary feminine characteristics (oestrogen treatments were stopped 6 weeks before surgery). Corpus cavernosum strips were mounted in organ baths perfused with Krebs' solution. A control concentration-response curve (CRC) to phenylephrine (a nonselective alpha(1)-agonist) was obtained. Then the tissues were incubated with the alpha(1A) antagonist, WB4101; the alpha(1B) antagonist, chloroethylclonidine; or the alpha(1D) antagonist BMY 7378 (all at 1 mu M) and the CRC to phenylephrine was repeated. The concentration producing a half-maximal response (EC50) and pK(B) values (logarithm of the dissociation constant, a measure of affinity) were determined.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "The legacy of Pitirim Sorokin in the transnational alliances of moral conservatives. This article examines the legacy of Pitirim A. Sorokin (1889-1968), a Harvard sociologist from the Russian emigration. The authors scrutinise Sorokin as one of the nodal points for today's moral conservatism. As a scholar, Sorokin has been relegated to the margins of his discipline, but his legacy as a public intellectual has persisted in the United States and has soared in Russia over the last three decades. This article examines Sorokin's reception in these two nations, some of whose citizens have facilitated the burgeoning transnational phenomenon of twenty-first-century moral conservatism. Four aspects of Sorokin's legacy are especially relevant in this context: his emphasis on values, his notion of the 'sensate culture', his ideas about the family, and his vision for moral revival. The authors conclude that Sorokin functions as a nodal point that binds together individual actors and ideas across national, cultural and linguistic barriers. The article is based on a firsthand analysis of moral conservative discourse and documents, on qualitative interviews and on scholarly literature.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "KINEMATICS OF BREAKING WAVES AND ASSOCIATED SUSPENDED SEDIMENT IN THE NEARSHORE ZONE. This paper reports the results of a study to describe systematic variations in sea surface shape, horizontal and vertical velocity components, and nearbed suspended sediment concentrations as waves shoal, break and propagate shoreward as bores. Data were collected as part of the Duck '85 nearshore experiments carried out at the Army Research Facility at Duck, North Carolina in September 1985. The data set includes time series measurements of sea surface elevation, currents, and suspended sediment concentrations located at five positions across the surf zone. Additionally, a video recording of the sea surface was analyzed to classify surface wave types as unbroken, breaking (with or without associated form), or bores.Results show that the degree of asymmetry of wave shape increases as waves shoal and break. The cross-shore velocity varies systematically, being somewhat undulatory for unbroken waves and decomposing into large eddy structures upon breaking. The patterns of suspended sediment are strongly related to wave type. For unbroken waves, sediment suspensions can be high under the crest but occur within several centimeters of the seabed, on the order of the wave boundary layer thickness. For breaking waves, suspended sediment concentrations increase dramatically and sediment is mixed to higher levels in the water column. Sediment inversions and localized high concentration patches that appear to correspond to eddy motions impinging directly on the seabed are observed. For bores, overall sediment concentrations decrease as they propagate shoreward. The ratios of suspended load for the unbroken waves, breaking waves, and bores are 1:2.9:4 --> 1.3 (averaging 2.3), respectively. Maximum suspended load occurs just shoreward of the breakpoint and most sediment settles out within 10-15 m of the plunge point.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Decadal Change in Soil Moisture Over East Asia in Response to a Decade-Long Warming Hiatus. East Asia has experienced long-term warming and drying in the twentieth century. However, a phenomenon known as the 'warming hiatus' changed the trend of enhanced soil drying over East Asia. In contrast to the previous long-term drying in the last century, time series of soil moisture showed a shift from a downtrend to uptrend around 2005, and prominent wetting was located in the northeast (semiarid and dry subhumid regions) and southeast of China (extreme humid regions). Our results illustrated that such abrupt change in soil moisture was closely related to the change of warming during hiatus. The warming hiatus played a more important role in decadal soil wetting over these semiarid and dry subhumid regions, compared to relatively limited influence of surface atmosphere temperature over humid regions. The weakened drying during the hiatus decade suggests that the response of wetting/drying to climate in drylands is closely related to decadal surface atmosphere temperature, which will deepen our understanding of the mechanism on the role of surface atmosphere temperature in the process of wetting/drying in drylands over different time scales.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Measuring risk preferences in field experiments: Proposition of a simplified task. Individual risk preferences can serve as an effective control variable in order to describe human decisions and behavior. Due to limited participants' attention and time, using standard procedures may be difficult. This paper hence proposes a risk preference elicitation task, aiming to assess individual risk preferences in experiments conducted outside the lab. The test is evaluated against a well-established task by means of two online experiments comprising a total of 490 participants.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "MONTE-CARLO SIMULATION OF XENON ADSORPTION WITH DEALUMINATION OF AN IDEALIZED MORDENITE STRUCTURE. Grand canonical Monte Carte simulations were used to study the effect of dealumination on adsorption of xenon in an idealized structural model of Na-mordenite. Simulations were carried out at Si/Al ratios of 5, 11, and infinity, chosen to represent prototype cation occupancies. A recent experimental study of xenon adsorption in mordenites with different Si/Al ratios found unexpected nonmonotonic trends. In disagreement with experiment, the isotherms of our idealized zeolite changed monotonically with the degree of dealumination. This trend supports recent observations that significant structural changes result from dealumination.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "VizWear: Toward human-centered interaction through wearable vision and visualization. In this paper, we discuss the development of wearable systems which we collectively term VizWear. Vision plays an important role in both people's and computers' understanding of contextual information, and the use of augmented reality (AR) techniques is a good way to show information intuitively, This is the basis of our research on wearable computer vision and visualization systems. Our wearable systems enable us to run different vision tasks in real-time. We describe a novel approach not only to sensing the wearer's position and direction, but also to displaying video frames overlaid with 2-D annotations related to the wearer's view, We have also developed a method for 3-D graphical overlay by applying object recognition techniques and the Hand Mouse, which enables the wearer to interact directly with an AR environment. We also describe an efficient method of face registration using wearable active vision.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Case study of the transformation of swells propagating into Sendai Bay. A high-resolution two-dimensional map of swell wavelength and propagating direction was retrieved from a phased array type L-band synthetic aperture radar scene observed on 24 September 2006 over Sendai Bay in the Tohoku region of Japan. Features of the wavelength map were compared with a wavelength map calculated from in situ measurements of the swell period using infinitesimal amplitude surface wave theory. The maps corresponded well in most areas, although large differences appeared in the near-shore area (area I) and an area of complicated bottom topography (area II). Because the spatial resolution of swell parameters was too coarse to investigate the surface waves in area I, wavelet transform (WT) was applied along a swell ray to improve the spatial resolution. In the resulting WT wavelength map, the large difference in area I disappeared. For area II, perturbation theory was introduced for surface waves propagating obliquely on a gentle slope. The large wavelength difference in area II was well explained by the second-order solution of perturbation theory.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Tokenism in policing: An empirical test of Kanter's hypothesis. This study presented the first quantitative test of tokenism theory (Kanter, 1977) in a municipal policing context with data collected from a large sample of Baltimore police officers (Gershon, 1999). In bivariate and multivariate analyses, the effects of gender and race status and their interaction on three dependent variables capturing the central dynamics of tokenism (visibility/performance pressure, contrast/social isolation, and assimilation/role encapsulation) were explored. The study found weak to moderate support for the theory, but no evidence of a distinct \\\\'double token\\\\' interaction effect between race and gender statuses. By and large, race status alone predicted the greatest tokenism consequences. Limitations and future directions for tokenism research in policing are discussed. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Physiology and Morphological Correlates of Excitatory Transmission are Preserved in Glutamine Transporter SN1-Depleted Mouse Frontal Cortex. Glutamine is an astroglia-derived precursor of the neurotransmitter glutamate, and its astroglia-to-neuron transfer is controlled by distinct glutamine transporters on the astrocytic and neuronal sites. In this study, we focused on the role of astrocytic glutamine efflux-mediating system N transporter SN1 in the maintenance of glutamatergic neurotransmission by analyzing the electrophysiological parameters ex vivo in the brain slices from control mice and mice in which vivo-morpholino technique was used to diminish SN1 protein. The glutamatergic transmission was characterized by electrophysiological recordings, ultrastructure of neuron terminals, and determination of proteins related to glutamate synaptic transmission: synaptophysin, synaptotagmin, and vit1A. The space-restricted similar to 51,5% reduction of SN1 protein did not affect the expression of the neuronal glutamine transporter SAT2. SN1 depletion resulted in a reduction of field potentials (FPs), unaltered frequency of spontaneous and miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCsimEPSCs), and presented a tendency towards a decrease of long-term potentiation (LTP). Ultrastructurally, preserved number of synaptic vesicles, primarily localized centrally of the cell body, correlates with unchanged levels of synaptic proteins. Collectively, the study indicates that glutamatergic transmission proceeds relatively independently of the SN1 - mediated glutamine transfer to the synapse. (C) 2020 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "Pre-dicting the Past, Re-membering the Present: Theorizing Memory in Complicite's Mnemonic. In Mnemonic, a play conceived and directed by Simon McBurney and devised by Theatre de Complicite, words are not only time capsules in which different fictionalized memories are preserved, but also mnemonic objects in their own right. The playtext they conform acts, of course, as a reminder of the show that this British company created in 1999 for the Salzburg Festival, and that toured internationally again in 2002: at the same time, the published text of the work contains the perspectives and potential techniques from which the notion of memory - and of individual and collective forms of remembrance associated with it - can be explored and semiotized. Nuria Casado-Gual's article looks at the dramaturgical strategies and theatrical techniques used by the company in their particular theatricalization of memory. Mnemonic, she contends, is not only relevant as an outstanding piece of contemporary theatre, but also as a 'memorable' text that helps us decipher our enigmatic selves in apparently oblivious and eroding postmodern times. Nuria Casado-Gual lectures in English language, literature, and theatre at the University of Lleida, Catalonia, Spain. She is author of a PhD thesis on the the Caribbean playwright Edgar Nkosi White, and combines her academic work with creative theatrical projects as both playwright and performer with the company Nurosfera.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Dynamic Switching-Based Data Forwarding for Low-Duty-Cycle Wireless Sensor Networks. In this work, we introduce the concept of Dynamic Switch-based Forwarding (DSF) that optimizes the 1) expected data delivery ratio, 2) expected communication delay, or 3) expected energy consumption for low-duty-cycle wireless sensor networks under unreliable communication links. DSF is designed for networks with possibly unreliable communication links and predetermined node communication schedules. To our knowledge, these are the most encouraging results to date in this new research direction. In this paper, DSF is evaluated with a theoretical analysis, extensive simulation, and physical testbed consisting of 20 MicaZ motes. Results reveal the remarkable advantage of DSF in extremely low-duty-cycle sensor networks in comparison to three well-known solutions (ETX [1], PRR x D [2], and DESS [3]). We also demonstrate our solution defaults into ETX in always-awake networks and DESS in perfect-link networks.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 37]}
+{"token": "Molecular Fingerprinting and Hybridity Authentication in Cowpea Using Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Based Kompetitive Allele-Specific PCR Assay. Optimization of a breeding program for increased genetic gain requires quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC) at key phases of the breeding process. One vital phase in a breeding program that requires QC and QA is the choice of parents and successful hybridizations to combine parental attributes and create variations. The objective of this study was to determine parental diversity and confirm hybridity of cowpea F-1 progenies using KASP (Kompetitive Allele-Specific PCR)-based single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. A total of 1,436 F-1 plants were derived from crossing 220 cowpea breeding lines and landraces to 2 elite sister lines IT99K-573-1-1 and IT99K-573-2-1 as male parents, constituting 225 cross combinations. The progenies and the parents were genotyped with 17 QC SNP markers via high-throughput KASP genotyping assay. The QC markers differentiated the parents with mean efficiency of 37.90% and a range of 3.4-82.8%, revealing unique fingerprints of the parents. Neighbor-Joining cladogram divided the 222 parents into 3 clusters. Genetic distances between parents ranged from 0 to 3.74 with a mean of 2.41. Principal component analysis (PCA) depicted a considerable overlap between parents and F-1 progenies with more scatters among parents than the F(1)s. The differentiation among parents and F(1)s was best contributed to by 82% of the markers. As expected, parents and F(1)s showed a significant contrast in proportion of heterozygous individuals, with mean values of 0.02 and 0.32, respectively. KASP markers detected true hybridity with 100% success rate in 72% of the populations. Overall, 79% of the putative F-1 plants were true hybrids, 14% were selfed plants, and 7% were undetermined due to missing data and lack of marker polymorphism between parents. The study demonstrated an effective application of KASP-based SNP assay in fingerprinting, confirmation of hybridity, and early detection of false F-1 plants. The results further uncovered the need to deploy markers as a QC step in a breeding program.</p>", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Comparative optimization study for chemical synthesis of hydroxypropyl starch from native corn and taro starch through evolutionary operation (EVOP) factorial design technique. Modification of native starch is aimed at tailor-making functional properties of starch to overcome its inherent shortcomings which will enhance its versatility for different food-uses. Optimization of chemical synthesis of hydroxypropyl starch from two native starch sources, corn and taro, was explored through application of evolutionary operation (EVOP) factorial design technique. Concentrations of starch slurry, propylene oxide, and sodium sulfate were considered as process variables and these were optimized in order to maximize swelling power of hydroxypropyl starch. EVOP factorial designing technique was applied consecutively and the results were analyzed statistically. Maximization of swelling power was achieved by corn starch after two sets of experiments of EVOP and the maximum value obtained was 36.17 at 20% sodium sulfate, 50% starch slurry, and 3.2% propylene oxide concentrations. The highest value of swelling power for hydroxypropyl taro starch was measured to be 62.33 after two sets of experiments and there was still scope for increasing its value in further set of experiments. Final conditions for taro starch were found to be optimum at 30% sodium sulfate, 40% starch slurry, and 5.6% propylene oxide concentrations, evaluated through EVOP method.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Materialism and the Moral Status of Animals. Consciousness has an important role in ethics: when a being consciously experiences the frustration or satisfaction of its interests, those interests deserve higher moral priority than those of a behaviourally similar but non-conscious being. I consider the relationship between this ethical role and an a posteriori (or 'type-B') materialist solution to the mind-body problem. It is hard to avoid the conclusion that, if type-B materialism is correct, then the reference of the concept Phenomenal Consciousness is radically indeterminate between a neuronal-level property that is distinctive to mammals and a high-level functional property that is much more widely shared. This would leave many non-mammalian animals (such as birds, fish, insects and octopuses) with indeterminate moral status. There are ways to manage this radical moral indeterminacy, but all of these ways lead to profoundly troubling consequences.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Protecting HIV information in countries scaling up HIV services: a baseline study. Methods: Questionnaires were sent to UNAIDS field staff in 98 middle-and lower-income countries, some reportedly with guidelines (G-countries) and others intending to develop them (NG-countries). Responses were scored, aggregated and weighted to produce standard scores for six categories: information governance, country policies, data collection, data storage, data transfer and data access. Responses were analyzed using regression analyses for associations with national HIV prevalence, gross national income per capita, OECD income, receiving US PEPFAR funding, and being a G- or NG-country. Differences between G-and NG-countries were investigated using non-parametric methods.Background: Individual-level data are needed to optimize clinical care and monitor and evaluate HIV services. Confidentiality and security of such data must be safeguarded to avoid stigmatization and discrimination of people living with HIV. We set out to assess the extent that countries scaling up HIV services have developed and implemented guidelines to protect the confidentiality and security of HIV information.Results: Higher information governance scores were observed for G-countries compared with NG-countries; no differences were observed between country policies or data collection categories. However, for data storage, data transfer and data access, G-countries had lower scores compared with NG-countries. No significant associations were observed between country score and HIV prevalence, per capita gross national income, OECD economic category, and whether countries had received PEPFAR funding.Conclusions: Few countries, including G-countries, had developed comprehensive guidelines on protecting the confidentiality and security of HIV information. Countries must develop their own guidelines, using established frameworks to guide their efforts, and may require assistance in adapting, adopting and implementing them.", "label": [2, 17, 24]}
+{"token": "Synthesis and Characterization of a Self-Polycondensation Diazaphthalanone Monomer and Its Polymers from Polycondensation Reactions. Polyether ketone (PEK) plastics are linear thermoplastic polymers connected by at least one ether bond and at least one ketone bond on the aryl group. The reason for their excellent heat resistance, rigidity, and mechanical strength is that their main molecular chain contains plenty of aromatic rings and polar carbonyl groups, and their molecular chain presents a large rigidity and strong intermolecular force. In addition, the main chain contains a considerable number of ether bonds, resulting in a certain toughness. However, polyether ketone materials have the disadvantage of poor solubility because of their excellent rigidity. To improve the solubility of polyether ketone, the preparation method of a novel nitrogenous heterocyclic polyaromatic ether monomer, 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,3-dihydrophthalazine-1,4-dione (CDD), was proposed, and its activity of polymerization was studied. The average molecular weight of the poly(aryl ether ketone) containing a nitrogenous heterocyclic polyaromatic ether group obtained by self-polycondensation of CDD was 4.181 x 10(3) kg/mol, and the yield was 90.5%. In order to further explore the activity of monomers, novel copolymerized poly(aryl ether ketone) (PBCD) containing a nitrogenous heterocyclic polyaromatic ether structure was prepared by ternary copolymerization with 4,4-difluorobenzophenone (DFBP) and bisphenol fluorene (BHPF) with high activity. The average molecular weight of PBCD was 72.793 x 10(3) kg/mol, the molecular weight distribution was 2.344, and the yield was 88.1%. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and H-1 NMR were used to confirm the structure of the obtained polymer. Through thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), the determined weight loss temperature of 5% under nitrogen was higher than 500 degrees C, indicating excellent thermal stability. Compared with the solubility of the binary copolymer containing fluorenyl poly(aryl ether ketone) (PBD), the polymer showed reasonable solubility in selective solvents such as chloroform and N,N-dimethylacetamide.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "A new memristor-based low-pass filter topology and its small-signal solution using MacLaurin series. In this work, a new memristor-based low-pass filter topology is suggested. Memristor-based filters are nonlinear circuits and many of them cannot be solved analytically. To find an approximate analytical solution of the filter equations, MacLaurin series is used for the first time. Time and frequency domain behavior of the filter are obtained. Also, the frequency domain gain and total harmonic distortion characteristics of the filter are given. Results obtained by the small signal model have been compared with the dynamic model results. It is shown that the small signal model is able to predict the filter behavior very well.", "label": [4, 1, 32, 11]}
+{"token": "Microstructural and Wear Properties of Annealed Medium Carbon Steel Plate (EN8) Cladded with Martensitic Stainless Steel (AISI410). Limited work on the wear properties of martensitic stainless-steel weld clads initiated this work which included investigations on microstructural and wear properties of cladded AISI 410 (filler wire)/EN 8 plates (substrate). Three layers of martensitic stainless steel (AISI 410) were deposited using metal inert gas (MIG) welding on medium carbon steel (EN 8) achieving a 51.5 +/- 2.35 HRC of top layer. The elemental and phase fractions of the cladded layers indicated 98% martensite phase and retained austenite (2%). About 40% dilution was observed between EN 8 and the first weld layer. The results of tests carried out on pin on disc tribometer revealed an enhancement of anti-wear life of the martensitic weld cladded EN 8 by three times that of uncladded EN 8. The uncladded EN 8 plate suffered severe damage and high wear, leading to its failure at 478 s. The failure of the uncladded EN 8 sample was identified by the occurrence of high vibration of the pin on disc tribometer which ultimately stopped the tribometer. On the other hand, the cladded EN 8 sample continued running for 3600 s, exhibiting normal wear. After the tribo test, the surfaces of the pins of both cladded and uncladded EN 8 were analyzed using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and 3D profilometer. The surface characterization of tribo pairs indicated ploughing and galling to be the primary wear mechanisms. The average grain size of top and middle layer was in the range of 2-3.5 mu m, while the base metal showed 5.02 mu m mean grain size, resulting in higher hardness of clad layers than base metal, also favoring better wear resistance of the cladded EN 8 samples as compared to uncladded EN 8 samples.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "THE PREDICTION OF YARN TENSILE PROPERTIES BY USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS. This paper presents an artificial-neural-net model for predicting yarn tensile properties. A single hidden-layer neural network trained by using the back-propagation algorithm performs a functional mapping between material properties, process variables, and the resulting yam tensile properties. The material and process variables, namely, yarn count, blend, and front- and back-nozzle pressures on an air-jet spinning machine, are correlated with the experimentally determined yam properties: breaking load and breaking elongation. The neural net was trained and then used to predict the tensile properties of yarns. The errors of prediction were low despite the availability of only a relatively small data set for training, and in each case the prediction error was less than the standard deviation of experimentation. Use of the cross-validation technique ensured that the neural net obtained a generalized mapping of the inputs and outputs.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "Effects of 5-Ammonium Valeric Acid Iodide as Additive on Methyl Ammonium Lead Iodide Perovskite Solar Cells. During the past decade, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has risen rapidly, and it now approaches the record for single crystal silicon solar cells. However, these devices still suffer from a problem of stability. To improve PSC stability, two approaches have been notably developed: the use of additives and/or post-treatments that can strengthen perovskite structures and the use of a nontypical architecture where three mesoporous layers, including a porous carbon backcontact without hole transporting layer, are employed. This paper focuses on 5-ammonium valeric acid iodide (5-AVAI or AVA) as an additive in methylammonium lead iodide (MAPI). By combining scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL), current-voltage measurements, ideality factor determination, and in-depth electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) investigations on various layers stacks structures, we discriminated the effects of a mesoscopic scaffold and an AVA additive. The AVA additive was found to decrease the bulk defects in perovskite (PVK) and boost the PVK resistance to moisture. The triple mesoporous structure was detrimental for the defects, but it improved the stability against humidity. On standard architecture, the PCE is 16.9% with the AVA additive instead of 18.1% for the control. A high stability of TiO2/ZrO2/carbon/perovskite cells was found due to both AVA and the protection by the all-inorganic scaffold. These cells achieved a PCE of 14.4% in the present work.", "label": [4, 1, 33, 15, 32, 11]}
+{"token": "The Voting Rights Act's Secret Weapon: Pocket Trigger Litigation and Dynamic Preclearance. This Note makes a two-part argument. First, the pocket trigger should be used to alleviate the NAMUDNO Court's anxiety over the coverage formula's differential treatment of the states. The Justice Department and civil rights groups should build off of the handful of successful bailins and redefine the preclearance regime through litigation. Second, the pocket trigger provides a model for a revised VRA. The pocket trigger is more likely to survive the congruence and proportionality test because it replaces an outdated coverage formula with a perfectly tailored coverage mechanism-a constitutional trigger. It also sidesteps the political difficulties in designing a new coverage formula. The pocket trigger has the potential to create dynamic preclearance: a flexible coverage regime that utilizes targeted preclearance and sunset dates. This Note concludes by proposing possible amendments to the pocket trigger, such as adding an effects test or delineating certain violations that automatically trigger preclearance.Following NAMUDNO, the search is on for a way to save section 5 of the Voting Rights Act (VRA). This Note offers a solution through an examination of the VRA's most obscure provision: section 3. Commonly called the bail-in mechanism or the pocket trigger, section 3 authorizes federal courts to place states and political subdivisions that have violated the Fourteenth or Fifteenth Amendments under preclearance.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Modelling of gas-solid-liquid flow and particle mixing in a rotary drum. Solid-liquid rotary drums have been widely practised in various industries, while the complex multiphase hydrodynamics hinders the understanding and optimisation of these apparatuses. In this work, the computational fluid dynamics-discrete element methoddata (CFD-DEM) coupled with volume of fluid (VOF) is developed to describe the gas-solid-liquid flow and mixing behaviours in a rotary drum considering inter-particle collisions, inter-phase interactions, and interface morphology. A smoothing method is used to link the quantities between the particle and computational grids, allowing the fine grids to resolve flow details such as the gas-liquid interface position and curvature. After model validations, the typical mixing behaviours of gas-solid-liquid flow in a rotary drum are studied. The effects of liquid presence and rotating speed on particle-scale behaviours (e.g., repose angle, active-passive zone depth, solid residence time and contact force chain) and the time evolved mixing performance (e.g., mixing index and dispersion) are studied. The results show a positive correlation of the active depth, mixing degree, and particle dispersion with the rotating speed. The liquid presence leads to a deeper active depth, prolonged solid residence time in the active zone, and lower contact force. The work sheds light on the design and process optimization of rotary drums.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "Characterization of LytH, a differentiation-associated peptidoglycan hydrolase of Bacillus subtilis involved in endospore cortex maturation. The cortex peptidoglycan from endospores of Bacillus subtilis is responsible for the maintenance of dormancy. LytH (YunA) has been identified as a novel sporulation-specific component with a role in cortex structure determination. The lytH gene was expressed only during sporulation, under the control of the mother cell-specific sigma factor sigma(K). Spores of a lytH mutant have slightly reduced heat resistance and altered staining when viewed by electron microscopy. Analysis of the peptidoglycan structure of lytH mutant spores shows the loss of muramic acid residues substituted with L-alanine and a corresponding increase in muramic acid residues substituted with tetrapeptide compared to those in the parent strain. In a lytH cwlD mutant, the lack of muramic acid residues substituted with L-alanine and delta-lactam leaves 97% of residues substituted with tetrapeptide. These results suggest that lytH encodes an L-Ala-D-Glu peptidase involved in production of single L-alanine side chains from tetrapeptides in the spore cortex. The lack of di- or tripeptides in a lytH mutant reveals the enzyme is an endopeptidase.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Building the capacity of users and producers of evidence in health policy and systems research for better control of endemic diseases in Nigeria: a situational analysis. Conclusion: The high level of awareness of the use of HPSR+A evidence for decision making did not translate to the significant actual use of evidence for policy making. The major reasons bordered on lack of autonomy in decision making. Hence, the existing yawning gap in use of evidence has to be bridged for a strengthening of the health system with evidence.Background: There is a current need to build the capacity of Health Policy and Systems Research + Analysis (HPSR+A) in low and middle-income countries (LMICs) as this enhances the processes of decision-making at all levels of the health system. This paper provides information on the HPSR+A knowledge and practice among producers and users of evidence in priority setting for HPSR+A regarding control of endemic diseases in two states in Nigeria. It also highlights the HPSR+A capacity building needs and interventions that will lead to increased HPSR+A and use for actual policy and decision making by the government and other policy actors.Results: The knowledge on HPSR+A was moderate and many respondents understood the importance of evidence-based decision making. Majority of researcher stated their preferred channel of dissemination of research finding to be journal publication. The mean percentage of using HPSR evidence for programme design & implementation of endemic disease among users of evidence was poor (18.8%) in both states. There is a high level of awareness of the use of evidence to inform policy across the two states and some of the respondents have used some evidence in their work.Methods: Data was collected from 96 purposively selected respondents who are either researchers/ academia (producers of evidence) and policy/decision-makers, programme/project managers (users of evidence) in Enugu and Anambra states, southeast Nigeria. A pre-tested questionnaire was the data collection tool. Analysis was by univariate and bivariate analyses.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Characterization of Raw and Alkali Treated Cellulosic Filler Isolated from Putranjiva roxburghii W. Seed Shell Roadside Vegetative Residues. A natural cellulosic filler extracted from the seed shells of the Putranjiva roxburghii W. has been investigated for its suitability in reinforcement of fiber reinforced polymers. The physicochemical, morphological, structural, and thermal properties of untreated and alkali-treated Putranjiva roxburghii seed shell filler (PRSSF) particles are investigated for the first time. The particle size and morphology of PRSSF particles have been analyzed using laser particle size analyzer and field emission scanning electron microscopy. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy was used to validate the elements present on the untreated and treated PRSSF particles. The structural features were investigated using X-ray Diffraction, nuclear magnetic resonance, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis, which revealed the reduction of the amorphous contents and noncellulosic components. Thermogravimetric analysis was employed to determine the thermal stability of both untreated and treated PRSSF particles. The results indicated that alkali-treated PRSSF particles have higher thermal degradability and stability than untreated PRSSF particles.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "MACHIAVELLIAN INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY. In his controversial essay, \\\\'Faith-Based Intellectual Property,\\\\' Mark Lemley argues that moral theories of intellectual property are wrong because they are based on faith, rather than evidence. This article suggests that Lemley's argument is controversial at least in part because it explicitly acknowledges that consequentialist and deontological theories of intellectual property rely on incompatible normative premises: consequentialist theories hold that intellectual property is justified only if it increases social welfare; deontological theories hold that intellectual property is justified even if it decreases social welfare. According to Berlin, the genius of Machiavelli was to recognize that when two moral theories have incompatible normative premises, societies may be forced to choose between the theories. But Berlin observed that it is possible to adopt different moral theories in different contexts. This article suggests that we can reconcile consequentialist and deontological theories of intellectual property by adopting a consequentialist public theory and deontological private theories.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Prior chronic nicotine impairs cued fear extinction but enhances contextual fear conditioning in rats. Clinical observations have shown a link for the high comorbid rate between smoking and psychiatric disorders, including anxiety disorders. However, little is known about the neural mechanism underlying the progression from nicotine dependence to an anxiety disorder. A deficit in fear extinction in general is considered to contribute to anxiety disorders. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of chronic nicotine on fear extinction in rats. Rats were administrated s.c. nicotine twice per day for 14 days. Two weeks after the last injection rats received a cued or contextual fear conditioning session. Twenty-four hours and 48 h after conditioning, rats received an extinction training session and an extinction test session, respectively. Percent freezing was assessed during all phases of training. In the cued task, prior chronic nicotine did not affect the acquisition of fear response or the within-session fear extinction, but impaired the between-session fear extinction. In the contextual task, the same nicotine treatment schedule did not affect the acquisition of fear response or the within- and between-session fear extinction, but enhanced the retention of fear conditioning. This prior chronic nicotine-induced deficit in cued fear extinction and/or enhanced fear to context may be one of the critical components that contribute to the progression from nicotine dependence to an anxiety disorder. (C) 2008 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of IBRO.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "The Wang Lixiong prophecy: 'Palestinization' in Xinjiang and the consequences of Chinese state securitization of religion. In Your Western Regions, My Turkestan (2007), Chinese dissident Wang Lixiong warned of the Palestinization' of the Xinjiang question, defined as reaching 'a critical point in time' where Uyghurs and Han Chinese enter an interminable ethnic war'. Following the knife attack on Han civilians in Kunming (2014), seen by many as an act of Uyghur terror, Wang reminded us that he had foreseen this trajectory seven years earlier. This article outlines Wang's six interpretations of 'Palestinization' in the Xinjiang context, then shows how tightened regulations on religion and intrusive religious policing was the main catalyst for local retaliatory violence in 2012-2015. I contend that state securitization of religion was counterproductive, heightening societal insecurity and promoting inter-ethnic conflict between Uyghur and Han communities. In Chen Quanguo's era of 'de-extremification', the state's purported attempt to 'purify' Islamic practice continues to be experienced on the ground as violation of pure, halal space.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Morphophysiological diversity and its association with herbicide resistance in Echinochloa ecotypes. The genus Echinochloa constitutes some of the most prominent weed species found in rice (Oryza sativa L.) production worldwide. The taxonomy of Echinochloa is complex due to its morphological variations. The morphophysiological diversity and taxonomic characteristics of Echinochloa ecotypes infesting rice fields in Texas are unknown. A total of 54 Echinochloa ecotypes collected during late-season field surveys in 2015 and 2016 were characterized in a common garden in 2017. Plants were characterized for 14 morphophysiological traits, including stem angle; stem color; plant height; leaf color; leaf texture; flag leaf length, width, and angle; days to flowering; panicle length; plant biomass; seed shattering; seed yield; and seed dormancy. Principal component analysis indicated that 4 (plant height, flag leaf length, seed shattering, and seed germination) of the 14 phenological traits characterized here had significantly contributed to the overall morphological diversity of Echinochloa spp. Results showed wide interpopulation diversity for the measured traits among the E. colona ecotypes, as well as diverse intrapopulation variability in all three Echinochloa species studied, including barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv.], junglerice [Echinochloa colona (L.) Link], and rough barnyardgrass [Echinochloa muricata (P. Beauv.) Fernald]. Taxonomical classification revealed that the collection consisted of three Echinochloa species, with E. colona being the most dominant (96%), followed by E. crus-galli (2%), and E. muricata (2%). Correlation analysis of morphophysiological traits and resistance status to commonly used preemergence (clomazone, quinclorac) and postemergence herbicides (propanil, quinclorac, imazethapyr, and fenoxaprop-ethyl) failed to show any significant association. Findings from this study provided novel insights into the morphophysiological characteristics of Echinochloa ecotypes in rice production in Texas. The morphological diversity currently present in Echinochloa ecotypes could contribute to their adaptation to selection pressure imposed by different management tools, emphasizing the need for a diversified management approach to effectively control this weed species.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "An Industrial Automation Course: Common Infrastructure for Physical, Virtual and Remote Laboratories for PLC Programming. This work describes the development of a teaching strategy to leverage current simulation tools and promote learning of industrial automation systems. Specifically, Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) programming in an industrial automation course. We propose an infrastructure where it is possible to work with physical, virtual and mixed laboratories.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Stochastic modelling and analysis of filtered-x least-mean-square adaptation algorithm. This study represents a stochastic model for the adaptation process performed on adaptive control systems by the filtered-x least-mean-square (FxLMS) algorithm. The main distinction of this model is that it is derived without using conventional simplifying assumptions regarding the physical plant to be controlled. This model is then used to derive a set of closed-form mathematical expressions for formulating steady-state performance, stability condition and learning rate of the FxLMS adaptation process. These expressions are the most general expressions, which have been proposed so far. It is shown that some previously derived expressions can be obtained from the proposed expressions as special and simplified cases. In addition to computer simulations, different experiments with a real-time control setup confirm the validity of the theoretical findings.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "(Un)punslatable Alice in Signland: Wordplays in Brazilian Sign Language (Lingua Brasileira de Sinais-LIBRAS). This article deals with wordplays in Brazilian Sign Language (Lingua Brasileira de Sinais-LIBRAS) in a literary context. Some wordplays from Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland were selected in order to discuss the specificity of translating puns into a sign language. Although some scholars have asserted that puns are untranslatable, that view can be challenged when considering the case of sign languages, particularly the Brazilian Sign Language. This article shows that the translatability of Carroll's literary puns into LIBRAS should take into account two variables: the bilingualism of the Deaf people, and the Brazilian Deaf Culture.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Board Turnover, Director Characteristics and Audit Fees. Two competing theories correlate board characteristics and audit fees. The Audit-Risk Perspective suggests that there is a negative relationship between the quality of corporate governance and audit fees while, contrarily, the Demand-Based Perspective posits a positive relationship between these two variables. In this paper, I reexamine the relationship between corporate board characteristics and audit fees by analyzing whether auditors adjust their fees in response to board turnover. If the departure of an effective director reduces the quality of corporate governance, a change in the audit fees should be observed. I show that when the variables are individually included in the regressions, audit fees significantly go down only when an independent director or a female director leaves. The departure of other board members has no impact on audit fees. When both of these variables (independence and gender) are included in the model, a significant decrease in audit fees is observed only when an independent director leaves. On the basis of my analysis, I conclude that the Demand-Based Perspective is correct and that director independence is the most significant variable for explaining the changes in audit fees following a change in corporate board membership.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "The Illuminated Bestiaries in the English Franciscan Culture. The author investigates the role of illuminated bestiaries in the English Franciscan culture, the use of these manuscripts in the Franciscan milieu in England of the 13th century and proposes an analysis of two manuscripts of this period which could be related with Franciscan commissions and which show an importance given by Franciscans to the moral teaching of the medieval bestiaries.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Coping with extreme speech conditions in simultaneous interpreting. This study addresses the strategies used by simultaneous interpreters when confronted with syntactically complex sentences and with a high speed of delivery. The material consists of recordings of fifteen professional interpreters rendering two passages (one with a complex sentence structure, the other with a high speed of delivery) from French into Dutch. Most, but not all, interpreters managed to produce an acceptable translation. In the case of the complex passage, most interpreters opted for a segmentation strategy, while a few applied a tailing strategy. In the case of the high delivery speed, most opted for a tailing strategy, but a few applied segmentation.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Statistical similarities between transcriptomics and quantitative shotgun proteomics data. If the large collection of microarray-specific statistical tools was applicable to the analysis of quantitative shotgun proteomics datasets, it would certainly foster an important advancement of proteomics research. Here we analyze two large multidimensional protein identification technology datasets, one containing eight replicates of the soluble fraction of a yeast whole-cell lysate and one containing nine replicates of a human immunoprecipitate, to test whether normalized spectral abundance factor (NSAF) values share substantially similar statistical properties with transcript abundance values from Affymetrix GeneChip data. First we show similar dynamic range and distribution properties of these two types of numeric values. Next we show that the standard deviation (S.D.) of a protein's NSAF values was dependent on the average NSAF value of the protein itself, following a power law. This relationship can be modeled by a power law global error model (PLGEM), initially developed to describe the variance-versus-mean dependence that exists in GeneChip data. PLGEM parameters obtained from NSAF datasets proved to be surprisingly similar to the typical parameters observed in GeneChip datasets. The most important common feature identified by this approach was that, although in absolute terms the S.D. of replicated abundance values increases as a function of increasing average abundance, the coefficient of variation, a relative measure of variability, becomes progressively smaller under the same conditions. We next show that PLGEM parameters were reasonably stable to decreasing numbers of replicates. We finally illustrate one possible application of PLGEM in the identification of differentially abundant proteins that might potentially outperform standard statistical tests. In summary, we believe that this body of work lays the foundation for the application of microarray-specific tools in the analysis of NSAF datasets.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Legionella septentrionalis sp. nov., isolated from aquatic environments in the northern PR China. Four strains (km711(T), km714, km542 and km524), representing a novel Legionella species, were isolated from aquatic environments in northern PR China. Cells were Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, microaerobic, motile and growth depended on l-cysteine. They grew at 25.42 degrees C (optimum, 35.37 degrees C) and could tolerate up to 1.5% (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0.5%). The major fatty acids (>5 %) of the type strain km711(T) were C-17:0 anteiso, C-15:0 anteiso, iso-C-16:0 and C-16:1 omega 7c and/or iso-C-15:0 2OH. The pairwise comparison values were <96.1% for 16S rRNA gene sequences, 23.3.28.7 % interspecies variation for mip gene sequences, <93.6% average nucleotide identity and <72.8 % average amino acid identity between these four strains and related type strains within the genus Legionella. The phylogenetic tree based on the four concatenated genes (16S rRNA, mip, rpoB and rnpB) and protein-concatamer tree based on concatenation of 21 protein markers both revealed that these four strains formed a separate phylogenetic branch cluster within the genus Legionella. The results of phenotypic and genotypic features suggest that these four strains represent a novel species of the genus Legionella, for which the name Legionella septentrionalis sp. nov. is proposed (type strain km711(T)=KCTC 15655(T)=NBRC 113219(T)).", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "A robust interpolation procedure for producing tidal current ellipse inputs for regional and coastal ocean numerical models. Regional and/or coastal ocean models can use tidal current harmonic forcing, together with tidal harmonic forcing along open boundaries in order to successfully simulate tides and tidal currents. These inputs can be freely generated using online open-access data, but the data produced are not always at the resolution required for regional or coastal models. Subsequent interpolation procedures can produce tidal current forcing data errors for parts of the world's coastal ocean where tidal ellipse inclinations and phases move across the invisible mathematical \\\\' boundaries\\\\' between 359 degrees and 0 degrees degrees (or 179 degrees and 0 degrees). In nature, such \\\\' boundaries\\\\' are in fact smooth transitions, but if these mathematical \\\\' boundaries\\\\' are not treated correctly during interpolation, they can produce inaccurate input data and hamper the accurate simulation of tidal currents in regional and coastal ocean models. These avoidable errors arise due to procedural shortcomings involving vector embodiment problems (i. e., how a vector is represented mathematically, for example as velocities or as coordinates). Automated solutions for producing correct tidal ellipse parameter input data are possible if a series of steps are followed correctly, including the use of Cartesian coordinates during interpolation. This note comprises the first published description of scenarios where tidal ellipse parameter interpolation errors can arise, and of a procedure to successfully avoid these errors when generating tidal inputs for regional and/ or coastal ocean numerical models. We explain how a straightforward sequence of data production, format conversion, interpolation, and format reconversion steps may be used to check for the potential occurrence and avoidance of tidal ellipse interpolation and phase errors. This sequence is demonstrated via a case study of the M-2 tidal constituent in the seas around Korea but is designed to be universally applicable. We also recommend employing tidal ellipse parameter calculation methods that avoid the use of Foreman's (1978) \\\\' northern semi-major axis convention\\\\' since, as revealed in our analysis, this commonly used conversion can result in inclination interpolation errors even when Cartesian coordinate-based \\\\' vector embodiment\\\\' solutions are employed.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "LASER-MIG HYBRID WELDING OF ALUMINIUM TO STEEL - EFFECT OF PROCESS PARAMETERS ON JOINT PROPERTIES. Laser MIG hybrid welding was recently suggested as a feasible process for joining of aluminium to steel for both structural as well as tailored blank applications. To promote an understanding of the process and the effect of process parameters on joint properties, laser MIG hybrid welding experiments were performed to join aluminium alloy AA6016 to DC05 zinc-coated steel sheets, in the thickness range of 1 mm, in a butt joint configuration. Among the process parameters varied were laser power, MIG arc power, wire feed rate, welding speed and arc position relative to the abutting edges. By metallographic cross-sections and tensile tests, the effect of these process parameters on joint properties such as wetting length, intermetallic phase layer thickness and tensile strength could be elucidated. Based on these results, a process parameter envelope resulting in adequate and reproducible joint properties (sound weld bead, sufficient and regular wetting, thin intermetallic phase layer, tensile strength exceeding 180 MPa) was established. Within this parameter envelope, corrosion behaviour was rated not critical, and forming behaviour showed promising results.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "From rehabilitation to penal communication: The role of furlough and visitation within a retributivist framework. Retributivism is one of the most prevalent theories in contemporary penal theory. However, despite its popularity it is frequently argued that too little attention has been paid to the implications of retributivism for prison management and prison life, including prison visits and furlough. More so, it has been questioned both whether the various forms of retributivism found in the philosophical literature on criminal punishment have anything to say about what prison life ought to be like and whether they are able to criticize deeply contested rules and practices, such as those that deny inmates contact with family-members for the sake of prison discipline. In this paper, we argue that prison visits and furlough have a crucial role in a prison system based on retributivist principles. In particular, we argue that the communicative theory of punishment has important theoretical resources for proving a strong and compelling rationale for both furlough and visitation on retributivist grounds. Besides exploring this rationale, we also discuss the practical implications of this view for the penal policy.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Pathologic and immunophenotypic characterization of 26 camelid malignant round cell tumors. Lymphoma and/or leukemia was diagnosed in 26 camelids (20 alpacas and 6 llamas) out of 110 camelid neoplasia archived January 1995 through January 2012 at the Colorado State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratories (CSU-VDL). Some of the tumors presented a diagnostic challenge because they could not be distinguished on the basis of gross or microscopic morphology. Immunohistochemistry using a T-cell marker (cluster of differentiation [CD]3), a B-cell marker (paired box protein [PAX]-5), a leukocyte integrin beta-2 marker (CD18), and a neuroendocrine marker (synaptophysin) was employed to help differentiate between lymphoma and other malignant round cell tumors. Alpaca lymphomas presented as either juvenile disseminated lymphoma in crias acurrency sign2 years of age (n = 8) or adult multicentric lymphoma and/or leukemia (n = 12). Lymphomas in alpacas were of T-cell origin (n = 13), non-B-cell, non-T-cell origin (n = 4), B-cell origin (n = 2), or myelogenous leukemia (n = 1). Abdominal organs, predominantly the liver, were commonly involved in both the crias and adult alpacas. Lymphomas in llamas presented as either adult multicentric lymphoma of B-cell origin in animals younger than 7 years of age (n = 2), or T-cell lymphoma (n = 2), and non-B-cell, non-T-cell lymphoma (n = 1) in animals 7 years of age or older. The thorax was commonly involved in llamas, with infiltration of neoplastic cells into hilar and mediastinal lymph nodes. A rare type of lymphoma diagnosed in the llamas was cutaneous, epitheliotrophic T-cell lymphoma (n = 1).", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "FROM THE 'NATIONAL' TO THE POLITICAL CONSCIOUSNESS IN ATHENS OF THE 6TH CENTURY BCE, AND THE EMERGENCE OF DEMOCRACY. This paper addresses the construction of a \\\\'national\\\\' identity of the Athenian inhabitants during the tyrannical governance of Peisistratos and his sons (561/0-511/0 BCE') mainly through a series of religious practices, such as the transfer of cults from the rural areas to the city (asty) of Athens, the reorganization of the Panathenaia, the establishment of the City Dionysia, etc. The present paper investigates how this developed \\\\'national\\\\' consciousness in the late 6th century, in the sense of the citizens' nationalization within the borders of the Athenian city-state, could enable the political unification of Attica and the emergence of Democracy, taking into account the constitutional reforms of Kleisthenes the Alcmeonid, after the expulsion of the Peisistratidai. This paper focuses on the interpretation of the concept of political equality and the formation of a political identity of the Athenians in the late 6th century onwards, two notions which are treated here as very closely integrated. It was that political consciousness, following the constitutional changes of Kleisthenes, which led the Athenians to their first great military victories in the early 5th century over the Persians. These victories, which indisputably confirmed the strength of the constitution, will be brought, in short, into discussion in order to clarify the transition of Athens from the narrow borders of an archaic city-state to the rise of its naval empire in the \\\\'golden\\\\' 5th century via the newly established Democracy.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "STRUCTURE AND USE OF DISTANCE CALLS IN WILD BONOBOS (PAN-PANISCUS). We report the physical structure and use of a distance call (high-hoot) by wild bonobos (Pan paniscus).  Although spectrographic analyses reveal high structural variability, the total sample can be subdivided according to the composition of units - the presence or absence of an initial segment - and the range of the lowest harmonic.  Analyses of samples from male-female pairs, vocalizing simultaneously and in close proximity, reveal that both animals utter calls in more or less precise temporal alternation but with different spectral ranges.  Whether these differences are gender-specific or related to other factors, such as age or the social relations between particular individuals, is not clear.  We suggest that (a) individuals of the same party may coordinate their vocal activity on both the temporal and the spectral level and (b) high hootings stimulate emission of equal vocalizations by members of other parties and may increase cohesion among community members.  Comparison of a restricted number of spectrograms from known individuals indicates that bonobos may be able to adjust spectral parameters of one type of distance calls (high-hoot) according to corresponding calls of conspecifics.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Shear-induced conformational changes and gelation of soy protein isolate suspensions. Effects of high shearing (5 x 10(4) s(-1)) on the conformational change and shear-induced gelation of soy protein isolate suspension and the physico-chemical properties of the resultant gels were studied. The turbidity, viscosity and hydrophobicity were parameters used to monitor the conformational changes of soy protein isolate. The penetration strength and matrix structure were used to characterize the gel properties. The results showed that the turbidity, viscosity and hydrophobicity of 20 g/L soy protein isolate suspension or its supernatant increased with increasing shear time. Gel formed as 170 g/L soy protein isolate suspension was sheared at 50 degrees C and then cooled, or formed directly when it was sheared at 60 degrees C without cooling. The penetration strength of sheared suspension increased with increasing shear rime. Scanning electron micrographs showed that a fibrous structure developed gradually from globular aggregates of soy protein isolate induced by shearing and elevated temperatures. (C) 1998 Academic Press Limited.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "On graphs in which neighborhoods of vertices are isomorphic to the Higman-Sims graph. The Higman-Sims graph is the unique strongly regular graph with parameters (100, 22, 0, 6). In this paper, amply regular graphs in which neighborhoods of vertices are isomorphic to the Higman-Sims graph are classified. This result continues the investigation of amply regular locally F-graphs, where F is the class of strongly regular graphs without triangles.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Scalable and practical pursuit-evasion with networked robots. In this paper, we consider the design and implementation of practical pursuit-evasion games with networked robots, where a communication network provides sensing-at-a-distance as well as a communication backbone that enables tighter coordination between pursuers. We first develop, using the theory of zero-sum games, an algorithm that computes the minimal completion time strategy for pursuit-evasion when pursuers and evaders have same speed, and when all players make optimal decisions based on complete knowledge. Then, we extend this algorithm to when evader are significantly faster than pursuers. Unfortunately, these algorithms do not scale beyond a small number of robots. To overcome this problem, we design and implement a partition algorithm where pursuers capture evaders by decomposing the game into multiple multi-pursuer single-evader games. We show that the partition algorithm terminates, has bounded capture time, is robust, and is scalable in the number of robots. We then describe the design of a real-world mobile robot-based pursuit evasion game. We validate our algorithms by experiments in a moderate-scale testbed in a challenging office environment. Overall, our work illustrates an innovative interplay between robotics and communication.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Energy and electromagnetism of a differential k-form. Let X be a smooth manifold of dimension 1 + n endowed with a Lorentzian metric g. The energy tensor of a 2-form F is locally defined as T-ab := - (F-a(i) F-b(i) - 1/4 F-ij F-ij g(ab)). In this paper we characterize this tensor as the only 2-covariant natural tensor associated to a Lorentzian metric and a 2-form that is independent of the unit of scale and satisfies certain condition on its divergence. This characterization is motivated on physical grounds, and can be used to justify the Einstein Maxwell field equations. More generally, we characterize in a similar manner the energy tensor associated to a differential form of arbitrary order k. Finally, we develop a generalized theory of electromagnetism where charged particles are not punctual, but of an arbitrary fixed dimension p. In this theory, the electromagnetic field F is a differential form of order 2 + p and its electromagnetic energy tensor is precisely the energy tensor associated to F. (C) 2012 American Institute of Physics. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4754817]", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes responsible for penicillin resistance and the potential role of new conjugate vaccines in New Caledonia. Invasive pneumococcal disease is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The aim of this study was to establish the serotypes responsible for pneumococcal disease and the serotypes responsible for penicillin resistance in Noumea, New Caledonia. Isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae from all body sites referred to the Microbiology Department of the Pasteur Institute in New Caledonia between May 1999 and May 2001 had serotyping and susceptibility testing performed. Basic demographic data on patients were also collected. A total of 298 isolates were included in the study. The most common serotypes were types 1 (20%), 23F (10%), 12F (8%), 19F (8%), and 6B (5%). The serotype distribution differed significantly with age, site of collection, and ethnicity. Overall, 280 of 298 (94%) of the isolates had serogroups that are included in the 23-valent vaccine. However, only 14 of 20 (70%) of the isolates associated with invasive disease from children younger than 5 years of age and 26 of 113 (23%) of invasive isolates from patients more than 5 years of age were included in the new 7-valent conjugate vaccine. Overall, reduced susceptibility to penicillin was found in 43 of 298 (14.4%) of the isolates, with 13% failing into the intermediate resistance category and only 5 (2%) being high-level resistant. A higher prevalence of penicillin resistance occurred in younger age groups and in European patients and involved specifically certain serotypes. The 7-vallent conjugate pneumococcal vaccine has potential benefit for the New Caledonian population under 5 years of age and should be considered for future vaccines schedules.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Online Self-tuning BI-Objective Particles Swarm Optimized Controllers for FC/UC Hybrid Electric Vehicle. A particle swarm optimization (PSO) for PI regulator parameters Is proposed to Improve dynamic performances and control strategies for fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle FCHEV. The chosen structure is the combination of a primary energy system (Fuel Cell) with an auxiliary storage device (Ultra Capacitor). A bi-objective PSO (Bi-PSO) based PI controllers is investigated. Twice online and offline PSO based PI regulators based on integral absolute error IAE are evaluated under mutable conditions. Matlab Simulink is used to compare the both suggested optimization methods. The results show that PI regulators with online self-tuning by Bi-PSO algorithm based on IAE index achieves the best response in terms of hydrogen consumption and traction system stability.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Systemic differences in the priestly corpus: A response to Jonathan Klawans. P (Lev 1-16) and H (Lev 17-27) differ sharply in their organization. P's terminology is inflexibe and fixed into systems of rituals. H's terminology - many terms the sa me as P - is flexible and nonritualistie (but not \\\\'moral\\\\' - Klawans). Therefore H's terminology cannot be organized into systems.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "A novel treatment for dynamic laryngeal collapse associated with poll flexion: The modified checkrein. Conclusions and potential relevance: The modified checkrein successfully limited poll flexion and also prevented upper airway obstruction in NCT horses affected with DLC associated with poll flexion. The modified checkrein seems promising in offering a method of conservative management in harness racehorses affected with this disorder.Reasons for performing the study: Dynamic laryngeal collapse (DLC) associated with poll flexion is a performance limiting dynamic upper airway disorder commonly diagnosed in Coldblooded trotters. An inspiratory obstruction occurs when affected horses are driven with tension on the reins, inducing poll flexion. To date, surgical treatment and conservative management have failed to improve racing performance in affected horses.Objectives: To test the efficacy of an external device, the modified checkrein, in limiting poll flexion, diminishing laryngeal collapse and improving airway mechanics when horses are driven on a treadmill with tension on the reins and test the hypothesis that the modified checkrein will limit poll flexion thereby improving endoscopic appearance of the larynx and reduce airway obstruction in harness racehorses affected with DLC.Methods: Fourteen Norwegian Coldblooded trotter (NCT) racehorses previously diagnosed with DLC associated with poll flexion exercised on a high- speed treadmill at speeds that resulted in heart rate > 200 beats/min. Upper airway videoendoscopy recordings, tracheal pressures and video recordings of the head and neck position were collected while horses exercised with the conventional checkrein on Day 1 and the modified checkrein on Day 2.Results: The modified checkrein successfully limited poll flexion as measured by no change in head position parameters between phases of no rein tension and phases of rein tension. Endoscopic scores were significantly improved (arytenoids cartilage collapse P< 0.0001; vocal fold collapse P< 0.0001) and tracheal peak inspiratory pressures were significantly less negative (P = 0.0162) when horses were fitted with the modified checkrein compared to the conventional checkrein.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Effects of boundary conditions on thermal response of a cellulose acetate layer using hottel's zonal method. Energy can transfer internally by radiation in addition to conduction in translucent polymers. Since radiant propagation is very rapid, it can provide energy within the layer more quickly than diffusion by heat conduction. Thus, the transient thermal response of a layer for combined radiative and conduction may be extremely different from that of conduction alone. In this paper, the behavior of a heat conducting, absorbing, and emitting layer of Cellulose Acetate layer is investigated during the transient interval when both conductive and radiative heat transfer are considered. Specifically, the effects of boundary conditions on the response of the layer are considered here. These boundary conditions include both conductive boundary conditions, such as convection coefficient and convective fluid temperature, and radiation boundary conditions, like radiation surrounding temperature and specular reflectivity. To this end, the governing differential equations including the equation of radiative heat transfer within the material coupled to the transient energy equation with radiative terms are presented. The solution procedure is based on nodal analysis and Hottel's zonal method extended by the ray tracing method. The transient energy equation including the radiative internal energy source is solved using a time marching finite difference procedure with variable space and time increments.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Control of silica polymerisation during ferromanganese slag sulphuric acid digestion and water leaching. A major obstacle to the hydrometallurgical treatment of ferromanganese slags is the way in which silica polymerisation is controlled during sulphuric acid digestion and water leaching. In an acidic medium, silica enters in solution and forms silicic acid, which polymerises into silica gel and makes solid-liquid separation difficult.Manganese extraction of up to 90% is obtained and the leach residue presents good latent hydraulic properties, which can be used as an addition to Portland cement or a gypsum replacement. More than 95% of the initial silica content of the slag is rejected in the leach residue, and a residue silica content of more than 27% is obtained. Thus, silica solubilisation and polymerisation are controlled and solid-liquid separation is accelerated. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.This article will show that the quick leach model, also called the water-starved system, limits silica solubilisation and its subsequent polymerisation during manganese extraction from ferromanganese slags by rejecting most of the ferromanganese slag silica content in the leach residue. It will further illustrate that the silica content in the residue is dependent on the acid concentration used during add digestion. It will also show that dissolved silica in the pregnant leach solution is high when an unrestricted quantity of water is used and low when the water quantity is restricted during water leaching. Furthermore, a method for silica gel recovery from ferromanganese slag will be presented, as well as the silica gel analysis, in order to confirm the theory presented in this article.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC DISPARITIES IN THE TOBACCO RETAIL ENVIRONMENT IN WASHINGTON, DC: A SPATIAL PERSPECTIVE. Objective: Studies assessing sociodemo-graphic disparities in the tobacco retail environment have relied heavily on non-spatial analytical techniques, resulting in potentially misleading conclusions. We utilized a spatial analytical framework to evaluate neighborhood sociodemographic disparities in the tobacco retail environment in Washington, DC (DC) and the DC metropolitan statistical area (DC MSA).Methods: Retail tobacco availability for DC (n=177) and DC MSA (n=1,428) census tract was assessed using adaptive-bandwidth kernel density estimation. Density surfaces were constructed from DC (n=743) and DC MSA (n=4,539) geoaxled tobacco retailers. Sociodemographics were obtained from the 2011-2015 American Community Survey. Spearman's correlations between sociodemographics and retail density were computed to account for spatial autocorrelation. Bivariate and multivariate spatial lag models were fit to predict retail density.Conclusions: Associations between neighborhood sociodemographics and retail density were significant, although findings regarding African Americans are inconsistent with previous findings. Future studies should analyze other geographic areas, and account for spatial autocorrelation within their analytic framework.Results: DC and DC MSA neighborhoods with a higher percentage of Hispanics were positively correlated with retail density (rho = .3392, P = .0001 and rho = .1191, P = .0000, respectively). DC neighborhoods with a higher percentage of African Americans were negatively correlated with retail density (rho = -.3774, P = .0000). This pattern was not significant in DC MSA neighborhoods. Bivariate and multivariate spatial lag models found a significant inverse relationship between the percentage of African Americans and retail density (Beta =.0133, P = .0181 and Beta = -.0165, P = .0307, respectively).", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "New Data and New Directions in Interbranch Lobbying: Congressional Mail Summaries of the George HW Bush White House. This article analyzes a unique new set of data (compiled originally by the Bush White House) using mail written to President Bush from members of Congress during the 101st and 102nd Congresses to explore interbranch lobbying. We argue that these data illuminate the relationship between the president and Congress in a new and informative way. We use this data to inform our view of the shared power arrangements (identified as \\\\'tandem institutions\\\\') by developing a series of expectations to explore the joint roles of this interaction. Conforming to expectations, we find that requests for presidential action (especially on foreign policy) and the conveyance of congressional opinion (especially on domestic policy) are the top two categories that characterize this relationship. We also find committee chairs or party leaders, who serve as conduits for opinion of their representatives to the president, are also more likely to write the president than rank-and-file members. Further, those members who are ideologically furthest away from the president tend to write to convey information and urge specific action more frequently than those closer to the president.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "95 years of teaching high school sociology. A neglected part of the history of teaching sociology is the history of teaching high school sociology. The American Sociological Association's centennial in 2005 affords sociologists an opportunity to reflect on the teaching of sociology-anywhere and everywhere that it happens. In the spirit of contributing to the history of teaching sociology in the United States, this paper outlines the roughly 95-year history of the teaching of high school sociology. I rely upon published course descriptions written by high school sociology teachers and empirical studies conducted by academic sociologists. They demonstrate that past high school sociology courses have focused primarily on examining social problems and current events, and on promoting citizenship education. This remains the case today. I offer several reasons why the courses have looked as they have over the past 95 years, and conclude with four predictions about the future of teaching high school sociology.", "label": [5, 48, 51]}
+{"token": "Language strategies used by tourism degree students for learning German as a third language. This study examines the perceptions of Tourism major students of strategies for learning German as their L3. Using questionnaires adopted from the Oxford (1990) Strategy Inventory of Language Learning (SILL), this research aims to answer the following questions: (1) What are the most and the least frequently used language learning strategies (LLSs) among learners of German as a third language? (2) Is it possible to identify differences between the strategies employed if the language is studied for a specific purpose (LSP) in the Tourism Degree Programme? If so, (3) which strategy is best adapted to this specific group? The results of this study show that (1) according to the analysis of the data from the SILL questionnaire, the students were medium user of strategies in learning German as their L3, and that metacognitive strategies (mean = 3.55) were the most frequently used, while affective strategies (mean = 3.06) were the least frequently used. (2) The best LLS to choose will depend on the students' needs, and German in the Tourism Bachelor focuses on communicative competence and interaction to facilitate more flexible, and above all more experimental, learner behaviour. (3) Social strategies are the ones that have been identified as the best for this specific group, because these LLSs help to improve students' oral communication skills.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "A Review of Viruses Infecting Yam (Dioscorea spp.). Yam is an important food staple for millions of people globally, particularly those in the developing countries of West Africa and the Pacific Islands. To sustain the growing population, yam production must be increased amidst the many biotic and abiotic stresses. Plant viruses are among the most detrimental of plant pathogens and have caused great losses of crop yield and quality, including those of yam. Knowledge and understanding of virus biology and ecology are important for the development of diagnostic tools and disease management strategies to combat the spread of yam-infecting viruses. This review aims to highlight current knowledge on key yam-infecting viruses by examining their characteristics, genetic diversity, disease symptoms, diagnostics, and elimination to provide a synopsis for consideration in developing diagnostic strategy and disease management for yam.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "A phylogenetic framework for reassessing generic concepts and species delimitation in the lichenized family Trypetheliaceae (Ascomycota: Dothideomycetes). We provide an expanded and updated, 2-locus phylogeny (mtSSU, nuLSU) of the lichenized fungal family Trypetheliaceae, with a total of 196 ingroup OTUs, in order to further refine generic delimitations and species concepts in this family. As a result, the following 15 clades are recognized as separate genera, including five newly established genera: Aptrootia, Architrypethelium, Astrothelium (including the bulk of corticate species with astrothelioid ascospores; synonyms: Campylothelium, Cryptothelium, Laurera), Bathelium s. str. (excluding B. degenerans and relatives which fall into Astrothelium), the reinstated Bogoriella (for tropical, lichenized species previously placed in Mycomicrothelia), Constrictolumina gen. nov. (for tropical, lichenized species of Arthopyrenia), Dictyomeridium gen. nov. (for a subgroup of species with muriform ascospores previously placed in Polymeridium), Julella (provisionally, as the type species remains unsequenced), Marcelaria (Laurera purpurina complex), Nigrovothelium gen. nov. (for the Trypethelium tropicum group), Novomicrothelia gen. nov. (for an additional species previously placed in Mycomicrothelia), Polymeridium s. str., Pseudopyrenula, Trypethelium s. str. (T. eluteriae group), and Viridothelium gen. nov. (for the Trypethelium virens group). All recognized genera are phenotypically characterized and a discussion on the evolution of phenotypic features in the family is given. Based on the obtained phylogeny, species delimitations are revised and the importance of characters such as thallus morphology, hymenial inspersion, and secondary chemistry for taxonomic purposes is discussed, resulting in a refined species concept.", "label": [4, 0, 39, 9]}
+{"token": "Convergence and predictive validity in measures of optimism and pessimism sequential studies. Optimism and pessimism are personality variables that have repeatedly been shown to affect health, job performance, and social relationships. Various instruments purport to measure these dispositions that differ substantially in their theoretical and measurement models. While research has examined relations between subsets of these measures, their unique predictive ability has been neglected. Three sequential studies evaluated the interrelation and predictive ability of the three most utilized instruments, the Life Orientation Test (LOT), the O/P Instrument (OPI) and variants of the Attributional Style Questionnaire (ASQ). Consistent with expectations, measures sharing a future-expectancy component (LOT and OPI) were moderately related and most predictive of health, depression, and coping. ASQ measures were modestly related to the LOT and OPI and offered less consistent predictions.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Changes in phosphorus biogeochemistry along an estuarine salinity gradient: The iron conveyer belt. We used sequential extractions to quantify different forms of particulate phosphorus (PP) in sediments along the salinity gradient of the Patuxent River estuary. About 50-90% of the PP was phosphate bound to iron oxides (Fe-P), and 8-30% was organic P (org-P). Loosely sorbed phosphate (sorb-P), detrital apatite, and authigenic plus biogenic apatite each made up <10% of the PP. Suspended sediments from the watershed and deposited sediments in tidal freshwater had the highest concentrations of Fe-P, ranging about 30-55 mu mol g(-1) sediment. As pore-water salinity increased to 7 along the estuarine gradient, Fe-P declined to 15-25 mu mol g(-1), org-P increased from 4 to 10 mu mol g(-1), sorb-P increased from 0.5 to 2.5 mu mol g(-1), and total sediment PP declined from 60 to 40 mu mol g(-1). Concentrations of pore-water solutes also changed with salinity. As salinity increased, dissolved Fe and ammonium decreased, while dissolved phosphate increased. Near the freshwater end of the gradient, the molar ratio of pore-water ammonium : phosphate was generally >16 (the Redfield ratio) and ranged up to >700, while at the saline end of the gradient the ratio was generally <16 and ranged down to <1.5. Our observations are consistent with the hypothesis that phosphate is released from terrigenous sediments when they are deposited in saline portions of the estuary where sulfide may enhance dissolution of Fe-P and form Fe sulfide precipitates. Such phosphate release may contribute to the generally observed switch from phosphorus limitation in freshwater to nitrogen limitation in coastal marine water.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "On removing showers from the IAU Working List of Meteor Showers. The purpose of the IAU Working List of Meteor Showers is to keep the literature transparent by assigning a unique name, number and three-letter code to each newly reported meteor shower. Here, a report is given on newly adopted procedures for the removal of showers from the Working List. Entries that are shown to be duplicates or statistically insignificant detections in published papers can be moved to the List of Removed Showers, with the reason for removal described. In order to help identify duplicates, a link to a \\\\'look-up table\\\\' that describes the dispersion of a shower's solar longitude, radiant and speed, will be added to the shower entries.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "THE ROLE OF LITHOSPHERIC MANTLE IN CONTINENTAL FLOOD VOLCANISM - THERMAL AND GEOCHEMICAL CONSTRAINTS. Continental flood basalts (CFB) are commonly said to form by direct melting of metasomatized lithospheric mantle, either during major lithospheric extension or when a mantle plume impinges on the base of the lithosphere. We tested these ideas in a thermomechanical model that combines lithospheric dynamics and mantle convection. Dry melting was assumed, and the proportions of melt from different source regions were monitored. In all cases, >96% of melt was found to come from asthenosphere or plume, with minimal amounts from continental lithosphere. During passive lithosphere extension the total amount of melt is small, and the proportion from the lithosphere is <3%. During plume interaction and concurrent extension, magmas formed during the first half of a magmatic episode contain virtually no lithospheric melt, and during the second half the proportion reaches only approximately 2%. The proportion of lithosphere heated above its solidus is greater but never exceeds 3-4% of the total source. These results were used to test the concept that the distinctive chemical signature of CFB is a result of melting of lithospheric mantle. Our calculations show that if CFB are hybrid magmas and the proportion of lithospheric melt is less than 10-30%, the composition required for the lithospheric source is unrealistic (e.g., epsilon(Nd) < -40; Nb/U negative). Crustal contamination of asthenosphere-derived magmas can explain many of the characteristics of CFB if the primary magmas were produced by melting in plumes at sublithosphere depths (>100 km) and have high concentrations of both MgO (>20%) and incompatible trace elements (K2O approximately 1%). The very low Nb and Ta concentrations in certain CFB cannot, however, be explained by this process. Ratios of Nb to elements such as La or U are lower in many flood basalts and picrites than in all likely source materials: they are almost as low as in most rocks from the continental crust, and they are far lower than in peridotites from the lithospheric or asthenospheric mantle. Another process must therefore fractionate Nb and Ta. We suggest that this takes place during the passage of magma through the lithospheric mantle, perhaps because of differences in the reaction rates of minerals in metasomatized peridotite. The probability that CFB are hybrid magmas containing material from aesthenospheric and lithospheric mantle and in many cases from continental crust, as well as the possibility that some elemental ratios change during magma-lithosphere interaction, casts serious doubt on the reliability of such rocks as probes of the lithospheric mantle.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Non-thermal effects of microwave and ohmic processing on microbial and enzyme inactivation: a critical review. The use of microwave and ohmic heating in food processing has the advantage of a fast volumetric heating due to ionic and dielectric mechanisms, depending on field frequency. One topic that has been under debate is whether or not the electric field has a non-thermal effect that enhances the inactivation of microorganisms and enzymes. Numerous studies with controversial have been conducted using different approaches, experimental designs and methodologies. This review discusses important factors for accurately assessing non-thermal effects, such as distribution and control of electric field and temperature, measurement of time temperature history, sample homogeneity, fair comparison with conventional processed samples. Current theories for non-thermal inactivation of enzymes (structure and functionally changes) and micro-organisms (cell membrane changes) are also reviewed.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "The poset of closure systems on an infinite poset: detachability and semimodularity. Closure operators on a poset can be characterized by the corresponding closure systems. It is known that in a directed complete partial order (DCPO), in particular in any finite poset, the collection of all closure systems is closed under arbitrary intersection and has a \\\\'detachability\\\\' or \\\\'anti-matroid\\\\' property, which implies that the collection of all closure systems is a lower semimodular complete lattice (and dually, the closure operators form an upper semimodular complete lattice).After reviewing the history of the problem, we generalize these results to the case of an infinite poset where closure systems do not necessarily constitute a complete lattice; thus the notions of lower semimodularity and detachability are extended accordingly. We also give several examples showing that many properties of closure systems on a complete lattice do not extend to infinite posets.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Dual-functional gas hydrate inhibition of tetramethylammonium chloride for carbon dioxide-methane mixed gas systems. The present work deals with evaluating the dual-functional gas hydrate impact of tetramethylammonium chloride (TMACl) in the presence of different CO2-CH4 content mixed gas hydrate systems (30%CO2 + 70%CH4, 50%CO2 + 50%CH4, and 70%CO2 + 30%CH4). A custom-made high-pressure gas hydrate reactor was used to acquire the temperature-pressure loops for the studied systems in the absence/presence of different concentrations of aqueous TMACl solutions via T-Cycle and isochoric constant cooling method for both THI and KHI investigations, respectively. The electrolyte-based thermodynamic model was also applied to validate the obtained HLwVE results for all the studied systems. The obtained results revealed that TMACl acts dual-functional (thermodynamic and kinetic) hydrate inhibitor for high CO2 content gas systems. The increased concentration of TMACl induces more shifts in HLwVE data with maximum variation attained at10 wt% concentration up to 1.46 K for a high CO2 content methane system owing to the increased hydrogen bonding ability of TMACl. Moreover, TMACl delayed the hydrate formation up to 1.4 and 1.5 folds for 274.0 and 277.0 K conditions for high CO2 content mixed gas systems. Moreover, the applied electrolyte-based model could predict the HLwVE data of TMACl in the presence of a mixed gas system within the AAE value of 0.1 % for all the studied mixed gas systems. Furthermore, the KHI performance of TMACl was also compared with commercial inhibitor, i.e., polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), and obtained comparable results. Therefore, the acquired dual-functional results (THI = 1.46 K, KHI = 1.5-fold delay) signpost that TMACl can efficiently work as a potential dual-functional hydrate inhibitor for CO2 enriched mixed gas systems.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "The Spiritual Approach to Group Psychotherapy Treatment of Psychotraumatized Persons in Post-War Bosnia and Herzegovina. Psychological trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may have an intensive negative impact on a patient's spiritual beliefs or his/her belief in God; this effect may diminish the social and professional skills of many survivors. In the same time researches showed that religion plays a coping role among patients with medical and mental health illnesses. During the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina (1992-1995) the whole population, regardless of age, gender, nationality or profession, suffered severely. During the pre-war period in communistic Yugoslavia religious believes altered with atheistic public life styles. Additionally, war traumatization had a negative impact on spirituality and religious beliefs. In the series of case reports we intended to describe and assess the impact of a session of group psychotherapy, with spiritual topics and content, which was offered to patients who needed to reestablish religious beliefs. The patients who come to the Psychiatry Clinic because of trauma-induced mental health problems and who we are interested in strengthening their spirituality met each other in the group regardless of their religious or spiritual conviction. We described the conceptualization and development of such a group and present some self-reported views of clients who took part in these groups. The supportive and empathetic presence of such group in the community helps to prevent withdrawal and isolation, alienation and deviation of traumatized persons. The presence of such group facilitates the rehabilitation process of the victims, allowing them to understand that people are available to them in certain critical moments, to help, to offer protection or to console. Groups like this one, offer long term social and spiritual support to extremely severely traumatized victims.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Experiences in environmental education in conservation units: hikers on the trail of change. In modern capitalist society, the paradigm of separation between humans and nature has legitimated relations of domination and exploitation of natural resources and also human beings. Regarding this context and how the management of natural areas has been settled historically in the conservation of biodiversity, this paper discusses experiences of environmental education developed within the \\\\'natural environment\\\\'. Towards a dialogue with the critical theory, the model for the creation of protected areas (PAs) is brought up for discussion, based on a context of social and environmental injustice, drawing a parallel with the issue of environmental awareness in Freirean terms. Thus, theoretical premises that contribute to the educational activities in PAs from their \\\\'walkers\\\\' and in dialogue with the environmental management of such instituted public spaces.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Lipid biomarker patterns of methane-seep microbialites from the Mesozoic convergent margin of California. In order to reconstruct biogeochemical pathways at Mesozoic methane-seeps, a set of Late Jurassic (Tithonian) to Early Cretaceous (Aptian/Albian), C-13-depleted seep-limestones from forearc strata in western California were subjected to detailed molecular-isotopic biomarker analyses. Two of the microbial carbonate deposits are turbidite-hosted/fault-related, whereas one is hosted in serpentinite in a diapir-related setting. The limestones contain 1 3 C-depleted archaeal lipid biomarkers such as crocetane (delta C-13 similar to -80 parts per thousand) and PMI (similar to -100 parts per thousand), indicative of an involvement of anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) in carbonate precipitation. Isotopically depleted crocetane in the Tithonian sample represents the oldest reported occurrence of this compound at methane-seeps. In the set of samples, a series of strongly C-13-depleted, regular C-21 to C-24 isoprenoids possibly results from diagenetic alteration of archaeal sesterterpanylglycerol diethers as suggested by the presence of the putative intermediate 3,7,11,15,19-pentamethylicosanoic acid. C-13-depleted 17 alpha(H),21 beta(H) and 17 beta(H),21 alpha(H)-hopanes (C-30-C-34) with 22S- and 22R- isomer couplets (> C-31) are present in all samples in distributions indicative of a moderate thermal maturity. Low delta C-13 values (-78 parts per thousand to -60 parts per thousand) suggest that these are derived from anaerobic bacteria involved in AOM. Notably, 22S-isomers are consistently enriched in C-13 relative to their 22R-counterparts. Our samples represent 70 myr of seepage activity and AOM along the Mesozoic margin of western California, filling the gap between the currently oldest methane-seep biomarker record from the Oxfordian (Late Jurassic) and the more widely recognised Cenozoic examples. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Do Religious Struggles Mediate the Association between Day-to-Day Discrimination and Depressive Symptoms?. Although numerous studies have shown that discrimination contributes to poorer mental health, the precise mechanisms underlying this association are not well understood. In this paper, we consider the possibility that the association between day-to-day discrimination (being disrespected, insulted, and harassed) and depressive symptoms is partially mediated by religious struggles (religious doubts and negative religious coping). To test our mediation model, we use data collected from the 2011 Miami-Dade Health Survey (n = 444) to estimate a series of multiple regression models assessing associations among day-to-day discrimination, religious struggles, and depressive symptoms. We find that day-to-day discrimination is positively associated with religious struggles and depressive symptoms, net of adjustments for general religious involvement, age, gender, race, ethnicity, immigrant status, interview language, education, employment, household income, financial strain, and marital status. We also observe that religious struggles are positively associated with depressive symptoms. Our mediation analyses confirm that day-to-day discrimination can contribute to depressive symptoms by stirring religious struggles. Our key finding is that religious struggles may serve as a maladaptive coping response to discrimination. Our analyses extend previous work by bridging research in the areas of discrimination, religious struggles, and mental health.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Environmental patchiness and processing of maple leaf litter in a backwater of a mountain stream: Riffle area vs debris dams. Nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics of the leaf material suggest that microbial processing did not differ between patches. Likewise, density and biomass of shredders did not help to explain differences in processing rates between patches. Nevertheless, significant taxonomical differences in the shredder assemblages between patches were observed. Differential population dynamics, feeding styles and metabolic capacities of shredders and the different environments in which to obtain food between the studied stream patches may be of great importance in the differences between processing rates.Processing rates of Acer pseudoplatanus leaves were investigated in three types of patches - debris dams, buried and exposed, and a riffle area - of a backwater of the alpine stream Oberer Seebach. The results show a gradient of processing rates from slower, for the leaves buried in the debris darns, to the highest, in the riffle area, with significant differences between these two extremes. Shear stress near leaf bags was significantly higher in the riffle area than in debris dams; however, this probably does not reflect the internal conditions of the bags. It is argued that the accumulation of great amounts of plant debris against the bags in the riffle area, and the relatively hard texture and the uniform perimeter of the leaf discs used in the experiment, might minimize mass losses due to mechanical abrasion by the water current.", "label": [4, 42, 36]}
+{"token": "The wisdom of conversations: Existential Hermeneutic Phenomenology (EHP) for project managers. This paper introduces Existential Hermeneutic Phenomenology (EHP) as an approach to reflecting on and studying the lived experience of project management practice. We argue that an EHP way of being is an effective approach for any practitioner confronted by significant existential disruptions to their practice. We develop our proposition of 'the wisdom of conversations' as an BHP enabled way for project managers' practical coping with otherwise potentially inhibiting existential disruptions.We understand EHP as a holistic philosophical practice which: 1. allows making the 'lived experience' of project management practice explicit for reflection, and 2. is available and useful to practitioners in the field. Heidegger provides the theoretical base through a language of existential categories, which are dimensions of being-in-the-world. Gendlin offers a practical method for accessing the states of being that Heidegger describes. Rorty offers promise, the ability to disclose new possibilities or ways of being-in-the-world through irony and practices of re-description. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. APM and IPMA. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "Effect of Sequential Learning Experiences on Searching Responses and Sex Ratio Allocations of the Gregarious Insect Parasitoid, Cotesia congregata (Say) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). We investigated the effects of sequential adult learning experiences (postemergence + ovipositional) with two host foodplants (tomato and/or tobacco) on searching responses, clutch size, and sex ratio allocations of Cotesia congregata, a gregarious endoparasitoid of Manduca sexta. Sequential experiences with one host foodplant resulted in a stronger searching response to the plant experienced and a higher proportionate allocation of females to hosts offered with this plant. Sequential experiences with both plants resulted in similar searching responses to the two plants and similar proportionate allocations of females, irrespective of the order in which plants were experienced. Ovipositional experience resulted in a stronger searching response to the plant experienced but effects on sex ratio allocations were not definitive. Clutch size was not modified by experience. Results demonstrate that parasitic wasps can learn multiple host-associated plant cues and suggest that sequential learning experiences serve to define the effective host foodplant range.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Effect of chitosan coating containing Nepeta pogonosperma extract on shelf life of chicken fillets during chilled storage. Chicken meat is highly susceptible to microbial and chemical spoilage due to its high moisture and protein content. The use of edible coatings contains herbal extracts with antioxidant and antibacterial properties that help to extend the shelf life of meat products. In this study, the effect of chitosan coating (2%) and Nepeta pogonosperma extract (NPe) (0.2% and 0.6%) and their combination on chemical properties (pH, peroxide value (PV), thiobarbituric acid index (TBARS), total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N)) and microbial (aerobic mesophilic and psychrotrophic microorganisms, lactic acid bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas sp.) of chicken fillets were studied over a 12-day refrigerated storage period compared to the control sample. The results of NPe DPPH radical scavenging activity (DRSA) showed that IC50 and total phenolic contents values were 94.65 mu g/ml and 113.53 mg GAE/g extract, respectively. Statistical results showed that the rate of increase in pH, PV, TBARS, and TVB-N of all coated treatments were lower than control. Microbial analysis results showed a decrease in the growth of different bacteria in chitosan-treated combined with NPe compared to the control sample during chilled storage. Chicken fillets coated with chitosan and 0.6% NPe displayed a longer shelf life compared to other samples.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Non-reference assessment of sharpness in blur/noise degraded images. Image sharpness perception is not only affected by blur but also by noise. Noise effect on perceived image sharpness is a puzzling problem since image sharpness may increase, up to a certain amount of noise, on even regions when noise is added to an image. In this paper, we propose a NR perceived sharpness metric GSVD (Gradient Singular Value Decomposition), that shows to be effective in correlating with subjective quality evaluation of images affected by either blur or noise. This metric (i) requires no training on human image quality ratings, (ii) provides comparable performance with full reference (FR) peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) and multiscale structural similarity (MSSIM), and (iii) performs better than most of the state-of-the-art NR sharpness metrics when assessing quality in blurry image sets and noisy image sets jointly. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "A thermodynamic framework for modeling semiclathrate hydrate phase stability conditions in gas plus tetra-n-butyl ammonium halide aqueous solution system. To estimate the dissociation conditions of semiclathrate hydrates in gas+tetra-n-butyl ammonium halide aqueous solution systems, we introduce an extended thermodynamic framework, which was originally proposed by Javanmardi and colleagues for modeling of gas hydrate dissociation conditions in aqueous solutions of electrolytes (12 [1998] 219-222, Energy and Fuels). For evaluating the hydrate dissociation conditions, we apply the van der Waals-Platteuw theory. In addition, we incorporate the Peng-Robinson equation of state and the activity coefficient model of Pitzer and Mayorga to respectively calculate gas/vapor fugacity and tetra-n-butyl ammonium halide activity coefficient. Using this model, we have estimated the semiclathrate hydrate dissociation conditions in the systems of CH4, N-2, or CO2+tetra-n-butylammonium bromide+water; CO2+tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride+water; and CH4 or CO2+tetra-n-butylammonium chloride+water systems. The model results are found in satisfactory agreement with the selected experimental data collected from literature. Also, the average absolute temperature deviations for the studied systems are about 0.3K.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "Treatment of temporal aliasing effects in the context of next generation satellite gravimetry missions. Temporal aliasing effects have a large impact on the gravity field accuracy of current gravimetry missions and are also expected to dominate the error budget of Next Generation Gravimetry Missions (NGGMs). This paper focuses on aspects concerning their treatment in the context of Low-Low Satellite-to-Satellite Tracking NGGMs. Closed-loop full-scale simulations are performed for a two-pair Bender-type Satellite Formation Flight (SFF), by taking into account error models of new generation instrument technology. The enhanced spatial sampling and error isotropy enable a further reduction of temporal aliasing errors from the processing perspective. A parameterization technique is adopted where the functional model is augmented by low-resolution gravity field solutions coestimated at short time intervals, while the remaining higher-resolution gravity field solution is estimated at a longer time interval. Fine-tuning the parameterization choices leads to significant reduction of the temporal aliasing effects. The investigations reveal that the parameterization technique in case of a Bender-type SFF can successfully mitigate aliasing effects caused by undersampling of high-frequency atmospheric and oceanic signals, since their most significant variations can be captured by daily coestimated solutions. This amounts to a self-dealiasing method that differs significantly from the classical dealiasing approach used nowadays for Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment processing, enabling NGGMs to retrieve the complete spectrum of Earth's nontidal geophysical processes, including, for the first time, high-frequency atmospheric and oceanic variations.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Smoking Cessation, Weight Gain, Cardiovascular Risk, and All-Cause Mortality: A Meta-analysis. Conclusions: Smoking cessation was associated with a significantly lower risk of CVD and all-cause mortality, regardless of post-cessation weight gain. A greater risk reduction among quitters with weight gain than those without merits further investigations.Aims and Methods: We aimed to examine the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) among smoking quitters compared with smokers, stratified by post-cessation weight change. We searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for eligible studies published before September 2020. Cohort studies examining the relative risk of CVD among smoking quitters stratified by post-cessation weight change, with smokers being treated as the reference, were included. Two investigators extracted the key characteristics of each included study using a standard electronic form.Results: We identified nine studies for this meta-analysis. Compared with smokers, the pooled RRs (95% confidence interval) of CVD among quitters with weight gain and among those without were 0.74 [0.66, 0.83] and 0.86 [0.80, 0.92], with no evidence of heterogeneity between studies being observed. Moreover, the associations appeared to be significantly stronger among quitters with weight gain than those without, particularly in the analysis of coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke (pooled RRs = 0.65 [0.59, 0.71] vs. 0.79 [0.71, 0.88] for CHD and 0.67 [0.62, 0.73] vs. 0.76 [0.72, 0.81] for stroke, respectively; p for interaction <.05).Introduction: Quitting smoking usually results in weight gain, rising the concern that weight gain after smoking cessation may attenuate the benefits of smoking quitting on cardiovascular health.", "label": [2, 21, 23]}
+{"token": "Assessing the role of peripheral CD8 T cells in neurocognitive impairment in HIV-infected men who have sex with men: data from the MSM Neurocog Study. Studies have suggested CD8 lymphocytes may be a possible marker for inflammation, which is believed to be a contributing factor to neurocognitive impairment. Individuals enrolled in the MSM Neurocog Study were analysed. Those with depression, anxiety or mood disorders were excluded. Individuals with neurocognitive impairment were identified using the Brief NeuroCognitive Screen and compared to those with normal scores. CD4 and CD8 T cell values and CD4:CD8 ratios were compared between groups. In all, 144 men, aged 18-50 years, were included in the analysis. Twenty were diagnosed with neurocognitive impairment. We were unable to identify any significant difference between current, nadir or peak CD4 and CD8 counts. CD4:CD8 ratios and CD4:CD8 ratio inversion (<1) were also found to be similar between both groups. However, neurocognitive impairment subjects were 8% more likely to have inversion of CD4:CD8 ratio and higher median peak CD8 cell counts reported compared to non-impaired subjects. Analysis of data from the MSM Neurocog Study, demonstrated trends in peripheral CD8 counts and CD4:CD8 ratios. However, we are unable to demonstrate any significant benefit. Plasma biomarkers of neurocognitive impairment in HIV-infected subjects would be of great benefit over current methods of invasive CSF analysis and technical neuroimaging used in the diagnosis of neurocognitive impairment. Future, prospective, longitudinal work with large numbers of neurocognitive impairment subjects is required to further investigate the role of peripheral CD8 T cells as markers of neurocognitive impairment.", "label": [2, 17, 24]}
+{"token": "Time preferences and commitment devices: evidence from ROSCAs and funeral groups in Benin. Drawing on first-hand data collected from a household survey in urban Benin, we examine membership in two types of informal groups that display the characteristics of a commitment device: Rotating Savings and Credit Associations (ROSCAs) and funeral groups. We investigate whether agents displaying time preferences with a present bias are more likely to commit themselves through participation in such groups. Our results provide evidence indicating that women who display such preferences are more likely to join funeral groups, but not ROSCAs, and to save more through them. These results hold for women but not for men. We also ensure that our results cannot be explained by intra-household conflict issues.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Aerosol impacts on clouds and precipitation in eastern China: Results from bin and bulk microphysics. Using the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with a spectral-bin microphysics (\\\\'SBM\\\\') and measurements from the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Mobile Facility field campaign in China (AMF-China), the authors examine aerosol indirect effects (AIE) in the typical cloud regimes of the warm and cold seasons in Southeast China: deep convective clouds (DCC) and stratus clouds (SC), respectively. Comparisons with a two-moment bulk microphysics (\\\\'Bulk\\\\') are performed to gain insights for improving bulk schemes in estimating AIE in weather and climate simulations. For the first time, measurements of aerosol and cloud properties acquired in China are used to evaluate model simulations to better understand aerosol impact on clouds in the southeast of China. It is found that changes in cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentration significantly change the timing of storms, the spatial and temporal distributions of precipitation, the frequency distribution of precipitation rate, as well as cloud base and top heights for the DCC, but not for the SC. Increasing CCN increases cloud droplet number (N-c) and mass concentrations, decreases raindrop number concentration, and delays the onset of precipitation. Compared with SBM, Bulk predicts much higher N-c and the opposite CCN effects on convection and heavy rain, stemming from the fixed CCN prescribed in Bulk. CCN have a significant effect on ice microphysical properties with SBM but not Bulk and different condensation/deposition freezing parameterizations employed could be the main reason. This study provided insights to further improve the bulk scheme to better account for aerosol-cloud interactions in regional and global climate simulations, which will be the focus for a follow-on paper.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Clay nanosheets for topical delivery of RNAi for sustained protection against plant viruses. Topical application of pathogen-specific double- stranded RNA (dsRNA) for virus resistance in plants represents an attractive alternative to transgenic RNA interference (RNAi). However, the instability of naked dsRNA sprayed on plants has been a major challenge towards its practical application. We demonstrate that dsRNA can be loaded on designer, non- toxic, degradable, layered double hydroxide (LDH) clay nanosheets. Once loaded on LDH, the dsRNA does not wash off, shows sustained release and can be detected on sprayed leaves even 30 days after application. We provide evidence for the degradation of LDH, dsRNA uptake in plant cells and silencing of homologous RNA on topical application. Significantly, a single spray of dsRNA loaded on LDH (BioClay) afforded virus protection for at least 20 days when challenged on sprayed and newly emerged unsprayed leaves. This innovation translates nanotechnology developed for delivery of RNAi for human therapeutics to use in crop protection as an environmentally sustainable and easy to adopt topical spray.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "DETACHED STATEMENTS. Joseph Raz has introduced an interesting class of statements -detached statements- into the philosophical lexicon. In brief, such statements are (informative) normative statements, yet the speaker does not, in so uttering them, express or convey acceptance of the point of view of the hearer to whom they are addressed (as contrasted with committed statements, where the speaker does express or convey such acceptance). I propose to offer a novel analysis of such statements (and to clear away some confusions about them). In brief, such statements will be analysed as wide-scope normative conditionals.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Moral Aspects of Imaginative Art in Thomas Aquinas. For Thomas Aquinas, the imagination, being one of the \\\\'inner senses\\\\', is a doorway to attain true knowledge. In this paper, we first analyze his lexicon in this regard (imaginatio and phantasia). Second, we discuss imagination as the subject matter of the intellectual virtues, which facilitate cognition and judgment. The development of imagination is the foundation of his vision of education not only on the natural but also on the supernatural level. Third, we explore Aquinas' moral assessment of imaginative art and finally its influence on shaping the character. This influence occurs on two levels: it is assessed from the perspective of charity, justice, prudence and purity, namely to what extent the art serves these values, whereas the second criterion is beauty.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Regulatory actions of neuropeptides and peptide hormones on the reproduction of molluscs. Reproductive success of individual animals is essential for the survival of any species. Molluscs have adapted to a wide variety of environments ( freshwater, brackish water, seawater, and terrestrial habits) and have evolved unique tactics for reproduction. Both of these features attract the academic interests of scientists. Because neuropeptides and peptide hormones play critical roles in neural and neurohormonal regulation of physiological functions and behaviors in this animal group, the regulatory actions of these messengers in reproduction have been extensively investigated. In this review, we will briefly summarize how peptidergic messengers are involved in various aspects of reproduction, using some peptides such as egg-laying hormone, caudo-dorsal cell hormone, APGWamide, and gonadotropin-releasing hormone as typical examples.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Mitigation of Expression of Virulence Genes in Legionella pneumophila Internalized in the Free-Living Amoeba Willaertia magna C2c Maky. Legionella pneumophila is a human pathogen responsible for a severe form of pneumonia named Legionnaire disease. Its natural habitat is aquatic environments, being in a free state or intracellular parasites of free-living amoebae, such as Acanthamoeba castellanii. This pathogen is able to replicate within some amoebae. Willaertia magna C2c Maky, a non-pathogenic amoeba, was previously demonstrated to resist to L. pneumophila and even to be able to eliminate the L. pneumophila strains Philadelphia, Lens, and Paris. Here, we studied the induction of seven virulence genes of three L. pneumophila strains (Paris, Philadelphia, and Lens) within W. magna C2c Maky in comparison within A. castellanii and with the gene expression level of L. pneumophila strains alone used as controls. We defined a gene expression-based virulence index to compare easily and without bias the transcript levels in different conditions and demonstrated that W. magna C2c Maky did not increase the virulence of L. pneumophila strains in contrast to A. castellanii. These results confirmed the non-permissiveness of W. magna C2c Maky toward L. pneumophila strains.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "The tension between market shares and profit under platform competition. We introduce asymmetries across platforms in the linear model of competing two-sided platforms with singlehoming on both sides and fully characterize the price equilibrium. We identify market environments in which one platform has a larger market share on both sides while obtaining a lower profit than the other platform. This is compatible with higher price-cost margins on one or both sides, noting that in the latter case one margin must be negative. Our finding raises further doubts on using market shares as a measure of market power in platform markets.(c) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Characterization of siRNAs derived from rice stripe virus in infected rice plants by deep sequencing. RNA interference is a natural defense against viruses in plants. To date, the only viral siRNAs characterized have been those for positive-sense RNA viruses with one or two genome components. Here, we characterized siRNAs derived from rice stripe virus (RSV), a member of the genus Tenuivirus with four genomic RNAs and an ambisense coding strategy. Deep sequencing of small RNAs from infected rice leaves showed that siRNAs were derived almost equally from virion and complementary RNA strands and were mostly 20-22 nucleotides long. Most viral siRNAs were produced within the coding sequences and 5' termini of the RSV genome. RSV siRNAs had a higher G and lower C content than the viral genome but a strong A/U bias at the first nucleotide and a U bias at the final one, suggesting preferential targeting of such sequences by rice Dicer-like proteins.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Direct selective lead, copper and zinc minerals flotation from polymetallic ore 'Podvirovi. The laboratory tests to find out the possibility of direct selective flotation of lead, copper and zinc minerals from the ore deposit \\\\'Podvirovi\\\\' were submitted to the Mineral Processing Department of the Faculty of Mining and geology, University of Belgrade. Based on thus gained results, it has been concluded that it is possible to obtain selective concentrate of lead copper and zinc of suitable quality, with satisfactory recovery.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Hypomone as 'Enduring Resistance': Finding Nonviolence in the Book of Revelation. The Greek word hypomone frequently has a more active quality than translations such as patience or endurance suggest. This is particularly the case in the book of Revelation, where some scholars have suggested translating it as resistance or nonviolent resistance. This article argues that enduring resistance is the most appropriate way of rendering this word in John's Apocalypse. This translation highlights hypomone as part of Revelation's call for its audience to engage in nonviolent resistance to the evils and seductions of the Roman Empire.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Catholicism and modernity in Argentina: From confrontation to reconciliation?. The article analyzes the complex relationship between Catholicism and modernity in Argentina, considering not only the different worldviews ecclesiastical hierarchy, but also the lasting traces historically defined the episcopate behavior towards civil society and political society. In an attempt to identify continuities and ruptures, I finished marking out the dilemmas presented to Catholicism as a religious system to provide coordinates of meaning in contemporary societies.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Bioprospecting of indigenous biosurfactant-producing oleophilic bacteria for green remediation: an eco-sustainable approach for the management of petroleum contaminated soil. In the present study, the efficiency of four different strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and their biosurfactants in the bioremediation process were investigated. The strains were found to be capable of metabolizing a wide range of hydrocarbons (HCs) with preference for high molecular weight aliphatic (ALP) over aromatic (ARO) compounds. After treating with individual bacteria and 11 different consortia, the residual crude oils were quantified and qualitatively analyzed. The bacterial strains degraded ALP, ARO, and nitrogen, sulphur, oxygen (NSO) containing fractions of the crude oil by 73-67.5, 31.8-12.3 and 14.7-7.3%, respectively. Additionally, the viscosity of the residual crude oil reduced from 48.7 to 34.6-39 mPa s. Further, consortium designated as 7 and 11 improved the degradation of ALP, ARO, and NSO HCs portions by 80.4-78.6, 42.7-42.4 and 21.6-19.2%, respectively. Moreover, addition of biosurfactant further increased the degradation performance of consortia by 81.6-80.7, 43.8-42.6 and 22.5-20.7%, respectively. Gas chromatographic analysis confirmed the ability of the individual strains and their consortium to degrade various fractions of crude oil. Experiments with biosurfactants revealed that polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are more soluble in the presence of biosurfactants. Phenanthrene had the highest solubility among the tested PAHs, which further increased as biosurfactant doses raised above their respective critical micelle concentrations (CMC). Furthermore, biosurfactants were able to recover 73.5-63.4% of residual oil from the sludge within their respective CMCs. Hence, selected surfactant-producing bacteria and their consortium could be useful in developing a greener and eco-sustainable way for removing crude oil pollutants from soil.", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "Hope in the Midst of Tragedy (Isa 5:1-7; 27:2-6; Matt 21:33-46 par.). The unity of the Bible is exemplified through the agrarian image of the vine/vineyard in the songs of Isa 5:1-7; 27:2-6 and in the parable of Matt 21:33-46. The metaphor expresses a development and reinterpretation of the themes of judgment and promise, wherein God wills to accomplish his purposes for his people, despite his repeated frustration with human rebellion. God expresses his love for his people in a wholly vulnerable manner. Both Isaiah and Jesus underscore the truth that God could do nothing more than he had already done for his people; no blame can be attached to God. Where there is unbelief and rejection of the Beloved Son, there is tragedy and destruction. Where there is receptivity, there is joy, promise, fruitfulness and fulfillment.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Losing Its Way: Environmental Impact Assessment in British Columbia, Canada. Environmental impact assessment is viewed as an integral planning tool with respect to the sustainable development of land and natural resources, as it has the potential to protect the different values held by individuals and groups when done appropriately. This article examines an approach by the Environmental AssessmentOffice of British Columbia, Canada, regarding the scope of a cumulative effect assessment for the environmental assessment process of a proposed coal mine project that is endangering a threatened herd of caribou relied upon by West Moberly First Nations (an Indigenous group in Canada) for cultural subsistence. A Canadian-based equality framework is used to ground the environmental justice analysis. We conclude that the government's application of its discretionary powers in this case resulted the cultural values of WestMoberly being given a diminished level of protection and benefit of the law in comparison to the social values held by mainstream society.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Social communication and discrimination: a video experiment. We report on an experiment using video technology to study effects of communication on donations to and discrimination between potential receivers. The experimental design eliminates strategic factors by allowing two receivers to unilaterally communicate with an anonymous dictator before the latter decides on her gifts. Through the use of three communication setups (none, audio, and audio-visual) we analyze purely social effects of communication. A silent video channel leads to discrimination between potential receivers based on impression formation, but does not affect average levels of donations. When the auditory channel is added, average donations increase. The social processes invoked by the visual and audio channels are heterogeneous and communicator-specific but not unsystematic.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "INFLUENCE AND OPTIMIZATION OF THE SETTING OF INPUT PARAMETERS OF LASER PROFILOMETRY BY THE SURFACE MEASUREMENT MANUFACTURED BY THE AWJ TECHNOLOGY. The publication deals with the measurement and evaluation of roughness parameters by means of laser profiling, and its main task is to determine the effect of selecting the internal gain adjustment (Gain mode) on measured roughness values of the surface treated by the water beam technology. The publication details the software, hardware, and other parts of the device designed to measure the roughness of different types of surfaces. It further describes the behavior of individual parts of the apparatus as a whole and methods of measuring the roughness of the surface along a defined profile section by means of the triangulation principle of laser profiling. The measured sample was cut by a thick (rough) cut at pressure of 380 MPa. As an abrasive, the Australian Grenade with the grain Mesh 50 was used.The experiment was carried out at the Faculty of Production Technologies in the Laboratory of Roughness Measurement at the Department of technical systems design and monitoring in Presov. Measurement of surface roughness parameters was performed on an optical measuring system to control surface parameters and the contact roughness meter Mitutyo SJ400.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Statistical Prediction for Annual Start Date and Duration of Sea-Ice Coverage at Qinhuangdao Observation Station. Qinhuangdao City is located in the mid-latitude monsoon-affected region, and the timing of sea-ice coverage changes from year to year, making sea-ice forecasting difficult. In this paper, we propose a statistical model using the 1980-2013 data collected at the Qinhuangdao observation station. The start date and the duration of ice coverage are fitted with four marginal distributions, from which the best-fitted, i.e., the Weibull distribution, is selected to form a joint probability density function (PDF), built by the Gaussian copula method, for the two variables. With a given start date forecast by the Gray-Markov model (GMM), the joint PDF becomes a conditional probability model, which predicts that the duration of ice coverage is most likely 33 days at the Qinhuangdao observation station in 2014-2015. The predicted duration value is only two days less than the actual situation. The results prove that the new prediction model is feasible and effective to predict the period of ice coverage. The general sea-ice conditions that the sea ice would most likely form on December 8 and last for 80 days at the Qinhuangdao observation station could also be obtained from the joint PDF. The statistical model provides a useful tool to forecast ice conditions for planning and management of maritime activities.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "High-carbohydrate diet lacked the potential to ameliorate parasitemia and oxidative stress in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei. The search for a novel prophylactic agent against malaria is on the rise due to the negative socio-economic impact of the disease in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Sequel to this, we evaluated the in vivo anti-Plasmodium berghei activity of a high-carbohydrate diet as well as the effects of the diet on parasite-associated anemia and organ damage. Mice were fed with either standard or a high-carbohydrate diet for 4 weeks and subsequently infected with chloroquine-sensitive strain of P. berghei. The levels of parasitemia, blood glucose, packed cell volume, and redox sensitive biomarkers of brain and liver tissues were measured. Data from this study showed that high-carbohydrate significantly (p < 0.05) aggravated the multiplication of P. berghei in the animals. Furthermore, our result demonstrated that blood glucose level in P. berghei-infected mice fed with a high-carbohydrate diet was insignificantly (p > 0.05) depleted. Additionally, our findings revealed that high-carbohydrate did not demonstrate a significant (p < 0.05) ameliorative potentials against P. berghei-induced anemia and oxidative stress in the brain and liver tissues. We concluded that high-carbohydrate diet was unable to suppress P. berghei upsurge and accordingly could not mitigate certain pathological alterations induced by P. berghei infection.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "A review on slurry bioreactors for bioremediation of soils and sediments. From this review it can be concluded that SB is an effective ad situ and ex situ technology that can be used for bioremediation of problematic sites, such as those characterized by soils with high contents of clay and organic matter, by pollutants that are recalcitrant, toxic, and display hysteretic behavior, or when bioremediation should be accomplished in short times under the pressure and monitoring of environmental agencies and regulators. SB technology allows for the convenient manipulation and control of several environmental parameters that could lead to enhanced and faster treatment of polluted soils: nutrient N, P and organic carbon source (biostimulation), inocula (bioaugmentation), increased availability of pollutants by use of surfactants or inducing biosurfactant production inside the SB, etc. An interesting emerging area is the use of SB with simultaneous electron acceptors, which has demonstrated its usefulness for the bioremediation of soils polluted with hydrocarbons and some organochlorinated compounds. Characterization studies of microbial communities of SB are still in the early stages, in spite of their significance for improving reactor operation and design optimization.The aim of this work is to present a critical review on slurry bioreactors (SB) and their application to bioremediation of soils and sediments polluted with recalcitrant and toxic compounds. The scope of the review encompasses the following subjects: (i) process fundamentals of SB and analysis of advantages and disadvantages; (ii) the most recent applications of SB to laboratory scale and commercial scale soil bioremediation, with a focus on pesticides, explosives, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, and chlorinated organic pollutants; (iii) trends on the use of surfactants to improve availability of contaminants and supplementation with degradable carbon sources to enhance cometabolism of pollutants; (iv) recent findings on the utilization of electron acceptors other than oxygen; (v) bioaugmentation and advances made on characterization of microbial communities of SB; (vi) developments on ecotoxicity assays aimed at evaluating bioremediation efficiency of the process.We have identified the following niches of research needs for SB in the near and mid term future, inter alia: (i) application of SB with sequential and simultaneous electron acceptors to soils polluted with contaminants other than hydrocarbons (i. e., pesticides, explosives, etc.), (ii) evaluation of the technical feasibility of triphasic SB that use innocuous solvents to help desorbing pollutants strongly attached to soils, and in turn, to enhance their biodegradation, (iii) gaining deeper insight of microbial communities present in SB with the intensified application of molecular biology tools such as PCR-DGGE, PCR-TGGE, ARDRA, etc., (iv) development of more representative ecotoxicological assays to better assess the effectiveness of a given bioremediation process.", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "Spiritual intelligence research within human resource development: a thematic review. Design/methodology/approach Based on the search of multiple electronic databases authors conducted thematic review of the literature on SI and HRD. Themes associated with SI and HRD are extracted while employing the content analysis technique.Originality/value This paper offered new-fangled value and insightful understanding on SI and its implications for other areas, more specifically HRD. It suggests that SI is an important component for organizational development. Such interventions nurture the human resources that can lead to better performance as a whole.Research limitations/implications The inclusion and exclusion criteria are that the search for this review has been limited to peer-reviewed journals that are published SI-related articles. This paper excluded all articles on SI that `do not explicitly discuss the valuable role of human resources. The key words used are spiritual intelligence (SI) and HRD.Findings Five major themes emerged through the process of content analysis on the body of the reviewed literature. The themes which described the presence of SI-related research within the field of HRD, included: Conceptual connections between SI and HRD; SI Holistic Mechanism; SI and Leadership development, SI measurement tools and, finally, the impact of SI on sustainability.Purpose This study aims to synthesize the rich knowledge on spiritual intelligence (SI) research within the framework of human resource development (HRD) research.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "Occurrence of Copper-Resistant Xanthomonas perforans and X. gardneri in Illinois Tomato Fields. This study was conducted to determine whether currently prevailing isolates of Xanthomonas perforans and X. gardneri, the causal agents of tomato bacterial spot in Illinois, were resistant to copper. First, 133 isolates from each pathogen were tested for their multiplication on mannitol glutamate yeast agar (MGYA) amended with 0.8 mM of laboratory-grade copper sulfate. Results showed that 59% of X. perforans and 38% of X. gardneri isolates formed colonies on the copper-amended culture. Then, six isolates of X. perforans and five isolates of X. gardneri were tested for their multiplication on MGYA amended with 0.2, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6, and 2.0 mM of laboratory-grade of either copper hydroxide or copper sulfate. All 11 isolates formed colonies on cultures with 1.2 mM or lower rates of either copper compound. Molecular analysis revealed the presence of the copper-resistance genes copA and copM in the isolates. In vitro assays showed that both X. perforans and X. gardneri formed colonies when grown on Luria-Bertani agar containing low concentrations of copper hydroxide (Kocide-3000 46.1DF) and copper sulfate pentahydrate (Instill). Double Nickel LC, a biopesticide containing Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747, was the most effective in preventing multiplication of copper-resistant isolates of both pathogens on the culture media.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Long-time variations of precipitable water vapour estimated from GPS, MODIS and radiosonde observations in Turkey. Water vapour and its variations in the Earth's atmosphere are related to atmospheric activities and climate changes. However, it is difficult to obtain high-resolution and high-accuracy precipitable water vapour (PWV) and its variations using traditional techniques, particularly in Turkey with the complex weather variability caused by the proximity of the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. Satellite observations provide unique ways to observe PWV variations at regional or global scale, e.g. global positioning system (GPS). In this study, long-time PWV variations and trends are investigated and obtained from 6-year continuous GPS observations in Turkey (January 2010-January 2016), which are compared with nearly co-located radiosonde and moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) observations to check its accuracy. The root mean square error (RMSE) of PWV differences is about 1-3mm between radiosonde and GPS, and 3-7mm between MODIS and GPS. Furthermore, the linear trend and seasonal amplitudes, and phase of the GPS-estimated PWV signals are computed. Statistically significant trends are found at all stations. While stations near the Mediterranean Sea have increasing trends with about 0.30mmyear(-1), the stations at inland have increasing trends of about 0.10mmyear(-1). The annual phases between radiosonde, GPS and MODIS PWV at all the stations are almost close to each other with differences in 1 degrees-2 degrees. Finally, the relation between north Atlantic oscillation (NAO) and PWV trends is investigated. Results show that PWV trends agree with NAO behaviours especially for the stations near the Mediterranean Sea. The recent human activities may have impacts on long-term PWV variation trends.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Gender Regimes in the Middle East and North Africa: The Power of Feminist Movements. Applying Walby's model of gender regime, with some modifications, to the Middle East and North Africa, I highlight the importance of the family as an institutional domain, replace the ideal types of social-democratic and neoliberal public gender regimes with neopatriarchal and conservative-corporatist, and elucidate feminist organizing and mobilizing as a key driver in the transition from one public gender regime to another in Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia. The article contributes to theory-building on (varieties of) gender regimes by underscoring (sub)regional specificities across the capitalist world-system's economic zones and emphasizing the role of feminist activism.", "label": [5, 47, 51]}
+{"token": "Social Presence in the Web-Based Classroom Implications for Intercultural Communication. Social presence is a theory derived from social psychology to explain social interactions in a mediated communication and is defined as the degree to which interlocutors in a communications medium perceive each other as real. This study investigates the effect of computer-mediated communication on the social presence of international students who spoke English as a foreign language in two Web-based graduate courses offered in the United States and aims to explore how linguistic and cultural differences influenced their social presence.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "THE PROBLEM OF CONTINUUM AND ITS IMPLICATIONS IN THE LEIBNIZIAN THEORY OF THE SUBSTANCE. The problem of the continuum has a central part in the development of Leibnizian mature system. It appears, early in the 70s, when he intends to explain matter and its union with the soul from a geometric-mechanistic perspective. The same question reappears later, in the debate with Arnauld on substantial unity. In defining substance in terms of real unity, Leibniz expels continuity to the ideal realm. In doing so, he puts his system on the way to both, a monadological ontology and a metaphysical scheme articulated in three levels (real, phenomenal and ideal).", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "An exploration into student learning mobility in higher education among the Arabian Gulf Cooperation Council countries. This paper explores the dynamics of the internationalisation of higher education in the Gulf region. Exploring the presence of foreign universities, international curricula, programmes, students and academic staff, it pays particular attention to the learning mobility of students from the region. Consequently, the aim of this piece of research is to explore the current learning mobility among the GCC countries. The study makes use of secondary data from the UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) on the global flow of tertiary-level students and a survey conducted especially for this study among students from the Gulf region. Considering the literature explored and based on data from UIS and the survey conducted, it seems that higher education in the Gulf region has expanded and that the presence of foreign universities, international curricula, programmes, students and academic staff is a positive experience overall. Although learning mobility has been stimulated in the region, much of it is regionally driven. It seems that the growth of inward learning mobility is not proportional to the growth of foreign universities in the region. The growth of outward learning mobility is predominantly driven by scholarships and the potential for growth on inward and outward learning mobility seems likely to increase in the future. The Gulf countries may enhance learning mobility through multilateral learning and research cooperation by means of scholarships and regulated commercial activities. To emerge as an international education hub, the Gulf countries must become an attractive destination for students from outside of the region as well. The region may wish to draw relevant lessons from regions such as the European Union to stimulate learning mobility.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Lightning Damage Facilitates Beetle Colonization of Tropical Trees. Lightning is a common agent of disturbance in many forest ecosystems. Lightning-damaged trees are a potentially important resource for beetles, but most evidence for this association is limited to temperate pine forests. Here, we evaluated the relationship between lightning damage and beetle colonization of tropical trees. We recorded the number of beetle holes on the trunks of trees from 10 strike sites (n = 173 lightning-damaged trees) and 10 matching control sites (n = 137 control trees) in Panama. The trunks of lightning-struck trees had 370% more beetle holes than control trees. The abundance of beetle holes increased with increasing total crown dieback among both control and lightning-damaged trees, and with larger tree diameter among lightning-struck trees. Beetle holes also were more abundant in trunk sections of lightning-damaged trees located directly below a damaged section of the crown. The results of this study suggest that lightning damage facilitates beetle colonization in tropical forest trees and provide a basis for investigations of the effects of lightning-caused disturbance on beetle population dynamics and assemblage structure.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Monitoring trends in HIV prevalence among young people, aged 15 to 24 years, in Manicaland, Zimbabwe. Results: HIV prevalence among youth in the general population declined by 50.7% (from 12.2% to 6.0%) from round 1 to 3. Intermediary trends showed a large decline from round 1 to 2 of 60.9% (from 12.2% to 4.8%), offset by an increase from round 2 to 3 of 26.0% (from 4.8% to 6.0%). Among young ANC attendees, the proportional decline in prevalence of 43.5% (from 17.9% to 10.1%) was similar to that in the population (test for differences in trend: p value = 0.488) although ANC data significantly underestimated the population prevalence decline from round 1 to 2 (test for difference in trend: p value = 0.003) and underestimated the increase from round 2 to 3 (test for difference in trend: p value = 0.012). Reductions in risk behaviour between rounds 1 and 2 may have been responsible for general population prevalence declines.Conclusions: In Manicaland, Zimbabwe, the 2005 UNGASS target to reduce HIV prevalence by 25% was achieved. However, most prevention gains occurred before 2003. ANC surveillance trends overall were an adequate indicator of trends in the population, although lags were observed. Behaviour data and socio-demographic characteristics of participants are needed to interpret ANC trends.Background: In June 2001, the United Nations General Assembly Special Session (UNGASS) set a target of reducing HIV prevalence among young women and men, aged 15 to 24 years, by 25% in the worst-affected countries by 2005, and by 25% globally by 2010. We assessed progress toward this target in Manicaland, Zimbabwe, using repeated household-based population serosurvey data. We also validated the representativeness of surveillance data from young pregnant women, aged 15 to 24 years, attending antenatal care (ANC) clinics, which UNAIDS recommends for monitoring population HIV prevalence trends in this age group. Changes in socio-demographic characteristics and reported sexual behaviour are investigated.Methods: Progress towards the UNGASS target was measured by calculating the proportional change in HIV prevalence among youth and young ANC attendees over three survey periods (round 1: 1998-2000; round 2: 20012003; and round 3: 2003-2005). The Z-score test was used to compare differences in trends between the two data sources. Characteristics of participants and trends in sexual risk behaviour were analyzed using Student's and two-tailed Z-score tests.", "label": [2, 17, 24]}
+{"token": "Allelopathic effects of rice on seedling development in wheat, oat, barley and berseem. We studied the allelopathic potential of different plant parts of rice against wheat, oat. barley and berseem. In Lab bioassay, rice stern extract reduced the germination, energy of germination, seedling length and seedling dry weight of test crops. The number of roots wits decreased in all crops except wheat. Roots and leaves extract also inhibited the seedling germination and growth. Nonetheless they also had promotive effects, suggesting the presence of growth promoting allelochemicals. Berseem was the most susceptible. The allelopathic potential of different rice parts followed the order: steins > roots > leaves, Strong seedling length retardation can he major cause of poor crop stand establishment. Our results suggested that rice allelopathy is involved in retarding the germination and growth of succeeding crops.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "Hypoxia-Driven Adenosine Accumulation: A Crucial Microenvironmental Factor Promoting Tumor Progression. Systematic studies on the oxygenation status of solid tumors have shown that the development of hypoxic/anoxic tissue subvolumes is a pathophysiological trait in a wide range of human malignancies. As a result of this characteristic property, adenosine (ADO) accumulation (range: 50-100 mu M) occurs caused by intra-and extracellular generation of ADO. Extracellular nucleotide catabolism by hypoxia-/HIF-1 alpha-sensitive, membrane-associated ecto- 5'- nucleotidases most probably is the major source of ADO in the halo of cancer cells upon specific genetic alterations taking place during tumor growth. Extracellular ADO can act through autocrine and paracrine pathways following receptor-binding and involving different intracellular signalling cascades. Hypoxia-driven receptor activation can lead to a broad spectrum of strong immune-suppressive properties facilitating tumor escape from immune control (e.g., inhibition of CD4(+), CD8(+), NK and dendritic cells, stimulation of Treg cells). In addition, tumor growth and progression is promoted by ADO-driven direct stimulation of tumor cell proliferation, migration, invasion, metastatic dissemination, and an increase in the production of molecules stimulating tumor angiogenesis. Hypoxia- driven ADO accumulation in the tumor microenvironment thus plays a critical role in tumor growth and progression at multiple pathophysiological levels.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "The duty to defend. Through the lens of history and doctrine, combining personal narrative, memoir, and stump speech, Barbara Babcock recalls John Ely's contributions to criminal defense.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Subverting the strategic corporal: the IDF's contemporary heroic imagination. How does the Israel Defence Forces cultivate the image of a 'hero' within its combat ranks? By analysing a series of online educational videos on combat heritage, this article will demonstrate how the IDF's current heroic imagination is grounded in a subversion of the 'Strategic Corporal' paradigm. Within this paradigm, junior ranking soldiers are seen as increasing the chaos inherent in asymmetrical conflicts. By contrast, this article will argue that a focus on the learned elements of professionalism and training are seen as creating the conditions wherein every man (or woman) can become a 'hero'.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "A comparison of psychiatric day hospitals in five European countries - Implications of their diversity for day hospital research. Objective As the use of \\\\'day hospitals\\\\' increases, conceptual models of these services are changing dramatically across Europe. Therefore, the need arises for mental health services research to assess this process cross-nationally in a standardised and systematic way. Such research approaches should seek to maximise the generalisability of results from high-quality (e.g. randomised controlled) single- or multi-site trials assessing specific models of day hospital care. Method Using a self-developed structured questionnaire, the European Day Hospital Evaluation (EDEN) study group carried out national surveys of the characteristics of day hospitals for general psychiatric patients in Germany, England, Poland, the Slovak Republic and the Czech Republic, during the period 2001-2002. Results Response rates varied from 52 to 91%. Findings show that day hospitals have no consistent profile of structural and procedural features. Similarities across countries focus on three main issues: on average, consideration of concepts oriented toward providing acute treatment are equivalent; disorders associated with disabled functioning in everyday life, high risk of somatic complications, and need for behaviour control are excluded to a comparable degree; and some core therapeutic activities are consistent with the main approaches of social psychiatry. Identified according to self-rated conceptions and extended with data from individual hospital's statistics on the clientele in 2000, three clusters of limited selectivity subdivide the services. One category focuses mainly on rehabilitative tasks; two categories are oriented toward providing acute treatment as an alternative to inpatient care, but combine this either with rehabilitative tasks or with equal additional functions of shortening inpatient treatment and providing psychotherapy. The distribution of services across these three clusters varies significantly in the five European countries. Conclusion Future day hospital studies should always clarify the type of services being assessed. To fully consider the impact of their results, the current national and international health policy environment of these services should be taken into account. Such surveys require enhanced methodology, however, in order to identify clear, distinct categories of services characterised by overlapping programme functions, and to increase the generalisability of valid results from single- or multi-site trials.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of promising oil-bearing marine algae Parachlorella kessleri. Parachlorella kessleri is a unicellular alga which grows in fresh as well as marine water and is commercially important as biomass/lipid feedstock and in bioremediation. The present study describes the successful transformation of marine P. kessleri with the help of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Transformed marine P. kessleri was able to tolerate more than 10 mg l(-1) hygromycin concentration. Co-cultivation conditions were modulated to allow the simultaneous growth of both marine P. kessleri and A. tumefaciens. For co-cultivation, P. kessleri was shifted from Walne's to tris acetate phosphate medium to reduce the antibiotic requirement during selection. In the present study, the transfer of T-DNA was successful without using acetosyringone. Biochemical and genetic analyses were performed for expression of transgenes by GUS assay and PCR in transformants. Establishment of this protocol would be useful in further genetic modification of oil-bearing Parachlorella species.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Integration of distance, direction and habitat into a predictive migratory movement model for blue-winged teal (Anas discors). Historically, the migration of birds has been poorly understood in comparison to other life stages during the annual cycle. The goal of our research is to present a novel approach to predict the migratory movement of birds. Using a blue-winged teal case study, our process incorporates not only constraints on habitat (temperature, precipitation, elevation, and depth to water table), but also approximates the likely bearing and distance traveled from a starting location. The method allows for movement predictions to be made from unsampled areas across large spatial scales. We used USGS' Bird Banding Laboratory database as the source of banding and recovery locations. We used recovery locations from banding sites with multiple within-30-day recoveries were used to build core maximum entropy models. Because the core models encompass information regarding likely habitat, distance, and bearing, we used core models to project (or forecast) probability of movement from starting locations that lacked sufficient data for independent predictions. The final model for an unsampled area was based on an inverse-distance weighted averaged prediction from the three nearest core models. To illustrate this approach, three unsampled locations were selected to probabilistically predict where migratory blue-wing teals would stopover. These locations, despite having little or none data, are assumed to have populations. For the blue-winged teal case study, 104 suitable locations were identified to generate core models. These locations ranged from 20 to 228 within-30-day recoveries, and all core models had AUC scores greater than 0.80. We can infer based on model performance assessment, that our novel approach to predicting migratory movement is well-grounded and provides a reasonable approximation of migratory movement. Published by Elsevier B.V.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Validity of the vaginal discharge algorithm among pregnant and non-pregnant women in Nairobi, Kenya. Conclusion: STIs form a major problem in the Nairobi area and should be addressed accordingly. None of the tested algorithms for the treatment of vaginal discharge would constitute a marked improvement of the existing flow chart. Hence, better detection tools for the specific aetiology of vaginal discharge are urgently needed.Objective: To evaluate the validity of different algorithms for the diagnosis of gonococcal and chlamydial infections among pregnant and non-pregnant women consulting health services for vaginal discharge in Nairobi, Kenya.Methods: Cross sectional study among 621 women with complaints of vaginal discharge in three city council clinics between April and August 1997. Women were interviewed and examined for symptoms and signs of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Specimens were obtained for laboratory diagnosis of genital infections, HIV, and syphilis. The data were used to evaluate the Kenyan flow chart as well as several other generated algorithms.Results: The mean age was 24 years and 334 (54%) were pregnant. The overall prevalence rates were: 50% candidiasis, 23% trichomoniasis, 9% bacterial vaginosis, 7% gonorrhoea, 9% chlamydia, 7% syphilis, and 22% HIV. In non-pregnant women, gonococcal and chlamydial infection was significantly associated with (1) demographic and behavioural risk markers such as being single, younger than 20 years, multiple sex partners in the previous 3 months; (2) symptom fever; and (3) signs including presence of yellow or bloody vaginal discharge, cervical mucopus, cervical erythema, and friability. Among pregnant women only young age, dysuria, and fever were significantly associated with cervical infection. However, none of these variables was either sensitive or specific enough for the diagnosis of cervical infection. Several algorithms were generated and applied to the study data. The algorithm including risk markers performed slightly better than the current Kenyan algorithm.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Neuromotor markers of risk for schizophrenia. Objective: To evaluate the possibility of using neuromotor deviation (NMD) as an individual-orientated, early life marker for increased risk for schizophrenia.Method: Previous findings based an systematic examination of NMD are summarised concerning schizophrenia patients and individuals at heightened genetic risk for schizophrenia.Results: Significantly increased rates of NMD are found in patients with schizophrenia, both after and long before disease onset. Neuromotor deviation can be efficiently studied at all ages from infancy to adulthood, and is typically not in itself stigmatising. Neuromotor deviation may represent an unstable characteristic of individuals from infancy to middle-to-late childhood, possibly attaining greater stability thereafter. Neuromotor deviation may also be more stable over time in the high-risk offspring of parents with schizophrenia than in other children. Neuromotor deviation in childhood predicts subsequent serious mental disturbance in genetic high-risk children. The efficiency of NMD for predicting schizophrenia in unselected samples is unknown, as is the optimal age(s) for assessing NMD to predict schizophrenia in high-risk and normal-risk groups. Neuromotor deviation is also found in the well relatives of schizophrenia patients, individuals developing a broad range of mental and physical disorders, and mentally normal individuals in the general population.Conclusions: Neuromotor deviation should definitely be included in batteries of methods for identifying individuals with notably heightened risk of schizophrenia. However, NMD is not pathognomonic for schizophrenia, and the investigation of NMD during childhood and adolescence must thus be used judiciously in order to avoid possible stigmatisation. Further research should be done concerning the specific forms and developmental timing of NMD as related to schizophrenia.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "IRREVERSIBILITY OF SOLVENT SWELLING OF BITUMINOUS COALS. Solvent-induced swelling has been used to characterize the macromolecular nature of bituminous coal. It is necessary to prove the reversibility of coal swelling in order to apply the statistical theory of rubber elasticity. Although such reversibility has been reported, there is little reliable evidence for it. The conventional procedure of volumetric swelling was used to investigate the reversibility of coal swelling. Irreversibility of solvent swelling was observed. Two different ranks of coal showed distinctly different irreversibility which was consistent with the results of solvent extractability.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "Traditional practices and HIV transmission in Senegal: The example of levirat and sororat. The practice of levirat, or wife inheritance, is the traditional remarriage of a widow to one of her husband's brothers, usually the next in age rank, Sororat is the marriage of a deceased woman's younger sister to the widower. The authors present a clinical case which highlights the specific issue of HIV transmission, taking into account these socio-cultural practices. The real problem is the remarriage of an HIV positive person. These traditional practices added to the ethical and legal aspects make the situation extremely difficult, stressing the need for counseling,", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Biconservative Submanifolds in S-n x R and H-n x R. In this paper we study biconservative submanifolds in S-n x R and H-n x R with parallel mean curvature vector field and codimesion 2. We obtain some sufficient and necessary conditions for such submanifolds to be conservative. In particular, we obtain a complete classification of 3-dimensional biconservative submanifolds in S-4 x R and H-4 x R with nonzero parallel mean curvature vector field. We also get some results for biharmonic submanifolds in S-n x R and H-n x R.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Multi-scale three-dimensional analysis on local arrestability of intergranular crack in high-strength martensitic steel. The present study investigated the local arrestability of intergranular crack in high-strength martensitic steel through multi-scale three-dimensional (3D) analysis using X-ray computed tomography and focused ion beam machining (FIB)-scanning electron microscopy (SEM) serial sectioning combined with electron backscattering diffraction (3D EBSD). Macroscopic analysis using X-ray computed tomography demon-strated discontinuous propagation of the intergranular cracks, indicating local arrest of the crack propaga-tion. An analysis of the opening displacement of each crack component revealed that the resolved normal stress was not the only factor determining the intergranular crack propagation path. The relationship be-tween the microstructure and local crack-arrestability was microscopically analyzed using FIB-SEM serial sectioning. The 3D EBSD analysis clearly suggested that the crack propagations were arrested at the low-angle grain boundary plane segments and at the grain boundary triple junctions surrounded by relatively large martensite variants. Moreover, the larger martensite variants around grain boundaries contributed to the plastic accommodation of stress concentration and promoted crack-tip blunting. We propose that increasing the fraction of low-angle grain boundary plane segments as well as that of large martensite variants existing around grain boundaries can enhance local crack-arrestability and retard intergranular fracture of high-strength martensitic steels.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Ureteral obstruction associated with pelvic inflammatory disease in a long-term intrauterine contraceptive device user. We report herein a case of ureteral obstruction associated with pelvic inflammatory disease in a long-term intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD) user. A 62-year-old woman presented with a 2-week history of left flank pain and high fever, but no abdominal pain. She had forgotten the use of an IUD. Retrograde pyelography showed a stricture in the lower third of the left ureter. Magnetic resonance showed swelling of the uterus wall and left parametria, but did not reveal the presence of an IUD. Subtotal hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and left nephronureterectomy was performed. The IUD was then found in the uterine cavity. The results of pathological and bacteriological findings for Actinomyces infection were negative. Therefore we diagnosed this case as ureteral obstruction associated with pelvic inflammatory disease. Ureteral obstruction associated with pelvic inflammatory disease in a long-term IUD user is extremely rare.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Remnants of Romanticism Max Weber in Oklahoma and Indian Territory. One of the most unusual aspects of Max Weber's 1904 journey to the United States was his trip to Oklahoma and Indian Territory. This article reconstructs the origins, rationale, circumstances and results of this experience on the American frontier. Weber used the opportunity to investigate social and economic development, observing the work of the Dawes Commission, the conditions of native American life and the emerging patterns of settlement and their consequences. He discussed these matters with many of the Territory's leading figures, such as Tams Bixby and Robert L. Owen. He viewed the transition from traditional society to modern capitalist economic conditions as inevitable and irreversible. But he also thought processes of sociation, modeled on the voluntaristic sects and supported by a worldly ethos, served as a counterweight and strengthened the fledgling democratic order.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "On the temperature sensitivity of multi-GNSS intra- and inter-system biases and the impact on RTK positioning. The intra-system biases, including differential code biases (DCBs) and differential phase biases (DPBs), are generally defined as the receiver-dependent hardware delays between different frequencies in a single global navigation satellite system (GNSS) constellation. Likewise, the inter-system biases (ISBs) are the differential code and phase hardware delays between different GNSSs, which are of great relevance for combined processing of multi-GNSS and multi-frequency observations. Although the two biases are usually assumed to remain unchanged for at least 1 day, they sometimes can exhibit remarkable intraday variability, likely due to environmental factors, particularly the ambient temperature. It has been proved that the possible short-term temporal variations of receiver DCBs and DPBs are directly related to ambient temperature fluctuation. We analyze whether the variability of the biases is sensitive to temperature and further identify how this affects the performance of real-time kinematic (RTK) positioning. Our numerical tests, carried out using GPS, BDS-3, Galileo and QZSS observations collected by zero and short baselines, suggest two major findings. First, we found that while ISBs associated with overlapping frequencies are fairly stable, those associated with non-overlapping frequencies can exhibit remarkable variability over a rather short period of time, driven by the changes of ambient temperature. Second, by pre-calibrating and modeling of the biases for the baselines at hand, the empirical success rates and positioning performance can be significantly improved when compared to classical and inter-system differencing, with both models assuming time-invariant receiver DCBs, DPBs and ISBs.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Genome-Wide Identification, Characterization, and Expression Profiling of the ECERIFERUM (CER) Gene Family in Ziziphus jujube. The ECERIFERUM (CER) gene family plays an important role in wax biosynthesis. However, little is known about the CER gene family in jujube (Ziziphusjujuba Mill.). We identified 29 CER genes in the Z. jujuba genome and named them ZjCER1 to ZjCER29 according to their chromosomal locations. We then investigated the chemical characteristics, gene structures, and evolutionary relationships of these ZjCER genes. The genes were classified into three clades according to their phylogenetic relationship with Arabidopsis thaliana and Malus domestica. One pair of syntenic orthologous CER genes was matched between Z. jujuba and M. domestica. Analysis of conserved gene motifs revealed similar motifs within clades; 27 ZjCER genes had two or more introns. Twelve representative ZjCER genes showed different expression patterns in two Z. jujuba cultivars with contrasting cracking-resistant character. To further analyze the potential roles of ZjCER genes in response to various circumstances, we examined a 2.0 kb promoter region of the candidate ZjCER genes. All ZjCER genes except ZjCER28 shared a light-responsive element, and most shared hormone-related cis-elements. Our results provide rich resources for studying CER genes and potential clues for genetic improvement of jujube wax biosynthesis for improvement of cracking in Z. jujuba fruit.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Physicochemical properties of malted finger millet (Eleusine coracana) and pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum). Germinated and raw finger millet (Eleusine coracana) and pearl millet (Pennisetum giaucum) were investigated for their physicochemical (pH, total titratable acidity (TTA), proximate, mineral analysis), phytochemical, and antioxidant properties. The results showed that there were decreases in pH (8.50-7.60) with a corresponding increase in TTA (0.0038-0.18 g/L) during germination of the millets. Proximate composition of the millets revealed slight increases in protein (7.61%-7.81%; 10.57%-11.87%) and crude fiber (5.54%-8.81%; 1.07%-2.55%) with reductions in fat (3.84%-2.73%; 7.69%-2.30%) after germination for finger and pearl millet, respectively. The millets were found to be rich sources of minerals, which include magne- sium (1,028.42-1,763.50 ppm), calcium (36.42-4,158.40 ppm), sodium (150.00-510.00 ppm), potassium (470.00-4,500 ppm), zinc (20.00-40.00 ppm), and iron (66.00-121.00 ppm) which either decreased or increased with germination. The results of the phytochemical composition revealed that during germination, alkaloid (36.03-74.53 mg/g) and saponin (4.46-31.91 mg/g) contents were found to increase while there were reductions in tannin (0.88-1.64 mg/g) and phytate (7.00-17.72 mg/g) content of the flour. For finger millet, DPPH ranged from 70.00% to 72.14% and pearl millet (49.95%-64.01%), while for FRAP, pearl millet (53.69-53.76 mg/g) demonstrated better activity compared to finger millet (46.91-53.54 mg/g). Findings from this work may suggest that further studies should be carried out on germinated finger and pearl millets to examine their abilities to serve as functional foods.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "DIPLOMACY PUT AT STAKE: LAW OF NATIONS AND SLAVERY IN BRAZIL-URUGUAY BILATERAL AGENDA (1847-1869). This article aims to analyze the diplomatic clashes between Brazil and Uruguay in the mid nineteenth century that had the shaft interwoven plot of the convergence between slavery and diplomacy. With frequent disagreements of interpretation and referrals - fruit in much the contrast between the current slave structure in Brazil ahead to the Uruguayan-abolitionist laws already implemented -, it fueled deep tensions in the bilateral agenda and discussions on instituting elements of the wider international system. As the central object of problematic the application, extent and validity of the Law of Nations as a beacon to the issue.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Larval cannibalism during the late developmental stages of a facultatively gregarious encyrtid endoparasitoid. Female larvae in the initial clutch appeared more aggressive than male larvae when a second clutch was allocated 4 h after the first clutch. The probability of a larva being attacked and consumed by a brood mate increased as the number of larvae increased in the host. This partial tolerance might allow the members of the initial brood to defend themselves from offspring of a superparasitising female (= competitors ). Such post-ovipositional regulation of brood size might be interpreted as high-density intolerance among female offspring.The larvae of many gregarious parasitoid species are usually non-aggressive when they develop in or on a host, but those of Metaphycus flavus are one of the few exceptions known. Herein we describe their aggressive behaviour and the conditions under which it occurs, using observations in which larval development and physical conflict within parasitised and superparasitised hosts were mapped daily.Metaphycus flavus larvae often engaged in physical conflict that resulted in consumption of the losing larvae (= cannibalism ) in superparasitised hosts, whereas such conflict and consumption occurred rarely when a single brood developed in a host.Cannibalism among M. flavus larvae only occurred after the host resources had become scarce. Typically it occurred after the sixth day of development (fourth-instar larvae) when the larvae in a clutch had separated from their aeroscopic plate and were freed of their attachment to the host's cuticle.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Physical and chemical changes in vacuum packaged Parmigiano Reggiano cheese during storage at 25, 2 and -25C. Parmigiano Reggiano (PR) cheese, packed in single 20g portions under vacuum, was stored at three different temperatures (25C, 2C and -25C) to evaluate chemical and physical changes in the product during 120 days of storage, There was no increase in lipid oxidation, even though the presence of pentane in the head space showed that the PR samples were already slightly oxidized following the 18 months of ripening process. Color and water activity determinations led to the hypothesis that the lipid fraction migrated to the sample surface when stored at 25C. Other changes observed by the authors influenced the modification of the flavor and a decrease in the overall acceptance of the PR samples packed under vacuum and stored at room temperature. However, they did not seem to be related to lipid oxidation.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Preparative separation of high and low molecular weight subunits of glutenin from wheat. Wheat flour was washed with Tris-HCl buffer containing 4% Triton X114 before extracting the residual gluten with 70% ethanol. The glutenin extraction with 50% ethanol was performed at various ratios of DTT/protein; a minimum ratio of 0.1 g/g was needed to solubilise the maximum amount of glutenin. An experimental design was used to optimise the extraction conditions to obtain the best yield and purity of low M(r) and high M(r) glutenin subunits. The purity of each glutenin subunit fraction was measured by RP-HPLC analysis after reduction and alkylation. Both temperature and protein concentration had an effect on the preparation of these fractions. An increase in the protein concentration enhanced the yield of the high M(r) glutenin fraction and simultaneously decreased that of the low M(r) glutenin. Using the Deringer desirability function, conditions giving the optimum separation were determined. The procedure was scaled up and permitted the preparation of 0.96 g of high M(r) and 1.64 g of low M(r) glutenin subunits from 5 g of gluten. The purities of these fractions, determined by RP-HPLC, were 90% and 95%, respectively, and their amino acid compositions were similar to those of high and low M(r) subunits separated by RP-HPLC. (C) 1997 Academic Press Limited.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Overall specialization empirics: Techniques and applications. It is customary in the empirical trade literature to analyze specialization patterns of countries using Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) measures. This paper explores the informational content of the most commonly used RCA index: the Balassa (1965) Index of RCA.After describing the properties of the Balassa Index, we propose a research strategy based on descriptive statistics, kernel density estimation, concentration and Markov stationarity methods in order to analyze the dynamics of overall specialization.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "The Palaeocene/Eocene isotopic excursion of organic carbon (delta C-13(org)) in the continental palaeoenvironment at Varangeville (Haute-Normandie, Paris basin). The isotopic measurements were carried out on the bulk sediment and on complementary supports with a mass spectrometer in continuous flow delta+ (Finnigan Mat). The measurement precision is better than 0.1 parts per thousand and the reproducibility is about 0.15 parts per thousand.Evidenced in a well-dated. well-exposed and permanently outcropping sequence, the isotopic excursion of the Phare d'Ailly section may be considered as the regional reference of one of the major events which typified the Palaeocene/Eocene transition.The Phare d'Ailly section is marked by a continental evolution from a fluvial environment to a lacustrine one, which evolves finally in a vast peat bog. So it is right to consider that the carbon of the organic matter is terrestrial and that the isotopic fluctuations are related to those of the atmospheric carbon except for the A(2) excursion.We demonstrate that the delta C-13(org) excursion value is about - 30 parts per thousand PDB and the shift amplitude is: similar to - 4 parts per thousand. Considering its well constrained chrono-stratigraphic position in biochron NP9, we may assume that the negative A(3) excursion of the Phare d'Ailly section is an equivalent of the negative delta C-13 excursion widely-known in the marine realm and terrestrial carbonates: in the late Palaeocene-early Eocene transition. The negative excursion A prevails over the A(1) drop CA(1) artefact in the composite section and confronts us with the problem of previously established correlations.The negative delta C-13(org) Shift observed in the Phare d'Ailly section is in part the same as that seen by Sinha in 1997 (fig. 6). However. the isotopic negative CA(3) value (- 26.89 parts per thousand), recorded in the organic matter of an Unio shell, is only the beginning of the very negative values. In the Phare d'Ailly section the negative A(3) excursion and the following increase to A(4) are completely recorded.The lignite L-1 is characterized by a prominent negative isotopic excursion with apparently double structure (fig. 6). A low amplitude (about 2 parts per thousand) first excursion (A(1) : - 27.3 parts per thousand) is evident in the lower part (L-1a) between the top of the palaeosol (A(0) : - 24.9 parts per thousand) and the middle part (L-1b) Of this complex (A(2) : - 25.3 parts per thousand). However the palaeontological data shows an environmental change in L-1b that can explain the less negative values A(2). In consequence, the A(1) excursion is probably an artefact due to a short environmental modification. The second excursion (of about 4 parts per thousand) occupies the upper part (L-1c) and shows of a progressive decrease of the isotopic values from A(2) to a minimum (A(3) : - 29.7 parts per thousand) and then an increase to less negative values (A(4) : - 25.4 parts per thousand) in the uppermost lignite layer.In the Phare d'Ailly section. delta C-13(org) values ranges between - 24 parts per thousand and - 30 parts per thousand (fig. 5. With the exception of its upper part L-1, the SP2 unit exhibits delta C-13(org) values between - 24.5 parts per thousand and - 26 parts per thousand. The lacustrine limestones at the base of unit SP2 show delta C-13(org) values fluctuating around - 24.6 parts per thousand. Similarly, the palaeosol presents very homogeneous delta C-13(org) values but slightly more negative (- 25.5 parts per thousand). These values are compatible with C-3 photosynthetic flora.Washing residues provide Gasteropoda. Bivalvia, Ostracoda. Characea. as well as fruits and seeds, microcodiums and otolith. All the palaeontological data illustrate a continental biota of a pure lacustrine environment. quiet and shallow. in a hot and humid climate. The organic matter facies analysis confirms the absence of any marine influence and documents a palaeoenvironment of lakes and ponds having an anoxic floor. Thus the carbon of the organic matter is considered to be continental and their isotopic variations linked to those of the atmospheric carbon.The SP1 and SP2 sediments were analysed for carbonate content, grain size distribution, clay mineralogy and total organic content (T.O.C.), using standard laboratory methods: (fig. 3). An optical specification of the organic matter has been obtained from semiquantitative analysis of the organic matter facies. The survey of macro- and microfossils has supplied complementary supports for isotopic analysis (seed, wood and charcoal).The P/E interval synthesized in figure 2 shows three main groups, the stratigraphy of which is strongly constrained between the calcareous nannofossil Zones NP8 and NP11, The marine Thanetian facies belong to Zones NP8 and NP9. Above. the \\\\'Sparnacian\\\\' (Mont Bernon Group) is divided into 5 units referred to as SP. Unit SP2 is attributed to the Peckichara disermas Charozone, equivalent to Zone NP9. For unit SP4, an indirect correlation with Zone NP10 may be deduced. The upper part of the Varangeville Formation is known for its nannofossil association attributed to Zone NP 11. We may conclude from these observations that the sparnacian sediments are synchronous with NP9-10 Zones and that they are effectively located in the time interval of the delta C-13 excursion.The present work points out that it is necessary to study more complete sections than those studied by Sinha. A section named Phare d'Ailly has been sampled in detail (figs. 1,2,3), In this section, for which detailed analysis of sedimentology, palaeontology and organic matter facies establish the continental nature of the palaeoenvironment, isotopic analysis of organic matter reveals a very negative delta C-13(org) excursion value similar to - 30 parts per thousand PDB.The late Palaeocene carbon isotope excursion (C.I.E.) is often regarded as the best means of correlating marine and continental deposits. The few isotopic studies carried out in continental environments were based on pedogenic carbonate [Koch et al., 1992], or on organic matter. Sinha [1997] took up this subject starting from the outcrops on the coast of the English Channel at Varangeville, where marine sequences biostratigraphically constrain the isotopic excursion. His work documents a negative delta C-13(org) excursion value similar to - 27 parts per thousand PDB.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "The Costs of Policing Violence: Foregrounding Cognitive and Emotional Labor. This article examines the connections between systemic racism, racial framing, and police violence. While media saturation of recent and highly publicized events of police violence against black males has taken center stage, most of these analyses have focused on \\\\'riots\\\\' and \\\\'protests\\\\' without much consideration of the emotional and cognitive costs to communities and people of color. In contrast to mainstream notions that policing violence is increasing, we center the discussion of police brutality in systemic racism by examining the historical relationship between African Americans, violent policing, and resistance. In this article, we introduce and conceptualize emotional and cognitive labor as consequences for people of color as they navigate everyday life, including interactions with policing agents.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Modeling Transmission Dynamics and Control of Vector-Borne Neglected Tropical Diseases. Neglected tropical diseases affect more than one billion people worldwide. The populations most impacted by such diseases are typically the most resource-limited. Mathematical modeling of disease transmission and cost-effectiveness analyses can play a central role in maximizing the utility of limited resources for neglected tropical diseases. We review the contributions that mathematical modeling has made to optimizing intervention strategies of vector-borne neglected diseases. We propose directions forward in the modeling of these diseases, including integrating new knowledge of vector and pathogen ecology, incorporating evolutionary responses to interventions, and expanding the scope of sensitivity analysis in order to achieve robust results.", "label": [2, 17, 21, 24]}
+{"token": "Diversification of income parity among agricultural farms based on the Polish experience. The objective of the study was to examine the occurrence of farm income disparity in Poland on average in the study sample and in the groups of farms designated according to their economic size expressed by the standard output value from selected agricultural types and economic size classes. The results showed that farmers' income is often lower than an average income in the national economy and in some cases farmers are not reimbursed for their own labour input. However, a significant diversity in income disparity was observed between farms. In the most beneficial situation were farms in the 5th economic size class with the highest income without subsidies. The farms in the 3rd and 4th class achieved the income parity comparable to other sectors of economy but this was possible through subsidies under the CAP. On the other hand, the results of farms in the 6th economic size class were much worse. The farms often did not generate income at all or its level was very low, even with the support of subsidies. It was concluded that the CAP intervention should be better targeted in order to reduce farm disparity as overall support for all is ineffective.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Multiple democracies in one country: Belgian narratives of democracy, 1830-1950. Narratives of democracy have played an important part in Belgium's self-understanding ever since the country gained its independence in the 1830-1831 revolution. In the more or less official historiography created by the Belgian political and intellectual elites, collective actors of lower and middle strata much rather than monarchs and aristocrats were presented as the forerunners of the Belgian nation. This situation stimulated a proliferation of alternative, and often dissident, democratic narratives among those who saw themselves as the true heirs of these collective actors. Left-wing Republicans and at a later stage Socialists used their narratives to criticize the oligarchic character of the existing political structures, but remained firmly within the Belgian framework. The democratic narratives fostered among Catholics in Flanders, on the contrary, were based on a more fundamental tension with the mainly Francophone and secular Belgian State. Since the First World War, this tension developed into a consistently anti-Belgian and anti-parliamentary narrative of democracy within the emerging Flemish Nationalist subculture and party. By analysing these divergent narratives, this essay thus shows how the initially democratic self-understanding of the Belgian state substantially mortgaged the creation in the long run of stable and unifying national discourses.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "High spatial-resolution biological tissue imaging in the second near-infrared region via optical parametric amplification pumped by an ultrafast vortex pulse [Invited]. Applying an ultrafast vortex laser as the pump, optical parametric amplification can be used for spiral phase-contrast imaging with high gain, wide spatial bandwidth, and high imaging contrast. Our experiments show that this design has realized the 1064 nm spiral phase-contrast idler imaging of biological tissues (frog egg cells and onion epidermis) with a spatial resolution at several microns level and a superior imaging contrast to both the traditional bright-or dark-field imaging under a weak illumination of 7 nW=cm2. This work provides a powerful way for biological tissue imaging in the second near-infrared region.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Composition of the workplace and psychological well-being: The effects of tokenism on America's black elite. Kanter's theory of proportional representation suggests that tokens should experience more work stress and psychological symptoms than nontokens. We examine the effects of proportional representation by pace and by gender on work stress and symptoms. Data come from structured personal interviews with a disproportionate stratified sample of elite black leaders in the U.S. (N = 167). Consistent with expectations, analyses shaved that numerical rarity by race and by gender significantly increased symptoms of depression and anxiety, respectively. Numerical rarity by race significantly increases ''token stress'' (e.g., loss of black identity, multiple demands of being black, sense of isolation, having to show greater competence) and a high degree of gender tokenism increases role overload. Some, but not all, of the fetal impact of proportional representation is mediated through work stressors since these stressors are themselves directly associated with higher psychological symptoms.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "The Choice Architecture of School Choice Websites. We conducted a randomized factorial experiment to determine how displaying school information to parents in different ways affects what schools they choose for their children in a hypothetical school district. In a sample of 3,500 low-income parents of school-aged children, a small design manipulation, such as changing the default order in which schools were presented, induced meaningful changes in the types of schools selected. Other design choices such as using icons to represent data, instead of graphs or just numbers, or presenting concise summaries instead of detailed displays, also led parents to choose schools with higher academic performance. We also examined effects on parents' understanding of the information and their self-reported satisfaction and ease of use. In some cases, there were trade-offs. For example, representing data using only numbers maximized understanding, but adding graphs maximized satisfaction at the expense of understanding.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Mental disorders pattern in staff of a military unit in Iran: the role of metabolic syndrome on latent class membership. Introduction Mental disorders are among the most prevalent health problems of the adult population in the world. This study aimed to identify the subgroups of staff based on mental disorders and assess the independent role of metabolic syndrome (MetS) on the membership of participants in each latent class. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted among 694 staff of a military unit in Tehran in 2017. All staff of this military unit was invited to participate in this study. The collected data included demographic characteristics, anthropometric measures, blood pressure, biochemical parameters, and mental disorders. We performed latent class analysis using a procedure for latent class analysis (PROC LCA) in SAS to identify class membership of mental disorders using Symptom Checklist-90. Results Three latent classes were identified as healthy (92.7%), mild (4.9%), and severe (2.4%) mental disorders. Having higher age significantly decreased the odds of belonging to the mild class (adjusted OR (aOR = 0.21; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.05-0.83) compared to the healthy class. Also, obesity decreased the odds of membership in mild class (aOR = 0.10, 95% CI: 0.01-0.92) compared to healthy class. On the other hand, being female increased the odds of being in severe class (aOR = 9.76; 95% CI: 1.35-70.65) class in comparison to healthy class. Conclusion This study revealed that 7.3% of staff fell under mild and severe classes. Considering educational workshops in the workplace about mental disorders could be effective in enhancing staff's knowledge of these disorders. Also, treatment of comorbid mental disorders may help reduce their prevalence and comorbidity.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Author and Reader in the Catalan Translation of Boccaccio's Decameron: An Analysis of a Literary Assimilation. This paper analyzes the 1429 Catalan translation of Boccaccio's Decameron focusing on its main narrative characteristics, especially the relationship between the author and his readers. While not neglecting basic features of the translation in the period, the main emphasis is placed in the significance of this text, sometimes considered a simple adaptation, as a Humanist work, a document of the assimilation of Italian Humanism in the Crown of Aragon. This Catalan text constitutes an example of how Boccaccio's narrative ideas were understood at the time, for many of the so called defects in this translation are the result of narrative strategies addressed to a specific audience and culture. We are in front of translators interested in literary creation and in the quest for beauty in their work, which reflects the close relationship between Boccaccio's new style and the Catalan author's/authors' approach. It should not be viewed as a mere translation.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Feigned orality - directed interaction The short novel as narration model. Due to these facts the article by Christine Lubkoll tries to define the genre of the \\\\'Novelle\\\\' and its specific textual manifestations with regard to its historically changing contextual conditions. The thesis of the article is that the narration of short novels itself reflects the social and cultural changes and the changes of media within the process of narration as a cultural practice. This becomes evident through textual markers as well as through dynamically developing textual features; both, the textual markers and the textual features of the genre have led to a strong genre-intertextuality; a dialogue of different texts and different epoques.The reflection of the genre of the \\\\'Novelle\\\\' (short novel offers one way for a productive interpenetration of scientific literary and linguistic discussions about the phenomenon of textuality. It is the genre of the \\\\'Novelle\\\\' whose characterization has always been very dissatisfying according to traditional genre definitions within the scientific discourse. Typical formal and structural features are often too unspecific and mostly remain on the surface, if their function for the (con)text is not reflected adequately. Furthermore all the different catalogues of typical features mostly appear as static schemes that cannot do justice equally well to all the various manifestations of the \\\\'Novelle\\\\' as to the historical change of the genre itself.The first part of the article by Christine Lubkoll illustrates the history of the genre of the \\\\'Novelle\\\\' and its specific social and cultural relevance within different literary epoques. It is then followed by the second part, an analysis of Goethes \\\\'Unterhaltungen demscher Ausgewanderten\\\\' and Musils \\\\'Die Amsel\\\\'.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Picturebooks in Primary Education: a tool for Second Language Acquisition. In this paper we analyze the importance of using texts from children's literature as part of the acquisition of a second language process in the primary education classroom. Specifically, we consider the possibilities picturebooks offer as a tool to develop second language competence while at the same time developing literary competence, in this case in English in the ages between 6 and 12 years old. Besides exploring the pedagogical possibilities of picturebooks as a didactic tool, we suggest a set of appropriate readings in order to achieve the goals here presented.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Academic quality management in teacher education: a Singapore perspective. Purpose - Quality assurance and management is vital for the continuous improvement of the content, delivery and development of teacher education programmes. This paper seeks to explore theoretical issues and ideas in assessing the quality preparation of teachers in the Singapore context.Findings - The architectural framework provided a systematic focus to develop and sustain the academic quality of the teacher development programmes. Quality change and developments occur through collaboration and learning. The emphasis is on quality management as a process-oriented strategy.Design/methodology/approach - An academic quality framework provides an architectural approach to optimizing quality processes, transitioning from a disjointed set of quality processes to an integrated workflow based upon established best practices.Originality/value - There is a shift in paradigm from traditional models of programme evaluation to a systems approach that incorporate multi-dimensional models to impact administration, teaching and research in a teacher education institution. Thus Singapore's teacher education quality management should be considered beyond a set of measurement tools towards a systematic, scheduled and focused examination as a whole, as a process-oriented strategy.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "A nonribosomal peptide synthetase with a novel domain organization is essential for siderophore biosynthesis in Vibio anguillarum. Anguibactin, a siderophore produced by Vibrio anguillarum, is synthesized via a nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) mechanism. We have identified a gene from the V. anguillarum plasmid pJM1 that encodes a 78-kDa NRPS protein termed AngM, which is essential in the biosynthesis of anguibactin. The predicted AngM amino acid sequence shows regions of homology to the consensus sequence for the peptidyl carrier protein (PCP) and the condensation (C) domains of NRPSs, and curiously, these two domains are not associated with an adenylation (A) domain. Substitution by alanine of the serine 215 in the PCP domain and of histidine 406 in the C domain of AngM results in an anguibactin-deficient phenotype, underscoring the importance of these two domains in the function of this protein. The mutations in angM that affected anguibactin production also resulted in a dramatic attenuation of the virulence of V. anguillarum 775, highlighting the importance of this gene in the establishment of a septicemic infection in the vertebrate host. Transcription of the angM gene is initiated at an upstream transposase gene promoter that is repressed by the Fur protein in the presence of iron. Analysis of the sequence at this promoter showed that it overlaps the iron transport-biosynthesis promoter and operates in the opposite direction.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "MONOTONICITY, CONVEXITY AND BOUNDS INVOLVING THE BETA AND RAMANUJAN R-FUNCTIONS. In the article, we provide several new asymptotical sharp bounds for the functions involving the Beta function and Ramanujan R-functions via the monotonicity and convexity properties of certain combinations defined in terms of polynomials, Beta and Ramanujan R-functions.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Bone histology and growth patterns of some nonmammalian therapsids. The bone histology of gorgonopsian, therocephalian and cynodont genera, ranging from the Late Permian to Early Jurassic, was examined. The analysis reveals a predominance of cortical fibrolamellar bone tissue in most skeletal elements. The high prevalence of fibrolamellar bone tissue suggests an overall rapid osteogenesis, but interruptions in the form of annuli and/or LAGs do occur. Inter-elemental histovariation within individuals, such as primary tissue type, cortical porosity, LAGs and annuli, extent of secondary reconstruction and endosteal bone deposition, is observed. In general, propodials were found to have grown faster than epipodials. Distinct growth patterns were identified for each of the genera studied. These growth patterns vary from a cyclical growth pattern in the Late Permian gorgonopsian, Scylacops to fast, sustained growth in the Early Jurassic cynodont, Tritylodon. Growth patterns of contemporaneous genera are also noted and discussed. A possible trend towards fast growth, and an independent decrease or eventual loss of developmental plasticity within the therapsids, is proposed.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Fairness crowded out by law: An experimental study on withdrawal rights. Withdrawal rights protect buyers in distance selling, for example when ordering via the Internet. After introducing such a law in Germany the proportion of returned goods drastically increased although most sellers had already offered a return option before. We experimentally investigate scenarios in which sellers can voluntarily offer a withdrawal right. In a second treatment it is provided by law. We find indications that a voluntary provision is perceived as friendly, so that buyers reciprocate by not exploiting sellers too heavily. A third treatment reveals that small return costs for buyers have only a marginal influence on withdrawal behaviour.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Conceptual and perceptual implicit memory in Huntington's disease. The aims of this study were to examine and compare perceptual and conceptual implicit memory (CIM) in Huntington's disease (HD) and to characterize the relationship between tests of frontal lobe functioning and CIM. Sixteen HD patients and 16 normal controls completed structurally parallel tests of perceptual implicit memory and CIM (i.e., rhyme and category exemplar generation), tests of explicit memory, and verbal fluency. HD patients showed intact implicit memory for both rhyme and category exemplars, despite evidence of frontal dysfunction on other tests. An unexpected finding was that patients showed a deficit in cued rhyme generation that correlated with severity of neurological impairment. The authors replicated findings in controls of a correlation between letter fluency and CIM but found no relationship in patients. Frontal dysfunction in HD may lessen the influence of generative strategies on tests of CIM without compromising performance.", "label": [2, 5, 17, 50]}
+{"token": "Bank service quality: perception of customers in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana in the post banking sector reforms era. Purpose In the wake of fierce competition that has ensued among banks to get a share of the depositors' funds after the banking sector reforms in 2017, this study attempts to investigate bank service quality and its influence on customer satisfaction and customer loyalty in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. Design/methodology/approach Using a sample of 753 respondents (bank customers), the study employs the structural equation modelling (SEM) using Smart-PLS to test the nature of relationships between service quality, customer satisfaction and customer loyalty using the SERVQUAL model. Findings The findings show that, with the exception of assurance, the remaining four antecedents of service quality, namely reliability, responsiveness, empathy and tangibility had significant positive influence on customer satisfaction. The results also show a significant positive influence of customer satisfaction on customer loyalty, implying that more satisfied customers in Ghana tend to become more loyal to their banks. Practical implications For policy purposes, the authors recommend that banks should invest in improving service quality to drive customer satisfaction, loyalty and ultimately firm performance. The satisfied customer is a reliable source of bank viability and survival. Originality/value To the best of the knowledge of the authors, this is the first time a study on bank service quality has been done involving the management of banks in Ghana. This ensures the reliability of results. The findings of this study enhance knowledge of the positive relationship between service quality, customer satisfaction and loyalty using a modified SERVQUAL model.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "Stroke among highly active antiretroviral therapy-naive people living with the human immunodeficiency virus in China: a retrospective study of the characteristics, risk factors, and prognosis. Background We aimed to clarify the characteristics, risk factors, and prognosis of stroke among HAART-naive people living with HIV (PLWH) in China. Methods We selected HAART-naive PLWH admitted to Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, from 1 January 2009 to 31 December 2019. Demographic and clinical data were obtained by searching an anonymous electronic case system. Descriptive analysis and logistic regression and Cox proportional hazard models were used to determine the characteristics and predictors of stroke among all HAART-naive PLWH and evaluate the risk factors of mortality in HAART-naive PLWH with stroke. Results Stroke was diagnosed in 105 cases (3.7%) of 2867 HAART-naive PLWH. Multivariate logistic regression indicated that age of 30-55 years (OR 1.903, 95% CI 1.005-3.603, p = 0.048), age of >= 55 years (OR 4.104, 95% CI 1.928-8.737, p < 0.001), and CD4 count of < 200 cells/mu L (OR 2.005, 95% CI 1.008-3.985, p = 0.047) were associated with increased odds of stroke. Diabetes (OR 3.268, 95% CI 1.744-6.125, p < 0.001), hypertension (OR 2.301, 95% CI 1.425-3.717, p = 0.001), syphilis (OR 2.003, 95% CI 1.300-3.089, p = 0.002), and complicated AIDS-defining CNS diseases (OR 7.719, 95% CI 4.348-13.703, p < 0.001) were risk factors for stroke. Of the 105 stroke patients, 12 (11.4%) died during hospitalisation, and the risk factors for mortality among patients with stroke were age of > 65 years (AHR: 8.783, 95% CI 1.522-50.668, p = 0.015), complicated severe pneumonia (AHR: 3.940, 95% CI 1.106-14.029, p = 0.034), and AIDS-defining CNS diseases (AHR: 19.766, 95% CI 3.586-108.961, p = 0.001). Conclusions For HAART-naive people living with HIV (PLWH), stroke occurred in various age groups, and early screening for stroke, timely intervention for risk factors among patients in various age groups, and controlling the CD4 count are extremely important in reducing the burden of stroke.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "A statistical model for the analysis of customer satisfaction: Some theoretical and simulation results. This paper deals with a model in which the overall customer satisfaction Y concerning a good or service is linked to the weights and ratings W-i(star) and X-i(star), i = 1, 2, ..., k, respectively assigned on conventional scales to some of its specific aspects. It is assumed that the observed values of Y come from discretization of a continuous model of the type Y = Sigma(i)beta(i)W(i)X(i), plus a random error epsilon, where beta(i) are unknown parameters and W-i, X-i are the 'true' values of W-i(star), X-i(star), obtained - according to the psychological scaling approach - by transforming the latter by means of the marginal distribution functions of a latent 2k-dimensional random variable depending on some unknown parameters a(i), b(i), i = 1, 2, ..., k. With regard to the latent distribution, two models (Logistic Weibull-multivariate normal and Weibull-multivariate normal) are considered and their robustness with respect to the retrieval of the values of the unknown model parameters front discretized data, when using non-linear least-squares estimates - together with the rapidity of convergence of the latter to the true values for increasing sample size - is illustrated with recourse to the Monte Carlo method.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "A new solid-state pH sensor and its application in the construction of all solid-state urea biosensor. A new solid-state pH sensor is developed using neutral poly(3-cyclohexyl thiophene) assembled over a Pt disk electrode. The new sensor is developed following two different approaches; 1) the neutral poly(3-cyclohexyl thiophene) dissolved in chloroform and subsequent coating on to a Pt disk electrode; 2) the neutral polymer is incorporated into plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) matrix membrane. In both cases the polymer modified electrode is sensitive to pH and a reversible super Nerstian behavior is observed. The typical response of the pH sensor and its reversibility are reported. The polymer coated electrode is subsequently used to construct an all solid-state urea sensor. The construction of this new urea sensor involves the following two major steps; a) 20 mu L of urease solution (40 mg/mL) is allowed to assemble overnight at 4 degrees C over neutral poly (3-cyclohexyl thiophene) modified electrode; b) an organically modified sol-gel layer is allowed to form over the urease adsorbed polymer modified electrode. The new solid-state urea sensor provides excellent reproducibility of the measurements and is stable for 3 months when stored at 4 degrees C under dry condition. The typical response of the solid-state urea sensor and the calibration plot of urea analysis are reported.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Theory for classifying equivalences of unified modelling language activity diagrams. Despite the fact that there has been a wide adoption of unified modelling language activity diagrams (UML ADs) for software development, research focusing on the equivalence notions of UML ADs is scarce. To address this area of concern, the author presents a sound theoretical foundation for UML ADs. Through the use of these formal definitions of UML ADs, the author propounds a method which classifies various types of equivalences of UML ADs in a systematic way. The proposed classification, which is the core result of our work, provides a framework that enables the study of the properties and inter-relationships of the equivalences.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Let the data do the talking: the need to consider mosaicism during embryo selection. Chromosomal mosaicism, the coexistence of cells with different chromosomal content, has been documented in human embryos for 3 decades. Early versions of preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) did not measure mosaicism, either because typically only a single cell was assessed or because the technique could not accurately identify it. Although this led to a straightforward diagnosis (an embryo was considered either normal or abnormal), it simply avoided the issue and, in hindsight, may have led to numerous misdiagnoses with negative clinical consequences. Modern PGT-A evaluates a multicellular biopsy specimen with techniques capable of recognizing intermediate copy number signals for chromosomes or subchromosomal regions. We are, therefore, inevitably confronted with the issue of mosaicism and the challenge of managing embryos producing such results in the clinic. Here we discuss recent data showing that not only mosaicism in general, but specific features of mosaicism detected with PGT-A, are associated with variable clinical outcomes. The conclusion is evident: mosaicism should be considered for more informed and improved embryo selection in the clinic. ((C) 2021 by American Society for Reproductive Medicine.)", "label": [2, 4, 21, 39]}
+{"token": "PrEP Use During Periods of HIV Risk Among East African Women in Serodiscordant Relationships. Setting and Methods: Three hundred ten HIV-uninfected women in HIV serodiscordant couples in Kenya and Uganda were offered and accepted PrEP. Electronic monitoring caps were used to measure daily PrEP adherence. Time on PrEP while at risk for HIV (when the HIV-infected partner was on antiretroviral therapy <6 months) and weekly adherence while on PrEP were calculated and compared among older and younger (<25 years old) women.Background: Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is efficacious for African women at risk for HIV, but data on adherence outside clinical trials are sparse. We describe the persistence and execution of PrEP use among women participating in a large open-label PrEP demonstration project, particularly during periods of HIV risk.Results: As defined above, women were at risk for HIV for an average of 361 days; 54% took PrEP during their entire risk period and 24% stopped but restarted PrEP during their risk period. While on PrEP, women took >= 6 doses/wk for 78% of weeks [67% of weeks for women aged <25 years, 80% of weeks for women aged >= 25 years (P < 0.001)], and >= 4 doses for 88% of weeks [80% for those <25, 90% for those >= 25, (P < 0.001)]. Compared with historical, risk-matched controls, HIV incidence was reduced 93% (95% confidence interval: 77% to 98%) for all women and 91% (95% confidence interval: 29% to 99%) among women aged <25 years.Conclusion: Women, including young women, in HIV-serodiscordant couples took PrEP successfully over sustained periods of risk. Although young women had lower adherence than older women, they achieved strong protection, which suggests that women can align PrEP use to periods of risk and imperfect adherence can still provide substantial benefit.", "label": [2, 17, 24]}
+{"token": "Tensile and longitudinal shrinkage behaviors of polylactide/wood-fiber composites via direct injection molding. Polylactide (PLA), derived from bioresources, is an environmentally friendly plastic which has attracted tremendous interests in both academia and industry. This study investigates the feasibility of direct injection molding of PLA/wood-fiber composites and their mechanical and longitudinal shrinkage behaviors under different molding conditions. To understand the processing-property relationship of the thermally sensitive composites, response surface methodology was applied to study the effects of molding parameters, as well as their interacting effects, on the tensile strength and the longitudinal shrinkage of the composites. Melt temperature, packing pressure, and injection speed were chosen as the molding parameters studied. The statistical models were validated through confirmation experiments. The predicted values are in agreement with experimental data, and the average prediction accuracy is more than 95% for both tensile strength and longitudinal shrinkage. The models would not only improve our understanding of the tensile strength and shrinkage behaviors, but also can be used to help tooling design and select a proper processing window to maximize the tensile strength while achieving the desired longitudinal shrinkage.", "label": [4, 1, 33, 11]}
+{"token": "Non-volatile memory device using a polymer modified nanocrystal. Thin-film planar structures using AgCl nanocrystals embedded in a polymer blend; exhibit reliable and reproducible switching between different non-volatile conductance states. It is shown that resistive switching in these systems cannot be related with migration diffusion or aggregation of metals to form metallic filaments. This is supported by temperature-dependent measurement showing that the current in the high conductance state is thermal activated (0.6 eV). (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 1, 32, 11]}
+{"token": "Clinical manifestations of primary and secondary dengue in Paraguay and its relation to virus serotype. Methodology: We included patients <= 15 years old hospitalized with dengue at the Institute of Tropical Medicine, from Paraguay, from 2007 to 2018. Patients were classified according to the 2009 WHO dengue classification guidelines and were stratified by serotype into three groups according to the hospitalization period: the 2007 epidemic (DENV-3), the 2012-2013 epidemic (DENV-2) and the 2016-2018 epidemic (DENV-1).Conclusions: The DENV serotype has a profound impact on the clinical manifestations and severity of dengue. DENV-2 infections were associated more frequently to requirement of fluid expansion, shock, and longer hospital stay.Results: Of 784 children hospitalized for dengue, 50 cases (6.3%) were caused by DENV-3, 471 (60%) by DENV-2, and 263 (33.5%) by DENV-1. Myalgias and headache were associated with DENV-3 cases and abdominal pain was associated with DENV-2 cases. Bleeding was observed mainly in DENV-1 and 2 cases. Patients with DENV-2 infections experienced more severe disease, required fluid expansion more frequently, and exhibited more often shock and admission in the ICU. Secondary cases of dengue were more severe that primary cases. Patients with infection by DENV-2 had longer hospital stays (5.1 +/- 2.8 days) when compared to DENV-3 o DENV-1 infection cases (2.9 +/- 1.6 days and 4.36 +/- 2.7 days, respectively) (p < 0.05).Introduction: Dengue virus (DENV) infection is currently a major cause of morbidity in the world, and its incidence has mainly increased during the last years in Latin America, including Paraguay. The objective of this study was to compare the clinical and laboratory findings of dengue and assess whether the serotype is a risk factor for severity.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "The Difference of History. Paul Veyne Revisited. In May 68, along with a wave of global upheaval, there was also a shift in the way of conceiving and writing history. The acceleration of historical time brought about a renewed wish to learn about the past. In this context, Comment on ecrit l'histoire by Paul Veyne was to take on a special significance. The present article examines the reception of this essay and how it was capable of reflecting on the most burning issues of the discipline: the scientific nature of history, the need to open up to other fields of knowledge, the use of conceptualization, and the role of the historian in the writing of a new history.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Kirkendall Effect and Mechanism of Self-Diffusion in B2 Intermetallic Compounds. Single-phase interdiffusion studies in the B2 intermetallic compounds NiAl and FeAl have demonstrated the incidence of Kirkendall effect in these systems. The implication of this observation on the operating mode of self-diffusion in these systems is discussed. The direct exchange and ring diffusion mechanisms were excluded as the possible mode of substitutional diffusion in metals and alloys on account of the incidence of Kirkendall effect during single-phase interdiffusion studies. It is suggested that on similar phenomenological considerations, the six-jump vacancy cycle mechanism, triple-defect mechanism, and antistructure bridge mechanism are precluded as possible mode of diffusion in B2 intermetallic compounds.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Ellipsometric determination of anisotropic optical constants of single phase Ga2O3 thin films in its orthorhombic and monoclinic phases. The anisotropic optical constants of high-quality, single crystalline Ga2O3 films in both orthorhombic (epsilon) and monoclinic (beta) phases were obtained from ellipsometry study. The (0001)-oriented epsilon-Ga2O3 and a (-201) beta-Ga2O3 epilayers were grown on (0001) alpha-Al2O3 substrates by mist-chemical vapor deposition and pulsed laser deposition, respectively. The experimental bandgaps derived from optical constants were found to be related with the allowed optical transitions from valence sub-bands to conduction band minimum in terms of the polarization-selection rules in such asymmetric structures. The pseudo-ordinary (a-b plane) and extraordinary (c axis) optical bandgaps of the epsilon-Ga2O3 film were estimated to be 4.85 +/- 0.02 and 4.76 +/- 0.02 eV, respectively. The pseudo ordinary (b axis) and extraordinary (a-c plane) optical bandgaps of the beta-Ga2O3 film were estimated to be 4.92 +/- 0.02 and 4.57 +/- 0.02 eV, respectively. The energy difference between the two bandgaps of the epsilon-Ga2O3 is about 0.09 eV, which matches the theoretically calculated energy difference (about 0.06 eV) of the highest two valence bands.", "label": [4, 1, 32, 11]}
+{"token": "STUDY OF CAPTURING EMITTED CO2 IN THE FORM OF HYDRATES IN A TUBULAR REACTOR. Stabilizing atmospheric CO2 concentration requires the development of novel methods for capturing it in the form of permanent reservoirs. Among the proposed methods is CO2 storage in the form of hydrate. In this study a method was established for CO2 conversion to hydrate. This method can be applied to bioethanol plants, which produce CO2 as a by-product of ethanol fermentation. In this regard, a tubular recirculating flow reactor was developed for the study of CO2 hydrate formation. The experiments were carried out at 279K and 3.5-5MPa to determine the rate of CO2 hydrate formation. Further, a model was developed for prediction of the rate of hydrate formation based on the mass transfer, crystallization, and thermodynamic concepts. The predicted hydrate formation rate was compared to the experimental data in order to validate the model prediction. The predicted results were in good agreement with the experimental data at different operating conditions.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "Flux behavior in clarification of chicory juice by high-shear membrane filtration: Evidence for threshold flux. Membrane fouling and flux decline are important problems in chicory juice clarification by membrane process for inulin production. In this study, a rotating disk module (RDM) equipped with four micro- and ultra-filtration membranes was used to treat raw chicory root extract, and the permeate flux behavior at high-shear conditions was investigated. Increasing disk rotating speed can reduce concentration polarization and cake fouling, and thus improve permeate flux. However, a moderate rotating speed of 1000 rpm was a good compromise between energy saving and polarization/cake layers control, while a higher disk rotating speed can be used at regular intervals for on-line membrane cleaning. Threshold and limiting fluxes were determined in chicory juice clarification at 1000 rpm and 50 degrees C by pressure stepping experiments, and they were almost independent of pore size, permeability and fouling extent, with ranges of 130-140 L m(-2) h(-1) for threshold and 155-168 L m(-2) h(-1) for limiting flux. Below threshold flux, filtration resistance is independent of flux, while above it, membrane fouling increases with increasing permeate flux. This work confirmed that threshold flux criterion was also applicable to high-shear microfiltration and ultrafiltration, and size-dependent shear-induced and Brownian back diffusions played an important role in such filtration resistance transition. Moreover, both limiting flux and flux fluctuations should be avoided in practical applications because they cause high fouling and flux decline. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 33]}
+{"token": "Techniques of Application and Initial Clinical Experience with Sliding Humeral Osteotomy for Treatment of Medial Compartment Disease of the Canine Elbow. SHO is appropriate for clinical management of pain and lameness in select cases of canine MCD.Case series.Signalment, lameness history, and preoperative imaging findings were recorded. A custom, locking, stepped SHO plate was applied to the medial aspect of the humerus, stabilizing a mid-diaphyseal transverse osteotomy, medially translating the distal segment relative to the proximal segment. Three variants of technique of application were used and outcomes compared between respective patient groups. Outcome measures included lameness scoring, anatomic measures, VAS scoring of elbow pain, and owner assessment of function. Measures recorded preoperatively, 12, and 26 weeks postoperatively were compared.To determine medium-term clinical efficacy of sliding humeral osteotomy (SHO) for treatment of lameness and elbow pain associated with clinically diagnosed elbow disease featuring cartilage eburnation of the medial elbow compartment (medial compartment disease-MCD).Of 59 limbs that had SHO, 39 had preoperative focal treatment of the diseased medial aspect of the coronoid process. Mean +/- SD dog age was 45.5 +/- 37.48 months and body weight ranged from 13.6 to 46.7 kg. Mean preoperative duration of lameness was 14.7 +/- 18.50 months. Lameness improved for all limbs by 26 weeks, and resolved in 21/32 limbs. Significant improvements in postoperative elbow pain scores and most owner assessments of function were observed. Incidence of major complications requiring surgical intervention was 17.2%, 22.2%, and 4.8% for each of the 3 technique variants described. Histologic examination of 2 elbows at > 12 months revealed fibrocartilage cover of medial aspect of humeral condyle.Dogs (n=49) with severe or persistent lameness attributable to MCD.Canine SHO with or without focal treatment of the diseased medial aspect of the coronoid process ameliorates lameness and pain associated with MCD at medium-term follow-up. Application technique is critical to minimizing morbidity.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "The effect of genotype, sex and final weight on growth and slaughter performance and meat quality of goat kids. Castrated male and heavy kids had significantly better dressing percentage (50.2 and 51.6 %) than male or light kids (49.2 and 48.0 %). Pure breed Boer goats had a tendentious better dressing percentage than crossbred (50.2 and 49.3 %). Kidney fat was higher in crossbred, castrated and heavy kids than in pure breed and male kids. The proportion of fat in leg and shoulder was higher in castrated and heavy kids than in male and light kids. Genotype, sex and final weight had no effect on pH-value 1 hour after slaughtering, however, pH-value 24 hours after slaughtering was lower in heavy than in light kids (5.81 and 5.92). Castrated and heavy kids showed with 63.1 and 62.8 % significant higher content of saturated fatty acids than in male and light kids with 60.3 and 60.5 %, respectively.In an experiment with 79 kids the effect of genotype (40 pure bred Boer kids and 39 F I crossbred kids Saanen x Boer), sex (male and castrated male) and the final live weight (30 and 40 kg) on growth and slaughter performance was investigated. Kids were fed individually with hay, grass silage and concentrate (2-5 % of LW).Average daily gain was higher in pure bred kids than in crossbred (169 and 158g) and was higher in intact male than in castrated male (176 and 151 g). Feed efficiency was negatively influenced by castration and high final weight (approximate to 1 kg DM/10 kg LW gain).Owing to the growth and slaughter performance and composition of leg and shoulder meat the final live weight should not be more than 30 kg and up to this weight castration is not necessary.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Estimating virtual trust of cognitive agents using multi layered socio-fuzzy inference system. Social network analysis for multi agent based models can support deeper and empirically grounded understanding of the activities as well as agent's roles in the system. An agent may store and share information of its environment with other agents of the system. Implementing a secure communication setup, in accordance with requested information is significant to select appropriate recipient. In such state of affairs cognitive phenomena like trust plays a vital role. Agents when converse based on trust establish emotional ties of varying strength in their social network. This paper presents a trust based fuzzy inference model in multi agent system by incorporating social relationships and contributes to analyze for cognitive agents for their roles as being influential, trustworthy and perilous. The model has also been implemented using Dempster Shafer Theory (DST) and the results are compared.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Optimized hybrid PVDF/graphene membranes for enhancing performance of AGMD process in water desalination. Hybrid membranes consisting of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and electrochemically-fabricated graphene were prepared via phase inversion technique. The important parameters in manufacturing unfilled PVDF membranes including polymer concentration and content of additives were initially assessed. The effects of adding graphene to the PVDF membrane on its performance for desalination of a 3.5 wt% NaCl solution were then investigated using an air gap membrane distillation setup. The simultaneous effects of three individual parameters in membrane preparation including ethanol concentration in the coagulation bath, the coagulation bath temperature, and graphene content on membrane characteristics such as contact angle, porosity, and permeation flux were investigated. By increasing ethanol concentration in the coagulation bath and graphene content in the polymeric solution, the contact angle and thus hydrophobicity of the membrane were increased. Also, by increasing graphene content up to 0.5 wt%, the membrane permeation flux was increased while further increase in the graphene content resulted in decrease in the permeation flux. It was found that coagulation bath temperature has the highest effect on the membrane porosity. The parameters for manufacturing optimum membrane were determined by experimental design. The optimum membrane could yield a permeation flux of 3.54 kg m(-2) h(-1) and a salt rejection of 99.88%, which are in good agreement with the predicted results. The performance of optimized membrane was superior to those by PVDF and GO/PVDF membranes reported previously in literature. (C) 2021 The Korean Society of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 33]}
+{"token": "Modeling the inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Uropathogenic E. coli in ground beef by high pressure processing and citral. Escherichia coli O157:H7 are a well-known intestinal foodborne pathogen which were responsible for numerous foodborne illness outbreaks. Uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) are common contaminants in meat and poultry, and may cause urinary tract infections after colonizing the gastrointestinal tract followed by accidental transfer of contaminated feces from the anus to the urethra. High pressure processing (HPP) has been demonstrated an effective means in reducing pathogenic E. coil levels in meat and poultry. Citral, an antimicrobial, also demonstrated some inactivation effect on pathogenic E. coli in ground beef (ca. 0.5-1.0 log CFU/g reduction at 1% w/w without HPP). With HPP alone, to achieve 5 log CFU/g reduction required a 500 MPa level and 15 min (for both O157:H7 and UPEC). However, 1% of citral addition may lower the pressure requirement to 380 MPa and 15 min which could reduce the food quality damage. To effectively inactivate E. coli O157:H7 and UPEC in meat, high pressure processing (HPP) in combination with the antimicrobial citral was studied. Ground beef inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 or UPEC were treated at different HPP conditions (250-350 MPa; 10-20 min), and citral (0.75-1.25%, w/w) following a central composite experimental design. Quadratic linear regression equations were developed to describe and predict the reductions of E. coli O157:H7 (R-2 = 0.93, p < 0.001) and UPEC (R-2 = 0.92, p < 0.001). Dimensionless nonlinear models consisting of three impact factors were also developed and compared with the linear models. These models were experimentally validated. Citral enhanced the inactivation of pathogenic E. colt increasing the effectiveness of the HPP process. The models may assist the food industry and regulatory agencies in risk assessment of E. coli O157:H7 and UPEC on ground meats. Published by Elsevier Ltd.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Reciprocal crossovers and a positional preference for strand exchange in recombination events resulting in deletion or duplication of chromosome 17p11.2. Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS) is caused by an similar to4-Mb heterozygous interstitial deletion on chromosome 17p11.2 in similar to80%-90% of affected patients. Three large (similar to200 kb), complex, and highly homologous (similar to98%) low-copy repeats (LCRs) are located inside or flanking the SMS common deletion. These repeats, also known as \\\\'SMS-REPs,\\\\' are termed \\\\'distal,\\\\' \\\\'middle,\\\\' and \\\\'proximal.\\\\' The directly oriented distal and proximal copies act as substrates for nonallelic homologous recombination resulting in both the deletion associated with SMS and the reciprocal duplication: dup(17)(p11.2p11.2). Using restriction enzyme cis-morphism analyses and direct sequencing, we mapped the regions of strand exchange in 16 somatic-cell hybrids that harbor only the recombinant SMS-REP. Our studies showed that the sites of crossovers were distributed throughout the region of homology between the distal and proximal SMS-REPs. However, despite similar to170 kb of high homology, 50% of the recombinant junctions occurred in a 12.0-kb region within the KER gene clusters. DNA sequencing of this hotspot (positional preference for strand exchange) in seven recombinant SMS-REPs narrowed the crossovers to an similar to8-kb interval. Four of them occurred in a 1,655-bp region rich in polymorphic nucleotides that could potentially reflect frequent gene conversion. For further evaluation of the strand exchange frequency in patients with SMS, novel junction fragments from the recombinant SMS-REPs were identified. As predicted by the reciprocal-recombination model, junction fragments were also identified from this hotspot region in patients with dup(17)(p11.2p11.2), documenting reciprocity of the positional preference for strand exchange. Several potential cis-acting recombination-promoting sequences were identified within the hotspot. It is interesting that we found 2.1-kb AT-rich inverted repeats flanking the proximal and middle KER gene clusters but not the distal one. The role of any or all of these in stimulating double-strand breaks around this positional recombination hotspot remains to be explored.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "DISCRETE ANALOGUES OF THE LAGUERRE INEQUALITY. It is shown that Sigma(m)(j=-m)(-1)(j) f(x-j)f(x+j)/(m-j)!(m+j)! >= 0, m = 0,1, ... , where f(x) is either a real polynomial with only real zeros or an allied entire function of a special type, provided that the distance between two consecutive zeros of f(x) is at least \\\\\\\\/4 - 6/m+2. These inequalities are surprisingly similar discrete analogues of higher degree generalizations of the Laguerre and Turan inequalities. Applied to the classical discrete orthogonal polynomials, they yield sharp, explicit bounds, uniform in all parameters involved, on the polynomials and their extreme zeros. This is illustrated for the case of Krawtchouk polynomials.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Between National Interests and Global Business: China's Possible Reservations to the Hague Convention on Choice of Court Agreements. In September 2017, China signed the Hague Convention on Choice of Court Agreements. There are no obstacles preventing China from ratifying the Convention. However, the possible reservations China may declare appear to be a key concern for the success of the Convention. This article identifies the key conflicts between the Convention and Chinese law and practice, and analyses the pros and cons of some possible reservations the Chinese authorities may consider when ratifying the Convention. China's ratification of the Convention would have a positive impact on the global recognition and enforcement of foreign civil and commercial judgments. Although China may have some specific concerns (e.g. national security) in its recognition and enforcement of particular foreign judgments, it is desirable that China adopts a pragmatic approach and minimize the number and extent of its reservations to the Convention.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Fetal trisomy 10 mosaicism: Ultrasound, cytogenetic and morphologic findings in early pregnancy. We report the ultrasound, cytogenetic and morphologic findings in a case of trisomy 10 mosaicism prenatally detected by chorionic villus sampling (CVS). CVS sampling was carried out at the 13th week of gestation because of ultrasound diagnosis of hydrops fetalis and hygroma colli. Trisomy 10 mosaicism was diagnosed in cells from the cytotrophoblast (short-term culture) and the chorionic villus core (long-term culture). Fetal mosaicism was confirmed after termination of pregnancy in umbilical cord cells, placenta and fetal skin fibroblasts. Copyright (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [2, 21, 19]}
+{"token": "The Open Innovation - Strategy nexus: findings from the Mobile Telecommunications Industry. Design/methodology/approach - A data-driven research approach is used, based on 45 qualitative interviews on firms operating in the Mobile Industry and involved in OI initiatives.Originality/value - The proposed reorganization of real-world OI and strategic initiatives in the Mobile Industry, together with the underscoring of key managerial issues, constitutes a comprehensive research agenda or roadmap, with value for both academics and practitioners.Findings - Six cross-themes the OI-Strategy relationship in the Mobile Industry revolves around are identified, i.e. OI and Competitive Advantage; OI and Strategic Positioning; OI and Business Models; OI in Networks; OI and Co-opetition; and OI and Resilient Business Advantages. For each theme, examples from the sample of interviewed Mobile firms are organized and reported. The key managerial issues emerging in the attempt to relate OI initiatives and the firm's overarching Strategy are also underscored and organized in three streams, namely, designing an open business model; achieving competitive advantage through value capture; and nurturing OI as a dynamic capability.Purpose - This study aims to recognize the growing importance of Open Innovation (OI) theory and practice in the broader fields of Management and Information Systems, and focuse on the relationship existing between OI and a firm's Business Strategy. Hence, the study aims at investigating the multifaceted OI - Strategy nexus at a business level, assessing how OI initiatives influence Strategy within the Mobile Telecommunications Industry and thus contributing to framing and classifying such inherent relationship.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "Reimagining the Eleventh amendment. Under current law, the Eleventh Amendment exemplifies, rather than fully expresses, a principle of immunity that shields unconsenting states from suit in federal court, although this immunity is functionally constrained to a degree by a limited power of congressional abrogation, Ex parte Young, and suits under 42 U.S.C. 1983. This Comment suggests that the \\\\'fundamental postulates\\\\' underlying the U.S. Supreme Court's recent jurisprudence in this area-immunity as a bedrock constitutional principle rather than a common law presumption, the paramount importance of state dignity, and historical traditionalism-do not necessarily lead to the immunity regime we know today. Rather, these fundamental postulates can theoretically yield far more limited immunity regimes. If the Court's current understanding of sovereign immunity is capable of generating such profoundly different immunity regimes, it is because sovereign immunity in its current form rests on an insufficiently rigorous set of conceptual principles. The consequence is a doctrine of sovereign immunity that may well have grown beyond its suggested rationale of preserving state dignity and that is at its core overly malleable.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "The Importance of MnS Inclusions on Hot Shortness of Cu-Containing Steels. A novel approach on the problem of hot cracks in Cu-containing steels is proposed to prevent the hot shortness. Cu-containing steels have been hot tensile tested to failure in argon or vacuum at different cooling rates and temperatures, followed by Scanning Electron Microscopy. EDX analysis both in fractures and cross section show that inclusions are very important in causing the Cu concentration. Although CuS precipitates slightly deteriorate the hot ductility between the Ae(3) and Ar-3 temperatures, the Cu concentration around inclusions can highly contribute to hot shortness by the formation of Cu-containing liquid phase. Laboratory results combine with thermodynamic calculations show that a Cu-containing liquid associated with inclusions at approximate to 1200 degrees C is clearly the cause of the hot shortness. A distinction of hot ductility and hot shortness is proposed, concerning to their very different cracking mechanisms. The interpretation of the hot tensile test for each testing condition and temperature range is discussed. It is concluded that the oxidation is not the principal cause of the increase of Cu concentration, so its importance is relative in the laboratory assessment of hot cracking. Consequently, inclusions cannot be ignored in assessing and preventing the hot shortness, and commercial implications are drawn from the results.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Effect of harvest on sage-grouse Centrocercus urophasianus populations: what can we learn from the current data?. Understanding the impact of human harvest is fundamental to the effective management of many wildlife populations. Such understanding has been elusive because harvest mortality may compensate for other sources of mortality when the mortality process is density dependent. This problem is exacerbated by the ubiquitous positive con-elation between harvest regulations and population size: more harvest is allowed when populations are larger. Connelly et al. (2003) studied the impact of harvest regulations on sage-grouse Centrocercus urophasianus using three sets of regulations: closed season, 1 -bird bag and seven-day season, 2-bird bag and 23-day season. Connelly et al. (2003) reported a generally negative correlation between harvest regulations and increase in number of males on leks for harvest regulations that ranged from a hunting closure to a 23-day season with a 2-bird bag. Because lek sizes were smaller where hunting was closed there was confounding between harvest and population density, making it difficult to distinguish harvest effects from those of population density. Based on a simple simulation the apparent effects of harvest on change in population size observed by Connelly et al. (2003) could be produced entirely by density-dependent phenomena. Additionally, lambda (finite rate of population increase) was greater in areas with more restrictive harvest regulations. lambda is a ratio of Nt+1 to N-t, however, and there is a negative sampling covariance between lambda and N-t; we expect lambda to be larger when N-t is smaller based purely on this statistical fact. The study by Connelly et al. (2003) is an important attempt to study effects of harvest on population dynamics of sage-grouse. We do not argue that either additive mechanisms in survival or compensatory mechanisms in survival or reproduction influence the relationship between harvest and population dynamics of sage-grouse, but that correlation between population size and harvest regulations, combined with statistical issues make it impossible to distinguish between these two hypotheses in Connelly et al. (2003).", "label": [4, 34, 43]}
+{"token": "Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sampling and analysis in cattle. Doing a CSF tap in the lumbosacral space of cattle is quick and easy. The CSF analysis can be performed in any clinic since it does not require specific equipment. Analyzing the CSF allows the clinician to confirm that the central nervous system is affected and perhaps to elucidate the cause of the problem in question. Furthermore, the difficulty with which CSF is stored can be overcome. The act of fixing the CSF sample on a microscope slide and then refrigerating and/or freezing it allows the clinician to analyze the sample at a later date (6 photos, 2 figures, 3 tables, 2 boxes, 17 references).", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Sensing Dynamic Keyhole Behaviors in Controlled-Pulse Keyholing Plasma Arc Welding. A controlled-pulse keyholing plasma arc welding (PAW) system is developed to implement the active control of keyhole dynamics and to ensure complete joint penetration and defect-free welds. To deeply understand the dynamic keyhole behaviors, a cost-effective vision system is employed to monitor and detect the transient keyhole status from the backside of the workpiece in the controlled-pulse kcyholing PAW process. From sequential images of the keyhole exit, both the keyhole dimensions and its positions relative to the torch axis are determined at different moments in each pulse cycle. The keyholing process, including keyhole establishment, expansion, contraction, and closure in each pulse cycle, is observed, and the dynamic variation of the keyhole size and its position inside the weld pool is analyzed. The inclination of the front keyhole wall and its relation to the keyhole evolution are investigated. The effects of the slopes of the current falling edges on the keyhole dynamic behaviors are examined, and the underlying mechanisms of keyhole evolution are discussed. The research results lay a solid foundation for implementing process optimization in controlled-pulse keyholing PAW.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Study on cutting performance of double-inclined-wall cosine enhanced PCBN tool. The cosine-enhanced PCBN tool (CE-PCBN) shows good chip removal and heat dissipation performance during the cutting process. However, the edge shape will change after wear, which will cause problems such as chip accumulation and tool wear acceleration. For this reason, in this paper, a double-inclined-wall chip splitting structure was set up on the rake face of CE-PCBN tool, and a double-inclined-wall cosine-enhanced PCBN (DE-PCBN) tool was developed. Through the high-speed hard cutting experiment, it was compared with CE-PCBN tool in chip morphology and tool wear. The results showed that DE-PCBN tool had good chip removal ability, which can form regular wavy chips with relatively low serrated degree. When the tool wear was severe, it still had chip guiding ability. The flank wear area of DE-PCBN tool was narrow arc and obviously smaller than that of CE-PCBN tool. In the early period, the wear mechanism of the flank face was mainly abrasive wear. As the cutting time increased, oxidation wear gradually intensified, but the degree of wear was significantly lower than that of CE-PCBN tool.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Calpain 3, the 'gatekeeper' of proper sarcomere assembly, turnover and maintenance. Calpain 3 is a member of the calpain family of calcium-dependent intracellular proteases. Thirteen years ago it was discovered that mutations in calpain 3 (CAPN3) result in an autosomal recessive and progressive form of limb girdle muscular dystrophy called limb girdle muscular dystrophy type 2A. While calpain 3 mRNA is expressed at high levels in muscle and appears to have some role in developmental processes, muscles of patients and mice lacking calpain 3 still form apparently normal muscle during prenatal development: thus, a functional calpain 3 protease is not mandatory for muscle to form in vivo but it is a pre-requisite for Muscle to remain healthy. Despite intensive research in this field, the physiological substrates of the calpain 3 protein (hereafter referred to as CAPN3) and its alternatively spliced isoforms remain elusive. The existence of these multiple isoforms complicates the search for the physiological functions of CAPN3 and its pathophysiological role. In this review, we summarize the genetic and biochemical evidence that point to loss of function of the full-length isoform of CAPN3, also known as p94, as the pathogenic isoform. We also argue that its natural Substrates must reside in its proximity within the sarcomere where it is stored in an inactive state anchored to titin. We further propose that CAPN3 has many attributes that make it ideally Suited as a sensor of sarcomeric integrity and function, involved in its repair and maintenance. Loss of these CAPN3-mediated activities can explain the \\\\'progressive\\\\' development Of Muscular dystrophy. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 17, 21]}
+{"token": "Phase field modelling of crack propagation, branching and coalescence in rocks. We present a phase field model (PFM) for simulating complex crack patterns including crack propagation, branching and coalescence in rock. The phase field model is implemented in COMSOL and is based on the strain decomposition for the elastic energy, which drives the evolution of the phase field. Then, numerical simulations of notched semi-circular bend (NSCB) tests and Brazil splitting tests are performed. Subsequently, crack propagation and coalescence in rock plates with multiple echelon flaws and twenty parallel flaws are studied. Finally, complex crack patterns are presented for a plate subjected to increasing internal pressure, the (3D) Pertersson beam and a 3D NSCB test. All results are in good agreement with previous experimental and numerical results.", "label": [1, 15, 12]}
+{"token": "Max Weber's interpretive sociology and rational choice approach. This article aims at substantiating two theses: (1) Weber's programmatic metatheoretical texts contain a description of the method of socio-scientific explanation, which anticipate a specific version of the Rational Choice Approach (RCA) in contemporary sociology, and (2) it is possible to distinguish two versions of this description; the first, however, being closer to the RCA than the second. The late Weberian outline of sociological theory of action is reconstructed out of his famous typology of action.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Deliberating change Conditions that shape how teachers voice and debate beliefs about instructional reforms. Practical implications - Avenues for shifting institutionalized beliefs about instruction in schools that have struggled to embrace equitable instructional practices for struggling students are discussed, along with implications for future research.Purpose - How teachers collectively address conflicting beliefs about reforms and come to privilege some over others is critically important in understanding instructional change and stability. The paper aims to discuss this issue.Design/methodology/approach - Drawing on in-depth qualitative data gathered in interviews and observations of teachers' formal collaboration time, this study focuses on teacher dialogue to examine the voicing and debate of teachers' beliefs about reform efforts in their schools. Specifically, in two urban middle schools engaged in math instructional reforms, what are the conditions of teachers' collaboration time that shape their dialogue about the feasibility of these reforms?Originality/value - There is considerable research highlighting the characteristics of productive collaboration, but this paper provides a deeper understanding of the way teachers collectively negotiate beliefs about instructional changes in schools struggling to meet that mark.Findings - The findings reveal that the beliefs teachers voice vary widely depending on the topic of conversation. Teachers' conversations about student achievement data and tracking elicited doubts about the possibility of instructional change, and conversations about other forms of student data and instructional strategies elicited a wider range of beliefs. Further, opportunities to meet with trusted colleagues as well as with wider groups provide teachers with different, but both useful experiences in exploring their own conflicting beliefs.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "A Forgotten Reference to Divine Procreation? Psalm 2:6 in Light of Egyptian Royal Ideology. The author discusses whether or not MT Ps 2:6 (in particular the verb) reflects Egyptian royal ideology as the one evident in \\\\'Ptah's Decree to Ramesses\\\\'. He tentatively concludes that the verse historically reflects a concept where the god procreates the human king. Semantically, the verb might originally have denoted the emission of semen, either after the model of or at least in a way comparable to \\\\'Ptah's Decree to Ramesses\\\\'(c. 13th-11th centuries BCE). The common translation by means of a legal term \\\\'to install\\\\' etc. reflects the LXX. LXX Ps 2:6 might represent a theological correction of what the translators considered to be a case of an intolerable anthropomorphism in the Hebrew text.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "IMPACT OF INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL FACTORS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF FAST-GROWING SMALL AND MEDUIM BUSINESSES. This study aims at broadening the understanding of small and medium businesses (SMBs) as a significant driver of economic development, as particularly related to their market performance, as well as the impact of the internal and external environment on it. The study was conducted on Croatian fast-growing SMBs, i.e. gazelles. However, the scientific and practical contribution of the research transcends national borders, as there are not many similar studies carried out in transitional or small countries or those in the field of fast-growing businesses. The paper provides a more realistic picture of the variability of environmental factors, as well as of the variability of SMBs performance/effectiveness, as well as includes the period of economic crisis, jeopardising not only the performance, but also the very survival of businesses in general. This study confirmed that eight internal factors (business entity size, life cycle stages, technology and product innovation, organizational autonomy, centralization and formalization, market roles, and type/importance of goals) and three out of the five analyzed external factors (general state of the economy, sector, and type of customers), depending on the period (life cycle stage and general state of the economy), exercise a more or less significant impact on the performance/effectiveness (sales growth and achievement of goals) of SMBs.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "Chloroplast proteomics: potentials and challenges. With the available Arabidopsis genome and near-completion of the rice genome sequencing project, large-scale analysis of plant proteins with mass spectrometry has now become possible. Determining the proteome of a cell is a challenging task, which is complicated by proteome dynamics and complexity. The biochemical heterogeneity of proteins constrains the use of standardized analytical procedures and requires demanding techniques for proteome analysis. Several proteome studies of plant cell organelles have been reported, including chloroplasts and mitochondria. Chloroplasts are of particular interest for plant biologists because of their complex biochemical pathways for essential metabolic functions. Information from the chloroplast proteome will therefore provide new insights into pathway compartmentalization and protein sorting. Some approaches for the analysis of the chloroplast proteome and future prospects of plastid proteome research are discussed here.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "INDIGENOUS TRADE IN THE HUASTECAS (MEXICO), EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. Indigenous commerce in the Huastecas (Eighteenth-century) is analyzed by its different social actors. Missionaries, alcaldes mayores and corregidores, alcabala administrators, and socio-ethnic groups developed several strategies to benefit not only from the repartimiento de mercancias but also from the merchandise considered of high value in the region. Emphasis is added to the population distribution and the forms in which was localized in the territory, where, indigenous and non indigenous, search for benefits of the regional commerce.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Inter-observer variability of two grading systems for equine glandular gastric disease. Background Equine glandular gastric disease (EGGD) is recognised as a separate entity to equine squamous gastric disease (ESGD) and it is recommended that lesions are graded differently. Currently, no validated scoring system exists for EGGD. Objectives To determine inter-observer reliability of two previously described grading systems for EGGD and to assess if agreement improved with gastroscopy experience, specialist training or familiarity with the descriptive system. Study design Cross-sectional survey. Methods A link to an electronic questionnaire containing 20 images of glandular lesions was circulated. Respondents were asked to score lesions using descriptive terminology and a 0-2 verbal rating scale (VRS). Krippendorff's alpha reliability estimate was used to assess inter-rater agreement. A mixed effects model was used to determine which descriptive categories were associated with lesions being described as severe and decision to treat. Results Eighty-two veterinarians responded, 49 diplomates and 33 non-diplomates. There was no agreement when all four descriptive variables were combined (alpha = 0.19). Agreement was fair to moderate for severity (alpha = 0.52), distribution (alpha = 0.44), appearance (alpha = 0.38) and shape (alpha = 0.32). Agreement for the VRS was similar to that for severity (alpha = 0.53). Agreement was better among diplomates across all categories. Lesion appearance and shape, but not distribution, were associated with both a decision to treat; and lesions being described as severe (P =< .05). A VRS score 2/2 was associated with a lesion being described as severe (OR 75.2, 95% CI 51.12-110.48,P =< .001). Main limitations Intra-observer variability was not assessed. The number of images is relatively small, and the decision to treat is based on several factors in practice. Conclusions Overall, agreement for the descriptive system was poor. Better delineation of descriptive category boundaries and characteristics should be determined. Agreement was similar when comparing the severity category and the VRS. Extrapolation to a VRS based on lesion severity may therefore be possible.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Effect of cashew nut shell liquid at varying inclusion levels on rumen fermentation and methane production in vitro. Essential oils are possible natural antibiotic alternatives for manipulating ruminal fermentation in order to improve the utilization of nutrient in ruminants. This study evaluated the effect of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) at varying inclusion levels on in vitro gas production, nutrient degradation, and post-incubation parameters. Experimental diets consisted of Panicum maximum (Ntchisi) grass as basal diet and supplemental pellets treated with 0, 5, 10 and 15 ml/kg of cashew nut shell liquid. Proximate composition of experimental diets was analysed. In vitro experiment was carried out on experimental diets (P. maximum and concentrate pellets at ratio 70:30) for 24 hours using goat rumen liquor as inoculum. Results showed that CNSL inclusion had a significant effect (P < 0.05) on the ether extract and metabolizable energy of experimental pellets. Dietary treatment with 15 ml/kg of CNSL had the lowest (P < 0.05) in vitro gas production. Inclusion of CNSL significantly inhibited methane production at 5 ml/kg (18%), 10 ml/kg (34%) and 15 ml/kg (57%) CNSL inclusion levels (P < 0.05). Ammonia-N and TVFA decreased significantly with CNSL inclusion. Significant reduction (P < 0.05) in short-chain fatty acid, metabolizable energy, and organic matter degradability were recorded with increasing CNSL inclusion levels.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Nonlinear thermo-viscoelastic analysis of interlaminar stresses in laminated composites. A finite element formulation for analyzing interlaminar stress fields in nonlinear anisotropic viscoelastic laminated composites is presented including a hygrothermal formulation. Schapery's single integral formulation is extended to account for viscoelastic anisotropy and multiaxial stress states. Numerical results obtained from the present formulation are compared against experimental data and excellent agreement is obtained between these results. As illustrative examples, inplane and interlaminar stresses for (45/-45)(s) T300/5208 laminate are also presented.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "Protectionism during the crisis: Tit-for-tat or chicken-games?. We explore the extent to which the adoption of protectionist measures during the recent financial crisis led to retaliation by trading partners. We find no evidence of retaliation. On the contrary, there is strong evidence of chicken-games being played. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Evaluation of Various Classifiers for Expression Recognition using Multi Level Haar Features. Facial expressions play an equally important role as verbal communication and tonal expression. Recognition of facial expression is important in industrial automation, security, medical and many other fields. An image is a very rich and high dimensional data structure, which can result into a considerable computation when processed upon directly. Various feature extraction techniques have been proposed to represent the images efficiently in lower dimension which is understandable by the computer. Configuration and dynamics, both are crucial in the interpretation of facial expressions. This work is based on the configuration of facial texture, it does not account dynamics of muscle change. In this paper, we propose multilevel Haar wavelet-based approach, which extracts the features from prominent face regions at two different scales. The approach first segments most informative geometric components such as eye, mouth, eyebrows etc. using the AdaBoost cascade object detector. Haar features of segmented components are extracted. We have evaluated the performance of thirteen different classifiers (5 template matching and 8 machine learning classifiers). Machine learning based classifiers are more adaptive to features and hence outperforms template matching classifiers. Among all tested classifiers, LS-SVM and Discriminant Analysis Classifier provides the best results. Performance of classifiers is also evaluated in various scenarios like low resolution, noisy image, various mouth components", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Mobile Phone Support for Rural Health Workers in Nepal through 'Celemedicine'. Globally, there is a shortage of health workers in rural areas. Effective health systems depend on having sufficient, accessible health workers with the right skills. In countries like Nepal, highly skilled health workers often prefer to work overseas or in urban centres, and therefore, in the short term, it may be pragmatic to focus on ensuring support and skills development of mid level or paramedical health workers. Information technology has the potential to support these health workers. We describe a pilot intervention undertaken in Gulmi District, whereby all mid level health workers in the district have been provided with a free phone number to call three General Practitioner Doctors (GPs) in the District Hospital. The intervention aims to increase appropriate referral, and increase connectivity between the District centre and peripheral health facilities. We hope that our intervention will provide support to rural health workers, and, if implemented as part of a package of interventions, may increase retention. We present some initial findings from discussions with health workers and analysis of call-log data, and describe our next phase evaluation and possible scale-up.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Teaching Video Game Localisation in Audiovisual Translation courses at university. In the current globalised market context, undergraduate and postgraduate courses in audiovisual translation (AVT) in Europe are incorporating new subjects to try to meet the requirements of a more than ever demanding and specialised market. The aim: to prepare translator trainees at universities to face the challenges posed by the professional world in this field. One of these subjects is Video Game Localisation. This paper aims to set the grounds for teaching Video Game Localisation at higher education institutions. Drawing on a previous study on AVT teaching (Chaume, 2003) and a parallel effort for teaching advertising translation (Chaume and Marti forthcoming), profiles for both students and lecturers of this subject are defined. Then, we will focus on the teaching objectives and learning outcomes, the teaching methods available, the characteristics of the materials to be used, and the bibliography used. A final word is also briefly devoted to assessment issues. As a result, a didactic proposal for a Video Game Localisation course for translators is presented.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "In plane stiffness of multifunctional hierarchical honeycombs with negative Poisson's ratio sub-structures. Compared with triangular, square and Kagome honeycombs, hexagonal honeycomb has superior heat dissipation capabilities, but its lower in-plane stiffness hinders its multifunctional applications. Regarding this problem, in this paper we propose a multifunctional hierarchical honeycomb (MHH) with negative Poisson's ratio (NPR) sub-structures. This MHH is constructed by replacing the solid cell walls of the original regular hexagonal honeycomb (ORHH) with two kinds of equal mass NPR honeycombs, the anisotropic re-entrant honeycomb or the isotropic chiral honeycomb. Based on the Euler beam theory, formulas for the Young's moduli of these two kinds of MHH structures are derived. Results show that by appropriately adjusting the geometrical parameters both the re-entrant honeycomb (when the cell-wall thickness-to-length ratio of the ORHH is less than 0.045) and the chiral honeycomb (when the cell-wall thickness-to-length ratio of the ORHH is less than 0.75) can greatly tune the in-plane stiffness of the MHH structure. The presented theory could thus be used in designing new tailorable hierarchical honeycomb structures for multifunctional applications. (C) 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 11, 12]}
+{"token": "Interdecadal variation of frequencies of tropical cyclones, intense typhoons and their ratio over the western North Pacific. This study explores whether a higher frequency of tropical cyclone (TC) occurrence would lead to more intense typhoons (ITYs) over the western North Pacific (WNP) during 1975-2016. The proportion of ITYs shows an upward trend, with a low- (1975-2001) and a high-proportion period (2002-2016). There is an interdecadal variation in TC and ITY frequencies within the period 1975-2001, with three subperiods (1975-1986, 1987-1997 and 1998-2001) identified. Both the annual frequencies of TCs and ITYs are below normal during 1975-1986 and 1998-2001 but above normal during 1987-1997. A comparison between the periods 1975-1986 and 2002-2016 (similar TC frequency but different ITY frequency) shows a significant increase in ITY occurrence to the north and west of the major development region during 2002-2016, which is mainly due to the longer duration of intensification or higher intensification rate so that the TCs can develop into ITYs before making landfall or moving to higher latitudes. Comparing the periods 1987-1997 and 2002-2016 (similar ITY frequency but different TC frequency) shows that the decrease in TC frequency during 2002-2016 is mainly related to a reduction in TC genesis in the southeastern part of the WNP. The west-northwestward shift in genesis positions during 2002-2016 leads to an increasing frequency of ITYs towards Japan, the Korean Peninsula and the east coast of China. The stronger vertical wind shear and lower moist static energy (MSE) (weaker vertical wind shear and higher MSE) in the southeastern and northwestern parts of the WNP are related to the lower (higher) annual frequencies of both TCs and ITYs during 1975-1986 (1987-1997). The higher tropical cyclone heat potential in the recent decade indicates an expansion of the area favourable for intensification, which is another factor responsible for the higher proportion of ITYs during 2002-2016.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Synthesis and evaluation of tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) is a neglected tropical disease caused by the parasitic protozoan Trypanosoma brucei (T. b.), and affects communities in sub-Saharan Africa. Previously, analogues of a tetrahydroisoquinoline scaffold were reported as having in vitro activity (IC50 = 0.25-70.5 mu M) against T. b. rhodesiense. In this study the synthesis and antitrypanosomal activity of 80 compounds based around a core tetrahydroisoquinoline scaffold are reported. A detailed structure activity relationship was revealed, and five derivatives (two of which have been previously reported) with inhibition of T. b. rhodesiense growth in the sub-micromolar range were identified. Four of these (3c, 12b, 17b and 26a) were also found to have good selectivity over mammalian cells (SI > 50). Calculated logD values and preliminary ADME studies predict that these compounds are likely to have good absorption and metabolic stability, with the ability to passively permeate the blood brain barrier. This makes them excellent leads for a blood-brain barrier permeable antitrypanosomal scaffold. (C) 2021 Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "Radical Conservatism and Danish Imperialism The Empire Built 'Anew from Scratch. The article explores the concept of empire, or rige, in the context of a small nation-state with no immediate claim to imperial greatness and with a rooted self-understanding as anything but an empire. It does this by exploring the concept of empire in the far right movement Young Denmark on the basis of a close reading of their imperialist program in the pamphlet Danmark udslettes! from 1918. Rige had been a vague term for the larger Danish polity that originated in a pre-national conceptualization of the polity as a realm. The article suggests that rige-as-realm was translated by the radical right into a concept of empire. In the process it dramatically changed its emphasis, reorienting itself toward a \\\\'horizon of expectation\\\\'. It became a politically loaded battle concept that then entailed a critique against the dominant liberal conceptualization of the polity and nation. Rige came to signify the ambition of being a great power, the spiritual elevation of the nation through the transcendence of the decaying liberal modernity. The program addressed the tension between a conservative political attitude and modernity and thus signified a kind of reactionary modernism that rejected liberal values while at the same time celebrating technology, industrialization, and the process of modernization.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "WHO CHOOSES THE WEDDING GUESTS, THE COUPLE OR THE FAMILY?. Marriage has become an individual choice in most European countries. In this article we study entry into marriage, i.e., weddings, which in the contemporary research literature are often presented with an emphasis on modernity: consumerism, celebration of romance, and the experience of a unique and individual occasion. The wedding guests are an important part in the making of 'the perfect day' but the topic has largely been neglected in the literature. In this study we analyse the selection of wedding guests in 12 weddings (six French and six Finnish) to investigate the dynamics of the interplay between individual preferences and the determinants that are more relational in origin. Three empirical questions are presented: first, who is responsible for choosing the guests? Second, what is the distribution of wedding guests between kin and non-kin? And third, who are the non-kin guests: are they friends first met by the couple alone, or also by the wider family? The results show that despite the predominantly individualistic discourse expressed by the couples, a wedding is still a familial affair: the configurations of family ties are influential in constraining as well as enabling the choices available to the couple.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Insights on Using WALC Platform as a Learning Tool. WALC (Web Assisted Laboratory for Control engineering on-line education) platform was developed by a multidisciplinary team of university researchers. WALC is a configurable platform on Automation, Process Control and Numerical Methods subjects, enabling the on-line access to virtual and remote laboratories. Special emphasis was given to remotely access the platform, making WALC an educational tool. It is well known that students have different levels of motivation and different attitudes towards teaching and learning. Configurable learning environments play, then, a relevant role. Following this trend, using advances in technology, WALC is a platform in fast adaptation to new study methods. In order to understand the students' response, questionnaire results were analyzed and discussed.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Thai study abroad students as intercultural citizens: developing intercultural citizenship through English medium education and ELT. Key claimed benefits of internationalizing higher education (HE) are increased intercultural interaction and awareness with internationally oriented universities aiming to produce graduates who are intercultural or global citizens. Yet, there have been few core strategies presented on how international HE programmes might realize such aims, and more research is needed. Furthermore, English language teaching (ELT) plays a central role in preparation and support for study abroad (SA) and internationalization in English medium education (EME), but has also been slow to incorporate intercultural education and intercultural citizenship. Hence, this study aimed to describe how Thai SA students developed a sense of intercultural citizenship during SA experiences with international HE programmes in Anglophone countries and identify roles ELT in facilitating the preparation for their subsequent SA programmes. Data were collected from semi-structured interviews (n = 14) conducted with students from three Thai universities who had experienced EME overseas education. From qualitative content analysis, findings revealed a range of understandings and responses to intercultural citizenship, English learning, language utilization, and the SA experiences. In addition, a mismatch was identified between ELT preparation and support efforts compared to the multilingual and multicultural reality of international HE.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "New Bipartite Graph Techniques for Irregular Data Redistribution Scheduling. For many parallel and distributed systems, automatic data redistribution improves its locality and increases system performance for various computer problems and applications. In general, an array can be distributed to multiple processing systems by using regular or irregular distributions. Some data distribution adopts BLOCK, CYCLIC, or BLOCK-CYCLIC to specify data array decomposition and distribution. On the other hand, irregular distributions specify a different-size data array distribution according to user-defined commands or procedures. In this work, we propose three bipartite graph problems, including the \\\\'maximum edge coloring problem\\\\', the \\\\'maximum degree edge coloring problem\\\\', and the \\\\'cost-sharing maximum edge coloring problem\\\\' to formulate these kinds of distribution problems. Next, we propose an approximation algorithm with a ratio bound of two for the maximum edge coloring problem when the input graph is biplanar. Moreover, we also prove that the \\\\'cost-sharing maximum edge coloring problem\\\\' is an NP-complete problem even when the input graph is biplanar.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Entropy generation in radiative motion of tangent hyperbolic nanofluid in presence of activation energy and nonlinear mixed convection. In this communication, an optimization of entropy generation is performed through thermodynamics second law. Tangent hyperbolic nanomaterial model is used which describes the important slip mechanism namely Brownian and thermophoresis diffusions. MHD fluid is considered. The novel binary chemical reaction model is implemented to characterize the impact of activation energy. Nonlinear mixed convection, dissipation and Joule heating are considered. Appropriate similarity transformations are implemented to get the required coupled ODES system. The obtained system is tackled for series solutions by homotopy method. Graphs are constructed to analyze the impact of different flow parameters on entropy number, nanoparticle volume concentration, temperature and velocity fields. Total entropy generation rate is calculated via various flow variables. It is noticed from obtained results that entropy number depend up thermal irreversibility, viscous dissipation and Joule heating irreversibility and concentration irreversibility. Decreasing behavior of concentration is witnessed for higher estimations of chemical reaction variable. Entropy number is more for higher Hartmann number, Weissenberg number and chemical reaction variable while contrast behavior is noted for Bejan number. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "What is trustworthiness and what drives it?. This paper experimentally isolates the impact of various combinations of the following motives on trustworthiness: (i) unconditional other-regarding preferences; (ii) vulnerability responsiveness; (iii) deal-responsiveness; and (iv) gift-responsiveness. Our results indicate that - besides unconditional other-regarding preferences like altruism and inequality aversion - vulnerability-responsiveness is the most important driver for trustworthiness. Prompted by our experimental findings we provide behavioral definitions of trust, trustworthiness, and trust-responsiveness based on revealed willingness to accept vulnerability and the response to it. An important difference from existing definitions is that ours allow trust to be present without generosity. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Outcomes of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma that do not meet eligibility criteria for clinical trials. Patients and Methods: mRCC patients treated with vascular endothelial growth factor-targeted therapy were retrospectively deemed ineligible for clinical trials (according to commonly used inclusion/exclusion criteria) if they had a Karnofsky performance status (KPS) <70%, nonclear-cell histology, brain metastases, hemoglobin <= 9 g/dl, creatinine >2x the upper limit of normal, corrected calcium >= 12 mg/dl, platelet count of <100 x 10(3)/uL, or neutrophil count <1500/mm(3).Background: Targeted therapies in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) have been approved based on registration clinical trials that have strict eligibility criteria. The clinical outcomes of patients treated with targeted agents but are ineligible for trials are unknown.Conclusions: The number of patients that are ineligible for clinical trials is substantial and their outcomes are inferior. Specific trials addressing the unmet needs of protocol ineligible patients are warranted.Results: Overall, 768 of 2210 (35%) patients in the International Metastatic RCC Database Consortium (IMDC) were deemed ineligible for clinical trials by the above criteria. Between ineligible versus eligible patients, the response rate, median progression-free survival (PFS) and median overall survival of first-line targeted therapy were 22% versus 29% (P = 0.0005), 5.2 versus 8.6 months, and 12.5 versus 28.4 months (both P <0,0001), respectively. Second-line PFS (if applicable) was 2.8 months in the trial ineligible versus 4.3 months in the trial eligible patients (P = 0.0039). When adjusted by the IMDC prognostic categories, the HR for death between trial ineligible and trial eligible patients was 1.55 (95% confidence interval 1.378-1.751, P <0.0001).", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Preparation and properties of vesicles from condensable amphiphilic amino acids. Three double-chain amphiphiles with amino acid groups as hydrophilic moiety were synthesized. These amphiphiles can be easily dispersed in buffer solution to form transparent dispersion. Examination of the dispersion by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed the formation of stable vesicular aggregates, which was also confirmed by the ability to encapsulate water-soluble dyes. Since amino acid groups are located on the surface of the vesicles, water-soluble carbodiimide can induce the condensation of these groups to form peptide. The phase transition temperatures of these vesicles were estimated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and a decrease of phase transition temperature was observed after polycondensation due to the disturbance of the ordered arrangement of the hydrophobic chains. The leakage rate of the vesicles before and after condensation was studied by monitoring the increase of fluorescence intensity of water-soluble dye. These vesicles belong to the least permeable ones and the leakage rate can be controlled by varying the degree of condensation or the temperature.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Joint consideration of energy-efficiency and coverage-preservation in microsensor networks. This paper presents an energy-efficient and coverage-preserving communication protocol which distributes a uniform energy load to the sensors in a wireless microsensor network. This protocol, called Distance-based Segmentation (DBS), is a cluster-based protocol that divides the entire network into equal-area segments and applies different clustering policies to each segment to (1) reduce total energy dissipation and (2) balance the energy load among the sensors. Therefore, it prolongs the lifetime of the network and improves the sensing coverage. Moreover, the proposed routing protocol does not need any centralized support from a certain node which is at odds with aiming to establish a scalable communication protocol. Results from extensive simulations on two different network configurations show that by lowering the number of wasteful transmissions in the network, the DBS can achieve as much as a 20% reduction in total dissipated energy as compared with current cluster-based protocols. In addition, this protocol is able to distribute energy load more evenly among the sensors in the network. Hence, it yields up to a 66% increase in the useful network lifetime. According to the simulation results, the sensing coverage degradation of the DBS is considerably slower than that of the other cluster-based protocols. Copyright (C) 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 37]}
+{"token": "In situ evaluation of dynamic precipitation during plastic straining of an Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy. The coupling between precipitation and plasticity has been systematically investigated in an Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy using in situ small-angle X-ray scattering measurements during thermomechanical tests. Material pre-aged to two different initial precipitate conditions has been examined. Each pre-aged condition has been strained at 160 degrees C and we show that the plasticity induces an accelerated coarsening kinetics, which we characterize in terms of the evolution of the precipitate size. This acceleration is correlated with the degree of plastic strain, but does not depend markedly on strain rate. The experimental data strongly suggests that the accelerated kinetics is mainly linked with the accumulation of a supersaturation of vacancies during plastic flow that increases the effective diffusion constant. (C) 2012 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Evidence of benzenoid domains in nanographenes. Calculations based on density functional theory demonstrate the occurrence of local deformations of the perfect honeycomb lattice in nanographenes to form arrangements, with triangular symmetry, composed of six-membered ring patterns. The formation of these locally regular superstructures, which can be considered as benzenoid-like domains on the 2D graphene lattice, is ascribed to the gain in resonance energy deriving from aromaticity. The relationship between the atomic morphology of nanographenes and details of the relaxed structure is rationalized in terms of Clar's theory of the aromatic sextet and by extending concepts borrowed from valence bond theory to 2D carbon nanostructures. Namely, two regular arrangements can be evidenced, defined as Clar (fully benzenoid) and Kekule domains, which correspond to two different regular bond patterns in sets of adjacent six-membered rings. Our findings are compatible with recent experiments and have potentially relevant consequences in the development of novel electronic devices based on graphene materials.", "label": [4, 33, 32]}
+{"token": "US Conflict of Laws Involving International Estates and Marital Property: A Critical Analysis of Estate of Charania v. Shulman. A number of states, as well as foreign jurisdictions, impose a community property regime. Under this regime, regardless of the title to property, each spouse is deemed to own a fifty percent interest in assets. When a spouse dies owning property in his own name, the tendency is to treat him as the owner of the asset in full for purposes of the power to dispose of the asset and for transfer tax purposes. However, if the property is community property, then the decedent's power to dispose of it, and the portion of the property subject to taxation, is only fifty percent. In light of the foregoing, a critical conflict of laws question must be confronted: Which jurisdiction's laws should determine whether the property is community property? In the United States, the conflict of laws issue is not too problematic because all the states essentially follow the same choice of law principle in deciding which state's law is determinative. However, when foreign jurisdictions are involved, the question of which law determines spousal property rights can become incredibly complicated. In large part, this is because foreign jurisdictions may apply very different conflict of laws principles than those adhered to in the United States when it comes to the question of marital property rights. Compounding the problem is the dearth of case law addressing the matter. A 2010 decision by the First Circuit Court of Appeals, Estate of Charania v. Shulman, does address the matter. However, it does so in an opinion that is noteworthy for its striking analytical flaws. This Article delves into the opinion, which is starting to garner ill-deserved precedential value. The Article reveals the opinion's deep flaws and proposes a far more restrained and workable approach for mediating the different conflict of laws approaches that are often at play when an international estate is at issue.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Different underlying neurocognitive deficits in developmental dyslexia: A comparative study. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of several specific neurocognitive functions in developmental dyslexia (DD). The performances of 60 dyslexic children and 65 age-matched normally reading children were compared on tests of phonological abilities, visual processing, selective and sustained attention, implicit learning, and executive functions. Results documented deficits in dyslexics on both phonological and non-phonological tasks. More stringently, in dyslexic children individual differences in non-phonological abilities accounted for 23.3% of unique variance in word reading and for 19.3% in non-word reading after controlling for age, IQ and phonological skills. These findings are in accordance with the hypothesis that DD is a multifactorial deficit and suggest that neurocognitive developmental dysfunctions in DD may not be limited to the linguistic brain area, but may involve a more multifocal cortical system. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 5, 17, 50]}
+{"token": "Functional analysis of Rehmannia glutinosa key LRR-RLKs during interaction of root exudates with Fusarium oxysporum reveals the roles of immune proteins in formation of replant disease. Previous studies have indicated that some Rehmannia glutinosa Leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinases (LRR-RLKs) are involved in the formation of replant disease. However, it remains unclear how the interaction of LRR-RLKs with a key factor, the interaction between root exudates and Fusarium oxysporum, results in formation of replant disease. In this study, the influences of root exudates, F. oxysporum and the interaction of these two factors on expression of nine R. glutinosa LRR-RLKs (RgLRRs) were analyzed. The resulting eight RgLRRs of them were highly expressed at the early stage, and rapidly declined at later stages under mixed treatment of root exudates and F. oxysporum. The functions of nine RgLRRs under root exudates, F. oxysporum and mixed treatment of root exudates and F. oxysporum were preliminarily analyzed using transient overexpression and RNAi experiments. The results showed that high expression of RgLRR19, RgLRR21, RgLRR23 and RgLRR29 could decrease the damage to root cells from the mixed treatment of root exudates and F. oxysporum, but the interference of these genes enhanced the damage levels of root cells. Based on this, stable transgenic R. glutinosa seedlings were acquired. Overexpression of RgLRR29 conferred resistance of R. glutinosa seedlings to root exudates, F. oxysporum and mixed treatment. These results indicated that the continuous proliferation of F. oxysporum supported by root exudates altered the expression patterns of RgLRRs in R. glutinosa, then disordered the growth and development of R. glutinosa, finally leading to the formation of replant disease.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "A Grammar of Religious 'Truth': Pragmatic Considerations on the Nature of Religious Truth. This article explores various ways in which the concept of truth is actually used across discursive boundaries separating common sense, science, mathematics, and religion. Although my overall approach is pragmatic, I argue that we also need to take some semantic restrictions into consideration. The main objective of the article is the issue of translating concepts of truth in various linguistic and cultural contexts without losing sight of the particular network of connotations. I come to the conclusion that with regard to a religious discourse, a translatable concept of truth typically enters the grammatical place of the subject rather than the predicate. From this position the discursive constraints of authority, authenticity and expressivity are held in check by an internal predetermination of the implied possibility of falsehood. Most of all, however, the article focuses on non-propositional aspects of a religious expression of truth, in which case the very distinction between true and false becomes patently irrelevant.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Development and Validation of a Tool to Improve Community Pharmacists' Surveillance Role in the Safe Dispensing of Herbal Supplements. Background: There has been an appreciable increase in the use of herbal supplements, including immune boosters, during the current COVID-19 pandemic. However, there are concerns with falsified herbal supplements.Objectives: Developed a new questionnaire that can potentially help community pharmacists identify the extent of falsified herbal supplements.Methods: A 9-month cross sectional study was conducted among 500 community pharmacies across United Arab Emirates. A new 5-factor, 24-itmes scale was developed based on current labelling requirements across countries and piloted. This included seven items on identified uses and contraindication, seven items on hazard identification, four items on product identity, three items on packaging and product insert and three items on product handling and storage. The face and content validity of the scale was assessed via the content validity index (CVI). Its construct validity was tested using an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) via principally component analysis (PCA). The model was subsequently confirmed through partial confirmatory factor analysis (PCFA). Its reliability was assessed via test-retest reliability, internal consistency, item internal consistency (IIC), and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs).Results: The CVI of the finalized questionnaire was 0.843. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy was 0.891, and Bartlett's test of sphericity indicated significance (p-value < 0.001). Confirmation of the subsequent 5-domains was achieved through PCFA using maximum likelihood analysis with oblimin rotation. The PCFA obtained values was 0.962 for NFI, 0.977 for CFI, and 0.987 for the Tucker Lewis Index. All values were greater than 0.95, and the RMSEA value was 0.03 (i.e., less than 0.06). Consequently, the model had a good fit. All domains demonstrated Cronbach's alpha coefficients above 0.70, with 0.940 for the full instrument. Meanwhile, all items met the IIC correlation standard of >= 0.40. The instrument presented good ICC statistics of 0.940 (0.928-0.950) as well as statistical significance (p < 0.001). Community pharmacists with more than 10 experience years were more likely to identify falsified herbal supplements compared to those with 1-10 years experience (p < 0.001).Conclusion: This study developed and validated a new instrument to identify safe herbal supplements, which should enhance the role of the community pharmacists in the safe and effective treatment of suitable patients with herbal supplements.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Wealth and Voter Turnout: Investigating Twenty-Eight Democracies. Voter turnout still receives considerable attention in electoral studies. Recently, there have been numerous investigations of a neglected determinant, sometimes labeled patrimony and here labeled wealth. This variable, measuring how much wealth a voter has, appears to help account for party choice, beyond more usual socioeconomic measures. However, as yet we know little about how wealth affects voter turnout. In this article, we explore the relationship of wealth to voter turnout, using a battery of questions on wealth, administered in 28 nations, from the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems (CSES). We observe that more wealth corresponds to higher voting turnout. Further, the strength of this link compares favorably to that of more traditional measures, such as income and education. Theoretically, such a sharp empirical result suggests expanding the resource model of electoral participation in order to include this less traditional, but more encompassing, measure of economic status.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Evaluation of Stiffness-Reduced Joints by Transient Liquid-Phase Sintering of Copper-Solder-Resin Composite for SiC Die-Attach Applications. Transient liquid-phase sintering (TLPS) using a Cu-solder-resin composite for the die-attach application of high-temperature silicon carbide (SiC) power modules was evaluated with the goal of controlling the joint stiffness. The Cu-solder-resin composite mainly contains Cu particles, Sn-3Ag-0.55 Cu solder particles, and polyimide-type thermosetting resin. Microstructural observations, shear strength tests, and thermal cycling tests of the SiC die-attached specimens bonded through the pressureless reflow process at 250 degrees C for 1 min were carried out after preheating at 100 degrees C for 60 min in a nitrogen atmosphere. A skeleton-shaped microstructure, consisting of Cu and Cu-Sn intermetallic compounds (IMCs) partially filled with polyimide resin, was observed in the joints, which exhibited shear strengths exceeding 12 MPa. The thermal cycling tests revealed that the TLPS specimens showed a superior reliability through 1200 thermal cycles in the temperature range from -55 degrees C to 175 degrees C. These experimental results were supported by mechanical finite-element (FE) simulations of simplified models that consist of the skeleton-shaped microstructure between the SiC chip and the substrate against an external force to mimic the shear test condition. The FE analyses proved that the stiffness of the composite joints strongly depends on the interconnection density that results from the formation of IMCs between the particles.", "label": [1, 14, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "Anti-inflammatory activities of Qingfei oral liquid and its influence on respiratory microbiota in mice with ovalbumin-induced asthma. Dysbiosis of respiratory microbiota is closely related to the pathophysiological processes of asthma, including airway inflammation. Previous studies have shown that Qingfei oral liquid (QF) can alleviate airway inflammation and airway hyper-responsiveness in respiratory syncytial virus-infected asthmatic mice, but its effect on the respiratory microbiota is unknown. We therefore aimed to observe the effects of QF on airway inflammation and respiratory microbiota in ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthmatic mice. We also explored the potential mechanism of QF in reducing airway inflammation by regulating respiratory microbiota. Hematoxylin and eosin as well as periodic acid-Schiff staining were performed to observe the effects of QF on lung pathology in asthmatic mice. Cytokine levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) specimens were also measured. Changes in respiratory microbiota were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, followed by taxonomical analysis. In order to verify the metagenomic function prediction results, the expression of key proteins related to the MAPK and NOD-like receptor signaling pathways in the lung tissues were detected by immunohistochemistry. The current study found that QF had a significant anti-inflammatory effect in the airways of asthmatic mice. This is mainly attributed to a reduction in lung pathology changes and regulating cytokine levels in BALF. Analysis of the respiratory microbiota in asthmatic mice showed that the abundance of Proteobacteria at the phylum level and Pseudomonas at the genus level increased significantly and QF could significantly regulate the dysbiosis of respiratory microbiota in asthmatic mice. Metagenomic functional prediction showed that QF can downregulate the MAPK and Nod-like receptor signaling pathways. Immunohistochemical results showed that QF could downregulate the expression of p-JNK, p-P38, NLRP3, Caspase-1, and IL-1 beta, which are all key proteins in the signaling pathway of lung tissue. Our study therefore concluded that QF may reduce airway inflammation in asthmatic mice by regulating respiratory microbiota, and to the possibly downregulate MAPK and Nod-like receptor signaling pathways as its underlying mechanism.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Kant: constitutivism as capacities-first philosophy. Over the last two decades, Kant's name has become closely associated with the \\\\'constitutivist\\\\' program within metaethics.(1) But is Kant best read as pursuing a constitutivist approach to meta-normative questions? And if so, in what sense?(2) In this essay, I argue that we can best answer these questions by considering them in the context of how Kant understands the proper methodology for philosophy in general. The result of this investigation will be that, while Kant can indeed be read as a sort of constitutivist, his constitutivism is ultimately one instance of a more general approach to philosophy, which treats as fundamental our basic, self-conscious rational capacities. Thus, to truly understand why and how Kant is a constitutivist, we need to consider this question within the context of his more fundamental commitment to \\\\'capacities-first philosophy\\\\'.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "A new record of Limnognathia maerski Kristensen & Funch, 2000 (Micrognathozoa) from the subantarctic Crozet Islands, with redescription of the trophi. Limnognathia maerski, class Micrognathozoa, so far known only from Arctic Greenland, is reported from the subantarctic Crozet Islands. Fine morphology of the trophi is redescribed using scanning electron microscopy. Results show that the trophi are composed of the same functional units, i.e. incus, paired mallei and epipharynx, as found in Rotifera Monogononta. The zoogeography of the species is briefly discussed.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Damping factor estimation using spin wave attenuation in permalloy film. Damping factor of a Permalloy (Py) thin film is estimated by using the magnetostatic spin wave propagation. The attenuation lengths are obtained by the dependence of the transmission intensity on the antenna distance, and decrease with increasing magnetic fields. The relationship between the attenuation length, damping factor, and external magnetic field is derived theoretically, and the damping factor was determined to be 0.0063 by fitting the magnetic field dependence of the attenuation length, using the derived equation. The obtained value is in good agreement with the general value of Py. Thus, this estimation method of the damping factor using spin waves attenuation can be useful tool for ferromagnetic thin films. (c) 2015 AIP Publishing LLC.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "NIR Emission Nanoparticles Based on FRET Composed of AIE Luminogens and NIR Dyes for Two-photon Fluorescence Imaging. Near-infrared (NIR) nanoparticles (NPs) based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) were prepared by co-encapsulation of a red aggregation-induced emission (AIE) molecule, 2-(4-bromophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(diphenylamino)styryl)phenyl)fumaronitrile (TB), and a commercial NIR fluorescence dye, silicon 2,3-naphthalocyanine bis(trihexylsilyloxide) (NIR775) with an amphiphilic polymer poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride) (PSMA). The surface of the NPs, PSMA@TB/NIR775, was modified with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) to increase the in vivo biocompatibility of the NPs. The PSMA@TB/NIR775 NPs showed a strong NIR (780 nm) narrow emission and excellent two-photon absorption property. Moreover, the NPs exhibited good monodispersity, stability, and low cytotoxicity. Under the excitation of a 1040 nm femtosecond (fs) laser, the emission peaks at 680 nm of TB and 780 nm of NIR775 excited by FRET were obtained. We utilized PSMA@TB/NIR775 NPs as fluorescent contrast agents for two-photon excited NIR microscopic imaging, and good NIR imaging effect of mouse brain vasculature was obtained with the imaging depth of about 150 m. The FRET strategy by coencapsulating AIE molecule and NIR dye will be helpful in preparing more narrow emission NIR probes for deep-tissue biological imaging.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Enhanced hydrogen production performance at intermediate temperatures through the synergistic effects of binary oxygen carriers. Operating oxygen carrying materials under a relatively low temperature has been the most important goal for the scalable application of chemical looping hydrogen production, so as to increase the durability and process economy. However, low temperatures have a degrading effect on the kinetics of the redox reactions, when it comes to the hydrogen production, leading to decreased oxygen storage capacity and thereby the low hydrogen yield and production rate. Although improved performance at intermediate temperatures can be found in materials composed of rare earth oxides, the high cost hindered the industrial application of these materials. In this paper, we prepared a series of binary oxygen carrier materials (CoFeOy, NiFeOy, CuFeOy) and investigated the chemical looping hydrogen production performance at intermediate temperatures. CoFeOy exhibited the highest hydrogen yield (similar to 11.17 mmol g(-1)) and peak hydrogen production rate (similar to 0.23 mmol g(-1) s(-1)) at 650 degrees C. To explore the synergistic effects causing the improved performance, XPS and TPR study was carried out. The results exhibited that the full reduction of Fe3O4 to FeO can be found at similar to 800 degrees C for CoFeOy, whist Co dopant was highly reducible with reversible phase change in the whole redox period at the intermediate temperature. The redox chemistry obtained in this work can be helpful for the design of the oxygen carrier materials for low temperature chemical looping applications.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "Enhanced Klebsiella pneumoniae Carbapenemase Expression from a Novel Tn4401 Deletion. The Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase gene (bla(KPC)) is typically located within mobile transposon Tn4401. Enhanced KPC expression has been associated with deletions in the putative promoter region upstream of bla(KPC). Illumina sequences from bla(KPC)-positive clinical isolates from a single institution were mapped to a Tn4401b reference sequence, which carries no deletions. The novel isoform Tn4401h (188-bp deletion [between istB and bla(KPC)]) was present in 14% (39/281) of clinical isolates. MICs showed that Escherichia coli strains containing plasmids with Tn4401a and Tn4401h were more resistant to meropenem (>= 16 and >= 16, respectively), ertapenem (>= 8 and 4, respectively), and cefepime (>= 64 and 4, respectively) than E. coli strains with Tn4401b (0.5, <= 0.5, and <= 1, respectively). Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) demonstrated that Tn4401a had a 16-fold increase and Tn4401h a 4-fold increase in bla(KPC) mRNA levels compared to the reference Tn4401b. A lacZ reporter plasmid was used to test the activity of the promoter regions from the different variants, and the results showed that the Tn4401a and Tn4401h promoter sequences generated higher beta-galactosidase activity than the corresponding Tn4401b sequence. Further dissection of the promoter region demonstrated that putative promoter P1 was not functional. The activity of the isolated P2 promoter was greatly enhanced by inclusion of the P1-P2 intervening sequence. These studies indicated that gene expression could be an important consideration in understanding resistance phenotypes predicted by genetic signatures in the context of sequencing-based rapid diagnostics.", "label": [2, 4, 21, 40]}
+{"token": "Effects of essential oil combinations on sheep ruminal fermentation and digestibility of a diet with fumarate included. Four Hu sheep (27.5 +/- 2.6 kg body weight), fitted with ruminal and duodenal fistula, were used to investigate the effects of a mixture of essential oils (EO) or their active components on rumen fermentation, microbial population, and nutrient digestibility. Four treatments in 4 x 4 Latin square design were used: basal diet added with 25 g/day monosodium fumarate (Control); Control plus 1 g/day of EO combinations (EOC, mixture of equal ratio of oil from clove, oregano, cinnamon, and lemon); and Control plus 0.5 or 1.0 g/day EO active component combinations (EOAC, mixture of eugenol, carvacrol, citral and cinnamaldehyde in equal ratio). The EOC and EOAC treatments were absorbed into microporous starch, and the complex was encapsulated with sodium alginate before use. Each treatment period lasted for 21 days, including 12 days for adaptation. Rumen samples were taken to determine volatile fatty acid (VFA) content and microbial flora. Microbial populations were measured using real-time PCR. The apparent digestibility of nutrients in the total tracts or at different tract parts was measured through total collection method or indicator method, respectively. Rumen pH did not change with the addition of EOC or EOAC. Ammonia nitrogen concentration decreased after addition of either EOC or EOAC. Total VFA content decreased with the addition of EOC or high level of EOAC, with little change under low dose of EOAC. Propionate increased (P<0.05) in animals treated with EOAC or 0.5 g EOAC compared with the control. The ratio of acetate to propionate decreased (P<0.05) with the addition of EOC or EOAC. Protozoan population decreased (P<0.05) with the addition EOC and EOAC, with lower population in the EOAC-treated animals than in the EOC-treated group. The growth of methanogens, Fibrobacter succinogenes, and Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens (P<0.05) was inhibited by addition of EOAC, but not by EOC. Population of fungi and Ruminococcus flave-faciens did not change with the addition of EOC or EOAC. Addition of EOC and EOAC did not influence the feed intake and digestibility of the nutrients in total or at different parts of the digestive tract, but decreased ruminal protein digestibility. Addition of EOC and EOAC has no obvious harmful effects on rumen fermentation in terms of ruminal dry matter and fiber digestibility was not influenced. The proportion of ruminal propionate increased, and protein degradation was inhibited. In this study, the addition of 1 g/day EOC or EOAC had no detrimental effects on sheep nutrient digestion. Crown Copyright (C) 2013 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "(sic) and Christ in Hippolytus's De Christo et Antichristo: A Response to Michael F. Bird and Michael R. Whitenton. This article is a response to the recent work of Michael F. Bird and Michael R. Whitenton, in which they argue that Hippolytus's De Christo et Antichristo provides a clear instance of a subjective genitive pi iota sigma tau iota sigma Chi rho iota sigma tau omicron upsilon construction and unambiguously identifies pi iota sigma tau iota sigma as Jesus' death on the cross. However, in light of (i) a significant textual variant, and (2) the role that nicrttc plays in Hippolytus's theology of martyrdom, the construction in fact supports the reading of an objective genitive.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "mtDNA and the islands of the north atlantic: Estimating the proportions of Norse and Gaelic ancestry. A total of 1,664 new mtDNA control-region sequences were analyzed in order to estimate Gaelic and Scandinavian matrilineal ancestry in the populations of Iceland, Orkney, the Western Isles, and the Isle of Skye and to investigate other aspects of their genetic history. A relative excess of private lineages in the Icelanders is indicative of isolation, whereas the scarcity of private lineages in Scottish island populations may be explained by recent gene flow and population decline. Differences in the frequencies of lineage clusters are observed between the Scandinavian and the Gaelic source mtDNA pools, and, on a continent-wide basis, such differences between populations seem to be associated with geography. A multidimensional scaling analysis of genetic distances, based on mtDNA lineage-cluster frequencies, groups the North Atlantic islanders with the Gaelic and the Scandinavian populations, whereas populations from the central, southern, and Baltic regions of Europe are arranged in clusters in broad agreement with their geographic locations. This pattern is highly significant, according to a Mantel correlation between genetic and geographic distances (r = .716). Admixture analyses indicate that the ancestral contributions of mtDNA lineages from Scandinavia to the populations of Iceland, Orkney, the Western Isles, and the Isle of Skye are 37.5%, 35.5%, 11.5%, and 12.5%, respectively.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Influence of rice whole-crop silage diet on growth performance, carcass and meat characteristics and muscle-related gene expression in Japanese Black steers. The present study investigated the influence of a diet largely comprising rice whole-crop silage (rWCS) on growth performance, carcass and meat characteristics, and expression of genes involved in muscle growth of Japanese Black steers. Steers were randomly separated into rWCS-fed (rWCS ad libitum and restricted feeding of concentrate) and concentrate-fed groups. Total digestible nutrient intake and daily gain (DG) decreased in rWCS-fed steers in comparison with concentrate-fed steers, whereas dressed carcass weight and final body weight did not significantly differ between the groups. Decreases in drip loss in the muscle of rWCS-fed steers may be caused by -tocopherol and -carotene in muscle. Feeding large amounts of rWCS to steers may maintain quantitative productivity of beef steers equally to a concentrate-based diet, and improve the qualitative productivity. Results of gene expression suggest that activation of skeletal muscle growth in rWCS-fed steers may occur at the late fattening period owing to a decrease in myostatin and increase in myosin heavy chain gene expression. Preadipocyte factor-1 and myostatin genes may be strongly involved in the control of lipid accumulation. This rearing system would allow beef production to switch to rWCS-based diets from concentrate-based diets.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Interculturalism and Republicanism: Shared perspectives on cultural diversity. When we speak of managing cultural diversity or accommodation policy and the recognition of the difference two problems generally come to mind. First, the notion of communitarism models, which aim to strengthen cultural property using strategies that create closure and exclusion; second, the difficulty that stems from applying, without nuances, some of the principles of liberalism, such as universalism or rigid secularism, to all contexts. This paper explores other ways of approaching the challenge of living together harmoniously in cultural diversity, focusing, on one hand, on a pluralistic and inclusive form of republicanism and, on the other hand, on the Quebecois model of integration and cultural diversity management known as interculturalism. Likewise, it explores the possibilities of establishing ways of combining both approaches.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Construction of generalized rotations and quasi-orthogonal matrices. We propose some methods for the construction of large quasi-orthogonal matrices and generalized rotations that may be used in applications in data communications and image processing. We use certain combinations of constructions by blocks similar to the one used by Sylvester to build Hadamard matrices. The orthogonal designs related with the matrix representations of the complex numbers, the quaternions, and the octonions are used in our construction procedures.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Adaptation as part of sustainable shoreline management in England and Wales. This paper reviews the concept of adaptation within the shoreline management framework in England and Wales. In the future it may not be sustainable to continue to defend all the locations on the coast that presently benefit from defences. Adaptation can help deliver more sustainable shoreline management solutions that better manage the risks to the social, economic and environmental function of the coast. Planning for adaptation will require preparing coastal communities for future change and will involve building in flexibility rather than closing off future solutions. A number of case studies are presented which exemplify different aspects of adaptation. The paper demonstrates how future reviews of Shoreline Management Plans (SMPs) could promote more adaptive measures linked to the Coastal Change Management Areas that will feature in the next revision of land use plans. The future challenges to delivering more adaptive solutions are considered by looking at where adaptation may be needed, what more adaptive approaches may look like, and what the barriers to implementation are. One critical area is the greater engagement of local communities and the paper shows how the recent Coastal Pathfinder projects are tackling this issue. The lessons learned from these projects will be invaluable in rolling out adaptive solutions to other areas in the future. Such solutions can be progressed within the policies laid down in the current SMPs but should be updated in future SMP reviews as new information and knowledge becomes available.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 36]}
+{"token": "Shape Sensitivity Analysis and Gradient-Based Optimization of Large Structures Using MLFMA. A fast method for computing the action of shape-differentiated electric field integral equation (EFIE) system matrix to a vector is derived exploiting the multilevel fast multipole algorithm (MLFMA). The proposed method is used in conjunction with the adjoint-variable method (AVM) to compute the shape gradient of arbitrary objective functions depending on shape of a metallic scatterer. The method is demonstrated numerically by optimizing the shape of a parabolic reflector illuminated with a half-wave dipole.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
+{"token": "Morphology, toxicity and molecular characterization of Gambierdiscus spp. towards risk assessment of ciguatera in south central Cuba. Ciguatera poisoning is caused by the consumption of reef fish or shellfish that have accumulated ciguatoxins, neurotoxins produced by benthic dinoflagellates of the genera Gambierdiscus or Fukuyoa. Although ciguatera constitutes the primary cause of seafood intoxication in Cuba, very little information is available on the occurrence of ciguatoxins in the marine food web and the causative benthic dinoflagellate species. This study conducted on the south-central coast of Cuba reports the occurrence of Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa genera and the associated benthic genera Ostreopsis and Prorocentrum. Gambierdiscus/Fukuyoa cells were present at low to moderate abundances depending on the site and month of sampling. This genus was notably higher on Dictyotaceae than on other macrophytes. PCR analysis of field-collected samples revealed the presence of six different Gambierdiscus and one Fukuyoa species, including G. caribaeus, G. carolinianus, G. carpenteri, G. belizeanus, F. ruetzleri, G. silvae, and Gambierdiscus sp. ribotype 2. Only Gambierdiscus excentricus was absent from the eight Gambierdiscus/Fukuyoa species known in the wider Caribbean region. Eleven clonal cultures were established and confirmed by PCR and SEM as being either G. carolinianus or G. caribaeus. Toxin production in each isolate was assessed by a radioligand receptor binding assay and found to be below the assay quantification limit. These novel findings augment the knowledge of the ciguatoxin-source dinoflagellates that are present in Cuba, however further studies are needed to better understand the correlation between their abundance, species-specific toxin production in the environment, and the risk for fish contamination, in order to develop better informed ciguatera risk management strategies.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "Australia's Licensing Regimes for Financial Services, Credit, and Superannuation: Three Tracks toward the Twin Peaks. Licensing regimes form an integral part of Australia's Twin Peaks system of financial regulation. This article surveys three of the different licensing regimes that were particularly relevant to the Financial Services Royal Commission: the Australian Financial Services Licence (AFSL); the Australian Credit Licence (ACL); and the Registrable Superannuation Entity (RSE). Taking into account the changes to regulation of superannuation in the Financial Sector Reform (Hayne Royal Commission Response) Act 2020 (Cth), the article analyses the structure and content of these three regimes, and their broader regulatory context, to determine whether there is scope to consolidate, rationalise, and harmonise these licensing regimes. From that survey, the article concludes that there is scope for rationalisation of the AFSL and ACL regimes, but that the RSE licensing regime should continue to be separate.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Experimental Investigation on Partition Induction Heating of High-Strength Boron Alloyed Steel Blanks. To manufacture B pillars with tailored properties of car body-in-white, a new partition induction heating process for 22MnB5 blanks is proposed. After 30 s of heating, different temperature zones are formed on the blanks under the impact of two magnetizer shapes. The low-temperature zone exists in the two-phase zone, whereas the high-temperature zone reaches the austenitic temperature. Different microstructures are formed in different temperature zones after the water quenching, as the mixed microstructures (F + M) appear in the low-temperature zones, and 100% martensite is formed in the high-temperature zones. As for mechanical properties, the ultimate tensile strengths in the low-temperature zones with the presence of magnetic rings and sheets are 896 and 1038 MPa, corresponding to elongation rates of 18.6% and 17.4%, respectively. The tensile strengths in the high-temperature zones are 1665 and 1654 MPa, corresponding to elongation rates of 16% and 16.4%, respectively. In contrast with the mechanical properties obtained in a conventional heat treatment, the new partition induction heating improves the tensile strength in the high-temperature zones by more than 100 MPa as well as the ductility. These experimental results well underlie the subsequent experiments on randomly tailoring the low strength with higher ductility zones and shapes.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "An LSB based novel data hiding method using extended LBP. In this paper we have proposed an LSB based data hiding method. Here, first cover image is encoded by LBP based method (call as ELBP). In ELBP method, a 3 x 3 block is encoded by k bits (1 aek ae9) respect to the central pixel. For data hiding purpose, the cover image is encoded by ELBP then r (1 aer < k) bits are embedded into each neighbor pixel by replacing least r bits of the encoded stream and then modified pixel is processed by OPAP method to improve the quality of the stego image. Proposed method gives high quality stego images with higher embedding rate compare to the state-of-the-art methods. The security of the proposed data hiding method is tested against the attacks like RS steganalysis and Chi-square attack and these methods fail to detect hidden data.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 37]}
+{"token": "The Hungarian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Polish, Romanian, Russian, Slovak, and Spanish, adaptation of the Makarowski's Aggression Questionnaire for martial arts athletes. Background and Study Aim: Studying aggression and aggressiveness among martial arts athletes allows for identifying aspects of the training process, important for the professional and personal development. Makarowski's Aggression Questionnaire has only been published in English in 2013. The aim of the current study is recommendation to researchers, coaches of various martial arts (combat sports) disciplines, physical education teachers, and psychologists with a measure of aggression in sport.Material and Methods: The Hungarian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Polish, Romanian, Russian, Slovak, and Spanish adaptation of Makarowski's Aggression Questionnaire was used. The questionnaire measures the following dimensions of aggressiveness: \\\\'Go-ahead\\\\' (the athlete attacks, breaks obstacles, is courageous and see obstacles as challenges to be overcome), \\\\'Foul play\\\\' (the athlete has no scruples, is willing to blame others in order to achieve his/ her goal or to block them, often in an unethical manner - for example, by pushing an opponent on the field) and \\\\'Assertiveness\\\\' (the athlete expresses his/ her opinion and emotions directly, in a courageous way and within appropriate boundaries - for example, a critical feedback to peers or to the coach). The questionnaire's reliability and validity analyses on martial arts athletes from Hungary (n = 50), Latvia (n = 31), Lithuania (n = 51), Poland (n = 49), Romania, (n = 53), Russia (n = 55), Slovakia (n = 30) and Spain (n = 24) were made. Reliability was assessed using the Cronbach's a internal consistency coefficient, which ranged from 0.69 to 0.83 for the individual subscales. The test's internal structure was verified via confirmatory factor analysis.Results: The adapted versions of Makarowski's Aggression Questionnaire have good psychometric properties and can be used in international studies. Also, single-factor analysis of variance highlighted that martial arts athletes from Spain achieved the highest mean on the Go-ahead subscale, martial arts athletes from Latvia achieved the highest mean on the Foul play subscale, while martial arts athletes from Poland obtained the highest values on the Assertiveness subscale. Considering the lowest Go-ahead scores, these were observed in martial arts athletes from Romania, the lowest Foul play scores - in martial arts athletes from Spain, and the lowest Assertiveness values - in martial arts athletes from Hungary.Conclusions: In accordance with the general methodological standards, the questionnaire can be used in coaching practice, as part of psychological skills training and in international research. The appendix includes Arabic, Chinese, French, German, Greek, Hungarian, Indian (Martahai and Hindi), Indonesian, Italian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Macedonian, Persian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian (implicitly Moldavian), Russian, Slovak and Spanish versions of the Makarowski's Aggression Questionnaire for martial arts athletes, together with the norms for both women and men. The questionnaire can be used not only by athletes, but also by other people over 16 years old who need to be tested for their level of aggressiveness.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Evaluation of the Linear and Second-Order NLO Properties of Molecular Crystals within the Local Field Theory: Electron Correlation Effects, Choice of XC Functional, ZPVA Contributions, and Impact of the Geometry in the Case of 2-Methyl-4-nitroaniline. The linear [chi((1))] and second-order nonlinear [chi((2))] optical susceptibilities of the 2-methyl-4-nitroaniline (MNA) crystal are calculated within the local field theory, which consists of first computing the molecular properties, accounting for the dressing effects of the surroundings, and then taking into account the local field effects. Several aspects of these calculations are tackled with the aim of monitoring the convergence of the chi((1)) and chi((2)) predictions with respect to experiment by accounting for the effects of (i) the dressing field within successive approximations, of (ii) the first-order ZPVA corrections, and of (iii) the geometry. With respect to the reference CCSD-based results, besides double hybrid functionals, the most reliable exchange-correlation functionals are LC-BLYP for the static chi((1)) and CAM-B3LYP (and M05-2X, to a lesser extent) for the dynamic chi((1)) but they strongly underestimate chi((2)). Double hybrids perform better for chi((2)) but not necessarily for chi((1)), and, moreover, their performances are much similar to MP2, which is known to slightly overestimate beta, with respect to high-level coupled-clusters calculations and, therefore, chi((2)). Other XC functionals with less HF exchange perform poorly with overestimations/underestimations of chi((1))/chi((2)), whereas the HF method leads to underestimations of both. The first-order ZPVA corrections, estimated at the B3LYP level, are usually small but not negligible. Indeed, after ZPVA corrections, the molecular polarizabilities and first hyperpolarizabilities increase by 2% and 5%, respectively, whereas their impact is magnified on the macroscopic responses with enhancements of chi((1)) by up to 5% and of chi((2)) by as much as 10%-12% at lambda = 1064 nm. The geometry plays also a key role in view of predicting accurate susceptibilities, particularly for push-pull pi-conjugated compounds such as MNA. So, the geometry optimized using periodic boundary conditions is characterized by an overestimated bond length alternation, which gives larger molecular properties and even larger macroscopic responses, because of the local field factor amplification effects. Our best estimates based on experimental geometries, charge dressing field, ZPVA correction, and CCSD molecular properties lead to an overestimation chi((1)) by 12% in the static limit and 7% at lambda = 1064 nm. For chi((2)), the difference, with respect to the experiment, is satisfactory and of the order of one standard deviation.", "label": [4, 33, 32]}
+{"token": "A method of sampling blood from Australian freshwater turtles. Blood sampling is an essential technique in many herpetological studies. This paper describes a quick and humane technique to collect blood samples from three species of Australian chelid turtles ( Order Pleurodira): Chelodina expansa, Elseya latisternum, and Emydura macquarii signata.", "label": [4, 34, 43]}
+{"token": "The devil is in the detail: who is actually at risk from flooding in England and Wales?. Published sources claim that 'one in six' properties are at overall flood risk in England and Wales. However, an attempt to replicate that proportion using publicly available data proved difficult, estimating one in five properties in England and one in four properties in Wales at overall flood risk, and even higher risk estimates for non-residential properties alone, especially in Wales. For comparative purposes, a primary analysis was conducted which found that the estimated fluvial and tidal flood risk for properties (residential and nonresidential) is one in twelve in England and one in nine in Wales. Discussions include the importance of the unit of analysis (people/properties) and also of property type (households/businesses). This paper reveals several discrepancies in published data and proportions at risk, and will emphasise that if 'good evidence' is needed to inform policy, then we need to be very specific about what kinds of risk, and to whom, we are reporting.", "label": [4, 5, 36, 47]}
+{"token": "Chorioptic mange in dairy cattle: treatment with eprinomectin pour-on. A randomized block design study was conducted to confirm the efficacy of topical eprinomectin against naturally acquired Chorioptes bovis mite infestations. Twelve adult Simmentaler Fleckvieh cattle were formed into six replicates of two animals based on pretreatment mite counts. Within replicates, animals were randomly allocated to untreated controls or were treated with eprinomectin 0.5% pour-on solution at 1 mL/10 kg body weight (0.5 mg eprinomectin/kg body weight). Live mites were counted, and mange lesions were scored prior to treatment and at weekly intervals until the end of the study on day 56. Feed consumption was recorded daily throughout the study, and body weights were measured. Differences between variables were declared significant if p <= 0.05. Mite counts for the cattle treated with eprinomectin were reduced by 100% from day 14 through the end of the study (p < 0.05). At each examination from day 21 through the end of the study, treated animals were significantly clinically improved as measured by lesion scoring compared with untreated controls. Weight gain and feed conversion efficiency were numerically higher in the eprinomectin-treated group. Results of this study demonstrate a positive response in growth rate following effective treatment of cattle for chorioptic mange and underline the economic importance of the parasite and the value of treatment.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "Design of a Multiepitope Vaccine against Chicken Anemia Virus Disease. Chicken anemia virus (CAV) causes severe clinical and sub-clinical infection in poultry globally and thus leads to economic losses. The drawbacks of the commercially available vaccines against CAV disease signal the need for a novel, safe, and effective vaccine design. In this study, a multiepitope vaccine (MEV) consisting of T-cell and B-cell epitopes from CAV viral proteins (VP1 and VP2) was computationally constructed with the help of linkers and adjuvant. The 3D model of the MEV construct was refined and validated by different online bioinformatics tools. Molecular docking showed stable interaction of the MEV construct with TLR3, and this was confirmed by Molecular Dynamics Simulation. Codon optimization and in silico cloning of the vaccine in pET-28a (+) vector also showed its potential expression in the E. coli K12 system. The immune simulation also indicated the ability of this vaccine to induce an effective immune response against this virus. Although the vaccine in this study was computationally constructed and still requires further in vivo study to confirm its effectiveness, this study marks a very important step towards designing a potential vaccine against CAV disease.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Simultaneous Detection of (+)-Catechin, Juglone, Emodin, Piceatannol, Physcion and Resveratrol by TLC in a Two Step Procedure - a 'Quick and Dirty' Approach. Resveratrol, emodin and physcion, bioactive compounds occurring in various plant genera like Fallopia and Vitis were detected in rhizome, extracts of Fallopia x bohemica (CHRTEK & CHRTKOVA) J.P. BAILEY by establishing a simple silica gel thin layer chromatography run: precedent to a treatment with vanilline-HCl (an approved method of catechin detection) a two component eluent system was performed. We were successful in simultaneous detection of (+)-catechin, emodin, physcion, piceatannol and juglone in mixtures of standards, provided that the concentration of these substances is above the detection limit. Given, that the named substances have either valuable pharmaceutical properties or are suspected to have allelochemical effects, this method may prove advantageous in pre-screening of crude plant extracts because of its quick, simple and low-cost viability.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Welfare assessment of modified rearing programmes for broiler breeders. 2. The low-protein ration decreased the body weight of birds fed ad libitum and restricted birds were fed substantially more of the low-protein ration to meet target body weights from 3 to 14 weeks of age.7. Plasma corticosterone concentrations were higher in restricted birds compared with birds fed ad libitum. Plasma creatine kinase activity was higher in birds fed ad libitum at 6, 12 and 18 weeks of age. Alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase activity were higher whereas AST was lower in restricted birds compared with those fed ad libitum.6. The heterophil: lymphocyte ratio in restricted birds was higher at 6 weeks and lower at 24 weeks compared with birds fed ad libitum. Humoral immunity was lower at 6 weeks of age in birds fed ad libitum and was similar at other ages. Cell-mediated immunity was similar among all treatments.5. Birds fed ad libitum on both rations spent more time resting and less time foraging, drinking and spot-pecking than food restricted birds and were more fearful than restricted birds at 6, 12 and 18 weeks of age.4. Water intakes and plasma corticosterone concentrations were lower in restricted birds fed the low-protein ration and they spent more time resting, and less time spot-pecking, than birds fed the high-protein ration.3. The modified restricted rearing programme did not have an effect on indices of welfare.1. Female broiler breeders were fed ad libitum or a restricted quantity of food to achieve either a recommended body weight curve or a modified ( linear) growth curve that allowed more generous feeding between 6 and 15 weeks of age. The birds were fed a ration containing either a normal or low concentration of crude protein. The welfare of the birds was assessed using a profile of indices of welfare at 6, 12, 18 and 24 weeks of age.8. There was no evidence to support the use of low protein rations or linear growth curves to improve welfare in restricted broiler breeder females.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "MEDIATING CULINARY CULTURE: THE CASE OF GREEK RESTAURANT MENUS. This paper presents the preliminary conclusions of an ongoing research project on the subject of the translation of Greek restaurant menus. In the first part the rationale and the design of the study are described and a number of preliminary comments about the translation event are made. The second part deals with the linguistic and functional characteristics of restaurant menus and the final part focuses on the translation strategies used to deal with cultural diversity and on the relation which these strategies bear to the type and function of the text to be translated. It appears that in most cases the strategies used in translating menus do not lead either to a functionally equivalent or a professionally satisfactory target text. However, the deficiencies recorded are due to the inadequate abilities of those who provide the translations rather than to the fact that translation is practiced from the mother tongue into a foreign language. Translating is often viewed as a simple process of reproducing linguistic surface structures in another language. This attitude points, among others, to a lack of professionalism, the impact of which is considerable - customer dissatisfaction - and ultimately reduces to nil the mediating mission of translation.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Jungian analytical method as a process for transformative catechesis. This paper elaborates a theory of catechesis that is concerned with the psychological transformation of adult Christians. It offers a definition of this new type of catechesis as well as a comparison with experiential catechesis. It then presents a process for transformative catechesis based on the analytical method of Jungian depth psychology. This process includes anamnesis, interpretation, discernment, and ritual commitment, with the ultimate aim of helping adults identify and experience the paschal mystery in their own lives. It begins by examining the suitability of Jungian psychology for a catechetical process, presents the actual process, and then explores the theological implications of Jungian-based catechesis for those working in ministry.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "The limits of early social evaluation: 9-month-olds fail to generate social evaluations of individuals who behave inconsistently. Infant studies examining the development of the ability to evaluate others for their pro- and antisocial acts to date have explored how infants evaluate individuals who are either consistently prosocial or consistently antisocial. Yet in the real world, one regularly encounters individuals who behave inconsistently, engaging in multiple different kinds of behaviors that are variably prosocial and antisocial. In order to form accurate social evaluations of these inconsistently helpful and harmful individuals, then, evaluators must be able to aggregate across different types of behaviors and update previously formed evaluations based on new information. The current studies were designed to examine 9-month-old infants' social evaluations of characters who have displayed both prosocial and antisocial acts. Across three experiments using a previously utilized scenario for testing infants' preference for prosocial over antisocial others, infants repeatedly failed to prefer more- versus less-prosocial individuals when one of those individuals had previously acted both prosocially and antisocially, despite various attempts to facilitate responding across experiments. Notably, an additional experiment replicated infants' preference for consistently prosocial over consistently antisocial others. Together, findings from the current studies suggest that incorporating behavioral inconsistency into one's social evaluations may be especially difficult for infants in the first year. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "A qualitative exploration of facilitators and barriers to physical activity participation in people with severe mental illness in Taiwan. Results: Participants had a mean age of 42 (SD = 11), were primarily female (51.3%), and had a diagnosis of schizophrenia (84.6%). Five facilitators and five barriers related to physical activity participation in the SMI group were identified. Facilitators included motivation by the health benefits of physical activity, engagement in preferred types of activity, support from family and friends, encouragement from health professionals, and convenient access to exercise equipment and facilities. Barriers included poor health, low self-efficacy, low support from family and friends, fear of negative societal attitudes toward mental illness, and an unsupportive physical environment.Conclusions: Factors related to physical activity participation in Taiwanese with SMI are multidimensional and include personal, social and physical environment factors. Future physical activity promotion programs for similar Taiwanese populations with SMI may want to consider targeting multiple levels of influence to help increase physical activity. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Background: Identifying factors associated with physical activity participation is critical for developing effective programs for individuals with severe mental illness (SMI). Previous studies have focused on western, developed countries; the purpose of this study was to qualitatively identify physical activity facilitators and barriers in people with SMI in Taiwan.Method: Thirty-nine community-dwelling participants participated in one of five focus groups. Semi structured open-ended questions were asked to identify physical activity barriers and facilitators. Qualitative data was organized and analyzed with thematic analysis using ATLAS.ti. software.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Complications after proximal abducting ulnar osteotomy and prognostic factors in 66 dogs. Objective To report complications and prognostic factors in dogs undergoing proximal abducting ulnar osteotomy (PAUL). To evaluate the ability to predict complications on the basis of post-operative radiographic examination. Study Design Retrospective cohort study. Animals Sixty-six dogs. Methods Medical records of dogs treated with PAUL between 2014 and 2019 were reviewed for demographics, intraoperative findings, and post-operative complications. Post-operative radiographs were reviewed by two masked expert orthopedic surgeons, who were asked to predict the likelihood of major mechanical complications. The prognostic value of variables was tested with univariate and multivariable logistic regression. Inter-investigator agreement to predict complications was evaluated with two-by-two tables and kappa coefficient. Results Seventy-four PAULs in 66 dogs were included. Duration of follow-up ranged from 12 to 75 months (median: 53 months). Post-operative complications were documented in 19/74 limbs (16 dogs), including major complications in 13 limbs. These complications consisted mainly of non-union (six limbs), implant failure (two limbs), and infection (two limbs) requiring revision surgery in nine limbs. Body weight was the only variable associated with an increased risk of post-operative complications (p = .04). Agreement between expert predictions was low (respectively k = -0.08 and k = 0.11). Conclusion Major complications were reported in one fourth of limbs treated with PAUL and were more likely as body weight increased. Suboptimal plate and screw placement or osteotomy reduction on post-operative radiographs were poorly predictive of complications. Clinical Significance Complications are fairly common after PAUL, particularly in heavier dogs, and post-operative radiographic examination seems unreliable to predict those.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "MOLECULAR DETECTION OF ASTER YELLOWS PHYTOPLASMA AND 'CANDIDATUS LIBERIBACTER SOLANACEARUM' IN CARROTS AFFECTED BY THE PSYLLID TRIOZA APICALIS (HEMIPTERA: TRIOZIDAE) IN FINLAND. Carrot psyllid (Trioza apicalis Forster) causes considerable damage to carrot (Daucus carota L.) in many parts of Europe. It was recently established that the new bacterium \\\\'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum\\\\' is associated with carrot psyllid and plants affected by this insect. No other pathogens have so far been associated with T apicalis-affected carrots, despite symptoms resembling those caused by phytoplasmas and spiroplasmas. Potential association of these pathogens with symptomatic carrots was investigated. Carrot samples and psyllids were collected in southern Finland and tested for phytoplasmas, spiroplasmas, and liberibacter by PCR. Liberibacter was detected in 5.5, 31.3, and 80% of asymptomatic samples, plants with leaf curling only, and plants with both leaf curling and discoloration, respectively. Liberibacter was also detected in 70% of the carrot psyllid samples. Only aster yellows phytoplasma (16SrI-A) was detected in 20% of carrot samples showing both leaf curling and discoloration. No phytoplasma was detected in the carrot psyllid samples. Mixed infection of both phytoplasma and liberibacter was detected in 20% of symptomatic plants. No spiroplasma was detected in plants or insects. To our knowledge, this is the first report of aster yellows phytoplasma in carrot in Finland and mixed infection of liberibacter and phytoplasma in carrot.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Fluconazole and voriconazole multidisk testing of Candida species for disk test calibration and MIC estimation. Fluconazole and voriconazole MICs were determined for 114 clinical Candida isolates, including isolates of Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida krusei, Candida lusitaniae, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida tropicalis, All strains were susceptible to voriconazole, and most strains were also susceptible to fluconazole, with the exception of C, glabrata and C, krusei, the latter being fully fluconazole resistant. Single-strain regression analysis (SRA) was applied to 54 strains, including American Type Culture Collection reference strains. The regression lines obtained were markedly different for the different Candida species. Using an MIC limit of susceptibility to fluconazole of less than or equal to8 mug/ml, according to NCCLS standards, the zone breakpoint for susceptibility for the 25-mug fluconazole disk was calculated to be greater than or equal to 18 mm for C, albicans and greater than or equal to 22 mm for C, glabrata and C, krusei. SRA results for voriconazole were used to estimate an optimal disk content according to rational criteria. A 5-mug disk content of voriconazole gave measurable zones for a tentative resistance limit of 4 mug/ml, whereas a 2.5-mug disk gave zones at the same MIC level for only three of the species, A novel SRA modification, multidisk testing, was also applied to the two major species, C, albicans and C. glabrata, and the MIC estimates were compared with the true MICs for the isolates, There was a significant correlation between the two measurements, Our results show that disk diffusion methods might be useful for azole testing of Candida isolates. The method can be calibrated using SRA. Multidisk testing gives direct estimations of the MICs for the isolates.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Accuracy of the BD MAX (TM) vaginal panel in the diagnosis of infectious vaginitis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the BD MAX vaginal panel in the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis (BV), vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), and trichomoniasis by comparing it with conventional methods: (i) combination of Hay criteria and presence of clue cells with predominant growth of Gardnerella vaginalis, (ii) yeast culture, and (iii) combination of culture, wet mount microscopic examination, and an alternative molecular assay. One thousand vaginal samples of women >= 14years were analyzed; 5% of the samples belonged to pregnant women. 19.3% were classified as BV, in 33.6% yeasts were recovered and in 1.5% TV was detected. For BV, sensitivity and specificity were of 89.8% and 96.5%, respectively; for VVC, sensitivity and specificity were of 97.4% and 96.8%, respectively, and for T. vaginalis, the sensitivity and specificity were of 100%. The BD MAX vaginal panel is highly sensitive and specific and simplifies the identification of infectious vaginitis.", "label": [2, 4, 24, 40]}
+{"token": "PATENT SYSTEM GOVERNANCE. THEORIZING ABOUT INSTITUCIONAL, GOVERNANCE DIMENSION RATIONALE. This work deals with the patent governance as theoretical model for improving the functioning of the patent system. It provides an approach to the patent governance at the various levels, international, national and regional, that challenges the traditional, static patent system based on the central role of the examination and granted office by the new heterogeneous actors, relations between these actors and participatory mechanisms within the patent system. Patent governance impacts the institutional dimension formed by the tools and mechanisms of public intervention. It exposes a new physiognomy of the patent system that invites to rethink the patent law functions and objectives.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Phenology of linyphiids in an old-growth deciduous forest in central Alberta, Canada. Spiders in the family Linyphiidae are numerically dominant and show remarkably high diversity in northern forests, but relatively little is known about their phenology in northern latitudes of North America. We report a phenological summary of close to 6,000 individual linyphiids representing 17 species. These were collected by pitfall trapping during two snow-free seasons in an old-growth deciduous boreal forest in central Alberta, Canada. Three species of approximately the same body size, Allomengea dentisetis (Grube 1861), Bathyphantes pallidus (Banks 1892), and Lepthyphantes intricatus (Emerton 1911), dominated the sample, and showed three distinct patterns of peak activity. This suggests temporal stratification as a possible mechanism that explains their co-existence. Four less commonly collected species within the same genus (Walckenaeria) showed similar seasonal segregation in periods of peak activity. Comparisons with other literature suggest the general phenology of many linyphiids is conserved across continental and global scales.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "The stability of functionally graded truncated conical shells subjected to aperiodic impulsive loading. In this work, the stability of conical shells made of functionally graded materials (FGMs) subject to a uniform external pressure, which is a power function of time, has been studied. The material properties of functionally graded shells are assumed to vary continuously through his thickness of the shell, according to a power law distribution of the volume fractions of the constituents. The fundamental relations, the dynamic stability and compatibility equations of functionally graded truncated conical shells are obtained first. Applying Galerkin's method, these equations have been transformed to a pair of time dependent differential equation with variable coefficient. This differential equation is solved for different initial conditions by variational method by using Lagrange-Hamilton type principle. Thus, general formulas have been obtained for the critical parameters. The results show that the critical parameters are affected by the configurations of the constituent materials, loading parameters variations, the variation of the semi-vertex angle and the power of time in the external pressure expression variations. Comparing results with those in the literature validates the present analysis. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "A plant growth model for integrated weed management in direct-seeded rice. III. Interspecific competition for light. The model DSRICE1 was developed for analyzing integrated weed management strategies for direct-seeded rice. We have shown that DSRICE1 predicts monoculture rice growth well and accounts for water-depth effects on growth. Here, the model is used to simulate competition for light between rice and two weeds, Echinochloa oryzoides (early watergrass) and Ammannia spp. (redstem). Except for minor differences in phenology, weed growth was simulated as described for rice. Direct competition for Light depended on the species' vertical distributions of leaf and stem areas (live and dead) and their extinction coefficients. Water also attenuates light, so species' early height growth rates were important because they determined when plants emerged into full light. Structural sensitivity analyses of rice in competition with the two weeds revealed that water-depth effects and leaf area distributions strongly affected competition, and shading by dead leaf and stem dry mass reduced total production. Validation was based on independent data sets for redstem and watergrass competition using several statistical tests and indices. For rice-redstem competition, DSRICE1 simulated rice growth well because redstem competitive effects were small, but predictions of redstem growth were good only when observed heights were matched in simulations. Redstem competitiveness depended on height growth rate, perhaps due to its small seed size. For rice-watergrass competition, the growth of both species was predicted well, except that watergrass growth in plots with early-season drainage was underpredicted. Watergrass parameters were similar to those for rice except for faster height growth and higher photosynthesis rates. In a model application, simulations in which rice seeding was delayed for a time after flooding led to greater yield losses from redstem than from watergrass because delays reduced the advantage of rice over redstem. The usefulness of DSRICE1 for drained fields will be improved by better simulation of plant growth responses to drainage, but rice competition with redstem and watergrass in continuously-flooded fields was simulated well. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "Positive explicit and implicit computational techniques for reaction-diffusion epidemic model of dengue disease dynamics. The aim of this work is to develop a novel explicit unconditionally positivity preserving finite difference (FD) scheme and an implicit positive FD scheme for the numerical solution of dengue epidemic reaction-diffusion model with incubation period of virus. The proposed schemes are unconditionally stable and preserve all the essential properties of the solution of the dengue reaction diffusion model. This proposed FD schemes are unconditionally dynamically consistent with positivity property and converge to the true equilibrium points of dengue epidemic reaction diffusion system. Comparison of the proposed scheme with the well-known existing techniques is also presented. The time efficiency of both the proposed schemes is also compared, with the two widely used techniques.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Antimalarial and cytotoxic potential of four quassinoids from Hannoa chlorantha and Hannoa klaineana, and their structure-activity relationships. Hannoa chlorantha and Hannoa klaineana (Simaroubaceae) are used in traditional medicine of Central African countries against fevers and malaria. Four stem bark extracts from H. klaineana and four quassinoids from H. chlorantha were examined in vitro against Plasmodium falciparum NF 54. The extracts displayed good activities, while the quassinoids were highly active, with IC50 values well below 1 mu g ml(-1), those of chaparrinone and 15-desacetylundulatone being much lower than 0.1 mu g ml(-1) (0.037 and 0.047 mu g ml(-1), respectively). Chaparrinone is five times more active than 14-hydroxychaparrinone against P. falciparum, indicating that the hydroxyl function at C-14 is unfavourable for antiplasmodial activity. As 14-hydroxychaparrinone has a seven-times higher cytotoxic activity against P-388 cells than chaparrinone, the latter compound has the better antiplasmodial therapeutic index. All four quassinoids were evaluated in vivo in a standard 4-day test as well, 15-Desacetylundulatone was proven to be the most active compound, almost totally suppressing the parasitaemias of OF1 mice for at least 7 days, while both chaparrinone and 14-hydroxychaparrinone were active for at least 4 days. Quassinoids have ED50 values much lower than 50 mg kg(-1) body weight day(-1) and none of them caused obvious side effects. The keto function at C-2 in 15-desacetylundulatone is apparently of crucial importance for its high activity. 6-alpha-Tigloyloxyglaucarubol was not active at all. Chaparrinone is considered the most interesting of the investigated quassinoids and its in-vivo antimalarial potential will be examined further. (C) 1998 Australian Society for Parasitology. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "Algorithms for fitting Blinex loss parameters. While unbounded symmetric loss functions are widely used in statistical decision theory because of their mathematical convenience, there are many situations where a bounded asymmetric loss is more desirable. A BLINEX loss can improve decision-making when the loss structure is believed to warrant such properties. Two algorithms are developed to fit BLINEX based upon information elicited from decision-makers in general circumstances.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Third-Person Internalism: A Critical Examination of Externalism and a Foundation-Oriented Alternative. This paper starts with an examination of the major problems of foundation-oriented epistemology in Sect. 2. Then, in Sects. 3-4, it is argued that the externalistic re-definition of knowledge deprives this concept from useful applications to human's epistemic practice. From the viewpoint of cultural evolution, the condition of justification is the most important ingredient of knowledge. An alternative foundation-oriented conception of knowledge called third-person internalism is developed in Sect. 2 and Sect. 5. It combines insights of externalism with the requirement of second-order justification. The application of third-person internalism to contextualistic positions leads to an important constraint on contextualism (Sect. 6). The final section (Sect. 7) sketches new prospects for a foundation-oriented epistemology which are based on epistemic optimality arguments.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Concomitant intramyocardial and epicardial vasculitis in an autopsied heart allograft for cardiac rhabdomyosarcoma. Primary cardiac tumours are rare, with only one quarter of the patients being malignant. The vast majority of malignant neoplasms of the heart are sarcomas. We describe a patient of primary cardiac rhabdomyosarcoma presented as coronary artery disease and recurrent myocardial infarction. Histopathologic finding of the excised native heart revealed a high grade pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma in the myoepicardial portion of the anterior wall with rupture. The accompanying unusual feature was myocardial infarction because of tumour emboli of the left anterior descending and left circumflex coronary arteries. After transplantation, the patient developed mild to moderate acute cellular rejection of the transplanted heart on post-transplantation day 1, 8, and 44, respectively. Unfortunately, he expired on the post-transplantation day 47 because of acute rejection, presenting as concomitant intramyocardial and epicardial lymphocytic vasculitis and multifocal myocardial ischaemia. We found that this uncommon medial lymphocytic vasculitis lesion was mediated by T cells and also by antibody directly against smooth muscle cells of small arteries. The consequence of such immune response would be compromised myocardial oxygenation resulting in allograft failure.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "The search interest in contract. Parties often do not negotiate for contract terms. Instead, parties search for the products, terms, and contractual counterparties they desire. The traditional negotiation-centered view of contract leads courts to try to detemine the meaning of the parties where no meaning was negotiated and to waste time determining the benefits of bargains that were never struck. Further, while courts have ample tools to validate specifically negotiated contract terms, they lack the tools to respond to searched-for terms. Although the law and literature have long recognized that there is a disconnect between the legal fictions of negotiation and the reality of contracting practice, no theory has emerged to replace fictional negotiation. Therefore, this Article develops a new search-oriented theory of contract and shows that search theory can explain contracting behavior where the fictions of negotiation fail. This Article then applies search theory to the common law of contract, the Uniform Commercial Code, and the growing world of Internet searches and electronic contracting.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Effects of photoperiod on the phenological development of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.). Mechanistic weed models focus on determining the outcome of weed and crop interference. An understanding of weed phenology is essential far simulation model development. Phenological development is a major factor determining the outcome of weed-crop competition. Growth cabinet studies were conducted to characterize the influence of photoperiod on the phenological development of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.). Results indicated that redroot pigweed is a quantitative short-day species. Four development phases of redroot pigweed were described according to its response to photoperiod: (1) a juvenile phase of 1.1 d; (2) a photoperied-sensitive inductive phase of 7.9 d; (3) a photoperiod-sensitive post-inductive phase of 39.9 d; and (4) a photoperiod-insensitive phase of 2.2 d. This information is useful for the development of mechanistic models and for comprehending the distribution and competitive ability of redroot pigweed with crops. The utilization of these results could help in predicting the phenological development of redroot pigweed.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Signal propagation in collisional plasma with negative ions. The transport of charged species in collisional currentless plasmas is traditionally thought of as a diffusion-like process. In this paper, it is demonstrated that, in contrast to two-component plasma, containing electrons and positive ions, the transport of additional ions in multispecies plasmas is not governed by diffusion, rather described by nonlinear convection. As a particular example, plasmas with the presence of negative ions have been studied. The velocity of a small perturbation of negative ions was found analytically and validated by numerical simulation. As a result of nonlinear convection, initially smooth ion density profiles break and form strongly inhomogeneous shock-like fronts. These fronts are different from collisionless shocks and shocks in fully ionized plasma. The structure of the fronts has been found analytically and numerically. (C) 2001 American Institute of Physics.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "A refined dynamical mass for the black hole in the X-ray transient XTE J1859+226. We present two contiguous nights of simultaneous time-resolved Gran Telescopio Canarias spectroscopy and William Herschel Telescope photometry of the black hole X-ray transient XTE J1859+226, obtained in 2017 July during quiescence. Cross-correlation of the individual spectra against a late K-type spectral template enabled us to constrain the orbital period to 0.276 +/- 0.003 d and the radial velocity semi-amplitude of the donor star to K-2 = 550 +/- 59 km s(-1). An ellipsoidal modulation is detected in the photometric r- and i-band light curves, although it is strongly contaminated by flickering activity. By exploiting correlations between the properties of the double-peaked H alpha emission-line profile and the binary parameters, we derived an orbital inclination of 66.6 +/- 4.3 deg, a refined K-2 = 562 +/- 40 km s(-1) and mass ratio q = M-2/M-1 = 0.07 +/- 0.01. From these values, we obtained an updated black hole mass of M-1 = 7.8 +/- 1.9 M-circle dot. An independent mass estimate based on X-ray timing agrees well with our value, which gives further support for the outburst quasi-periodic oscillation triplet being explained by the relativistic precession model. We also obtained a companion star mass M-2 = 0.55 +/- 0.16 M-circle dot, which is consistent with its K5-K7 V spectral type.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Fansubs: Audiovisual Translation in an Amateur Environment. The purpose of this paper is to describe the so-called fansubs, a different type of subtitling carried out by amateur translators. The first part of this study covers both the people and phases involved in the fansubbing process from beginning to end. The second section focuses on the legality and ethics of fansubs. The third part pays attention to the actual translation of fansubs and their unique features, such as the use of translator's notes or special karaoke effects. The paper concludes with a reflection on the work done by fansubbers and the possibilities opened by this mainly Internet phenomenon.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Specification tests for non-Gaussian maximum likelihood estimators. We propose generalized DWH specification tests which simultaneously compare three or more likelihood-based estimators in multivariate conditionally heteroskedastic dynamic regression models. Our tests are useful for Garch models and in many empirically relevant macro and finance applications involving Vars and multivariate regressions. We determine the rank of the differences between the estimators' asymptotic covariance matrices under correct specification, and take into account that some parameters remain consistently estimated under distributional misspecification. We provide finite sample results through Monte Carlo simulations. Finally, we analyze a structural Var proposed to capture the relationship between macroeconomic and financial uncertainty and the business cycle.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "The Evolution of Environment-Conflict Research: Toward a Livelihood Framework. The focus of qualitative environment-conflict research since the early 1990s on the state level of analysis has led to considerable uncertainty about the validity of hypothesized connections and under-specification of existing pathways inhuman-environmental change interactions. As a corrective, this article proposes a household-livelihood framework for qualitative environment-conflict research. This approach begins at the local level and then scales the analysis of social-political effects to higher levels. A household-livelihood framework also improves our understanding of many previously-ignored violent conflicts at the local level that have roots in human-environmental change.", "label": [5, 47, 49]}
+{"token": "The Influence of Environmental Factors on Germination of Burcucumber (Sicyos angulatus) Seeds: Implications for Range Expansion and Management. Burcucumber (Sicyos angulatus L.) is a highly invasive vine that has become naturalized in the humid Black Sea region of Turkey, but previous to this study there was no information on the germination biology of this weed. The germination biology of three naturalized populations of S. angulatus from the Black Sea region was studied in laboratory and greenhouse experiments. The germination of nondormant seeds was observed under different photoperiods, constant temperatures, and varying levels of pH, salinity, and osmotic potential. Furthermore, seedling emergence from various soil depths was investigated. The seeds of all populations proved nonphotoblastic (82% to 90%, 55% to 66%, and 48% to 56% germination under 12-, 24-, and 0-h photoperiod, respectively) and germinated over a wide range of temperatures (5 to 40 C). Seedlings emerged from all seed burial depths (0 to 15 cm); however, germination was drastically reduced (>90% reduction) beyond 6 to 8 cm. Seed germination was 30% to 38% for seeds placed on the surface and increased to 78% to 88% for seeds buried 2 cm deep, while germination was severely reduced for seeds buried 10 and 15 cm deep (8 to 12% and 0 to 6%, respectively). Seeds of all populations were found to be sensitive to osmotic and salinity stress and to highly acidic and alkaline pH levels. All populations had similar requirements for germination that are directly related to their area of naturalization. These results indicate that the species has limited potential for range expansion to arid, semiarid (nonirrigated), and relatively saline areas. However, humid, salinity-free, and frequently irrigated areas of the country are at high risk of invasion. In arable lands, deep tillage followed by shallow tillage and effective management of emerging seedlings could deplete the soil seedbank in the long run. However, there is an urgent need for effective strategies to manage the species in other nonarable areas.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Collapsible graphs and Hamiltonian connectedness of line graphs. Thomassen conjectured that every 4-connected line graph is Hamiltonian. Chen and Lai [Z.-H. Chen, H.-J. Lai, Reduction techniques for super-Eulerian graphs and related topics an update, in: Ku Tung-Hsin (Ed.), Combinatorics and Graph Theory, vol. 95, World Scientific, Singapore/London, 1995, pp. 53-69, Conjecture 8.6] conjectured that every 3-edge connected, essentially 6-edge connected graph is collapsible. In this paper, we prove the following results. (1) Every 3-edge connected, essentially 6-edge connected graph with edge-degree at least 7 is collapsible. (2) Every 3-edge connected, essentially 5-edge connected graph with edge-degree at least 6 and at most 24 vertices of degree 3 is collapsible which implies that 5-connected line graph with minimum degree at least 6 of a graph with at most 24 vertices of degree 3 is Hamiltonian. (3) Every 3-connected, essentially 11-connected line graph is Hamilton-connected which strengthens the result in [H.-J. Lai, Y. Shao, H. Wu, J. Zhou, Every 3-connected, essentially 11-connected line graph is Hamiltonian, J. Combin. Theory, Ser. B 96 (2006) 571-576] by Lai et al. (4) Every 7-connected line graph is Hamiltonian connected which is proved by a method different from Zhan's. By using the multigraph closure introduced by Ryjacek and Vrana which turns a claw-free graph into the line graph of a multigraph while preserving its Hamilton-connectedness, the results (3) and (4) can be extended to claw-free graphs. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "An evaluation of the challenges to developing tumor BRCA1 and BRCA2 testing methodologies for clinical practice. Ovarian cancer patients with germline or somatic pathogenic variants benefit from treatment with poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. Tumor BRCA1/2 testing is more challenging than germline testing as the majority of samples are formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE), the tumor genome is complex, and the allelic fraction of somatic variants can be low. We collaborated with 10 laboratories testing BRCA1/2 in tumors to compare different approaches to identify clinically important variants within FFPE tumor DNA samples. This was not a proficiency study but an inter-laboratory comparison to identify common issues. Each laboratory received the same tumor DNA samples ranging in genotype, quantity, quality, and variant allele frequency (VAF). Each laboratory performed their preferred next-generation sequencing method to report on the variants. No false positive results were reported in this small study and the majority of methods detected the low VAF variants. A number of variants were not detected due to the bioinformatics analysis, variant classification, or insufficient DNA. The use of hybridization capture or short amplicon methods are recommended based on a bioinformatic assessment of the data. The study highlights the importance of establishing standards and standardization for tBRCA testing particularly when the test results dictate clinical decisions regarding life extending therapies.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Creating an Evangelical self: an analysis of narratives of conversion to Evangelicalism in post-Soviet St Petersburg. In this article I analyse the narratives of conversion to Evangelical churches in St Petersburg by inquiring how Russians engage with the Evangelical churches and how they construct a meaningful conversion identity. My analysis shows how the social and political changes of post-Soviet Russia are experienced in religious terms and whether they have social implications that are reflected in identity-building as both Russian and Evangelical. Individual identity always reflects time and place, and the social and societal context in which an individual lives. Through this route I also broaden the understanding of Russian societal attitudes towards present-day 'religious dissidents'. My research is based on 19 thematic interviews and participant observations in church meetings in St Petersburg between 2006 and 2009. Most of the interviewees belonged to communities that could be categorised as neo-Pentecostal. The study revealed that both a personal religious quest, especially during the societal turmoil that existed after the collapse of the Soviet Union, and the influence of friends or relatives were significant impulses for conversion. The resources sustaining the conversion as an ongoing process are communal, but also involve an individual self-improvement project within the construction of a new Evangelical self.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Significance of clonal rearrangements of lymphocyte antigen receptor genes on the prognosis of chronic enteropathy in 22 Shiba dogs. Shiba dogs are predisposed to chronic enteropathy (CE) and have poorer prognosis than other dog breeds. The objective of this study was to investigate the significance of polymerase chain reaction for antigen receptor rearrangement (PARR) results on clinical findings and prognosis of Shiba dogs with CE. We retrospectively collected data on 22 Shiba dogs diagnosed as having CE. Fifty-nine percent of the dogs had clonality-positive results on PARR analysis. Furthermore, on histopathology, epitheliotropic behavior of small lymphocytes of the intestinal mucosa was observed significantly more frequently in dogs with clonal rearrangement of antigen receptor genes (P= 0.027). The median overall survival time of clonality-positive dogs was 48 days (range, 4-239 days), compared to 271 days (range, 45-1,316+ days) in clonality-negative dogs. The median overall survival time of epitheliotropism-positive dogs was 76 days (range, 30-349 days) compared to 239 days (range, 4-1,316+ days) for epitheliotropism-negative dogs. Statistical analysis revealed that the clonality-positive result was associated with significantly shorter survival time (P= 0.036). In contrast, presence or absence of epitheliotropism had no statistically significant effect on survival time (P= 0.223). These cases might appropriately be diagnosed as small T-cell intestinal lymphoma; there are some common clinical and pathogenic features with human enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma type 2. The pathogenesis and poor prognosis for Shiba dogs with CE seem to be associated with this type of lymphoma, although further investigation is warranted.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "An Unbiased Assessment of the Role of Imprinted Genes in an Intergenerational Model of Developmental Programming. Environmental factors during early life are critical for the later metabolic health of the individual and of future progeny. In our obesogenic environment, it is of great socioeconomic importance to investigate the mechanisms that contribute to the risk of metabolic ill health. Imprinted genes, a class of functionally mono-allelic genes critical for early growth and metabolic axis development, have been proposed to be uniquely susceptible to environmental change. Furthermore, it has also been suggested that perturbation of the epigenetic reprogramming of imprinting control regions (ICRs) may play a role in phenotypic heritability following early life insults. Alternatively, the presence of multiple layers of epigenetic regulation may in fact protect imprinted genes from such perturbation. Unbiased investigation of these alternative hypotheses requires assessment of imprinted gene expression in the context of the response of the whole transcriptome to environmental assault. We therefore analyse the role of imprinted genes in multiple tissues in two affected generations of an established murine model of the developmental origins of health and disease using microarrays and quantitative RT-PCR. We demonstrate that, despite the functional mono-allelicism of imprinted genes and their unique mechanisms of epigenetic dosage control, imprinted genes as a class are neither more susceptible nor protected from expression perturbation induced by maternal undernutrition in either the F1 or the F2 generation compared to other genes. Nor do we find any evidence that the epigenetic reprogramming of ICRs in the germline is susceptible to nutritional restriction. However, we propose that those imprinted genes that are affected may play important roles in the foetal response to undernutrition and potentially its long-term sequelae. We suggest that recently described instances of dosage regulation by relaxation of imprinting are rare and likely to be highly regulated.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Hearing what the eyes see - Auditory encoding of visual temporal sequences. When the senses deliver conflicting information, vision dominates spatial processing, and audition dominates temporal processing. We asked whether this sensory specialization results in cross-modal encoding of unisensory input into the task-appropriate modality. Specifically, we investigated whether visually portrayed temporal structure receives automatic, obligatory encoding in the auditory domain. In three experiments, observers judged whether the changes in two successive visual sequences followed the same or different rhythms. We assessed temporal representations by measuring the extent to which both task-irrelevant auditory information and task-irrelevant visual information interfered with rhythm discrimination. Incongruent auditory information significantly disrupted task performance, particularly when presented during encoding; by contrast, varying the nature of the rhythm-depicting visual changes had minimal impact on performance. Evidently, the perceptual system automatically and obligatorily abstracts temporal structure from its visual form and represents this structure using an auditory code, resulting in the experience of \\\\'hearing visual rhythms.\\\\'", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND EQUIPMENT FOR CALVES REARING DURING PREWEANING PERIOD. High dairy performance of adult animals is directly dependent on the conditions of calves growing and feeding during the preweaning period. Since cattle has a low so-called \\\\'critical temperature\\\\', it is advisable to use this property of the body when rearing calves in the open air year-round in individual houses. It is known that among the entire complex of factors affecting the intensive growth of calves, the quality of food and the method of calves feeding in the first periods of postembryonic development of young animals from birth to 12 months deserve the most attention. In order to reduce consumption of whole milk for feeding calves and accelerate development of digestive tract in calves in early life period with high body weight gains, in practice specialists try to achieve it by introducing plant foods into diets for calves. However, plant feeds, even high-energy ones (cereals and legumes), containing large amount of protein, carbohydrates, starch, etc., are digested by calves very slowly and in small quantities. It is shown that to eliminate these drawbacks it is advisable to extrude all the plant feeds. The paper describes in detail the technology and equipment for preparing easily digestible feeds based on legumes for calves feeding during preweaning period, allowing to accelerate the development of digestive tract in the early life period of calves with high body weight gains, reduce consumption of whole milk or its replacers and energy costs for its production. Studies on the effect of feeding young cattle with feed concentrate during preweaning period showed increase in performance by 6.6 % and a decrease in feed costs by 5.73 %. Acknowledgments. The research was carried out as part of the Union State Research and Technical Program \\\\'Development of innovative energy-saving technologies and equipment for production and efficient use of biosafe feed for valuable breeds of fish, fur animals and specific species of animals\\\\'.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "The recepcion of the Second Vatican Council in Latin America the gaze of a Biblical Scholar. The Second Vatican Council enjoyed an important reception in Latin America. The acceptance of the Constitution Dei Verbum is clearly manifested in different aspects such as the proliferation of bibles, academic or pastoral, of means for their knowledge, the popular reading of the Bible among other expressions. None of these occurred without difficulties, some very serious. And the ecclesial winter, which began at the end of the pontificate of Paul VI and which has not yet ended, also manifests itself in an attempt to domesticate the Bible. It is an essential task to avoid it so that with one ear in the Bible and another in the people we can discover God's plan for our history.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Palaeoseismic evidence for a medieval earthquake, and preliminary 0 Cross Mark estimate of late Pleistocene slip-rate, on the Firouzkuh strike-slip fault in the Central Alborz region of Iran. The similar to 55 km-long Firouzkuh fault is located in the Central Alborz Mountains of Iran. It is a left-lateral fault, which dips to the south, and possesses a small dip-slip component of motion that we interpret to result from extension. The ratio of horizontal to vertical displacement across the fault, calculated from the cumulative displacement of landscape features, is 7.6. We provide constraints on the timing of the last earthquake on the Firouzkuh fault from two trenches (T1 and T2) across the fault zone, excavated in 2004, and located east of Firouzkuh city. The trenches expose faulted sedimentary deposits. Two optically-stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages from sediments in the lower part of trench T1 date from the late Pleistocene (15.9 +/- 0.9 ka and 27.1 +/- 1.7 ka). The younger of the two dated units in T1 displaced vertically across the fault by 2.2-4.4 m, from which we estimate a strike-slip displacement of 18.2-33.4 m, and hence a average horizontal slip-rate of 1.1-2.2 mm/yr. The sediments exposed in T1 do not yield constraints on the most recent earthquake history. In trench T2, however, human skeletal remains of a middle aged male, which yield a radiocarbon age of 1159 +/- 28 BP (corresponding to a mean calendar age of 791 AD), were found within a faulted alluvial layer at a depth of 60-70 cm from the surface. The existence of these medieval human places shows that a surface-rupturing earthquake occurred at some time after 1159 +/- 28 BP. The amount of slip in each earthquake on the Firouzkuh fault is difficult to estimate, but assuming the entire similar to 55 km fault length ruptures in each event, they will have had a maximum magnitude of 7.1. At our estimated late Quaternary slip-rate of similar to 1.1-2.2 mm/yr magnitude 7.1 earthquakes, involving similar to 1.2 m average displacement, would be expected to occur every similar to 1100-540 years. As the last earthquake on the Firouzkuh fault may be up to similar to 700 years in age we suggest that the Firouzkuh fault is a major hazard for earthquakes in the near future. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Effects of climate, species interactions, and dispersal on decadal colonization and extinction rates of Iberian tree species. We studied the relative importance of climate, abundance of potentially competing species, and dispersal in explaining local colonization and extinction rates of tree species throughout mainland Spain. We used a Bayesian framework to parameterize a patch occupancy model to 23 species censused in 46,596 permanent plots in a 1 x I km grid across most Spanish forests. For most species, dispersal was the single best predictor of colonization, whereas climate and dispersal were equally important as predictors of extinction. Precipitation was positively correlated with the colonization rate of 12 out of 13 deciduous broad-leaved species, and negatively correlated with the extinction rate of nine of them. In contrast, precipitation equally decreased colonization and extinction of five out of eight of needle-leaved species (Juniperus and Pinus spp.). There was, however, marked variation among species in the magnitude of these effects, with some species exhibiting contrasting patterns for the colonization and the extinction process. Abundance of competing tree species (= summed plot basal area) was consistently correlated with decreased colonization of all needle-leaved species, and it increased the extinction rate of 6 out of 8 of these species. It had, nonetheless, weak facilitative effect on some broad-leaved species by promoting colonization (3 of 13 species) and decreasing extinction (7 of 13 species). With local colonization and extinction data, non-equilibrial and dynamic species distribution modelling can be improved by incorporating measures of biotic interactions and dispersal effects, along with traditional climate variables. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Specific adolescent prodromal symptoms associated with onset of psychosis in the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986. Background Several psychological symptoms in adolescence associate with later development of psychosis. However, it is unclear which symptoms specifically predict psychotic disorders rather than psychiatric disorders in general. We conducted a prospective study comparing how specific adolescent psychotic-like symptoms, predicted psychotic and non-psychotic hospital-treated psychiatric disorders in the population-based Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 (NFBC1986). Methods At age 15-16 years, 6632 members of the NFBC1986 completed the PROD-screen questionnaire. New hospital-treated mental disorders of the NFBC1986 participants were detected between age 17 and 30 years from the Finnish Care Register for Health Care. Multiple covariates were used in the analysis. Results During the follow-up, 1.1% of the participants developed a psychotic and 3.2% a non-psychotic psychiatric disorder. Three symptoms were specifically associated with onset of psychosis compared to non-psychotic psychiatric disorders: 'Difficulty in controlling one's speech, behaviour or facial expression while communicating' (adjusted OR 4.00; 95% CI 1.66-9.92), 'Difficulties in understanding written text or heard speech' (OR 2.25; 1.12-4.51), and 'Difficulty or uncertainty in making contact with other people' (OR 2.20; 1.03-4.67). Of these, the first one remained statistically significant after Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first general-population-based prospective study exploring psychiatric symptoms predicting the onset of hospital-treated first-episode psychosis in comparison to non-psychotic disorders. We found three symptoms related with difficulties in social interaction which predicted onset of psychosis. This is a novel finding and should be replicated.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Can an asymptomatic screening pathway for men who have sex with men be introduced safely at a level 3 sexual health service in the UK?. To manage the rising demand on sexual health services in the UK, many clinics have introduced asymptomatic screening pathways for heterosexuals, which omit examination. In men who have sex with men however the screening of extragenital sites poses additional challenges. This study aimed to establish whether omitting examination of asymptomatic men who have sex with men would lead to clinically significant diagnoses being missed. The notes of all men who have sex with men who attended a UK level 3 sexual health clinic between 1 July 2011 and 30 June 2012 were retrospectively reviewed. Exclusion criteria included HIV-positive patients attending for HIV-related care, attendances for follow-up consultations not requiring a full sexual health screen, symptomatic patients, contacts of sexually transmitted infections and patients requesting an examination or a repeat prescription of a regularly used medication. In all, 920 consultations occurred during 12 months, of which 893 were reviewed; 476 (53.3%) consultations would have been eligible for screening on an asymptomatic pathway and, of these, 21 (4.4%) had abnormalities found at examination. Findings included genital warts, minor dermatological conditions and three cases of minor asymptomatic urological conditions. There were no clinically significant findings on examination of asymptomatic men who have sex with men requiring treatment, indicating that examination in this cohort may be of little benefit.", "label": [2, 17, 24]}
+{"token": "Taming the Beast : reforms in the Buenos Aires criminal justice system to eliminate judicial delays. Since the transition to democracy the political discourse has projected court delay as evidence of injustice and inefficiency in the criminal justice of the Province of Buenos Aires. These discourses of court delay have enabled a number of reforms in the criminal justice system which has reshaped organisational practices to the extent of constituting a new and different strategy of producing justice. This article uses the Foucauldian govermentality framework to identify, describe and make sense of those discourses and practices, and the strategies and tactics behind them.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Comparison of the potential activities of viral and bacterial chitinases. Background Chitin, a long-chain polymer of N-acetylglucosamine, is a major structural component of the insect exoskeleton and the peritrophic membrane (PM). Chitinases are able to effectively break down glycosidic bonds of chitin polymer thus can be used in agriculture to control plant pathogen insects. These enzymes can be synthesized by higher plants, animals, protista, bacteria, and viruses. Results In this study, viral and bacterial chitinases were compared for their potential activity on a laboratory test insect. The genes encoding chitinases of Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcNPV) and Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV) were amplified from genomic DNAs by PCR and cloned into the pET-28a (+) expression vector. The chitinase proteins of these 2 viruses (AcNPV-Chi, CpGV-Chi) and Serratia marcescens chitinase C (ChiC) protein which was previously cloned were overexpressed in Escherichia coli. Expressed proteins were purified and confirmed by western blot analysis as 50, 63, and 68 kDa for AcNPV, CpGV, and S. marcescens chitinases, respectively. Enzyme activities of the chitinases were confirmed. Chitinases were also compared to each other in silico. The insecticidal effects of these proteins were evaluated on Galleria mellonella L. larvae. Bioassays were performed on the 3rd instar larvae for each chitinase protein in triplicate. The results showed that although there were differences in enzymatic activities and domain organizations, all 3 microbial chitinases produced almost the same level of insecticidal activity on the test insect. LC50 and LT50 values were compatible with the mortality results. These results were a preanalysis for comparing the effects of microbial chitinases. Conclusion Potential activity experiments should be carried out on more insects to provide detailed information on the insecticidal effects of bacterial and viral chitinases.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Color-magnitude diagram and luminosity function of M4 near the hydrogen-burning limit. A proper-motion separation of M4 members from field stars, using deep Hubble Space Telescope observations separated by a time baseline of 5 yr, allows us to study a pure sample of cluster main-sequence stars almost to the minimum mass for hydrogen burning. High-precision photometry shows how badly current theoretical models fail to reproduce the color-magnitude diagram of low-mass stars of moderate metallicity ([M/H]similar or equal to -1). This inability of theory to reproduce the luminosity-color relation casts doubt on the theoretical mass-luminosity relation, which is needed to convert the observed luminosity function (LF) into a mass function (MF) as well as to convert our locally determined LF into a global MF. To the extent that we trust theoretical M-L relations for such transformations, we obtain a flat MF from the LF, and some indication that theoretical masses might be too low at a given luminosity, near the H-burning limit.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Autolysis of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) by-products: Enzymatic activities, lipid and protein oxidation, and antioxidant activity of protein hydrolysates. Autolysis (at fixed temperatures (40, 50, 60 degrees C) or gradually increasing temperatures (40-60 degrees C) with different times) was used to produce protein hydrolysates from rainbow trout processing by-products. Total proteolytic and trypsin activities with fixed temperatures was higher than gradually increasing temperatures, decreased with increasing autolysis time and temperature with fixed temperatures (P <= 0.05). TCA-soluble peptides decreased with increasing autolysis times from 1 to 3 h (P <= 0.05). Autolysis increased peroxide value and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances in both lipids and hydrolysates, particularly with gradually increasing temperatures (P <= 0.05) and was associated with oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Sulfhydryl groups decreased, while protein carbonyls and solubility were increased with fixed temperatures at higher temperatures (50 and 60 degrees C) or with gradually increasing temperatures at longer autolysis time (P <= 0.05). Free radical scavenging activity and the metal chelating ability of hydrolysates were governed by autolysis times and temperatures. Results of size exclusion chromatography-high performance liquid chromatography indicated that autolysis for 1 h at lower temperature (40 degrees C) was sufficient to produce autolysates rich in small peptides from rainbow trout by-products. Autolytic hydrolysis might be useful for production of such protein hydrolysates.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF QUASI-CRYSTALLINE COATINGS. Coatings of three different compositions (Al65Cu20Fe15, Al64Cu18Fe8Cr8, and Al67Cu9Fe10.5Cr10.5Si3) were realized by various thermal deposition techniques. They were studied in the as-deposited state and after annealing. In view of potential applications, these quasicrystalline coatings were examined from the point of view of tribology: friction and wear. Some basic components of friction such as roughness, plowing, and adhesion have been studied in scratch testing. The friction resistance of the coating is strongly dependent on its inherent porosity, hardness, and thickness. The damage of the coatings is essentially brittle though some ductile behavior is observed. Static indentation hardness is in the range 500-600 HV0.03 (5-6 GPa), whereas the scratch hardness varies from 1.4 to 2.4 GPa depending on the percentage of porosity. Friction coefficients (measured at constant load of 20 N) were found to be typically 0.07 and 0.20 for diamond (tip radius R = 0.79 mm) and AISI 52100 (radius R = 0.79 mm) indenters, respectively.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "The uncertain ordered weighted averaging adequacy coefficient operator. This article introduces the uncertain ordered weighted averaging adequacy coefficient (UOWAAC) operator. This novel operator uses the ordered weighted averaging (OWA) operator, the adequacy coefficient, and the interval numbers in a single formulation. This article also extends the UOWAAC operator by using order-inducing variables in the reordering process of the input arguments. This new extension is called the uncertain induced ordered weighted averaging adequacy coefficient (UIOWAAC) operator. The article also presents an application of the new approach in a multi-criteria group decision making (MCGDM) problem about international expansion. In addition, a comparative analysis is conducted with the purpose of demonstrating the superiority of the UOWAAC and UIOWAAC aggregation operators in specific situations. Likewise, the use of basic uncertain information (BUI) is discussed. The results show the usefulness of these new aggregation operators in real-life decision making problems under uncertainty, particularly when the decision maker wants to compare different alternatives with an ideal but without giving any penalty or reward in the case that the ideal levels are exceeded. (C) 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Quality evaluation of noodles prepared from blending of broken rice and wheat flour. The effect of blending wheat flour (WF) on broken rice flour (BRF) at various levels (0, 20 40, 60, 80 and 100 g/100 g) were assessed for their suitability in noodles making. Physicochemical and functional properties of prepared noodles from these blends were studied. The proximate composition of uncooked noodle samples varied significantly (p < 0.05). Water absorption and soluble loss of uncooked noodles ranged from 2.79 to 4.86 g/g and 0.167 to 0.467 g/g, respectively. The cooking parameters differed significantly (p < 0.05) among the noodle samples. The cooking time value ranged from 6.20 to 11.23 min and was high in noodle made from WF alone and low in pure rice flour noodles. Cooked weight, percent rehydration and cooking loss values ranged from 2.92 to 3.82 g/g, 170 to 282% and 0.09 to 0.62 g/g, respectively. The overall acceptability of native WF noodles (BRF: WF 00: 100) were rated superior for their sensory characteristics. Among the blended flour noodles, BRF: WF (20: 80) showed higher score for appearance and texture but lower score for aroma, still had a higher acceptance than the rest of the sample. Noodles with acceptable quality characteristics were made from BRF with the incorporation of WF at various levels.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Sutured Khovanov homology distinguishes braids from other tangles. We show that the sutured Khovanov homology of a balanced tangle in the product sutured manifold D x I has rank 1 if and only if the tangle is isotopic to a braid.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Atmospheric humidity and particle charging state on agglomeration of aerosol particles. Formation of haze is a phenomenon dependent on the relative atmospheric humidity and concentration of aerosol particles. The physical and chemical reactions on particle surfaces would lead to variations in particle sizes. This paper focuses on the physical behaviour of aerosol particles under the influence of atmospheric humidity, which produces liquid bridging forces and electrostatic interactions among particles. By water absorption experiment, a correlation between relative humidity (RH) and water content on particles was obtained. Through theoretical derivation, a relationship between the relative humidity and humidity ratio was established for calculating liquid bridging forces. The findings from experiments on atmospheric particles charging, showed most aerosols were negatively or positively charged and the average charges on these particles was more than one. An extended soft-sphere discrete element method (DEM) was used to simulate the evolution of aerosol particles, encapsulated in water vapour by considering liquid bridging forces, electrostatic interactions and Brownian forces. Results suggest that the agglomeration rate of particles would increase with a rise in the atmospheric humidity due to the increased liquid bridging forces that enhance the agglomeration velocity. The higher humidity would enhance the ionization on particle surfaces, which could affect electrostatic interactions. This paper provides an insight of a mechanism for formation of haze in atmosphere.", "label": [4, 5, 36, 47]}
+{"token": "Boundary Schwarz lemma for pluriharmonic mappings between unit balls. In this paper, we get a Schwarz lemma for pluriharmonic mappings between the unit balls of any dimensions, which generalizes classical Schwarz lemma for bounded harmonic functions to higher dimensions. As an application of the Schwarz lemma obtained, a boundary Schwarz lemma is established for pluriharmonic mappings between unit balls with any dimensions. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "THERMOCHEMICAL ACTIVITIES OF LIQUID FE-MN-C ALLOY. The activity coefficient of C was also derived from the obtained parameters.The experimental concentration range of Mn was from 0 to 45 mol% and that of C was 0 to saturation and the experimental temperatures were 1736, 1773 and 1823K. The activity coefficient on the base of lattice ratio of manganese was found to be expressed properly with up to the second order terms by the use of lattice fraction as the concentration of solute elements. The interaction of Mn and C of liquid Fe-C-Mn ternary alloys were given as the functions of temperature and composition of the alloy.In the present study, measurements were carried out of the activity oi Mn in liquid Fe-C-Mn alloys. Distribution equilibrium of Mn between Fe-Mn-C alloys of different C concentration via a liquid Ag-Mn alloy bath was employed to determine the activity of Mn.High carbon ferro-manganese alloys are used to produce high manganese steels for non-magnetic materials. During the decarburization of the high manganese hot metal, oxidation loss of manganese occurs concurrently. To minimize the oxidation loss of manganese and to establish an optimum dacarburization process; it is important to know the thermodynamic properties of the liquid Fe-Mn-C alloys with high Mn concentration and wide concentration range of carbon.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "PAYING FOR A CLEAN RECORD. This Article examines the promises and pitfalls of diversion and expungement as means to combat mass criminalization. These two mechanisms work in tandem to provide access to a \\\\'clean record,\\\\' but not enough attention has been paid to the dangers they present due to differential access to clean records based on financial means. This Article considers legal challenges to the current schemes and explains how requiring defendants to pay for a clean record enables courts and prosecutors to profit from the perpetuation of racial caste. Ultimately, this Article argues that the impacts of diversion and expungement programs are more modest than reformers claim, and that these programs need to be offered at no cost if they are to succeed in achieving the goal of reducing racial disparities in our criminal courts and in society at large.Prosecutors and courts often charge a premium for the ability to avoid or erase a criminal conviction. Defendants with means, who tend to be predominantly White, can often pay for a clean record. But the indigent who are unable to pay, and are disproportionately Black and Brown, are saddled with the stigma of a criminal record. Diversion and expungement are two popular reforms that were promulgated as ways to reduce the scale of the criminal legal system and mitigate the impact of mass criminalization. Diversion allows a defendant to earn dismissal of a charge by satisfying conditions set by the prosecutor or court, thereby avoiding conviction. Expungement seals or erases the defendant's record of arrest or conviction. Some diversion and expungement programs are cost-free, but most are not. Yet a criminal record carries its own costs. A criminal record can limit where an individual can live, go to school, and whether they receive public benefits. As 93% of employers conduct background checks on job applicants, the inability to avoid a criminal record can create barriers to employment and the accumulation of wealth. Costly diversion and expungement programs further calcify race and class divides, contributing to the construction of a permanent underclass.", "label": [3, 5, 26, 51]}
+{"token": "Performance of loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in a high prevalence TB/HIV rural setting in Uganda. Conclusions: In this high prevalence TB/HIV rural setting, TB-LAMP performs better than conventional smear microscopy in diagnosis of MTB among presumptive TB patients although the sensitivity is lower than that reported by the World Health Organization. TB-LAMP can easily be performed following a short training period and in absence of sophisticated infrastructure and expertise.Background: Smear microscopy lacks sensitivity especially in HIV co-infection, resulting in undiagnosed tuberculosis (TB) and high mortality. The loop-mediated isothermal amplification (TB-LAMP) assay can be staged with minimal infrastructure, is rapid, low cost and detection can be with the naked eye. We assessed feasibility and performance of Eiken TB-LAMP test at point-of-need in TB diagnosis in a high prevalence TB/HIV rural setting in Uganda.Methods: From October 2013-February 2014, TB-LAMP testing was performed on sputum specimens from outpatient presumptive TB adults at a district hospital and two low-level health centers in Kiboga District where smear microscopy is the available routine diagnostic option. TB-LAMP was performed by a technician after a week of training in the district hospital. The technician had no prior experience in the technology. Samples from the low-level health centers were transported to the district hospital for TB-LAMP.Results: Of the 233 presumptive TB (126 at hospital); 113 (48.5%) were HIV-infected; 129 (55%) male; median age 40 (IQR 30-53). Compared to MTB culture, overall sensitivity and specificity of TB-LAMP were 55.4% (95 CI 44.1-66.3) and 98.0% (95 CI 94.3-99.6) respectively. Among HIV-infected participants, TB-LAMP sensitivity and specificity were 52.3% (95 CI 36.7-67.5%) and 97.1% (95 CI 89.9-99.6) respectively; and 24.4% (95% CI 12.9-39.5) and 98.6% (95% CI 95.1-99.8) respectively among smear-negatives. TB-LAMP sensitivity and specificity were 62.2% (95% CI 44.8-77.5) and 97.8% (95% CI 92.1-99.7) in the hospital setting where central testing occurred compared to 50.0% (95% CI 34.9-65.1) and 98.4% (95% CI 91.2-100) respectively in low-level health centers where specimens were transported centrally.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "In vitro antioxidant and antibabesial activities of the extracts of Achillea millefolium. In the EE extract, the main compounds were 17.64% methyl octadec-9-ynoate, 16.68% stigmast-5-en-3-ol(3 alpha, 24S) and 15.17% hexadecanoic acid. In the H/AE extract, the main compounds were 34.55% 11-decyldocosane, 14.31% N-tetratetracontane, 8.22% beta-caryophyllene, and 7.69% N-nonacosane. Extract of EE contained the highest content of phenolics followed by H/AE and WE. The concentration of flavonoids in EE, H/AE and WE extracts showed that TFC was higher in the EE samples followed by H/AE and WE. The antioxidant activities were highest for AA, followed by EE, WE and H/AE. The antibabesial assay showed that the WE, EE and H/AE extracts of A. millefolium were antagonistic to B. canis. At a 2 mg/mL concentration, it showed 58.7% (+/- 4.7%), 62.3% (+/- 5.5%) and 49.3% (+/- 5.1%) inhibitory rate in an antibabesial assay, respectively.Considering these results, the present findings suggest that A. millefolium extracts may be a potential therapeutic agent and that additional studies including in vivo experiments are essential.Despite many phytochemical and pharmacological investigations, to date, there are no reports concerning the antibabesial activity of extracts of A. millefolium against B. canis. This study was aimed at investigating the biological activities of A. millefolium against the Babesia canis parasite and to identify its chemical ingredients. The water (WE), ethanol (EE) and hexane/acetone (H/AE) extracts of plant aerial parts were screened for total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid compound (TFC), DPPH free radical-scavenging activity and its antibabesial activity assay. In this study, imidocarb diproprionate was used as a positive control. The H/AE and EE extracts were analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS).", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Marks of use in the Dictionary of collocations of spanish. The main purpose of this paper is to explain the application of usage labels in the Diccionario de colocaciones del espanol (DiCE), an online dictionary of Spanish collocations. The first part of the paper offers a brief description of the dictionary, before moving on to examine how the attributes of a stylistically marked base or collocate are projected onto the collocation as a whole. The architecture of DICE allows us to provide information about collocation use in relation to both base and collocate, thereby allowing users especially learners to select the combination best suited to their particular purpose. The next section deals with the type of socio-pragmatic information included in the usage labels for DICE (this list is currently under review), followed by a detailed account of diaphasic marking and diaevaluative marking, and the usage labels within those categories (formal, informal, vulgar, euphemistic and pejorative). The final section examines the possibility of including ironic as a label in DiCE.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Cleanliness/dirtiness, purity/impurity as social and psychological issues. The issue of cleanliness in its clean/dirty and pure/impure antinomies definitely has a social and cultural dimension. Some daily cleaning practices are indeed quite common actions in every culture and society, even if some differences in the frequency and quality of the practices and in the value attributed to them do exist. In this article, we will discuss how cleaning practices and contamination fears sink their roots in the social context and in cultural practices. In particular, we will explore the connections between one's own sense of cleanliness and attitudes of prejudice and intolerance toward other groups. First, the issue of cleanliness over the centuries and the exaggerations of cleanliness referring to individual psychopathology will be examined. Then, the psychosocial meaning of cleanliness will be considered in revealing the impact of the clean/dirty and pure/impure antinomies on day-to-day social interactions with others.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Analysis on the micro structural material characteristic of the DC06 steel by the plastic deformation. This paper presents part of the project for investigation on the microstructural characteristic by the plastic deformation of the DC06 steel. The aim of the work is common objective of the dislocation structure and the grain structure changes in the connection to the size of the plastic deformation and also the definition of the overall spectrum of the scale level. Moreover the precise analysis of the crack initiation of the DC06 steel provides to the definition of the breakdown boundaries. A whole microstructure research of the material was carried out with the use of the light microscopy and the transmission electron microscopy.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "SERVPERF VERSUS SERVQUAL - RECONCILING PERFORMANCE-BASED AND PERCEPTIONS-MINUS-EXPECTATIONS MEASUREMENT OF SERVICE QUALITY. The authors respond to concerns raised by Parasuraman, Zeithaml, and Berry (1 994) about the relative efficacy of performance-based and perceptions-minus-expectations measures of service quality. They demonstrate that the major concerns voiced by these authors are supported neither by a critical review of their discussion nor the emerging literature. Several research issues relative to service quality measurement and strategic decision making also are identified.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "Clathrate Hydrates: From Laboratory Science to Engineering Practice. Clathrate hydrates have steadily emerged as an important field in the areas of flow assurance, energy storage and resource, and environment. To better understand the role of hydrates in all of these areas, knowledge developed in laboratory experiments must be effectively transferred to address the challenges related to hydrate formation, dissociation, agglomeration, and stability. This paper highlights the recent hydrate literature focusing on the thermodynamics, kinetics, structural properties, particle properties, theological properties, and molecular mechanisms of formation. The foundation for continued understanding and development of hydrates in engineering practice will rely on laboratory measurements utilizing traditional and innovative tools capable of probing time-dependent and time-independent properties.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "EFFERVESCENT ATHEISM: EMBODIMENT AND COLLECTIVE IDENTITY AT THE GLOBAL ATHEIST CONVENTION. The Global Atheist Convention (GAC) held in Melbourne, Australia on 13-15 April 2012 gave participants an opportunity to instantiate their atheist identities in the context of embodied, shared activity. The existence of \\\\'experiential atheism\\\\' - the embodied, collective, physical realization of the ideological position - has been proposed but not widely studied. This article uses the interaction ritual model of Randall Collins to understand the Global Atheist Convention as an example of experiential atheism. Being surrounded by a crowd of like-identifying bodies, sharing a mood, behaviours and a focus of attention with them and having a boundary to outsiders created the conditions for collective effervescence at the convention. This ratified attendees' shared representations of the atheist collective and emotively affirmed their affiliation with those representations.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Hungry for Love: The Influence of Self-Regulation on Infidelity. The current research examines the effect of self-regulation on the likelihood of committing infidelity. Thirty-two college students in exclusive romantic relationships interacted through a private chat room with an opposite-sex confederate. Prior to this interaction, a food-restriction task depleted half the participants of self-control. As predicted, depleted levels of self-regulation increased the likelihood of infidelity. Specifically, depleted participants were more likely to both accept a coffee date from and supply a personal telephone number to the confederate than non-depleted participants. Weakened self-control may be one potential cause for the levels of infidelity occurring in romantic partnerships today.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Diagnostic approach with genetic tests for global developmental delay and/or intellectual disability: Single tertiary center experience. The child with global developmental delay (GDD)/intellectual disability (ID) is deserving of the appropriate evaluation available for improving the health and well-being of patients and their families. To better elucidate the diagnostic approach of genetic tests for patients with GDD and/or ID, we evaluated the results in a cohort of 75 patients with clinical features of GDD and/or ID who were referred for diagnostic workup. A total of 75 children were investigated for GDD or ID in the pediatric neurology department. Ten patients (13%, 10/75) with a clinically recognizable syndrome were diagnosed by single-gene analysis. Next, chromosomal microarray was performed as a first-tier test, and 25 patients (33%, 25/75) showed structural abnormalities. Then, two fragile X syndrome (3%, 2/75) were confirmed by FMR1 gene fragment analysis. Thirty-eight remaining patients received a gene panel by next-generation sequencing. Eight patients were found to have an underlying genetic etiology: CHD8, ZDHHC9, MBD5, CACNA1H, SMARCB1, FOXP1, NSD1, and PAX6. As a result, 45 patients (60%, 45/75) had been diagnosed by genetic tests. Among 30 undiagnosed patients, brain structural abnormalities related to GDD/ID were observed in eight patients (11%, 8/75). However, in 22 patients (29%, 22/75), the causes of GDD/ID remained uncertain. A genetic diagnostic approach of GDD/ID by sequential molecular analysis can help in the planning of treatment, assigning the risk of occurrence in siblings, and providing emotional relief for the family.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Overview of thoracoscopy in the dog and cat. Especially within thoracic surgery, minimally invasive surgery, and namely thoracoscopy, provides great advantages to veterinary patients. Opening of the chest is commonly considered to be a very painful procedure and therefore, often declined. Nevertheless, the readiness to perform a thoracoscopy is much higher, since only small instrument portals with a diameter of 6 and 11 mm are required. With the insertion of an optic into the thoracic cavity, it is possible to have an excellent view into areas which are usually very difficult to assess. In addition, it is possible to assess almost the whole thoracic cavity through one small incision, which is not possible with an intercostal thoracotomy. Furthermore, the soft tissue trauma and postoperative pain are dramatically decreased compared to a conventional thoracotomy or sternotomy. Many procedures can nowadays be performed with thoracoscopy, as long as the patient is stable enough to tolerate anaesthesia for open thoracic surgery. The most commonly performed procedures besides diagnostic thoracoscopy include biopsy sampling, partial pericardectomy, ligation of the thoracic duct, and partial or complete lung lobectomy of one or more lung lobes. The patients recover quickly, need less postoperative analgesia, and have shorter hospitalisation times. Complications with thoracoscopy are rare and conversion to open thoracotomy is always possible.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Spatial distribution of narwhal (Monodon monoceros) diving for Canadian populations helps identify important seasonal foraging areas. In Canada, narwhals (Monodon monoceros L., 1758) are divided into the Baffin Bay (BB) and northern Hudson Bay (NHB) populations. Satellite tracking of 21 narwhals from BB and NHB provided information on their diving behaviour and was used to identify foraging regions. Previous research from hunted narwhals indicated that narwhals in both populations depend on benthic prey to meet their dietary needs. To evaluate home ranges and define areas important for benthic foraging, we conducted kernel density analysis on narwhal locations and focused on areas where deep diving occurs, as a proxy for foraging, in the winter, spring, and migratory periods. These analyses revealed important areas for foraging for BB narwhals on the summer grounds in Eclipse Sound, and the winter grounds in Davis Strait, as well as on the migratory pathway between regions. Similarly, important areas were identified for the NHB narwhal population in northwestern Hudson Bay in summer, in NHB and Hudson Strait on the migration, and to the east of the entrance to Hudson Strait in the winter. This, along with an analysis of the absolute dive depths, provides information on seasons and regions important for foraging, which is particularly relevant with increasing industrial activities in the Arctic.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Common Ground in Australia: An Object Lesson in Evidence Hierarchies and Policy Transfer. Developed in New York City in 1990, the Common Ground model of supportive housing has recently been embraced in Australia as a high-profile solution to chronic homelessness. Combining on-site support services with a congregate housing form accommodating ex-homeless people and low-income adults, Common Ground is presented as an innovative model which permanently ends homelessness, enhances wellbeing, and strengthens communities. This article critically examines the process of transferring the model into Australia's social housing sector, drawing on the perspectives of the high-level stakeholders closely involved. It argues that, despite official commitments to evidence-based policy, the advocacy coalition' driving this international policy transfer employed a knowledge hierarchy' wherein professional intuition and personal experience were afforded a higher status than formal evaluative evidence. The article provides an example of the contested nature of what counts as evidence' in housing and homelessness policy, and considers what role academic research - as well as other knowledge sources - should play in the policy development process.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "CROSS-BORDER PUBLIC TRANSPORT BETWEEN POLAND AND CZECHIA AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE TOURISM FUNCTIONS OF THE REGION. Most of the Polish-Czech borderland is of great tourist attractiveness and has a considerable potential for tourism development. In order for a tourist region to function properly, appropriate public transport is necessary, which in the analysed case also includes cross-border transport. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the level of development of cross-border public transport in the Polish-Czech borderland from the perspective of its attractiveness and the development of tourism functions. Despite the fact that both Poland and Czechia joined Schengen the development of cross-border journeys' range has been relatively slow (in some cases even diminishing). The coordination of services organised by the two countries is poor in terms of routes and timetables (in the latter case especially taking into account tourists' needs). Locations where it is possible to cross the border using means of public transport are located irregularly and do not always correspond with the tourist attractiveness of a region. For the tourists who do not have a vehicle or for those who consciously refrain from using the car on holidays, the border is still a barrier.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Social Cognition and Neurocognition in Schizophrenia and Healthy Controls: Intercorrelations of Performance and Effects of Manipulations Aimed at Increasing Task Difficulty. Social cognition (SC) and neurocognition appear to predict different aspects of functional outcome in people with schizophrenia. However, the correlations between performance on these domains have not been tested extensively and compared cross-diagnostically with healthy controls. Further, some social cognitive measures appeared to have potential ceiling effects, particularly for healthy people, in previous research, so increasing their difficulty is of interest. In this paper we report on two studies wherein we examined the correlations between neurocognitive ability and performance on SC tests. In the first study the correlations between measures of social perception, emotion processing, and theory of mind and performance on a brief neuropsychological (NP) assessment were examined in 179 schizophrenia (SCZ) patients and 104 healthy controls (HC). In the second study, we instructed participants to perform a subset of the tasks as rapidly as possible in order to increase task difficulty, and we examined the effects of those instructions on task difficulty, task psychometrics, and correlations between SC and NP tests in 218 SCZ patients and 154 HC. In the first study, both HC and SCZ manifested a domain specific pattern of correlation between NP and SC test performance. Controlling for group differences in NP performance did not eliminate SC performance differences between the groups. In the second study, no differences in task performance, intercorrelations other SC tests, or test-retest stability were induced by the difficulty manipulation in the samples who performed the tasks with speed demands compared to the performance of the previous sample. These data suggest that simple manipulations aimed at increasing task difficulty may not have the desired effect and that despite consistent correlations between SC and NP test performance, impairments in social cognitive functioning are not fully explained by NP performance deficits.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "COMPARISON THEOREMS IN RIEMANN-FINSLER GEOMETRY WITH LINE RADIAL INTEGRAL CURVATURE BOUNDS AND RELATED RESULTS. We establish some Hessian comparison theorems and volume comparison theorems for Riemann-Finsler manifolds under various line radial integral curvature bounds. As their applications, we obtain some results on first eigenvalue, Gromov pre-compactness and generalized Myers theorem for Riemann-Finsler manifolds under suitable line radial integral curvature bounds. Our results are new even in the Riemannian case.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Assessing Rates of Co-Resistance and Patient Outcomes in Multidrug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We studied antibiotic co-resistance patterns in a national group of hospitalized patients with infections due to multidrug-resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a type of bacteria that resists treatment to at least three classes of antibiotics. Co-resistance to antibiotic classes most typically used for treatment was common, which makes selecting appropriate antibiotics to successfully treat the infections difficult.Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections are associated with poor patient outcomes due to complex co-resistance patterns. We described common co-resistance patterns, clinical characteristics, and associated outcomes in patients admitted with an MDR P. aeruginosa. This national, multicenter, retrospective cohort study within the Veterans Affairs included adults hospitalized with a MDR P. aeruginosa infection (January 2015-December 2020) per Centers for Disease Control definition. Clinical outcomes were compared among those with differing MDR P. aeruginosa co-resistance: resistant to carbapenems and extended-spectrum cephalosporins and piperacillin-tazobactam (CARB/ESC/PT) versus without CARB/ESC/PT resistance; resistant to carbapenems and extended-spectrum cephalosporins and fluoroquinolone (CARB/ESC/FQ) versus without CARB/ESC/FQ resistance. We included 3,763 hospitalized patients. Co-resistance to CARB/ESC/PT was observed in 42.7%, and to CARB/ESC/FQ in 40.7%. The lowest co-resistance rates were observed with ceftolozane-tazobactam (6.2%, n = 6/97; 12.5%, n = 10/80, respectively) and ceftazidime-avibactam (5.2%, n = 5/97; 12.5%, n = 10/80, respectively). Overall, 14.2% of patients died during hospitalization, 59.7% had an extended length of stay, and 14.9% had reinfection with hospitalization. Outcomes were similar between patients with MDR P. aeruginosa strains with and without co-resistance to CARB/ESC/PT and CARB/ESC/FQ. Among a national cohort of patients hospitalized with MDR P. aeruginosa infections, co-resistance to three classes of standard of care antibiotics, such as carbapenem, extended-spectrum cephalosporins, and piperacillin-tazobactam or fluoroquinolones, exceeded 40% in our study population, posing great concerns for selecting appropriate empirical therapy. Clinical outcomes were poor for all patients, regardless of different co-resistance patterns. New treatment options are needed for hospitalized patients with suspected or confirmed MDR P. aeruginosa infections. IMPORTANCE We studied antibiotic co-resistance patterns in a national group of hospitalized patients with infections due to multidrug-resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a type of bacteria that resists treatment to at least three classes of antibiotics. Co-resistance to antibiotic classes most typically used for treatment was common, which makes selecting appropriate antibiotics to successfully treat the infections difficult. Outcomes, including death, were poor for all patients in our study, regardless of the different patterns of co-resistance to common antibiotic classes. New antibiotics are needed to help treat hospitalized patients with MDR P. aeruginosa infections.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Kinds, Classes, and Clumps: A Preliminary Typology of Concepts and some Implications for the Study of Religions. Much mischief has been done in thinking about religion by a general failure to attend to the different kinds of concepts that the brain employs and the capabilities of each kind. The general assumption seems to have been instead that concepts are, or should be, all of the same kind. This paper attempts to redress that failure by offering a preliminary typology of concepts. It identifies three types: kinds, classes, and clumps, defined in terms of 'essences' (generative mechanisms), features, and (generally unbounded) sets of instances, respectively. It also points to degree of inferentiality as a property of these types that can be especially useful for thinking about religion, kinds being inference-rich, classes inference-fixed, and clumps inference-indeterminate. Although careful reflection at times transforms clumps into kinds or classes, it can also lead to the recognition that a putative kind or class may be better considered a clump. An example of the latter-hardly the only one-may be the term 'religion.' It is neither necessary nor possible for careful reflection entirely to abandon clump concepts for kinds and classes. Scholars do, however, need to exercise care in what they use each type of concept to try to do.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Monitoring of progress in the establishment and strengthening of national immunization technical advisory groups. The majority of industrialized and some developing countries have established technical advisory bodies to guide and formulate national immunization policies and strategies. These are referred to as National Immunization Technical Advisory Groups (NITAGs), WHO and its partners have placed a high priority on assisting in the establishment or strengthening of functional, sustainable, and independent NITAGs. To enable systematic global monitoring of the existence and functionality of NITAGs, in 2010, WHO and UNICEF included related questions in the WHO-UNICEF Joint Reporting Form (JRF) that provides an official means for WHO and UNICEF to collect indicators of immunization programme performance.This paper presents the status of NITAGs based on the analysis of the 2010 JRF. Although 115 countries (64% of responders) reported having a NITAG in 2010, only 50% of countries reported the existence of a NITAG with a formal administrative or legislative basis. Despite limitations in the ability to compare 2010 JRF data with that from a 2008 global survey, it appears that substantial progress has been achieved globally over with 43 committees reporting affirmatively about six NITAG process indicators, compared with 23 in the 2008 survey. Impressive progress has been observed in the proportion of countries reporting NITAGs with formal terms of reference (24% increase), a legislative or administrative basis (10% increase), and a requirement for members to disclose their interests (14% increase). Some of the poorest developing countries now enjoy support from a NITAG which meet all six process indicators. These may serve as examples for other countries. (C) 2012 World Health Organization. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "Sterol production and phytosterol bioconversion in two species of heterotrophic protists, Oxyrrhis marina and Gyrodinium dominans. The kinetics and efficiency of sterol production and bioconversion of phytosterols in two heterotrophic protists Oxyrrhis marina and Gyrodinium dominans were examined by feeding them two different algal species (Rhodomonas salina and Dunaliella tertiolecta) differing in sterol profiles. R. salina contains predominantly brassicasterol (99%) and < 2% cholesterol. The major sterols in D. tertiolecta are ergosterol (45-49%), 7-dehydroporiferasterol (29-31%) and fungisterol (21-26%). O. marina fed R. salina metabolized dietary brassicasterol to produce 22-dehydrocholesterol and cholesterol. O. marina fed D. tertiolecta metabolized dietary sterols to produce cholesterol, 22-dehydrocholesterol, brassicasterol and stigmasterol. G. dominans fed either R. salina or D. tertiolecta metabolized dietary sterols to make cholesterol, brassicasterol and a series of unknown sterols. When protists were fed R. salina, which contains cholesterol, the levels of cholesterol were increased to a magnitude of nearly 5- to 30-fold at the phytoplankton-heterotrophic protist interface, equivalent to a production of 172.5 +/- 16.2 and 987.7 +/- 377.7 ng cholesterol per mg R. salina carbon consumed by O. marina and G. dominans, respectively. When protists were fed D. tertiolecta, which contains no cholesterol, a net production of cholesterol by the protists ranged from 123.2 +/- 0.6 to 871.8 +/- 30.8 ng per mg algal C consumed. Cholesterol is not only the dominant sterol, but a critical precursor for many physiologically functional biochemicals in higher animal. As intermediates, these heterotrophic protists increase the amount of cholesterol at the phytoplankton-zooplankton interface available to higher trophic levels relative to zooplankton feeding on algae directly.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "Biotic resistance to invasion is ubiquitous across ecosystems of the United States. The biotic resistance hypothesis predicts that diverse native communities are more resistant to invasion. However, past studies vary in their support for this hypothesis due to an apparent contradiction between experimental studies, which support biotic resistance, and observational studies, which find that native and non-native species richness are positively related at broad scales (small-scale studies are more variable). Here, we present a novel analysis of the biotic resistance hypothesis using 24 456 observations of plant richness spanning four community types and seven ecoregions of the United States. Non-native plant occurrence was negatively related to native plant richness across all community types and ecoregions, although the strength of biotic resistance varied across different ecological, anthropogenic and climatic contexts. Our results strongly support the biotic resistance hypothesis, thus reconciling differences between experimental and observational studies and providing evidence for the shared benefits between invasive species management and native biodiversity conservation.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "The Algerian War, European Integration, and the Decolonization of French Socialism. This article takes up Todd Shepard's call to \\\\'write together the history of the Algerian War and European integration\\\\' by examining the French Socialist Party. Socialist internationalism, built around an analysis of European history, abhorred nationalism and exalted supranational organization. Its principles were durable and firm. Socialist visions for French colonies, on the other hand, were fluid. The asymmetry of the party's European and colonial visions encouraged socialist leaders to apply their European doctrine to France's colonies during the Algerian War. The war split socialists who favored the European communities into multiple parties, in which they cooperated with allies who did not support European integration. French socialist internationalism became a casualty of the Algerian War. In the decolonization of the French Socialist Party, support for European integration declined and internationalism largely vanished as a guiding principle of French socialism.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Legionella drozanskii sp nov., Legionella rowbothamii sp nov and Legionella fallonii sp nov.: three unusual new Legionella species. Seven strains of Legionella-like amoebal pathogens (LLAPs) were characterized on the basis of their cultural and staining characteristics, biochemical reactions, serology, cellular fatty acids (CFAs), isoprenoid quinone composition, total DNA relatedness, analysis of 16S rRNA and macrophage infectivity potentiator (mip) gene sequence analyses. All seven strains exhibited limited growth on buffered charcoal yeast extract alpha (BCYE) agar, required cysteine for growth and contained branched-chain CFAs and quinones typical of Legionella species. The bacilli were Gram-negative and catalase-positive. There were varying degrees of serological cross-reactions between these LLAP strains and other previously described Legionella species. Results from the various tests revealed that four LLAP strains represent three unusual new species of Legionella: Legionella drozanskii sp. nov., type strain LLAP-1(T); Legionella rowbothamii sp. nov., type strain LLAP-6(T); and Legionella fallonii sp. nov., type strain LLAP-10(T). Three other LLAP strains, designated LLAP-7FL, LLAP-7NF and LLAP-9, were shown to be members of the species Legionella lytica. The deductions made from the phenetic characteristics of these bacteria were consistent with the phylogenetic relationships inferred from 16S rRNA and mip gene sequence analyses. This study is the first to speciate LLAP strains on the basis of data including quantitative DNA hybridization.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Networked Time and the 'Common Ruin of the Contending Classes. The rise of the network society has been hailed often as the bringer of many positive things and has been damned in equal measure. This essay discusses the network society in terms of its effects upon the theory and practice of bourgeois and socialist democracy. Through the theoretical prism of social and technologically created time, the essay argues that the network society has created a neoliberal \\\\'networked time\\\\'. This is a logic that functions at the global level and operates at computer network driven speeds-incorporating in its wake not only the polity, but economy and society, too. What the temporal analysis reveals in this process, is that \\\\'networked time\\\\'as a primarily digital form is unable to synchronise with the temporal rhythms of the forms of democracy that came to us from the age of Enlightenment-a slower time, with slower technologically-based social rhythms that stemmed from print and machine culture. What this means is that the Enlightenment-based politics of bourgeois and socialist democracy, and their future-oriented logics of progress, are no longer tenable in our digital age. Accordingly the much-neglected passage in Manifesto of the Communist Party that envisions the \\\\'common ruin of the contending classes\\\\'is coming to pass-and with it a seriously reduced scope for the resurrection of any form of democratic functioning that is based on Enlightenment politics and its temporal rhythms.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Precipitation and Properties at Elevated Temperature in Austenitic Heat-Resistant Steels-A Review. The austenitic heat-resistant steels are significant materials used in boilers and nuclear reactors, owing to the excellent creep, fatigue, corrosion resistance, and mechanical properties. The precipitation and properties degenerate with the increasing temperature. It is necessary to clarify the main precipitation and properties under the service situation. Herein, the characteristic of main precipitation and the potential degraded mechanism of creep, fatigue, oxidation resistance, and corrosion resistance at high temperature are briefly reviewed. The main secondary phases under prolonged service environment include MX phase, M23C6 carbide, Z phase, Laves phase, and sigma phase. Precipitation scattered uniformly is conductive to strength properties of steel and vice versa. Coarsening precipitation and the decrease of dislocation density are critical reason for the deteriorated mechanical properties at high temperature. The protective oxide films destroyed after exposure to boiler gas lead to failure of materials.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Insights from narrative disclosures regarding integrated thinking in integrated reports in South Africa and Japan. Even though the conceptualisation of integrated thinking differs between South Africa and Japan, in both settings there is a strong association between integrated thinking disclosures and corporate governance practices, materiality assessments and the pursuit of an industry leadership position, suggesting a link between these concepts and the underlying level of integrated thinking. Japanese disclosures appear to mimic South African disclosures, highlighting South Africa's leading role in IR, although Japan shows more varied interpretations of integrated thinking.FindingsDesign/methodology/approachThe study uses content analysis of the narrative sections of integrated reports to explore similarities and differences in the way the concept of integrated thinking is portrayed. It uses a matched sample of financial services companies in two different institutional settings, South Africa (where integrated reporting (IR) is mandatory and IR practices are world-leading) and Japan (where IR is voluntary and interest in IR is still developing). IR adoption is viewed through the lens of institutional theory, focussing on isomorphic forces which affect companies' structure, policies and practices.This study contributes to the growing body of literature on the poorly understood concept of integrated thinking, responding to calls from both academics and practitioners for more research in this area. It shows the potential for integrated thinking to develop through a process of mimicry and highlights South Africa's leading role in the dissemination of best practice in the field. Its findings relating to the fluid conceptualisation of integrated thinking in different institutional settings will be of interest to regulators and practitioners. To the knowledge this is one of the first studies to consider disclosures relating to integrated thinking in the financial services sector. Focussing on the financial services sector, with its unique features and regulatory frameworks, allows for deeper analysis, free from the potential distortions inherent in studying a broader cross-section of industries. The study also highlights the importance of corporate governance to integrated thinking, suggesting future research avenues.This study aims to provide insights into the poorly understood concept of integrated thinking by comparing and contrasting disclosures related to integrated thinking provided in integrated reports in two different institutional settings.Originality/valuePurpose", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "ISLAND PATHS Divergent fisheries in the Shetland Islands. This paper offers a case study in a methodology of island analysis drawn from Pope's concept of maritime cultural landscapes (2008). It analyses the different responses of two islands to the arrival of new fishing technology. These two islands are part of the Shetland archipelago whose population has relied on fisheries for centuries. The peak of the islands' fish production was in the early 1900s, when the herring industry was at its height. It then entered a period of long decline, during which time the catching sector concentrated into two islands: Burra and Whalsay. In 1965 a new method of herring fishing was introduced from Scandinavia that revolutionised the industry. While Burra did not adopt this technology, Whalsay did, and experienced great success thereafter. The islands continued down very different paths, and remain in stark contrast today. It is argued that the main reasons for the divergent paths lay in the particular historical, social and geographical makeup of the two isles.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Enantioseparation of penicillamine by capillary electrophoresis. A method is presented for the chiral separation of penicillamine enantiomers. The penicillamine enantiomers were derivatized with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene and separated by capillary electrophoresis. The beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD), methyl-cyclodextrin (M-beta-CD), hydroxypropyl-beta-CD (H-beta-CD) and sulfated-beta-CD (S-beta-CD), as chiral selector, were examinedfor the enantionmeric separation of penicillamine, the concentration of chiral selector, some other experimental factors have also been optimized, such as concentration of borate buffer, pH of electrolyte and applied voltage. Optimal separation was obtained at pH 9.5, 50 mmol/L borate solution containing 25 mmol/L S-beta-CD, as well as 20 kV applied voltage and 20 degrees C capillary temperature. Determination was followed by ultraviolet absorptiometric measurements at 202 rim. The derivatives of penicillamine enantiomers were resolved completely in 14 minutes, giving a resolution reached up to 3.7. The linear range, the recovery and the repeatability of L-penicilamine in the presence of large D-penicillamine were tested and a satisfactory result was obtained. The developed method has been employed for optical purity analysis of D-penicillamine drug, and allowed the determination of 0.3% L-penicillamine in D-penicillamine with well peak identification.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Dynamic cavitation in soft solids under monotonically increasing pressure. Impact-induced cavitation can be widely found in soft solids and biological tissues and is very different from the cavitation problem under quasi-static loading. Experimental evidence has shown that the cavitation in brain tissue may be a potential mechanism for traumatic brain injury. In this work, we study the dynamic cavitation under monotonically increasing pressure and investigate the influence of loading rates on cavitation behaviors. The dynamic behavior of cavity surface with and without surface energy is investigated based on nonlinear dynamics. We find that the inertial effect introduced by the dynamic loading is not negligible at large pressure rate. Considering the surface effect, the cavity surface will expand, shrink, and then oscillate before the occurrence of infinite cavity expansion. Results will be helpful to better understand the cavitation phenomenon in biological tissues under dynamic loading.", "label": [1, 15, 12]}
+{"token": "Strategic aspects of young, healthy older adults', and Alzheimer patients' arithmetic performance. Forty young adults, 40 healthy older adults, and 23 probable AD patients were asked to solve simple subtraction problems (e.g., 9-3; 14-9) in a choice condition and in a no-choice condition. Participants could choose between retrieval and non-retrieval strategies on each problem in the choice condition and were required to use retrieval on all problems in the no-choice condition. Results showed that arithmetic performance and strategy use were influenced by problem, participant, and strategy characteristics. Age-related differences were found in strategy use and strategy execution. Dementia-related differences were found in strategy execution, but not in strategy selection. AD patients had poorer performance (i.e., larger response times and percent of errors) than age-related controls, with especially low accuracy under no-choice condition. The findings have implications for our understanding of aging effects in arithmetic, strategic variations in Alzheimer's patients, and sources of cognitive decline during early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD). (C) 2007 Elsevier Masson Srl. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 5, 17, 50]}
+{"token": "THE FINAL SPIRITUAL FRONTIER? THE SPIRITUALITY OF SCIENCE FICTION. A number of science fiction authors have stated that the genre of science fiction is a form of mystical faith, a spirituality that attempts to understand who human beings are and what they shall become in the future. This essay will set forth an understanding of the spirituality of science fiction. It will include an examination of the beliefs of the Raelians and other science-fiction-based religions, the interplay between Science and science fiction, ethical realities stemming from the displacement of traditional religious ethics by new spiritual and religious beliefs, and the spirituality of encounters with aliens and alien abductions. Science fiction's view of God, the new humanity, its view of organized religion, the present and the future will be examined. Christian science fiction from individuals like C.S. Lewis and George MacDonald will also be included in this study.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "MEASUREMENTS OF URETHRAL PRESSURE PROFILES IN THE MALE HORSE. Urinary tract pressure profiles were evaluated in 6 clinically normal geldings over 3 consecutive days. This was performed by introducing a 1.3 m-long cuffed catheter into the urinary tract, under xylazine sedation (0.8 mg/kg, iv). The method was reproducible. The mean (+/-sd) intra-vesicular pressure (IVP) and maximal urethral closure pressures (MUCP) were 10.3 (+/-1.7) and 129.8 (+/-19.6) cmH(2)O, respectively, and the ratio between MUCP and IVP was 13.2 (+/-2.5). A gelding with urinary incontinence showed a significantly lower MUCP (73.4 cmH(2)O), and an MUCP to IVP ratio of 8.0. It was concluded that the day-to-day variation was non-significant, and that the technique may be useful in the differential diagnosis of urinary incontinence in male horses.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "The Impact of Mission Fulfillment on the Internal Audience: Psychological Job Outcomes in a Services Setting. The way a firm fulfills its mission statement may play a role in internal marketing and affect important psychological job outcomes of employees. The conceptual model proposed herein argues that mission fulfillment influences key psychological states related to motivation (i.e., employee engagement), social identity (organizational identification), and emotional resources (emotional exhaustion). These psychological states in turn drive affective commitment and turnover intentions, two variables of continued interest to researchers and managers. The authors test this model empirically using data from 3,999 employees of a health care service system. The findings provide support for the hypothesized model rather than an alternative and shed light on an important tool for internal marketing. Besides suggesting avenues for future research, such as refining the concept of employee engagement and uncovering the antecedents of employees' perceptions of mission fulfillment, this study demonstrates the importance of exploring the psychological processes that comprise the mechanisms by which contextual variables affect key outcomes. For managers, the results imply the importance of aligning an organization's actions with its stated mission, given that employees are attuned to and affected by such an alignment. Further, managers should actively communicate to employees the organization's efforts and accomplishments in fulfilling its mission.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "Evidence indicating that argentine populations of Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera : Tephritidae) belong to a single biological species. Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedmann), a South American fruit fly, is an economically important pest for fruit-bearing plants of the neotropical region. Some evidence indicates that the nominal A. fraterculus comprises multiple cryptic species. In the current work we analyzed genetic variability and structure in Argentine populations of A fraterculus based on eight isoenzymatic loci and the restriction patterns of a fragment of approximate to500 bp belonging to the 16 S mitochondrial ribosomal DNA. The isoenzymatic analysis indicated a significant excess of homozygotes (F-IS > 0), due to the fact that sampling sites probably do not constitute stable Mendelian populations. Genetic similarities ranged within values expected for conspecific populations and gene flow, estimated indirectly from the F-ST value, was high. The phenogram obtained by unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic average among populations shows disagreements with the expected result based on geographic distribution. Populations located in the neighborhood of Buenos Aires City show high diversity probably due to a high migration rate from different regions. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) +restriction fragment-length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the mtDNA fragment involved 11 Argentine and one south Brazilian populations. The PCR product was digested by three endonucleases: Ssp-I, Ase-I and Mnl-I. The observed patterns showed no variation within nor among the populations studied here but differed from the expected results based on the sequences recorded by other researchers for populations of north Brazil, Venezuela. and Mexico. The results so far obtained indicate that, despite the occurrence of macrolgeographical variation, the Argentine and south Brazilian populations studied here belong to a single biological species.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Subjective random discounting and intertemporal choice. This paper provides an axiomatic foundation for a particular type of preference shock model called the random discounting representation where a decision maker believes that her discount factors change randomly over time. For this purpose, we formulate an infinite horizon extension of [E. Dekel, B. Lipman, A. Rustichini, Representing preferences with a unique subjective state space, Econometrica 69 (2001) 891-934], and identify the behavior that reduces all subjective uncertainties to those about future discount factors. We also show uniqueness of subjective belief about discount factors. Moreover, a behavioral comparison about preference for flexibility characterizes the condition that one's subjective belief second-order stochastically dominates the other. Finally, the resulting model is applied to a consumption-savings problem. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "'Forced' Online Religion: Religious Minority and Majority Communities' Media Usage during the COVID-19 Lockdown. On 11 March 2020, the Danish Prime Minister announced a forthcoming lockdown of Danish society due to the COVID-19 pandemic and shut down all public institutions, including the national church. Instructions for the lockdown of religious minority communities were issued a week later. The total lockdown of the Danish religious landscape is both historically unprecedented and radical in a global context, and it raises questions about mediatized religion and religion-state relations in a postsecular society. Building on quantitative and qualitative data collected during the lockdown and the gradual opening of society in 2020, this article examines the media usage of the Danish national church and of the 28 recognized Muslim communities. It reevaluates Heidi A. Campbell's 'religious-social shaping approach to technology' by examining how religious communities sought to establish continuity between their offline and online practices to maintain authority and community cohesion. We conclude (1) that the willingness of religious communities to cooperate with authorities was high, (2) that the crisis affected religious communities' organizational framework and societal position, and (3) that Campbell's approach needs to pay further attention to the conflict-producing aspects of negotiations on digitalized rituals, the importance of transnationalism, and differences between minority and majority religion.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "The supervenience argument generalizes. In his recent book, Jaegwon Kim argues that psychophysical supervenience without psychophysical reduction renders mental causation 'unintelligible'. He also claims that, contrary to popular opinion, his argument against supervenient mental causation cannot be generalized so as to threaten the causal efficacy of other 'higher-level' properties: e.g., the properties of special sciences like biology. In this paper, I argue that none of the considerations Kim advances are sufficient to keep the supervenience argument from generalizing to all higher-level properties, and that Kim's position in fact entails that only the properties of fundamental physical particles are causally efficacious.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "From Tradition to Open Forms: The Role of Hermeneutics in the Constitution of Contemporary Musical Text. This paper intends to examine the epistemology of contemporary musical notation and its communicative medium both as to its semantic quality and creative power. At the moment in which the composer selects a notation that fits the current system, the materialization of compositional making expands the ontological space of interpretation through an activity that seeks to approximate meaning and understanding. In this sense, we sought to dialogue on different fronts with the current state of the art on notation, representation, and interpretation, in an attempt to instill a sense of unity and logic proper to modern hermeneutics. From a discussion of the paradigmatic view of traditional notation (ZAMPRONHA, 2000), the ability to develop nonconventional forms of notation gains strength as it presents itself as a multiplier of possibilities. Conclusively, the presented perspective reveals a current model of artistic research centered on a mediated interaction between composer and performer, using hermeneutics as the guiding thread.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Stock liquidity on China NEEQ exchange. With the recent deregulation, the National Equities Exchange and Quotations (NEEQ) has become the fastest growing exchange in China. Despite its phenomenal growth, the NEEQ has an urgent need to improve its liquidity, as 70 % of the stocks listed are never traded and more than half of the stocks have an average daily price swing over 10 %. We study factors that affect the liquidity of the NEEQ-listed firms and provide evidence that large information asymmetry decreases liquidity on the NEEQ. Specifically, we find that informed ownership and concentrated ownership both have significantly negative influence on a stock's liquidity, while institutional ownership and leverage have no impact. In addition, market makers do not alleviate the information asymmetry of firms listed on the NEEQ. However their involvement does improve firms' liquidity by providing more efficient price discovery. We conclude that the information asymmetry in firms contributes to the extreme lacking of liquidity on the NEEQ. To improve their liquidity, firms can adopt more diffused ownership and/or reduce the informed ownership while the exchange needs to improve its institutional settings such as enforcing the market making transaction to all firms and strengthening its information releasing requirement to enforce more frequent information releasing and better releasing quality.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "d' AND VARIANCE OF d' FOR FOUR-ALTERNATIVE FORCED CHOICE (4-AFC). The four-alternative forced choice (4-AFC) is one of a family of m-AFC tests used in Psychology. Based on a detection-theoretic model, for a given d' it is slightly more powerful than the 3-AFC and 2-AFC. Although its potential use in sensory food science is limited, there are occasions when it will be used. Accordingly, tables of d' values for given proportions of correct responses (p(c)) along with corresponding values of B, for computing variances, are given in this paper. Power comparisons are also made between 2-AFC, 3-AFC and 4-AFC tests.For sensory difference testing, the choice of test will depend on several factors such as statistical power as well as various physiological and cognitive effects. Because of the wide variation in the sensory effects that food and personal product stimuli can have on judges, it is important to have a wide variety of test methods available. Therefore, even less common tests need to be considered. The 4-AFC can be used on occasions and it is certainly suitable for visual judgments. Accordingly, for this method, it is appropriate to have tables of d' and B for computing variances.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Analysis of Dephosphorization Reaction Using a Simulation Model of Hot Metal Dephosphorization by Multiphase Slag. The calculated results are in almost good agreement with the experimental results, obtained by various Slap compositions and by various methods of flux and oxide additions to hot metal. By the Calculation, in older to perform the dephosphorization reaction efficiently, we clarify the existence of the optimum basicity that considers the precipitation behaviour of the solid phase in slap, Also, the optimum condition be between the stirring energy and the supplying rate of flux and oxide was found.In most cases, the stag used in hot metal dephosphorization is saturated with dicalcium silicate, and the partition ratio of phosphorus between dicalcium silicate and liquid slag is, high. These results indicate the important role of solid dicalcium silicate in dephosphorization, In order in Understand reaction kinetics and obtain an optimum treatment method, it is very important, in know file influence of the solid phases, in the slag. In this study, it new reaction model for hot metal dephosphorization is applied to the experimental results; this model consider the effects of dicalcium Silicate and the dissolution late of lime. By the calculation results, the influence of various factors oil the reaction efficiency is discussed.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Risk of tuberculosis in children from smear-negative source cases. RESULTS: Smear-negative source cases transmitted the disease to 10% of children (95%CI 5-17). Aboriginals (OR 4.9, 95 %CI 1.5-13.4), those with primary TB (OR 7.3, 95%CI 3.3-16.0) and those with a positive TST (OR 2.9, 95%CI 1.2-7.0) were independent predictors for source case identification.SETTING: British Columbia, Canada.OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of smear-negative tuberculosis (TB) transmission events from adults to children in epidemiologically linked pairs and to determine the predictors for identifying the source case.DESIGN: We extracted demographic, clinical and mycobacteriology information of 190 children with TB and their 83 source cases reported from 1990 to 2001 in the province of British Columbia. Smear-negative transmission events from adults to children were determined by identifying the smear results of epidemiologically linked source cases. We compared the sex, age, ethnicity, contact history, site of disease and tuberculin skin test (TST) results of children who had a source case identified with those who had not.CONCLUSION: This study suggests lower rates of transmission of disease to children from smear-negative sources compared to other studies involving all ages. Ethnicity of children, site of disease and a positive TST predict source case identification.", "label": [2, 21, 24]}
+{"token": "Detection of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. in dogs with polymicrobial urinary tract infections: A 5-year retrospective study. Background Urinary tract infections (UTI) caused by Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp., which are frequently coisolated in polymicrobial UTI, cause morbidity among dogs and warrant antimicrobial therapy. Objectives To evaluate clinical features of dogs with polymicrobial E. coli and Enterococcal UTI. Animals Forty-four client-owned dogs with polymicrobial bacteriuria and groups of 100 client-owned dogs with E. coli and Enterococcal monomicrobial bacteriuria. Methods Retrospective cohort study of medical records of dogs at a university teaching hospital from 2014 to 2019. Prevalence of recurrent UTI and isolate antimicrobial resistance were determined. Clinical outcomes of dogs with recurrent UTI from groups including cost and hospital visits were compared. Results Recurrent UTI was more prevalent (P = .05) in dogs with polymicrobial bacteriuria (57%, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 42%-70%) compared to the Enterococcal monomicrobial group (40%, 95% CI: 31%-50%). Escherichia coli from polymicrobial bacteriuria were more frequently resistant to doxycycline (P < .01, 43%, 95% CI: 29%-58%) and gentamicin (P = .03, 17%, 95% CI: 9%-31%) compared to E. coli from monomicrobial bacteriuria (17% and 5%, 95% CI: 11%-26% and 2%-11% for doxycycline and gentamicin, respectively). Dogs with recurrent UTI from the polymicrobial UTI group had significantly (P = .05) more hospital visits (mean = 6 visits, 95% CI: 1.7-9.8) compared to recurrent monomicrobial UTI dogs (mean = 4 and 3 visits, 95% CI: 1.0 to 4.4 and -0.7 to 7.7 for E. coli and Enterococcal monomicrobial UTI, respectively). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. polymicrobial UTI had more frequent adverse clinical outcomes for dogs.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Toxicity and biodegradation of formaldehyde in anaerobic methanogenic culture. Formaldehyde is present in several industrial wastewaters including petrochemical wastes. in this study, the toxicity and degradability of formaldehyde in anaerobic systems were investigated. Formaldehyde showed severe toxicity to an acetate enrichment methanogenic culture. As tow as 10 mg/L (0.33 mM) of formaldehyde in the reactor completely inhibited acetate utilization. Formaldehyde however, was, degraded while acetate utilization was inhibited. Degradation of formaldehyde (initial concentration less than or equal to 30 mg/L) followed Monod model with a rate constant, k, of 0.35-0.46 d(-1). At higher initial concentrations (greater than or equal to 60 mg/L), formaldehyde degradation was inhibited and partial degradation was possible. The initial formaldehyde to biomass ratio, S-0/X-0, was useful to predict the degradation potential of high formaldehyde concentrations in batch systems. When S-0/X-0 less than or equal to 0.1, formaldehyde was completely degraded with initial concentration of up to 95 mg/L; when S-0/X-0 greater than or equal to 0.29, formaldehyde at higher than 60 mg/L was only partially degraded. The inhibition of formaldehyde degradation in batch systems could be avoided by repeated additions of low concentrations of formaldehyde (up to 30 mg/L). Chemostats (14-day retention time) showed degradation of 74 mg/L-d (1110 mg/L) of influent formaldehyde with a removal capacity of 164 mg/g VSS-day. A spike of 30 mg/L (final concentration in the chemostat) formaldehyde to the chemostat caused only a small increase in effluent acetate concentration for 3 days. But a spike of 60 mg/L (final concentration in the chemostat) formaldehyde to the chemostat resulted in a dramatic increase in acetate concentration in the effluent. The results also showed that the acetate enrichment culture was not acclimated to formaldehyde even after 226 days. (C) 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "Denmark and UN peacekeeping: glorious past, dim future. Denmark became a staunch supporter of UN peacekeeping during the cold war because it simultaneously served its interests and values and this winning combination meant that it relatively quickly became internalized as part of Denmark's foreign policy identity. Denmark turned its back on UN peacekeeping when NATO took over from the UN in Bosnia in 1995. Since then Denmark has prioritized NATO- and US-led operations. The Danish shift was driven by the interest in supporting the Western great powers as well as an altruistic desire to improve United Nations Protection Force's (UNPROFOR) dismal humanitarian record in Bosnia. This belief was also generated by the positive lessons learned from Denmark's pioneering use of tanks in UNPROFOR. This tank deployment and subsequent participation in NATO and US-led missions created a new warrior identity. This identity and the Danish interest in maintaining a close relationship to NATO's great powers make a major Danish return to UN peacekeeping unlikely.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Study on an integrated sintered metal screen moving granular bed filter. A new gas clean-up process called \\\\'integrated sintered metal screen moving granular bed\\\\' (ISMSMGB) for the integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) and pressured fluidized bed combustion (PFBC) was developed on the basis of a sintered metal candle filter and a cross-flow moving granular bed filter. This is a combination of the surface and deep bed filtering processes. A set of facilities was established and a series of cold model tests were carried out. The dust removal efficiency and the pressure drop of the filter were measured and analyzed. The results show that this process features the advantages of the moving bed for high capacity as well as high inlet dust load and the surface filter for high efficiency. Meanwhile, the granules moving downward cleans the cake on the screen surface, so that the system is operated at steady state.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "Carrier Concentration Effect of Cu-Doped ZnO Films for Room Temperature Ferromagnetism. Recent reports on the observation of room temperature ferromagnetism in Cu doped ZnO have been highly regarded by the scientific community. There are several contradicting reports where some authors have confirmed the occurrence of ferromagnetism in ZnO while others have ruled it out. Even in studies where room temperature ferromagnetism is reported, the effect of carrier type with the ferromagnetic properties is still unclear. To study this problem, the observation of room temperature ferromagnetism in Cu-doped (5%) single crystalline ZnO films grown on Si substrates was observed. ZnO films were prepared by pulsed laser deposition. Hall measurements showed that the Zn0.95Cu0.05O film was n-type with carrier density around 4: 3 x 10(17) cm(-3). This film exhibits room-temperature ferromagnetism with a saturation magnetization of 0.31 mu B/Cu atom. The predominant valence state of the doped Cu atoms is monovalent. When additional electrons were introduced into the films, the ferromagnetism was weaken and vanished. Our results confirm that the p-type nature of the film is not essential for realizing ferromagnetic characteristics, if only the concentration of n-type carriers were not very high. (C) 2012 The Japan Society of Applied Physics", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Controllability of driftless nonlinear time-delay systems. The controllability of a class of nonlinear driftless time-delay systems is fully characterized for the first time. This result is obtained within a newly introduced geometric approach. Moreover, all those possible autonomous (or non controllable) elements, which can depend on the delayed variables, are also characterized when the system is not controllable and in consequence, a canonical form of those systems is derived. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "The stellar content of the isolated transition dwarf galaxy DDO210. Most of the stars in DDO210 are found in a red clump, and its mean I-band magnitude suggests that the majority of stars in DDO210 have an average age of 4(-1)(+2) Gyr. Given this age, the colour of the RGB implies a mean metallicity of [Fe/H] similar or equal to -1.3. By comparing the shape of the red clump with models for a variety of star formation histories, we estimate that an old (> 10 Gyr) stellar population can contribute similar to 20-30 per cent of the stars in DDO210 at most. The unusual star formation history of DDO210, its low-mass estimate and its isolated nature, provide insight into how star formation proceeds in the lowest mass, unperturbed, dwarf galaxy haloes.We use Subaru Suprime-Cam and VLT FORS1 photometry of the dwarf galaxy DDO210 to study the global stellar content and structural properties of a transition-type galaxy (with properties intermediate between dwarf irregular and dwarf spheroidal systems). This galaxy is sufficiently isolated that tidal interactions are not likely to have affected its evolution in any way. The colour-magnitude diagrams of DDO210 show a red giant branch (RGB) population (with an RGB bump), a bright asymptotic giant branch population, a red clump, young main-sequence stars and blue-loop stars. The youngest stars formed within the last 60 Myr and have a distinct radial distribution compared to the main population. Whereas the overall stellar spatial distribution and H I spatial distribution are concentric, the young stars are offset from the centre of DDO210 and are coincident with a 'dent' in the H I distribution. The implied recent star formation rate required to form the young population is significantly higher than the derived current star formation rate, by a factor of > 10.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Transarterial coil embolization of the internal and external carotid and maxillary arteries for prevention of hemorrhage from guttural pouch mycosis in horses. Animals-Ten adult, normal horses and 4 horses with guttural pouch mycosis.Conclusion-Transarterial embolization provided a safe, rapid, and effective method for ICA, EGA, and MA occlusion in normal and affected horses. In affected horses, the technique was possible despite active bleeding, allowing adequate identification and occlusion of all sources of hemorrhage. (C) Copyright 2000 by The American College of Veterinary Surgeons.Results-No surgical complications were observed, except 1 horse that developed laryngeal hemiplegia and 1 pilot horse that had embolization of the cerebral arterial circle. In normal horses, premortem angiography confirmed complete occlusion of all vessels, and coils were positioned as intended. All normal horses had partially maturing to mature, continuous thrombi occluding at the coils. In affected horses, no further episodes of epistaxis were observed. By day 60, all mycotic plaques had resolved without further treatment. Ophthalmic complications were not observed.Objectives-To develop a transarterial coil embolization technique for occlusion of the internal carotid artery (ICA), external carotid artery (ECA), and maxillary arteries (MA) in normal horses and to evaluate this technique for prevention of hemorrhage in horses affected with guttural pouch mycosis.Methods-All horses had transarterial coil embolization of the rostral and caudal ICA, caudal MA, and rostral EGA. In I affected horse, an aberrant actively bleeding branch of the ECA was also occluded. Normal horses had a premortem angio,sram, and were killed either at 1 or 2 weeks or 1, 2, or 3 months after the procedure. Specimens from the ICA, ECA and MA were evaluated by light microscopy.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "''The Harvard of the Religious Right'': Regent University Turns Thirty. Regent University began in 1978 as a graduate school in communication founded by Pat Robertson, founder of the Christian Broadcasting Network. It has since grown to 5,300 residential and distance education students in 8 school divisions. This study examines events that led to the founding of Regent and its development as a Christian institution of higher education. It incorporates the use of historical narrative methodologies and organizational life cycles. Primary sources came through extensive interviews conducted with 18 current and former senior Regent faculty and administrators.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Behavioural mechanisms and cognitive-behavioural interventions of somatoform disorders. Due to the lack of adequate cure or medication for somatoform disorders, cognitive-behavioural intervention or cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) seems to be an optimal treatment resource for patients with these disorders, since the cause of the somatoform disorders cannot to be explained by medical illness, but can be analyzed in the process of both responding and operant conditioning. According to the reviews, randomized controlled trials are limited, but the efficacy of the intervention is quite impressive. Most of the studies use multiple treatment strategies, and no standardized treatment methods have been established. In general, the following steps are taken in CBT treatments: (1) assessment; (2) rationale of treatment choice; (3) course of treatment; (4) evaluation of treatment; and (5) reviewing treatment effects. In CBT, functional analysis in the assessment session is the key to success, to identify the relationship among discriminative stimuli and consequences, in order to reduce the undesirable behaviour, and the most effective approach of the treatment would be a combination of multiple techniques. However, as the efficacy of the treatments is established, expansion of accurate knowledge of functional analysis and training sessions for health care providers and patients should be provided. Further research should explore the effect of individual techniques, and comparison should be made to identify the relative benefits of the techniques using both individual, and group format.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Replication-competent human adenovirus 11p vectors can propagate in Vero cells. The use of continuous cell lines derived from the African green monkey kidney (AGMK) has led to major advances in virus vaccine development. However, to date, these cells have not been used to facilitate the creation of human adenoviruses because most human adenoviruses undergo abortive infections in them. Here, we report the susceptibility of AGMK-derived cells to adenovirus lip (Ad11p) infection. First, we showed that CD46 molecules, which act as receptors for Ad11p, are expressed in AGMK cells. We then monitored Ad11p replication by measuring GFP expression as an indicator of viral transcription. We found that AGMK-derived cells were as capable as carcinoma cells at propagating full-length replication competent Ad11p (RCAd11p) DNA. Of the AGMK cell lines tested, Vero cells had the greatest capacity for adenovirus production. Thus, AGMK cells can be used to evaluate RCAd11p-mediated gene delivery, and Vero cells can be used for the production of RCAd11pGFP vectors at relatively high yields. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "The Idea of Mutual Affect. The article presents theoretical reasons and research in favor of the idea of mutual affect, describing psychopathological and therapeutic aspects of the affective autoregulation that takes place in intimate relationships. By \\\\'affective autoregulation\\\\' we refer to the processes of self-regulation, mutual regulation, and transgenerational regulation of affects, in accordance with different therapeutic models and psychoanalytic theories that emphasize the crucial role of emotions and affects in reducing individual and relational symptomatology and distress. Methods for detecting and studying observable and unobservable properties of affect are presented and discussed through a survey of recent research in the attachment tradition. Some therapeutic implications of this idea, as elaborated and implemented at the Franciscan Family Institute in Ljubljana, are also presented. Copyright (C) 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Recommender Systems Based on Resonance Relationship of Criteria With Choquet Operation. Recommender systems are becoming increasingly important in every aspect of life for the diverse needs of users. One of the main goals of the recommender system is to make decisions based on criteria. It is thus important to have a reasonable solution that is consistent with user requirements and characteristics of the stored data. This paper proposes a novel recommendation method based on the resonance relationship of user criteria with Choquet Operation for building a decision-making model. It has been evaluated on the multirecsys tool based on R language. Outputs from the proposed model are effective and reliable through the experiments. It can be applied in appropriate contexts to improve efficiency and minimize the limitations of the current recommender systems.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "EXEMPLIFICATION POLICY IN ENGLISH LEARNERS' DICTIONARIES. Exemplification in learners' dictionaries is affected by such variables as the word frequency, part-of-speech and markedness of vocabulary. This article statistically examines the practice of the 'Big Five' in allocation of examples to different types of words. The results indicate that high-frequency words are generally exemplified, that prepositions, pronouns, conjunctions and adjectives are usually illustrated with more examples than other parts-of-speech, and that words marked for a particular style or attitude are sometimes provided with an example to show their pragmatic aspects. After a critical evaluation of the practice of the 'Big Five', the article proposes that exemplification in learners' dictionaries should vary according to the word's frequency of usage, the word's collocational and syntactic complexities, and the user's needs and look-up preference.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Alternative Food Sources and Overwintering Feeding Behavior of the Boll Weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) under the Tropical Conditions of Central Brazil. The boll weevil causes serious damage to the cotton crop in South America. Several studies have been published on this pest, but its phenology and behavior under the tropical conditions prevailing in Brazil are not well-known. In this study the feeding behavior and main food sources of adult boll weevils throughout the year in Central Brazil was investigated. The digestive tract contents of insects captured in pheromone traps in two cotton fields and two areas of native vegetation (gallery forest and cerrado sensu stricto) were analyzed. The insect was captured all through the year only in the cerrado. It fed on pollen of 19 different plant families, on Pteridophyta and fungi spores and algae cysts. Simpson Index test showed that the cerrado provided greater diversity of pollen sources. In the beginning of the cotton cycle, the plant families used for pollen feeding were varied: in cotton area 1, the weevil fed on Poaceae (50%), Malvaceae and Smilacaceae (25% each); in cotton area 2 the pollen sources were Malvaceae (50%), Asteraceae (25%) and Fabaceae and Clusiaceae (25% each); in the cerrado they were Chenopodiaceae (67%) and Scheuchzeriaceae (33%). No weevils were collected in the gallery forest in this period. After cotton was harvested, the family Smilacaceae was predominant among the food plants exploited in all the study areas. These results help to explain the survivorship of adult boll weevil during cotton fallow season in Central Brazil and they are discussed in the context of behavioral adaptations to the prevailing tropical environmental conditions.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Co-Infection with Capillaria hepatica and Bartonella elizabethae in a Brown Rat (Rattus norvegicus) from Nigeria. During a survey for Bartonella species in rodents in Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria, a brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) with multiple subcutaneous nodules was captured. Gross pathology examination revealed multifocal pale areas in the spleen and liver. Histopathologic examination of the liver revealed numerous multifocal well demarcated and walled-off granulomas compressing and destroying the hepatic cord and parenchyma. Granulomas contained Capillaria hepatica nematodes in different developmental stages with numerous typical ova. There was degeneration and necrosis of hepatocytes, bridging fibrosis and biliary hyperplasia and reduplication, surrounded by inflammatory foci composed of lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages. Tiny smooth bacterial colonies with metallic sheen were isolated from blood of the rat cultured on blood chocolate agar. DNA extracted from the blood and spleen of the rat was found positive for Bartonella spp. citrate synthase gene (gltA) by PCR. Sequence analysis shows 99% similarity to B. elizabethae. The identification of two zoonotic agents in a rat highlights the importance of rats in the transmission cycle of zoonotic diseases in Nigeria.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Archetypes of Driver Combinations Leading to Foreign Market Exit: An Investigation into European Grocery Retailing. Existing research into retailers' foreign market exits has uncovered a number of drivers that lead multinational retailers to divest from certain countries. While scholars have investigated these drivers in isolation from one another, combinations of drivers that affect divestment decisions simultaneously remain under-researched despite scholars having indicated their importance and having called for a detailed, more holistic analysis. In this study, using a case study approach and qualitative content analysis of a wide variety of publicly available contemporary documents from different perspectives and experts, we investigate the drivers leading to all 32 country exits of the 50 largest grocery retailers in Europe in the 5-year period between 2014 and 2018. In line with previous research, the study shows the most frequent exit drivers are a low performance of the subsidiary, a low performance of the parent company, and a strategic refocus of the parent company. However, we demonstrate that for most exits, combinations of multiple interrelated drivers at the subsidiary level, the host-country level, and the parent level have a joint influence on retailers' decisions to exit foreign markets. We also show that exits often include both failure-related drivers and strategy-related drivers. Furthermore, using the configurational approach, we identify exemplary combinations of market exit drivers that occur frequently and propose five archetypes of such combinations that suffice to explain all market exits in the dataset. For future research, we propose extending our typology through the application of a similar approach to different contexts and to use quantitative research based on the qualitative findings to generate more generalizable results.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "A sacrificial-layer approach to fabricate polysulfone support for forward osmosis thin-film composite membranes with reduced internal concentration polarisation. This study demonstrates a sacrificial layer approach by co casting, which is the simultaneous casting of two layers, to prepare a polysulfone support (denoted as PSf(co)) layer with open bottom surface morphology for fabricating thin-film composite forward osmosis (FO) membranes. In the co casting process, polyetherimide (PEI), used as the sacrificial layer, was co cast beneath the PSI layer. After the PEI layer was peeled off, PSf(co) was yielded with an open bottom structure. Results showed that under the same operating condition, the FO membrane prepared by co casting (denoted as PSf(co)-TFC) demonstrated a 10% higher water flux using 0.5 M NaCl draw solution and 30% higher water flux using 4 M NaCl draw solution in the AL-FS mode in comparison to membranes prepared in a single layer casting technique (denoted as PSf(s)-TFC). The PSf(co)-TFC exhibits a lower average structural parameter (5, 167 mu m) than that of the PSf(s)-TFC (241 mu m), while the water and salt permeability coefficients of both membranes are similar. Results reported here demonstrate that the co-casting technique can be used to fabricate FO membranes with significantly improved performance compared to the conventional approach. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 33]}
+{"token": "Ischemia-Induced Up-Regulation of Heme Oxygenase-1 Protects From Apoptotic Cell Death and Tissue Necrosis. Background. Tissues are endowed with protective mechanisms to counteract chronic ischemia. Previous studies have demonstrated that endogenous heme oxygenase (HO)-1 may protect parenchymal tissue from inflammation- and reoxygenation-induced injury. Nothing is known, however, on whether endogenous HO-1 also plays a role in chronic ischemia to protect from development of tissue necrosis. The aim of this study is, therefore, to evaluate in vivo whether endogenous HO-1 exerts protection on chronically ischemic musculocutaneous tissue, and whether this protection is mediated by an attenuation of the microcirculatory dysfunction.Results. Chronic ischemia induced an increase of HO-1 expression, particularly at day 1 and 3. This was associated with arteriolar dilation and hyperperfusion, which was capable of maintaining an adequate capillary perfusion density in the critically perfused central part of the flap, demarcating the distal necrosis. Inhibition of endogenous HO-1 by tin-protoporphyrin-IX completely abrogated arteriolar dilation (44.6 +/- 6.2 mu m versus untreated flaps: 71.3 +/- 7.3 mu m; P < 0.05) and hyperperfusion (3.13 +/- 1.29 nL/s versus 8.55 +/- 3.56 nL/s; P < 0.05). This resulted in a dramatic decrease of functional capillary density (16 +/- 16 cm/ cm(2) versus 84 +/- 31 cm/cm(2); P < 0.05) and a significant increase of apoptotic cell death (585 +/- 51 cells/mm(2) versus 365 +/- 53 cells/mm(2); P < 0.05), and tissue necrosis (73% +/- 5% versus 51% +/- 5%; P < 0.001).Materials and methods. In C57BL/6-mice, a chronically ischemic flap was elevated and fixed into a dorsal skinfold chamber. In a second group, tin-protoporphyrin-IX was administrated to competitively block the action of HO-1. Animals without flap elevation served as controls. With the use of intravital fluorescence microscopy, microcirculation, apoptotic cell death, and tissue necrosis were analyzed over a 10-day observation period. The time course of HO-1 expression was determined by Western blotting.Conclusion. Thus, our results suggest that chronic ischemia-induced endogenous HO-1 protects ischemically endangered tissue, probably by the vasodilatory action of the HO-1-associated carbon monoxide. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Diagnostic evaluation and short-term outcome as indicators of long-term prognosis in horses with findings suggestive of inflammatory bowel disease treated with corticosteroids and anthelmintics. Background: Recurrent colic and unexplained weight loss despite good appetite and adequate feeding and management practices are common conditions in the horse. However, little information has been published on the systematic diagnostic evaluation, response to treatment, prognostic factors or outcome of either presentation. The aims of this study were to 1) identify possible prognostic indicators and 2) report the short-and long-term response to treatment with corticosteroid therapy of a variety of horses with a presumptive diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).Conclusions: The overall prognosis for long-term survival in horses with a presumptive diagnosis of IBD appears to be fair to moderate, and the initial response to anthelmintic and corticosteroid therapy could be a useful prognostic indicator. The findings of the present study suggest that a low peak xylose concentration in absorption testing is associated with a less favourable prognosis, supporting the use of this test.Results: The initial response to treatment was good in 75% (15/20) of horses, with a 3-year survival rate of 65% (13/20). The overall 3-year survival in horses that responded to initial treatment (12/15) was significantly higher (P = 0.031) than in those that did not respond to initial treatment (1/5). The peak xylose concentration was significantly (P = 0.048) higher in survivors (1.36 +/- 0.44 mmol/L) than non-survivors (0.94 +/- 0.36 mmol/L).Thirty-six horses with a history of recurrent colic and/or unexplained weight loss were screened with a detailed clinical, clinicopathological and diagnostic imaging examination. Twenty horses were subsequently selected that had findings consistent with inflammatory bowel disease based on the fulfilment of one or more of the following additional inclusion criteria: hypoproteinaemia, hypoalbuminaemia, malabsorption, an increased intestinal wall thickness on ultrasonographic examination or histopathological changes in rectal biopsy. These 20 horses were treated with a standardized larvicidal anthelmintic regime and a minimum of three weeks of corticosteroid therapy.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Phylogeny of Celastraceae Subfamily Salacioideae and Tribe Lophopetaleae Inferred from Morphological Characters and Nuclear and Plastid Genes. The phylogeny of Celastraceae subfamily Salacioideae (ca. 255 species in the Old and New World tropics) and tribe Lophopetaleae (ca. 29 species in southern Asia and the Austral-Pacific) was inferred using morphological characters together with plastid (matK, trnL-F) and nuclear (ITS and 26S rDNA) genes. Brassiantha, a monotypic genus endemic to New Guinea, is inferred to be more closely related to the clade of Dicarpellum (New Caledonia) and Hypsophila (Queensland, Australia) than it is to Hippocrateoideae or Salacioideae. This unambiguously supported resolution indicates that a nectary disk positioned outside the stamens has been convergently derived in these two lineages. The clade of Kokoona and Lophopetalum is resolved as more closely related to Breria and Elaeodendron than it is to Hippocrateoideae or Salacioideae. Sarawakodendron, a monotypic genus endemic to Borneo, is resolved as sister to Salacioideae. Salacioideae are inferred to have an Old World origin that was followed by a single successful radiation within Central and South America. We infer that capsular fruits are primitive within the clade of Hippocrateoideae + Sarawakodendron + Salacioideae, with berries a synapomorphy for Salacioideae. Based on the resolution of Sarawakodendron as sister to Salacioideae, we hypothesize that the filaments of Sarawakodendron arils are homologous to the spiral filaments in the mucilagenous pulp of Salacioideae.", "label": [4, 0, 39, 9]}
+{"token": "BETWEEN ROUSSEAU AND FREUD: KANT ON CULTURAL ILL-BEING. The paper aims at the sketch of a comprehensive reading of Immanuel Kant's philosophical project, as it manifests itself under the twofold guise of a critical theory of reason and a natural history of reason. Section 1 presents the distinctly modernist character of Kant's idealist conjunction of scientiic naturalism and supra-natural rationalism. Section 2 details the anthropologically based, developmentally structured and historically oriented other half of Kant's account of human reason. Section 3 investigates the peculiar position of Kant's account of cultural anthropogenesis in its productive engagement with JeanJacques Rousseau and its foreshadowing of the much later and quite diferently motivated assessment of the relation between human nature and human culture in Sigmund Freud.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Sentencing Transferred Juveniles in the Adult Criminal Court: The Direct and Interactive Effects of Race and Ethnicity. Much prior research has demonstrated that race and ethnicity are associated with harsher punishment outcomes among adult defendants in the criminal court. However, few studies have explored these disparities in the sentencing of juvenile offenders who have been transferred to the adult court, and this research has reported conflicting findings. Moreover, the ways in which offenders' race and ethnicity may interact with their sex, age, and offense type have yet to be explored among this population. Analysis of defendants sentenced in Florida (N = 30,913) reveals that Black transferred juveniles are more likely to be sentenced to jail or prison and are given longer prison sentences than Whites, but Hispanic youth are only penalized in the sentence to jail. Interaction analyses suggest that Black males are sentenced particularly harshly regardless of age, and the effects of race and ethnicity are conditioned by a violent, sex, or drug offense.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "The Economics of Biodiesel Derived From Waste Cooking Oil in the Philippines. This article examines the economic aspects for the production and utilization of a sustainable form of biodiesel derived from waste cooking oil (WCO) in Marikina City, Philippines. An estimated 35,000 liters of WCO per month can be recovered from the household and commercial sectors of the city. The WCO from the household sector can be recovered using a combination of disincentives via appropriate legislation, and moral and remunerative incentives that target the lower socio-economic classes. Remunerative incentives for the household sector need not be tantamount to the market value of WCO. In contrast, the commercial sector will require remunerative incentives against the competitive market value of WCO. Assuming the household sector as the only source of WCO, the cost-benefit analysis shows positive economic returns. However, external capitalization should be secured if the expected WCO recovery level is 80% or lower, unless the disbursement of remunerative incentives is deferred for at least one year.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "ERROR IN PERSONAM: CONFUSION IN INDONESIA'S ENVIRONMENTAL CORPORATE CRIMINAL LIABILITY. Since 1997, various provisions have been incorporated into Indonesia's environmental law which relate to corporate criminal liability. Other laws relating to natural resource management have also had provisions on corporate criminal liability inserted into them. These laws are problematic because they often fail to distinguish between corporate criminal liability and corporate officers' criminal liability, and as do the courts in their interpretation and application of them. Currently in Indonesia, an officer may be held liable for a crime committed by their corporation, even without being at fault or appearing as a defendant in the trial. Indonesia's environmental law can therefore be said to be applying a rather extreme version of individual vicarious liability in environmental cases, in which a corporate officer is punished merely because of their position as a high-ranking officer of a corporation. This practice seems to be the result of an erroneous interpretation of corporate criminal liability. We argue that the Indonesian interpretation of environmental corporate criminal liability is not only ineffective but also harmful and inconsistent with theories of corporate criminal liability. We also argue that corporate criminal liability should be distinguished from the liability of corporate officers. While corporate criminal liability places criminal liability on the corporation as a legal entity, officers' criminal liability places the criminal liability on the corporate officers as individuals. A corporate officer should only be criminally liable if they can be blamed for an environmental crime committed by the corporation.", "label": [3, 5, 26, 51]}
+{"token": "Different Types of Deletions Created by Low-Copy Repeats Sequences Location in 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome: Genotype-Phenotype Correlation. The most frequent microdeletion, 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS), has a wide and variable phenotype that causes difficulties in diagnosis. 22q11.2DS is a contiguous gene syndrome, but due to the existence of several low-copy-number repeat sequences (LCR) it displays a high variety of deletion types: typical deletions LCR A-D-the most common (similar to 90%), proximal deletions LCR A-B, central deletions (LCR B, C-D) and distal deletions (LCR D-E, F). Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of 59 22q11.2SD cases, with the aim of highlighting phenotype-genotype correlations. All cases were tested using MLPA combined kits: SALSA MLPA KIT P245 and P250 (MRC Holland). Results: most cases (76%) presented classic deletion LCR A-D with various severity and phenotypic findings. A total of 14 atypical new deletions were identified: 2 proximal deletions LCR A-B, 1 CES (Cat Eye Syndrome region) to LCR B deletion, 4 nested deletions LCR B-D and 1 LCR C-D, 3 LCR A-E deletions, 1 LCR D-E, and 2 small single gene deletions: delDGCR8 and delTOP3B. Conclusions: This study emphasizes the wide phenotypic variety and incomplete penetrance of 22q11.2DS. Our findings contribute to the genotype-phenotype data regarding different types of 22q11.2 deletions and illustrate the usefulness of MLPA combined kits in 22q11.2DS diagnosis.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "The continuum between preferences and aversions for flavoured foods in sheep conditioned by administration of casein doses. The main objective of the experiment was to investigate whether a continuum links the development of conditioned flavour preferences and conditioned flavour aversions (CFPs and CFAs) in sheep, towards food flavours associated with intraruminal administration of increasing doses of the same nutritive stimulus: casein. A secondary objective teas to investigate the effects of dose of casein administration and the number of repeated exposures to casein on the rate of establishment, magnitude and degree of persistence of developed CFPs and CFAs.The experiment consisted of three conditioning periods teach lasted 8 days). A food with low crude protein (CP) (39.3 g/kg dry matter (DM)) and metabolizable energy (ME) (5.3 MJ/kg DM) contents teas used in combination with one of two flavours, orange and aniseed, on a total of 48 Texel x Greyface male, S-month-old sheep. The sheep were conditioned to associate one flavour added to the test food with a particular dose of casein (Ci suspended in water (8.75, 17.5, 35 and 52.5 g per animal), or a different flavoured test food with an equal amount of water. Each dose was administered by gavage through a stomach tube twice daily to each animal. At the end of each conditioning period the preference for the two flavours was measured by a two choice preference test between the two flavoured test foods for 40 min. After the completion of the last conditioning period, three more preference tests (persistence tests), without any intervening exposure to the flavoured test food, were conducted at 7, 21 and 35 days. Preference for the flavoured test food paired with casein was affected by the interaction (P < 0.001) between the dose of casein and casein association respectively Association with casein (DPR: intake of a flavoured test food paired with casein per g fetal intake of flavoured test foods during the preference test) led to CFPs (DPR > 0.70) at the two lowest and to CFAs (DPX < 0.30) at the two highest doses. CFPs and CFAs were established by the second conditioning and there tons no difference in the rate of establishment between preferences and aversions. The persistence tests showed a strong and similar degree of persistence of both formed CFPs and CFAs, since these were not affected by time of persistence test or by any of the interactions with time. In view of these results a model is proposed which could account for the conditioned responses of sheep towards administration of increasing doses of the same nutrient. The existence of a continuum between CFPs and CFAs created by the same nutrient given at different doses, could be the basis of how ruminants select a diet which meets their nutrient requirements at a particular point in time and thereby avoid excess of nutrient intake.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "An approach to the territorial history of the Province of Merida in the 19th century. The evolution of the political and territorial divisions in Merida during the nineteenth century is approached in this study by means of an analysis of the fundamental circumstances that took place in Merida Province. This evolution began on 19 April, 1810, when Merida Province separated from the Maracaibo municipal government, capital de the province, and to which Merida was subordinate, in order to second Caracas in its political project. It was then that Merida Province began its process to become independent, and one year later, it was recognized in the Venezuelan Constitution as one of the provinces of the new Republic of the United States of Venezuela. During the nineteenth century, this province had to overcome the post-independence war crisis and geographical marginalization. Likewise, this territory had to assert its provincial autonomy according to the new Act of the 28th of April 1856 and face the changes to territories proposed by the federal process and the union of states as a result of the federation.In 1867, Merida Province was inescapably attached to the sovereign Zulia State and later on, during Guzman Blanco's government, it was part of the Andes State. Analyses and interpretations of this landmark allowed for the rebuilding of the territorial history of Merida during the nineteenth century.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Entrepreneurial ecosystem in India: Taking stock and looking ahead. This round table article takes stock of the Indian startup ecosystem against the back-drop of its meteoric rise in recent years. The discussion identifies several positive aspects of the ecosystem-a plethora of opportunities to explore, availability of ample venture funding, and a young, educated workforce. However, in order to live up to its promise, the ecosystem needs to focus on value creation as opposed to valuation, educate its young entrepreneurs, and develop tolerance for well-intentioned failure. It also needs to solve the unique problems of India and ensure that the startup movement is inclusive. (C) 2018 Production and hosting by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Indian Institute of Management Bangalore.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "INTERRACIAL WORKPLACE COOPERATION: EVIDENCE FROM THE NBA. Using data from the National Basketball Association (NBA), we examine whether patterns of workplace cooperation occur disproportionately among workers of the same race. We find that, holding constant the composition of teammates on the floor, basketball players are no more likely to complete an assist to a player of the same race than a player of a different race. Our confidence interval allows us to reject even small amounts of same-race bias in passing patterns. We find some evidence of own-race bias in situations where the outcome of a particular play is less important. Our findings suggest that high levels of interracial cooperation can occur in a setting where workers are operating in a highly visible setting with strong incentives to behave efficiently. (JEL J15, J71, L23)", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "A new species of Pilea (Urticaceae) from the Talamanca Mountains, Costa Rica. A new species of Pilea from Costa Rica is described and illustrated: Pilea matama which most closely resembles the widespread species Pilea imparifolia. The affinities of this species are discussed and its position within Weddell's subdivisions of the genus indicated.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "The role of relatedness in structuring the social network of a wild guppy population. The role of relatedness in structuring animal societies has attracted considerable interest. Whilst a significant number of studies have documented kin recognition in shoaling fish under laboratory conditions, there is little evidence that relatedness plays a significant role in structuring social interactions in wild populations that are characterised by fission-fusion dynamics. Previous work has tended to compare relatedness within and among entire shoals. Such an approach however, does not have the ability to detect social sub-structuring within groups, which appears to be a major factor driving the social organisation of fission-fusion animal societies. Here, we use social network analysis combined with DNA microsatellite genotyping to examine the role of relatedness in structuring social relationships in a wild population of guppies (Poecilia reticulata). Consistent with previous findings, female-female dyads formed the strongest social relationships, which were stable over time. Interestingly, we also observed significant co-occurrence of male-male interactions, which is in contrast to previous work. Although we observed social sub-structuring in the population, we found no evidence for relatedness playing a significant role in underpinning this structure. Indeed, only seven first-degree relative dyads were identified among the 180 fish genotyped, indicating that the majority of individuals do not have a first-degree relative in the population. The high genetic diversity observed in this population is indicative of a large effective population size typical of lowland guppy populations. We discuss our findings in the context of the evolution of social organisation and the mechanisms and constraints that may drive the observed patterns in wild populations.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Official screening for hip dysplasia in France : assessment, in 16 dog breeds, of the number of dogs undergoing a systematic radiographic screening from 1993 to 2002.. In France, screening for hip dysplasia (HD) is not compulsory and depends on the policy of the different breed clubs. The validity of the figures published about HD prevalence closely depends on the importance of hip dysplasia screening in the breed considered. The purpose of this study is to assess the real importance of hip dysplasia screening in dog breeds in France, using the figures of the screening performed during 10 years, from 1993 to 1002. In each breed, the number of dogs screened was compared with the total number of dogs in the breed, with the number of dogs aged one year at the time of the screening and with the number of potential breeding dogs (dogs confirmes, having passed a French test of conformity with the standard).", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Condom Breakage Among Young Black Men Who Have Sex With Men: An In-Depth Investigation Including Men Living With HIV/AIDS. Correlates of condom breakage (reported by 19% of 398 young black who have sex with men) for anal insertive sex included the following: condoms drying out (P = 0.018), erection loss during application (P = 0.03), and using erection-enhancing drugs (P = 0.003). Breakage was 2.7 times greater for HIV-positive men (P = 0.001). Breakage was associated with testing positive for urethral infections (P = 0.012).", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Deconstructing the semantics of big-step modelling languages. With the popularity of model-driven methodologies and the abundance of modelling languages, a major question for a requirements engineer is: which language is suitable for modelling a system under study? We address this question from a semantic point-of-view for big-step modelling languages (BSMLs). BSMLs are a class of popular behavioural modelling languages in which a model can respond to an input by executing multiple transitions, possibly concurrently. We deconstruct the operational semantics of a large class of BSMLs into eight high-level, mostly orthogonal semantic aspects and their common semantic options. We analyse the characteristics of each semantic option. We use feature diagrams to present the design space of BSML semantics that arises from our deconstruction, as well as to taxonomize the syntactic features of BSMLs that exhibit semantic variations. We enumerate the dependencies between syntactic and semantic features. We also discuss the effects of certain combinations of semantic options when used together in a BSML semantics. Our goal is to empower a requirements engineer to compare and choose an appropriate BSML from the plethora of existing BSMLs, or to articulate the semantic features of a new desired BSML when such a BSML does not exist.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Characterisation of infectious Ebola virus from the ongoing outbreak to guide response activities in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: a phylogenetic and in vitro analysis. Background The ongoing Ebola virus outbreak in the Ituri and North Kivu Provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, which began in July, 2018, is the second largest ever recorded. Despite civil unrest, outbreak control measures and the administration of experimental therapies and a vaccine have been initiated. The aim of this study was to test the efficacy of candidate therapies and diagnostic tests with the outbreak strain Ituri Ebola virus. Lacking a virus isolate from this outbreak, a recombinant Ituri Ebola virus was compared with a similarly engineered Makona virus from the 2013-16 outbreak.Findings The phylogenetic analysis of whole-genome sequences from each Ebola virus outbreak suggests there are at least two Ebola virus strains in DR Congo, which have independently crossed into the human population. The Ituri Ebola strain initially grew slower than the Makona strain, yet reached similar mean yields of 3 x 10(7) 50% tissue culture infectious dose by 72 h infection in Huh-7 cells. Ituri Ebola virus was similar to Makona in its susceptibility to inhibition by remdesivir and to neutralisation by monoclonal antibodies from ZMapp and other monoclonal antibodies. Remdesivir inhibited Ituri Ebola virus at a 50% effective concentration (EC50) of 12nM (with a selectivity index of 303) and Makona Ebola virus at 13nM (with a selectivity index of 279). The Zmapp monoclonal antibodies 2G4 and 4G7 neutralised Ituri Ebola virus with a mean EC50 of 0.24 mu g/mL and 0.48 mu g/mL, and Makona Ebola virus with a mean EC50 of 0.45 mu g/mL and 0.2 mu g/mL. The Xpert Ebola and US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention real-time RT-qPCR diagnostic assays detected Ituri and Makona Ebola virus sequences with similar sensitivities and efficiencies, despite primer site binding mismatches in the Ituri Ebola virus.Methods Using Ebola virus sequences provided by organisations in DR Congo and a reverse genetics system, we generated an authentic Ebola virus from the ongoing outbreak in Ituri and North Kivu provinces. To relate this virus to other Ebola viruses in DR Congo, we did a phylogenetic analysis of representative complete Ebola virus genome sequences from previous outbreaks. We evaluated experimental therapies being tested in clinical trials in DR Congo, including remdesivir and ZMapp monoclonal antibodies, for their ability to inhibit the growth of infectious Ituri Ebola virus in cell culture. We also tested diagnostic assays for detection of the Ituri Ebola virus sequence.Interpretation Our findings provide a rationale for the continued testing of investigational therapies, confirm the effectiveness of the diagnostic assays used in the region, and establish a paradigm for the use of reverse genetics to inform response activities in an outbreak. Copyright (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Glyphosate Resistance in Amaranthus viridis in Brazilian Citrus Orchards. Glyphosate is the main tool for weed management in Brazilian citrus orchards, where weeds, such asConyza bonariensisandDigitaria insularis, have been found with resistance to this herbicide. Field prospections have allowed the identification of a possible new case of glyphosate resistance. In this work, the susceptibility levels to glyphosate on threeAmaranthus viridisL. populations, with suspected resistance (R1, R2, and R-IAC), collected in citrus orchards from the Sao Paulo State, Brazil, as well as their accumulation rates of shikimic acid, were determined. The fresh weight of the susceptible population (S) was reduced by 50% (GR(50)) with similar to 30 g ea ha(-1)glyphosate, while the GR(50)values of the R populations were between 5.4 and 11.3 times higher than that for S population. The LD50 (herbicide dose to kill 50% of individuals of a weed population) values of the S population were <= 150 g ea ha(-1) glyphosate, while the LD(50)of the R populations ranged from 600 to 920 g ea ha(-1). Based on the reduction of fresh weight and the survival rate, the R1 population showed the highest level of glyphosate resistance, which had GR(50) and LD50 values of 248 and 918 g ea ha(-1)glyphosate, respectively. The S population accumulated 240 mu g shikimic acid at 1000 mu M glyphosate, while the R1, R2, and R-IAC populations accumulated only 16, 43, and 33 mu g shikimic acid, respectively (between 5.6 to 15 times less than the S population). Enzyme activity assays suggested that at least one target site-type mechanism was involved in resistance. This result revealed the first report of glyphosate resistance inA. viridisreported in the world.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "Sebaceous adenitis. Sebaceous adenitis is a rare idiopathic dermatosis that has been described most often in dogs but has been reported to Occur in other mammals. The disease seems to represent an inflammatory disorder directed against or centered oil the sebaceous glands. Since its first description in the veterinary literature 20 years ago, sebaceous adenitis has been diagnosed with increasing frequency. Despite the fact that fact there is a strong breed predisposition for the development of the disease, the cause involves more than genetics. This article discusses the Current information as to the cause, diagnosis, and treatment of sebaceous adenitis in companion animals.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "DFT Studies on Thermal and Oxidative Degradation of Monoethanolamine. Thermal and oxidative degradation of monoethanolamine (MEA) represents a major problem for modern day carbon capture technologies. Here, we report on a series of density functional theory (DFT) calculations investigating the possible chemical pathways leading to the formation of the most commonly observed degradation products. 2-Oxyzolidinone (OZD) can be formed from ring closure reactions of carbamates, carbamic acids, or isocyanates. The latter, itself, formed by dehydration of MEA. N-(2-hydroxethyl) ethylenediamine (HEEDA), 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-imidazolidone (HEIR), and N-(2-aminoethyl)-N'-(2-hydroxyethyl)-imidazolidin-2-one (AHEIA) are all hypothesized to form favorably from degradation reactions of OZD. MEA can undergo oxidative degradation to form imines and hydroperoxides. This work details the mechanistic steps leading to the formation of these species that could help in the location of new compounds that aim to prevent their formation in future systems. Moreover, the thermochemical data will aid in the construction of a chemical kinetic mechanism to rationalize the rate of formation of all the species in real systems.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "Performance evaluation of nanosilica-modified asphalt binder. Continuous efforts are being made to enhance the performance of the pavements for which various modifiers and additives are being utilized. Lately, emphasis has been given to the use of sustainable materials to be used in pavement construction. The paper explores the use of nanosilica, which can be manufactured from industrial and agricultural wastes, as an asphalt modifier and evaluates its effect on high-temperature properties of VG-10 binder. The paper investigates the rutting potential of nanosilica-modified binders by using different rheological approaches. Nanosilica was used in three concentrations (0.5%, 1% and 3%). It was found that adding nanosilica to asphalt binder improves its rutting resistance. Results of all the rheological approaches showed that resistance to permanent deformation increases with the addition of nanosilica. Nanosilica-modified binders have high resistance to oxidative ageing. Nanosilica-modified binders exhibited good storage stability at high temperatures.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Regional competition, environmental decentralization, and target selection of local governments. Promoting environmental management system reform in an orderly manner and coordinating central and local environmental protection responsibilities are important for high-quality economic development. Based on panel data of 289 cities in China from 2008 to 2016, this paper uses the fixed effects model and threshold regression model to discuss the relationships among regional competition, environmental decentralization, and target selection of local governments and to analyze whether environmental decentralization produces the Porter effect. Findings show that environmental decentralization does significantly promote economic development, strengthen environmental pollution control, and generate a strong Porter effect, due to greater R&D investment, improvement in green technology innovation ability, and optimization of the industrial structure. The effect of environmental decentralization shows significant regional heterogeneity in terms of regional financial pressure, economic development level, and environmental pressure, while regional competition distorts the effect of environmental decentralization. With the intensification of regional competition, environmental decentralization greatly improves the emission intensity of pollutants, whereas it promotes economic development after inhibiting it. The above conclusions are of great significance for pushing forward environmental decentralization, formulating a differentiated environmental decentralization strategy, and perfecting the government performance appraisal system. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Moltmann's Crucified God. Forty years ago Jurgen Moltmann published The Crucified God, which set the cat among a few theological pigeons. In the face of the history of suffering in the world, Moltmann argued that we must speak of God 'within earshot of the dying Jesus'. In the process he argues against the understanding of God, the immanent Trinity, as impassible. Having been sympathetic to Moltmann's view, the author now raises some questions against it. Apart from the lack of a clear agreed meaning of impassibility (apatheia), the protagonists on each side of the question disagree fundamentally on the meaning of God's transcendence and the abundance of God's eternal 'life'.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Developmental Stages of Ovule and Megagametophyte in Chenopodium botrys L. (Chenopodiaceae). The ovule ontogenesis and the megasporogenesis stages in Chenopodium botrys L. were studied with light microscopy. Flowers and young pods were removed from natural plants and fixed in FAA 70. stored in 70% ethanol, embedded in paraffin, and sectioned at 7 mu m with a microtome. Staining was carried out with Hematoxylin and Eosin and developmental stages of ovule were studied. The results of this research showed that ovule development, including megasporogenesis and initial stages of megagametogenesis, occurred while flowers were still in bud. In C. botrys the female gametophyte has a monosporic origin and the developmental pattern exhibited by this species is referred to as the polygonum type, Development of ovule starts with the formation of a primordium. In this primordium, an archesporial cell produces a megaspore mother cell. which undergoes meiosis, forming a linear tetrad. The micropylar cell is a functional megaspore that survives and will function in megagametophyte development. The mature gametophyte is composed of 7 cells: I secondary nucleus, 2 synergids. 1 egg cell, and 3 antipodal cells.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Human ontogenesis: An indigenous African view on development and intelligence. Views on development and intelligence mirror mainstream Euro-American ethnocentrism and are presented as being applicable to all of human diversity. In contrast, an African worldview visualizes phases of human cyclical ontogenesis of systematic socialization of responsible intelligence in participatory curricula that assign stage-appropriate developmental tasks. In these curricula, knowledge is not separated into discrete disciplines, but all strands of it are interwoven into a common tapestry, which is learned by children at different developmental stages, who participate in the cultural and economic life of the family and society. This line of thought permits the integration of diverse ethnocultural realities and disparate theoretical threads into a common conceptual system - social ontogenesis. A theory of social ontogenesis addresses how, throughout ontogeny, children are co-participants in social and cultural life. The theory anchors human development as partly determined by the social ecology in which the development occurs and by how the human being learns and develops. Its seminal concept is sociogenesis, defined as individual development that is perceived and explained as a function of social, not biological, factors. But social ontogenetic thinking does not exclude nature; it assumes that biology underpins social ontogenesis. The biological commonality that the human species shares in the genetic code plays out into a bewildering diversity of specific individuality across ecocultures. Thus, contextualist theorists stress how different ontogenetic pathways and intelligences are situated in the socio-ecological contexts and cultural systems in which children are nurtured. The empirical grounding of this theory is based on impressionistic data from the Nso people of Cameroon, with supportive evidence in other parts of Africa. The universality of social ontogenesis offers an innovative impetus to conceptualize and generate developmental knowledge that empowers. It is a learning paradigm that permits the study of human development in the context of children's engagement of cognition when they are participants in cultural communities. This can expand visions and databases beyond restrictive Eurocentric grids.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "THE PUBLIC DEFENDER'S PIN: UNTANGLING FREE SPEECH REGULATION IN THE COURTROOM. Recent disputes in Ohio and Nevada about whether lawyers should be allowed to wear \\\\'Black Lives Matter\\\\' pins in open court expose a fault line in First Amendment law. Lower courts have generally been unsympathetic to lawyers who display political symbols in court. But it would go too far suggest that free speech has no relevance in courtrooms. This Essay argues for a way to strike a balance.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "The yield of chlorophyll from nitrogen: a comparison between the shallow Ria Formosa lagoon and the deep oceanic conditions at Sagres along the southern coast of Portugal. The yield of chlorophyll from dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) has been shown to be a potentially useful parameter for predicting eutrophication, particularly, in the northerly, coastal waters of the North East Atlantic (NEA). This study investigates whether this parameter might also be appropriate for the southerly, coastal waters of the NEA. Nitrogen enrichment experiments were carried out using microcosms to determine the microplanktonic yield of chlorophyll from DIN in waters from the Ria Formosa (April 2002) and from Sagres (September 2002) on the south coast of Portugal. Continuous culture techniques enabled experiments to be run for 7 days after enrichment so that changes in the cumulative yield over time could be calculated. Yields from the Sagres experiment were consistently higher than those from the Ria Formosa experiment, with respective maximum yields of 4.7 and 2.1 mug chl (mumol N)(-1), and respective steady-state yields of 3.1 and 0.9 mug chl (mumol N)(-1). In addition, regressions carried out on historical data sets from the two study sites showed poor correlation between chlorophyll and nitrate. Other differences between the microcosm experiments at the two sites, included: background concentrations of DIN, silicate and phosphate that were, respectively, 5.6 muM 8.1 muM, and 0.3 muM higher in the Ria; chlorophyll concentrations at Sagres that were double those of the Ria; accumulation of particulate nitrogen that was both more rapid and more substantial at Sagres; a different community structure for the diatoms at the two sites; more numerous autotrophic dinoflagellates, flagellates and cyanobacteria, as well as more numerous protozoan grazers, at Sagres. These differences may explain why the yield of chlorophyll from DIN at Sagres is one of the highest reported in the literature. This yield parameter requires further study under a range of seasonal conditions and with a range of microplankton communities before it could be considered useful for predicting eutrophication throughout the coastal waters of the NEA. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 42, 36]}
+{"token": "The impact of climate suitability, urbanisation, and connectivity on the expansion of dengue in 21st century Brazil. Author summaryDengue is a mosquito-borne disease that has expanded rapidly around the world due to increased urbanisation, global mobility and climate change. In Brazil, geographical barriers to dengue transmission exist, beyond which certain areas including South Brazil and the Amazon rainforest are relatively protected from outbreaks. However, we found that the previous barrier in South Brazil has shifted further south as a result of increased temperature suitability. The previously identified barrier protecting the western Amazon no longer exists. This is particularly concerning as we found dengue outbreaks tend to become established in areas after introduction. Highly influential cities with many transport links had increased odds of an outbreak. However, the most influential cities had lower odds of an outbreak than cities connected regionally. This study highlights the importance of monitoring the expansion of dengue outbreaks and designing disease prevention strategies for areas at risk of future outbreaks as well as areas in the established dengue transmission zone.Dengue is hyperendemic in Brazil, with outbreaks affecting all regions. Previous studies identified geographical barriers to dengue transmission in Brazil, beyond which certain areas, such as South Brazil and the Amazon rainforest, were relatively protected from outbreaks. Recent data shows these barriers are being eroded. In this study, we explore the drivers of this expansion and identify the current limits to the dengue transmission zone. We used a spatio-temporal additive model to explore the associations between dengue outbreaks and temperature suitability, urbanisation, and connectivity to the Brazilian urban network. The model was applied to a binary outbreak indicator, assuming the official threshold value of 300 cases per 100,000 residents, for Brazil's municipalities between 2001 and 2020. We found a nonlinear relationship between higher levels of connectivity to the Brazilian urban network and the odds of an outbreak, with lower odds in metropoles compared to regional capitals. The number of months per year with suitable temperature conditions for Aedes mosquitoes was positively associated with the dengue outbreak occurrence. Temperature suitability explained most interannual and spatial variation in South Brazil, confirming this geographical barrier is influenced by lower seasonal temperatures. Municipalities that had experienced an outbreak previously had double the odds of subsequent outbreaks. We identified geographical barriers to dengue transmission in South Brazil, western Amazon, and along the northern coast of Brazil. Although a southern barrier still exists, it has shifted south, and the Amazon no longer has a clear boundary. Few areas of Brazil remain protected from dengue outbreaks. Communities living on the edge of previous barriers are particularly susceptible to future outbreaks as they lack immunity. Control strategies should target regions at risk of future outbreaks as well as those currently within the dengue transmission zone.", "label": [2, 17, 21, 24]}
+{"token": "Stress Relaxation and Underlying Structure Evolution in Tough and Self-Healing Hydrogels. The tough and self-healing hydrogels composed of polyampholytes (PA gels) are drawing great attention due to their multiscale structures and the resultant multiple mechanical properties. This work studies the stress relaxation behavior of PA gels and reveals the underlying multiscale structure evolutions by combining birefringence and small-angle X-ray scattering measurements. The PA gels show a fast and strong stress relaxation that obeys the stress-optical rule, which could be associated with relaxation of chain segment orientation by the breaking of ionic bonds. A slow and weak relaxation of phase structure (similar to 100 nm) is also observed, which tells that the stress redistributes and local strain amplification gradually builds in the phase network at long relaxation times as a result of synergetic breaking of multiple ionic bonds. This work gives insight into exploring the formation of the crack precursor that is important in the fracture and fatigue of self-healing hydrogels.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "May's Host-Parasitoid geometric series model with a variable coefficient. During the last fifteen years there has been a significant growth of mathematical and scientific interest related to the study of difference equations with variable coefficients. The reason might as well be that variable coefficients make several scientific models more realistic. The question, usually asked, is about the effect on the dynamics of a difference equation, after imposing variability on one or more of the coefficients of the equation. In this article, we investigate the boundedness and in some cases, the global behavior of solutions of a system of rational difference equations with a variable coefficient. If the coefficient is constant, then, up to an appropriate change of variables, the system that we study is the geometric series case of May's Host-Parasitoid Model. (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "A Scalable Bayesian Method for Integrating Functional Information in Genome-wide Association Studies. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified many complex loci. However, most loci reside in noncoding regions and have unknown biological functions. Integrative analysis that incorporates known functional information into GWASs can help elucidate the underlying biological mechanisms and prioritize important functional variants. Hence, we develop a flexible Bayesian variable selection model with efficient computational techniques for such integrative analysis. Different from previous approaches, our method models the effect-size distribution and probability of causality for variants with different annotations and jointly models genome-wide variants to account for linkage disequilibrium (LD), thus prioritizing associations based on the quantification of the annotations and allowing for multiple associated variants per locus. Our method dramatically improves both computational speed and posterior sampling convergence by taking advantage of the block-wise LD structures in human genomes. In simulations, our method accurately quantifies the functional enrichment and performs more powerfully for prioritizing the true associations than alternative methods, where the power gain is especially apparent when multiple associated variants in LD reside in the same locus. We applied our method to an in-depth GWAS of age-related macular degeneration with 33,976 individuals and 9,857,286 variants. We find the strongest enrichment for causality among non-synonymous variants (543 more likely to be causal, 1.43 larger effect sizes) and variants in transcription, repressed Polycomb, and enhancer regions, as well as identify five additional candidate loci beyond the 32 known AMD risk loci. In conclusion, our method is shown to efficiently integrate functional information in GWASs, helping identify functional associated-variants and underlying biology.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Health Status of Pelophylax ridibundus (Pallas, 1771) (Amphibia: Ranidae) in a Rice Paddy Ecosystem in Southern Bulgaria: Body Condition Factor and Fluctuating Asymmetry. Effects of pollutants on the morphological parameters of Pelophylax ridibundus populations were examined at two sites in southern Bulgaria: the Rice Fields Tsalapitsa (RF) and the river Vacha (Reference site, RS). Morphological analysis showed significantly different values of the index for fluctuating asymmetry (FAMI) and body condition factor (CF) in frogs from RF compared to those from RS. These findings provide information on the long-term background pollution of RF. The lower values of body CF and the high levels of FA of P. ridibundus populations from RF are considered as a consequence of the negative effects of the presence of xenobiotics in paddy cages probably pesticides and fertilizers. The present result prove the potential for practical application of integral indicator for developmental stability, i.e. the fluctuating asymmetry in the P. ridibundus populations, in bioindication analyses for assessment of the ecological status of agroecosystems.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Efficiency and Persistence of Movento(R) Treatment against Myzus persicae and the Transmission of Aphid-Borne Viruses. Neonicotinoids are widely used to protect fields against aphid-borne viral diseases. The recent ban of these chemical compounds in the European Union has strongly impacted rapeseed and sugar beet growing practices. The poor sustainability of other insecticide families and the low efficiency of prophylactic methods to control aphid populations and pathogen introduction strengthen the need to characterize the efficiency of new plant protection products targeting aphids. In this study, the impact of Movento(R) (Bayer S.A.S., Leverkusen, Germany), a tetrameric acid derivative of spirotetramat, on Myzus persicae and on viral transmission was analyzed under different growing temperatures. The results show (i) the high efficiency of Movento(R) to protect rapeseed and sugar beet plants against the establishment of aphid colonies, (ii) the impact of temperature on the persistence of the Movento(R) aphicid properties and (iii) a decrease of approximately 10% of the viral transmission on treated plants. These observations suggest a beneficial effect of Movento(R) on the sanitary quality of treated crops by directly reducing primary infections and indirectly altering, through aphid mortality, secondary infections on which the spread of disease within field depends. These data constitute important elements for the future development of management strategies to protect crops against aphid-transmitted viruses.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Richness and structure of plant communities in temporary pools from western Morocco: influence of human activities. Temporary pools are numerous in coastal plains of Atlantic Morocco and have a rich and diverse flora. These habitats are increasingly under pressure by man impact through grazing by domestic livestock and the development of annual crops in their catchments. The objectives of this work were to evaluate the species richness and the species composition of the vegetation of a sample of 30 pools in this region, in order to assess the structure of the vegetation within pools and to evaluate the role of environmental and anthropogenic factors in their richness and species composition. The results highlighted the species richness of the pools with 300 species found among which annual species were heavily dominant. The structure of the vegetation varied within pools according to a topographical/flooding gradient and between pools in relation with the land use in the surrounding areas. Three vegetation belts were recognized from the centre to the periphery of the pool. The total species richness per pool was not found significantly related to environmental or anthropogenic factors. The species characteristics of the pools were found mostly in the centre and their number affected by hydrological factors and land use in the pool and in the surrounding areas. The species characteristics of woodland habitats and of agriculture crops were found mostly in the peripheral zone. Temporary pools maintain specific communities of both aquatic and amphibious species, probably because of the selection induced by water level variations. The peripheral zone, although often dominated by terrestrial species, is clearly interpreted as part of the pool. It contains amphibious species highly characteristic of the pool for which the irregular flooding is a key environmental factor which decreases competition.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "Allelopathic effects of Festuca arundinacea variety Millennium2 leaf aqueous extracts on seedlings growth of 10 fescue varieties. The allelopathic effects of fescue (Festuca arundinacea) variety 'Milennium' 2 leaf aqueous extracts on 10 fescue varieties were assayed. The 50 mg.ml(-1) treatment increased the biomass and physiological indices (soluble sugar content, malondialdehyde content and root activity), whereas the 100 mg.ml(-1) and 150 mg.ml(-1) treatments were inhibitory. There was variable response of fescue varieties to different treatments, the varieties (Aries, Millennium2, and Free star) were most sensitive to the leaf extracts, while Greenlabel, Lenge maste, and Arid3 varieties were least sensitive. The treatments most affected the physiological factor, relative electrolyte leakage, followed by the soluble sugar content, malondialdehyde content, and root activity. These results suggested that sowing an appropriate combination and proportion of grass varieties may be better to improve the lawn quality than the continuous use of a single grass variety.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "The Role of Prosecutor's Incentives in Creating Congestion in Criminal Courts. While much legal research has examined the problem of court delays and backlogs, the link between the prosecutor's incentives to press charges and the subsequent effect on congestion in the criminal justice system has remained largely overlooked. To understand the implications of such decisions for court congestion, we model prosecutor incentives using queuing theory. We demonstrate that a benevolent decision-maker weighs the trade-off between the desire to increase the volume of cases reaching the court in order to convict the guilty and the delay costs that are due to the length of court proceedings. Using two prosecutorial incentive schemes that have previously been identified in the literature-the conviction rate and the total number of convictions-we find that a prosecutor who is acting to increase his own utility would deviate from charging the socially-desired number of cases. Following these negative results, we design a mechanism that induces the prosecutor to press charges in the socially-optimal number of cases. Also new in this paper is the methodology of using queuing theory in conjunction with issues of court delay and prosecution incentives. While thus far this tool has been widely applied in other disciplines of economics research, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to utilize this method in issues related to court congestion.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Magnetoresistance of highly resistive AlPdRe quasicrystals. The temperature dependence of the conductivity, sigma(T), and the magnetoresistance (MR), Deltarho(B)/rho, have been studied from below 0.05-300 K for two i-AlPdRe samples on the insulating side of the metal insulator transition. The temperature dependence of resistivity and MR show that there is a definite change in transport mechanism below 20 K. The MR is positive below I K. At intermediate temperatures a negative component develops and at temperatures above similar to40 K the MR is small. The magnetoresistance results are discussed in the framework of Efros-Shklovsksii (ES) variable range hopping. With decreasing temperature the characteristic field regions that describe ES hopping are successively depressed towards smaller magnetic fields and vanish. These results support an insulating ground state in samples with large resistance ratios. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "Genetic variation and phylogenetic relationships of triazine-resistant and triazine-susceptible biotypes of Solanum nigrum - analysis using RAPD markers. The expansion of weed species is a major problem in agriculture, especially when the number of herbicide-resistant biotypes is rising continuously. The major ecological questions associated with the evolution of herbicide resistance involve an intricate understanding of the interplay between gene frequency, fitness, inheritance and gene flow. In this study, the RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) technique, which facilitates detection of variability at DNA level, was used to examine the spread of Solanum nigrum L. populations. Twenty-five populations, from Poland, France and the UK, were analysed. Six populations from Poland and one from France showed target site-based triazine resistance. The genetic relationship between individuals was studied using the RAPD technique. It was found that some resistant populations from the Gabin and Grojec areas show very high affinity levels compared with individuals from France. Three groups of populations in which resistance had developed independently were distinguished. The results of the present investigation suggest that migratory birds, such as Turdus pilaris L. and Sturnus vulgaris L., play an important in spreading S. nigrum seeds.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Frequency and Dispersal of Glyphosate-Resistant Sourgrass (Digitaria insularis) Populations across Brazilian Agricultural Production Areas. The rapid spread of glyphosate-resistant sourgrass populations generates concern in the agricultural production sector in Brazil. Nonetheless, there is not much information related to the frequency and dispersion of sourgrass throughout recent years. We investigated the frequency and dispersion of glyphosate-resistant sourgrass populations in Brazilian agricultural regions as part of a larger-scale weed resistance monitoring study. A discriminatory rate of 960 g ae ha(-1) of glyphosate was used on plants at the 2-to 3-tiller stage, originating from 2,593 populations of sourgrass sampled in 329 counties in 14 Brazilian states between 2012 and 2015. The dispersion of sourgrass populations originated in western Parana State, next to the Paraguay border, where the first resistance case was reported. Its dispersion to the central region of Brazil, mainly in soybean-producing areas, is most likely a consequence of agricultural equipment movement and wind-mediated dispersal. Glyphosate-resistant sourgrass populations were found in every geographical region across all Brazilian states tested. These data highlight the importance of an appropriate weed resistance monitoring program to track the evolution and dispersion of resistance to mitigate these issues by focusing efforts regionally and raising awareness among stakeholders in each region.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Effects of gas gap type on structural morphology and performance of hollow fibers. Polyethersulfone hollow fiber membranes were prepared by the dry/wet spinning technique under different gas gaps, namely, air, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and argon. All spinning parameters were maintained the same. The effects of the gas type on the morphological properties of the hollow fibers were studied in terms of atomic force microscopy and solute transport using ultrafiltration of the non-ionic solutes; i.e. polyethylene glycol and polyethylene oxide of different molecular weights. Pore size, nodule size and roughness parameters of both the internal and external hollow fiber surfaces were determined by atomic force microscopy. Pure water permeation, performance ratio, mean pore size, pore size distribution, pore density, porosity and molecular weight cut off were obtained from Solute transport analysis. The studied polyethersulfone hollow fiber membranes could be divided into two groups. A group of hollow fibers prepared under gases exhibiting higher molecular mass and lower thermal conductivity like carbon dioxide and argon and a group of hollow fibers prepared under the other gases (air, oxygen and nitrogen) having lower molecular mass and higher thermal conductivity. Hollow fiber membranes prepared under gas gap type having high molecular mass and low thermal conductivity exhibit greater pore size, nodule size and roughness of the external surface than the other fiber membranes, whereas no significant change was detected in the structural parameters of the internal surface of all prepared hollow fibers. Differences in hollow fiber membrane permeability and separation performance were also observed depending on the gas type used. (c) D 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 33]}
+{"token": "A Model for an Online Specialized Dictionary for GIS. As part of a MA study completed at Stellenbosch University, a model for an online specialized dictionary for GIS was developed to address three problems. The first problem is the large number of specialized dictionaries created without the guidance of the theory of lexicography. A dictionary seldom reaches its potential of user-friendliness and accessibility without the guidance of theory of lexicography. One field of study that has this problem is Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Looking at online GIS dictionaries, the second problem is identified: the existing specialized dictionaries for GIS are not sufficient sources for GIS pedagogy in South Africa. The existing dictionaries are not aimed at any specific user. Beginners, semi-experts and experts are all treated the same without taking into account their individualized needs. There is also no specialized dictionary that provides an operational function - all of the dictionaries focus only on text reception. A look at the communicative function of these specialized dictionaries shows the third problem: there is no GIS dictionary that offers translation equivalents in Afrikaans (or any of the other official African languages). This article proposes a model developed with the theory of lexicography that can address the gap in GIS pedagogy in South Africa, as it is intended for beginners and has both an operational and a communicative function.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "High-performance digit-serial complex multiplier. This brief presents a fast highly regular digit-serial complex multiplier (CMUL) architecture which is well suited for VLSI implementations. This brief makes two contributions. First, several complex-number representation schemes are discussed. It is shown that the proposed real-imaginary alternate scheme is the best among all representation schemes and the prior designs of CMUL's based on the radix-(2j) Redundant Complex Number System (RCNS) are not efficient with respect to hardware complexity and processing speed. Second, digit-serial CMUL architectures which can be pipelined at fine-grain level to increase the throughput rate are designed based on carry-save configuration. The proposed design methodology can also result in low-power dissipation due to the reduced wiring complexity and glitching activity.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Managing Legal Diversity in the EU: The Case of Subject-Specific Conflicts Rules. The aim of this article is to analyse subject-specific conflicts rules of internal market law in European integration and especially their role in management of diversity, not only of Member State laws but also of different fields of substantive law in the EU. The article argues that there are subject-specific conflicts rules in internal market law that promote coherence so that this type of legislation manages diversity in a coordinated way. The analysis also shows that this type of conflicts rules have been used as a means of resolving tensions between the economic and the social. Altogether, subject-specific conflicts rules present a new understanding of the functions of private international law in European integration.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Electron transfer in reverse micellar solutions: Influence of the interfacial bound water. The thermal decay of the cation radical of tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) with aqueous nucleophiles was examined in positive (benzyldimethylhexadecylammonium chloride, BHDC) and negative (sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate, AOT) reverse micelles. It was shown that the rate constants are slightly affected by the sign of the interfacial charges, contrary to the situation that prevails in direct micelles. A correlation between the dependence of the decay rate constant and the density of the surfactant molecules on the water pool size has been established in the range 5 less than or equal to omega degrees less than or equal to 25 for all the micellar solutions. This result points out the decisive role of the bound water of the interfacial region, when the electron transfer occurs from the aqueous to the lipidic phase.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Active DC Voltage Balancing PWM Technique for High-Power Cascaded Multilevel Converters. In this paper, a dedicated pulse width modulation (PWM) technique specifically designed for single-phase (or four wire three-phase) multilevel Cascaded H-Bridge Converters is presented. The aim of the proposed technique is to minimize the DC-Link voltage unbalance, independently from the amplitude of the DC-Link voltage reference, and compensate the switching device voltage drops and on-state resistances. Such compensation can be used to achieve an increase in the waveform quality of the converter. This is particularly useful in high-power low supply voltage applications where a low switching frequency is used. The DC-Link voltage balancing capability of the method removes the requirement for additional control loops to actively balance the DC-Link voltage on each H-Bridge, simplifying the control structure. The proposed modulation technique has been validated through the use of simulation and extensive experimental testing to confirm its effectiveness.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
+{"token": "An Intermedial Reading of Paley's Sita Sings the Blues. In her article \\\\'An Intermedial Reading of Paley's Sita Sings the Blues\\\\' Ipshita Chanda discusses the film text of Nina Paley's 2008 animation film, a culturally reconceptualized version of Valmiki's Sanskrit epic Ramayana. Chanda discusses the film as an intermedial retextualization of the Ramayana in the film where media boundaries and genres are crossed in \\\\'textual,\\\\' audio, and visual media. The basic premise from which Chanda proceeds is that the condition of intermediality in film is produced by a \\\\'conceptual fusion\\\\' of different media which, in turn, are analyzed using theories of reception and contact between different media across time, space, and cultures with regard to \\\\'source\\\\' text and \\\\'received\\\\' text.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Technology-enhanced Smart City Learning: a Systematic Mapping of the Literature. In the paper we shed light on the current understanding of smart city learning by (i) Identifying common scenarios and learning settings; (ii) publication patterns; (iii) technical features in the supporting technology; (iv) learning theories and approaches that are mostly used; and (v) adopted type of research and research methods.The mapping shows that the concept of smart city learning is growing in popularity, with increasing number of publications in this area in the last years. However, the field is rather fragmented, with very different understanding of the concept. Smart city learning is also emerging as a very complex form of learning, with different stakeholders, learning activities, and technological solutions combined in rich eco-systems. The mapping also points out two largely unexplored areas of technological support, namely the Internet of Things (IoT) and the use of city-related data.Articles were collected from various online databases and relevant journal publications, selected according to defined inclusion/exclusion criteria. Abstracts were coded based on a number of criteria, including e.g. learning goal, used technology, and theoretical approach. Following the coding process results were analyzed to identify themes.Smart cities are a popular and recognized research topic. In urban spaces, the learning factor is an important component for citizens and local communities. This paper presents a systematic mapping of the literature on smart city learning, with focus on how technology is used to enhance smart city learning. The goal is to map the state of the art and to identify gaps in current research that can prompt new research in this area.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "The Editorial Profession: The Rise of Private Newspaper Press in Late Imperial Russia. In the course of the nineteenth century, Russia's press culture underwent a dramatic cultural, technological, and political transformation. However, the question of professionalization of the press during the same period remains relatively underexplored. This article examines the extent and the limitations of editorial professionalization in nineteenth-century Russia by focusing on an emergent generation of private newspaper editors such as M.N. Katkov, A.A. Kraevskii, I.S. Aksakov, and A.S. Suvorin during the 1860s and 1870s. The article explores the emergence of a private opinion press during the 1860s with substantial autonomy in the commercial management of their newspapers, but a censorship-restricted autonomy in the management of their content. It then examines the elements of an emerging professional ethos and solidarity in the editorial profession. Drawing on a wealth of correspondence, editorials, and diaries, this work reveals the delicate world of personal relationships which allowed editors to balance both the strictures of political censorship and the account books of their commercial enterprises. This paper argues that a limited professional autonomy and considerable competition among influential editors - i.e press lords - constrained the professionalization of the journalism in pre-Revolutionary Russia.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Resistance uncertainty and structural reliability of hypar tensioned membrane structures with PVC coated polyesters. This paper presents the resistance uncertainty and structural reliability of hypar tensioned membrane structures with PVC coated polyesters. First, series of tensile tests are carried out to study the resistance uncertainty of membrane materials. Then, the uncertainties of computational model and load effects are discussed and the resistance partial coefficients for membrane structures are proposed, regarding to different load combinations. Finally, the reliability indexes are studied according to the serviceability limit state and ultimate limit states. Results show that the proposed partial safety factors could satisfy the target reliability index in current design codes. This paper can provide important references for the design and analysis of tensioned membrane structures.", "label": [1, 15, 12]}
+{"token": "Quantitative analysis of the expression and distribution of calcium channel alpha 1 subunit mRNA in the atria and ventricles of the rat heart. J. K. LARSEN, J. W. MITCHELL AND P. M. BEST. Quantitative Analysis of the Expression and Distribution of Calcium Channel al Subunit mRNA in the Atria and Ventricles of the Rat Heart. journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology (2002) 34. 519-532. Two distinct calcium currents are present in mammalian cardiac myocytes. Utilizing quantitative RT-PCR methods, we have analysed the expression patterns and abundance of four calcium channel al subunit mRNAs in different regions of the rat heart and compared them to the known density of calcium currents recorded from rat atria. Our results show that Ca(v)1.2 is the most abundant of the four al subunit transcripts in the rat heart. The Ca(v)1.2 message is more abundant in ventricle than in atria and does not vary in expression as a function of developmental age. Ca(v)2.3, Ca(v)3.1 and Ca(v)3.2 mRNAs are 10-100 times less abundant than Ca(v)1.2. Interestingly, Ca(v)2.3, Ca(v)3.1 and Ca(v)3.2 are expressed in both atria and ventricle. The abundance of atrial Ca(v)3.1 mRNA does not change significantly during development and remains high in older animals. In contrast, levels of atrial Ca(v)3.2 mRNA are high in embryonic tissue and at 3- and 4-weeks postnatal but become undetectable at 5 weeks. Expression of atrial Ca(v)2.3 mRNA is highest at 4-weeks postnatal and then declines gradually. We have previously documented that the LVA calcium current density is highest within 4-5 weeks after birth and then declines gradually reaching less than 30%, of its maximal value at 12-14 weeks. The complex relationship between atrial LVA current density and the abundance of Ca(v)2.3, Ca(v)3.1 and Ca(v)3.2 mRNA suggests that their contribution to the cardiac LVA current may vary as a function of postnatal age. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 21, 39]}
+{"token": "Masculinity at war: Did gender matter in the Soviet army?. Of all the forces that took to the field in World War II, the Soviet army must surely be the one whose reputation for toughness, endurance and near-suicidal determination marks it out as a model of masculine virtue. Soviet propaganda images of soldiers at the front certainly used gender-specific images. Square-jawed and fit, the young white male stands firm in almost every photograph, and to press the point still further Soviet reporting also featured his pretty wife and mother and the children whom he fought to save. In this article, I shall argue that, nonetheless, gender was less important in the Soviet case than may at first appear. I shall also suggest that policies that aimed to emphasize the masculine were ultimately damaging to the men who survived. In particular, the notion of the ideal Soviet male may well have made post-war adaptation harder in the longer term for almost everyone.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "The interacting UL31 and UL34 gene products of pseudorabies virus are involved in egress from the host-cell nucleus and represent components of primary enveloped but not mature virions. A 2.6-kbp fragment of the pseudorabies virus (PrV) genome was sequenced and shown to contain the homologues of the highly conserved herpesvirus genes UL31 and UL32. By use of a monospecific antiserum, the UL31 gene product was identified as a nuclear protein with an apparent molecular mass of 29 kDa. For functional analysis, UL31 was deleted by mutagenesis in Escherichia coli of an infectious full-length clone of the PrV genome. The resulting virus mutants were deficient in plaque formation, and titers were reduced more than 100-fold from those of wild-type PrV. Ultrastructural analyses demonstrated that capsid maturation and DNA packaging were not affected. However, neither budding at the inner nuclear membrane nor cytoplasmic or extracellular virus particles were observed. These replication defects were similar to those of a UL34 deletion mutant (B. G. Klupp, H. Granzow, and T. C. Mettenteiter, J. Virol. 74:10063-10073, 2000) and could be completely repaired in a cell line which constitutively expresses the UL31 protein. Yeast two-hybrid studies revealed that a UL31 fusion protein specifically interacts with plasmids of a PrV genome library expressing the N-terminal part of UL34. Vice versa, UL34 selected UL31-encoding plasmids from the library. Immunofluorescence studies and immune electron microscopy demonstrated that in cells infected with wild-type PrV, both proteins accumulate at the nuclear membrane, whereas in the absence of UL34 the UL31 protein is dispersed throughout the nucleus. Like the UL34 protein, the UL31 gene product is a component of enveloped virus particles within the perinuclear space and absent from mature virions. Our findings suggest that physical interaction between these two virus proteins might be a prerequisite for primary envelopment of PrV at the inner nuclear membrane and that this envelope is removed by fusion with the outer nuclear membrane.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Cloud brokering mechanisms for optimized placement of virtual machines across multiple providers. In the past few years, we have witnessed the proliferation of a heterogeneous ecosystem of cloud providers, each one with a different infrastructure offer and pricing policy. We explore this heterogeneity in a novel cloud brokering approach that optimizes placement of virtual infrastructures across multiple clouds and also abstracts the deployment and management of infrastructure components in these clouds. The feasibility of our approach is evaluated in a high throughput computing cluster case study. Experimental results confirm that multi-cloud deployment provides better performance and lower costs compared to the usage of a single cloud only. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Implementing Work Scheduling Regulation: Compliance and Enforcement Challenges at the Local Level. Employment legislation intended to establish scheduling standards in hourly jobs is spreading across US cities. Yet the well-documented role that cost-focused business models play in shaping manager practices forecasts uneven compliance. Joining perspectives from labor and public policy studies, the authors examine variation in the organizational arena-local workplaces-where implementation of scheduling regulation is set to play out. Analyses draw on surveys and interviews with 52 retail and food service managers on the eve of enactment of Seattle's Secure Scheduling Ordinance. By capturing the full range of variation in managers' scheduling practices prior to enactment, and their distance from legal compliance, the authors contribute unique insight into the prospects of establishing universal work hour standards in service industries and the varying pathways employers will likely pursue toward regulatory compliance. Findings suggest targets for enforcement and manager training and offer insight into the implementation challenges posed by municipal-level regulation.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Impact of Heart Failure Type on Thromboembolic and Bleeding Risk in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation on Oral Anticoagulation. Heart failure (HF) increases stroke risk in atrial fibrillation (AF) patients. Differential impact of HF category on thromboembolic and bleeding risk in AF patients on oral anticoagulation (OAC) is unknown. We used Medicare data for beneficiaries with new AF diagnosed between 2011 and 2013 to identify patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), and no HF. The primary end-point of admission for ischemic stroke was evaluated using Cox proportional hazards regression models that controlled for patient demographics, comorbidities (including CHA(2)DS(2)-VASc and HASBLED scores), and OAC use as a time-dependent covariate. Secondary endpoints included all-cause mortality, admissions for gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB), intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), acute myocardial infarction (AMI), or HF. The 3 groups included 47840, 32360, and 718392 patients respectively. Patients with HFrEF and HFpEF had higher comorbidity burden, CHA(2)DS(2)-VASc and HASBLED scores compared with patients without HF. In multivariable analysis adjusting for patient comorbidities and OAC, HFrEF and HFpEF were associated with higher risk of ischemic stroke, HF and AMI compared with no HF. HFrEF was associated with higher all-cause mortality and HF-hospitalization risk compared with HFpEF. In conclusion, in AF patients, HFrEF and HFpEF are both associated with higher risk of ischemic stroke, HF and AMI admissions, even after adjusting for OAC use, compared with patients without HF. Published by Elsevier Inc.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Allelopathic effects of winter wheat residues on germination and growth of crabgrass (Digitaria ciliaris) and corn yield. Crabgrass (Digitaria ciliaris) is major weed in corn (Zea mays) in China. Laboratory and field studies were conducted to determine the effects of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L) residues oil the germination and growth of this weed. Under laboratory conditions, aqueous extracts of wheat shoots and roots markedly reduced its germination. The germination was inhibited more by extracts from shoots than roots and by the extracts from young seedlings than mature wheat plants. The inhibitory effects oil weed germination varied with wheat cultivars. In corn field, crabgrass density and biomass decreased with increase in the quantity of wheat residues. Wheat residue at 0.75 kg/m(2) reduced the Weed density by 87.3 to 96.4%, and biomass by 77,7 to 81.0%, over the two years. Reductions ill weed density and biomass in the field were likely due to the combined effects of physical suppression and allelopathy. Although germination, plant height and biomass of corn seedlings were slightly reduced in the wheat residue mulched plot, but corn yield was similar to control. These findings may lead to the improvement Ill current weed management programme for corn in the wheat-corn rotation in China.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "Matrine protects oligodendrocytes by inhibiting their apoptosis and enhancing mitochondrial autophagy. Stressed oligodendrocytes (OLGs) activate microglia to produce an inflammatory response, and the impairment of mitochondria further aggravates OLG damage, which is the earliest pathological change in multiple sclerosis (MS), an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Matrine (MAT), a tetracyclic quinolizine alkaloid derived from the herb radix sophorae flavescentis, has been shown to effectively ameliorate clinical signs of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. However, the mechanisms underlying the effect of MAT treatment need to be further studied. In the present study, we show that MAT effectively suppressed ongoing EAE, and significantly reduced the expression of caspase-3 and alpha B-crystallin in OLGs, therefore lessen OLG apoptosis, microglial activation and inflammatory factors secretion. MAT treatment also reduced the content of cytochrome c and malondialdehyde, an oxidative stress marker, in the central nervous system. In contrast, the levels of autophagy-related proteins Beclinl, microtubule-associated protein I light chain 3 and glutathione peroxidase was upregulated, hence enhancing mitochondrial autophagy and alleviating the imbalance of the oxidation/antioxidation system caused by mitochondrial damage. Our research indicates that MAT is effective in treating EAE, at least in part, by protecting OLGs through inhibiting their apoptosis and enhancing mitochondrial autophagy.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "Sexual harassment: The ''reasonable person'' vs ''reasonable woman'' standards have not been resolved. Previous research suggests that women are more likely than men to perceive a hostile environment of sexual harassment in job-related scenarios. Such findings raise questions about whether a ''reasonable woman'' standard might be preferable to a ''reasonable person'' standard for adjudication of some sexual harassment cases. There are sound arguments for both positions, and there is no basis at the present time for unequivocal and categorical support for one position over the other.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Humanization in Elderly Health Care. The article discusses the assistance practices, policies, strategies and actions that the Brazilian government has formalized for the elderly's health. Although the subject \\\\'humanization\\\\' is present in several discussions and has become the guideline of the much acclaimed National Humanization Policy, these patients still face many obstacles in order to receive health assistance. To the disinformation and disrespect for elderly citizens are added the precariousness of public investments directed to the specific needs of this population, the lack of adequate infrastructure, the scarcity of specific programs and even of human resources. Therefore, we will make a reflection on humanization in health assistance focused on this population. First, we will revisit humanization in different scenarios of the health field, considering the importance given to the different subjects involved in this process, so that the care for this special and growing population is provided in an humanized way, since this is a special patient that requires differentiated care.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Management of weed seedbanks in the context of populations and communities. In agricultural systems, weed seedbanks provide insights into cropping and management history as well as potential weed problems. Seedbank management is an integral part of a long-term weed management system. In this article, we propose a framework for managing weed seedbanks by putting weed seedbanks into the context of populations and communities. Early in the plant invasion process, it is possible to eradicate or contain the weed species through intensive focused management. Weed populations that become established and pose unique or extreme problems should be managed using population-based strategies such as targeted removal or trap crops. Established weed populations that pose no specific problem should be managed as part of the weed community using a variety of strategies such as tillage, crop rotation, cover crops and mulches, soil solarization, and microorganisms.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "The Association of Negative Urgency with Psychological Distress: Moderating Role of Proactive Coping Strategies. Negative urgency, which is the tendency to act impulsively under the influence of negative emotions, is a risk factor for various psychological disorders including anxiety and depression. In contrast, proactive coping is a future oriented coping strategy that aims to prepare the self for future stressors by reappraising the stressors as challenges or keep oneself prepared for impending losses. Although the effect of proactive coping and preventive coping strategies on reducing depression and anxiety has been consistently documented, the association of their interaction with risk factors received little attention. In the current study, the moderator roles of two dimensions of Proactive Coping strategies in the association of negative urgency with anxiety and depression, is examined. Data were collected from 404 individuals (255 women) aged 18 to 59 (M = 31.29, SD = 11.70) through scales assessing negative urgency, proactive coping, anxiety and depression from a community sample. The results revealed that the interaction of proactive coping with negative urgency to be significantly associated with individual differences in depression scores, indicating that appraising the threats as challenges may have potential for buffering the effects of negative urgency on depression. However, a similar pattern was not observed for anxiety or preventive coping.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Finding Fairness in Fact Finding: Material Mistake of Fact Review in Asylum Cases. Refugee status determination is a highly factually driven process and an incorrect finding of fact may be at the expense of the life or liberty of the claimant. While courts in the common law countries of England, Ireland, New Zealand, and South Africa have accepted material mistake of fact as a ground of judicial review, courts in Australia continue to quarantine errors of fact from re-determination. Courts in those common law countries apply several limiting criteria to determine whether the ground is made out and prevent the floodgates being opened to excessive litigation. It is suggested that such limiting criteria also be adopted in Australia. Case law emerging from those common law countries also illuminates the benefits of pragmatism and fairness that the ground of review entails and reinforces the case for accepting material mistake of fact in Australia.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Evaluation of insecticides and botanicals against Onion thrips, Thrips tabaci (L.) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Onion thrips, Thrips tabaci (L) is a key pest of onion and their control is vital to the production and profitability of this crop. If onion thrips are not controlled, damage can routinely reduce bulb yields by 23-85%. Most onion fields need protection against thrips for two to three months and multiple applications are required to control infestations, but there are few labeled insecticides that provide effective and consistent control. Therefore, the present study was conducted in two locations viz. Ambo and Guder, Western Shewa of Oromia Regional state, Ethiopia. A factorial experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications to evaluate the effect of insecticides (Cutter 112 E.C-TM and Triger 5% E.C-TM) and botanicals (Azadirachta indica L. and Dodonae angustifolia L.) on onion thrips on farmers cultivated filed. The results of the study revealed that the newly introduced both insecticides gave promising mortality rate and not significantly (P< 0.001) different compared with the standard check previously registered (Diazinon 60 E. CTM) and highly significant (P< 0.001) different from the untreated check. The botanicals, A. indica and D. angustifolia, fresh leaf extracts with foliar application gave promising mortality rate used as alternative control measures of onion thrips, while the combination of two botanicals were found less effective as compared with other treatments but significantly different from untreated check. From this study, we concluded that the newly introduced insecticides Cutter 112 E. C-TM and Triger 5% E. C-TM could be recommended to be registered as alternative insecticides. The two botanicals (A. indica and D. angustifolia) fresh leaf for making bio-pesticide, which are easily available in the surrounding areas, are better option and eco-friendly to adopt for controlling onion thrips in Ethiopia.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Surviving the emotional rollercoaster called entrepreneurship: The role of emotion regulation. The entrepreneurial journey is often experienced as an emotional rollercoaster, but we know very little about how entrepreneurs can ride it most effectively to increase their ventures' chances of survival. We investigate how entrepreneurs' habitual use of cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression - two well-established types of emotion regulation - impact on the likelihood of their venture surviving. Drawing on a sample of 183 technology ventures, we find that both regulation types are generally associated with a lower survival likelihood, but that these effects depend on the venture's performance. Our study contributes to the literatures on emotions and new venture survival in entrepreneurship and to the emotion regulation literature.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "LAW ENFORCEMENT IN THE AMERICAN SECURITY STATE. This Article documents the evolution of the modern American police state and the symbiotic nature of the relationship between government actors across the three sectors of national security, domestic policing, and immigration enforcement. Policies from one area make their way into the other two, with the net result being that the powers of government actors are increased in all three areas. Critical to this dynamic is the construction of the target in each arena-the terrorist, the criminal, the illegal immigrant-as foreign, whether literally or figuratively. Although these targets are ostensibly limited to those deemed outside the mainstream, the result is a society in which security personnel can monitor and detain the citizenry at ever earlier intervals, often on evidentiary showings that are at best minimal The relationship between war on terror practices and traditional policing is symbiotic; sometimes a tactic migrates from the foreign arena to the domestic, and in other instances police practices are brought to bear in the context of war. This state of affairs fuels the notion that policing has become more and more of a national security enterprise. Additionally, the operation of a separate system of immigration enforcement at the nation's borders and points of entry also plays a role in expanding law enforcement powers and creates new areas of enhanced powers less susceptible to outside review. Driving the constant push for greater law enforcement powers across the three zones is the concept that violations of the law can be prevented. In each case, the notion of prevention is rooted in law enforcement's unshakeable belief that target communities commit more crime, are just a step away from being radicalized into terrorist attackers, or will illegally cross the border to break the law here with impunity. In exploring the practices and theoretical underpinnings of the security state, as well as the legal framework that has broadened police powers and justified its excesses to a great degree, the Article probes how much the United States has come to resemble a police state.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Therapeutic response to plasmapheresis in four cases with obsessive-compulsive disorder and tic disorder triggered by streptococcal infections. The acronym PANDAS (pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections) has been assigned to a subgroup of patients experiencing pediatric onset obsessive-compulsive symptoms and tics as a result of autoimmune response to group A B-hemolytic streptococcal infection. It has been hypothesized that an immune process initiated by infection affects the basal ganglia and causes neuropsychiatric symptoms. In cases with severe neuropsychiatric symptoms, the use of treatment strategies that interrupt the autoimmune process responsible for the pathogenesis of PANDAS, such as therapeutic plasmapheresis or intravenous immunoglobulin, has been proposed. In this paper we discuss the effect of plasmapheresis treatment in 4 adult cases of obsessive-compulsive disorder and tic disorder triggered by streptococcal infections.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Complementary Metagenomic Approaches Improve Reconstruction of Microbial Diversity in a Forest Soil. IMPORTANCE Microbial ecologists have historically used cultivation-based approaches as well as amplicon sequencing and shotgun metagenomics to characterize microbial diversity in soil. However, challenges persist in the study of microbial diversity, including the recalcitrance of the majority of microorganisms to laboratory cultivation and limited sequence assembly from highly complex samples. The uncultivated majority thus remains a reservoir of untapped genetic diversity. To address some of the challenges associated with bulk metagenomics as well as low throughput of single-cell genomics, we applied flow cytometry-enabled mini-metagenomics to capture expanded microbial diversity from forest soil and compare it to soil bulk metagenomics. Our resulting data from this pooled-cell sorting approach combined with bulk metagenomics revealed increased phylogenetic diversity through novel soil taxa and rare biosphere members. In-depth analysis of genomes within the highly represented Bacteroidetes phylum provided insights into conserved and clade-specific patterns of carbon metabolism.Soil ecosystems harbor diverse microorganisms and yet remain only partially characterized as neither single-cell sequencing nor whole-community sequencing offers a complete picture of these complex communities. Thus, the genetic and metabolic potential of this \\\\'uncultivated majority\\\\' remains underexplored. To address these challenges, we applied a pooled-cell-sorting-based mini-metagenomics approach and compared the results to bulk metagenomics. Informatic binning of these data produced 200 mini-metagenome assembled genomes (sorted-MAGs) and 29 bulk metagenome assembled genomes (MAGs). The sorted and bulk MAGs increased the known phylogenetic diversity of soil taxa by 7.2% with respect to the Joint Genome Institute IMG/M database and showed clade-specific sequence recruitment patterns across diverse terrestrial soil metagenomes. Additionally, sorted-MAGs expanded the rare biosphere not captured through MAGs from bulk sequences, exemplified through phylogenetic and functional analyses of members of the phylum Bacteroidetes. Analysis of 67 Bacteroidetes sorted-MAGs showed conserved patterns of carbon metabolism across four clades. These results indicate that mini-metagenomics enables genome-resolved investigation of predicted metabolism and demonstrates the utility of combining metagenomics methods to tap into the diversity of heterogeneous microbial assemblages.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Political Islam in the Mediterranean: the view from democratization studies. Contemporary perceptions of, and responses to, the growth of political Islam on the southern shores of the Mediterranean are still heavily influenced by traditional orientalist views on 'Islam' and by realist notions of regional security. This situation contributes to the formation of predominantly state-centric responses to what is perceived to be a monolithic Islamist threat. The issues of democratization and democracy promotion are downplayed in the face of security concerns. When addressed, liberal-inspired views of democracy and civil society are nonetheless problematically deployed in a social and political context that does not duplicate well the conditions met in previous 'waves' of successful democratization elsewhere. The prospects for democratization are linked to a situation where moderate Islamist movements are expected to endorse liberal-democratic values - albeit reluctantly and by default - and where state-imposed constraints on political liberalization can only slow down the process of implementation of electoral democracy. Far too little attention is paid to the alternative forms of participation that are devised locally by Islamists, as well as to the relevance of standard electoral processes in the context of refined authoritarian systems.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Simple Crack Models Explain Deformation Induced by Subduction Zone Megathrust Earthquakes. Following the 2010 Maule and 2011 Tohoku earthquakes, many studies have examined the relation between megathrust earthquakes and subsequent deformation. Here, we apply simple models based on mode II shear cracks, including approximated effects of the free surface to study induced deformation during coseismic and early postseismic stages. We distinguish between buried and surface ruptures represented by a full-crack and a half-crack model, respectively. We adopt an analogy-based approach to interpret the half-crack model from well-known results of the full-crack model, which is also validated by our numerical simulations. With transferable knowledge between the two models, we provide easy ways to understand (1) the contrasting deformation patterns in the frontal wedge of the overriding plate between buried ruptures and surface ruptures, (2) the correlation between triggered outer-rise normal faulting and surface ruptures, and (3) the similar deformation patterns for both buried and surface ruptures toward the down-dip end, with a preference for normal faulting in the overriding plate and for reverse faulting in the subducting plate. These model outcomes are consistent with several recent observations on aftershocks and veins in a paleoaccretionary wedge. We further investigate some important transient features during rupture propagation which show that a transition from compressional to extensional deformation in the frontal wedge of the overriding plate is possible even during a single rupture event. Our work provides alternative views for understanding various aspects of subduction zone megathrust earthquakes and raises the issue of important transient features that were typically ignored in previous studies.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Causal Exclusion and Multiple Realizations. A critical analysis of recent interventionist responses to the causal exclusion problem is presented. It is argued that the response can indeed offer a solution to the problem, but one that is based on renouncing the multiple realizability thesis. The account amounts to the rejection of nonreductive physicalism and would thus be unacceptable to many. It is further shown that if the multiple realizability thesis is brought back in and conjoined with the interventionist notion of causation, inter-level causation is ruled out altogether.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Discrimination of earthquakes and explosions using multi-fractal singularity spectrums properties. A new method of discrimination of seismic records from earthquakes and explosions is proposed which is based on using properties of their multi-fractal singularity spectrums. The efficiency of the method is illustrated by analysing seismic records from the region of Aswan Dam in Egypt. Current pattern of seismicity in the Upper Egypt is composed by three types of records: tectonic earthquakes, reservoir-induced earthquakes and seismic events generated by quarry blasts. To discriminate quarry blasts from earthquakes of both natures, multi-fractal analysis of records were used. Singularity spectrum support width and multi-fractal generalised Hurst exponents were calculated for all seismic events in the selected data set from a given area. The linear Bayesian discriminator using these characteristics of seismic records provides correct classification for 93 % of earthquakes records and for 99 % of quarry blasts records.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Learning From Service: The Effect of Helping on Helpers' Social Dominance Orientation. Helping behavior can affect the power dynamics between social groups (<link rid=\\\\'b43\\\\'>Nadler, 2002). The present research investigated whether helping also affects one's views of those power dynamics, as indexed by social dominance orientation (SDO) scores (<link rid=\\\\'b52\\\\'>Pratto, Sidanius, Stallworth, & Malle, 1994). College students in an introductory psychology course were randomly assigned to a helping (service learning) group or a control group. Students in the helping group participated in 18 hr of community service over 9 weeks, and showed a significant decrease in SDO, compared to the control group. Empathy mediated the relationship between helping and SDO. The pedagogical implications of service learning are also discussed, as are the potential moderating roles of helping type and contact.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Stimulation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells by electromagnetic transduction therapy-EMTT. Many different pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) devises have been clinically used to stimulate healing processes, but many procedures are still without supporting basic research data. The aim of this study was to investigate a new modified pulsed electromagnetic field therapy: electromagnetic transduction therapy (EMTT). EMTT is technically based on high-intensive PEMFs with a magnetic field strength between 80 and 150 mT. The effect of EMTT for a 10-min session three times a week on human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) was evaluated by assessing cell viability, gene expression of bone regenerative factors and VEGF-A (vascular endothelial growth factor) secretion after 7 and 14 days of treatment. No negative or toxic effects of EMTT on MSCs in vitro were observed in the applied test frame. The VEGF-ELISA at day 7 of EMTT treatment with 80 mT showed a significant higher VEGF concentration compared to untreated control group. In conclusion, high-intensive electromagnetic impulses showed no harmful effects on MSC cultures in our study. The enhancement of the proangiogenic factor VEGF in MSCs on day 7 indicates a substantial role in cell-stimulating effect of EMTT. Further in vitro and in vivo studies should differentiate specific stimulating and regenerating effects of EMTT impulses in soft tissue engineering. Specific electromagnetic characteristics have to be determined to optimize electromagnetic treatment options in orthopedic surgery and traumatology and soft tissue treatment options.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "A new species of Schizomyia Kieffer (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) on rubber vine and other Asclepiadaceae in Madagascar. A new species of gall midge, Schizomyia cryptostegiae Gagne, that forms leaf and bud galls on Cryptostegia grandiflora in Madagascar is described and its biology summarised. The gall midge is a candidate for the biological control of C. grandiflora in northern Queensland, Australia.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Receptor tyrosine kinases regulate signal transduction through a liquid-liquid phase separated state. The recruitment of signaling proteins into activated receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) to produce rapid, high-fidelity downstream response is exposed to the ambiguity of random diffusion to the target site. Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) overcomes this by providing elevated, localized concentrations of the required proteins while impeding competitor ligands. Here, we show a subset of phosphorylation-dependent RTK-mediated LLPS states. We then investigate the formation of phase-separated droplets comprising a ternary complex including the RTK, (FGFR2); the phosphatase, SHP2; and the phospholipase, PLC gamma 1, which assembles in response to receptor phosphorylation. SHP2 and activated PLC gamma 1 interact through their tandem SH2 domains via a previously undescribed interface. The complex of FGFR2 and SHP2 combines kinase and phosphatase activities to control the phosphorylation state of the assembly while providing a scaffold for active PLC gamma 1 to facilitate access to its plasma membrane substrate. Thus, LLPS modulates RTK signaling, with potential consequences for therapeutic intervention.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "A 'fertile ground for poisonous doctrines'? Understanding far-right electoral appeal in the south Pennine textile belt, c.1967-1979(1). Historical far-right organisations have long proved pervasive, but are rarely interpreted as competitive political parties. While these minority parties and movements never secured significant representation, they influenced municipal and constituency political activity. Focusing on the 'textile belt' of Eastern Lancashire and West Yorkshire, this article seeks to understand how far-right organisations engaged in local electoral politics. It considers the influence of regional economic changes, caused by industrial realignment, and how opponents, primarily local Labour parties, interpreted post-war fascism and the concerns it engendered. The article then examines the growing influence of Labour's anti-fascist campaigns, the popular appeal of far-right politics, and the composition of such group's memberships. As far-right institutional archives are limited, the article uses material produced by predominant local Labour parties. Alongside providing new perspectives, it encourages scholars to interpret far-right organisations as electoral actors, rather than mere cultural and political pariahs.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Improvement of Verdejo white wines by contact with oak chips at different winemaking stages. The effect that the addition of wood at different stages of the winemaking process has on the volatile composition and sensory characteristics of Verdejo wines has been studied. Verdejo control wine was made by the traditional winemaking process without oak chips. Oak chips (7 g/L)were added at different stages of the winemaking process: during alcoholic fermentation (OCAF) and in the young wine (OCW). Higher alcohols, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, isoamyl acetates and ethyl esters of straight-chain fatty acids were present at higher concentrations in wines that had contact with oak chips during alcoholic fermentation when compared to control wines. The highest concentrations of benzene compounds, oak lactones and furanic compounds were found in both wines in contact with oak chips, particularly in CW samples. Different sensorial profiles were obtained for the wines depending on the stage of the wine making process at which the chips were added. All wines investigated in this study can provide a viable alternative to traditional Verdejo wines. (c) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "The relative influence of local and regional environmental drivers of algal biomass (chlorophyll-a) varies by estuarine location. A major question in restoring estuarine water quality is whether local actions to manage excess nutrients can be effective, given that estuaries are also responding to tidal inputs from adjacent water bodies. Several types of statistical analysis were used to examine spatially-detailed and long-term water quality monitoring data in eight sub-estuaries of Chesapeake Bay. These sub-estuaries are likely to be similar to other shallow systems with moderate to long water residence times. Statistical cluster analysis of spatial water quality data suggested that estuaries had spatially distinct water quality zones and that the peak algal biomass (as measured by chlorophyll-a) was most often controlled by local watershed inputs in all but one estuary, although mainstem inputs affected most estuaries at some times and places. An elasticity indicator that compared inter-annual changes in sub-estuaries to parallel changes in the mainstem Chesapeake Bay supported the idea that water quality in sub-estuaries was not strongly coupled to the mainstem. A cross-channel zonation of water quality observed near the mouth of estuaries suggested that Bay influences were stronger on the right side of the lower channel (looking up estuary) at times in all estuaries, and was most common in small estuaries closest to the mouth of the primary water source to the estuary. Where Bay influences were strong, estuarine water quality would be expected to be less responsive to nutrient reductions made in the local watershed. Regression analysis was used to evaluate hypothesized relationships between environmental driver variables and average chlorophyll-a (chl-a) concentrations. Chl-a values were calculated from unusually detailed levels of spatial sampling, potentially providing a more comprehensive view of system conditions than that provided by traditional sparse sampling networks. The univariate models with the best data support to explain variability in averaged chl-a concentration were those that reflected water residence time. Of the land cover variables tested, septic density in the riparian zone explained the most variance in chl-a. The multivariate models that most improved upon the residence time effect added TN or TP flows (normalized by volume) and suggested that chl-a will be less responsive to nutrient reductions in estuaries that are poorly flushed. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 42, 36]}
+{"token": "Affine hyperplane arrangements and Jordan classes. We study the geometry of the stratification induced by an affine hyperplane arrangement H on the quotient of a complex affine space by the action of a discrete group preserving H. We give conditions ensuring normality or normality in codimension 1 of strata. We apply these results to retrieve the list of the categorical quotients of closures of Jordan classes and of sheets in a complex simple algebraic group G that are normal. In the simply-connected case, we show that normality of such a quotient is equivalent to its smoothness.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Sequential and Binomial Sampling Plans to Estimate Thrips tabaci Population Density on Onion. Thrips tabaci Lindeman is a worldwide onion pest that causes economic losses of 10-60%, depending on many factors. Population sampling is essential for applying control tactics and preventing damage by the insect. Conventional sampling methods are criticized as time consuming, while fixed-precision binomial and sequential sampling plans may allow reliable estimations with a more efficient use of time. The aim of this work was to develop binomial and sequential sampling for fast reliable estimation of T. tabaci density on an onion. Forty-one commercial 1.0-ha onion plots were sampled (sample size n = 200) to characterize the spatial distribution of T. tabaci using Taylor's power law (a = 2.586 and b = 1.511). Binomial and sequential enumerative sampling plans were then developed with precision levels of 0.10, 0.15 and 0.25. Sampling plans were validated with bootstrap simulations (1000 samples) using 10 independent data sets. Bootstrap simulation indicated that precision was satisfactory for all repetitions of the sequential sampling plan, while binomial sampling met the fixed precision in 80% of cases. Both methods reduced sampling time by around 80% relative to conventional sampling. These precise and less time-consuming sampling methods can contribute to implementation of control tactics within the integrated pest management approach.Simple SummaryThrips are tiny insects that cause significant damage to onion crops worldwide. They feed on the plants and can also transmit plant viral diseases. To prevent damage, it is necessary to estimate the population density (average number of insects per plant), through periodic sampling, and to apply a combination of control tactics to maintain thrips at acceptable levels. Conventional sampling methods are precise but require large investments of time and effort. In this study, binomial and sequential sampling plans were developed to estimate thrips population density in a precise and less time-consuming manner. More than 50 onion plots were sampled, and Thrips tabaci Lindeman was identified as the predominant pest species. The sampling plans reached acceptable levels of precision (D = 0.25) in less time than conventional sampling. Binomial and sequential sampling plans were reliable and easily implemented in practice, but sequential sampling showed better performance than binomial sampling under different field conditions. These findings may help to reduce time and work for T. tabaci sampling and, consequently, improve implementation of crop protection tactics on onion.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Multiplex RT-PCR detection of three common viruses infecting orchids. A multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay was developed for simultaneous detection of three orchid viruses: cymbidium mosaic virus (CymMV), odontoglossum ringspot virus (ORSV), and orchid fleck virus (OFV). Primers were used to amplify nucleocapsid protein gene fragments of 845 bp (ORSV), 505 bp (CymMV) and 160 bp (OFV). A 60-bp amplicon of plant glyceraldehyde-3-phophate dehydrogenase mRNA was included as an internal control against false negatives. The assay was validated against 31 collected plants from six orchid genera and compared with results obtained by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The RT-PCR assay proved more sensitive than TEM for detection of OFV.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Scrambling for Slaves: Captive Sales in Colonial South Carolina. Based in part on previously neglected sales records, this article offers the first detailed analysis of slave sales by the method known as the scramble'. In eighteenth-century South Carolina, the scramble was the preferred sales mechanism for newly arrived Africans, with auction sales generally reserved for slaves already in the colony. Analysis of the sales and other records suggest that the scramble was an economically rational way to sell imported slaves, but that it fell out of favor after the American Revolution as problems of currency and credit rendered it too cumbersome. The article concludes by proposing that the scramble helped to shape colonial slave society by allowing poorer whites greater access to slaves than the auction method.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "First Report of Cowpea Mild Mottle Carlavirus on Yardlong Bean (Vigna unguiculata subsp sesquipedalis) in Venezuela. Yardlong bean (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis) plants with virus-like systemic mottling and leaf distortion were observed in both experimental and commercial fields in Aragua State, Venezuela. Symptomatic leaves were shown to contain carlavirus-like particles. RT-PCR analysis with carlavirus-specific primers was positive in all tested samples. Nucleotide sequences of the obtained amplicons showed 84%-74% similarity to corresponding sequences of Cowpea mild mottle virus (CPMMV) isolates deposited in the GenBank database. This is the first report of CPMMV in Venezuela and is thought to be the first report of CPMMV infecting yardlong bean.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Association schemes related to universally optimal configurations, Kerdock codes and extremal Euclidean line-sets. H. Cohn et al. proposed an association scheme of 64 points in R 14 which is conjectured to be a universally optimal code. We show that this scheme has a generalization in terms of Kerdock codes, as well as in terms of maximal collections of real mutually unbiased bases. These schemes are also related to extremal line-sets in Euclidean spaces and Barnes-Wall lattices. D. de Caen and E.R. van Dam constructed two infinite series of formally dual 3-class association schemes. We explain this formal duality by constructing two dual abelian schemes related to quaternary linear Kerclock and Preparata codes. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Direct liquefaction of biomass. Reserves of fossil primary energy carriers are limited. Consequently liquid secondary energy carriers especially for mobile applications made from fossil reserves will not carry on forever but need to be replaced in a not-to-far future. Two substitution strategies are currently under investigation-the use of oil from plant seeds either directly or after chemical modification (biodiesel) or the gasification of complete plants, use of the product gases (mainly CO and H(2)) in a Fischer-Tropsch process with subsequent refining. A third possible pathway would be the so-called direct liquefaction, i.e., the conversion of complete plants into liquid fuels without gasification. This process is discussed and various technical implementations are critically evaluated in the present paper.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "Bioefficacy of two indigenous Nigerian botanicals on the developmental stages of malaria vector,Anopheles gambiaeGiles [Diptera: Culicidae]. The use of botanical insecticides in place of synthetic ones is gradually gaining traction in mosquito control. This research examined the potency ofClerodendrum volubileandPetivera alliaceaethanolic leaf extracts against different life stages ofAnopheles gambiae.Each plant extracts were formulated into concentrations of 50, 100, 200, 400 and 800 mg/l. Mosquito bioassays namely oviposition deterrent, larvicidal, pupicidal, adulticidal and repellency effect were investigated. The highest concentrations ofC. volubileandP. alliaceahad oviposition active index of -0.60 and - 0.76 respectively. Larval mortality of 58.33 and 100% were recorded for 800 mg/l concentration ofC. volubileandP. alliaceaafter 24 h of exposure. However, the same concentration for both plant extracts recorded 100% after 48 and 72 h. The pupicidal activity of 800 mg/l ofC. volubilewere 51.67, 71.67 and 100%, and forP. alliacea85, 100, 100% after 24, 48 and 72 h respectively. The adult mortality for both plant extracts were 16.67% at the highest used concentration after 30 min of exposure. Nevertheless, after 120 min, the same concentration ofC. volubileandP. alliaceaextracts recorded mortalities of 75 and 100% separately.Clerodendrum volubileextract provided protection of 100% againstAn. gambiaebites for 90 min whileP. alliacealasted for about 120 min.Petivera alliacearecorded the lowest LC(50)and LC(90)values for all the various life stages.The efficacies of these plant extracts imply that they can be incorporated into the integrated management of mosquitoes.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Horizontal hemimandibulectomy to treat acanthomatous epulis in a dog. Most oral masses seen in the dog are benign and the most common of these are the epulides. The acanthomatous epulis is not malignant but can invade bone. Wide local excision with margins of one centimetre have resulted in consistent cures. Partial mandibulectomy is curative in the treatment of acanthomatous epulis. It is a relatively simple procedure in which complications are mostly temporary and inconsequential.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Kinetic simulations of finite gyroradius effects in the lunar plasma environment on global, meso, and microscales. We have studied the kinetic effects and, especially, the role of finite gyro-radius effects at the Moon by kinetic plasma simulations at three different length-scales which exist in the Moon-solar wind interaction. The solar wind interaction with a magnetic dipole, which mimics the lunar magnetic anomalies in this study, is investigated by a 3D self-consistent hybrid model (HYB-Moon) where protons are particles and electrons form a charge neutralizing mass less fluid. This study shows that the particle flux and density and the bulk velocity of the solar wind protons that hit the lunar surface just above the dipole are decreased compared to their undisturbed values. In addition, a particle \\\\'halo\\\\' region was identified in the simulation, a region around the dipole where the proton density and the particle flux are higher than in the solar wind, qualitatively in agreement with energetic hydrogen atom observations made by the Chandrayaan-1 mission.The near surface plasma within the magnetic anomaly within a Debye sheath is studied by an electromagnetic Particle-in-Cell, PLC, simulation (HYB-es). In the PIC simulation both ions and electrons are treated as particles. Further, we assume in the PIC simulation that the magnetic anomaly blocks away all solar wind particles and the simulation contains only photo-electrons. The analysis shows that the increased magnetic field decreases the strength of the electric potential and results in a thinner potential sheath than without the magnetic field. Overall, the simulations give support for the suggestions that kinetic effects play an important role on the properties of the lunar plasma environment. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.The recent in situ particle measurements near the Moon by Chandrayaan-1 and Kaguya missions as well as the earlier observation by the Lunar Prospector have shown that the Moon-solar wind interaction is more complicated than believed earlier. The new observations have arisen the need for a detailed modelling of the near surface plasma-surface processes and regions near the lunar magnetic anomalies. Especially, interpretation of ion, electron, and energetic neutral atoms (ENA) observations have shown that the plasma cannot be treated as a single fluid but that kinetic effects have to be taken into account.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Effects of Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and Its Interaction With Aphids on the Seed Productions of Mungbean and Rapeseed Plants. Although many reports suggested the economic importance of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, few attempts to test the hypothesis that the red imported fire ant-aphid mutualism enhances the occurrence of red imported fire ant on crops, thereby interfering with their flowering and fruiting and affecting their output. To address this problem, we compare the effects of red imported fire ant on the flowering and fruiting of self-pollinating and cross-pollinating crops by field investigations and indoor experiments. In the field, our results revealed that regardless of the aphid interaction, red imported fire ant preferred flowering mungbean plants, and their activities decreased the yields of single plants, total pod number, kernel number, and kernel weight. The interaction of red imported fire ant and aphids generated unfavorable effects on rapeseed yields per plant, total pod number, grain number, grain weight, and thousand-kernel weight and stimulated an elevated proportion of malformed seeds. However, the differences were not significant if only red imported fire ant was present. In the laboratory, although red imported fire ant display no apparent preference toward the seedlings of mungbean or rapeseed, the ants clearly favor the flowering plants of mungbeans. Therefore, this study indicated that one of the main mechanisms whereby red imported fire ants affect the crop yield is by compromising the reproduction processes.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "SOME FIXED POINT THEOREMS ON ORDERED UNIFORM SPACES. In this paper, we introduce an order relation on uniform spaces and utilize this relation to prove some fixed point theorems for single and multi valued mappings in ordered uniform spaces.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "An orthogonal iteration pose estimation algorithm based on an incident ray tracking model. Although the pinhole imaging model prevails among current pose estimation algorithms, this idealized model gradually shows its limitation and inaccuracy, especially in harsh environments. In recent years, a few generic imaging models have been proposed to replace the dominant pinhole one. Among them, the camera model, named the incident ray tracking model, has proved to be superior. This model consists of mappings between pixels on the image and straight lines in 3D space. Based on the incident ray ttacking camera model, a pose estimation algorithm, which can be called the perspective-ray-based orthogonal iteration (PROI), is proposed in this paper. The proposed algorithm introduces the popular orthogonal iteration algorithm into the incident ray tracking model. In this method, the object space collinearity error is expressed by a more accurate perspective ray instead of the traditional line of sight. The orthogonal rotation matrices are computed by an iterative algorithm and the iterative initial value is given in a weak perspective model. Experiment results on the pose estimation with better accuracy and efficiency by PROI have shown the superiority of the proposed method compared with the best currently employed optimization algorithms.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Effects of African purslane (Zaleya pentandra L.) on germination and seedling growth of maize. African purslane (Zaleya pentandra L. Aizoaceae family) significantly affects the germination and growth of other plants. We determined the effects of aqueous extract and plant residues of African purslane on the seed germination and growth of maize in the laboratory and pot culture. In preliminary experiments, roots and leaves exhibited the positive and negative phytotoxic effects on maize. Hence the extracts of root and leaves were diluted to 1,2,3,4% concentrations. The lower concentrations of soil incorporated residues of African purslane were stimulatory to the growth of maize, whereas at the higher concentrations were inhibitory. Residues incorporated at 1% significantly increased the root, shoot length, fresh and dry biomass and seedling vigour of maize, 4% dose decreased all these parameters. In laboratory bioassay, the higher concentration of root extract (5%) stimulated the seedling growth, while leaves and whole plant extracts reduced the growth indices of maize. Chemical analysis of weed extract was done to identify the allelochemicals responsible for our results. The chemical analysis showed the presence of significant amount of water-soluble phenolics in extracts of African purslane. The content of total phenolic acids was higher in the leaf extract than other parts. The high phytotoxic ability of African purslane suggests that this species may cause more problems in future, if not managed well.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "Syphilis treatment and HIV infection in a population-based study of persons at high risk for sexually transmitted disease/HIV infection in Lima, Peru. Results: The prevalence of syphilis was 7.7%, 1-year incidence rate was 4.7%, and reinfection rate was 42.7%. The treatment success rate was 93.4% (71 of 76); those with initial RPR titers <= 1:8 were less often treated successfully (86.8% vs. 100%, P = 0.054) and required additional treatment more often (26.2 % vs. 7.7 %, P = 0.028) than those >= 1: 16. HIV infection was associated with syphilis, prevalent in 15.6% and 3.7% of those with and without syphilis, respectively (P < 0.001), but did not affect treatment success (90.9% vs. 93.8%).Study Design: We screened 1,261 individuals at high risk for sexually transmitted diseases for syphilis and HIV infection. Syphilis was treated with penicillin injection or doxycycline; treatment was repeated in unresponsive cases.Objectives: The objective of this study was to characterize syphilis epidemiology and the relationship of HIV status and initial rapid plasma reagin (RPR) titer to syphilis treatment in Lima, Peru.Conclusions: Syphilis was common, associated with HIV infection, and less responsive to therapy in those with initial RPR titers <= 1:8. HIV infection did not affect syphilis treatment success rates.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Wild hosts of Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera : Aleyrodidae) Bellows & Perring in semiarid northwest Mexico.. Field sampling and laboratory analysis were performed on 24 plants species from 15 families to determine wild hosts of the silverleaf whitefly Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring (also known as B. tabaci Strain B). Plants were collected from undisturbed vegetation surrounding horticultural plots in the La Paz-Carrizal B.C.S. (Mexico) agricultural valley. Of the 24 plants studied, 17 carried fourth-stage nymphs or pupae, of B. argentifolii, demostrating that this pest has a,vide range of wild hosts in semiarid lands. Plant species with the greatest number of B. argentifolii pupae were Croton californicus L., Viguiera deltoidea Blake, and Tribulus terrestris L. in the families Euphorbiaceae, Compositae and Zygophyllaceae, respectively. Population densities observed in the wild plants were similar to those observed on cantaloupe, which is considered to be the horticultural crop most preferred by B. argentifolii in agricultural areas of semiarid northern Mexico.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "The application of ecologically intensive principles to the systemic redesign of livestock farms on native grasslands: A case of co-innovation in Rocha, Uruguay. CONTEXT: Family-run cow-calf farms based on native grasslands exhibit low economic and social sustainability, as reflected in low family incomes and high workloads. Experimental results have shown that pasture-herd interaction management could improve native grasslands and animal productivity.OBJECTIVE: This paper analyzes the extent to which the sustainability of family-run livestock farms based on native grasslands could be enhanced by a systemic redesign informed by ecological intensification practices. The research questions address the initial state of farm sustainability, key bottlenecks to improving farm sustain ability, and changes in sustainability criteria achieved over three years of farm redesign.METHODS: The study was executed as part of a multi-level co-innovation project in Uruguay in which a team of scientist-practitioners and seven farm families participated in farm characterization, diagnosis, and redesign. The farm characterization took the form of indicators to describe the farms' management and bio-physical subsystems. Redesign plans were negotiated between the research team and the farmers. Frequent monitoring and evaluation cycles enabled finetuning across the years of implementation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Improvements were observed in the economic indicators gross margin (+55%), return to labor (+71%), and family income (+53%) and in the social indicator workload (-22%), and the environmental indicators bird diversity and ecosystem integrity index were maintained or increased slightly. These changes were explained by the uptake of coherent sets of ecological intensification practices causing changes in forage height (+30%), forage allowance (+69%), pregnancy (+22), weight of weaning calf per mating cow (+32%), and presence of tussocks (+65%). Ecological intensification principles resulted in synergistic positive effects between productivity-biodiversity tradeoffs and the scope for enhanced farm resilience and stability.SIGNIFICANCE: Cow-calf family-run farms can be transformed to produce positive environmental and social effects and viable economic results. The implementation of projects in a co-innovation context may be taken as a guide to scaling up and scaling out the ecological intensification of livestock production on native grasslands, contributing to an extension system at the national level with the aim of improving cow-calf systems sustainability.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Is the learning organization idea relevant to higher educational institutions? A literature review and a 'multi-stakeholder contingency approach. Practical implications - The learning organization idea should not be adopted uncritically by HEIs, nor should it be uncritically rejected. In particular, HEIs should avoid becoming too organic and instead, be moderate when adopting the \\\\'learning structure\\\\' aspect/type of the learning organization idea.Design/methodology/approach - Literature review of 73 prior works on the relevance of the learning organization idea to HEIs, and a systematic examination from different stakeholder perspectives, i.e. an examination based on a \\\\'multi-stakeholder contingency approach.\\\\'Social implications - It is recommended that the societal perspective be prioritized, in that HEIs are mainly for society.Research limitations/implications - The \\\\'multi-stakeholder contingency approach\\\\' can be used advantageously in any contextualization study of the learning organization idea as well as in contextualizing any other fashionable management idea.Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to examine systematically and reflectively the relevance of four different aspects/types of the learning organization idea to higher educational institutions (HEIs), from three ideal- typical stakeholder perspectives: the managerial perspective, the employee perspective and the societal perspective.Originality/value - In contrast to the previous stock of literature on HEIs as learning organizations, which, generally speaking, is non-cumulative, uncritical, incongruent and unsystematic, this paper systematically and reflectively examines the relevance of various definitions of the learning organization from diverse and explicit stakeholder perspectives.Findings - The learning organization idea needs to be reformulated to some extent to become fully relevant to HEIs.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "Petrochemical evolution and genesis of a potassic pyroxenite-eclogite-granulite association: Mantle and crustal xenoliths in neogene fergusites in the southern Pamirs, Tajikistan. Xenoliths of the pyroxenite-eclogite-granulite suite in alkaline mafic rocks of the Pamirs differ from pyroxenite-eclogite nodules in kimberlites and eclogites in metamorphic complexes in that they have anomalously high potassic alkalinity and widespread K-sanidine and micas. The xenoliths are proved to be related to the high-pressure crystallization of mantle melts at different lithospheric levels (under pressures of 20-36 kbar). The xenoliths are classified with two petrochemical suites (series): suite A, which is an analogue of shoshonite-latite volcanic complexes of mature island arcs, and suite B, which shows certain petrochemical features close to those of the tephrite-leucitite association of rift zones. The very thick (up to 75-80 km) crust of the Pamirs is thought to have been formed by magmatic underplating.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Unity of Reasons. There are at least two basic normative notions: rationality and reasons. The dominant normative account of reasons nowadays, which I call primitive pluralism about reasons, holds that some reasons are normatively basic and there is no underlying normative explanation of them in terms of other normative notions. Kantian constructivism about reasons, understood as a normative rather than a metaethical view, holds that rationality is the primitive normative notion that picks out which non-normative facts are reasons for what and explains why those normative relations hold. By supposing that there is a plurality of primitive reasons, I argue that primitive pluralism about reasons lacks sufficient normative unity and structure. But Kantian constructivism about reasons faces a dilemma of its own: Either a conception of rationality is thick enough to capture the reasons of commonsense, in which case it cannot play the explanatory role assigned to it, or a conception of rationality is genuinely explanatory, in which case it is too thin to generate the reasons we recognize in commonsense. The aim of this paper is to suggest that if Kantian constructivism about reasons were built on a substantive, rather than merely formal, conception of rationality then it would stand a better chance at unifying the particular reasons we would endorse on due reflection. The groundwork I lay in this paper, I explain, is an essential first step in the larger project of developing a version of Kantian constructivism about reasons that might eventually explain all reasons in terms of rationality.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "THE INTERFACE ANTICRACK AND GREENS-FUNCTIONS FOR INTERACTING ANTICRACKS AND CRACKS ANTICRACKS. Solution is obtained for an anticrack-a bonded rigid lamella inclusion-at the interface between two isotropic elastic solids. The problem is formulated in terms of distributed line-loads at the anticrack which constitute the Green's functions and the system of the governing coupled integral equations is solved analytically in closed form for the cases of uniform biaxial tension and of anticracks loaded by concentrated forces or moment. Solutions are also obtained by the interaction of an interface anticrack with a first-order singularity (concentrated force and dislocation) and second-order singularity (doublet of forces) at the interface. In the latter case the limit as the second-order singularity approaches the tip of the anticrack does not exist, but neither can a finite limit be obtained by rescaling as in the homogeneous material. The solution of the interface anticrack exhibits the oscillatory singularities that appear at interface cracks which indicates that the overlapping fo the displacement on the crack faces is not the reason for this anomalous behavior. Moreover, it should be pointed out that the material condition that the stress does not exhibit oscillatory behavior is not the same as for interface cracks: for anticracks it is kappa(1) (1 - beta) = kappa(2) (1 + beta) while for cracks it is beta = 0.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "Light preferences of red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii). Light intensity preferences of Procambarus clarkii (Girard, 1852) were evaluated in an indoor fiber glass trough, consisting of five equal length (4 m) zones with light intensities varying from dark to 1,000 lux (L), situated at the 'Las Vegas del Guadiana' fish farm in Extremadura (Spain). Four trials were performed, with different light zones set in three at sections of the trough, and the fourth providing a control with one light density (300 L) throughout the trough. Whereas the highest intensity (1,000 L) was preferred in trials 1 and 2, the dimmest condition (D) was favored in trial 3. Crayfish showed a strong preference to both outside ends of the trough, and the \\\\'end effect\\\\' of the trough on position of the crayfish was found to be stronger than the impact of light intensity.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "Jewish Scribes and Christian Patrons: The Hebraica Collection of Johann Jakob Fugger. Acquiring Hebrew books was a common practice among Christian humanists. More surprising, perhaps, is that a large group of Hebrew manuscripts was produced for a Christian library. A Jewish scribal workshop organized by Johann Jakob Fugger (1516-75) in Venice-here analyzed for the first time-is one of the rarest examples of this phenomenon that emerged out of Renaissance book culture. To understand Fugger's extensive bibliophilic enterprise, this essay examines the circulation and dissemination of Hebrew texts from the Jewish bookshelf among Christians, the relationships between Christian patrons and Jewish scribes, and the role of manuscripts as agents of print and as objects of collecting.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Essential Oils, Part I: Introduction. Essential oils are widely used in the flavor, food, fragrance, and cosmetic industries in many applications. Contact allergy to them is well known and has been described for 80 essential oils. The relevance of positive patch test reactions often remains unknown. Knowledge of the chemical composition of essential oils among dermatologists is suspected to be limited, as such data are published in journals not read by the dermatological community. Therefore, the authors have fully reviewed and published the literature on contact allergy to and chemical composition of essential oils. Selected topics from this publication will be presented in abbreviated form in Dermatitis starting with this issue, including I. Introduction; II. General aspects; III. Chemistry; IV. General aspects of contact allergy; V. Peppermint oil, lavender oil and lemongrass oil; VI: Sandalwood oil, ylang-ylang oil, and jasmine absolute.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Illicit cigarette trade in the cities of Pakistan: comparing findings between the consumer and waste recycle store surveys. Background Concerns about the magnitude of illicit cigarette trade have prevented the Government of Pakistan from increasing tobacco taxes. We estimated the proportion of illicit cigarettes sold in Pakistani cities. Moreover, we compared two methods for collecting cigarette packs and investigated if the illicit cigarette trade equates to tax evasion. Method We analysed cigarette packs collected from 10 cities of Pakistan using two methods: consumer survey based on a two-stage random sampling strategy to recruit adult smokers and photograph their cigarette packs and waste recycle store survey to purchase used cigarette packs. Cigarettes were considered illicit if any one of the following was absent from their packs: text and pictorial health warning, underage sale prohibition warning, retail price and manufacturer's name. From the consumer survey, we also estimated the proportion of smokers who purchased loose cigarettes (illegal) and packs below the minimum retail price. Taxation officers (n=4) were consulted to assess their level of confidence in judging tax evasion using the above criteria. Results Out of 2416 cigarette packs in the consumer survey, 454 (17.8%; 95% CI 15.4% to 20.2%) were illicit. Similarly, out of 6213 packs from waste recycle shops, 1046 (16.8%; 95% CI 15.9% to 17.7%) were illicit; the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.473). Among consumers, 29.5% bought loose cigarettes and 13.8% paid less than the minimum retail price. The taxation officers considered the manufacturer's name and retail price on cigarette packs as the most relevant criteria to detect tax evasion. Conclusions One in six cigarette packs consumed in Pakistan could be illicit. These figures are far less than those propagated by the tobacco industry. Collecting packs from waste recycle stores is an efficient and valid method to estimate illicit cigarette trade.", "label": [2, 21, 23]}
+{"token": "Microwave blanching of vegetables. Three vegetables, spinach, carrot, and bell peppers were blanched conventionally in water and using pulsed microwave at 95 +/- 2 C. The effect of various parameters like mass of the product, mobility of the product in the microwave field, and physical geometry on the temperature attained was evaluated. The study also included the kinetics of peroxidase inactivation, temperature, and power distribution during microwave blanching. The study highlights the potential application of microwave blanching in reducing the loss of valuable nutrients. The kinetics of peroxidase inactivation indicated that microwave blanching was comparable to water blanching with higher reaction rate in the case of water blanching. The temperature and absorbed power levels during microwave blanching was influenced by the vegetable itself, its quantity, shape, location in the oven, and the microwave power applied.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "A new species of Psorodonotus (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae) from Anatolia, Turkey. Descriptions of a new species of Tettigoniinae; Psorodonotus suphani sp. n. from Turkey were given. The relationships between the new species and closest taxa (morphologically and geographically) were evaluated by using morphological characters. Ultimately, some remarkable points of the distribution pattern of the species were presented.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Topology on ordered fields. An ordered field is a field which has a linear order and the order topology by this order. For a subfield F of an ordered field, we give characterizations for F to be Dedekind-complete or Archimedean in terms of the order topology and the subspace topology on F.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Water modeling of optimizing tundish flow field. In the water modeling experiments, three cases were considered, i.e. a bare tundish, a tundish equipped with a turbulence inhibitor, and a rectangular tundish equipped with weirs (dams) and a turbulence inhibitor. Comparing the RTD curves, inclusion separation, and the result of the streamline experiment, it can be found that the tundish equipped with weirs (dams) and a turbulence inhibitor has a great effect on the flow field and the inclusion separation when compared with the sole use or no use of the turbulent inhibitor or weirs (dams). In addition, the enlargement of the distance between the weir and dam will result in a better effect when the tundish equipped with weirs (dam) and a turbulence inhibitor was used.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Reversing methanogenesis to capture methane for liquid biofuel precursors. Background: Energy from remote methane reserves is transformative; however, unintended release of this potent greenhouse gas makes it imperative to convert methane efficiently into more readily transported biofuels. No pure microbial culture that grows on methane anaerobically has been isolated, despite that methane capture through anaerobic processes is more efficient than aerobic ones.Results: Here we engineered the archaeal methanogen Methanosarcina acetivorans to grow anaerobically on methane as a pure culture and to convert methane into the biofuel precursor acetate. To capture methane, we cloned the enzyme methyl-coenzyme M reductase (Mcr) from an unculturable organism, anaerobic methanotrophic archaeal population 1 (ANME-1) from a Black Sea mat, into M. acetivorans to effectively run methanogenesis in reverse. Starting with low-density inocula, M. acetivorans cells producing ANME-1 Mcr consumed up to 9 +/- 1 % of methane (corresponding to 109 +/- 12 mu mol of methane) after 6 weeks of anaerobic growth on methane and utilized 10 mM FeCl3 as an electron acceptor. Accordingly, increases in cell density and total protein were observed as cells grew on methane in a biofilm on solid FeCl3. When incubated on methane for 5 days, high-densities of ANME-1 Mcr-producing M. acetivorans cells consumed 15 +/- 2 % methane (corresponding to 143 +/- 16 mu mol of methane), and produced 10.3 +/- 0.8 mM acetate (corresponding to 52 +/- 4 mu mol of acetate). We further confirmed the growth on methane and acetate production using C-13 isotopic labeling of methane and bicarbonate coupled with nuclear magnetic resonance and gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy, as well as RNA sequencing.Conclusions: We anticipate that our metabolically-engineered strain will provide insights into how methane is cycled in the environment by Archaea as well as will possibly be utilized to convert remote sources of methane into more easily transported biofuels via acetate.", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "A mathematical model of an impinging air jet on a water surface. A fundamental mathematical model of the flow field and surface deformation caused by an impinging jet in a top blown reactor has been developed. The results have been validated against water model experiments. More specifically, the predicted penetration depth has been found to agree well with surface deformation measurements and predictions using analytical equations. Furthermore, the predictions of the location of a vortex have been found to agree fairly well with PIV measurements. Calculations were also done to compare the widely used standard k-epsilon model against the realizable extension of the standard k-epsilon model to calculate the turbulent conditions of the flow. It was found that the penetration depth caused by the impinging jet on the liquid surface is relatively unaffected by the choice of turbulence model employed. However, when the main re-circulation loop in the bath was investigated there was a clear distinction in the flow fields produced when the two different turbulence models were used.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "The excess far-infrared emission of active galactic nuclei in the local Universe. We have cross-correlated the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) second data release spectroscopic galaxy sample with the IRAS Faint Source Catalogue (FSC). Optical emission line ratios are used to classify the galaxies with reliable IRAS 60- and 100-mu m detections into active galactic nuclei (AGN) and normal star-forming galaxies. We then create subsamples of normal galaxies and AGN that are very closely matched in terms of key physical properties such as stellar mass, redshift, size, concentration and mean stellar age (as measured by absorption line indicators in the SDSS spectra). We then quantify whether there are systematic differences between the infrared (IR) luminosities of the galaxies and the AGN in the matched subsamples. We find that the AGN exhibit a significant excess in far-infrared (FIR) emission relative to the star-forming galaxies in our sample. The excesses at 60 and 100 mu m are 0.21 +/- 0.03 and 0.12 +/- 0.035 dex in log L-60/M-star and log L (100)/M-star, respectively. We then discuss whether the FIR excess is produced by radiation from the active nucleus that is absorbed by dust or, alternatively, by an extra population of young stars that is not detectable at optical wavelengths.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "SEARCHPKS: a program for detection and analysis of polyketide synthase domains. SEARCHPKS is a software for detection and analysis of polyketide synthase (PKS) domains in a polypeptide sequence. Modular polyketide synthases are unusually large multi-enzymatic multi-domain megasynthases, which are involved in the biosynthesis of pharmaceutically important natural products using an assembly-line mechanism. This program facilitates easy identification of various PKS domains and modules from a given polypeptide sequence. In addition, it also predicts the specificity of the potential acyltransferase domains for various starter and extender precursor units. SEARCHPKS is a user-friendly tool for correlating polyketide chemical structures with the organization of domains and modules in the corresponding modular polyketide synthases. This program also allows the user to extensively analyze and assess the sequence homology of various polyketide synthase domains, thus providing guidelines for carrying out domain and module swapping experiments. SEARCHPKS can also aid in identification of polyketide products made by PKS clusters found in newly sequenced genomes. The computational approach used in SEARCHPKS is based on a comprehensive analysis of various characterized clusters of modular polyketide synthases compiled in PKSDB, a database of modular polyketide synthases. SEARCHPKS can be accessed at http://www.nii.res.in/searchpks.html.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "The quantity and quality of terrorism: The DTV dataset. This article presents a dataset of fatalities of domestic terrorism in Western European countries for the period 1965-2005. The Domestic Terrorism Victims (DTV) dataset, unlike others such as TWEED or GTD1, is based on local sources in each country and, consequently, it registers a higher number of killings. Measurement of the quantity of terrorism is therefore more accurate. The unit of observation is the fatality, not the attack, although the data can be transformed in terms of lethal attacks. Detailed information about each killing has been collected, making it possible to create new variables about the quality of violence: target selection, selectivity of the killings and their strategic aim. The ideology of the terrorists generates interesting variation in these three variables. The DTV is particularly suitable for hypothesis testing on the quantity and quality of terrorism.", "label": [5, 47, 49]}
+{"token": "NUMERICAL APPROACH TO THE OVERLAND-FLOW PROCESS IN VEGETATIVE FILTER STRIPS. Agricultural and other disturbed lands contribute to non-point source pollution of water bodies (streams and lakes). Vegetative filter strips (VFS) are often recommended to reduce off-site impacts. Design guidelines to optimize the performance of VFS are not readily available. A process-based model is presented to simulate the hydrology of a Vegetative Filter Strip for a given event. The model consists of a quadratic finite element overland flow submodel, based on the kinematic wave approximation, coupled with an infiltration submodel based on a modification of the Green-Ampt equation for unsteady rainfall. The model is used to study the effect of soil type, slope, surface roughness, buffer length, storm pattern and field inflow on the VFS performance. Filter performance, i. e., reduction of the runoff volume, velocity and peak, is higher for denser grass cover, smaller slopes and soils with higher infiltration capacity. Time to peak(s) depended mainly on the roughness-slope combination.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Healthcare resource use, direct and indirect costs of hypoglycemia in type 1 and type 2 diabetes, and nationwide projections. Results of the HYPOS-1 study. Background and aims: To obtain an accurate picture of the total costs of hypoglycemia, including the indirect costs and comparing the differences between type 1 ( T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM).For every 100 patients with T1DM, 9 emergency room (ER) visits and 6 emergency medical service calls for hypoglycemia were required per year; for every 100 patients with T2DM, 3 ER visits and 1 inpatient admission were required, with over 3 nights spent in hospital. Hypoglycemia led to 58 work days per 100 person-years lost by the patient or a family member in T1DM versus 19 in T2DM. The costs in T1DM totaled [SIC]90.99 per person-year and [SIC]62.04 in T2DM. Direct and indirect costs making up the total differed by type of diabetes (60% indirect costs in T1DM versus 43% in T2DM). The total cost associated with hypoglycemia in Italy is estimated to be [SIC]107 million per year.Methods and results: HYPOS- 1 was a multicenter, retrospective cohort study which analyzed the data of 2229 consecutive patients seen at 18 diabetes clinics. Data on healthcare resource use and indirect costs by diabetes type were collected via a questionnaire. The domains of inpatient admission and hospital stay, work days lost, and third-party assistance were also explored. Resource utilization was reported as estimated incidence rates (IRs) of hypoglycemic episodes per 100 person-years and estimated costs as IRs per person-years.Conclusions: Indirect costs meaningfully contribute to the total costs associated with hypoglycemia. As compared with T1DM, T2DM requires fewer ER visits and incurs lower indirect costs but more frequent hospital use. (C) 2016 The Italian Society of Diabetology, the Italian Society for the Study of Atherosclerosis, the Italian Society of Human Nutrition, and the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Longitudinal Associations Between e-Cigarette Use, Cigarette Smoking, Physical Activity, and Recreational Screen Time in Canadian Adolescents. Introduction This study examined longitudinal associations between e-cigarette use, cigarette smoking, physical activity, and recreational screen time (ST) in a cohort of Canadian adolescents (ages 14-17 years; grades 9-12). Aims and Methods Data from 5951 adolescents who participated in COMPASS Year 4 (2015-2016; baseline) and Year 6 (2017-2018; follow-up) were used. Exposures included e-cigarette use and cigarette smoking. Outcomes included cutpoints for moderate- to vigorous-physical activity (MVPA; >= 60 min/d), muscular strengthening exercises (MSE; >= 3 time/wk), participation in sport (SP; intramural or competitive), and recreational screen time (ST; <= 430 min/day). Generalized linear mixed models were performed. Results e-Cigarette use (16.6% vs. 39.2%), cigarette smoking (0.9% vs. 4.7%), and dual use (0.8% vs. 4.1%) increased from baseline to follow-up. SP (70.8% vs. 61.3%) and the prevalence of meeting MVPA (49.8% vs. 42.1%) and MSE cutpoints (54.0% vs. 45.3%) decreased from baseline to follow-up. Recreational ST remained similar from baseline to follow-up. New e-cigarette use at follow-up was associated with maintenance of SP and meeting MVPA and MSE cutpoints, but also with increased ST. New cigarette smoking at follow-up was associated with maintaining high ST and low SP. Cigarette smoking at baseline and follow-up was associated with maintaining high ST, low MSE, and low SP. Cigarette smoking cessation at follow-up was associated with increasing MVPA and MSE, decreasing ST, and maintaining low SP. Conclusion Given the clustering and co-occurring unhealthy behavioral patterns, intervention strategies to promote healthy lifestyles should take a holistic approach, by targeting multiple behavioral changes simultaneously. Implications This investigation highlighted that, unhealthy behaviors, particularly e-cigarette use, cigarette smoking, and excessive use of screens, tend to co-occur among Canadian adolescents. Therefore, intervention strategies to promote healthy lifestyles should take a holistic approach, by targeting multiple behavioral changes simultaneously particularly in school and community settings. As an exception, new and stable e-cigarette use appears to co-occur with achieving sufficient levels of physical activity. Increasing awareness about the risk of e-cigarette use may target population groups that are physically and socially active (eg, athletes, sport teams).", "label": [2, 21, 23]}
+{"token": "A delamination model for laminated composites. The delamination problem of laminated composite plates is considered. The Fremond's adhesion approach is developed and adapted to the delamination problem considered. A consistent thermodynamical formulation for the damage model is presented and the governing equations are carried out. The relation between the proposed approach and the fracture mechanics theory is emphasized. Furthermore, a regularized model is developed. A numerical procedure based on the finite element method and on the elastic predictor-damage corrector method is proposed. Numerical results carried out for beams are compared with the analytical solutions. Finally, the problem of drilling a composite laminate is investigated.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "From the injunction of autonomy to the impossibility of intimacy for 'disabled' girls living in a special education institution. This article focuses on the daily life of young girls with disabilities who live in a special education institute. It investigates the tension between the aim of autonomy and the constraining conditions: what does it produce on the practices of the professionals and on the experiences of these young girls, regarding intimacy? The analysis of the 7-month ethnographic fieldwork shows a rather limited definition of autonomy, with no account taken of the question of intimacy. Autonomy is often taken in an everyday sense overhung by a medical conception, as a preparation to acquire practical skills and not as the possibility of exercising the choices governing the conduct of one's own life. In practice, this objective leads, paradoxically, to putting residents constantly under the gaze of professionals. Residents do not have the time or private space that would allow them to take intimate ownership of their autonomy. Solitary intimacy, a time-space for the formation of autonomous thought, is denied as a choice and a right: it is imposed and a form of punishment in the eyes of the educators.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Distal aortic aneurysm presumed to be secondary to an infected umbilical artery in a foal. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: A previously undetected umbilical infection appears to have resulted in an unusual delayed complication causing signs of colic in a foal. Veterinarians should be aware of this condition, and the possibility that it may be a cause of signs of colic in foals. Diagnosis based on ultrasonography should be possible, but may require sedation, visceral analgesia and careful examination.CLINICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL FINDINGS: The foal continued to show signs of colic, frequently passed urine, and was pyrexic with an elevated white blood cell count. The umbilical stalk was thickened but there was no evidence of purulent material. Exploratory laparotomy revealed an enlarged left umbilical artery remnant tightly adhered to the bladder wall. The left umbilical artery continued to an aneurysm involving the distal aorta. The foal was subject to euthanasia and post-mortem examination confirmed a spherical aortic aneurysm, in the dorsal midline caudal to the kidneys that contained a large thrombus. Histopathological examination revealed inflammation and necrosis of the tunica intima and tunica media of the left umbilical artery with suppuration and bacterial colonies evident in the periarterial tissues.DIAGNOSIS: Infected aortic aneurysm presumably caused by an umbilical artery infection.CASE HISTORY: A 3-month-old female Warmblood foal was presented after displaying signs of colic with pyrexia for 5 days.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Adenosine kinase inhibition and suppression of RNA silencing by geminivirus AL2 and L2 proteins. Most plant viruses are initiators and targets of RNA silencing and encode proteins that suppress this adaptive host defense. The DNA-containing geminiviruses are no exception, and the AL2 protein (also known as AC2, C2, and transcriptional activator protein) encoded by members of the genus Begomovirus has been shown to act as a silencing suppressor. Here, a three-component, Agrobacterium-mediated transient assay is used to further examine the silencing suppression activity of AL2 from Tomato golden mosaic virus (TGMV, a begomovirus) and to determine if the related L2 protein of Beet curly top virus (BCTV, genus Curtovirus) also has suppression activity. We show that TGMV AL2, AL2(1-100) (lacking the transcriptional activation domain), and BCTV L2 can all suppress RNA silencing directed against a green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter gene when silencing is induced by a construct expressing an inverted repeat GFP RNA (dsGFP). We previously found that these viral proteins interact with and inactivate adenosine kinase (ADK), a cellular enzyme important for adenosine salvage and methyl cycle maintenance. Using the GFP-dsGFP system, we demonstrate here that codelivery of a construct expressing an inverted repeat ADK RNA (dsADK), or addition of an ADK inhibitor (the adenosine analogue A-134974), suppresses GFP-directed silencing in a manner similar to the geminivirus proteins. In addition, AL2/L2 suppression phenotypes and nucleic acid binding properties are shown to be different from those of the RNA virus suppressors HC-Pro and p19. These findings provide strong evidence that ADK activity is required to support RNA silencing, and indicate that the geminivirus proteins suppress silencing by a novel mechanism that involves ADK inhibition. Further, since AL2(1-100) is as effective a suppressor as the full-length AL2 protein, activation and silencing suppression appear to be independent activities.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "ELECTROCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION OF CERTAIN NOVEL HYDRAZIDES BEARING PYRAZOLINE-5-ONE AND INDOLE MOIETIES. The electrochemical behaviour of [3-methyl-5-oxo-4-(4'-substituted aryl hydrazono)-4,5-dihydro-pyrazol-1-yl]-aceticacid-(2-oxo-1-piperidine-1-yl-methyl1,2- dihydro-indol-3-yl-idene)-hydrazides (a-f) was studied in Britton-Robinson buffer solutions containing aqueous dimethylformamide 40% (v/v) using DC polarography and cyclic voltammetry. The kinetic parameters such as charge transfer coefficient, heterogeneous rate constant and activation free energy change were evaluated. Based on the experimental data, the electrochemical process was reported to be diffusion controlled and irreversible. The results from polarography and cyclic voltammetry (at hanging mercury drop electrode-HMDE and modified carbon pasted electrode-MCPE) were compared and a mechanism for the electrode reduction was proposed in acidic and basic media.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Cognitive Functioning of Children with Severe Intellectual Disabilities and Children with Deafblindness: A Study of the Perceptions of Teachers and Parents in the USA and India. Analysis of the yes/no questions revealed that many of the perceptions of the participants were similar in both countries. Furthermore, the examples cited in the narrative were also similar across both countries. The teachers in this study tended to credit performance more readily than parents and teachers were more likely to report emerging skills and teaching strategies. The narratives highlighted the importance of functional assessment in the child's natural environment over time to most fully capture the child's present abilities and potential.BackgroundMethodTeachers and parents play a very important role in providing valuable information for the assessment of children with severe disabilities. The needs of children, educational goals, and parental aspirations are similar irrespective of the part of the globe they live in. This study focused on the perceptions of teachers and parents of children with severe intellectual disability and children with deafblindness in the USA and India.ConclusionsWhile detailed study with larger samples is necessary, the present study implies that it may be possible to develop assessment tools that can be used across countries for educational planning.ResultsA total of 125 teachers and parents from both countries formed the participants for the study. A questionnaire of 13 yes/no items with space for narrative comments was administered to participants.", "label": [2, 5, 21, 50]}
+{"token": "Identities, selection, and contributions in a public-goods game. The notions of one's social identity and group membership have recently become topics for economic theory and experiments, and recent research has shown the importance of identity in a wide array of economic environments. But predictions are unclear when there is some trade-off between one's identity (e.g., race, gender, handedness) and potential monetary considerations. We conduct a public-goods experiment in which we permit endogenous group-formation. In a 2 x 2 design, we vary whether people participate in a team-building exercise and whether some people receive an endowment twice as much as others receive. We find that when both identity and financial considerations are present, high-endowment participants are strongly attracted to each other, with one's word-task-group affiliation eclipsed by the opportunity to earn more. Nevertheless, the team-building exercise greatly increases the level of contribution whether or not one is linked to people from one's team-building exercise. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Second data release of the 6dF Galaxy Survey. The 6dF Galaxy Survey is measuring around 150 000 redshifts and 15 000 peculiar velocities from galaxies over the southern sky at vertical bar b vertical bar > 10 degrees. When complete, it will be the largest survey of its kind by more than an order of magnitude. Here we describe the characteristics of the Second Incremental Data Release and provide an update of the survey. This follows earlier data made public in 2002 December and 2004 March. A total of 83 014 sources now have their spectra, redshifts, and near-infrared and optical photometry available online and searchable through an Structured Query Language database at www-wfau.roe.ac.uk/6dFGS/.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Comparative analysis of spermatids of Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (Ixodidae) and Ornithodoros rostratus ticks (Argasidae): morphophysiology aimed at systematics. The phylogenetic relationships among tick species (Acari: Ixodida) have been revisited by several researchers over the last decades. Two subfamilies, Rhipicephalinae (Ixodidae) and Ornithodorinae (Argasidae), deserve special attention. The male reproductive system morphology, as well as the ultrastructure of the germ cells, may provide important information for phylogeny and systematics of metazoan groups, with spermatozoa exhibiting characters that can be used for this purpose. With that information in mind, this study aimed at evaluating, through a comparative analysis, the morphology of the male reproductive systems and germ cells of ticks species Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Ornithodoros rostratus. In order to do that, histology and scanning electron microscopy techniques were used. The results have shown that despite the similarities in the general morphology of the male reproductive system among studied Ixodida so far, there are morphological differences among the species studied herein, mainly the U-shaped testis (ancestral character) in O. rostratus and the pair testes (derived character) in R. sanguineus, and the general morphology of germ cells (spermatids V). Besides that, the morphological changes observed during the spermiogenesis appear to be different between the species studied here, probably characterizing the two families considered. The data generated in this study showed the importance of comparative internal morphology studies, mainly in regard to spermatology, despite the morphological data obtained herein not being enough to product a cladogram (sperm cladistics), it was already possible to observe clear differences among families Argasidae and Ixodidae in regard to the organization of their male reproductive systems and concerning the external morphology of spermatids. Data yet to be obtained through transmission electron microscopy techniques will allow the application of spermiocladistics and spermiotaxonomy as tools for tick systematics.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "Alternaria brassicaecauses leaf spots onBrassica junceain Brazil. Alternaria brassicaeis reported, for the first time in Brazil, causing leaf spots on common brown mustard (Brassica juncea). A morphological and molecular identification was performed confirming the identity of the fungus and Koch's postulates were fulfilled through inoculation of healthy plants with a conidial suspension.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "In Search of Authenticity: Humanist Weddings in the Polish Context. The post-1989 transformation in Poland entailed not only institutional change, but also an ideational shift. Among other things, this ideational shift gave rise to a growing emphasis on individual autonomy, expressive values, and secularization, which has had an impact on the means of symbolic communication (e.g., rituals) and prepared the ground for the emergence of humanist marriage ceremonies in Poland. The secularization process has gradually undermined the taken-for-granted character of some religious practices, such as rites of passage. Additionally, with the increased focus on authenticity rather than on accuracy in the usage of some pre-stipulated scripts, social actors often tend to replace \\\\'ossified\\\\' meanings that are communicated through rituals with new meanings, which are perceived as more relevant. This paper sheds light on the issue of authenticity, which is an important category in studies of symbolic, ritual-like actions. Perceptions of authenticity were recurring themes during interviews conducted with couples who decided on a humanist wedding ceremony in Poland. Interviewees often asserted that they rejected the dominant Catholic rite because they perceived it as inauthentic.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Valuation of environmental assets by the surrounding and not surrounding beneficiaries. The basic research question behind this work is how the economic value of an environmental good differs considering surrounding beneficiaries (those who live near the good in question) and not surrounding beneficiaries (who inhabit the country where the good is, living in distant communities and therefore rarely enjoying the benefits provided by the environmental good). This document's main focus is the valuation of the Algarrobos Forest of the Tiataco community (Bolivia). A comparative analysis was developed between surrounding beneficiaries (families residing in the community of Tiataco) and not surrounding beneficiaries (families residing in Cochabamba city, 35 km from Tiataco) through the Contingent Valuation Method with binary format. Measures of change regarding the welfare of both groups were estimated using parametric and nonparametric estimates. Subsequently, these measures were statistically compared through the construction of confidence intervals (between parametric and nonparametric estimates of each population and between populations). Finally, we identified the components of total economic value that both surrounding and not surrounding beneficiaries assigned to the forest.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Socioeconomic inequalities in mortality among elderly people in 11 European populations. Main results: In Europe (populations pooled) relative inequalities in mortality decreased with increasing age, but persisted. Absolute educational mortality differences increased until the ages 90+. In some of the populations, relative inequalities among older women were as large as those among middle aged women. The decline of relative educational inequalities was largest in Norway (men and women) and Austria (men). Relative educational inequalities did not decrease, or hardly decreased with age in England and Wales (men), Belgium, Switzerland, Austria, and Turin (women).Study objective: To describe mortality inequalities related to education and housing tenure in 11 European populations and to describe the age pattern of relative and absolute socioeconomic inequalities in mortality in the elderly European population.Conclusions: Socioeconomic inequalities in mortality among older men and women were found to persist in each country, sometimes of similar magnitude as those among the middle aged. Mortality inequalities among older populations are an important public health problem in Europe.Design and Methods: Data from mortality registries linked with population census data of 11 countries and regions of Europe were acquired for the beginning of the 1990s. Indicators of socioeconomic status were educational level and housing tenure. The study determined mortality rate ratios, relative indices of inequality (RII), and mortality rate differences. The age range was 30 to 90+ years. Analyses were performed on the pooled European data, including all populations, and on the data of populations separately. Data were included from Finland, Norway, Denmark, England and Wales, Belgium, France, Austria, Switzerland, Barcelona, Madrid, and Turin.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "The Conflict Between the Confraternity and Church Authorities of Solin in the 1930s. The Confraternity of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Solin was founded in 1888. It had its Statute, approved by the state authorities but not by the Ordinariate Bishopric of Split. In the course of its activities, the Confraternity achieved great merits in the religious life of Solin. Documents show that it became very strong as early as a decade after its founding, attracting large numbers of new members. Over the time it strengthened financially as well, as it built the new bell tower with its own funds in 1907, and financed casting the new bell in 1937. However, as early as in the summer of 1890, the Confraternity showed the first signs of disobedience to the Church authorities. Then, namely, subject to no agreement with the parish priest, the Confraternity organised procession on the occasion of translation of the statue of St. Anthony to Solin. The capricious behaving of the Confraternity and its disobedience to the parish priest reached their climax in 1937 and 1938 when the priest of the Parish of Gospa od otoka was Rev. Mate Mihanovic. At that time occurred numerous problems that burdened their relations to the outmost limit, involving also the bishop and the police in the matter. The Confraternity, headed by Mijo Grubisic, on their own and failing to counsel the parish priest decided on using the church bell-tower and reducing the parish-priest's fees, at the same time refusing to present their Statute to the bishop. A police record was made on the entire matter. However, this was not the end of the ungracious events. Worsening of the relations continued in November of 1938 when the church was visited by the king's emissary on the occasion of baptising of the Delale family's ninth child. On the occasion Grubisic and the Confraternity members protested unanimously against the use of the bell-tower, discharging eventually the bell-ringer, Petar Crmaric. What the parish priest, Rev. Mate Mihanovic, experienced with the Confraternity board is best described by his words: \\\\'For the sake of peace I stood lots with the Confraternity board, since they understand neither the laws nor the orders, made by neither ecclesiastical nor secular authorities. Their will is to make the law.\\\\'", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Historical-ecological evaluation of the long-term distribution of woodland caribou and moose in central British Columbia. Throughout the 1800s and the 1900s, woodland caribou disappeared from much of the central and southern portions of British Columbia, Canada. Conversely, moose populations expanded during the 1900s and rapidly colonized forested areas formerly occupied by caribou. Although the general trend in range recession and expansion is documented, the processes, timing, and spatial extent of overlap between these two ungulates are uncertain. Such details have implications for our understanding of the ecology of these species and the conservation of woodland caribou. Using historical-ecological methods, we documented the distribution and abundance of caribou and moose over a 150-year period. Also, we evaluated three general sources of evidence for documenting long-term changes in the distribution of hunted or trapped fauna: (1) semi-structured interviews with Aboriginal and non-aboriginal residents; (2) journals of the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC); and (3) primary written sources. The findings of this study suggested that caribou were relatively wide-spread throughout the study area until the late 1800s when their distribution began to decline. The first recorded sighting of moose in the study area was 1832, although consensus among sources suggested that moose expanded into the area at the end of the 1800s becoming abundant in the 1920s and 1930s. Proposed causes of decline of caribou included climatic change during the 1800s and habitat loss, hunting, and altered predator-prey dynamics through the early 1900s. Our analysis of three sources of historical information and knowledge confirmed the value of Local and Traditional Ecological Knowledge in documenting and explaining long-term historical distribution of hunted species. Alternatively, HBC journals and other written sources provided good temporal specificity, but few recorded locations of caribou or moose. Documenting changes in the long-term distribution of both species can enlighten conservation planning for woodland caribou.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "The importance of regional dynamics in local populations of limber pine (Pinus flexilis). Limber pine (Pinus flexilis) populations in the Kananaskis Valley of Alberta have many of the traits of patchy metapopulations based on the reconstruction of the dynamics of 13 local populations. The populations exist in open canopied stands on high stress habitats of rocky ridges, scree slopes, and gravel creek beds. All populations showed continuous recruitment and low mortality. No population showed any evidence of local extinction as a result of negative population growth. Wildfire caused varied responses in the populations from extinction of the local populations to little or no effect. Populations extirpated by fire were quickly recolonized. Seed dispersed by the Clark's nutcracker (Nucifraga columbiana) appears to be responsible for this rapid recolonization following wildfire. Limber pine does nor persist in the seed bank for more than two years. Therefore, the Limber pine populations are regionally persistent because rare extinction events (wildfire) are followed by prompt recolonization by seed dispersed by Clark's nutcracker from other local populations.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "The 'Concert of Democracies': Why some states are more equal than others. This article engages with a discourse emerging from international political theory, international law and political science on awarding privileges to democracies in crucial issues of global governance. Proposals that a 'Concert of Democracies' should be legally entitled to take decisions in case the United Nations Security Council is unable or unwilling to act are amongst the most prominent expression of this vision of the stratification of the international society into first-class and second-class regimes. The article reconstructs central tenets of this discourse on the inclusion and exclusion of regime types and shows that this kind of differentiation of states has been very much inspired by readings and appropriations of 'democratic peace' scholarship in International Relations. The article critiques the underlying problematic theoretical assumptions and the practical implications of democratic peace theory and policy proposals inferred from it. International Politics (2013) 50, 257-277. doi:10.1057/ip.2013.2", "label": [5, 47, 49]}
+{"token": "In Situ Formation of Super-Earth/Sub-Neptune Driven by the Planetary Rotation. Kepler's observation shows that many of the detected planets are super-Earths. They are inside a range of critical masses overlapping the core masses (2-20 M (circle plus)), which would trigger the runaway accretion and develop the gas giants. Thus, super-Earths/sub-Neptunes can be formed by restraining runaway growth of gaseous envelopes. We assess the effect of planetary rotation in delaying the mass growth. The centrifugal force, induced by spin, will offset a part of the gravitational force and deform the planet. Tracking the change in structure, we find that the temperature at the radiative-convective boundary (RCB) is approximate to the boundary temperature. Since rotation reduces the radiation energy densities in the convective and radiative layers, RCB will penetrate deeper. The cooling luminosity would decrease. Under this condition, the evolutionary timescale can exceed the disk lifetime (10 Myr), and a super-Earth/sub-Neptune could be formed after undergoing additional mass-loss processes. In the dusty atmosphere, even a lower angular velocity can also promote a super-Earth/sub-Neptune forming. Therefore, we conclude that rotation can slow down the planet's cooling and then promote a super-Earth/sub-Neptune forming.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Smoking control in the workplace: Is workplace size related to restrictions and programs?. Regarding smoking control in the workplace, small independent operations may differ from large workplaces of from small worksites that are branch units of large companies/organizations. We examined the relationships of worksite and company size to workplace smoking restrictions and programs, using data from a population-based telephone survey. Three worker groups, differentiated by worksite and company size, were compared. Small workplace workers were least knowledgeable about smoking restrictions, reported fewer restrictions in place, and were least willing to intervene in coworker's smoking. As well, smoking-related programs, although generally uncommon, were reported least often by these workers. Branch workers were not uniformly similar to either small or large workplace workers. In policy and program interventions, organizational influences and/or attributes of individuals drawn to different-size work settings should be considered.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "First description of the Burmeister porpoise (Phocoena spinipinnis) electrocardiogram. The aim of this study was to make the first characterization of the electrocardiogram (ECG) of the Burmeister porpoise (Phocoena sipinipinnis). A total of three ECGs were made in one, wild juvenile female (body weight = 32.5 kg, Lt = 1.45 m), temporarily held in captivity for rehabilitation at Mar del Plata Aquarium (Argentina). For ECG recordings, the animal was removed from its pool on a stretcher under constant veterinary supervision. A traditional six-lead system in the frontal plane was used, with the typical four \\\\'extremities\\\\' electrodes positioned bilaterally. ECGs were readable and all waves were detectable. The QRS complexes were characterized by Q wave absence in all leads. The ECG characteristically displayed distinctly defined STs, with a T wave clearly differentiated from the QRS complex. An STs elevation was detected in leads II and III. The mean electrical axis was -79 degrees, meaning a cranial left axis orientation. The animal showed normal sinus rhythm and heart rate (HR) showed a continuous oscillation between tachycardia and bradycardia. Mean HR from all recordings was 147.02 +/- 24.95 bpm (range = 71-176, n = 178). Evidence of the occurrence of respiratory sinus arrhythmia was detected through HR variations and RR interval differences, which suggested an adequate cardiovascular system compensation to handling conditions. This study has reported ECG amplitude and duration measurements of a potentially healthy specimen, which represents the starting point for the determination of normal ECG values for this species. Also, it has confirmed that ECG is a valuable noninvasive tool for rapid cardiac health assessment in small cetaceans.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "A new approach to machinability in orthogonal milling of AISI 316L austenitic stainless steel. Machinability is widely used to compare materials from their ability to give rise to a certain surface finish at the lowest possible tool cost, by using mainly continuous cutting tests such as turning-based tests. Nevertheless, in AISI 316L austenitic stainless steel it is justified to use a broader concept of machinability that also considers the influence of microstructural changes, induced by machining, on the pitting corrosion behaviour.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Studies in Neotropical Pseudophyllinae: A new genus of Cocconotini from the Colombian Andes and new subfamily assignment of the Dominican genus Anacaona (Tettigoniidae: Pseudophyllinae: Cocconotini). Acuscercus eudaldoleondiazi n. gen et n. sp. from the Eastern slopes of the Colombian Andes is described, a typical long-winged member of the tribe Cocconotini, distinguished by peculiar morphology of male cerci. On the other hand, the Dominican genus Anacaona is moved from Cocconotini to the tribe Copiphorini (Conocephalinae). The status and tribal boundaries of Cocconotini and Eucocconotini are briefly discussed.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Magnetic control of high current vacuum arcs with the aid of an axial magnetic field: A review. This paper reviews the most important topics related to the control of high current vacuum arc with the aid of axial magnetic field (AMF); the main experimental findings, explanations, and theories and the effect of AMF nonuniformity. The state of the art AMF contact systems for commercial vacuum interrupters are also presented.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Prediction of Coal Primary Fragmentation and Char Particle Size Distribution in Fluidized Bed. The combination of temperature gradient and volatile release has been identified as the main cause for primary fragmentation (breakage of fuel particles during devolatilization). A mathematical model of the primary fragmentation in a fluidized bed has been developed, incorporating both causes. It takes into account the type of the coal, size of the coal particles, and the fluidized bed temperature. The model simulates fragmentation of a batch of coal particles. For each particle in the batch, the model follows propagation and merging of cracks, starting from randomly distributed pre-existing pores, leading to possible breakage of the particle. The model calculates volume of the fragmented particles and volume diameters, classifying them into size classes. For each size class, the number of particles is counted, and the mass fraction is calculated. The results are the distribution of mass and number of char particles after the devolatilization and the primary fragmentation parameters.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "Bridging the Gap between Therapy Research and Practice in a PersonCentered/Experiential Therapy Training Program: The Leuven Systematic Case Study Research Protocol. The goal of the Leuven Systematic Case Study Research Protocol project is to stimulate practiceoriented research in order to bridge the gap between research and practice. In this article we give a progress report of the project, in which a set of Dutch-language research instruments was created and tested with postgraduate trainees in person-centered/experiential therapy at the University Leuven (Belgium). We begin by presenting the general framework for the protocol, including the three major domains of therapy process, therapy outcome, and client/therapist characteristics. Then we give an overview of the quantitative and qualitative instruments used. We explain how the project has been implemented in the postgraduate program. To evaluate the success of the project, we analyzed the answers of our trainees on a questionnaire. We give an overview of the clinical cases involved and the variety of research questions that have been formulated in the individual case studies. Finally we discuss the value of this pilot project.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Herbicides for potential use in lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) production. Herbicides registered for lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) do not consistently control many troublesome weeds. Some herbicides registered for soybean (Glycine max) will control these weeds, but tolerance to Lima bean is not known. Two field and two greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate recently registered soybean herbicides for lima bean tolerance. Field studies were conducted in Delaware from 1996 to 1998, and in North Carolina during 1997 and 1998. The first field study evaluated the preemergence (PRE) herbicides cloransulam at 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, and 0.04 kg ai/ ha; flumetsulam at 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, and 0.07 plus metolachlor at 1.3, 1.6, 1.8, and 2.1 kg ai/ha; sulfentrazone at 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, and 0.25 kg ai/ha; lactofen at 0.2 and 0.25 kg ai/ha; and the commercial standard treatment of imazethapyr plus metolachlor at 0.05 and 1.7 kg ai/ha, respectively. Lima bean injury 5 to 8 wk after emergence teas lowest for imazethapyr plus metolachlor (standard treatment) and all four rates of cloransulam. Crop injury with flumetsulam plus metolachlor ranged from 0 to 18% and sulfentrazone ranged from 3 to 75% depending on location and rate. Lactofen treatments caused unacceptable lima bean injury. Yield in plots treated with cloransulam were consistently greater than in the plots treated with other herbicides. The second field study examined the postemergence (POST) herbicides cloransulam (0.013 or 0.02 kg ai/ha), bentazon (1.1 kg ai/ha), imazethapyr (0.035 or 0.053 kg ai/ha), and imazamox (0.018 or 0.036 kg ai/ha), applied when the crop was at the first trifoliolate stage. Cloransulam caused 0 to 13% crop injury and imazamox caused 3 to 25% injury depending on rate and location. In greenhouse studies, no differences were observed among eight common processing lima bean cultivars in tolerance to sulfentrazone applied PRE or to cloransulam, imazamox, imazethapyr, or bentazon applied POST.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Diaphorina citri reovirus is most closely related to fijiviruses. The Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, is an important insect vector of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, the causal agent of Huanglongbing, which is the most destructive disease of citrus worldwide. Sequences for putative Diaphorina citri reovirus (DcRV) were identified from some worldwide populations of D. citri. Here, field surveys indicated that the virus was common in D. citri populations from Hawaii and Fuzhou of PR China. Electron microscopy showed that DcRV virions possessed a typical reovirus-like morphology. The U. S. and Chinese DcRV isolates both showed 10 segments of double-stranded RNA sharing > 96% nucleotide sequence identity, and encoding 11 deduced proteins. All genome segments contained conserved 5' and 3' terminal nucleotide sequences and inverted repeats that are hallmarks of reovirus sequence. Phylogenetic analysis showed that DcRV may be considered a new species of the genus Fyivirus sharing a most recent common ancestor with the insect-specific fijivirus Nilaparvata lugens reovirus.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Assessing Palestinian Economic Exchange across the Green Line. What economic interactions exist between Palestinians across the Green Line? Moving beyond existing literature that focuses on Palestinians' subordinate economic relationship to the Israeli economy within Israel or between the occupied Palestinian territory and Israel, this article uses the concepts of dependency and de-development, as well as interviews with Palestinian business representatives, to assess cross-Green Line economic activity. It notes that despite relatively lower levels of violence since the second Intifada, current economic exchange between Palestinians is insufficient to realize economic self-determination because of: (1) ongoing political uncertainty; (2) the small scale nature of Palestinian capital and entrepreneurship; (3) the structural imbalance between a low cost Palestinian economy and high value Israeli economy; and (4) individual self-interest trumping national solidarity among Palestinian firms. The article concludes that for Palestinian economic self-determination to be realized, an alternative one-state political vision to replace the current two-state Oslo process may be required.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Multimodality and ICT: what challenges?. The rapid development of information and communication technologies (ICT) creates the illusion that mastery of technological tools alone is enough. However, classroom practices show that any type of media requires a specific representation for any type of content. The objective of this article is to question the multimodal combinations that are achieved when presenting assignments through Power Point. Furthermore, this article aims to compare the different modes of presentation of the elements in addition to providing students with targeted feedback on the difficulties encountered during the design of their presentations. This methodology is based on the task-based approach that places learners in real situations. The results show that creating Power Point presentations for assignments affects learners' representations of content information.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Reduction of humeroulnar congenital elbow luxation in 8 dogs by using the transarticular pin. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical and radiographic outcome in 8 dogs of surgical reduction of congenital humeroulnar luxation by using the transarticular pin. Five cases were bilateral and 3 were unilateral, for a total of 13 elbows. The treatment was performed in animals between 45 and 150 days of age. Articular stabilization was achieved by using a transarticular pin driven from the caudal aspect of the olecranon into the body of the humerus or into the distal condyle and distal metaphysis of the humerus. The follow-up period was between 1 and 19 months. There were 5 postsurgical reluxations, 3 related to the insertion of the pin into the humeral condyle and 3 related to the insertion into the humeral body. These animals needed further surgery. Six animals showed near normal return to limb function and 2 had lameness. We conclude that the use of the transarticular pin is an effective and simple method for the treatment of humeroulnar congenital elbow luxation.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "The impact of main belt asteroids on infrared-submillimetre photometry and source counts. Methods. We used the statistical asteroid model (SAM) to calculate the positions of main belt asteroids down to a size of 1 km, and calculated their infrared and submillimetre brightness using the standard thermal model. Fluctuation powers, confusion noise values and number counts were derived from the fluxes of individual asteroids.Results. We have constructed a large database of infrared and submillimetre fluxes for SAM asteroids with a temporal resolution of 5 days, covering the time span January 1, 2000-December 31, 2012. Asteroid fluctuation powers and number counts derived from this database can be obtained for a specific observation setup via our public web-interface.Conclusions. Current space instruments working in the mid-infrared regime (Akari and Spitzer Space Telescopes) are affected by asteroid confusion noise in some specific areas of the sky, while the photometry of space infrared and submillimetre instruments in the near future (e. g. Herschel and Planck Space Observatories) will not be affected by asteroids. Faint main belt asteroids might also be responsible for most of the zodiacal emission fluctuations near the ecliptic.Aims. We describe the impact of the thermal emission of main belt asteroids on the 5...1000 mu m photometry and source counts, for the current and future spaceborne and ground-based instruments, in general, as well as for specific dates and sky positions.Context. Among the components of the infrared and submillimetre sky background, the closest layer is the thermal emission of dust particles and minor bodies in the Solar System. This contribution is especially important for current and future infrared and submillimetre space instruments - like those of Spitzer, Akari and Herschel - and must be characterised by a reliable statistical model.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "AFFINE DIFFERENCE SETS AND RELATED FACTOR SETS. In this article we study abelian affine difference sets in connection with the related group extensions and give some results on their orders.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Efficacy of Fall- and Spring-Applied Pyroxasulfone For Herbicide-Resistant Weeds in Field Pea. Field trials were initiated in fall 2011 to determine the potential of pyroxasulfone to control acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitor-resistant weeds in field pea. Pyroxasulfone was applied in split-plot trials at five locations in western Canada using fall and PRE spring applications of 0 to 400 g ai ha(-1). Trial locations were chosen with a range of soil organic matter content: 2.9, 4.3, 5.5, 10.5; and 10.6% at Scott, Kernen, Kinsella, Melfort, and Ellerslie, respectively. The herbicide dose required to reduce biomass by 50% (ED50) in false cleavers ranged between 53 and 395 g ha(-1) at Scott and Ellerslie, respectively. Wild oat ED(50)s varied between 0.54 g ha(-1) at Scott in the fall and 410 g ai ha(-1) in the spring at Melfort. ED(50)s for wild oat and false cleavers varied by 7.4- and 746-fold, respectively, depending primarily on the organic matter content at the trial location. The effect of application timing was not consistent. Significant yield reductions and pea injury occurred at 150 and 100 g ha(-1) and higher at Kernen and Scott, respectively. Low organic matter and high precipitation levels at these locations indicates increased herbicide activity under these conditions. Pyroxasulfone may allow control of ALS inhibitor-resistant false cleavers and wild oat; however, locations with high soil organic matter will require higher rates than those with low organic matter for similar control levels.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "The Coevolution of Circumperineal Color and Terrestriality. Old World monkeys (Cercopithecoidea) are unusual among primates for the high percentage of species exhibiting circumperineal coloration, as well as the large percentage of highly terrestrial species. Kingdon [1974, 1980] suggested that circumperineal skin coloration is functionally related to terrestriality, but this hypothesis has not been tested. From the literature, we collected data on habitat use (terrestrial/arboreal) and circumperineal coloration (present/absent) for 78 species. Indeed, among the 78 species surveyed here, 75% of them fall into either the category of colored circumperineals with terrestrial lifestyle, or of uncolored circumperineals with arboreal lifestyle ((2)(1)=19.550, P<0.001). However, conventional statistical procedures assume all taxa are equally relatedwhich is not usually the case in multispecies analysesleading to higher rates of both type I and II statistical errors. We performed Bayesian trait coevolution analyses that show that models of dependent trait evolution are not significantly better than models assuming independent evolution of the two traits (log-likelihood ratio test P=0.396, Bayes Factor=1). Bayesian nodal reconstructions of the cercopithecoid phylogeny indicate that relatively few trait transitions are needed to account for the distributions of the two traits. Further, chi-squared distributional tests show that sub-family affiliation (i.e., Cercopithecinae, Colobinae) is an accurate predictor of trait status. The discordance of the analyses may represent the results of a few different evolutionary scenarios, but ultimately circumperineal coloration seems weakly linked to terrestrial ecology. Am. J. Primatol. 77:547-557, 2015. (c) 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "High-resolution spatiotemporal patterns of China's FFCO2 emissions under the impact of LUCC from 2000 to 2015. Fossil fuel carbon dioxide (FFCO2) emissions have become a principal driver behind the increase of atmospheric CO2 concentration and spatiotemporal variations of atmospheric CO2 in the urban surface layer. This study quantifies the 2000-2015 urban high-resolution spatiotemporal patterns of China's FFCO2 emissions under the impact of the land-use and land-cover change. Multi-source data were used together with various up-to-date geostatistics and spatial analysis methods. FFCO2 emissions were determined to rise over the 15 years in the highest emitting cities in the South and East of China. The high-value clusters inside of all cities expanded outward from their city centers and in some cases transferred to economic development zones or new city centers, while the expansion speeds and variation time were found to differ significantly. We found further that then FFCO2 emissions spatial distribution is interconnected with diverse factors: urbanization, and either croplands (rainfed, irrigated, and post-flooding) or native vegetation, being the two most important. As expected, the increase in urban areas was associated with increased FFCO2 emissions, while the wettability in croplands or the increase in native vegetation have an association with the decrease of FFCO2 emissions. Unlike previous studies, we have found no change associated with changes in water cover. Finally, while the primary source of FFCO2 emissions is still coal, there has been a gradual move to cleaner energy (natural gas in Beijing) or more efficient industrial processes (Wuxi and Dalian), although diverse industrial structures and energy efficiencies exist. Over time, the current spatial patterns of FFCO2 emissions in China will conflict with these trends at the macroscale.", "label": [4, 5, 36, 47]}
+{"token": "Regulation for E-payment Systems: Analytical Approaches Beyond Private Ordering. Technology-driven payment instruments and services are facilitating the development of e-commerce; however, security concerns beleaguer their implementation, particularly in developing countries. This article considers the limits of private ordering in the regulation of e-payment systems. It uses Nigeria to exemplify a developing country that is increasingly pushing for the adoption of a regulatory framework for e-payment systems based on private ordering. It argues that, although technical standards and self-regulation by the financial industry are important, law is an essential regulatory mechanism that is largely absent. The article proposes that law be used as a mechanism to set and compel compliance with technical and industry standards, thus building trust, catering to public interest concerns and legitimizing the regulatory process.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Inverted duplication of 15q with terminal deletion in a multiple malformed newborn with intrauterine growth failure and lethal phenotype. We describe the cytogenetic and molecular characterization of an inverted duplication of chromosome 15q with evidence of a terminal deletion of the same rearranged chromosome. The proband was a multiple congenital malformed female with a prenatal diagnosis of trisomy 15q and an extremely severe clinical course. The phenotype of the patient was characterized by marked intrauterine growth retardation, congenital heart defect, \\\\'horseshoe\\\\' kidney, hand contractures, and club-feet. The exitus came at 20 days because of progressive cardio-respiratory impairment. Overall, the clinical phenotype appeared more severe than usual trisomy 15q syndrome. Postnatal cytogenetic and molecular studies unraveled a \\\\'de novo\\\\' inverted duplication of 15q (q21.3-->q26.3), associated with the deletion of the 15q telomere and part of the band 15q26.3. A single copy region spanning approximately 600 kb between the duplicated segments was present. Correlation between the clinical findings of the patient and the phenotype of trisomy 15q reported in literature is also provided. (C) 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Contractualism and Disability. Towards a Critique of Capacitism and Functional Contract from Carole Pateman's Work. This paper uses Carole Pateman's intuitions in her book The Sexual Contract to criticize the way in which institutions whose rationality and legitimacy emerge from modern contractualism do not consider persons with disabilities on equal conditions. This is because the social contract presupposes univocal ideas of rationality and cooperation that are defined based on the parameters of persons without disabilities. Thus, the paradigm of capacitism that implies the identification of citizenship with the possession of regular capacities, generates a functional contract that invisibilizes and naturalizes discrimination based on disability", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Spirit-led Missions An African Pentecostal Missions Theology in Diasporic Contexts. A rigorous approach to missions is a significant trait of classical Pentecostalism. However, the multi-cultural context of the United Kingdom shows that most African Pentecostal churches are struggling to attract much indigenous populace as compared to mega-churches in Africa. Using the case study of Apostolic Faith Mission International Ministries UK, this study explores the church's strategies to missions and its impact on church growth in the United Kingdom. The study used Spirit-infusion as a theological framework for discussing Spirit-led missions. The study is phenomenological observation qualitative research, data was gathered through in-depth interviews, questionnaires, and participant observations. A key finding was that the church's missions strategy is spontaneous, all-believers, auxiliary and structured; but they are failing to translate into church growth. The study concludes that the church should revisit the issue of 'experience' coupled with negotiating to move beyond the cultural, ethnic, and colonial boundaries. The study recommends that the African Pentecostal theology of missions in diasporic contexts must consider: the Spirit experience; lives concentrated to the Spirit; Spirit of miracles; and Spirit of excellence.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Effect of polyethylene interface on space charge formation. This paper reports on an investigation into the space charge formation and decay at different material interfaces. In particular, the influence of the interface between electrode and polymer or polymer and polymer on the space charge dynamics has been studied. Planar samples were subjected to high dc electric stresses for extended periods of time and space charge measurements taken using the pulsed electroacoustic (PEA) technique. It has been found that the types of interface between electrode and polymer play a significant role in determining the charge distribution in the insulation and that the interface between, polymer and polymer acts as a potential barrier to electrons while allowing positive charge carriers through easily.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 32]}
+{"token": "Reimagining Gender-Based Violence in the Eye of the COVID-19 Storm and Beyond: A Practical-Missiological Reflection on an African Family through the Lenses of the Biblical Narrative of Tamar. Humanity is not battling only against the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) but also against gender-based violence (GBV), which has risen to epidemic proportions globally during the COVID-19 storm. There has been a rapid increase in domestic violence and other forms of GBV as nations imposed lockdown restrictions as a way to curb the COVID-19 storm. In this article, it is my contention that some of the people who were compelled to quarantine became vulnerable to GBV. In his presidential address to the nation on 18 June 2020, President Cyril Ramaphosa identified GBV in South Africa as a second pandemic. There is also a considerable outcry in our inability, both as humanity at large and government, in particular, to deal with this scourge and find lasting solutions to it. This article locates the scourge of GBV within the 'storm' of COVID-19 using an African family unit as a case study. Upon presenting a practical-missiological reflection of the biblical narrative of Tamar in 2 Samuel 13-both through missional lenses and hermeneutic analysis-this article reimagines an ecclesial praxis that is life-affirming and liberating to victims of GBV as it applies in family contexts. It proposes tangible solutions to GBV within an African family, but the results can be replicated globally where GBV remains a pandemic to be dealt with.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Effect of Ti-Hf-Zr-Cu-Ni high entropy alloy addition on laser beam welded joint of Ti 2 AlNb based intermetallic alloy. Ti (2) AlNb based intermetallic alloys, a potential competitor for next-generation super alloys, are susceptible to high-temperature embrittlement due to nucleation of a metastable single B2 phase in the fusion zone (FZ) during laser beam welding (LBW). In this study, a high entropy alloy (HEA), Ti-Hf-Zr-Cu-Ni, was self-developed and introduced as an interlayer into laser beam welded joint (LBWJ) of Ti-22Al-27Nb to analyze its impact on the evolution of microstructure in the weld zone (WZ) and subsequently on joint performance. Microstructural examination was carried out through electron probe micro analysis (EPMA), electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) analysis, high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (HRSTEM) comprising bright field (BF), selective area electron diffraction (SAED) and high angle annular dark-field (HAADF) imaging. Addition of the HEA into FZ of LBWJ triggered heterogenous nucleation during solidification, resultantly, fine-grained B2 with a greater proportion of high angle grain boundaries (HAGBs) was developed. FZ of Ti-22Al-27Nb LBWJ, prepared with an interlayer of HEA, was composed of planar, cellular, columnar and equiaxed dendritic grains; a solidification mode which was different from that observed in LBWJ prepared without adulteration of the HEA. The impact of heterogenous nucleation during epitaxial solidification on mechanical properties was established through micro vickers hardness mapping and tensile test, conducted at room temperature. The average hardness, 343.5 HV, in the FZ of LBWJ prepared with an interlayer of HEA, was compatible with that of base material (BM), 345 HV. The ultimate tensile strength (UTS), 1062 MPa, and percentage elongation, 11.2%, of the HEA tempered LBWJ were found in close approximation with that of BM, 1060 MPa and 13.4%, respectively. A ductile mode of failure was observed during tensile test of the Ti-Hf-Zr-Cu-Ni supplemented LBWJ of Ti-22Al-27Nb, while quasi-cleavage mode of fracture was apparent in the joint of Ti-22Al-27Nb welded without addition of the HEA.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Impact characterisation of draped composite structures made of plain-weave carbon/epoxy prepregs utilising smart grid fabric consisting of ferroelectric ribbon sensors. In this study, the impact characteristics of non-sheared and sheared woven fabric composite structures were investigated by performing failure characterisations and estimating impact locations utilising several signal processing techniques based on a smart grid fabric (SGF) consisting of polyvinylidene difluoride ribbon sensors. To identify the effects of shear deformation on the impact characteristics of composite structures, SGF-embedded woven composite laminates with three different shear angles (0 degrees, 30 degrees, and 45 degrees) were prepared. Additionally, impact characterisations of draped three-dimensional composite structures were performed by preparing an SGF-embedded composite hemisphere. Failure characterisations and impact localisations for these specimens were carried out by using a discrete wavelet transform and Bayesian regularised artificial neural network model, respectively. Finally, the feasibility of SGF in sheared composite structures was verified based on the results of various experiments and analyses.", "label": [1, 11, 12]}
+{"token": "Simvastatin offers new prospects for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most common and severe inherited neuromuscular disorder. DMD is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the dystrophin protein in muscle fibers. Dystrophin was originally proposed to be a structural protein that protected the sarcolemma from stresses produced during contractions. However, more recently, experimental evidence has revealed a far more complicated picture, with the loss of dystrophin causing dysfunction of multiple muscle signaling pathways, which all contribute to the overall disease pathophysiology. Current gene-based approaches for DMD are conceptually appealing since they offer the potential to restore dystrophin to muscles, albeit a partially functional, truncated form of the protein. However, given the cost and technical challenges facing these genetic approaches, it is important to consider if relatively inexpensive, clinically used drugs may be repurposed for treating DMD. Here, we discuss our recent findings showing the potential of simvastatin as a novel therapy for DMD.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "Investigation of the Frictional Behavior in a Roller Linear Motion Guide under Mixed EHL. In order to study the frictional behavior of a roller linear motion guide (RLMG) in mixed elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL), a micro-macro contact analysis is employed to analyze the contact parameters at the contact surface, such as the contact load and deformation, shear stress due to sliding effect, and shear stress of the lubricant. Then a friction model is developed via the combination of local friction analysis with a micro-macro contact analysis. The effectiveness of the friction model was validated by experimental results. The Stribeck frictional behavior of the RLMG was analyzed in detail. Furthermore, effects of the geometrical parameters and operating conditions on the friction of the RLMG are discussed. The study provides not only an approach for the study of the RLMG friction but also a theoretical foundation for reasonably reducing the friction and improving the mechanical efficiency of an RLMG.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Duff Distribution Influences Fire Severity and Post-Fire Vegetation Recovery in Sagebrush Steppe. Woody plant expansion is a global phenomenon that alters the spatial distribution of nutrients, biomass, and fuels in affected ecosystems. Altered fuel patterns across the landscape influences ecological processes including fire behavior, fire effects, and can impact post-fire plant germination and establishment. The purpose of this study was to determine how accumulations of ground fuels beneath western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis ssp. occidentalis) canopies, composed of litter and duff, affect post-fire species response in sagebrush steppe and to quantify fuel loading patterns. Field sampling and analysis was conducted across environmental gradients following the 2007 Tongue-Crutcher Wildfire in southwestern Idaho to determine conditions that were most influential in post-fire vegetation recovery patterns. Duff depth and fire severity were determined to be the most influential factors affecting post-fire vegetation response. Decreasing species richness and native perennial grass cover was represented along the increasing duff depth gradient. Species response grouped by fire severity revealed significant presence of cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) in low severity sites and a dominance of snowbrush ceanothus (Ceanothus velutinus) in higher severity sites. Determining sub-crown surface fuel characteristics offers the potential to predict future patterns and processes as they relate to burn severity and vegetation recovery components in developing woodlands.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "A history of the concept of branding: practice and theory. Purpose - This inquiry aims to contribute to the literature on the historical developments that have influenced the origin, uses, and meanings of branding.Design/methodology/approach - In this qualitative work an historical methodology was followed and, according to Howell and Prevenier's guidelines, a wide variety of sources were selected of the data presented. Moreover, this study draws on three important perspectives - that of the practitioner, the scholar, and the consumer - in order to offer a thorough view of the relevant issues concerning the evolution of branding.Originality/value - The paper is novel in its large perspective and integrative narrative, and the unusual exposure of its various conceptual issues and links. It should be of interest to marketing historians, brand managers, and scholars of branding.Findings - The investigation suggests that various forces (e.g., the media, economic developments during the Second World War, marketing research and theorizing) have enacted a comprehensive transformation in the concept of branding. First, the paper offers evidence of the link between fire/burning and the origin of branding. Second, it shows that, in its early days, branding was characterized as a phenomenon with limited applicability. Third, the paper demonstrates how that phenomenon was transformed into a multidimensional, multifunctional, and malleable entity. Last, it presents recent evidence from both business and academia that shows the current, complex status of the concept of branding.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "Northern Ireland: Unionism Loses More Leaders. Northern Ireland's 2010 Westminster election saw the dramatic unseating of the First Minister, Peter Robinson, from his East Belfast seat by the cross-community Alliance Party. Beyond the headline scalp, the Democratic Unionist Party and Sinn Fein continued to dominate the Unionist and Nationalist electoral blocs, with Sinn Fein holding its five seats. This success raised the outside possibility of Sinn Fein providing the First Minister after the 2011 Assembly elections, although Unionists appeared likely to minimise such a risk through electoral pacts or even party mergers. The 2010 election highlighted the failure of the Ulster Unionist Party's (UUP) alliance with the Conservative Party, an association which cost the UUP its remaining Westminster seat. Meanwhile, despite some excitable chatter regarding amelioration of Northern Ireland's sectarian voting patterns and Alliance's unexpected success, aggregate constituency data suggest that the link between religion and party affiliation remains as strong as ever. The discernible change was not disaffiliation of religion and voting links, but instead, a sharp decline in turnout.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "On a generalization of C-2-modules. A module M is called a C-21-module if, whenever A and B are submodules of M with A congruent to B, A is nonsingular and B is a direct summand of M, then A is a direct summand of M. Various examples of C-21-modules are presented. Some basic properties of these modules are investigated. It is shown that the class of rings R over which every C-21-module is a C-2-module is exactly that of right SI-rings. Also, we prove that for a ring R, every R-module has (C-21) if and only if R is a right t-semisimple ring.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Connected seas I. In the flourishing fields of World History and Global History, Maritime History has at best played an ancillary role. Although seas and oceans were not at the center of attention, they have received their monographs. Following Fernand Braudel's Mediterranee, historians interpreted the Mediterranean, Baltic, Atlantic, Indian Ocean, or Pacific as closed maritime systems, consisting of multiple microenvironments. This essay seeks to overcome these limited perspectives and to examine how the various seas and oceans were connected by the Vikings, the Cairo Genizah merchants, and the Italian trading companies of the Middle Ages.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Analysing the effect of screw configuration using a stochastic twin-screw granulation model. In this work, a framework for modelling twin-screw granulation processes with variable screw configurations using a high-dimensional stochastic population balance method is presented. A modular compartmental approach is presented and a method for estimating residence times for model compartments based on screw element geometry is introduced. The model includes particle mechanisms for nucleation, primary particle layering, coalescence, breakage, and consolidation. A new twin-screw breakage model is introduced, which takes into account the differing breakage dynamics between two types of screw element. Additionally, a new sub-model for the layering of primary particles onto larger agglomerates is presented. The resulting model is used to simulate a twin-screw system with a number of different screw configurations and the predictive power of the model is assessed through comparison with an existing experimental data set in the literature. For most of the screw configurations simulated, the model predicts the product particle size distribution at large particle sizes with a reasonable degree of accuracy. However, the model has a tendency to over-predict the amount of fines in the final product. Nevertheless, the model qualitatively captures the reduction in fines associated with an increase in the number of kneading elements, as observed experimentally. Based on model results, a number of key areas for future model development are identified and discussed. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "'There's no-one you can trust to talk to here': Churches and internally displaced survivors of sexual violence in Medellin, Colombia. After over 50 years of warfare, Colombia has the largest internally displaced population in the world. Internally displaced women appear to be particularly at risk of sexual violence. Religious belief and affiliation can potentially impact the coping of internally displaced and sexual violence survivors in a country where 79% of the population self-identifies as Catholic and 13% as Protestant. This article explores the complex intersect of religion, internal displacement and sexual violence by drawing on interview and focus group data collected from sexual violence survivors and faith leaders in a community of internally displaced survivors in Medellin, Colombia. The qualitative empirical data are used to unpack displaced survivors' experiences and needs, and reflect on churches' response to internally displaced and sexual violence survivors more broadly. We see that by offering a spiritual response to a traumatic event and its consequences, as well as a sense of community and belonging, churches can contribute to the coping ability and healing process of displaced survivors. A theological approach to sexual violence can ensure that sexual violence prevention and response is seen as part of churches' core mandate and mainstreamed in their activities, and by leveraging their ability to influence community and individual beliefs and behaviours, churches can counter the inter-generational cycle of intra-familial violence that so often emerges in the settings of internally displaced persons.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "THE NUTRITIONAL CARRYING-CAPACITY OF 4 MEDITERRANEAN HABITATS FOR FALLOW DEER (DAMA-DAMA). The assessment of the trophic value of the most consumed feed by fallow deer in a coastal mediterranean landscape (Rubus ulmifolius, Cistus salvifolius, Phyllirea latifolia, Quercus ilex and graminoids) was based on in vitro digestibility trials, performed throughout the year (1 set of samples per season) using rumen inocula from wild fallow deer from the Preserve of Castelporziano, collected simultaneously with the vegetal samples. Moreover, in vivo digestibility coefficients have been estimated by using standard feed (for fallow deer) of known in vivo digestibility.Using the digestibility coefficients, the metabolizable energy yield of studied forage items was computed. Information about plant biomass, structure of fallow deer population, metabolizable energy yields, estimates of forage intake and energy requirements were combined using the model presented by Hobbs and Swift (1985) to evaluate the nutritional carrying capacity of four typical mediterranean habitats (natural evergreen oak wood, scrub mixed plantations of Quercus ilex and Pinus pinea, open pastures).Spring represents the most favourable situation, while summer, autumn and winter exhibit similar values of carrying capacity of about 15-20 deer/100 ha. Mixed plantations of Pinus pinea and Q. ilex seem to be the most productive condition for fallow deer.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "AIDS-related opportunistic illnesses and early initiation of HIV care remain critical in the contemporary HAART era: a retrospective cohort study in Taiwan. Conclusions: Despite efforts toward HIV prevention and management, early HIV care in Taiwan continues to be critically affected by AOI-related morbidity and mortality in the era of contemporary HAART. Additional targeted interventions are required for the earlier diagnosis of patients with HIV.Results: Over a mean observation period of 469 days, 1264 patients with newly diagnosed HIV with a mean age of 29 years and mean CD4 count of 275 cells/mu L experienced 394 AOI episodes in 290 events. At presentation, 37.7% of the patients had AIDS; the frequency did not significantly differ across groups. The overall proportion of AOIs within the study period was 21.0%, and no decline across groups was observed. The majority of AOls (91.7%) developed within 90 days of enrollment. All-cause and AOI-related mortality did not significantly differ across groups. Throughout the three study periods, AOIs remained the main cause of death (47/56, 83.9%), especially within 180 days of enrollment (40/42, 95.2%). A CD4 cell count of < 200 cells/mu L at presentation was associated with increased adjusted odds of an AOI within 90 days [adjusted odds ratio, 40.84; 95% confidence intervals (CI), 12. 59-132.49] and an elevated adjusted hazard of all-cause mortality (adjusted hazard ratio, 11.03; 95% CI, 1.51-80.64).Background: No study has reported the epidemiology of AIDS-related opportunistic illnesses (AOIs) in patients with newly diagnosed HIV infection in Taiwan in the past decade. Understanding the current trends in AOI-related morbidity/mortality is essential in improving patient care and optimizing current public health strategies to further reduce AOIs in Taiwan in the era of contemporary highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).Methods: Eligible patients were evaluated at two referral centers between 2010 and 2015. The patients were stratified by date of diagnosis into three periods: 2010-2011, 2012-2013, and 2014-2015. The demographics, HIV stage at presentation according to the United States CDC 2014 case definition, laboratory variables, and the occurrence of AOIs and associated outcomes were compared among the patients. Logistic regression and Cox regression were respectively used to identify variables associated with the occurrence of AOIs within 90 days of HIV enrollment and all-cause mortality.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "From Quantum Query Complexity to State Complexity. State complexity of quantum finite automata is one of the interesting topics in studying the power of quantum finite automata. It is therefore of importance to develop general methods how to show state succinctness results for quantum finite automata. One such method is presented and demonstrated in this paper. In particular, we show that state succinctness results can be derived out of query complexity results.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Dye photodegradation employing mesoporous organosilicas functionalized with 1,8-naphthalimides as heterogeneous catalysts. Mesoporous organosilicas containing covalently bound 1,8-naphthalimides (NI) were shown to be efficient heterogeneous catalysts for the photodegradation of methylene blue (MB), a typical textile pollutant. The NI-containing mesoporous silicas (SBANI materials) were prepared by a co-condensation reaction, in conditions similar to those used for inorganic SBA-15. For the photocatalytic tests, the SBANI materials were suspended in aqueous MB solutions, and the suspensions were irradiated with a 100 W Hg lamp (bandpass filter: 320-480 nm). The activity of the SBANI catalysts was proportional to the NI content in the sample. When MB was irradiated in the presence of a sample with high NI content, total bleaching of MB was observed after 300 min irradiation. In addition, blue shifts in the visible MB band were observed during irradiation. The results can be explained by concomitant mineralization and Ndemethylation of MB. N-demethylation led to the formation of azure dyes, which were detected in the reaction mixtures after irradiation. The photocatalytic activity can be attributed to the formation of NI triplets, which can react with MB by both Type (II) (via oxygen reactive species) and Type I (via electron transfer) mechanisms. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Switching patients from olanzapine or risperidone to a combination treatment using perphenazine plus buspirone: Evaluation of antipsychotic efficacy and side-effects, including extrapyramidal effects and weight loss. In this pilot study, we have investigated the effects of switching from olanzapine or risperidone treatment to low-dose perphenazine combined with buspirone in six schizophrenic patients who had experienced weight gain. We found no relapse as to psychotic symptoms measured by the CGI-S scale and no exacerbation of extrapyramidal side-effects as measured by the Simpson - Angus Scale. In addition, we observed a medium weight reduction of 10.5 kg ( range 1 - 20 kg).", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "The shaping of genetic variation in edge-of-range populations under past and future climate change. AbstractWith rates of climate change exceeding the rate at which many species are able to shift their range or adapt, it is important to understand how future changes are likely to affect biodiversity at all levels of organisation. Understanding past responses and extent of niche conservatism in climatic tolerance can help predict future consequences. We use an integrated approach to determine the genetic consequences of past and future climate changes on a bat species, Plecotus austriacus. Glacial refugia predicted by palaeo-modelling match those identified from analyses of extant genetic diversity and model-based inference of demographic history. Former refugial populations currently contain disproportionately high genetic diversity, but niche conservatism, shifts in suitable areas and barriers to migration mean that these hotspots of genetic diversity are under threat from future climate change. Evidence of population decline despite recent northward migration highlights the need to conserve leading-edge populations for spearheading future range shifts.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Facial Expression and Vocal Pitch Height: Evidence of an Intermodal Association. Forty-four participants were asked to sing moderate, high, and low pitches while their faces were photographed. In a two-alternative forced choice task, independent judges selected the high-pitch faces as more friendly than the low-pitch faces. When photographs were cropped to show only the eye region, judges still rated the high-pitch faces friendlier than the low-pitch faces. These results are consistent with prior research showing that vocal pitch height is used to signal aggression (low pitch) or appeasement (high pitch). An analysis of the facial features shows a strong correlation between eyebrow position and sung pitch-consistent with the role of eyebrows in signaling aggression and appeasement. Overall, the results are consistent with an inter-modal linkage between vocal and facial expressions.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "The academy dictionary lives! The monolingual lexicography in Hungarian from the start to the present under special consideration of the new academy dictionary. This paper seeks to give an overview of Hungarian lexicography throughout the 19th, 20th and the beginning of the 21st century. The aim is to give a historiographical-lexicographical survey dealing with the vernacular, monolingual, explanatory dictionaries of Hungarian. However the main emphasis will be laid on the new flagship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences: A magyar nyelv nagyszotara 'Comprehensive Dictionary of the Hungarian Language' (Ittzes et al. 2006ff), of which this paper proposes to give an account regarding background and process of formation.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Postnatal diagnosis of 9q interstitial imbalances involving PTCH1, resulting from a familial intrachromosomal insertion. Insertions are rare chromosomal rearrangements resulting from a three breaks mechanism. The risk of chromosomal imbalance in the offspring is estimated to be 15-50%. We have identified a familial history of direct, paracentric intrachromosomal 9q insertion, balanced in healthy members. For intrachromosomal insertions, unbalanced products in the offspring are always recombinants and in our case, reciprocal deletion and duplication of the inserted segment (9q22.31-9q31.1) were observed. These imbalances involved several genes, including PTCH1. PTCH1 haploinsufficiency causes Gorlin syndrome, an autosomal dominant disorder usually linked to the gene mutation but sometimes due to a 9q deletion. Clinical findings are different in 9q deletions and duplications including PTCH1, notably concerning the predisposition to benign and malignant tumors reported in the Gorlin syndrome. Furthermore, some features may be reciprocal. This history of intrachromosomal insertion highlights the importance of morphological cytogenetic analyses to provide an accurate genetic counseling. (C) 2014 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "On KPSS with GARCH errors. In this paper we discuss the finite sample behavior of the KPSS test in the presence of conditionally heteroskedastic errors. We confirm that under stationary GARCH errors the asymptotics of the KPSS remains valid. However, in finite samples we observe a slight size distortion and a power distortion. Interestingly, IGARCH errors do not seem to affect the size of the test, however they may often cause a substantial loss of power.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Preference reversal and group strategy-proofness. We study the problem of choosing one alternative given agent's strict preferences. We show that preference reversal (Eliaz, 2004) implies group strategy-proofness. Moreover, they are equivalent for the special cases where only two or three alternatives may be chosen. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "NORADRENERGIC AND DOPAMINERGIC INTERRELATION IN SCHIZOPHRENIA. Growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) responses to the acute administration of clonidine (150 mu g) and apomorphine (0.5 mg) were investigated in parallel in 20 drug-free subchronic and chronic schizophrenic patients and in nine control subjects. Neither basal levels of the two hormones nor their mean responses to both stimuli differed significantly between the two groups. However, eight patients had blunted GH responses to clonidine and seven to apomorphine; only two patients showed blunted GH responses to both stimuli. The blunted GH response to apomorphine correlated with the chronicity of the disorder. A greater than normal GH response to clonidine stimulation was observed in paranoid patients. Significant correlations were observed between negative symptoms and GH responses to clonidine (negative), between negative symptoms and PRL responses to apomorphine (positive), and between positive symptoms and PRL responses to apomorphine (negative).", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "A Limited Feedback Transmission Scheme Based on MS Compensation in the 3D MIMO System. In a three-dimensional (3D) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system, the base station can use both horizontal and vertical spaces, transmitting spatial beam to users more accurately. This system has caught the attention of researchers in recent years. The existing research on the 3D MIMO technology is based on the assumption that the base station can acquire the ideal channel state information (CSI), which is not actually the case in real systems. Therefore, this paper introduces a limited feedback transmission scheme based on mobile station (MS) compensation in the 3D MIMO system. In this scheme, the vertical antenna gain of the 3D MIMO system compensation is assigned to the MS. Two CSI-RS ports are configured at the base station, omnidirectional CSI-RS port and partial CSI-RS port. The MS can calculate the horizontal CSI and the vertical beam gain according to omnidirectional CSI-RS port and partial CSI-RS port, respectively. Partial CSI-RS resources are used to calculate the channel after being weighted by the vertical beam vector, MS selects the optimal vertical precoding vector. Simulations show that compared with the reference strategy, the transmission scheme with limited feedback based on the MS compensation proposed in this article has more advantages. The average spectral efficiency of the system and the cell edge spectral efficiency can be greatly improved.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Developing a critical pedagogy of 'research-based' teaching in Islamic studies. Studying Islam and Middle Eastern politics has become highly popular, particularly in American and British universities after the 9/11 and 7/7 terrorist events. Unfortunately, the increasing interest in Islam and Muslims in the West is often based on (mis) recognition of images of Muslims in the media. This has created a new set of problems of ignorance and misunderstandings about terrorism and the Islamic world. The intent of this article is to outline a 'critical pedagogy' of research-based teaching for Islamic studies and illustrate how this kind of pedagogical engagement better equips students to 'problematise the natural, cultural and historical reality' and dominant Orientalist assumptions about the relationship between Islam and terrorism. This article shows how research-based teaching can help students to become critical thinkers to connect knowledge and power while studying Islam and Middle Eastern politics.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "'Party Principles' in Scottish Political Culture: Roxburghshire, 1832-1847. In this article it is argued that everyday processes and rituals entrenched political identities in post-reform political culture. The intensification of formal party allegiances-that is, deep and enduring loyalties towards factions within the established partisan structure-was not solely a result of ideology. Allegiances were also strengthened by the local activities of parties and by the infrastructure enhanced (and to an extent imported) by the Scottish Reform Act. These two factors reinforced each other, encouraging a vibrant, and at times violent, set of election rituals. From particular analysis of the constituency of Roxburghshire, it is clear that local party organisations were more autonomous, flexible and deeply rooted in broader society than might be assumed. Moreover, the rituals and processes of electioneering were very closely linked to formal parties and party allegiance. Indeed, the phenomenon of electoral violence, thus far assumed to be practically non-existent in Scotland, was closely related to election rituals and parties. This all suggests that formal partisan identities were more developed, and at an earlier stage, in Scotland than elsewhere in the UK. These identities would go on to play a notable role in shaping the development of mid-and late Victorian Scottish society.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Solution of Supplee's submarine paradox through special and general relativity. In 1989 Supplee described an apparent relativistic paradox on which a submarine seems to sink to observers at rest within the ocean, but it rather seems to float in the submarine proper frame. In this letter, we show that the paradox arises from a misuse of the Archimedes principle in the relativistic case. Considering first the special relativity, we show that any relativistic force field can be written in the Lorentz form, so that it can always be decomposed into a static (electric-like) and a dynamic (magnetic-like) part. These gravitomagnetic effects provide a relativistic formulation of Archimedes principle, from which the paradox is explained. Besides, if the curved spacetime on the vicinity of the Earth is taken into account, we show that the gravitational force exerted by the Earth on a moving body must increase with the speed of the body. The submarine paradox is then analyzed again with this speed- dependent gravitational force. Copyright (C) EPLA, 2016", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Brain capillary transit time heterogeneity in healthy volunteers measured by dynamic contrast-enhanced T-1-weighted perfusion MRI. ResultsIn the healthy subjects, we found a narrow symmetric delta-like capillary transit time distribution in basal ganglia gray matter with median CTH of 0.93 s and interquartile range of 1.33 s. The corresponding residue impulse response function was compatible with the adiabatic tissue homogeneity model. In two patients with complete occlusion of the internal carotid artery and in the patient with a brain tumor CTH was increased with values up to 6 s in the affected brain tissue, with an exponential like residue impulse response function.Materials and MethodsTwenty-three healthy subjects were scanned at 3.0T MRI system applying DCE-MRI and using a gamma-variate model to estimate CTH as well as cerebral blood flow (CBF), cerebral blood volume (CBV), and permeability of the blood-brain barrier, measured as the influx constant K-i. For proof of principle we also investigated three patients with recent thromboembolic events and a patient with a high grade brain tumor.PurposeCapillary transit time heterogeneity, measured as CTH, may set the upper limit for extraction of substances in brain tissue, e.g., oxygen. The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of dynamic contrast-enhanced T-1 weighted MRI (DCE-MRI) at 3 Tesla (T), in estimating CTH based on a gamma-variate model of the capillary transit time distribution. In addition, we wanted to investigate if a subtle increase of the blood-brain barrier permeability can be incorporated into the model, still allowing estimation of CTH.ConclusionOur results open the possibility of characterizing brain perfusion by the capillary transit time distribution using DCE-MRI, theoretically a determinant of efficient blood to brain transport of important substances.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Sunshine dimming and brightening in Chinese cities (1955-2011) was driven by air pollution rather than clouds. Sunshine hours in 42 big cities across China declined at a rate of 0.26 h d(-1) decade(-1) from 1955 to 1989. The decreasing trend in sunshine hours levels off from 1990 to 2011, with a marginal decline of 0.02 h d(-1) decade(-1). Since 1990, there has been a recovery of sunshine hours on average by 0.19 h d(-1) decade(-1) in a third of the country, especially South China. In the other two-thirds of the country, sunshine hours have continued to decrease by 0.13 h d(-1) decade(-1) on average. For spring and winter seasons, sunshine hours rebounded in 1990 to 2011 across the country by 0.27 and 0.08 h d(-1) decade(-1), respectively. Total cloud cover (TCC) and air pollution index (API)-2 potential driving factors-were selected as likely candidates for explaining the change in the sunshine trend. Based on Grey Relational Analysis (GRA), for cities and seasons with increasing sunshine hours, the prime driver of recent sunshine hour recovery is API rather than TCC. Annual trends in sunshine hours and TCC of the 42 cities and 42 nearby counties were compared for 1955 to 2011. There is a growing gap in sunshine trends between cities and counties from similar to 1978 onwards. By contrast, TCC trends remained very similar. It is therefore most likely that the best explanation for recent stabilization of sunshine hours in the 42 big cities across China is the decline in API. In general, cities with increasing sunshine hours have good air quality and frequent cloud events.", "label": [4, 5, 36, 47]}
+{"token": "Identification of Dynamic Discrete Choice Models. Econometric models of dynamic discrete choice processes are applied to a wide variety of economic problems. Recent research on their empirical content has brought important new insights. It has clarified the conditions for their identification from choice and covariate panel data in the absence of dynamic selection on unobservables. It has provided important new identification results for discrete-time models with unobserved heterogeneity and unobserved states. Finally, it has enhanced the attractiveness of continuous-time models, by developing new insights on the identification of continuous-time optimal stopping models. Current developments in the literature promise to shed further light on the specification and identification of models with unobserved state variables, theory-based non-proportional hazard models, continuous-time optimal stopping models with time-varying covariates, and dynamic games in discrete and continuous time.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Nerve Physiology Mechanisms of Injury and Recovery. Peripheral nerve injuries are common conditions, with broad-ranging groups of symptoms depending on the severity and nerves involved. Although much knowledge exists on the mechanisms of injury and regeneration, reliable treatments that ensure full functional recovery are scarce. This review aims to summarize various ways these injuries are classified in light of decades of research on peripheral nerve injury and regeneration.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Development, internal consistency and reliability of the Verona Service Satisfaction Scale - European Version - EPSILON Study 7. Background Satisfaction with mental health services is an important quality and outcome variable. The Verona Service Satisfaction Scale (VSSS) is a well-established method for measuiring service satisfaction.Results The alpha coefficient for the VSSS-EU total score in the pooled sample was 0.96 (95% Cl 0.94-0.97) and ranged from 0.92 (95% Cl 0.60-1.00) to 0.96 (95% Cl 0.93-0.98) across the sites. Test - retest reliability for VSSS- EU total score, pooled over sites, was 0.82 (95% Cl 0.780.85) and ranged from 0.73 (95% Cl 0.6-0.86) to 0.93 (95% Cl 0.89-0.97) across the sites.Method A sampleof people with schizophrenia on the case-load of local mental health services in the five European participating countries was assessed. The VSSS-EU was administered at one site in each country at two points in time. Internal consistency and test- retest reliability were assessed and compared between the five sites.Declaration of interest No conflict of interest. Funding detailed in Acknowledgements.Aim To report the development and reliability study of the European Version of the VSSS (VSSS-EU).Conclusion VSSS-EU is a reliable instrument for measuring service satisfaction in people with schizophrenia, for useincomparativecross-nationalresearch projects and in routine clinical practice in mental health services across Europe.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Who defends democracy and why? Explaining the participation in the 2016-2017 candlelight protest in South Korea. Who defends democracy? This is a question central to the literature on democratic development, and a new generation of scholars has integrated structural- and actor-centric approaches to democratization to produce generalizable insights. However, their theoretical arguments lack sufficient empirical evidence from non-Western countries. From late October 2016 to April 2017, seven million Koreans (14% of the population) raised candles and participated in anti-government rallies, which eventually halted the deconsolidation of Korean democracy. The candlelight protest is a useful case for testing the expectations of these actor-centric theories. Analysing the latest World Values Survey, this study finds that many of the protest participants were young and attentive middle-class citizens and opposition party supporters in the capital areas. Their motivations were democratically defensive and reformative rather than transformative and postmodern but differed across economic classes. These results shed fresh light on these actor-centric theories of democratization and make significant implications regarding new democracies.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Study of steel production with the use of hot-briquetted iron in the cold charge. The use of hot-briquetted iron in large furnaces makes their operation more efficient. The time of furnace operation under current is shortened by 4 min, while unit electric-power consumption is cut by 15 kWh/ton for the melting of the charge and by 8 kWh/ton for the completion of the heat as a whole. These results are obtained when the amount of hot-briquetted iron in the cold charge corresponds to 0.3-0.4 of the weight of the scrap and the ratio of the mass of the cold charge to the mass of the metallized pellets in the charge is within the range 1.0-1.1.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Treponema pallidum, lipoproteins, and synthetic lipoprotein analogues induce human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gene expression in monocytes via NF-kappa B activation. Syphilitic genital ulcers are cofactors for the bidirectional transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). U937 human promonocytic cells chronically infected with HIV-1 (U1 cells) or transiently transfected with wild type or mutant Hn: long terminal repeat (LTR) reporter constructs were used to examine mechanisms that likely underlie Treponema pallidum-induced immune cell activation and consequent induction of HIV. Virulent T. pallidum, a representative native treponemal lipoprotein (NTp47), or synthetic lipoprotein analogues (lipopeptides) all induced HIV replication in U1 cells. These stimuli also induced HIV gene expression from a wild type HIV LTR. HIV gene expression correlated with the translocation of NF-KB, and mutations within the NF-KB binding sites of the HIV LTR abrogated HIV gene expression. This study implicates treponemal lipoproteins as key mediators of immune cell activation and provides insights into the cellular and molecular bases for enhanced HIV transmission in syphilitic persons.", "label": [2, 4, 17, 24, 40]}
+{"token": "The number and size of seeds in common versus restricted woodland herbaceous species in central Iowa, USA. Few plants have widespread distributions and occur wherever there is suitable habitat. Most species are absent from seemingly suitable sites because of limited colonizing ability. At a landscape scale colonization is limited by lack of seeds or suitable microsites, and this limit is likely to be exacerbated by current human alteration of the landscape. To test the hypothesis that species with restricted distributions have a more limited capacity for dispersal compared to common species, I compared seed number in a group of seven common woodland herbaceous species compared to seven species in the same genus or family with more restricted distributions. Restricted species had nearly an order of magnitude fewer seeds compared to closely related common species. They also produced over an order of magnitude larger seeds. These results support dispersal limitation. The ability to detect these differences was reduced when taxonomic information was not included. The data suggest that these species can not maximize both seed size and seed number. The results are interpreted in light of the human disturbance history that has had an overriding influence on the Iowa landscape and has likely favored species with an output advantage of abundant seeds over species with far fewer seeds.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Spaceball (or, not everything that's left is postmodern). Given law-school postmodernism's epistemo/ontology of juvenile anti-realist agnosticism, its commitment to Gadamerian and/or Derridean notions of linguistic indeterminacy, its monomaniacal dedication to centrifugal end-justifies-the-means Lefty politics, its abhorrence of commonly recognized conceptions of neutral principle, its concomitant disrespect for the very notion of truth, and its inextricably intertwined obsession with names and propensity for linguistic doublespeak, Professor Arrow confesses to initially wondering what it might \\\\'mean\\\\' to take anything uttered by a postmodernist \\\\'literally,\\\\' or at \\\\'face value.\\\\' But undaunted by that \\\\'paradox,\\\\' Professor Arrow not only takes up Feldman's challenge to \\\\'critique postmodernism on its own terms\\\\' (by playing a pantomime Spaceball game with Feldman), but also critiques it logically-and (gasp!) pragmatically (not \\\\'pragmatically\\\\'). Maintaining the tonal and stylistic \\\\'playfulness\\\\' to which law-school pomoers profess to aspire (but in no known instance have achieved), Professor Arrow assures the reader that there will be numerous interesting (not \\\\'interesting\\\\') plot twists along the way. In the process, Professor Arrow also offers speculation about the way in which the postmodernists' ultimate contribution to American law schools is likely to be assessed-but cautions (as is appropriate under the circumstances) that you'll have to find it in a footnote.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "What is the Value of Judicial Experience? Exploring Judge Trajectories Using Longitudinal Data. Judicial experience is considered essential for the proper functioning of the sentencing system. We investigate how it influences judicial decisions and its role in reducing sentencing disparity. To do so, we analyze all Czech criminal decisions imposed in 2007-2017 using data that includes judge identifiers. This unique feature of our data enables us to measure judges' experience directly, as the number of criminal cases processed, and to assess patterns in between-judge disparities longitudinally over the course of judges' careers. We find that experienced judges impose more prison sentences, decide fewer cases via shortened procedure and find fewer defendants guilty. In addition, as judges become more experienced, between-judge disparities reduce across all the outcomes considered. Experience is thus an instrumental factor affecting judicial decisions throughout the criminal process, and one that contributes to greater consistency.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "The challenge of reforming a 'voter-friendly' electoral system: the debates over Ireland's single transferable vote. In the 2011 Irish general election, held in the midst of the economic crisis, electoral reform was catapulted to the top of the agenda, with all of the political parties including proposals for electoral reform in their manifestos. The matter was subsequently given to the Irish Constitutional Convention to discuss. The Convention recommended keeping a modified version of the existing single transferable vote electoral system. This article reviews the Irish debate, showing how for the most part the impetus for electoral reform came from the party leaderships. By contrast, mass public opinion on the issue was at best equivocal. A curious feature of the Irish debate was how arguably it was strategically misdirected, at least on the part of the mainstream parties: the reforms being promoted by the elite were more likely to have weakened the position of the established elite than to have strengthened it.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Ground Potential Rise in Wind Farms due to Direct Lightning. This paper investigates the ground potential rise (GPR) developed in wind farms subject to direct lightning currents representative of first and subsequent negative downward strokes and return strokes associated with upward negative flashes. The wind farm grounding system is studied considering different numbers of interconnected grounding systems and for distinct values of soil resistivity taking into account frequency-dependent soil parameters. A wideband multiport model of the wind farm grounding system is obtained and implemented in a time-domain electromagnetic transient tool to include the aerial elements in simulations, namely the wind turbine blades and tower. It is shown that interconnecting more wind turbine grounding systems in parallel leads to a significant reduction of the low-frequency grounding resistance, whereas the decrease of the impulse impedance is much lower, especially for low-resistivity soils and negative downward subsequent strokes or negative upward lightning return strokes. It is also shown that the presence of the aerial components significantly affects the GPR in the response to lightning currents representative of negative downward subsequent strokes and return strokes associated with negative upward flashes, which have higher frequency content compared to negative first return strokes. The presence of the aerial components increases the GPR peak.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Not So Radical After All: Ideological Diversity Among Radical Right Supporters and Its Implications. Radical right voters and parties are often characterized as conservative and traditionalist on issues of gender, sexuality, and morality. Common wisdom is that they reject the progressive sociopolitical shifts that began in the 1970s and early 1980s. However, some radical right parties, such as the Dutch Party for Freedom, maintain moderate positions on morality issues. Are radical right supporters still traditionalist? Latent class analysis applied to European Social Survey data from 10 West European countries reveals that radical right supporters belong to three ideologically distinct classes. The fastest growing group is the sexually-modern nativists, who make up about 45% by 2016. Contrary to extant literature, traditionalism no longer appears to be a major motivation for today's radical right. Instead, immigration and nationalism are now the core common concerns for radical right supporters in Western Europe. This development may be due to the Euro crisis and the migration crisis, which have increased the salience of national borders.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Fractionation of dissolved organic carbon from soil solution with immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography. The presence and identity of Cu-complexing ligands in soil solution strongly affects biogeochemistry, bioavailability and the fate of Cu in soils. In this study, we compared the influence of heavy metal pollution, vegetation and soil type on the amount and characterization of ligands able to form ternary complexes with Cu in soil solution. For separation and characterization, we applied immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) combined with fluorescence spectroscopy. All separated IMAC-fractions exhibited excitation-emission wavelengths of humic-like fluorescence (240-285/365-434 nm). Protein-type fluorescence (270-280/295-365 nm) and fluorescence at 330-340/375-385 nm were detected only in the retained fraction whereas carboxylate-type fluorescence (300-310/420-430 nm) was observed only in the non-retained fraction. These findings are in agreement with the behaviour of model ligands. The IMAC-retained ligands represented between 5 and 30% of dissolved organic carbon. The soil type and the vegetation had the largest influence on the quality and quantity of Cu ligands able to form ternary complexes. In the topsoil, the IMAC retained fraction was greater in soil without vegetation (16%) compared with soil with vegetation (12%). A larger amount (75%) of the protein-type ligands able to form ternary complexes with Cu was found in soil with vegetation compared with plant-free soil (69%). Metal pollution also affected the composition of the extracted ligands; the fraction with protein-type ligands decreased from 75% in unpolluted to 65% in the polluted topsoil. The results show that IMAC-retained ligands are related to the biological activity in soils.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "An increase in newly diagnosed HIV cases reported among men who have sex with men in Europe, 2000-6: implications for a European public health strategy. Objective: To present HIV surveillance data on men who have sex with men (MSM) in the European Union (EU) and European Free Trade Association (EFTA) countries for the period 2000-6.Methods: Data from three sources, HIV reporting, AIDS reporting and HIV prevalence studies, were collated by EuroHIV and analysed for 27 EU and three EFTA countries.Conclusions: Whereas the decreasing rates of AIDS diagnoses and AIDS deaths reflect relatively good access to therapy, the increasing numbers of new HIV diagnoses and relatively high prevalence of HIV among MSM suggest the need for Europe-wide HIV prevention among MSM.Results: In 2006, 7693 newly diagnosed HIV infections among MSM were reported (56.7 per million men aged 15-64 years). In 23 countries with data for 2000-6, the number of new HIV diagnoses increased by 86% from 3003 to 5571. In 20 countries reporting individual HIV cases between 2000 and 2006, the median age at HIV diagnosis remained unchanged ( 36 years), whereas the proportion of MSM presenting with an AIDS-defining illness at the time of HIV diagnosis declined from 25% in 2000 to 10% in 2006 (chi(2) = 85.7, p < 0.001). In 30 countries reporting AIDS, incidence among MSM decreased by 40% from 2422 in 2000 to 1445 in 2006 and the number of deaths decreased by 57% from 876 to 373. Reported HIV prevalence ranged between 8% and 68% among MSM with sexually transmitted infections, between 10% and 18% among those recruited in community settings, but remained < 10% in central Europe and Ireland.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "THE CONGRUENCE LATTICE OF A COMBINATORIAL STRICT INVERSE SEMIGROUP. The congruence lattice of a combinatorial strict inverse semigroup is shown to be isomorphic to a complete subdirect product of congruence lattices of semilattices preserving pseudocomplements.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Bailu's Catholicism in China: Religious Inculturation, Tourist Attraction, or Secularization. My article explores how Catholicism interacts with various forces and players in the local and political arena since it migrated into Bailu, China. My argument is based on extensive fieldwork done at two seminaries and one church there. I have shown that: (1) Catholicism encountered different secular forces and survived through effective interaction with them, (2) a market-oriented economy led to the commercialization of once-authentic religious sites for tourism and economic development, and (3) the secularization of Catholicism results in a unique paradox: Catholicism's public influence on tourism and economic development has been increasing, while its activities and church attendance have not followed synchronously. This paradox manifests itself in two facts: though the town has benefited from Catholicism's presence, measured by religious symbols and in numbers have been gradually reduced and even removed; and though its French influence makes this town a tourist destination, the prevailing Chinese culture has not been undermined but reinforced.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Christ's Mediation in Gregory of Nyssa. Gregory of Nyssa's theology is profoundly Christocentric. This article delves into Gregory's understanding of Christ's mediation by analyzing some of his writings. Christ's mediation is a key notion in the distinction between theologia and oikonomia. It also turns out to be essential in Gregory's arguments concerning the Word's divinity and the perfect humanity assumed in the Incarnation. Furthermore, the theology of mediation constitutes a key principle of Gregory's spiritual doctrine and eschatology.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Sphingobacterium composti sp nov., a novel DNase-producing bacterium isolated from compost. A Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, nonmotile, and nonspore-forming bacterial strain, designated T5-12(T), was isolated from compost and characterized using a polyphasic taxonomical approach. The isolate was positive for catalase and oxidase tests. It could degrade DNA, but was negative for degradation of macromolecules such as casein, collagen, starch, chitin, cellulose, and xylan. The DNA G+C content was 36.0 mol%. The predominant isoprenoid quinone was menaquinone 7 (MK-7). The major fatty acids were iso-C-15:0 (45.6%), iso-C-17:0 3OH (17.2%), and summed feature 4 (C-16:1 omega 7c and/or iso-C-15:0 2OH, 14.9%). Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain T5-12(T) fell within the radiation of the cluster comprising members of the genus Sphingobacterium. Strain T5-12(T) exhibited lower than 94% of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with respect to the type strains of recognized Sphingobacterium species. On the basis of its phenotypic properties and phylogenetic distinctiveness, strain T5-12(T) (=KCTC 12578(T)=LMG 23401(T)=CCUG 52467(T)) should be classified in the genus Sphingobacterium as the type strain of a novel species, for which the name Sphingobacterium composti sp. nov. is proposed.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 40]}
+{"token": "Property loss compensation mechanism of flood risk in China. Natural disasters cause disastrous losses of life and property in China. The most serious losses come from floods which represent more than 1% of the notional gross domestic product. Currently, there is no effective compensation mechanism to counteract the impact of floods. The existing mechanism mainly relies on guidance from the national government with cooperation from local governments. The value of compensation from government is less than 10% of the value of lost property. Worldwide, the two main mechanisms to compensate for losses caused by flood are government allocations and commercial markets, and insurance is the most popular commercial instrument to deal with flood losses. In this paper, we explore whether China could adopt a commercial approach to compensation. Three provinces are used as an example to demonstrate that China could rely on commercial mechanisms to compensate for flood losses.", "label": [4, 5, 36, 47]}
+{"token": "Enhanced adhesion of deposited polypyrrole ultra-thin films through self-assembled polymeric monolayers. A novel method for the deposition of polypyrrole (PPy) thin films on a metal oxide surface using self-assembled polyethylene glycol (PEG) monolayers as reaction media has been developed. This method lends to increased adhesion of the deposited PPy films to the substrates and an increase in;its electrical conductivity. The procedure consists of several simple steps. First, the surface of glass substrate is functionalized with the isocyanate group. Then, a PEG monolayer is formed on the surface through the reaction of its hydroxy group with the isocyano group. Finally, a polypyrrole firm is grown in the self-assembled PEG monolayer by adding oxidant. The resulting PPy thin films were characterized by measuring the electrical conductivity, adhesion, and surface morphology. It was found that the deposited PPy films show higher conductivities (13 s/cm) and superior adhesion compared to simply deposited PPy films.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Responsible tourism, rural and natural areas and development cooperation: report of the 'Declaration of Tetuan' (Morocco). This review contains up the conclusions and main reflections of the Spanish-Moroccan Seminar about Responsible Tourism, Environment and Sustainable Development in Rural and Natural Areas an organized in Tetuan (Morocco) in december 2011in the framework of cooperation between universities and scientific research (PCI) called \\\\'Responsible and Solidarity Tourism and Sustainable Territorial Management\\\\', financed by the Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation (AECID) and launched by the University of Cordoba (Spain) and Abdelmalek Essaadi (Morocco). Besides the analysis of the results gotten on conceptualization of the responsible tourism, analysis of experiences of good practices and defining strategies and actions necessary for the future, it is transcribed in this work the full text of the final declaration of the Seminar elaborated by the panel of experts, among which are the authors of this review.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "METAL ATOMS IN THE SYNTHESIS OF METAL-CLUSTERS .2. REACTIONS OF SUBSTITUTED CYCLOPENTADIENES AND NICKELOCENE WITH NICKEL AND IRON ATOMS. By vaporizing nickel atoms into solutions of tert-butyl-substituted cyclopentadienes in methylcyclohexane mononuclear sandwich compounds (1, 4, and 6 as main products) as well as tri- and tetranuclear clusters are prepared.  With mono- and di-tert-butyl-substituted cyclopentadienes as ligands the new clusters 2 and 5 are obtained.  In the reaction with 1,2,4-tri-tert-butylcyclopentadiene 6 is the only observed product.  Hindered rotation around the metal-ligand bond vector is observed for 4 even at room temperature.  When treating 1 with nickel atoms cluster 2 is formed, indicating some importance of 1 during the formation of 2 in the above reaction.  Clusters 2 and 5 contain hydrido ligands, which could be identified in the case of tris(1,3-di-tert-butyl-eta-5-cyclopentadienyl)trinickel dihydride (5) by a single crystal structure determination as mu-3-H bridges.  A tetrahedral structure is found for the cluster 2 by X-ray crystallography.  With the aid of MS, IR, magnetic measurements, and cyclovoltammetric investigations 2 is identified as a mixture of 2a and 2b bearing one or three bridging hydrogens, respectively.  In general 2a, 2b, and 5 show a rich redox chemistry with reversible redox couples between -2 and +2.  Reaction of iron atoms, nickelocene, and mesitylene in methylcyclohexane at -120-degrees-C leads unexpectedly to cluster 3, tetrakis(eta-5-cyclopentadienyl)tetranickel trihydride and a not yet identified (eta-5-cyclopentadienyl)mesityleneiron complex.  Possible formation routes for 1-6 are discussed.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Amine/Carboxylic Acid Based Bifunctional Ionic Liquids as Extractants for Nd(III), Sm(III) and Eu(III) from Aqueous Solution Containing EDTA. Two bi-functional ionic liquid extractants (Bif-ILs) comprising tertiary amine and carboxylic acids, namely [TOAH](+)[OHex](-) (Tri-n-octylaminehexanoate) and [TOAH](+)[ODec](-) (Tri-n-octylaminedecanoate) in kerosene have been used for extraction of Nd(III), Sm(III) and Eu(III) from aqueous phase with EDTA as a complexing agent. The extraction ability of both the extracting agents has been analyzed with respect to variations in shaking time, concentration of extractant, aqueous phase pH, molarity of EDTA, diluents and phase volume ratio. Using 0.08 mol/L EDTA,extraction of Nd(III) was maximum with both the extractants followed by Sm(III) and Eu(III).At 4 : 1 (O/A) phase volume ratio, the extraction percentages using [TOAH](+)[OHex](-) were 93.42 % (Nd), 89.83 % (Sm), 84.14 % (Eu) and with [TOAH](+)[ODec](-) the values were 90.42 % (Nd), 89.37 % (Sm), 83.65 % (Eu), respectively.Extraction efficiency of both Bif-ILs is maximum for Nd(III). Stripping was quantitative with HNO3 and HCl.Speciation studies and FTIR spectra provide valuable information regarding the stoichiometry of the extracted species.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Description of a new species of the genus Ruspolia (Schulthess, 1898) (Conocephalinae: Copiphorini) from Kashmir, India. Karny (1912) proposed the tribe Copiphorini within the subfamily Conocephalinae, family Tettigoniidae. Copiphorini is one of the four tribes of Conocephalinae. The members of this tribe are characterized by slanting head shape and notched frons. The specimens for this study were collected in different regions of the Kashmir valley in the year 2020. A brief morphological description of the genus and new species is given. Also, a key to Indian species is provided. The type specimen has been deposited in the Museum of Zoology Department AMU.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Minds of gods and human cognitive constraints: socio-ecological context shapes belief. What believers say about gods' thoughts, concerns, and dispositions reflects both the minds of believers and the societies in which they live. A review of the psychology of religion literature reveals a paradox: individuals benefit from belief in divine benevolence, while groups benefit from belief in divine punishment. We propose that a resolution to this paradox lies in the combination of cognitive systems and culturally-transmitted social norms. We suggest that, as access to reflective thinking capacity is depleted, unreflective thinking driven by culturally-transmitted decision rules that are themselves shaped by local environments (e.g., norms, schemas, and scripts) play a central role in shaping beliefs about the minds of gods. We first review the psychological literature and examine how cognition and social norms might combine to favor certain patterns of beliefs around what gods know, care about, and do. We use a cultural evolutionary lens to indicate ways that various beliefs about gods' minds may confer adaptive benefits to individuals or groups across various socio-ecological contexts, focusing on three cultural strategies: honor, face, and dignity. Along the way, we draw from existing data to predict what shapes gods' minds may take and suggest ways to test predictions drawn from this review.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Expansins in growing tomato leaves. An expansin-like protein from growing tomato leaves was identifed by its ability to restore the 'acid-growth' response to heat-inactivated tomato walls and by its similarity to expansins from cucumber hypocotyls. Native walls from growing tomato leaves exhibit an endogenous acid-induced extension (creep) that resembles in various biochemical characteristics the acid-growth activity of cucumber hypocotyls. For example, the acid-growth activity is lost when the walls of tomato leaves are briefly heated and is largely restored by addition of a crude protein extract from the walls of growing leaves. Wall proteins from growing leaves enhance the stress relaxation spectrum of tomato walls in a fashion characteristic of cucumber expansins. HPLC fractionation of the crude wall protein from tomato leaves yielded an active fraction containing a major 27 kDa protein that cross-reacts with an antibody raised against cucumber expansin. The results show that tomato leaf wa I Is possess at least one expansin that is responsible for the acid-growth property of leaves and indicate that cell wall extension in leaves shares an underlying protein mechanism common to cell wall expansion in stems.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Introduction: A Peaceful Europe? Negotiating Peace in the Twentieth Century. The introduction to this special issue on peace in twentieth-century Europe develops a novel interpretation of twentieth-century European history. Rather than focusing on the question of the impact of war and violence within European societies, it seeks to examine what we can gain from exploring how peace was established and maintained in the wake of wars in various European societies. In particular, it focuses on the manifold ways in which different social and international actors negotiated peace, both literally and symbolically. Taken together, the contributions to this special issue thus present a much more complex picture of twentieth-century Europe than the one of a 'Dark Continent' (Mark Mazower) ravaged by violence or that propagated by European institutions of a peaceful Europe.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Navigating between two cultures: Immigrants' gender attitudes toward working women. Using data from the European Social Survey, we model immigrants' gender attitudes toward working women by using linear cross-classified models to account for clustering into the country of origin and destination.BACKGROUNDThe results highlight the importance of the context of early socialization in shaping immigrants' gender attitudes. First-generation immigrants, and more specifically adult migrants, hold gender attitudes that reflect more strongly the country of origin's gender culture. In contrast, the positive association between gender ideology at destination and immigrants' gender attitudes is stronger among second-generation immigrants and child migrants.CONTRIBUTIONRESULTSOBJECTIVEWe add to the literature on gender ideology formation by analyzing the influence of gender ideology at the origin and destination levels on the gender attitudes of immigrants from 96 countries of origin and residing across 32 countries of destination.Gender attitudes toward women's employment are of particular importance because they positively influence gender-equal outcomes in the labor market. Our understanding of the mechanisms that promote egalitarian gender attitudes among immigrants, however, remains limited.METHODSBy studying first- and second-generation immigrants from multiple origins and living in different countries, this article seeks to explain under what conditions the prevalent cultural attitudes toward gender roles at the origin and destination influence immigrants' gender attitudes. We address three main research questions. First, does the country-of-origin gender ideology influence immigrants' views toward working women? Second, does the country-of-destination gender ideology influence immigrants' views toward working women? And third, are these relationships moderated by (1) the immigrant generation; (2) the age at arrival in the country of destination; (3) the length of residence at the destination?", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Variations in Hypovirus Interactions with the Fungal-Host RNA-Silencing Antiviral-Defense Response. Hypoviruses Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV-1)/EP713, CHV-1/Euro7, and CHV-1/EP721, which infect the chestnut blight fungus Cryphonectria parasitica, differ in their degrees of virulence attenuation (hypovirulence), symptom expression, and viral RNA accumulation, even though they share between 90% and 99% amino acid sequence identity. In this report we examine whether this variability is influenced by interactions with the C. parasitica Dicer gene dcl2-dependent RNA-silencing antiviral defense response. The mild symptoms exhibited by strains infected with CHV-1/Euro7 and CHV-1/EP721 relative to those with severe hypovirus CHV-1/EP713 did not correlate with a higher induction of the RNA-silencing pathway. Rather, dcl2 transcripts accumulated to a higher level (similar to 8-fold) following infection by CHV-1/EP713 than following infection by CHV-1/Euro7 (1.2fold) or CHV-1/EP721 (1.4-fold). The differences in dcl2 transcript accumulation in response to CHV-1/EP713 and CHV-1/EP721 were unrelated to the suppressor of RNA silencing, p29, encoded by the two viruses. Moreover, the coding strand viral RNA levels increased by 33-, 32-, and 16-fold for CHV-1/EP713, CHV-1/Euro7, and CHV-1/EP721, respectively, in Delta dcl2 mutant strains. This indicates that a very robust antiviral RNA-silencing response was induced against all three viruses, even though significant differences in the levels of dcl2 transcript accumulation were observed. Unexpectedly, the severe debilitation previously reported for CHV-1/EP713-infected Delta dcl2 mutant strains, and observed here for the CHV-1/Euro7-infected Delta dcl2 mutant strains, was not observed with infection by CHV-1/EP721. By constructing chimeric viruses containing portions of CHV-1/EP713 and CHV-1/EP721, it was possible to map the region that is associated with the severe debilitation of the Delta dcl2 mutant hosts to a 4.1-kb coding domain located in the central part of the CHV-1/EP713 genome.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "The Myth of Free. Myths matter. This Article is the first to confront a powerful myth that pervades modern economic, technological, and legal discourse: the Myth of Free. The prevailing view is that consumers capture massive welfare surplus from a flood of innovative new products that are offered free of charge. Economists, legal scholars, and industry stakeholders created an origin story-a myth-to explain how these products became \\\\'Free.\\\\'But that orthodox origin story is fatally flawed. This Article formalizes, then debunks, the Myth of Free and its underlying assumptions. The Myth is riddled with internal inconsistencies, logical errors, and factual inaccuracies. In their place, this Article provides a revisionist history of Free, one that offers greater descriptive and predictive accuracy. Along the way, it solves several puzzles: Why has Free become the default online business model? Why does the age of abundance-so often predicted-always fail to materialize? And why is society nonetheless drawn to such predictions?The task is urgent: the Myth of Free is not benign. It has misled courts into granting protected legal status to Free-product suppliers in cases ranging from contract disputes to antitrust and privacy litigation. It has also motivated policy proposals that call for eliminating market interventions-or competitive markets themselves-without adequate justification in either case. Moreover, policies designed for a post-scarcity world necessarily overlook the persistent problems attendant to scarcity, thereby creating substantial allocative inefficiencies. This Article seeks to dispel the Myth of Free before it can wreak further harm to societal welfare and the rule of law.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Borderline Personality Features Scale-Children: adaptation to Turkish, validity and reliability study. Objective: This research aims to investigate validity and reliability of Borderline Personality Features-Children (BPFS-C) in Turkish adolescent sample. Methods: The population sample consists of 267 students between the ages of 12 and 18 who study in two different schools. The clinical sample consists of 15 patients without a personality disorder and 13 patients with borderline personality disorder. Borderline Personality Features-Children, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire were used as data collection tools. In the clinical sample, semi-structured interviews were conducted with SCID-II. The test-retest method and Cronbach's alpha coefficient were used to evaluate the reliability of the scale. The construct validity of the scale was evaluated by using confirmatory factor analysis, and the cut-off score of the scale was tested by ROC analysis. Results: The scale's internal reliability was shown to be good (Cronbach alpha=0.83). In item analysis, five items were problematic; we decided to keep two items after additional analyzes. When the original factor structure of the scale (affect instability, identity problems, negative relationships, self-harm) was evaluated as a result of the confirmatory factor analysis, goodness of fit indices was not acceptable. It was observed that the scale items with sufficient fit indexes in the bifactor (a general factor and four specific factors) model mostly contributed to the general factor. When the scale's clinical validity was evaluated, population sample and patients with Borderline Personality Disorder were distinguished by the total scores of BPFS-C with a statistical significance and a large effect size (d=3.16). As a result of the ROC analysis, the cutoff score was determined as 69. Conclusion: Overall, the results revealed that the Turkish version of the BPFS-C is a valid and reliable tool and provided evidence for a unidimensional structure for children and adolescents with borderline personality disorder.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "The Gift: Ethically Indicated Euthanasia in Companion Animal Practice. The majority of companion animals seen by veterinary practitioners will die by euthanasia. Yet euthanasia can be a source of moral stress for veterinary team members, even when ethically indicated. In this discussion, I explore when euthanasia is ethically indicated and discuss the potential impact of ethically indicated euthanasia on veterinary team members. In particular, I challenge the analogy that the veterinarian performing ethically indicated euthanasia is akin to an executioner, arguing that this analogy is both inappropriate and potentially harmful. Finally, I discuss how we can support ourselves and our colleagues in relation to euthanasia, so we can attend to and maximise the welfare of our patients at the end of their lives.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Increased specificity of colloidal silver staining by means of chemical attenuation. A modification of the silver staining procedure of HOWELL and BLACK (1980) is reported which makes use of teleostean gelatin as protective colloid and renders a high signal-to-noise ratio. We demonstrate that this ratio can be further increased by subsequent attenuation with a chemical reducer consisting of a mixture of potassium ferricyanide(III) and sodium thiosulphate. It is shown that slight changes of the concentration of the reactive compounds of the chemical reducer make the protocol applicable to human, plant (Allium cepa, Rhinanthus minor) as well as meiotic insect (Acheta domesticus) chromosome preparations. Due to its broad applicability, the method could find utilization in studies on chromatin and chromosome functions in many species.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Testing the accuracy of feldspar single grains to date late Holocene cyclone and tsunami deposits. For most samples, good agreement between fading corrected IR50 and non-fading corrected pIRIR(150) ages is observed. Both feldspar ages generally also show good agreement with age control provided by historical data and quartz luminescence ages. pIRIRiso remnant ages in modern analogue samples are shown to be < 50 years, indicating that dating accuracy might be negatively affected by insufficient signal zeroing only for sediments younger than similar to 500 years. As these minor remnant ages are interpreted as being caused by unbleachable luminescence residuals, slight age overestimation for young samples can be overcome by subtracting the remnant ages.Quartz is the preferred dosimeter for luminescence dating of Holocene sediments as optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) signals reset rapidly upon light exposure, and are stable over time. However, feldspar is required where quartz luminescence properties are inappropriate for dating, as is often the case in geologically young mountain ranges and areas with young volcanism. Here we aim to evaluate the potential of single grain feldspar luminescence dating applied to late Holocene cyclone and tsunami deposits, for which complete signal resetting can a priori not be guaranteed. To address potential problems of feldspar dating of such deposits associated with heterogeneous bleaching, remnant doses and anomalous fading, we use a low-temperature post infrared infrared stimulated luminescence protocol (pIRIR(150)) on single grains.The good agreement between pIRIR(150), IR50 and quartz ages, indicates that a significant number of grains must have experienced relatively complete signal resetting during or immediately prior to transport, as the three signals are known to bleach at different rates. Since light exposure during the event is expected to be limited, we deduce that a significant portion of the grains in the cyclone and tsunami deposits was already bleached prior to the event of interest. These well-bleached grains were likely eroded at the beach, while other grains with larger remnant ages probably originate from the shallow subtidal, coastal barriers or even further inland sources. Additional signal resetting during storm and tsunami transport is indicated by slightly younger quartz than feldspar ages for grains with incomplete pre-transport resetting that were eroded at the Holocene coastal barrier.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Enemy love and the reinvention of identity. This article investigates the reception of Jesus' command to 'turn the other cheek' and 'love your enemies', as found in the Sermon on the Mount in Matthew 5:38-48, among Christian Palestinians. With the help of basic tools from the postcolonial discourse, structures of power, identity and subjectivity of these commands are examined. Although seeming to advocate a quiet acceptance of violence, the commands are interpreted as empowering calls to contribute to the transformation of the self, the other and the society. A person's dignity is seen to be restored and the transition from reactivity to agency is made possible. At the same time as the commandment of love ensures the uncompromising work for mutual respect and affirmation of both parties' humanness and creation in the image of God. Walter Wink helps to understand the logic of nonviolent resistance that the pericope is leading to in the eyes of the interviewees. In the last section, both the Bible text and the insights gained by the examination of its reception are condensed and further expanded by a theory of love inspired by Dorothee Solle. This theory of love argues that love is not only a general approach to life, rather than a sentimental feeling, but the basic principle of life, the courage to continue to love where no reason or hope is left, just the will to remain and love into the void. This is interpreted to be the strongest kind of love and a tremendous empowerment in the reinvention of identity.Contribution: This article contributes to the examination of identity processes within the field of theology and Bible interpretation as liberation and empowerment. The ethical and political relevancy of Scripture is here actualised in the example of the Palestinian context where questions of identity, justice and agency are more important than ever.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Correlation of an interleukin-4 gene polymorphism with susceptibility to severe enterovirus 71 infection in Chinese children. Enterovirus 71 (EV71) has caused many outbreaks of diseases among children worldwide since it was first reported in 1974, but its mechanism of pathogenesis remains unclear. This study was designed to investigate the possible association of the IL-4-589C/T gene polymorphism with severity of EV71 infection in Chinese children. The IL-4 -589C/T gene polymorphism was detected in EV71-infected subjects (n = 185), including those with mild cases (n = 102) and severe cases (n = 83) as well as healthy controls (n = 234), using an improved multiplex ligation detection reaction (iMLDR) technique. The plasma levels of IL-4 and IFN-gamma were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The presence of the CC genotype (p = 0.022) and the C allele (OR, 2.1; 95 % CI, 1.3-3.6; p = 0.004) was significantly higher in severe cases. Furthermore, the CC genotype and C allele were also more frequently found in cases of EV71 encephalitis (p < 0.05). The plasma levels of IL-4 of the CC (7.9 +/- 1.3 pg/mL, p < 0.001) and CT genotype (6.8 +/- 2.1 pg/mL, p < 0.01) were significantly elevated compared to those of the TT genotype, but the plasma levels of IFN-gamma and the IFN-gamma/IL-4 ratio were significantly lower for the CC and CT genotypes than for the TT genotype (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that the IL-4 -589C allele could be a susceptibility factor in the development of EV71 disease in Chinese children.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Three-parameter prestack seismic inversion based on L1-2 minimization. Prestack inversion has become a common approach in reservoir prediction. At present, the critical issue in the application of seismic inversion is the estimation of elastic parameters in the thin layers and weak reflectors. To improve the resolution and the accuracy of the inversion results, we introduced the difference of L-1 and L-2 norms as a nearly unbiased approximation of the sparsity of a vector, denoted as the L1-2 norm, to the prestack inversion. The nonconvex penalty function of the L1-2 norm can be decomposed into two convex subproblems via the difference of convex algorithm, and each subproblem can be solved efficiently by the alternating direction method of multipliers. Compared with the L-1 norm regularization, the L1-2 minimization can reconstruct reflectivities more accurately. In addition, the f-x predictive filtering was introduced to guarantee the lateral continuity of the location and the amplitude of the reflectivity series. The generalized linear inversion and f-x predictive filtering are combined for stable elastic impedance inversion results, and three parameters of P-wave velocity, S-wave velocity, and density can be inverted with the Bayesian linearized amplitude variation with offset inversion. The inversion results of synthetic and real seismic data demonstrate that the proposed method can effectively improve the resolution and accuracy of the inversion results.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Study of the dynamical approach to the interface localization-delocalization transition of the confined Ising model. Confined magnetic Ising films in a L x D geometry (L much less than D), with short-range competing magnetic fields (h) acting at opposite walls along the D-direction, exhibit a slightly rounded localization-delocalization transition of the interface between domains of different orientations that runs parallel to the walls. This transition is the precursor of a wetting transition that occurs in the limit of infinite film thickness (L --> infinity) at the critical curve T-w(h). For T < T-w(h) (T > T-w(h)) such an interface is bounded (unbounded) to the walls, while right at T-w(h) the interface is freely fluctuating around the centre of the film. Starting from disordered configurations, corresponding to T = infinity, we quench to the wetting critical temperature and study the dynamics of the approach to the stationary regime by means of extensive Monte Carlo simulations. It is found that for all layers parallel to the wall (rows), the row magnetizations exhibit a peak at a time tau(max) proportional to L-2 and subsequently relax to the stationary, equilibrium behaviour. The characteristic time for such a relaxation scales as tau(R) proportional to L-4, as expected from theoretical arguments, that are discussed in detail.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Internet and democracy in Morocco: A force for change and an instrument for repression. The article explores the extent to which the future of democracy in Morocco is healthier with the Internet as the primary means by which people create a public sphere where they communicate and form public opinion. A study on digital media in Morocco was carried out to examine the emergence of new media platforms and the impact of digitization on democracy and journalists' activity. The study relies on in-depth interviews with digital activists and online journalists. The study found that the Internet had created a dynamic and networked public space where lively debates can take place on many issues still considered off-limits to mainstream media. It has also been used as a tool for nascent political movements to organize and mobilize supporters across the country, particularly in the context of the ongoing Arab Spring. Morocco was spared from the draconian measures used in other authoritarian countries and the Internet was relatively free. The February 20 Movement in 2011, the Amina Filali campaign in 2012, the Daniel Gate case in 2013 and the Free Ali Anouzla campaign are all significant moments of victory that relied on social media for political mobilization. However, with the surveillance technology available and its use justified (since the most democratic countries such as the United States and France use it), the state is clamping down on Internet freedom. In the past, the government controlled the online information landscape through a series of restrictive laws that can be manipulated to serve political purposes. Today, activists and journalists identify surveillance as the most dangerous instrument in the hands of the regime. The regime has learned to use the empowering potential of the Internet to serve its own repressive agenda.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "ECONOMICS OF HERBICIDE USE ON ARABLE CROPS IN NORTH-CENTRAL ITALY. The frequency distribution of yield loss due to weeds in winter wheat, sugar beet, maize and soybean has been studied using the available data of weed control trials undertaken in north-central Italy in the last 30 years. The breakeven yield loss and the probability of obtaining a positive net return from chemical weed control were calculated, considering different treatment options and different weed-free yields. The mean value of yield loss varies from 23 to 30% in winter wheat and from 33.9 to 37.5% in maize, depending on the type of weed flora, and is 50.2% for sugar beet and 33.3% for soybean. The breakeven yield loss falls between 1.4 and 15% in winter wheat, 4.0 and 12.2% in maize, 5.1 and 12.6% in sugar beet and 3.3 and 17.7% in soybean. Even with the higher treatment costs and the lower yields, the probability of a positive net return is always > 80% and, for sugar beet, > 95 %.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "Buckling of a uniformly compressed rectangular SSCF composite sandwich plate. Solution of the buckling problem for a uniformly compressed rectangular composite sandwich plate having two parallel edges simply supported, one edge clamped and the remaining edge free (the SSCF sandwich plate) is presented in the paper. A variational buckling equation is derived based on the Lagrange principle and first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT). The Kantorovich procedure is applied to reduce the original equation to a one-dimensional form. Subsequent application of the generalised Galerkin method leads to an analytical formula for the critical load which is verified by using finite-element analysis. Efficiency of the analytical formula derived is demonstrated for design cases in which constraints are imposed on the value of critical load. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 11, 12]}
+{"token": "Ruminal indigestion and intestinal obstruction in cattle associated with consumption of Agave sisalana Perrine. Indigestion due to compaction of the ruminal content is a digestive disorder resulting from low-quality forage intake, rich in lignin and with low levels of energy and digestible protein, with or without water restriction. The accumulation of plant residues rich in indigestible fibers can also lead to formation of phytobezoars, causing digestive disorders and intestinal obstructions. The objective of this paper was to describe the epidemiology and the clinical and pathological changes of an outbreak of indigestion and other digestive disorders in cattle fed Agave sisalana. The affected herd consisted of 22 adult cattle reared in a semi-extensive system, which ingested almost exclusively stalks of A. sisalana manually cut for two months. Six cows showed decreased appetite and rumination, abdominal distension, and reduced production of dried feces. One animal was referred to the Veterinary Hospital. The presumptive diagnosis of indigestion was made by the epidemiologic data, clinical signs, and laboratory evaluation. At necropsy, the rumen, reticulum and omasum were filled with fibrous and dried A. sisalana content. A viscous, greenish brownish content was present in the abomasum. Numerous phytobezoars were found in the pre-stomachs and abomasum measuring 4-12cm in diameter. One phytobezoar was partially obstructing the duodenum, with the cranial part of the organ filled with intestinal content, and the caudal portion was empty. It is concluded that the administration of A. sisalana stalks for long periods may cause indigestion due to ruminal compaction and formation of phytobezoars.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Predicting Dropout Using Student- and School-Level Factors: An Ecological Perspective. High school dropout has been associated with negative outcomes, including increased rates of unemployment, incarceration, and mortality. Dropout rates vary significantly depending on individual and environmental factors. The purpose of our study was to use an ecological perspective to concurrently explore student-and school-level predictors associated with dropout for the purpose of better understanding how to prevent it. We used the Education Longitudinal Study of 2002 dataset. Participants included 14,106 sophomores across 684 public and private schools. We identified variables of interest based on previous research on dropout and implemented hierarchical generalized linear modeling. In the final model, significant student-level predictors included academic achievement, retention, sex, family socioeconomic status (SES), and extracurricular involvement. Significant school-level predictors included school SES and school size. Race/ ethnicity, special education status, born in the United States, English as first language, school urbanicity, and school region did not significantly predict dropout after controlling for the aforementioned predictors. Implications for prevention and intervention efforts within a multitiered intervention model are discussed.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Occurrence of Resistance to ALS Inhibitors in European Cyperus esculentus L.: Characterisation and Implications for Management. Yellow nutsedge (C. esculentus) is a perennial geophyte and invasive weed which is very difficult to control in rice and other irrigated row crops. Acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors are the most commonly used herbicides to control sedges in rice. Failure to controlC. esculentuswas recently reported in a rice field in north-western Italy. The resistance status of thisC. esculentuspopulation was determined through a whole-plant bioassay. The mechanism underlying the resistance was elucidated, and the available chemical and non-chemical control options were discussed. The population proved to be resistant to halosulfuron and azimsulfuron at the recommended field rate. TheALStrancripts amplified from resistant and susceptible plants revealed the presence of a Pro(197)-to-Arg amino acid substitution in resistant plants, indicating that the resistance mechanism is target-site mediated. This is the first confirmation of herbicide resistance inC. esculentusin Europe. Resistance management should be based on an integrated approach, through the combination of diversified cultural and agronomic practices that can limit its spread and propagation through tubers.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Abundance difference between components of wide binaries. We present iron abundance analysis for 23 wide binaries with main sequence components in the temperature range 4900-6300 K, taken from the sample of the pairs currently included in the radial velocity planet search on going at the Telescopio Nazionale Galileo (TNG) using the high resolution spectrograph SARG. The use of a line-by-line differential analysis technique between the components of each pair allows us to reach errors of about 0.02 dex in the iron content difference. Most of the pairs have abundance differences lower than 0.02 dex and there are no pairs with differences larger than 0.07 dex. The four cases of differences larger than 0.02 dex may be spurious because of the larger error bars affecting pairs with large temperature difference. cold stars and rotating stars. The pair HD 2 19542, previously reported by us to have a different composition, here is shown to be normal. For non-rotating stars warmer than 5500 K, characterized by a thinner convective envelope and for which our analysis appears to be of higher accuracy, we are able to exclude in most cases the consumption of more than l Earth Mass of iron (about 5 Earth masses of meteoritic material) during the main sequence lifetime of the stars, placing more stringent limits (about 0.4 Earth masses of iron) in five cases of warm stars. This latter limit is similar to the estimates of rocky material accreted by the Sun during its main sequence lifetime. Combining the results of the present analysis with those for the Hyades and Pleiades. we conclude that the hypothesis that pollution by planetary material is the only mechanism responsible for the highest metallicity of the stars with planets may be rejected at more than 99% level of confidence if the incidence of planets in these samples is as high as 8% and similar to the field stars included in current radial velocity surveys. However, the significance of this result drops considerably if the incidence of planets around stars in binary systems and clusters is less than a half of that around normal field stars.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Linkage analysis in three families with nonspecific X-linked mental retardation. Nonspecific X-linked mental retardation (XLMR) is a common disorder. The number of genes involved in this condition is not known, but it is estimated to be more than 10. We present a clinical and linkage study on 3 families with XLMR, All families were analyzed using highly polymorphic markers covering the X chromosome; screening for the fragile X mutation was negative, The first family (MRX 36) consisted of 1 female and 4 male patients in 3 generations and 7 healthy individuals. Considering the female as an expressing heterozygous carrier, a maximum LOD score of 3.41 was reached in region Xp21.2-Xp22.1. Considering her phenotype to be unknown, a LOD(max) of 1.97 was reached in the same region. The second family consisted of 5 affected and 6 healthy males with mild to borderline mental retardation. Linkage analysis using an X-linked recessive model with full penetrance and no phenocopies excluded linkage over almost the entire X chromosome, Using alternative models, including an affecteds-only analysis, a LOD(max) of 1.49 was found in region Xq24-28. The third family, consisting of 4 male patients with moderate mental retardation in 1 generation yielded a LOD(max) of 0.9 in region Xp22.13-11.3. However, even in this small pedigree, exclusion mapping was able to exclude very large parts of the X chromosome and in this way identify a likely candidate region. (C) 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "UNAVOIDABLE AESTHETIC JUDGMENTS IN COPYRIGHT LAW: A COMMUNITY OF PRACTICE STANDARD. Aesthetic judgments are \\\\'dangerous undertakings\\\\' for courts, but they are unavoidable in copyright law. In theory, copyright does not distinguish between works on the basis of aesthetic values or merit (or lack thereof), and courts often go to great lengths to try to avoid artistic judgments. In practice, however, implicit aesthetic criteria are deeply embedded throughout copyright case law. The questions \\\\'What is art?\\\\' and \\\\'How should it be interpreted?\\\\' are inextricably linked to the questions \\\\'What does copyright protect?,\\\\' \\\\'Who is an author?,\\\\' \\\\'What is misappropriation?,\\\\' and many other issues essential to copyright. Although courts rarely (if ever) explicitly adhere to aesthetic principles in their decisions, the judicial logic used in copyright cases closely mirrors three major aesthetic theories: Formalism, Intentionalism, and Reader-Response. Unfortunately for courts, these theories are largely incompatible. Furthermore, none are sufficiently expansive to cover the variety of practices contained within a single artistic tradition, let alone the panoply of expressive mediums protected by copyright law. As a result, doctrinal inconsistencies abound (both inter-and intra-circuit), and the case law largely fails to provide clear guidance as to the scope of protection-and risk of liability-associated with different artistic practices. This Article examines how courts have applied aesthetic theories to resolve doctrinal issues concerning copyright eligibility, derivative works, useful articles, and statutory fair use. Based on this analysis, this Article argues that courts should adopt a uniform approach to aesthetic judgments from the perspective of a hypothetical \\\\'Community of Practice\\\\' capable of situating an expressive work in a specific artistic context.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Proton-neutron structure of first and second quadrupole excitations of Sr-90. Starting from the Skyrme interaction f- together with the density-dependent pairing interaction, we study the g factors for the 2(1,2)(+) excitations of Sr-88,Sr-90 and Zr-90,Zr-92. The coupling between one- and two-phonon terms in the wave functions of excited states is taken into account within the finite-rank separable approximation. Using the same set of parameters we describe available experimental data and give the prediction for Sr-90, g(2(2)(+)) = +0.03 in comparison to +0.31 in the case of Zr-92.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Pathogenicity of two novel human-origin H7N9 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in chickens and ducks. Human infection by low-pathogenic avian influenza viruses of the H7N9 subtype was first reported in March 2013 in China. Subsequently, these viruses caused five outbreaks through September 2017. In the fifth outbreak, H7N9 virus possessing a multiple basic amino acid insertion in the cleavage site of hemagglutinin emerged and caused 4% of all human infections in that period. To date, H7N9 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) have been isolated from poultry, mostly chickens, as well as the environment. To evaluate the relative infectivity of these viruses in poultry, chickens and ducks were subjected to experimental infection with two H7N9 HPAIVs isolated from humans, namely A/Guangdong/17SF003/2016 and A/Taiwan/1/2017. When chickens were inoculated with the HPAIVs at a dose of 10(6) 50% egg infectious dose (EID50), all chickens died within 2-5 days after inoculation, and the viruses replicated in most of the internal organs examined. The 50% lethal doses of A/Guangdong/17SF003/2016 and A/Taiwan/1/2017 in chickens were calculated as 10(3.3) and 10(4.7) EID50, respectively. Conversely, none of the ducks inoculated with either virus displayed any clinical signs, and less-efficient virus replication and less shedding were observed in ducks compared to chickens. These findings indicate that chickens, but not ducks, are highly permissive hosts for emerging H7N9 HPAIVs.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Effect of commercial adjunct cultures on proteolysis in low-fat Kefalograviera-type cheese. The effect of two commercially available adjunct cultures, LBC 80 (Lactobacillus casei subsp. rhamnosus) and CR-213 (containing Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris and Lc. lactis subsp. lactis) on the proteolysis in low-fat hard ewes' milk cheese of Kefalograviera-type was investigated. Two controls, a full-fat cheese (306 g kg(-1) fat, 378 g kg(-1) moisture) and a low-fat cheese (97 g kg(-1) fat, 486 g kg(-1) moisture, made using a modified procedure), were also prepared. The effect of adjunct culture on proteolysis, as examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of cheese and water soluble cheese extracts, was marginal. The reverse-phase HPLC peptide profiles of the water soluble extracts from low-fat cheeses were similar although some quantitative differences were observed between low-fat control cheese and experimental cheeses. The fat content as reflected by the differences in peptide profiles affected the pattern of proteolysis. Proteolysis, as measured by the percentage of total nitrogen soluble in water or in 120 g L-1 trichloroacetic acid, was significantly (P<0.05) affected by the addition of adjunct cultures. Furthermore, the adjunct cultures enhanced the production of low molecular mass nitrogenous compounds; the levels of total nitrogen, soluble in 50 g L-1 phosphotungstic acid, and of free amino acids were significantly (P<0.05) higher in the low-fat experimental cheeses than in the low-fat control cheese. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "The magmatic feeding system of El Reventador volcano (Sub-Andean zone, Ecuador) constrained by texture, mineralogy and thermobarometry of the 2002 erupted products. After a 26 years long quiescence El Reventador, an active volcano of the rear-arc zone of Ecuador, entered a new eruptive cycle which lasted from 3 November to mid December 2002. The initial sub-Plinian activity (VEI 4 with andesite pyroclastic falls and flows) shifted on 6 and 21 November to an effusive stage characterized by the emission of two lava flows (andesite to low-silica andesite Lava-1 and basaltic andesite Lava-2) containing abundant gabbro cumulates. The erupted products are medium to high-K calc-alkaline and were investigated with respect to major element oxides, mineral chemistry, texture and thermobarometry. Inferred pre-eruptive magmatic processes are dominated by the intrusion of a high-T mafic magma (possibly up to 1165 +/- 15 degrees C) into an andesite reservoir, acting as magma mixing and trigger for the eruption. Before this refilling, the andesite magma chamber was characterized by water content of 5.3 +/- 1.0%, high oxygen fugacity (>NNO+2) and temperatures, in the upper and lower part of the reservoir, of 850 and 952 +/- 65 degrees C respectively. Accurate amphibole-based barometry constrains the magma chamber depth between 8.2 and 11.3 km (+/- 2.2 km). The 6 October 2002 seismic swarm (hypocenters from 10 to 11 km) preceding El Reventador eruption, supports the intrusion of magmas at these depths. The widespread occurrence of disequilibrium features in most of the andesites (e.g. complex mineral zoning and phase overgrowths) indicates that convective self-mixing have been operating together with fractional crystallization (inferred from the cognate gabbro cumulates) before the injection of the basic magma which then gave rise to basaltic andesite and low-silica andesite hybrid layers. Magma mixing in the shallow chamber is inferred from the anomalous SiO2-Al2O3 whole-rock pattern and strong olivine disequilibria. Both lavas show three types of amphibole breakdown rims mainly due to heating (mixing processes) and/or relatively slow syn-eruptive ascent rate (decompression) of the magmas. The lack of any disequilibrium textures in the pumices of the 3 November fall deposit suggest that pre-eruptive mixing did not occur in the roof zone of the chamber. A model of the subvolcanic feeding system of El Reventador, consistent with the intrusion of a low-Al2O3 crystal-rich basic magma into an already self-mixed andesite shallow reservoir, is here proposed. It is also inferred that before entering the shallow chamber the \\\\'basaltic\\\\' magma underwent a polybaric crystallization at deeper crustal levels. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "THE ROLE OF THEORY OF INTERPRETING AND THE TRAINING OF CONFERENCE INTERPRETERS. The paper presents an empirical research conducted by the author in 2006-2009 tackling the role of theory of interpreting in the training of conference interpreters through a survey among interpreting students at the Institute of Applied Linguistics, University of Warsaw. The experiment replicates a survey conducted ten years ago in a Spanish university by A. Collados Ais and attempts a comparison between results.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "De Gaulle's Race to the Bottom: The Netherlands, France and the Interwoven Problems of British EEC Membership and European Political Union, 1958-1963. Why did de Gaulle veto the United Kingdom's accession to the European Economic Community in 1963? This article addresses the interlinked struggles over British accession and European political union. in the early 1960s. The focus is on the crucially conflicting relations between de Gaulle and the Netherlands, his main opponent on both issues. Who won the Franco-Dutch battle and why? This article assesses these questions on the basis of new multi-archival material and highlights a hitherto largely unnoticed rhetorical battle, which explains the course of events and reveals a previously largely unnoticed logic behind de Gaulle's manoeuvring in the intertwined negotiations over European political union, the Common Agricultural Policy and the UK membership bid.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "The Moral Ties within the Family of Abraham: A Primer on Shared Social Values in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. A detailed study of sacred literature in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam reveals an extraordinarily similar teaching of social values and individual morals. The most important revelation for Jews and Christians is the Muslim belief that their holy book, the Qur'an, is the third and final volume of God's great book in heaven. The first two volumes were the Torah and the Injil-or Gospels. In terms of values, the three Abrahamic religions are, indeed, a family.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Numerical Evaluation of Biochar Production Performance of Downdraft Gasifier by Thermodynamic Model. A theoretical evaluation of the biochar production process using a biomass gasifier has been carried out herein. Being distinguished from the previous research trend examining the use of a biomass gasifier, which has been focused on energy efficiency, the present study tries to figure out the effect of biochar production rate on the overall process performance because biochar itself has now been given a spotlight as the main product. Biochar can be utilized for agricultural and industrial purposes, along with the benefit of climate change mitigation. A thermodynamic model based on chemical equilibrium analysis is utilized to demonstrate the effect of biochar production rate on the producer gas characteristics such as gas composition, LHV (lower heating value) and cold gas efficiency. Three gasifier models using chemical equilibrium model are reconstructed to simulate biochar-producing gasifiers, and seven kinds of biomass are considered as feed material. Depending on the assumptions applied to the models as well as the biomass types, the results of the simulation show a large variance, whereas the biochar yield rate increases. Through regression analysis with a generalized reduced gradient optimization method, simplified equations to estimate the cold gas efficiency (CGE) and LHV of producer gas of the biochar production process were derived as having six parameters of biomass LHV, fractions of ash, carbon and water, reduction zone temperature, and biochar yield rate. The correlation factors between the thermodynamic model and the regression model are 96.54% and 98.73% for the LHV of producer gas and CGE, respectively. These equations can supply the pre-estimation of the theoretical maximum performance of a planning biochar plant.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Parental Co-Construction of 5-to 13-Year-Olds' Global Self-Esteem Through Reminiscing About Past Events. The title for this Special Sectionis Origins of Children's Self-Views, edited by Eddie Brummelman and Sander ThomaesThe current study explored parental processes associated with children's global self-esteem development. Eighty 5- to 13-year-olds and one of their parents provided qualitative and quantitative data through questionnaires, open-ended questions, and a laboratory-based reminiscing task. Parents who included more explanations of emotions when writing about the lowest points in their lives were more likely to discuss explanations of emotions experienced in negative past events with their child, which was associated with child attachment security. Attachment was associated with concurrent self-esteem, which predicted relative increases in self-esteem 16months later, on average. Finally, parent support also predicted residual increases in self-esteem. Findings extend prior research by including younger ages and uncovering a process by which two theoretically relevant parenting behaviors impact self-esteem development.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "YOUNG AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN, THE STREET CODE, AND VIOLENCE: AN EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS. A growing body of research has used the street code thesis to examine how young Black males in disadvantaged social environments normalize the use of violence. However, research on the street code has rarely examined whether it is useful for understanding violence among young African American women living in distressed community contexts. Drawing from the experiences of 24 Chicago-area, African American young women, this paper examines their involvement in personal violence while living in a disadvantaged neighborhood. Our findings highlight the young women's use of the street code script to establish violent identities and earn respect among their peers.", "label": [3, 5, 26, 51]}
+{"token": "Sebaceous carcinoma of the salivary gland in a cat. Sebaceous carcinoma of the submandibular salivary gland is described in a cat; tumour cells were characterized histologically by moderate amounts of pale eosinophilic or vacuolated cytoplasm. Tumour cells were stained with antibody to cytokeratins ( CKs 5, 6, 8, 17 and 19) and with lectins Con A and wheat germ agglutinin ( WGA); this occurs in many other types of salivary gland tumour and is a feature of normal salivary gland acinar cells.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "First record of Leptopilina boulardi (Hymenoptera: Figitidae) asociated to Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in Alto Valle of Rio Negro and Neuquen, Patagonia, Argentina. The larval endoparasitoid Leptopilina boulardi (Hymenoptera: Figitidae) is reported for the first time associated to Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in raspberries and cherries crops at Alto Valle of Rio Negro and Neuquen, being this the southernmost report in Argentina. Parasitoid diagnosis and prevalence are briefly commented.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "The switch from relative to absolute phase centre variation model and its impact on coordinate estimates within local engineering networks. The IGS announced the switch from a relative to an absolute phase centre variation model on 5 October 2006 after detailed discussions concerning how the model switch would benefit global and regional networks, as well as the IGS products. However, there was no dedicated study on the major concern of this paper - the influence of the model switch on local engineering networks, especially on coordinate estimates, which are key factors in engineering constructions. The data set considered in this paper is a bridge control network with baselines ranging in length from 200 to 7000 metres, utilising different GPS antenna types. In addition, high correlations between coordinate estimates, antenna phase centre variations and troposphere parameters are also considered. The results demonstrate that the antenna model switch does not produce significant differences to coordinate estimates within local engineering networks.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "The nucleotide sequence of the glycoprotein G homologue of equine herpesvirus 3 (EHV3) indicates EHV3 is a distinct equid alphaherpesvirus. EHV3 causes equine coital exanthema and has been classified as an alphaherpesvirus on the basis of its biological properties; however due to the absence of any sequence information the phylogenetic relationship has not previously been examined. The complete nucleotide sequence of the EHV3 glycoprotein G (gG) gene was determined and showed that this virus is most closely related to the alphaherpesviruses equine herpesviruses type 1 (EHV 1) and type 4 (EHVLC). EHV3 gG contains conserved and variable regions which are homologous to those previously defined for EHV1 and EHV4 gG proteins. Consistent with EHV1 and EHV4 gG, the variable region of EHV3 gG was found to elicit a strong antibody response in experimentally and naturally infected horses and could be exploited for use as a diagnostic reagent.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Do competitors respond to capacity changes? Evidence from US manufacturers. The dynamics of strategic response among competing firms have been widely studied in strategic management literature-but this topic remains largely unaddressed in operations management. We develop and empirically test a competitive tactical response (CTR) framework for understanding action and reaction cycles. We use archival financial statement data on U.S. manufacturing companies from the COMPUSTAT data base for the years from 1987 to 2015 to investigate competitive responses to capacity decisions between market-leading firms and their principal competitors. We perform regression analysis on forty industries in which a market share leader and a principal challenger could be identified. This yielded 5355 observations lagged by one year from each focal firm's capacity action to the competitor's response. We find support for the hypothesis that the rival firm's capacity actions influence the competitor's capacity decisions. We did not find support for the hypotheses that the rival firm's capacity response is moderated by industry growth, leader-challenger market share gap, or industry concentration. This research extends the study of dynamic competitive response to tactical operational decisions, and informs management practice by providing insight into the potential reaction of competitors to a focal firm's capacity decisions.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "JUDGMENT AND CALCULATION IN THE SELECTION OF SENTENCE. Formal sentencing guidelines, which are increasingly seen as the best means of eliminating unwarranted disparity, have undoubted merits. Well-crafted guidelines can promote more transparent and coherent sentencing practices. Their primary goal will usually be to ensure that similarly situated offenders convicted of similar offences receive broadly similar penalties. This, in turn, should increase public confidence in the criminal justice system. Judicially-developed guidance has its own advantages. A judgment, unlike a statute or a formal guideline, must persuade its audience as to the merits of the decision reached. Appeal court sentencing judgments must (or ideally should) engage in some degree of moral reasoning so as to explain why a particular offence or offender deserves the penalty that is being imposed or upheld. Adjudication of this nature plays an important role in stimulating debate and deliberation about the purposes of punishment, the appropriate use of particular sentencing options, the relevance of various offence- and offender-related factors and other fundamental questions about which opinions will inevitably change over time. Although they may have distinct epistemic properties and different objectives, formal guidelines and judicially-developed principles have their own unique merits. We should therefore aim for a system that incorporates the best qualities of both. In practice, this means that guidelines should be so constructed as to leave space for judicial deliberation about fundamental principles and current practice. In this way, guideline creators and courts can continue to learn from each other.", "label": [3, 5, 26, 51]}
+{"token": "Weighted marginal discriminant analysis. This paper proposes a novel nonparametric discriminant analysis criterion, named weighted marginal discriminant analysis (WMDA), whose purpose is to efficiently utilize the marginal information of sample distribution in the discriminant analysis. The local mean is calculated by using the data points near the margin with different weights. The more contributions to the margin information, the larger weights the data points have. By making use of the weighting strategy and local mean, WMDA simultaneously utilizes the marginal information and local structure which are important for discriminative feature extraction. Experiments on the artificial and real database show that the proposed WMDA is superior to other related methods.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "MIXTURE OF Brachiaria ruziziensis SEEDS WITH UREA AIMING TO IMPLEMENT AN INTEGRATED CROP-LIVESTOCK SYSTEM. The use of granular fertilizers as a vehicle for seeding forage species has become a simple and very useful operation. However, the data is contradictory about how much time the seeds can be mixed with urea without reducing the germination percentage. The aim was to study the effect of mixing periods of urea with seeds of Brachiaria ruziziensis on physiological quality. The treatments consisted of seed mixed times of B. ruziziensis (0; 4; 8; 16; 24; 48; 96 and 192 hours) with urea, besides control treatment. It was used a completely randomized design with four replications. Moreover, with the passage of time in contact with urea, water content and electrical conductivity of seed increased, while there was decrease in percentage of germination, first count, the emergence and emergence speed index. Thus, it is concluded as feasible to mix the seeds with urea, since the seeding is performed at intervals shorter than 8 hours, reducing damage to the seed physiological quality of forage.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "Population-specific life histories contribute to metapopulation viability. Restoration efforts can be improved by understanding how variations in life-history traits occur within populations of the same species living in different environments. This can be done by first understanding the demographic responses of natural occurring populations. Population viability analysis continues to be useful to species management and conservation with sensitivity analysis aiding in the understanding of population dynamics. In this study, using life-table response experiments and elasticity analyses, we investigated how population-specific life-history demographic responses contributed to the metapopulation viability of the Federally threatened Pitcher's thistle (Cirsium pitcheri). Specifically, we tested the following hypotheses: (1) Subpopulations occupying different environments within a metapopulation have independent demographic responses and (2) advancing succession results in a shift from a demographic response focused on growth and fecundity to one dominated by stasis. Our results showed that reintroductions had a positive contribution to the metapopulation growth rate as compared to native populations which had a negative contribution. We found no difference in succession on the contribution to metapopulation viability. In addition, we identified distinct population-specific contributions to metapopulation viability and were able to associate specific life-history demographic responses. For example, the positive impact of Miller High Dunes population on the metapopulation growth rate resulted from high growth contributions, whereas increased time of plant in stasis for the State Park Big Blowout population resulted in negative contributions. A greater understanding of how separate populations respond in their corresponding environment may ultimately lead to more effective management strategies aimed at reducing extinction risk. We propose the continued use of sensitivity analyses to evaluate population-specific demographic influences on metapopulation viability. In understanding the underlying causes of the projected extinction probabilities of each population and identifying broad-scale contributions of different populations to the metapopulation, the process of pinpointing target populations is simplified. More detailed analyses can then be applied to the target populations to increase population viability and consequently metapopulation viability. Based on our research, we suggest that the best approach to improve the overall metapopulation viability is to manage the contributions to population growth for each population separately.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Prenatal diagnosis in the modern era. Ethical issues With increasingly detailed cytogenetic testing there is a need to provide families with sufficient pre- and post-test counselling, as well as consider the ramifications for them and the fetus.Learning objectives To understand how pregnancy care can evolve with NIPT and a more detailed first trimester assessment. To understand how NIPT is undertaken, its capabilities and current limitations.Key content It may be possible to define pregnancy complication risk in the first trimester by combining biochemical and biophysical markers with obstetric history. This could allow antenatal care to be personalised, with patient and complication-specific content. Molecular genetic testing, by both invasive and noninvasive means, can offer examination of the whole genome or exome. Noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) using cell-free fetal DNA in the maternal circulation can offer screening and diagnosis of aneuploidy and single gene defects. Ultrasound can be enhanced by magnetic resonance imaging to provide imaging that is not limited by fetal and maternal characteristics, and can be used to assist preoperative planning for fetal surgery.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Materialization of Thought in the Language and Drawing. The idea originated in the human head remains inaccessible to other people as long as it does not acquire some material form as a material carrier, available for the perception of sensory organs. Language, a drawing, picture, any work of art, the gesture of a certain destination, the technical device (garget housing, for example) and so on can be such a material carrier. Inevitably a question arises about the interaction between thought and its material carrier as the interaction between mind and matter (res cogitans and res extensa). The spiritual beginning, the idea, is embodied in such material objects like letters, paints, lines, plastics and so on. Writers, artists, engineers manage to implement in some way such a transformation of their thought. On the other hand, how a reader, a viewer can extract an idea of what they see or hear? A viewer sees forms, paints, images of objects, but how to get out of this pile of material things the author's initial intuitive idea? If the monkey, accidentally pressing the keys, prints Hamlet of Shakespeare (theoretically this is possible), do we have the right to consider this text as a work of art, like the text of Shakespeare himself? Obviously not, because there was no intent (plan), which can be detected only at the beginning of the thought, where thought is inseparable from its possible material embodiment. It is here, in the beginning contains the possibility to transfer the thought to another person, who will understand it, if he manages to go back to the origin of the thought in the human head. In the article an attempt is made to denote the possible ways to answer these questions.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "The Investigations of Using Web 2.0 Technologies on English Writing Skills of Students with Different Learning Styles. Findings and Results: Findings indicated that there was no relationship between the students' learning styles and their English writing skills when Web 2.0 technologies were used. Results also showed that regardless of students' learning style, there was an increase in the writing skills of the students using blogs. The familiarity and interest of students to use blogs seems to provide preferred and accustomed environment to improve students' English writing skills.Conclusion and Recommendations: Individuals at a broad range of ages with different learning styles use the internet as part of their routine. Especially, using blogs as a tool for foreign language teaching is a challenge for educators. Although field-dependent dimension of the learning style is a not a significant factor affecting the English writing skills of students using blogs, the use of blogs showed to improve the English writing skills of students regardless of their learning style. Replicating the study using podcast instead of blogs, students' English speaking and pronunciation skills can be investigated in future studies.Method: The study was conducted at a state university with 25 freshman students enrolled in the department of Tourism and Hospitality Management. The non-experimental comparison design was used to conduct the study. Participating students used blogs in Web 2.0 technologies within a five-week period. The Group Embedded Figures Test formed by Witkin et al. (1971) was administered to find out the learning styles of the students. According to the results of this test, students were separated into two groups as field dependent and field independent. The One-way ANOVA was used to determine the possible statistical differences between the writing skills of the students with different learning styles.Purpose of study: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of using Web 2.0 Technologies on English writing skills of students with different Learning Styles.Problem Statement: The contemporary world has witnessed the development of internet and information technologies. Web 2.0 technologies occupying the young generations' life play a key role as a learning environment. Technology enhanced education provided many opportunities, especially, in language learning. In an effort to improve students' English writing skills using Web 2.0, the relationship between learning styles and English writing skills of the students using blogs is investigated in the study.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "XtremWeb: Building an experimental platform for Global Computing. Global Computing achieves highly distributed computations by harvesting a very large number of unused computing resources connected to the Internet. Although the basic techniques for Global Computing are well understood, several issues remain unadressed, such as the ability to run a large variety of applications, economical models for resource management, performance models accounting for WAN and machine components, and finally new parallel algorithms based on true massive parallelism, with very limited, if any, communication capability. The main purpose of XtremWeb is to build a platform to explore the potential of Global Computing. This paper presents the design decisions of the first implementation of XtremWeb. We also present some early performance measurement, mostly to highlight that even some basic performance features are not well understood yet.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Autonomous damage recognition in visual inspection of laminated composite structures using deep learning. This study proposes the exploitation of deep learning for quantitative assessment of visual detectability of different types of in-service damage in laminated composite structures such as aircraft and wind turbine blades. A comprehensive image-based data set is collected from the literature containing common microscale damage mechanisms (matrix cracking and fibre breakage) and macroscale damage mechanisms (impact and erosion). Then, automated classification of the damage type and severity was done by pre-trained version of AlexNet that is a stable convolutional neural network for image processing. Pre-trained ResNet-50 and 5 other user-defined convolutional neural networks were also used to evaluate the performance of AlexNet. The results demonstrated that employing AlexNet network, using the relatively small image dataset, provided the highest accuracy level (87%-96%) for identifying the damage severity and types in a reasonable computational time. The generated knowledge and the collected image data in this paper will facilitate further research and development in the field of autonomous visual inspection of composite structures with the potential to significantly reduce the costs, health & safety risks and downtime associated with integrity assessment.", "label": [1, 11, 12]}
+{"token": "Habitat filtering by landscape and local forest composition in native and exotic New Zealand birds. Untangling the relative influences of environmental filtering and biotic interactions on species coexistence at various spatial scales is a long-held issue in community ecology. Separating these processes is especially important to understand the influences of introduced exotic species on the composition of native communities. For this aim, we investigated coexistence patterns in New Zealand exotic and native birds along multiple-scale habitat gradients. We built a Bayesian hierarchical model, contrasting the abundance variations of 10 native and 11 exotic species in 501 point counts spread along landscape and local-scale gradients of forest structure and composition. Although native and exotic species both occurred in a wide range of habitats, they were separated by landscape-level variables. Exotic species were most abundant in exotic conifer plantations embedded in farmland matrices, while native birds predominated in areas dominated by continuous native forest. In exotic plantation forests, and to a lesser extent in native forests, locally co-occurring exotic and native species were segregated along a gradient of vegetation height. These results support the prediction that exotic and native bird species are segregated along gradients related to anthropogenic disturbance and habitat availability. In addition, native and exotic species overlapped little in a multivariate functional space based on 10 life history traits associated with habitat selection. Hence, habitat segregation patterns were probably mediated more by environmental filtering processes than by competition at landscape and local scales.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Model prediction for an observed filament. This paper presents the results of a \\\\'blind test\\\\' for modeling the structure of an observed filament using the three-dimensional magnetohydrostatic model recently developed by Aulanier et al. in 1999. The model uses a constant shear a, and it takes into account the effects of pressure and gravity. The test consisted of predicting the structure of a filament (observed in the southern hemisphere) with a minimum observational input: only a line-of-sight magnetogram, with a straight line drawn on it to show the location of the filament, was provided. The filament was chosen by the observers (N. S. and S. F. M.) because it had a definite overall left-handed structural pattern known as sinistral but the direction of component of the magnetic field along the filament axis was uncertain from the combination of Ha data and magnetograms. The modeler (G. A.) evaluated and fixed the values of some of the free parameters of the model while some others were varied in reasonable ranges. The Ha image of the filament was revealed only after the modeling. For alpha > 0, the three-dimensional distribution of magnetic dips computed by the model fairly well reproduces the structure of the filament and its barbs. Moreover, the models for which alpha < 0 do not match well the observations. This study then shows the first successful theoretical prediction for the magnetic field of an observed filament. It shows that the method based on the Aulanier et al. model is a powerful tool, not only for purposes of modeling, but also for prediction of the chirality, helicity, and morphology of observed filaments.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "An equilibrium model of investment-reducing vertical integration. The transactions-costs literature on vertical integration emphasizes that nonintegrated firms tend to make socially sub-optimal relationship-specific investments due to ex-post opportunism. This literature views vertical integration as a contractual remedy to overcome this underinvestment problem. In this paper, we demonstrate that integrating firms may inefficiently reduce non-specific investments for strategic reasons, e.g., to raise rival firms' costs. We construct a simple equilibrium model of investment-reducing vertical integration, which also shows that anticompetitive vertical integration (both for consumer welfare and for aggregate efficiency) can arise in equilibrium without making the troublesome assumption of price commitment by the integrating firms. Our results hold under both Bertrand and Cournot downstream competition. (C) 2016 University of Venice. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "XPS analysis of the chemical degradation of PTB7 polymers for organic photovoltaics. The chemical degradation of the Poly[[4,8-bis[(2-ethylhexyl)oxylbenzo[1,2-b:4,5-Mdithiophene-2,6diyl][3-fluoro-2-[(2-ethylhexyl)carbonyl]thieno[3,4-b]thiophenediy11] or' PTB7' has been studied using X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). This material system appears to be intrinsically unstable especially when illuminated in air and XPS studies confirm the rapid photo-degradation is related to changes in chemical structure of the polymer. In particular, XPS spectra show an initial reduction in relative C C intensity, suggests loss of the alkoxy side chains. This is followed by a dramatic increase in the level of oxygen-bonded species, especially C-O at similar to 286.5 eV and C(=O)O at 289.2 eV, indicative of COOH and OH group formation, and oxidation of S. The XPS results support the view that using processing additives reduces the chemical stability of the polymer and provides insight into strategies to improve molecular design to ensure higher chemical stability. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 1, 32, 11]}
+{"token": "GABA and glutamate-like immunoreactivity at synapses on depressor motorneurones of the leg of the crayfish, Procambarus clarkii. To investigate their synaptic relationships, depressor motorneurones of the crayfish leg were impaled with microelectrodes, intracellularly injected with horseradish peroxidase, and prepared for electron microscopy. Post-embedding immunogold labelling with antibodies against gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) or glutamate was carried out either alone or together on the same section and allowed the identification of three classes of input synapses: 51% were immunoreactive for glutamate and contained round agranular vesicles, 31% were immunoreactive for GABA and contained pleomorphic agranular vesicles, and the remainder were immunoreactive for neither and also predominantly contained pleomorphic agranular vesicles. Output synapses were abundant in some of the motorneurones but were not seen in others, suggesting that members of the motor pool differ in their connectivity. (C) 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.", "label": [2, 4, 17, 43]}
+{"token": "Nicotine use in suicides: a case-control study. Methods. - One hundred and sixty-three suicides (mean age 49.8 +/- 19.3 years; 64.4% males; using psychological autopsy method) and 396 control persons (mean age 51.6 +/- 17.0 years; 55.8% males) were assessed with a standardised semi-structured interview including SCID-I and SCID-II (for DSM-IV). Suicides and controls were compared in terms of nicotine consumption and psychiatric disorders. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the interactions of tobacco consumption with psychiatric disorders.Results. - Suicides were significantly more often current smokers and heavy users of cigarettes (> 20 cigarettes per day; P < 0.001, each). Alcohol dependence, other axis I disorders than substance-related disorders, and cluster B personality disorder(s) remained independent predictors for suicide in both genders, current nicotine consumption only in men (OR = 2.6, 95% CI 1.3-5.2).Purpose. - Despite of higher rates of substance-related disorders in psychiatric patients and suicides than in the general population, there is no clear specificity to the relationship between nicotine use and other psychiatric disorders for suicide risk.Discussion and conclusions. - In males, but not in females, nicotine consumption contributed to risk of completed suicide after control for psychiatric disorders and has to be considered as independent risk factor for suicide. (c) 2004 Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Multiplex detection of surface molecules on colorectal cancers. A technique of fluorescence multiplexing is described for analysis of the plasma membrane proteome of colorectal cancer cells from surgically resected specimens, enabling detection and immunophenotyping when the cancer cells are in the minority. A single-cell suspension was prepared from a colorectal tumour, and the mixed population of cells was captured on a CD antibody microarray. The cancer cells were detected using a fluorescently tagged antibody for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA-Alexa647) or epithelial cell adhesion marker (EpCAMAlexa488). Using this multiplexing procedure, dot patterns from colorectal cancers were distinct from those of adjacent normal tissue. Subtraction of the expression levels for each antigen from normal tissue from those for the cancer shows differential expression in the cancer of CD66c, CD15s, CD55, CD45, CD71, CD45RO, CD11b and CEA, in descending order. Cells captured on the same microarray were also labelled with fluorescent CD3-phycoerythrin antibody revealing the presence of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes. The immunophenotypes of T lymphocytes from the tumour samples showed differential expression of HLA-DR, TCR alpha/beta, CD49d, CD52, CD49e, CD5, CD95, CD28, CD38 and CD71, in descending order. Fluorescence multiplexing of mixed cell populations captured on a single antibody microarray enables expression profiling of multiple sub-populations of cells within a tumour sample.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "PATHS OF ECONOMIC 'WESTERNIZATION' IN THE LATE SOVIET UNION: ESTONIAN MARKET PIONEERS AND THEIR NORDIC PARTNERS. Estonia's path towards a market economy started in 1987, when Gorbachev's market-oriented reform course allowed for an unprecedented level of autonomous cooperation with capitalist countries. The developing networks with Western companies and economists, in particular from the neutral Nordic neighbours Finland and Sweden, played a key role in the process of implementing an increasingly radical pro-market agenda. Unrestricted by diplomatic constraints, Swedish and Finnish entrepreneurs, investors and advisors established numerous links to the evolving Estonian business environment, which was promoted as a bridge to the vast Soviet market. The Nordic connection facilitated the early transfer of market economy thinking and practices to Soviet Estonia and kicked off a long-term rearrangement of economic linkages across the Baltic Sea. Taking into account this transnational cooperation contributes to a new understanding not only of Estonia's economic transformation, but also of the emergence of a new regional economic order that accompanied the geopolitical changes.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Influence of natal host and oviposition experience on sex allocation in a solitary egg parasitoid, Anastatus disparis (Hymenoptera, Eupelmidae). Constraints on adaptation are a major topic in evolutionary biology. Sex allocation, in particular the ratio of the sexes, has often been used as a key process for studying constraints on adaptation. Anastatus disparis Ruschka (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae) is a solitary egg parasitoid of gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), and several other lepidopteran forest pests. Here, we compared two different sized substitute hosts, the smaller one Dictyoploca japonica Moore (Lepidoptera: Saturnidae) and the larger one Antheraea pernyi Guerin-Meneville (Lepidoptera: Saturnidae), and investigated the influence of natal host and oviposition experience on sex allocation by A. disparis. Results showed that natal host had almost no impact on sex allocation by A. disparis, but oviposition experience did influence sex allocation of A. disparis on D. japonica eggs. This suggests that information females obtain from the environment influences how they allocate sex in their offspring. However, the sex ratios of A. disparis emerging from A. pernyi eggs were consistent irrespective of oviposition experience of female A. disparis. This indicates that the eggs of A. pernyi are large enough to maximize female progeny of A. disparis.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "A revision of Hypotrachyna subgenus Parmelinopsis (Parmeliaceae) in eastern North America. A taxonomic revision of Hypotrachyna subgenus Parmelinopsis in eastern North America is presented based on molecular phylogenetic analyses of ITS and mtSSU data, extensive field observation and analyses of chemical and morphological data. Each species is described, illustrated with photographs, and the distribution in the region is mapped. An identification key is also presented. Eleven species are recognized: H. afrorevoluta, H. appalachensis, H. britannica, H. cryptochlora, H. horrescens, H. kauffmaniana, H. minarum, H. mcmulliniana, H. revoluta, H. showmanii and H. spumosa. Extensive discussion of prior studies is provided, particularly with respect to the delimitation of H. afrorevoluta and H. revoluta. Hypotrachyna kauffmaniana is described from the central and southern Appalachian Mountains and separated from H. afrorevoluta and H. revoluta by its ascending secondary lobes and pustulose soralia that are primarily confined to the secondary lobes. Hypotrachyna horrescens is shown to correspond to a taxon with narrow lobed, small thalli with ciliate isidia. Hypotrachyna mcmulliniana is described from material collected throughout southeastern North America that is chemically identical to H. horrescens but differs in having larger thalli and sparsely ciliate isidia. Hypotrachyna appalachensis is described to accommodate material previously referred to H. minaruni but that differs in the production of 4,5-di-O-methylhiascic acid in high concentrations (vs. absent or present as a trace in H. minarum). Hypotrachyna britannica is reported for the first time from North America.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Positive political theory and politics in contemporary India: An application of a positive political model in non-Western politics. This article argues against the apparent aversion to apply positive political models in the comparative literature on non-Western politics. To provide an example of the utility of such models, the article draws on Peter Van Roozendaal's game theoretical model of cabinet stability to account for the instability of coalition governments in India. It argues that government durability in this non-Western democracy can be modeled as the function of the motivations and incentives of two sets of key actors, the dominant and the central parties, the same way as it can in a Western context.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Using Behavioural Insights to Promote Food Waste Recycling in Urban Households-Evidence From a Longitudinal Field Experiment. Promoting pro-environmental behaviour amongst urban dwellers is one of today's greatest sustainability challenges. The aim of this study is to test whether an information intervention, designed based on theories from environmental psychology and behavioural economics, can be effective in promoting recycling of food waste in an urban area. To this end we developed and evaluated an information leaflet, mainly guided by insights from nudging and community-based social marketing. The effect of the intervention was estimated through a natural field experiment in Hokarangen, a suburb of Stockholm city, Sweden, and was evaluated using a difference-in-difference analysis. The results indicate a statistically significant increase in food waste recycled compared to a control group in the research area. The data analysed was on the weight of food waste collected from sorting stations in the research area, and the collection period stretched for almost 2 years, allowing us to study the short- and long term effects of the intervention. Although the immediate positive effect of the leaflet seems to have attenuated over time, results show that there was a significant difference between the control and the treatment group, even 8 months after the leaflet was distributed. Insights from this study can be used to guide development of similar pro-environmental behaviour interventions for other urban areas in Sweden and abroad, improving chances of reaching environmental policy goals.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Stereotactic body radiation therapy for primary and metastatic liver tumors: A single institution phase i-ii study. The feasibility, toxicity and tumor response of stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for treatment of primary and metastastic liver tumors was investigated. From October 2002 until June 2006, 25 patients not suitable for other local treatments were entered in the study. In total 45 lesions were treated, 34 metastases and 11 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Median follow-up was 12.9 months (range 0.5 - 31). Median lesion size was 3.2 cm (range 0.5 - 7.2) and median volume 22.2 cm(3) (range 1.1 - 322). Patients with metastases, HCC without cirrhosis, and HCC < 4 cm with cirrhosis were mostly treated with 3 x 12.5 Gy. Patients with HCC < 4 cm and cirrhosis received 5 x 5 Gy or 3 x 10 Gy. The prescription isodose was 65%. Acute toxicity was scored following the Common Toxicity Criteria and late toxicity with the SOMA/LENT classification. Local failures were observed in two HCC and two metastases. Local control rates at 1 and 2 years for the whole group were 94% and 82%. Acute toxicity grade >= 3 was seen in four patients; one HCC patient with Child B developed a liver failure together with an infection and died (grade 5), two metastases patients presented elevation of gamma glutamyl transferase (grade 3) and another asthenia (grade 3). Late toxicity was observed in one metastases patient who developed a portal hypertension syndrome with melena (grade 3). SBRT was feasible, with acceptable toxicity and encouraging local control. Optimal dose-fractionation schemes for HCC with cirrhosis have to be found. Extreme caution should be used for patients with Child B because of a high toxicity risk.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Concurrent container scheduling on heterogeneous clusters with multi-resource constraints. By effectively virtualizing operating systems and encapsulating necessary runtime contexts of software components and services, container technologies can significantly improve portability and efficiency for distributed application deployment. It flexibly extends virtual machine based cloud (Infrastructure-as-a-Service) as a much lighter virtual environment (container cluster) for agile application management. However, existing container management systems are not capable of handling concurrent requests efficiently, particularly for the underlying clusters with heterogeneous machines and the requested containers with multi-resource demands. In this paper, we propose an Enhanced Container Scheduler (ECSched) for efficiently scheduling concurrent container requests on heterogeneous clusters with multi-resource constraints. We formulate the container scheduling problem as a minimum cost flow problem (MCFP), and represent the container requirements using a specific graph data structure (flow network). ECSched affords flexibility in constructing the flow network based on a batch of concurrent requests, and performs the MCFP algorithm to schedule the concurrent requests in an online manner. We evaluate ECSched in different testbed clusters, and measure the scheduling overhead with large-scale simulations. The experimental results show that ECSched outperforms state-of-the-art container schedulers in container performance and resource efficiency, and only introduces a small and acceptable scheduling overhead in large-scale clusters. (C) 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Fabrication and characterization of all-polymer, transparent ferroelectric capacitors on flexible substrates. All-polymer, transparent ferroelectric devices, based on the functional polymer poly(vinylidene fluoride trifluoroethylene) [P(VDF-TrFE)], have been fabricated on flexible substrates. The performance of the all-polymer devices was studied and compared to devices with metal electrodes. Specifically, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonic acid) [PEDOT:PSS] and platinum (Pt) electrode effects on the morphology, crystallinity and orientation of P(VDF-TrFE) films were investigated. The devices with PEDOT:PSS electrodes showed similar hysteresis and switching current response compared to Pt electrodes but with tremendously improved fatigue performance. Further, the devices with PEDOT: PSS electrodes showed lower coercive field and better fatigue performance than values reported for other polymer electrodes used with P(VDF-TrFE) on flexible substrates. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 1, 32, 11]}
+{"token": "Performance measurement of interpreted programs. In an interpreted execution there is an interdependence between the interpreter's execution and the interpreted application's execution; the implementation of the interpreter determines how the application is executed, and the application triggers certain activities in the interpreter. We present a representational model for describing performance data from an interpreted execution that explicitly represents the interaction between the interpreter and the application in terms of both the interpreter and application developer's view of the execution. We present results of a prototype implementation of a performance tool for interpreted Java programs that is based on our model. Our prototype uses two techniques, dynamic instrumentation and transformational instrumentation, to measure Java programs starting with unmodified Java.class files and an unmodified Java virtual machine. We use performance data from our tool to tune a Java program, and as a result, improve its performance by more than a factor of three.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Modulation of Macrophage Infiltration and Inflammatory Activity by the Phosphatase SHP-1 in Virus-Induced Demyelinating Disease. The protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 is a crucial negative regulator of cytokine signaling and inflammatory gene expression, both in the immune system and in the central nervous system (CNS). Mice genetically lacking SHP-1 (me/me) display severe inflammatory demyelinating disease following inoculation with the Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) compared to infected wild-type mice. Therefore, it became essential to investigate the mechanisms of TMEV-induced inflammation in the CNS of SHP-1-deficient mice. Herein, we show that the expression of several genes relevant to inflammatory demyelination in the CNS of infected me/me mice is elevated compared to that in wild-type mice. Furthermore, SHP-1 deficiency led to an abundant and exclusive increase in the infiltration of high-level-CD45-expressing (CD45(hi)) CD11b(+) Ly-6C(hi) macrophages into the CNS of me/me mice, in concert with the development of paralysis. Histological analyses of spinal cords revealed the localization of these macrophages to extensive inflammatory demyelinating lesions in infected SHP-1-deficient mice. Sorted populations of CNS-infiltrating macrophages from infected me/me mice showed increased amounts of viral RNA and an enhanced inflammatory profile compared to wild-type macrophages. Importantly, the application of clodronate liposomes effectively depleted splenic and CNS-infiltrating macrophages and significantly delayed the onset of TMEV-induced paralysis. Furthermore, macrophage depletion resulted in lower viral loads and lower levels of inflammatory gene expression and demyelination in the spinal cords of me/me mice. Finally, me/me macrophages were more responsive than wild-type macrophages to chemoattractive stimuli secreted by me/me glial cells, indicating a mechanism for the increased numbers of infiltrating macrophages seen in the CNS of me/me mice. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that infiltrating macrophages in SHP-1-deficient mice play a crucial role in promoting viral replication by providing abundant viral targets and contribute to increased proinflammatory gene expression relevant to the effector mechanisms of macrophage-mediated demyelination.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "The evolution and role of eukaryotic-like domains in environmental intracellular bacteria: the battle with a eukaryotic cell. Intracellular pathogens that are able to thrive in different environments, such as Legionella spp. that preferentially live in protozoa in aquatic environments or environmental Chlamydiae that replicate either within protozoa or a range of animals, possess a plethora of cellular biology tools to influence their eukaryotic host. The host manipulation tools that evolved in the interaction with protozoa confer these bacteria the capacity to also infect phylogenetically distinct eukaryotic cells, such as macrophages, and thus they can also be human pathogens. To manipulate the host cell, bacteria use protein secretion systems and molecular effectors. Although these molecular effectors are encoded in bacteria, they are expressed and function in a eukaryotic context often mimicking or inhibiting eukaryotic proteins. Indeed, many of these effectors have eukaryotic-like domains. In this review, we propose that the main pathways that environmental intracellular bacteria need to subvert in order to establish the host eukaryotic cell as a replication niche are chromatin remodelling, ubiquitination signalling and modulation of protein-protein interactions via tandem repeat domains. We then provide mechanistic insight into how these proteins might have evolved. Finally, we highlight that in environmental intracellular bacteria the number of eukaryotic-like domains and proteins is considerably higher than in intracellular bacteria specialized to an isolated niche, such as obligate intracellular human pathogens. As mimics of eukaryotic proteins are critical components of host-pathogen interactions, this distribution of eukaryotic-like domains suggests that the environment has selected them.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Co-pyrolysis of sewage sludge and low-density polyethylene - A thermogravimetric study of thermo-kinetics and thermodynamic parameters. This study investigates, for the first time, the thermal behaviors, kinetics and thermodynamics of sewage sludge (SS) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and their blends during co-pyrolysis. SS and LDPE co-pyrolysis were examined through thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) using different mixtures and multiple heating rates method. A positive interaction caused by the co-pyrolysis of SS and LDPE has been confirmed by the improved weight loss rate and devolatilization. Discrepancies between theoretical and experimental TGA/DTG curves as a measurement of the extent of synergic effect proved the existence of chemical interactions during the co-pyrolysis between the SS and LDPE blends of 1:1 and 1:2 ratios. The activation energy and reaction order for raw materials and their blends were studied by Coats-Redfern model. SS and LDPE blend of 1:1 ratio was optimal as it decreased the activation energy. Meanwhile, kinetics and thermodynamics were obtained from KissingerAkahira-Sunose (KAS), Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO) and Starink methods. Where the activation energies (76.73-355.83 kJ/mol), Gibbs free energy (116.92-123.04 kJ/mol) and lower difference of enthalpy (Delta H=similar to 6 kJ/mol) showed a promising potential to convert abundant and low-cost bio-solid wastes into bioenergy. This study provides a theoretical groundwork for co-pyrolysis of SS and LDPE.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "Extended Characterization of Corynebacterium pyruviciproducens Based on Clinical Strains from Canada and Switzerland. The species Corynebacterium pyruviciproducens was described in 2010 based on the features of a single strain. In this report, we describe the chemotaxonomic and phenotypic characteristics of 11 C. pyruviciproducens clinical strains isolated in Switzerland and Canada in comparison to the strain 06-17730(T). Heterogeneities within the type strain were found in the 16S rRNA gene and in biochemical markers. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) identification of this species could not be achieved since currently this bacterial species is not included in the corresponding database. Reliable identification is obtained only with sequence-based identification tools. Results of antimicrobial susceptibility testing of this species with an extended panel of antimicrobials are presented here for the first time.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Public Attitudes to Sentencing Purposes and Sentencing Factors: An Empirical Analysis. This article reports findings from empirical research upon public attitudes to sentencing purposes and sentencing factors. The results demonstrate high levels of support for the use of previous convictions at sentencing. As well, there was significant public support for a range of mitigating factors.", "label": [3, 5, 26, 51]}
+{"token": "Evf2 lncRNA/BRG1/DLX1 interactions reveal RNA-dependent inhibition of chromatin remodeling. Transcription-regulating long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have the potential to control the site-specific expression of thousands of target genes. Previously, we showed that Evf2, the first described ultraconserved lncRNA, increases the association of transcriptional activators (DLX homeodomain proteins) with key DNA enhancers but represses gene expression. In this report, mass spectrometry shows that the Evf2-DLX1 ribonucleoprotein (RNP) contains the SWI/SNF-related chromatin remodelers Brahma-related gene 1 (BRG1, SMARCA4) and Brahma-associated factor (BAF170, SMARCC2) in the developing mouse forebrain. Evf2 RNA colocalizes with BRG1 in nuclear clouds and increases BRG1 association with key DNA regulatory enhancers in the developing forebrain. While BRG1 directly interacts with DLX1 and Evf2 through distinct binding sites, Evf2 directly inhibits BRG1 ATPase and chromatin remodeling activities. In vitro studies show that both RNA-BRG1 binding and RNA inhibition of BRG1 ATPase/remodeling activity are promiscuous, suggesting that context is a crucial factor in RNA-dependent chromatin remodeling inhibition. Together, these experiments support a model in which RNAs convert an active enhancer to a repressed enhancer by directly inhibiting chromatin remodeling activity, and address the apparent paradox of RNA-mediated stabilization of transcriptional activators at enhancers with a repressive outcome. The importance of BRG1/RNA and BRG1/homeodomain interactions in neurodevelopmental disorders is underscored by the finding that mutations in Coffin-Siris syndrome, a human intellectual disability disorder, localize to the BRG1 RNAbinding and DLX1-binding domains.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Glycolipids produced by Rouxiella sp DSM 100043 and isolation of the biosurfactants via foam-fractionation. Microorganisms produce a great variety of secondary metabolites that feature surface active and bioactive properties. Those possessing an amphiphilc molecular structure are also termed biosurfactant and are of great interest due to their often unique properties. Rouxiella sp. DSM 100043 is a gram negative enterobacter isolated from peat- bog soil and described as a new biosurfactant producing species in this study. Rouxiella sp. produces glycolipids, biosurfactants with a carbohydrate moiety in its structure. This study characterizes the composition of glycolipids with different hydrophobicities that have been produced during cultivation in a bioreactor and been extracted and purified from separated foam. Using two dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, the hydrophilic moieties are elucidated as glucose with various acylation sites and as talose within the most polar glycolipids. The presence of 3' hydroxy lauroleic acid as well as myristic and myristoleic acid has been detected.", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "Presidents on the Fast Track: Fighting Floor Amendments with Restrictive Rules. Among presidents' lesser known legislative powers is urgency authority. Seven Latin American presidents wield it: the constitutional power to impose on lawmakers a short deadline to discuss and vote selected bills. This power is similar to the fast-track authority that Congress grants periodically to the US president. We claim that the key consequence of urgency authority is procedural: urgency prevents amendments during floor consideration. By using fast-track authority, presidents can protect bills and committee agreements, in essence becoming a single-member Rules Committee with the ability to impose closed rules on the floor. A formal model generates hypotheses that we test with original data from Chile between 1998 and 2014. Results confirm that preference overlap between the president and committee chairs drives the use of fast-track authority systematically. Patterns in Chile are reminiscent of restrictive rule usage in the United States.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Deterrence and implied limits on arbitral power. This Article concludes that the \\\\'manifest disregard\\\\' doctrine as it stands is legally baseless and should be abandoned. In its place, the Article urges courts to recognize a distinct but related ground for overturning arbitral awards-a ground rooted in the arbitration contract itself. Traditional contract law doctrines encourage courts to choose contract readings or imply contract terms needed to make an agreement valid and enforceable. The Article contends that in many cases predispute arbitration clauses would be invalid absent an arbitral duty to apply the law in good faith because, without this duty, such clauses would interfere with the law's deterrent function. Society has a powerful interest in the role many legal rights play in deterring misconduct, and studies show that deterrence depends critically on a legal regime's accuracy. A duty to take the law seriously and make good faith efforts to apply it correctly should be a bare minimum required for effective deterrence within any system of adjudication, and it is this duty that courts therefore must find in agreements to arbitrate future disputes. Having recognized this duty, the Article concludes that the FAA itself gives courts the power to review awards to ensure that arbitrators are living up to it in rendering awards.Employment, brokerage, and other contracts routinely include \\\\'predispute\\\\' arbitration clauses-provisions requiring the parties to submit any and all future disputes to arbitrators rather than courts. In recent years, courts have come to enforce these clauses in the vast run of cases, requiring parties to arbitrate even when the underlying dispute implicates employment discrimination, antitrust, or other \\\\'public law\\\\' rights. In response to this trend, interest has grown in the extent of courts' authority to overturn arbitral awards that do not give effect to such rights. At first blush, the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA) does not appear to authorize any such review, but federal and many state courts have come to recognize an additional, judge-made ground for overturning awards in cases in which arbitrators have \\\\'manifestly disregarded\\\\' governing law.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Prevalence of Legionella species isolated from shower water in public bath facilities in Toyama Prefecture, Japan. Methods: The isolates were characterized using serogrouping, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and sequence based typing.Aims: We investigated the prevalence of Legionella spp. isolated from shower water in public bath facilities in Toyama Prefecture, Japan. In addition, we analyzed the genetic diversity among Legionella pneumophila isolates from shower water as well as the genetic relationship between isolates from shower water and from stock strains previously analyzed from sputum specimens.Conclusions: Pathogenic L pneumophila strains including ST505 strain were widely distributed in shower water in public bath facilities, with genetic diversity showing several different origins. This study highlights the need to isolate several L pneumophila colonies from both bath water and shower water to identify public bath facilities as infection sources in legionellosis cases. (C) 2017 Japanese Society of Chemotherapy and The Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Results: Legionella spp. were isolated from 31/91 (34.1%) samples derived from 17/37 (45.9%) bath facilities. Isolates from shower water and bath water in each public bath facility were serologically or genetically different, indicating that we need to isolate several L pneumophila colonies from both bath and shower water to identify public bath facilities as sources of legionellosis. The 61 L pneumophila isolates from shower water were classified into 39 sequence types (STs) (index of discrimination = 0.974), including 19 new STs. Among the 39 STs, 12 STs match clinical isolates in the European Working Group for Legionella Infections database. Notably, ST505 L pneumophila SG 1, a strain frequently isolated from patients with legionellosis and from bath water in this area, was isolated from shower water.", "label": [2, 21, 24]}
+{"token": "Bright solitons and their interactions of the (3+1)-dimensional coupled nonlinear Schrodinger system for an optical fiber. Under investigation in this paper is the (3 + 1)-dimensional coupled nonlinear Schrodinger system for an optical fiber with birefringence. With the Hirota method, bilinear forms of the system are derived via an auxiliary function, and the bright one-and two-soliton solutions are constructed. Based on those soliton solutions, soliton propagation and interaction are investigated analytically and graphically. Non-singular cases of the bright one-soliton solutions are presented, from which the single-peak and two-peak solitons can arise, respectively. Through the analysis on the bright two-soliton solutions, the elastic and inelastic interactions are investigated. Three kinds of the elastic interactions are presented, between the two one-peak solitons, a one-peak soliton and a two-peak soliton, and the two two-peak solitons.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Planar Timoshenko-like model for multilayer non-prismatic beams. This paper aims at proposing a Timoshenko-like model for planar multilayer (i.e., non-homogeneous) non-prismatic beams. The main peculiarity of multilayer non-prismatic beams is a non-trivial stress distribution within the cross-section that, therefore, needs a more careful treatment. In greater detail, the axial stress distribution is similar to the one of prismatic beams and can be determined through homogenization whereas the shear distribution is completely different from prismatic beams and depends on all the internal forces. The problem of the representation of the shear stress distribution is overcame by an accurate procedure that is devised on the basis of the Jourawsky theory. The paper demonstrates that the proposed representation of cross-section stress distribution and the rigorous procedure adopted for the derivation of constitutive, equilibrium, and compatibility equations lead to Ordinary Differential Equations that couple the axial and the shear bending problems, but allow practitioners to calculate both analytical and numerical solutions for almost arbitrary beam geometries. Specifically, the numerical examples demonstrate that the proposed beam model is able to predict displacements, internal forces, and stresses very accurately and with moderate computational costs. This is also valid for highly heterogeneous beams characterized by thin and extremely stiff layers.", "label": [1, 15, 11, 12]}
+{"token": "Conversion of C57B1/6 mice from a tumor promotion-resistant to a -sensitive phenotype by enhanced ornithine decarboxylase expression. A transgenic mouse model was developed in which ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) can be overexpressed in a tissue-specific and regulated manner. Hair follicle keratinocytes were targeted by use of a bovine keratin 6 (K6) promoter/regulatory region, and regulation was accomplished by using the tetracycline-regulated transactivator/tetracycline-response element system. Double-transgenic mice carrying both transgenes (K6/tetracycline-regulatable transactivator protein (tTA) and tetracycline-response element/Odc) on a C57BI/6 background had no obvious phenotypic abnormalities in the absence (Ode transgene-expressed) of doxycycline (a tetracycline analog) in the drinking water. However, induction of KG-driven tTA expression by the tumor promoter (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate) (TPA) led to very high levels of epidermal ODC activity and robust hyperplasia, especially involving hair follicles. Both effects were abolished by inclusion of doxycycline in the drinking water to repress transgene expression. Finally, the number of papillomas that developed in a standard (7,12-dimethybenz[a]anthracene) (DMBA)/TPA protocol was greatly reduced in mice in which transgenic Ode expression was repressed by doxycycline. Our results demonstrated that the higher levels of ODC expression produced in the transgenic model in the induced versus the repressed condition make the normally promotion-resistant C57BI/6 strain much more sensitive to the short-term and long-term (i.e., tumor-promoting) effects of TPA. (C) 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.", "label": [2, 4, 21, 39]}
+{"token": "Buyer opportunism in business-to-business exchange. A phenomenon of significance in buyer-supplier relationships is opportunism. In lieu of the known negative effects of opportunistic behavior on buyer-supplier relationships, the circumstances in which a sourcing professional engages in acts of opportunism are unclear. Combining theories from multiple disciplines, a comprehensive model tested buyer-supplier relationship-specific factors, environmental factors, an individual-difference factor, and situational factors likely to affect a buyer's decision to use opportunistic tactics. Results reveal how these different theories combine to provide a more comprehensive explanation of buyer behavior than existed in prior literature. Using structural equation modeling of a sample of 328 procurement transactions, factors found to affect buyer opportunism included buyer power, corporate ethical values, honesty/integrity, leader opportunism, willful ignorance, and subjective expected utility. This study also provides empirical support for distinguishing between two types of opportunism - strong and weak. The research concludes with implications for theory and practice, limitations, and areas for future research. Published by Elsevier Inc.", "label": [5, 44, 46]}
+{"token": "Confocal Raman micro spectroscopy: Calculation of corrected depth profiles of wet-chemically modified polymer films. A mathematical approach developed to correct depth profiles of wet-chemically modified polymer films obtained by confocal Raman microscopy is presented which takes into account scattered contributions originated from a diffraction-limited laser focal volume and the refractive index of the sample. The method is demonstrated in both virtual and real samples where it is shown that considerable differences between apparent and corrected depth profiles exist at the surface, especially when profiles with strong concentration gradients are dealt with or an instrument with poor depth resolution is used.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Description of Catellibacterium caeni sp nov., reclassification of Rhodobacter changlensis Anil Kumar et al. 2007 as Catellibacterium changlense comb. nov and emended description of the genus Catellibacterium. A novel non-sporulating, non-motile, catalase- and oxidase-positive, strictly aerobic, Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated DCA-1(T), was isolated from activated sludge collected from a butachlor wastewater treatment facility. The strain was able to degrade about 85% of 100 mg butachlor I-1 within 5 days of incubation. Growth occurred in the presence of 0-6% (w/v) NaCl [optimum, 1% (w/v) NaCl] and at pH 5.5-9.0 (optimum, pH 7.0) and 15-35 degrees C (optimum, 25-30 degrees C). Vesicular internal membrane structures and photoheterotrophic growth were not observed. The major respiratory quinone was ubiquinone 10 (Q-10) and the major cellular fatty acids were C-18:1 omega 7c and 11-methyl C-18:1 omega 7c. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain DCA-1(T) was 62.5 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparison revealed that strain DCA-1(T) was a member of the family Rhodobacteraceae and was related most closely to the type strain of Catellibacterium aquatile (96.5% sequence similarity). The combination of phylogenetic analysis, phenotypic characteristics and chemotaxonomic data supports the suggestion that strain DCA-1(T) represents a novel species of the genus Catellibacterium, for which the name Catellibacterium caeni sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is DCA-1(T) (=CGMCC 1.7745(T) =DSM 21823(T)). In addition, based on the characterization data obtained in this study, it is proposed that Rhodobacter changlensis should be reclassified as Catellibacterium changlense comb. nov. (type strain JA139(T) =DSM 18774(T) =CCUG 53722(T) =JCM 14338(T)). An emended description of the genus Catellibacterium is also presented.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Female Involvement in the Criminal Justice System and Risk of Violent Victimization: an Examination of Gang Involvement. Research on gang membership is widespread and, as a result, findings from such studies have produced a significant amount of information about gangs and gang members. Historically, most of the gang research has focused on male gang members, but during the past couple of decades a considerable emphasis has been placed on understanding female gang members. At the same time, knowledge on female gang members still lags behind that of male gang members. Against that backdrop, the current study sought to add to the existing literature on female gang members by analyzing the association between female gang membership and contact with the criminal justice system, involvement in acts of violent crime and delinquency, and experiences with being victimized. To do so, female respondents from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) were analyzed. The results of the analyses revealed that 17.2% of females had been part of a gang during their lifetime. Moreover, gang membership was associated with greater involvement in violent crime and delinquency and it was also associated with a greater number of victimization experiences. Gang membership also was associated with an increased risk of being arrested and incarcerated, though these associations were no longer significant after accounting for a number of key control variables.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "GOLD COINAGE OF GALLIENUS IN THE BEGINNING OF THE JOINT REIGN WITH VALERIANUS I: NOTES ON A MONETARY MEDALLION FOUND IN TONGOBRIGA. It is studied a gold pendant with a Gallienus aureus, dated of the beginning of the joint reign (A.D. 253-54) and found in the area of the roman baths of Tongobriga (Marco de Canaveses, Porto). This medallion is related to others similar pieces coming from the western part of the Roman Empire. It also published a list of die links detected in a set of 26 aurei from public and private collections, that allows a better understanding of the gold coinage at the beginning of the joint reign of Gallienus. Finally, it discusses the archaeological context in which it was lost Tongobriga medallion presumably in the mid-fourth century.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Global Gene Expression Analysis of the Brainstem in EV71-and CVA16-Infected Gerbils. Enterovirus 71 (EV71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) are the two most important pathogens of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). However, the neuropathogenesis of EV71 and CVA16 has not been elucidated. In our previous study, we established gerbils as a useful model for both EV71 and CVA16 infection. In this work, we used RNA-seq technology to analyze the global gene expression of the brainstem of EV71- and CVA16-infected gerbils. We found that 3434 genes were upregulated while 916 genes were downregulated in EV71-infected gerbils. In CVA16-infected gerbils, 1039 genes were upregulated, and 299 genes were downregulated. We also found significant dysregulation of cytokines, such as IP-10 and CXCL9, in the brainstem of gerbils. The expression levels of 10 of the most upregulated genes were confirmed by real-time RT-PCR, and the upregulated tendency of most genes was in accordance with the differential gene expression (DGE) results. Our work provided global gene expression analysis of virus-infected gerbils and laid a solid foundation for elucidating the neuropathogenesis mechanisms of EV71 and CVA16.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Putting Toe Clipping into Perspective: A Viable Method for Marking Anurans. Toe clipping is widely used in studies of amphibian ecology and behavior, but its impact on return rates and survival remains controversial. We evaluated the effect of toe clipping on apparent survival, using four comprehensive mark recapture data sets of four anuran species covering four different time scales and varying life histories. The effect of toe clipping was evaluated by comparing frogs with different numbers of toes removed. Two species, Eleutherodactylus coqui and Hemisus marmoratus, showed minimal effects of toe clipping on apparent survival with seasonal and annual apparent survival decreasing by 0.1% and 1.5% with toe removal, respectively. In Hyperolius nitidulus, daily apparent survival increased on average by 4.1% with toe removal, an effect than can be attributed to disproportionate emigration of the lowest toe-removal group. Finally, in Phrynobatrachus guineensis, individuals with three toes clipped showed an additional 5.0-19.7% decreased apparent survival between weeks when compared to individuals with only one toe clipped. However, the data set was characterized by an interaction between the number of toes clipped and week of marking, thus confounding interpretation. To minimize any effects of toe clipping, we recommend that not more than four toes should be clipped and at most a single toe removed on each leg. In addition, functionally important toes such as the proximal toes of front feet and fourth toes of hind feet should be spared. Furthermore, toe-removal groups should be equally distributed over time to facilitate the analysis of potential toe-clipping effects.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "The dominant view of legal ethics as an obstacle for the construction of a cultural trauma and as a cause of an individual trauma. Law and psychoanalysis are disciplines that address different questions and have different purposes. However efforts have been made to find some spaces for interdisciplinarity. One of these efforts has been to use judicial proceedings as places in which individual traumas can be transformed into cultural and social traumas. This article aims to show the risks and pitfalls of this enterprise by using a real life example. The purpose is to show how law can fail on this purpose and turn itself instead into a place for revictimization. In this latter scenario the role of lawyers and their professional duties play a key role.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Identifying and assessing aggressive behaviour in dogs.. Within the population the sensitivity to aggressive behaviour in dogs has increased. The authorities are confronted with a problem: if any incident occurs it is their task to decide whether the dogs involved constitute a threat to other people or whether the charge is only the result of a quarrel between neighbours. For this reason, an examination of the dogs with regard to their aggressive behaviour is necessary. Seen from the biological point of view, aggressive behaviour is one of four possibilities a dog can chose from to solve a conflict. The dog's intention in showing aggressive behaviour is to eliminate disturbances and to maintain a distance in space and time. Aggressive behaviour might also be necessary to acquire or defend resources essential to the dog's life. This is to secure its survival and its success in reproduction. One can see from this that aggressive behaviour is a very important and biologically necessary adjustment factor. However, when living together With man aggressive behaviour might become a problem. For the assessment and the therapy of the problem it is necessary to examine the behaviour shown by the dog with regard to its cause. To be able to do this an exact anamnesis, a medical check, and an examination of the dog on the basis of its display in special situations are necessary. For this reason, exclusively veterinarians with a special further education in the field of behaviour should carry out the examination of dogs.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Children learning to use technologies through play: A Digital Play Framework. Digital technologies are increasingly acknowledged as an important aspect of early childhood education. A significant problem for early childhood education has been how to understand the pedagogical use of technologies in a sector that values play-based learning. This paper presents a new framework to understand how children learn to use technologies through play. The Digital Play Framework is based on the sociocultural concept of tool mediation and Corrine Hutt's work regarding epistemic and ludic activity as basis for understanding play. The Digital Play Framework presents a series of indicators for how children learn to use technologies as cultural tools, first by exploring the functionality of technologies through epistemic activity, and second by generating new content through ludic activity.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Population dynamics of the euphausiids Euphausia pacifica and Thysanoessa inspinata in the Oyashio region during the 2007 spring phytoplankton bloom. The abundance and population structure of Euphausia pacifica and Thysanoessa inspinata were investigated during the period 9 March-29 April 2007 at a single station in the Oyashio region. Water temperature and chlorophyll a concentration varied from 1.1 to 6.1 degrees C and from 0.02 to 6.3 mg m(-3), respectively, primarily reflecting the effects of varying mixtures of the water masses prevailing in this region. The abundance of euphausiids, collected by oblique hauls with Bongo nets (0-200 m) at night, fluctuated from 41 to 1040 individuals m(-2) for E. pacifica and from 50 to 186 individuals m(-2) for T. inspinata. Correlation analyses revealed that the variations in the abundance of E. pacifica were related to water temperature and chlorophyll a, while abundance of T. inspinata only varied with temperature. Adult males and females (with and without spermatophores) were the major components of both euphausiid stocks (> 90% of the total). Modal size (= total length or TL) analysis revealed that one group with large sizes (14-18 mm TL for E. pacifica, 16-18 mm TL for T. inspinata) occurred throughout the study period, often accompanied by one discrete group of smaller individuals (< 11 mm TL for both euphausiids), suggesting the distribution of the same euphausiid populations across the heterogeneous water masses. Adult males were significantly smaller than adult females in T. inspinata, but this was not the case in E. pacifica. Tracing the progressive increase in the mean sizes of the larger size groups, growth rates were estimated to be 0.082 mm day(-1) for E. pacifica and 0.022 mm day(-1) for T. inspinata. The difference in the growth rates of the two euphausiids is discussed in light of species-specific differences in the allocation of energy to reproduction and somatic growth during the present study period. Crown Copyright (C) 2010 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "High contributions of fossil sources to more volatile organic aerosol. Sources of particulate organic carbon (OC) with different volatility have rarely been investigated, despite the significant importance for better understanding of the atmospheric processes of organic aerosols. In this study we develop a radiocarbon-based (C-14) approach for source apportionment of more volatile OC (mvOC) and apply to ambient aerosol samples collected in winter in six Chinese megacities. mvOC is isolated by desorbing organic carbon from the filter samples in helium (He) at 200 degrees C in a custom-made aerosol combustion system for C-14 analysis. Evaluation of this new isolation method shows that the isolated mvOC amount agrees very well with the OC1 fraction (also desorbed at 200 degrees C in He) measured by a thermal-optical analyzer using the EUSAAR_2 protocol. The mvOC, OC and elemental carbon (EC) of 13 combined PM2.5 samples in six Chinese cities are analyzed for C-14 to investigate their sources and formation mechanisms. The relative contribution of fossil sources to mvOC is 59 +/- 11 %, consistently larger than the contribution to OC (48 +/- 16 %) and smaller than that to EC (73 +/- 9 %), despite large differences in fossil contributions in different cities. The average difference in the fossil fractions between mvOC and OC is 13% (range of 7 %-25 %), similar to that between mvOC and EC (13 %, with a range 4 %-25 %). Secondary OC (SOC) concentrations and sources are modeled based on the C-14-apportioned OC and EC and compared with concentrations and sources of mvOC. SOC concentrations (15.4 +/- 9.0 mu gm(-3)) are consistently higher than those of mvOC (3.3 +/- 2.2 mu gm(-3)), indicating that only a fraction of SOC is accounted for by the more volatile carbon fraction desorbed at 200 degrees C. The fossil fraction in SOC is 43% (10 %-70 %), lower than that in mvOC (59 %, with a range of 45 %-78 %). Correlation between mvOC and SOC from nonfossil sources (mvOC(nf) vs. SOCnf) and from fossil sources (mvOCfossil vs. SOCfossil) is examined to further explore sources and formation processes of mvOC and SOC.", "label": [4, 5, 36, 47]}
+{"token": "A STANDARDIZED METHOD OF PREPARING COMMON BEANS (PHASEOLUS VULGARIS L.) FOR SENSORY ANALYSIS. Methods of preparing bean samples for sensory analyses should be simple and reproducible. The method we propose, based on popular traditions (soaking and cooking beans in distilled water, forgoing blanching, and keeping simmering to a minimum), increased the number of beans that remained whole after cooking by 50% compared with the check method. No differences between the new method and the check were observed in the solids lost during the cooking process or in a panel's evaluation of the sensory properties of the beans. Furthermore, the new method is more efficient for handling the small samples that are common in breeding programs. Its repeatability for both sensory and nutritional analyses is very high: two replicates seem sufficient for high resolution. Thus, we propose that it be adopted for sensory and nutritional analyses of cooked beans. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS This article describes a new standardized method to prepare dry beans for sensory and nutritional analyses. This clear, simple, repeatable method has the additional advantages of being similar to traditional cooking methods, and is suitable for use with small samples of seeds. We propose it as a reference for sensory and nutritional research in dry beans.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "A low-power ultra-wideband CMOS true RMS power detector. This paper introduces a low-power ultra-wideband true root-mean-square power detector with a 0.13-mu m CMOS process operating from 125 MHz to 8.5 GHz. The detector utilizes the MOS transistor's square-law characteristic in the strong inversion region to obtain the power information of the input RF signal, and its exponential characteristic in the weak inversion region to realize the linear-in-decibel output. Measured dynamic ranges are 20 dB at 125 MHz and 18 dB at 8.5 GHz, respectively, with tolerances of +/- 0.5-dB error. WiMedia-Ultrawideband and wireless local area network 802.11a signals with different modulation techniques and data rates are measured. The integrated detector operates at 1.2-V supply voltage, and its static power consumption is 0.18 mW.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Preservice science teachers' collective efficacy in a science methods course. This study investigated how preservice teachers develop collective efficacy when preparing lesson plans for a science methods course, and how this collective efficacy changed over time. The data were collected from four preservice science teachers working in a group to fulfil the requirements of the course. Findings revealed that four factors, including collaborative work, sharing the same goal, attitudes towards group work and group cohesion, played an important role in the development of collective efficacy among preservice teachers. The study also showed that collective efficacy improved continuously over the semester.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "The Sweet Passion Fruit (Passiflora alata) Crop: Genetic and Phenotypic Parameter Estimates and QTL Mapping for Fruit Traits. Despite their economic importance, some tropical crop species are largely neglected when it comes to conducting genetic studies characterizing target traits for breeding. Herein, genetic and phenotypic parameters as well quantitative trait loci (QTL) are described for the first time in a full-sib progeny of sweet passion fruit (Passiflora alata). A hundred F-1 individuals were evaluated in two locations for seven fruit traits: diameter of fruit (DF, in mm), length of fruit (LF, in mm), weight of fruit (WF, in g), thickness of fruit skin (TS, in mm), weight of fruit skin (WS, in g), weight of fruit pulp (WP, in g) and soluble solids (SS, in degrees Brix). Mixed models fitted complex, unstructured genetic variance-covariance matrices for all traits in phenotypic analysis. Because of important genetic correlations among skin and pulp traits, multiplicative index selection to select the most promising individuals was successfully applied. A previously reported integrated map supported composite interval mapping (CIM) analyses. In total, we found 22 QTLs mapped in seven out of nine linkage groups. Heritabilities (from 59.8 % to 82.7 %) and proportion of phenotypic variance explained by the QTLs (from 42.0 % to 64.3 %) were comparable for each trait. Principal component analysis on TS, WS and WP showed that the first two principal components (PCs) accounted for 93.6 % of the total variability. CIM analyses on these two PCs revealed five putative QTLs controlling variation for these three traits simultaneously. Thus, genetic improvement for sweet passion fruit should be based on correlations between traits and QTL-related information can be a useful tool.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Autosomal recessive alobar holoprosencephaly with essentially normal faces. Holoprosencephaly is associated with a diagnostic face approximately 80% of the time. We report three siblings with alobar holoprosencephaly and essentially normal faces. A similar family was reported by Khan et al. [1970: Dev Med Child Neurol 12:71-76]. Alobar holoprosencephaly with essentially normal faces has also been observed in infants of diabetic mothers [Barr et al., 1983: J Pediatr 102:565-568]. (C) 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Between rhetoric and history. The papal preambles of the Villarense code and some Petrine episodes from the 12th century artes dictandi. This article is focused on the debated use of the historical information faded in the ars dictandi treatises and in the letter-collections composed by the masters for exempli purposes. To demonstrate the degree of reliability and the methods used by the masters re-elaboring historical events, this paper analyzes some pontifical preambles copied by a master of ars dictandi to set up a collection of exordia (preserved in the Villarense code) and some letter-models that speak of the events that involved the popes in the twelfth century.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Under capital's thumb: longitudinal associations between relational social class and health. Methods Using Panel Study of Income Dynamics data from 1984 to 2017, we first assigned respondents aged 25-64 to the not in the labour force (NILF), worker, manager, petit bourgeois (PB) or capitalist classes based on business ownership, managerial authority and employment status. Next, using Cox models, we estimated the confounder-adjusted associations between 2-year-lagged class and incidence of poor/fair SRH and serious mental illness. We also tested whether the associations varied by gender, whether they persisted after more-fully adjusting for traditional socioeconomic-status measures (education and income) and how they changed temporally.Background We used a relational social-class measure based on property ownership and managerial authority to analyse the longitudinal relationships between class, self-rated health (SRH) and mental illness. To our knowledge, this is the first study using a relational social-class measure to evaluate these relationships longitudinally.Conclusion We identified substantial class inequities in SRH and mental illness. Our findings demonstrate the importance of using relational social-class measures to deepen understanding of health inequities' root causes.Results We identified large inequities in poor/fair SRH. NILFs had the greatest hazard, followed by workers, PBs, managers and capitalists. We also identified large inequities in serious mental illness; NILFs and workers had the greatest hazard, while capitalists had the lowest. Class inequities in both outcomes lessened but remained considerable after confounder and socioeconomic-status adjustment, and we found some evidence that the class-SRH relationship varied by gender, as being NILF was more harmful among men than women. Additionally, class inequities in the outcomes decreased somewhat over time.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Open government objectives and participation motivations. Open government aims, among others, at improving engagement of citizens in public sector activities. To realize this potential, we need to understand citizens' motivations to engage in the many different variants of open government. This article identifies motivations for open government participation from the free/ libre open source software (FLOSS) and crowdsourcing literature. The literature gives two dimensions of open government aims: innovation objectives (high or low) and managerial level (political versus administrative). The results of our survey with 168 participants revealed different motivations for participation in open government projects related to three objectives of open government projects: collaborative democracy, citizen sourcing, and citizen ideation & innovation. We found indications that socio-economic characteristics of citizens do not influence the willingness to participate in open government projects contrary to findings in other forms of government participation and therefore open government opens a great potential for enlarged citizen engagement. Our survey also indicates that open government projects with lower ambitions result in more participation than more ambitious projects, which implies that considerable steps need to be taken to realize the full potential of open government. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Multiple Workflow Scheduling Strategies with User Run Time Estimates on a Grid. In this paper, we present an experimental study of deterministic non-preemptive multiple workflow scheduling strategies on a Grid. We distinguish twenty five strategies depending on the type and amount of information they require. We analyze scheduling strategies that consist of two and four stages: labeling, adaptive allocation, prioritization, and parallel machine scheduling. We apply these strategies in the context of executing the Cybershake, Epigenomics, Genome, Inspiral, LIGO, Montage, and SIPHT workflows applications. In order to provide performance comparison, we performed a joint analysis considering three metrics. A case study is given and corresponding results indicate that well known DAG scheduling algorithms designed for single DAG and single machine settings are not well suited for Grid scheduling scenarios, where user run time estimates are available. We show that the proposed new strategies outperform other strategies in terms of approximation factor, mean critical path waiting time, and critical path slowdown. The robustness of these strategies is also discussed.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Antifouling microfiltration membranes prepared from poly(vinylidene fluoride)-graft-Poly(N- vinyl pyrrolidone) powders synthesized via pre-irradiation induced graft polymerization. Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) powders were grafted with N-vinyl pyrrolidone using the pre-irradiation induced graft polymerization technique. The effects of reaction time, absorbed dose, and monomer concentration on the degree of grafting were investigated, and the grafted PVDF powders were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. The grafted PVDF powders were also cast into microfiltration (MF) membranes via the phase-inversion method. The contact angle and water uptake were measured. The membrane morphology was studied by scanning electron microscopy, and the water filtration properties of the membranes were tested. The antifouling properties were determined through measurements of the recovery percentage of pure water flux after the MF membranes were fouled with bovine serum albumin solution. The results confirmed that the existence of poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) graft chains improved the hydrophilicity and antifouling properties of the MF membranes cast from PVDF-g-PVP powders. (c) 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Practice Prize Winner Creating a Measurable Social Media Marketing Strategy: Increasing the Value and ROI of Intangibles and Tangibles for Hokey Pokey. Hokey Pokey, a popular \\\\'super premium\\\\' ice cream retailer, has over a dozen outlets based in India. Hokey Pokey offers \\\\'customized mix-in\\\\' flavors and realizes the importance of social media platforms to connect with its target consumers and create an engaging brand experience. However, with a limited marketing budget, the retailer needed to measure the success of its social media marketing efforts and create an optimized strategy To accomplish this, we proposed and implemented a methodology to measure social media return on investment (ROT) and a customer's word-of-mouth (WOM) value by first creating a unique metric to measure the net influence wielded by a user in a social network, customer influence effect (CIE), and then predicting the user's ability to generate the spread of viral information. We then link WOM to the actual sales that it generates through a second metric, customer influence value (CIV), and we implement a strategy at Hokey Pokey to measure these metrics and identify their individual drivers. Finally, we refine our strategy to increase CIE and CIV, thereby impacting the profit. Our research shows that social media can be used to generate growth in sales, ROT, and positive word of mouth and can spread brand knowledge further.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "ASPECTS OF THE POLITICAL INTERTWINING OF THE PATRIARCHS IN THE MIDDLE BYZANTINE PERIOD. The patriarch of Constantinople became an important political factor in the middle Byzantine period. Three aspects will be discussed: 1. Responsibility for the inauguration of the ruler, 2. Support of usurpations and political coups, 3. Mediation.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "SPATIAL PERSPECTIVE OF INDUSTRIALIZATION IN ISTRIA DURING THE PERIOD FROM 1918 TO 1940: EXAMPLES OF DEVELOPMENT IN MINING AND BUILDING MATERIALS INDUSTRY. Then follows the theory of half-growth which explicates that industrial activities are connected in the area through some central point, i.e. a city which is typically the largest industrial centre in the area (of localization and urbanization economies) and MAR and Jacobs economy that allows us to understand the development of industrial activities outside the city influence.The article is directed towards the analysis of the three industries - bauxite-mining, coal-mining and cement production - which were some of the major industries in the region of Istria. The research area is limited to the Croatian part of the Istrian peninsula. General theory of location was used as a methodology, or to be more precise, locational factors which can explain why the industrial plants were built only on specific locations.The basis for the research was the economic and socio-historiographical analysis of work and activities of particular industrial enterprises in the selected fields. The analysis could determine the presence and operation of location factors, localization, urbanization, MAR and Jacobs economies through which it is possible to observe the presence and effects of various economic policies.First archival sources were registers of enterprises from the National Archives in Trieste, supplemented with the archival sources from the National Archives in Pazin.The purpose of this article is to introduce the spatial characteristics of the industrialization process in Istria during the period from 1918 to 1940. It was the period when the area of the European periphery was also enveloped by the process of industrialization, and at the same time there were significant political and economic changes due to the fact that Istria became a part of the Kingdom of Italy aft er the World War I and the fall of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, which resulted in the establishment of the new (fascist) economic relations and politics.The results of the analysis show that the mining industry and cement production were quite dispersed over Istria regarding the fact that the development of plants was directly associated with the mining sites. Also we cannot claim that the companies were interconnected in the way of localization economies. Furthermore, we can observe how those industries were exploiting the existing Istrian transport infrastructure. The analysis confirms previous findings that the transport, i.e. road infrastructure in the interior of Istria was (very) weak and that the enterprises rather used the docks for an efficient transport of raw materials. All three industries were, by the number of employees, among the key ones in the Istrian province. The forefront was the mining industry in Labin. Trieste appeared as a centre of venture capital and knowledge and as a source of investment, which means that urban environment affects the development of industry in a non-urban environment, the environs outside the city. However, Jacobs-economy confirms that those industries have grown and developed independently from Trieste, especially under the influence of the Italian banking capital in the 1920s. A significant shift occurred in the 1930s when the fascist economic policy of the state directed economy had a strong influence on the development of those industries, which is an example of MAR economy action.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Restitution coefficient of chick pea and lentil seeds. The restitution coefficients of chick pea and lentil seeds were determined as a function of moisture content. The effects of grain type, moisture content, impact plate and free fall height on the restitution coefficient of chick pea and lentil seeds were studied. The restitution coefficient of chick pea and lentil seeds decreased as moisture content increased. The difference between values of restitution coefficient of chick pea and lentil seeds was statistically significant. The restitution coefficient of lentil seeds decreased as free fall height increased. The values of restitution coefficient obtained with steel plate were higher than those of fibreglass plate at all moisture content levels for chick pea and lentil seeds.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "Semiotic analysis of photojournalism captions: A comparison of Korean-English and Korean-Japanese translations. Photojournalism relies on a polysemiotic text of visual and verbal signs. Verbal signs are usually shaped as captions and cutlines. In photojournalism, the text producer uses captions to limit the polysemic nature of photographic images. These captions can either limit the denotative meaning of the visual image or interpret and limit the connotative meaning. The purpose of this study is first to examine any differences between languages and cultures in how captions are used to limit the meaning of photographic images, and then to investigate whether these differences are reflected in translations of Korean photojournalism. Towards this purpose, the study progresses in two main directions. First, we investigate whether there are cultural differences between US and UK, Korean, and Japanese media, realized via the varying methods they use to limit photo captions. Having identified the differences between these three cultural groups, we will proceed to analyze and discuss from a semiotic standpoint how these differences are reflected in Korean-to-English and Korean-to-Japanese translation strategies.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Detection of Viruses Using Discarded Plants from Wild Mountain Gorillas and Golden Monkeys. Infectious diseases pose one of the most significant threats to the survival of great apes in the wild. The critically endangered mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) is at high risk for contracting human pathogens because approximately 60% of the population is habituated to humans to support a thriving ecotourism program. Disease surveillance for human and non-human primate pathogens is important for population health and management of protected primate species. Here, we evaluate discarded plants from mountain gorillas and sympatric golden monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis kandti), as a novel biological sample to detect viruses that are shed orally. Discarded plant samples were tested for the presence of mammalian-specific genetic material and two ubiquitous DNA and RNA primate viruses, herpesviruses, and simian foamy virus. We collected discarded plant samples from 383 wild human-habituated mountain gorillas and from 18 habituated golden monkeys. Mammalian-specific genetic material was recovered from all plant species and portions of plant bitten or chewed by gorillas and golden monkeys. Gorilla herpesviral DNA was most consistently recovered from plants in which leafy portions were eaten by gorillas. Simian foamy virus nucleic acid was recovered from plants discarded by golden monkeys, indicating that it is also possible to detect RNA viruses from bitten or chewed plants. Our findings show that discarded plants are a useful non-invasive sampling method for detection of viruses that are shed orally in mountain gorillas, sympatric golden monkeys, and potentially other species. This method of collecting specimens from discarded plants is a new non-invasive sampling protocol that can be combined with collection of feces and urine to evaluate the most common routes of viral shedding in wild primates. (C) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Antibiotic prophylaxis of lower respiratory tract contamination in horses confined with head elevation for 24 or 48 hours. Objective To evaluate the administration of procaine peni- cillin prior to or during confinement with head elevation as a means of reducing the associated accumulation of inflammatory lower respiratory tract secretions and increased numbers of bacteria within the lower respiratory tract of confined horses.Results Treatment with procaine penicillin had no effect on the systemic leucocyte response or on the accumulation of inflammatory lower respiratory tract secretions at any of the dosing schedules evaluated. The number of bacteria isolated from trans-tracheal samples was reduced at 12 hours for treated horses in experiment A and at 24 hours for experiment B. beta-haemolytic Streptococcus sop were not isolated from treated horses in either experiment. Bacterial species isolated from treated horses were predominantly Pasteurella and/or Actinobacillus spp, however, members of the family Enterobacteriaceae and a Staphylococcus sp were isolated from treated horses. One treated horse in experiment A developed clinically apparent pulmonary disease.Design and Procedure Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of different dose rates and dosing frequencies. In experiment A a single low dose (15,000 IU/kg) of procaine penicillin was administered to four horses immediately prior to confinement with head elevation for 48 hours. The systemic leucocyte response, gross and cytologic characteristics of transtracheal aspirate and bacterial numbers in lower respiratory tract samples were compared with corresponding samples from two horses confined with heads elevated but not given penicillin. The efficacy of higher dose rates (20,000 IU/kg and 40,000 IU/kg) given before and during confinement with heads elevated for 24 hours was evaluated in experiment B.Conclusions The prophylactic administration of penicillin before or during confinement did not reliably reduce bacterial numbers or prevent the accumulation of purulent lower respiratory tract secretions in horses confined with their heads elevated. Numbers of beta-haemolytic Streptococcus spp were reduced following treatment, suggesting that the repeated administration of procaine penicillin may have some merit as part of a strategy to prevent transport-associated respiratory disease. However. methods directed at minimising the duration of confinement with head elevation, augmentation of the clearance of accumulated secretions and prompt identification of animals in which airway inflammation has extended to the pulmonary parenchyma remain the best ways of minimising transport-associated respiratory disease.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Age-related dedifferentiation of cognitivea nd motor slowing: insight from the comparison of Hick-Hyman and Fitts' laws. The present study aimed to determine whether the general slowing hypothesis (GSH) could be extended to the motor domain by comparing cognitive and motor age-related slowing. To achieve this objective, we compared the slopes of Hick-Hyman's law and Fitts' law, in young and older adults. The general hypothesis was that, due to the dedifferentiation of cognitive and motor neural resources during aging, the slopes of Hick-Hyman's law and Fitts' law should become closer, if not similar, in older adults. Ten young adults (mean age = 26 +/- 3 years) and 14 older adults (mean age = 78 +/- 7 years) participated in the experiment. They had to perform a discrete rapid-aiming task and a reaction time (RT) task. In the aiming task, five index of difficulty (ID) levels were used (from three to seven bits by increments of 1.0 bit). Task difficulty was scaled via the manipulation of target distance from home position. In the RT task, five IDs were selected: 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 bits, with incompatible SR associations. RT and movement times were recorded. Efficiency and Brinley regression functions were calculated. Age-related slowing ratios were estimated. Response times increased in both tasks in older adults. The slopes of Hick-Hyman's law and Fitts' law were steeper in older adults than in young participants. In young participants, the slope of Hick-Hyman's law was smaller than that of Fitts' law. In older adults, no difference was found. Slowing ratios observed in both tasks were equivalent. The present results extended the GSH to the motor domain. They suggested that, due to dedifferentiation of cognitive and motor neural resources, decrease in processing speed acts as a common cause to behavioral slowing in both cognitive and motor tasks.", "label": [2, 17, 21]}
+{"token": "Individual heterogeneity as a pitfall in population estimates based on non-invasive genetic sampling: a review and recommendations. In recent years, much progress has been made in non-invasive genetic methods for various purposes including population estimation. Previous research focused on optimising laboratory protocols and assessing genotyping errors. However, an important source of bias in population estimates still remains in the field sampling methods. The probability of animals being sampled can vary according to sex, age, social status or home-range location. In this article, we present relevant literature reviewed to provide an overview of the occurrence of individual heterogeneity (IH) in the field, and how it can be minimised, e.g. by adaptation of sampling design. We surveyed 38 articles describing non-invasive population estimation for 12 mammal and two bird species. The majority of these studies discussed IH as a potential problem. The detectability of IH via goodness-of-fit testing depended on the average capture probability reported in the studies. Field tests for assessing variation in sampling probabilities or validating estimations were carried out in only 11 of the 38 studies. The results of these tests point out that IH is a widespread problem in non-invasive population estimation, which deserves closer attention not only in the development of laboratory protocols but also concerning the sampled species' characteristics and the field methods. IH can be reduced in the field by carefully adapting the sampling design to the characteristics of the studied population. If this is not reasonable, it may be better to switch to a different sampling strategy.", "label": [4, 34, 43]}
+{"token": "Cognitive change after electroconvulsive therapy in mood disorders measured with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment. Objective The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is a sensitive and clinically practical test but its usefulness in measuring long-term cognitive effects of ECT is unclear. Using the MoCA, we investigated short- and long-term global cognitive change in ECT-treated patients with a Major Depressive Episode (MDE). Method We included 65 consecutive ECT-treated patients with MDE, in whom global cognitive functioning was assessed at baseline (T0); during ECT (before the third session; T1); and 1 week (T2), 3 months (T3), and 6 months (T4) after completion of the index course. Changes in MoCA (sub)scores were analyzed using linear mixed models and reliable change indices were computed to investigate individual changes in MoCA total scores. Results There was a significant effect of time on MoCA scores (F(4, 230.5) = 4.14,P = 0.003), with an improvement in global cognitive functioning from T3 compared to T1 and T2. At the individual level, 26% (n = 17) of patients showed a significantly worse cognitive functioning at T2 and 12% (n = 8) an improved cognitive functioning compared to T0. For T4, these percentages ameliorated to 8% and 18% respectively. Conclusion No persistent global cognitive impairment induced by ECT was found at the group level using the MoCA. At the individual level, however, there was clear heterogeneity in the effects of ECT on cognitive functioning. The MoCA is a suitable tool to monitor short- and long-term global cognitive functioning in ECT-treated patients with MDE but in younger patients, potential ceiling effects must be taken into account.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "HERPES-SIMPLEX VIRUS TYPE-1 RECOMBINATION - ROLE OF DNA-REPLICATION AND VIRAL-A SEQUENCES. During the course of infection, elements of the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) genome undergo inversion, a process that is believed to occur through the viral a sequences. To investigate the mechanism of this recombinational event, we have developed an assay that detects the deletion of DNA segments flanked by directly repeated a sequences in plasmids transiently maintained in Vero cells. With this assay, we have observed a high frequency of recombination (approximately 8%) in plasmids that undergo replication in HSV-1-infected cells. We also found a low level of recombination between a sequences in plasmids introduced into uninfected cells and in unreplicated plasmids in HSV-1-infected cells. In replicating plasmids, recombination between a sequences occurs at twice the frequency seen with directly repeated copies of a different sequence of similar size. Recombination between a sequences appears to occur at approximately the same time as replication, suggesting that the processes of replication and recombination are closely linked.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Vibration of carbon nanotube-reinforced plates via refined nth-higher-order theory. This article presents the free vibration frequencies of composite plates reinforced with single-walled carbon nanotubes by using a refined simplified two-variable nth-higher-order theory. Four kinds of distribution of uniaxially aligned reinforcement material are presented. The most famous one is the uniform; in addition, three types of functionally graded distributions of carbon nanotubes in the through-thickness direction of the plates are investigated. The effective physical properties of composite media are given according to a refined rule of mixtures approach that contains the efficiency parameters. Exact closed-form formulation based on a refined simplified two-variable nth-higher-order plate theory that can be adapted to the vibration of such plates is investigated. Accuracy of presented approach is validated by comparing its results with those given by other investigators", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "Information systems security job advertisement analysis: Skills review and implications for information systems curriculum. The authors' focus was the assessment of skill requirements for information systems security positions to understand expectations for security jobs and to highlight issues relevant to curriculum management. The analysis of 798 job advertisements involved the exploration of domain-related and soft skills as well as degree and certification requirements. Domain-related skills comprised the largest part of the results (16 of the top 20 skills) with the top three related to networks, standards, and policies. The most often found soft skill related to teams or teamwork. Implications for information systems curriculum are discussed, and suggestions for future research are provided.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Versatile universal voltage-mode filter employing minimum components. A novel versatile single FDCCII-based voltage-mode universal biquadratic filter with three inputs and four outputs is presented. The proposed circuit can act as a multifunction voltage-mode filter with two inputs and four outputs and can perform simultaneous realization of voltage-mode bandreject, highpass, bandpass and lowpass filter signals from the four output terminals, respectively. On the other hand, it also can act as a universal voltage-mode filter with three inputs and a single output and can realize five generic voltage-mode filter signals without requiring any inverting input voltage signals and component-matching conditions. The proposed circuit employing single FDCCII, two grounded capacitors and two resistors, which are the minimum components necessary for realizing a second-order voltage-mode universal filtering response from the same topology. Both its active and passive sensitivities are low.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Animals in British and French Encyclopaedias in the Long Eighteenth Century. This survey of the treatment of animals in eighteenth-century British and French encyclopaedias will argue that taxonomy and alphabetical encyclopaedias were compatible, despite the reputation of the latter as being antithetical to traditional hierarchies. At the same time, I will point to an evolution in the treatment of animals in encyclopaedias, one that suggests specialisation on the part of readers. My chronology proposes four overlapping stages: one involving intermixed discourses; one involving neglect; one involving separation of the practical and learned aspects of animals; and one involving treatises on animals and sciences of animals.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Dynamic Changes of IsiA-Containing Complexes during Long-Term Iron Deficiency in Synechocystis sp PCC 6803. Iron stress-induced protein A (IsiA), a major chlorophyll-binding protein in the thylakoid membrane, is significantly induced under iron deficiency conditions. Using immunoblot analysis and 77 K fluorescence spectroscopy combined with sucrose gradient fractionation, we monitored dynamic changes of IsiA-containing complexes in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 during exposure to long-term iron deficiency. Within 3 days of exposure to iron deficiency conditions, the initially induced free IsiA proteins preferentially conjugated to PS I trimer to form IsiA(18)-PS I trimers, which serve as light energy collectors for efficiently transmitting energy to PS I. With prolonged iron deficiency, IsiA proteins assembled either into IsiA aggregates or into two other types of IsiA-PS I supercomplexes, namely IsiA-PS I high fluorescence supercomplex (IHFS) and IsiA-PS I low fluorescence supercomplex (ILFS). Further analysis revealed a role for IsiA as an energy dissipater in the IHFS and as an energy collector in the ILFS. The trimeric structure of PS I mediated by PsaL was found to be indispensable for the formation of IHFS/ILFS. Dynamic changes in IsiA-containing complexes in cyanobacteria during long-term iron deficiency may represent an adaptation to iron limitation stress for flexible light energy distribution, which balances electron transfer between PS I and PS II, thus minimizing photooxidative damage.", "label": [4, 0, 39, 9]}
+{"token": "Delusion and Deception: Transcendental Illusion and Critique as Katharsis in Kant. The aim of this paper is to consider transcendental illusion within a broader frame, i.e. in relation to sensory illusion, because although in the Introduction to Transcendental Dialectics Kant makes only brief references to the illusion of the senses, focusing, instead, on the concept of illusion as object of his critic, I actually believe that it is possible to establish a parallel between the two kinds of illusion, because I think that the way in which Kant structures the question of transcendental illusion is borrowed from sensory illusion with regard both to the use of some terms and to a certain methodology. The parallel established is fundamental to enter another subtle issue underlying transcendental illusion: the shift that can occur, in some cases, from simple delusion to deception, which can be grasped through the broad vocabulary used by Kant: Illusion, Blendwerk, Wahn, Tauschung and Betrug. The final passage will concern the understanding of why the critique is described as a cathartic method in the context of transcendental illusion.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Regimes of Toleration in Nation-States and in Consociations: The Recognition of Ethno-Cultural Diversity and Its Dilemmas in a Globalized World. The paper will analyze diverse politics of recognition in and beyond European societies, that is in plural societies such as those in Southeast Asia. It will endeavor to show that despite their considerably disparate historical experiences, practically all the diverse types of governance of multiculturality in a globalized world have a wide range of problems in regards to a decent recognition of ethno-cultural diversity. The comparison intends to highlight in particular that the European political agenda (rather liberal-oriented) cannot be exported to plural societies just as the political agenda of plural societies (rather communitarian-and consociational- oriented) cannot be transposed tout court into other societies. The analysis of the empirical data in the article based on the method of comparison by contrast (thus not comparison by affinity), which also challenges the simplistic soundness of universalistic models of interpretation. Finally the article intends to show the relevance of the comparative method elaborating differences but also family resemblances ( following Wittgenstein's terminology).", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "The partisan paradox - Religious commitment and the gender gap in party identification. A large body of scholarly literature points to the growing influence of religious devotion on U.S. partisanship. This article attempts to reconcile the growing religious commitment cleavage in the American party system with the commensurate growth in the gender gap. If women are, on average, more religiously devout than men, and if contemporary shifts in partisanship are disproportionately founded on religious and cultural cleavages, then why are women more likely to identify with the Democratic Party? I pose three possible explanations for this apparent paradox: (1) that the influence of religion is only considerable among the most committed; (2) that men and women politicize their religious beliefs in different ways; and (3) that gender differences in opinion on nonreligious issues sustain the partisan gap, over and above the conservative influence of religiosity. Findings from structural equation analyses demonstrate that religious devotion affects the politics of men and women in similar ways. Religious commitment affects partisan choices but does not override the powerful effects of gender. Gender differences in support for the social welfare state and the preeminence of social welfare opinion in the partisan calculus of men and women largely explain the persistence of the gender gap.", "label": [5, 47, 49]}
+{"token": "Do young female candidates face double barriers or an outgroup advantage? The case of the European Parliament. While intersectionality is a recurrent theme in the literature on women's political representation, few studies empirically disentangle who are the women who get elected to parliaments. An argument on biases in recruitment practices suggests that those who are members of more than one outgroup, such as young women, benefit from an 'outgroup advantage'. In elections, a candidate with two outgroup features might attract more voter support than a candidate with just one outgroup feature. Hence, nominating a candidate that is both young and female could be a rational move by (male) elites in political parties that allows them to open fewer seats to newcomers. These expectations are tested on data for all members of the European Parliament since 1979. Not only is it found that women's presence increased steadily throughout the parliament's history, but also that women's representation is consistently highest among the group of young representatives, lower among middle-aged Members of the European Parliament and lowest among older representatives.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "The anti-deprivation rule in Australia. Whether the anti-deprivation rule that has recently been applied in England exists in Australia has not yet been judicially considered. The ground covered by the rule has traditionally been understood as a manifestation of the so-called pari passu principle. The English cases have, however, identified it as a separate rule with distinct operation. This article examines the English cases and seeks to identify the proper legal foundation of the rule. It asks whether a distinct anti-deprivation rule might exist in Australia consistently with the High Court's decision in International Air Transport Association v Ansett Australia Holdings Ltd (2008) 234 CLR 151. The article discusses the suggested operation in this context of the illegality principle recently applied by the High Court and considers whether it may supply a statutory footing for an Australian anti-deprivation rule.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Nevermore!': Non-Normative Desire and Queer Temporality in Poe's 'The Raven. This essay argues that queer approaches to Poe's work can benefit from a consideration of his poem \\\\'The Raven,\\\\' a work invested in finding connections between a subject's desire and object-choice and his experience of time. The poem is especially relevant to what has been called the \\\\'temporal turn\\\\' in queer theory over the last decade: it demonstrates how non-normative desire excludes individuals from what Lee Edelman has called \\\\'reproductive futurism,\\\\' the heteronormative prescription that requires individuals to produce future generations through heterosexual pairing, and that casts individuals who do not participate in this behavior as \\\\'queer.\\\\' In the poem's famous repetition of \\\\'nevermore,\\\\' first by the raven and then by the narrator, we can see a growing acknowledgment of the subject's exclusion from \\\\'reproductive futurism.\\\\' And, in its conclusion, \\\\'The Raven\\\\' gestures toward the potential liberation that this exclusion offers as a temporal orientation to queer individuals the freedom to invent new and more creative life paths as they deviate from heteronormative norms.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Lower-Limb Muscular Strength, Balance, and Mobility Levels in Adults Following Severe Thermal Burn Injuries. Severe burn injuries are associated with hypermetabolic response and increased catabolism. These lead to a vast loss of muscle mass and reduced muscle strength and function. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine the impact of severe burn injuries on lower-limb muscular strength, balance, and mobility level in adults. Forty burned adults with burned TBSA (burned TBSA) >= 40% participated in this study. The peak torque and total work of quadriceps and knee flexors were calculated at 150 degrees/sec using Biodex isokinetic dynamometer. Balance and mobility were tested via the Biodex balance device and the high mobility assessment tool, respectively. Twenty-three matched nonburned healthy adults were evaluated and served as a control group. Severely burned adults exhibited significantly lower peak torque and total work in their quadriceps (27.50 and 22.58%, P < .05) and knee flexors (23.72, and 21.65%, P < .05) relative to the nonburned adults. Burned adults had a significant decrease in stability index and balance including the dynamic limits of stability (P < .05). The high mobility assessment tool scores were significantly lower (42 +/- 7.64, P < .05) when compared with control subjects (51 +/- 1.62). Patients who had severe burns (burned TBSA >= 40%) showed muscular weakness, limited balance, and mobility levels between 16 and 24 weeks after discharge from the hospital compared with matched nonburned control subjects. These results can guide therapists in creating rehabilitation programs that focus on the specific difficulties faced by burned patients.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Clinical, laboratory and ultrasonographic findings in 38 calves with type-4 abomasal ulcer. Background Type-4 abomasal ulcers (U4) are perforated ulcers causing diffuse peritonitis. This retrospective study describes the clinical, laboratory and ultrasonographic findings in 38 calves with U4. The medical records of 38 calves aged three days to 20 weeks with U4 were scrutinised. Results The most common clinical findings were poor general health (95%), reduced skin elasticity (95%), rumen atony (91%), abdominal guarding (76%) and positive percussion auscultation and/or swinging auscultation on the right side of the abdomen (75%). The most frequent laboratory findings were increased numbers of segmented neutrophils (87%), eosinopenia (87%), acidosis (84%), azotaemia (79%) and hyponatraemia (79%). The most frequent abdominal ultrasonographic findings were intestinal atony (68%), fluid (67%) and fibrin deposits (58%) in the abdomen. Thirty-five calves were euthanased and three calves died spontaneously. All calves underwent pathological examination. Diffuse peritonitis caused by a transmural abomasal ulcer was the principal diagnosis in all calves. Conclusions Perforated abomasal ulcers cause severe illness, and a thorough clinical examination combined with ultrasonographic abdominal examination should lead to a tentative diagnosis.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "A SECURE PROXY-BASED CROSS-DOMAIN COMMUNICATION FOR WEB MASHUPS. A web mashup is a web application that integrates content from heterogeneous sources to provide users with an integrated and seamless browsing experience. Client-side mashups differ from server-side mashups in that the content is integrated in the browser using the client-side scripts. However, the legacy same origin policy implemented by the current browsers cannot provide a flexible client-side communication mechanism to exchange information between resources from different sources. To address this problem, we propose a secure client-side cross-domain communication mechanism facilitated by a trusted proxy and the HTML 5 postMessage method The proxy-based model supports fine-grained access control for elements that belong to different sources in web mashups; and the design guarantees the confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity during cross-domain communications The proxy-based design also allows users to browse mashups without installing browser plug-ins. For mashups developers, the provided API minimizes the amount of code modification. The results of experiments demonstrate that the overhead incurred by our proxy model is low and reasonable. We anticipate the proxy-based design can help the mashup platform providers to provide a better solution to the mashup developers and users.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Rhamnolipid produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa USM-AR2 facilitates crude oil distillation. A biosurfactant-producing and hydrocarbon-utilizing bacterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa USM-AR2, was used to assist conventional distillation. Batch cultivation in a bioreactor gave a biomass of 9.4 g L-1 and rhamnolipid concentration of 2.4 g L-1 achieved after 72 h. Biosurfactant activity (rhamnolipid) was detected by the orcinol assay, emulsifi cation index and drop collapse test. Pretreatment of crude oil TK-1 and AG-2 with a culture of P. aeruginosa USM-AR2 that contains rhamnolipid was proven to facilitate the distillation process by reducing the duration without reducing the quality of petroleum distillate. It showed a potential in reducing the duration of the distillation process, with at least 2- to 3-fold decreases in distillation time. This is supported by GC-MS analysis of the distillate where there was no difference between compounds detected in distillate obtained from treated or untreated crude oil. Calorimetric tests showed the calorie value of the distillate remained the same with or without treatment. These two factors confirmed that the quality of the distillate was not compromised and the incubation process by the microbial culture did not over-degrade the oil. The rhamnolipid produced by this culture was the main factor that enhanced the distillation performance, which is related to the emulsifi cation of hydrocarbon chains in the crude oil. This biotreatment may play an important role to improve the existing conventional refinery and distillation process. Reducing the distillation times by pretreating the crude oil with a natural biosynthetic product translates to energy and cost savings in producing petroleum products.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 40]}
+{"token": "Hydrate formation by water spraying in a methane plus ethane plus propane gas mixture: An attempt at promoting hydrate formation utilizing large-molecule guest substances for structure-h hydrates. An experimental study of hydrate formation has been performed, using a simulated natural gas-a. mixture of methane, ethane, and propane in a 90:7:3 molar ratio-and a liquid large-molecule guest substance (LMGS), which provides guest molecules to fit into the 51268 cages of a structure-H hydrate. Except for the use of the gas mixture, the hydrate-forming procedure used in this study was the same as that tested in our previous studies [Ohmura et al., Energy Fuels 2002, 16, 1741-1147; Tsuji et al., Energy Fuels 2004, 18, 418-424], i.e., spraying liquid water downward through a gas phase onto a liquid-LMGS layer lying on a pool of water under a prescribed temperature-pressure condition (275 K, 2.9 MPa) in a chamber into which the gas mixture was being supplied to compensate for its loss due to hydrate formation. We selected three LMGSs for comparison: tent-butyl methyl ether (TBME), which was found to give the highest rate of hydrate formation when pure methane is used as the guest gas [Tsuji et al., Energy Fuels 2004, 18, 418-42,1], 2,2-dimethylbutane (neohexane), and methylcyclohexane (MCH). The rate of hydrate formation from the gas mixture was determined to be increased by the presence of any of these LMGSs, compared to the rate observed in the absence of any LMGS. An unexpected fact was found in the rate of hydrate formation from the gas mixture plus an LMGS, compared with the rate observed with pure methane plus the same LMGS under the same temperature-pressure condition. That is, the former rate may be much higher or, on the contrary, appreciably lower than the latter rate, depending on the species of the LMGS used. Accordingly, it turns out that the rate of hydrate formation from the gas mixture plus neohexane or MCH is higher than that from the same mixture plus TBME, in strong contrast to the nature of hydrate formation from pure methane plus an LMGS that we previously revealed.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "Population genomic screening of all young adults in a health-care system: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Conclusion: Preventive genomic screening in early adulthood would be highly cost-effective in a single-payer health-care system, but ethical issues must be considered.Purpose: To consider the impact and cost-effectiveness of offering preventive population genomic screening to all young adults in a single-payer health-care system.Results: Population screening would reduce variant-attributable cancers by 28.8%, cancer deaths by 31.2%, and CF/SMA/FXS cases by 24.8%, compared with targeted testing. Assuming AUD $400 per test, investment required would be between 4 and 5 times higher than current expenditure. However, screening would lead to substantial savings in medical costs and DALYs prevented, at a highly cost-effective ICER of AUD$4038/DALY. At AUD$200 per test, screening would approach cost-saving for the health system (ICER = AUD$22/DALY).Methods: We modeled screening of 2,688,192 individuals, all adults aged 18-25 years in Australia, for pathogenic variants in BRCA1/BRCA2/MLH1/MSH2 genes, and carrier screening for cystic fibrosis (CF), spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), and fragile X syndrome (FXS), at 71% testing uptake using per-test costs ranging from AUD$200 to $1200 (similar to USD$140 to $850). Investment costs included genetic counseling, surveillance, and interventions (reimbursed only) for at-risk individuals/couples. Cost-effectiveness was defined below AUD$50,000/DALY (disability-adjusted life year) prevented, using an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER), compared with current targeted testing. Outcomes were cancer incidence/mortality, disease cases, and treatment costs reduced.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Sea Turtle Foraging and Hydrozoan Optimization Algorithm-based NLOS Node Positioning Scheme for Reliable Data Dissemination in Vehicular Ad hoc Networks. Vehicular Ad hoc NETworks (VANETs) is considered as an indispensable and predominant research area for facilitating public safety applications due to their ever increasing demand. The vehicular nodes in VANETs interact among them for the objective of exchanging traffic information, road maps and warning messages during emergency scenarios. In most of the applications supported by vehicular network, accuracy in localization is the major challenge when the location-based services are their core service. This major problem of localization is mainly due to Non Line of Sight (NLOS) nodes in the vehicular node whose position is unknown or unpredicted due to the existence of static and moving obstacles in the vehicular network. The problem of NLOS node localization is a Non Polynomial (NP) hard problem that could be potentially solved through the use of intelligent metaheuristic nature-inspired optimization algorithms. In this paper, Sea Turtle Foraging (STFOA)-and Hydrozoan Optimization Algorithm (HOA)-based NLOS node positioning scheme is proposed by embedding the exploitation capabilities of STFOA into exploration tendency imposed HOA algorithm for achieving reliable warning message delivery during emergency situations in vehicular networks. This proposed STFHOA scheme adopted a dynamic crossover operator through the incorporated hybrid algorithm in order to enhance the tendencies of exploration. The simulation results of the proposed STFHOA confirmed better mean warning message rate of 16.38%, mean channel utilization rate of 18.84%, mean neighborhood awareness rate of 17.21% with minimized mean localization error rate of 17.64% compared to the baseline approaches under scalable increase in the number of vehicular nodes in the network.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Conscience and Complicity: Assessing Pleas for Religious Exemptions in Hobby Lobby's Wake. Much of the critical reaction to Hobby Lobby focuses on the issue of corporate rights of religious freedom. Yet this issue is a red herring. The deeper concerns that Hobby Lobby raises about whether employers may now refuse, on religious grounds, to subsidize other forms of health coverage (for example, blood transfusions or vaccinations) or to serve customers whose lifestyles they deplore (for example, gays and lesbians) do not turn on the organizational form that the employer has adopted. Instead, the more significant issue goes to our understanding of complicity: When is it reasonable for an employer (for-profit or nonprofit, corporate or individual) to think itself complicit in the conduct of its employees or customers? And when is a reasonable claim of complicity compelling enough to warrant an accommodation, especially when that accommodation would impose costs on third parties?Hobby Lobby does not provide the proper guidance for answering these questions, and no wonder: as I argue here, the concept of complicity pervading the treatment of conscientious objection in the law is murky and misleading, and it often yields unjust results. This Article offers the guidance that the doctrine does not. To that end, it exposes the flaws in the understandings of complicity evident in both the majority and dissenting opinions in Hobby Lobby, as well as in Religious Freedom Restoration Act cases more generally. It then seeks to disaggregate the elements of a complicity claim and to identify which of these elements deserves to be treated deferentially.In the paradigmatic case of conscientious objection, the objector claims that his religion forbids him from actively participating in a wrong (for example, by fighting in a war). In the religious challenges to the Affordable Care Act's employer mandate, on the other hand, employers claim that their religious convictions forbid them from merely subsidizing insurance through which their employees might commit a wrong (for example, by using contraception). The understanding of complicity underpinning these challenges is vastly more expansive than the standard that legal doctrine or moral theory contemplates. Courts routinely reject claims of conscientious objection to taxes that fund military initiatives or to university fees that support abortion services. In Hobby Lobby, however, the Supreme Court took the corporate owners at their word: the mere fact that Hobby Lobby believed that it would be complicit, no matter how idiosyncratic its belief, sufficed to qualify it for an exemption. In this way, the Court made elements of an employee's health-care package the \\\\'boss's business\\\\' (to borrow from the nickname of the Democrats' proposed bill to overturn Hobby Lobby).Deference, however, is not decisive. The Article's second ambition is to expose an oversight in the law's treatment of conscientious objection namely, its failure to inquire into how a religious accommodation will affect third parties. Exemption opponents contend that the law already requires courts to deny an accommodation when the accommodation would impose substantial burdens on third parties. I believe that these opponents have a mistaken and overly sanguine view of the protection that the doctrine currently affords. I end the Article by proposing a revised balancing test one that reflects a far more nuanced grasp of what is at stake for the objector while yielding far more just outcomes for third parties.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Specification of Cortical Parenchyma and Stele of Maize Primary Roots by Asymmetric Levels of Auxin, Cytokinin, and Cytokinin-Regulated Proteins. In transverse orientation, maize (Zea mays) roots are composed of a central stele that is embedded in multiple layers of cortical parenchyma. The stele functions in the transport of water, nutrients, and photosynthates, while the cortical parenchyma fulfills metabolic functions that are not very well characterized. To better understand the molecular functions of these root tissues, protein- and phytohormone-profiling experiments were conducted. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis combined with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry identified 59 proteins that were preferentially accumulated in the cortical parenchyma and 11 stele-specific proteins. Hormone profiling revealed preferential accumulation of indole acetic acid and its conjugate indole acetic acid-aspartate in the stele and predominant localization of the cytokinin cis-zeatin, its precursor cis-zeatin riboside, and its conjugate cis-zeatin O-glucoside in the cortical parenchyma. A root-specific beta-glucosidase that functions in the hydrolysis of cis-zeatin O-glucoside was preferentially accumulated in the cortical parenchyma. Similarly, four enzymes involved in ammonium assimilation that are regulated by cytokinin were preferentially accumulated in the cortical parenchyma. The antagonistic distribution of auxin and cytokinin in the stele and cortical parenchyma, together with the cortical parenchyma-specific accumulation of cytokinin-regulated proteins, suggest a molecular framework that specifies the function of these root tissues that also play a role in the formation of lateral roots from pericycle and endodermis cells.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Solving arithmetic problems using an innovative technological methodology. INTRODUCTION. This paper summarises the salient details of my doctoral thesis on the classification of arithmetic problems according to their semantic structure, and explains how an innovative methodology based on the use of learning and communication technologies can be used in teaching. METHODS. An innovative educational software called RPA was developed, which presents a teaching sequence based on the difficulty of the material. This software can be accessed at: http://mimosa.pntic.mec.es/mlucas2/rpa. The research consisted of using the RPA software for teaching in seven schools located in four provinces in Castile and Leon (40 teachers and 483 students). This was an Educational Innovation Project funded entirely by the Ministry of Education of the Castile and Leon Regional Government. A simple design with repeated measures was employed, where treatment A consisted of methodological use of the textbook and treatment B consisted of using the RPA software-based methodology. RESULTS. The initial classification proposed by the RPA software for solving arithmetic problems according to their semantic structure was not consistent with the degree of difficulty experienced by the students participating in the research. Consequently, a new classification of arithmetic problems according to semantic structure is proposed which reflects the degree of difficulty experienced by Primary Education students. Nevertheless, 71.1% of the students who participated obtained better results after exposure to the RPA software-based methodology. DISCUSSION. Limitations of the research include possible interactions between treatments. Future lines of research would include further research using probability samples and control groups, together with the effect of the RPA software, with older people as a preventive activity against neurodegenerative diseases.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Effect of drought stress on herbicide performance and photosynthetic activity of Avena sterilis subsp. ludoviciana (winter wild oat) and Hordeum spontaneum (wild barley). The severity of drought is increasing owing to global climate change. Knowledge about the influence of drought on weeds and herbicide performance is necessary for optimising herbicide applications. Therefore, dose-response trials were conducted to investigate the influence of drought stress on the efficacy of four herbicides. Drought-stressed and non-stressed Hordeum spontaneum seedlings were exposed to nine doses of sulfosulfuron and sulfosulfuron + metsulfuron-methyl. Clodinafop-propargyl and mesosulfuron-methyl + iodosulfuron-methyl sodium were applied to drought-stressed and non-stressed seedlings of Avena sterilis subsp. ludoviciana. Leaf greenness index (SPAD), total chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance and photosynthesis rate of both species were measured. The efficacy of herbicides on H. spontaneum was not influenced by drought stress. In contrast, the performance of herbicides on A. sterilis subsp. ludoviciana was reduced under drought stress, where the ED50 increased by 1.5-fold. The low doses (<2.2 g a.i. ha(-1)) of mesosulfuron-methyl + iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium caused hormesis on A. sterilis subsp. ludoviciana. Total chlorophyll content and SPAD index of both species increased due to drought stress. The stomatal conductance and photosynthesis rate of A. sterilis subsp. ludoviciana decreased under drought stress, while H. spontaneum was not influenced. The lack of detrimental effect of drought stress on sulfosulfuron and sulfosulfuron + metsulfuron-methyl performance might be attributed to similar stomatal conductance and photosynthesis rate of the drought-stressed and non-stressed H. spontaneum. The performance reduction in herbicides on drought-stressed A. sterilis subsp. ludoviciana might be owing to the reduction in stomatal conductance and photosynthesis rate. Using adjuvants, diverse formulations and early application of herbicides were suggested for future research to hamper the negative effect of drought on herbicides.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Petroleum system modeling of the Jeju basin, offshore southern Korea. Petroleum system modeling was performed to analyze the history of hydrocarbon generation, migration, and accumulation of the Jeju basin, offshore southern Korea. 1D modeling indicates that all wells in this study have essential elements of the petroleum system, including source rock, reservoir rock, seal and overburden rocks. In addition, hydrocarbons are generated from potential source beds identified at depth intervals of wells. However, the expulsion of the hydrocarbons generated is shown only at the deeply drilled wells. Effective source rocks, which expelled hydrocarbons, would be presented in the deeper strata than 4,000 m. To verify the effective source rocks and hydrocarbons migration, 2D modeling was conducted on seismic sections across the wells in which gas show was identified. 2D modeling displays generation, expulsion, and migration of hydrocarbons from the effective source rocks. A large amount of hydrocarbons began to expel at early Miocene, although the hydrocarbons have been seeped out to the surface because an intense uplift occurred at late Miocene. Hydrocarbons are generated continuously from the bottom of source rocks, and the hydrocarbons stays at the deep strata. Additional 1D modeling was also conducted on two pseudo-wells that were drilled at two pods of the source strata. The results show that timing of generation and expulsion is coincident with each other between 1D and 2D models. Small-sized accumulations of hydrocarbons would exist locally at the deeply buried strata because the Jeju basin consists of many depressions or sags in which a large amount of hydrocarbons cannot be generated. Moreover, many faults prevent hydrocarbons from horizontal migration. Hydrocarbons would be trapped stratigraphically, rather than structurally because the expulsion of the hydrocarbon generated predates the formation of structural traps.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Should healthcare providers have a duty to warn family members of individuals with an HNPCC-causing mutation? A survey of patients from the Ontario Familial Colon Cancer Registry. Background: As genetic testing becomes more common and increasingly intertwined with medical care, the issues of genetic privacy and doctor - patient confidentiality are being examined. Hereditary non- polyposis colorectal cancer ( HNPCC) is a genetic predisposition to colorectal and certain other cancers. Effective screening that can prevent colorectal cancer is an important incentive for genetic testing.Conclusions: Patients undergoing genetic testing for HNPCC generally understand that relatives could benefit from being informed of genetic risk, but may not be willing or able to inform each family member. Healthcare professionals should engage patients in a discussion of familial implications before genetic testing. An agreement should be formulated regarding which of the relatives should be informed. Patients should be encouraged to personally disseminate the information, given the unrealistic burden on practitioners to perform this task and patients' preference for control over the information.Methods: A survey regarding the duty to warn family members of the risks associated with an HNPCC- causing mutation was mailed to 227 participants in the Ontario Familial Colon Cancer Registry ( OFCCR). To our knowledge, the opinions of patients on this subject have not been reported previously in the literature. Responses were analysed quantitatively using the SAS system and qualitatively by the review of written comments.Results: Completed surveys were returned by 105 participants, with a response rate of 46.3%. The majority felt a personal responsibility to warn relatives, but there was no significant agreement that doctors or genetic counsellors should have a duty to warn relatives without a patient's permission.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "INFLUENCE OF SUBSTRATUM BASE SATURATION ON SEEDLING GROWTH AND QUALITY OF Machaerium nictitans (VELL.) BENTH.. This work was carried out to verify the effect of substratum base saturation on seedling growth and quality of Machaerium nictitans. A complete randomized design with four replicates was utilized. Three different soils were used as substratum, and, in each, the original saturation was raised to the following values: Red-yellow Clay soil, 50, 60 and 70%, Red-yellow Dystrophic Latosol, 30; 50 and 70%; and Red-Yellow alic Latosol 25; 45 and 65%. The morphological parameters of the seedlings, height of the aerial part, stem diameter, dry matter of the aerial part, roots and total were tested, as well as the relation between height of the aerial part and stem diameter, height of the aerial part and its dry matter weight, dry matter weight of the aerial part and dry matter weight of the roots and the Dickson's quality index. Based on the data obtained, it was concluded that the best seedlings of Machaerium nictitans were obtained at the following base saturation values: at 60% on the Red-Yellow Clay soil, at 70% on the Red-Yellow Dystrophic Latosol, and at 40% on the Red-Yellow alic Latosol.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "The effect of the ultrasound process and pre-gelatinization of the corn flour on the textural, visual, and sensory properties in gluten-free pan bread. The present study used ultrasound waves with the intensity of zero, 30, and 70%, as well as the microwave-induced pre-gelatinization of corn flour and natural ones to produce gluten-free pan bread. To this end, the microstructure of pre-gelatinized corn flour was compared to the natural one. The result of the electron microscope image indicated the extension of structure and further swelling of the pre-gelatinized corn flour as compared to the natural one. In addition, the result represented that samples containing pre-gelatinized corn flour had a firmer dough, more moisture, porosity, specific volume, the L* component of the crust and crumb texture, the a* component of crumb texture and the sensory properties when compared to those which contained the native corn flour. Based on the results, pre-gelatinized corn flour caused a decrease in the b* component in the crust and crumb texture, along with firmness during 2 and 72 h after baking. On the other hand, the ultrasound waves resulted in a reduction in the dough and bread firmness and b* colorful component while those with 30% intensity increased the L* colorful component, specific volume, porosity, and the overall acceptability score in sensory assessment. In general, the sample containing pre-gelatinized corn flour, treated with 30% intensity of ultrasound waves demonstrated better technological, visual, and sensory properties and was considered as a superior sample in the present study.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "A note on the Shapley value for airport cost pooling game. The main goal of this paper is two-fold. First, we introduce the so-called airport cost pooling game, which is a generalization of the well-known class of airport game (Littlechild and Thompson, 1977). We determine the Shapley value of this class of game through a decomposition method for this game into unanimity cost games, exploiting the linearity of the Shapley value. Second, we characterize the Shapley value for airport cost pooling game by applying the so-called collective balanced contributions property, meaning that for any two airplanes from two different airlines, the withdrawal of one airline leads to the same loss to the airplane in the other. (C) 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Talking to Ourselves: A Dialogical Exploration of Consumption Experiences. This article introduces the dialogical nature of self to study consumers' inner dialogs in order to understand consumers' marketplace decisions and conflicts. The authors explore the meaning of consumption at multiple self levels and dialogical relationships to manage differences. The study uses mixed methods including in-depth interviews, multidimensional scaling, cluster analysis, and metaphors to distill important voices in their informants. They find that the consumption stories vary across self levels. The meta-self level reflects a dispassionate representation of the primary I-positions in consumers and does not explain what the consumers experience at the time of actual consumption. An examination of inconsistent consumption preferences at the level of I-positions reveals that dialogical relationships labeled compartmentalization, compassion, negotiation, and coalition can avoid and manage conflicts, while relationships involving opposition and domination reflect unresolved conflicts. Suggestions to use the dialogical self model for addressing issues of negative selves, addictions, and domination in future research are provided.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "Three pillars of Varroa control. The beekeeping sector is facing many challenges. One of the greatest is maintaining healthy colonies that produce high-quality products without any residues of veterinary medicines and with low environmental impact. The main enemy is the ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor, the most significant honeybee pest and a key factor in high colony losses worldwide. In the previous four decades, three pillars of Varroa control have crystallized to be essential for sustainable management: apitechnical measures, chemical treatments, and resistant stocks of honey bees. In the long term, the latter is probably the most sustainable as it is a step to self-sustaining populations of feral and managed colonies. We recognize the significance of progress in knowledge of all three pillars to conquer Varroa and of their successful usage in accordance with local and global conditions and capabilities. In this review, we present a possible integration of the components of the three pillars of Varroa control strategies in the light of sustainable beekeeping and provide their linkage to the production of high-quality and safe honeybee products and maintaining healthy colonies.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Purification and characterization of a dehalogenase from Pseudomonas stutzeri DEH130 isolated from the marine sponge Hymeniacidon perlevis. 2-haloacid dehalogenases are enzymes that are capable of degrading 2-haloacid compounds. These enzymes are produced by bacteria, but so far they have only been purified and characterized from terrestrial bacteria. The present study describes the purification and characterization of 2-haloacid dehalogenase from the marine bacterium Pseudomonas stutzeri DEH130. P. Stutzeri DEH130 contained two kinds of 2-haloacid dehalogenase (designated as Dehalogenase I and Dehalogenase II) as detected in the crude cell extract after ammonium sulfate fractionation. Both enzymes appeared to exhibit stereo-specificity with respect to substrate. Dehalogenase I was a 109.9-kDa enzyme that preferentially utilized D-2-chloropropropionate and had optimum activity at pH 7.5. Dehalogenase II, which preferentially utilized L-2-chloropropionate, was further purified by ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration. Purified Dehalogenase II appeared to be a dimeric enzyme with a subunit of 26.0-kDa. It had maximum activity at pH 10.0 and a temperature of 40 A degrees C. Its activity was not inhibited by DTT and EDTA, but strongly inhibited by Cu2+, Zn2+, and Co2+. The K (m) and V (max) for L-2-chloropropionate were 0.3 mM and 23.8 mu mol/min/mg, respectively. Its substrate specificity was limited to short chain mono-substituted 2-halocarboxylic acids, with no activity detected toward fluoropropionate and monoiodoacetate. This is the first report on the purification and characterization of 2-haloacid dehalogenase from a marine bacterium.", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "Glial Cell-Based Vascular Mechanisms and Transplantation Therapies in Brain Vessel and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) with severe neurological/psychiatric symptoms, such as cerebrovascular pathology in AD, CAA, and chronic stroke, have brought greater attention with their incidence and prevalence having markedly increased over the past few years. Causes of the significant neuropathologies, especially those observed in neurological diseases in the CNS, are commonly believed to involve multiple factors such as an age, a total environment, genetics, and an immunity contributing to their progression, neuronal, and vascular injuries. We primarily focused on the studies of glial involvement/dysfunction in part with the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the neurovascular unit (NVU) changes, and the vascular mechanisms, which have been both suggested as critical roles in chronic stroke and many other NDDs. It has been noted that glial cells including astrocytes (which outnumber other cell types in the CNS) essentially contribute more to the BBB integrity, extracellular homeostasis, neurotransmitter release, regulation of neurogenic niches in response to neuroinflammatory stimulus, and synaptic plasticity. In a recent study for NDDs utilizing cellular and molecular biology and genetic and pharmacological tools, the role of reactive astrocytes (RACs) and gliosis was demonstrated, able to trigger pathophysiological/psychopathological detrimental changes during the disease progression. We speculate, in particular, the BBB, the NVU, and changes of the astrocytes (potentially different populations from the RACs) not only interfere with neuronal development and synaptogenesis, but also generate oxidative damages, contribute to beta-amyloid clearances and disrupted vasculature, as well as lead to neuroinflammatory disorders. During the past several decades, stem cell therapy has been investigated with a research focus to target related neuro-/vascular pathologies (cell replacement and repair) and neurological/psychiatric symptoms (paracrine protection and homeostasis). Evidence shows that transplantation of neurogenic or vasculogenic cells could be achieved to pursue differentiation and maturation within the diseased brains as expected. It would be hoped that, via regulating functions of astrocytes, astrocytic involvement, and modulation of the BBB, the NVU and astrocytes should be among major targets for therapeutics against NDDs pathogenesis by drug and cell-based therapies. The non-invasive strategies in combination with stem cell transplantation such as the well-tested intranasal deliveries for drug and stem cells by our and many other groups show great translational potentials in NDDs. Neuroimaging and clinically relevant analyzing tools need to be evaluated in various NDDs brains.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "Comparison between the BACTEC MGIT 960 system and the agar proportion method for susceptibility testing of multidrug resistant tuberculosis strains in a high burden setting of South Africa. Method: Consecutive M. tuberculosis isolates identified as MDR-TB during August 2007 to January 2008 using the BACTEC MGIT 960 systems and the agar proportion method were included in this study. Susceptibility testing of MDR-TB isolates against ethambutol (EMB) and streptomycin (STR) as well as two second-line anti-TB drugs, kanamycin (KAN) and ofloxacin (OFX) was performed using the BACTEC MGIT 960 systems at a routine diagnostic laboratory. The results were compared to those obtained by the agar proportion method.Result: The agreement between the BACTEC MGIT 960 system and the agar proportion method was 44% for EMB, 61% for STR and 89% for both KAN and OFX. The sensitivity and specificity of the BACTEC MGIT 960 system using the agar proportion method as a gold standard was 92% and 37% for EMB, 95% and 37% for STR, 27% and 97% for KAN and 84% and 90% for OFX, respectively.Conclusions: The BACTEC MGIT 960 system showed acceptable sensitivity for EMB, STR, and OFX; however, the BACTEC MGIT 960 system was less specific for EMB and STR and demonstrated a low sensitivity for KAN. The lower agreement found between the two methods suggests the unreliability of the BACTEC MGIT 960 system for the drugs tested. The reasons for the lower agreement between the two methods need to be investigated and further studies are needed in this setting to confirm the study finding.Background: The increasing problem of multi-drug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis (TB) [ie resistant to at least isoniazid (INH) and rifampicin (RIF)] is becoming a global problem. Successful treatment outcome for MDR-TB depends on reliable and accurate drug susceptibility testing of first-line and second-line anti-TB drugs.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "ONTOGENETIC VARIATION IN THE BONE HISTOLOGY OF CAYPULLISAURUS BONAPARTEI FERNANDEZ, 1997 (ICHTHYOSAURIA: OPHTHALMOSAURIDAE). ONTOGENETIC VARIATION IN THE BONE HISTOLOGY OF CAYPULLISAURUS BONAPARTEI FERNANDEZ, 1997 (ICHTHYOSAURIA: OPHTHALMOSAURIDAE). In order to explore the osteohistological ontogenetic variation in ichthyosaurs, we studied the bone microstructure of the ophtalmosaurid Caypullisaurus bonapartei Fernandez. The analyzed thin sections were obtained from three ribs belonging to different individuals (MLP85-I-15-1, 83-XI-15-1 and 83-XI-16-1), from the Vaca Muerta Formation (Tithonian, Late Jurassic), in the Neuquen Basin (Argentina). The ontogenetic stages of these specimens have previously been determined based on the morphology of the humerus and the sclerotic rings. The first specimen is composed entirely of finely spongy tissue distributed around the medullary cavity. Microscopically, the spongy bone is secondary, with abundant inner spaces delimited by bone trabeculae. There are numerous overlapping generations of lamellar bone. The second specimen (a juvenile) shows primary spongy bone surrounding the medullary cavity and Sharpey's fibers. The third specimen lacks a medullary cavity; instead, the medullary region is occupied by secondary spongy bone, uniformly distributed through the entire section. These results suggest that the macroscopic changes classically attributable to ontogeny have a correlation in bone microstructure. The bones of immature individuals show some primary bone, while the bones of the mature specimens are characterized by the exclusive presence of secondary bone. These features are easily identifiable, and provide an auxiliary criterion for the determination of ontogenetic stages in incomplete and fragmentary specimens.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Maintenance of Thalamic Epileptiform Activity Depends on the Astrocytic Glutamate-Glutamine Cycle. Bryant AS, Li B, Beenhakker MP, Huguenard JR. Maintenance of thalamic epileptiform activity depends on the astrocytic glutamate-glutamine cycle. J Neurophysiol 102: 2880-2888, 2009. First published September 9, 2009; doi:10.1152/jn.00476.2009. The generation of prolonged neuronal activity depends on the maintenance of synaptic neurotransmitter pools. The astrocytic glutamate-glutamine cycle is a major mechanism for recycling the neurotransmitters GABA and glutamate. Here we tested the effect of disrupting the glutamate-glutamine cycle on two types of neuronal activity patterns in the thalamus: sleep-related spindles and epileptiform oscillations. In recording conditions believed to induce glutamine scarcity, epileptiform oscillations showed a progressive reduction in duration that was partially reversible by the application of exogenous glutamine (300 mu M). Blocking uptake of glutamine into neurons with alpha-(methylamino) isobutyric acid (5 mM) caused a similar reduction in oscillation duration, as did blocking neuronal GABA synthesis with 3-mercaptoproprionic acid (10 mu M). However, comparable manipulations did not affect sleep spindles. Together, these results support a crucial role for the glutamate-glutamine cycle in providing the neurotransmitters necessary for the generation of epileptiform activity and suggest potential therapeutic approaches that selectively reduce seizure activity but maintain normal neuronal activity.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "The 'Maker and the Tool': Charles Parker, documentary performance, and the search for a popular culture. Charles Parker's BBC Radio Ballads for the late 1950s and early 1960s, acknowledged by Derek Paget in NTQ 12 (November 1987) as a formative influence on the emergence of what he called 'Verbatim Theatre', have been given a new lease of life following their recent release by Topic Records; but his theatrical experiments in multi-media documentary, which he envisaged as a model for 'engendering direct creativity in the common people' remain largely unknown. The most ambitious of these--The Maker and the Tool, staged as part of the Centre 42 festivals of 1961-62--is exemplary of the impulse to recreate a popular culture which preoccupied many of those involved in the Centre 42 venture.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "DEVIANCE AND CAUSALISM. Drawing on the problem of deviance, I present a novel line of argumentation against causal theories of action. The causalist faces a dilemma: either she adopts a simple account of the causal route between intention and outcome, at the cost of failing to rule out deviance cases, or she adopts a more sophisticated account, at the cost of ruling out cases of intentional action in which the causal route is merely unusual. Underlying this dilemma, I argue, is that the agent's perspective plays an ineliminable role in determining which causal pathways are deviant and which are not.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Staging canine patients with appendicular osteosarcoma utilizing fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography compared to whole body computed tomography. Few studies have investigated the diagnostic performance of fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose (F-18-FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) for staging veterinary patients with appendicular osteosarcoma. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of F-18-FDG-PET/CT compared to whole-body CT (WBCT) for staging canine patients with appendicular osteosarcoma. The F-18-FDG-PET/CT imaging studies of 66 dogs with appendicular osteosarcoma were anonymized and separated into two detached studies (one with whole body pre- and post-contrast CT images and the other with the whole body pre- and post-contrast CT images with the associated F-18-FDG-PET overlay). Image assessment was performed retrospectively by five board-certified veterinary radiologists. The radiologists were instructed to assign a predefined categorical score (1-4) to each pre-designated anatomic region based on a devised lesional scoring system. A score of 1 was normal, 2 abnormal but not neoplastic, 3 abnormal and concerning for neoplasia, and 4 abnormal, most likely neoplastic. Overall, the likelihood of detection of '3 or 4' was found to be significantly higher with F-18-FDG PET/CT when compared to WBCT after adjusting for the effect of evaluator and the subject. Most significantly, 13 osseous lesions concerning for metastasis (scored 3-4) were identified in 10/66 dogs by at least one reviewer on F-18-FDG PET/CT, which were not identified by any reviewer on WBCT. Additionally, four comorbid neoplastic lesions were identified with F-18-FDG PET/CT and not with WBCT. The results of this study suggest that F-18-FDG PET/CT is more efficacious in detecting metastatic and comorbid neoplastic lesions compared to WBCT in dogs with appendicular osteosarcoma.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "How and when melanic coloration is an advantage for lizards: the case of three closely-related species of Liolaemus. Body temperature affects various aspects of ectotherm biology. Replies, as ectotherms, gain and control their temperature mainly through behavioural adjustments, although some body traits may also be advantageous. According to the thermal melanism hypothesis (TMH) dark colour may be thermally advantageous in cold environments. Additionally, differences in thermoregulatory capacity may also affect performance. We analysed the role of melanism in the thermoregulation and sprint speed performance of three species of Liolaemus lizards from Argentinean Patagonia. Liolaemus shitan, L. elongates and L. gununakuna are phylogenetically close, with similar body sizes and life history traits, but differ in their melanic colouration, L. shitan being the darkest and L. gununakuna the lightest species. We estimated sprint speed performance curves and heating rates, and recorded final body temperature and sprint speed achieved after a fixed heating time, from two different initial body temperatures, and with and without movement restriction. Performance curves were similar for all the species, but for L. gununakuna the curve was more flattened. Darker species showed faster heating rates, ran faster after fixed heating trials at the lowest temperature, and reached higher body temperatures than L. gununakuna, but this was compensated for by behavioural adjustments of the lighter lizards. Similarity of sprint speed performance may be due to the conservative nature of this character in these species, while variation in heating ability, particularly when starting from low temperatures, may reflect plasticity in this trait. The latter provides support for the TMH in these lizards, as melanism helps them increase their body temperature. This may be especially advantageous at the beginning of the day or on cloudy days, when temperatures are lower.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Design and Evaluation of a Novel Felbinac Transdermal Patch: Combining Ion-Pair and Chemical Enhancer Strategy. The aim of this study was to design a novel felbinac (FEL) patch with significantly higher (P < 0.05) skin permeation amount than the commercial product SELTOUCHA (R) using ion-pair and chemical enhancer strategy, overcoming the disadvantage of the large application area of SELTOUCHA (R). Six complexes of FEL with organic amines diethylamine (DEA), triethylamine (TEA), N-(2'-hydroxy-ethanol)-piperdine (HEPP), monoethanolamine (MEtA), diethanolamine (DEtA), and triethanolamine (TEtA) were prepared by ion-pair interaction, and their formation were confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), powder X-ray diffraction (pXRD), infared spectroscopy (IR), and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (H-1-NMR). Subsequently, the effect of ion-pair complexes and chemical enhancers were investigated through in vitro and in vivo experiments using rabbit abdominal skin. Results showed that FEL-TEA was the most potential candidate both in isopropyl palmitate (IPP) solution and transdermal patches. Combining use of 10% N-dodecylazepan-2-one (Azone), the optimized FEL-TEA patch achieved a flux of 18.29 A +/- 2.59 mu g/cm(2)/h, which was twice the amount of the product SELTOUCHA (R) (J = 9.18 A +/- 1.26 mu g/cm(2)/h). Similarly, the area under the concentration curve from time 0 to time t (AUC(0-t) ) in FEL-TEA patch group (15.94 A +/- 3.58 h.mu g/mL) was also twice as that in SELTOUCHA (R) group (7.31 A +/- 1.16 h.mu g/mL). Furthermore, the in vitro skin permeation results of FEL-TEA patch was found to have a good correlation with the in vivo absorption results in rabbit. These findings indicated that a combination of ion-pair and chemical enhancer strategy could be useful in developing a novel transdermal patch of FEL.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Croceibacterium gen. nov., with description of Croceibacterium ferulae sp. nov., an endophytic bacterium isolated from Ferula sinkiangensis K. M. Shen and reclassification of Porphyrobacter mercurialis as Croceibacterium mercuriale comb. nov. A novel endophytic bacterium, designated strain SX2RGS8(T), was isolated from the surface-sterilized roots of an endangered medicinal plant (Ferula sinkiangensis K. M. Shen) collected from Xinjiang, north-western PR China. The taxonomic position of the candidate was investigated using a polyphasic approach. Strain SX2RGS8(T) was found to be aerobic, Gram-stain-negative, oxidase-negative, catalase-positive and axiolitic-shaped. Strain SX2RGS8(T) grew at 4-45 degrees C (optimum, 28 degrees C), pH 4.0-10.0 (pH 7.0) and in the presence of 0-5 % (w/v) NaCl. The polar lipids detected for strain SX2RGS8 T were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol, unidentified phosphoglycolipids, an unidentified phospholipid and unidentified lipids. The major respiratory quinone of strain SX2RGS8(T) was ubiquinone 10 and the major fatty acid was summed feature 8 (C-18:1 omega 7c and/or C-18:1 omega 6c). The DNA G+C content was determined to be 66.5 mol%. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the isolate belonged to the family Erythrobacteraceae and showed 99.2 % (Porphyrobacter mercurialis), 95.5 % (Porphyrobacter donghaensisi) and 95.4 % (Porphyrobacter colymbi) similarities to its closest relatives. The isolate contained carotenoids, but no bacteriochlorophyll a. On the basis of phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic data, strain SX2RGS8(T) represents a novel species of a novel genus in the family Erythrobacteraceae, for which the name Croceibacterium ferulae gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SX2RGS8(T) (=CGMCC 1.16402(T) =KCTC 62090(T)). In addition, Porphyrobacter mercurialis Coil et al. 2016 is proposed to be transferred to this new genus as Croceibacterium mercuriale comb. nov.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Formation and growth of interfacial intermetallic layers of Sn-8Zn-3Bi-0.3Cr on Cu, Ni and Ni-W substrates. In this paper, the formation and growth of intermetallic compounds (IMCs) of Sn-8Zn-3Bi-0.3Cr solder on Cu, Ni and Ni-W substrates have been investigated. For the Cu substrate, only Cu5Zn8 intermetallic compound was observed. For the Ni substrate, a Ni5Zn21 film formed at the interface due to the fast reaction between Ni and Zn. For the Ni-W substrate, a thin Ni5Zn21 film appeared between the solder and Ni-W layer, whose thickness decreases with the increase of W content. A bright layer was also found to form below the Ni5Zn21 layer as aging time extended, which is caused by the diffusion of Zn into Ni-W layer. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 32]}
+{"token": "A Test on Two Codes for Extrapolating Solar Linear Force-free Magnetic Fields. We evaluate the performances of two newly-implemented codes for extrapolating the solar linear force-free magnetic fields, by measuring their quantified responses to the lower boundary vector field data on a finite region using analytical models. The codes are based on two boundary integral formulas with different mechanisms in utilizing the transverse boundary field: the first one only utilizes the transverse boundary field to derive the value of the force-free parameter, while the other one explicitly utilizes the whole transverse boundary field, in addition to the vertical field component. Studies on the test cases show that both of the codes could reproduce the analytical model fields with reasonable accuracy within the valid domain, provided a sufficient amount of data is available at the lower boundary. The code utilizing explicitly all three components of the boundary field shows generally better performances and requires a smaller boundary-data area in order to achieve the same degree of accuracy in the metric quantities such as the normalized vector error, vector correlation, vector angular difference, and magnetic energy; however, the accuracy in the divergence-free metric and especially the force-free metric are less ideal.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "New Professors for Russian Universities: The Formation of Classical Philologists in the 1830s. The article is focused on reconstruction of the teaching practices of classical philologists at the University of Dorpat, Dorpat Professorial Institute and the University of Berlin in the late 1820s-1830s. This allows us to consider the process of formation of the group of young scientists, future university professors, with a shared understanding of the disciplinary standards of classical philology, methods of its research and teaching. For this purpose, the archival materials of the Ministry of Education, as well as Saint Petersburg, Dorpat and Kiev Universities are considered.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "The Occurrence of potential and novel isolates of Oceanobacillus sp. JAS12 and Salinicoccus sp. JS20 recovered from West Coast of Arabian Sea, India. Many halophiles were considered to be extremophiles due to their inborn industrial potentials and tolerance to hostile environmental conditions. The isolated halophilic bacteria described in the present study are not only grown at environmentally adverse conditions, also they can be able to produce bioactive molecules. Among the isolated strains, Oceanobacillus iheyensis strain JAS12 and Salinicoccus roseus strain JS20 are known for the unique biotechnological applications. The isolate Oceanobacillus sp. grows well at 35-55 degrees C (optimum 45 degrees C) and pH 6 to 12 (maximum growth at pH 8), interestingly the strain could hydrolyze casein, starch and gelatin. The G+C content was 40.2 mol % and the major fatty acids are iso-15:0: 30.52%, primary-C15: 0 (29.29 %), iso-14:0 (16.15%) anteiso-C17: 0 (4.03%). Another isolate was Salinicoccus sp. JS20 The DNA G+C content was 50.4 mol % and the major fatty acids are anteiso-C15: 0 (26.23%), iso15:0, (17.62%)Y, 16:0 (11.5%), anteiso-C17: 0 (7.7 %), iso- C16: 0 (10.20 %), iso-17:0: (5.43%) and iso-C14: 0 (3.97 %).These isolates are also producers of many extracellular enzymes such as protease, amylase, inulinases, gelatinase and beta-fructofurinosidase above the optimal conditions. Oceanobacillus sp. JAS12 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity is 99% similar to the reported genera. Salinicoccus sp. JS20 indicated 96% 16S rRNA sequence similarity with near species Salinicoccus genus, thus, they were found to be novel concerning to their genetic makeup and biochemical features.", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "Surface-enhanced hyper-Raman scattering of Rhodamine 6G isotopologues: Assignment of lower vibrational frequencies. We report a comprehensive experimental and theoretical study of the lower-wavenumber vibrational modes in the surface-enhanced hyper-Raman scattering (SEHRS) of Rhodamine 6G (R6G) and its isotopologue R6G-d4. Measurements acquired on-resonance with two different electronic states, S-1 and S-2, are compared to the time-dependent density functional theory computations of the resonance hyper-Raman spectra and electrodynamics-quantum mechanical computations of the SEHRS spectra on-resonance with S-1 and S-2. After accounting for surface orientation, we find excellent agreement between experiment and theory for both R6G and its isotopologue. We then present a detailed analysis of the complex vibronic coupling effects in R6G and the importance of surface orientation for characterizing the system. This combination of theory and experiment allows, for the first time, an unambiguous assignment of lower-wavenumber vibrational modes of R6G and its isotopologue R6G-d4.", "label": [4, 33, 32]}
+{"token": "DEMYSTIFYING CLASSROOM CHEMISTRY - THE ROLE OF THE INTERACTIVE LEARNING-MODEL. Academic success is a product of social as well as educational factors.  Both must be addressed in order to meet the needs of students who may lack the necessary skills to succeed in college.  This paper presents a study in which a personalized teaching style is integrated with classroom opportunities for group interaction in an effort to create the positive \\\\'classroom chemistry\\\\' that encourages active student participation.  The focus is on two introductory sociology classes; one was taught in the traditional manner, while the other incorporated efforts to enhance the participants' definitions of themselves as students.  The study revealed that the academic environment can be altered deliberately to help students learn how to redefine their educational role in active terms, thereby increasing significantly their chances for success.", "label": [5, 48, 51]}
+{"token": "Pozo Nuevo Formation: a new lithostratigraphic shelf sequence of early Ordovician age in central Sonora, Mexico. The study of paleozoic sequences in northwestern Mexico allows to interpret the paleogeographic distribution and sedimentary environments from the southwestern margin of the North American craton. Near of the city of Hermosillo, in central Sonora, an Early Ordovician sedimentary succession crops out. This succession has been named Pozo Nuevo Formation and is characterized by fourteen members having a total thickness of 2,490 m. The main lithology includes cherty limestone, alternating with minor calcareous shale and quartz sandstone. The carbonate strata contain silicified trilobites (Ectenonotus sp., Trigonocerca sp., Perissopliomera sp., Kainella sp., and agnostids): brachiopods (Orthidiella sp., Aporthophyla sp., Hesperonomia sp., and Anomalorthis sp); nautiloids (Coreanoceras sp., Phragmosiphon sp., and Protocycloceras sp.); briozoars; crinoidy; and ichnofossils assignable to the genus Skolithos. The genera Trigonocerca Perissopliomera and Kainella are reported for the first the in Ordovician rocks of Mexico. The stratigraphic range of the fossils corresponds to the Early Ordovician (490-470 My) and the rocks that contain the fauna were deposited in a shelf setting at the southwestern margin of the North American craton. The primary sedimentary structures and the fauna diversify are indicative of inner and shallow sheaf sedimentary environments.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Enhanced simulated annealing technique for the single-row routing problem. This paper presents ESSR (Enhanced Simulated annealing for Single-row Routing) model for solving the single-row routing problem. The main objective in this problem is to produce a realization that minimizes both the street congestion and the number of doglegs. Simulated annealing (SA) is a stochastic, hill-climbing and gradient-descent technique based on the statistical properties of particles undergoing thermal annealing. By performing slow cooling, the nets in the single-row routing problem align themselves according to a configuration with the lowest energy. The model has been known to produce reasonably good solutions for many NP-complete optimization problems, such as the single-row routing problem. In ESSR, our strategy is to minimize both the street congestion and the number of interstreet crossings (doglegs) by expressing a single energy function as their collective properties. This objective is achieved by representing the energy as the absolute sum of the heights of the net segments. To speed up convergence, we pivot the street congestion value while having the energy drops directly proportional to the number of doglegs. This action has the effect of minimizing the number of doglegs as the energy stabilizes. Our simulation work on ESSR produces optimal results in most cases for both the street congestion and the number of doglegs. Our experimental results compare well against results obtained from our earlier model (SRR-7) and two other methods reported in the literature.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 37]}
+{"token": "Investigation of Structural Transformations During the Manufacturing of Expanded Snacks for Reformulation Purposes. In this paper, we investigate the functionality of potato-based ingredients present in indirectly expanded snacks via careful analysis of their transformation during processing. This research is driven by the desire of industry to develop similar snacks for upcoming markets, where the potato-based ingredients are replaced by other starch sources, which are locally available and at a lower cost. For a range of reformulated snacks, the transformations of starchy ingredients are analysed with a wide variety of experimental methods, like DSC, XRD, and XRT. Our analysis shows that ingredients undergo little transformations during extrusion, which is indeed intended to be mild. During frying native tuber starches (potato and tapioca starch) fully gelatinize, while cereal starches show little gelatinization and swelling. Despite the gelatinization of tuber starches, the particulate character of ingredients is retained. Replacement of pregelatinized potato starch with other starches shows little change in structure. The evolution of the structure of the reformulated snacks are analysed with the CDS formalism. We conclude that gel formers and hard fillers present in the analysed formulations had little functionality regarding texture or structure. For texture, it appears to be required that the matrix composes of a bicontinuous structure of soft fillers, namely gelatinized tuber starches and potato dehydrates. Both these ingredients can be replaced by other tuber-starch sources if the aggregation of the two soft fillers can be prevented. Commercial availability of tuber flours can still be an issue.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "X-Rays in Diamond Photonics: A New Way to Control Charge States of Color Centers. This work is focused on the investigation of the X-ray's interaction with the color centers in diamond. X-rays have the high penetrating power of radiation, which allows performing unhindered modifications deeply in the bulk of diamond crystals. Herein, it is shown that X-rays irradiation of diamond can change the charge states of its defects, including silicon-vacancy (SiV) and nitrogen-vacancy (NV) color centers. By studying low-temperature absorption spectra, it is shown that negatively charged SiV- and NV- centers partially transform into neutrally charged SiV0 and NV0 centers, accordingly. In addition, new absorption lines are registered, which may belong to other charge states of color centers. The results open a new way for the study of charge states for defects in various crystals (not limited to diamond), as well as allow the control over the charge state of color centers for diamond-based quantum optics.", "label": [4, 1, 32, 11]}
+{"token": "Rarity of dominant-negative mutations of the G-CSF receptor in patients with blast crisis of chronic myeloid leukemia or de novo acute leukemia. It is likely that leukemia results, at least in part, from mutations that lead to a block in the normal process of differentiation. A defined region of the cytoplasmic domain of the granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor (G-CSF-R) transmits signals for maturation or differentiation of myeloid progenitor cells. Mutations in this region have been found in some patients with severe congenital neutropenia (SCN) who subsequently evolved to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). To determine if mutations of the G-CSF-R are more widespread in hematological malignancies, we have investigated a total of 47 patients, including 29 patients with blast crisis of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML-BC) and 18 patients with de novo acute leukemia as well as 19 normal controls, by RT-PCR and SSCP analysis. Two point mutations were found in a single individual with secondary AML (FAB type Mi). The first was heterozygous and is predicted to replace the normal glutamine at position 718 with a stop codon, leading to a truncated protein. An identical mutation has been described previously and shown to act in a dominant negative manner. The second mutation was homozygous and would substitute a lysine for the normal glutamic acid at position 785. No mutations were found in any other patient or control samples. We conclude that mutations in the cytoplasmic domain of the G-CSF-R are infrequent in CML-BC or acute leukemia but may contribute to malignant transformation in some cases.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "S100A12 concentrations and myeloperoxidase activity in the intestinal mucosa of healthy dogs. Background: Relatively few laboratory markers have been evaluated for the detection or monitoring of intestinal inflammation in canine chronic enteropathies, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Previous research found that the intestinal mucosal levels of S100A12 and myeloperoxidase (MPO), as biomarkers of gut inflammation, were elevated in human patients with IBD. To date, the S100A12 and MPO levels in intestinal mucosal samples from either healthy dogs or from dogs suffering from IBD remain unreported. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the mucosal S100A12 and MPO levels in four different parts of the intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon) in 12 healthy laboratory Beagle dogs using the ELISA and spectrophotometric methods, respectively.Results: Based on histological examinations, the recorded findings for all the samples were considered normal. The mucosal concentration of S100A12 in the ileum was significantly higher than in all other segments of the intestine (p < 0.05). MPO activity was significantly higher in the ileal, jejunal and duodenal than in colonic mucosal samples (p < 0.05). Moreover, its concentration was higher in the jejunum than in the duodenum.Conclusions: This study showed that S100A12 and MPO are reliably detectable in canine intestinal mucosa. The assays used appeared to be sufficient to further evaluate the role of S100A12 and MPO in the pathogenesis of canine chronic enteropathies, including IBD. These biomarkers may play a role in the initial detection of gut inflammation suggesting the need for further investigations to confirm IBD or to differentiate between IBD subtypes. Understanding the role of S100A12 and MPO in the pathogenesis of chronic intestinal inflammation in future may result in an improved understanding of canine chronic intestinal inflammation.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Facework and Prosocial Teasing in a Synchronous Video Communication Exchange. This study centres on the analysis of prosocial teasing during a videoconference (telecollaboration) exchange between mixed-gender adolescent secondary school students from Spain and Germany. We contend that the provocative elements present in prosocial teasing activate a play frame, in Gregory Bateson's terms, in which seemingly hostile face acts can be interpreted as playful behaviour. We argue that successful teasing can ultimately enhance the face of the teaser and that of the person being teased and thus build up rapport between them. Our analysis of the facework in the interaction during this telecollaboration exchange is based on Erwin Goffman's notions of face, demeanour and deference and stands in opposition to the dominant (im)politeness paradigm put forward by Jonathan Culpeper, which has its roots in Penelope Brown and Stephen C. Levinson's seminal work.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Consulting with the tsar in the political culture of the Petrine period. The genesis of the Supreme Secret Council between the late seventeenth century and 1726.. Peter's death and Catherine I's weakening power led to open opposition between the designated favorite and the other members of the government, whose political existence was threatened by Menshikov's inordinate pretensions. The crisis led to the establishment in 1726 of an official tsar's council. The second part of the article shows that the initial form of the Supreme Secret Council was the embodiment of the model elaborated by political \\\\'project managers\\\\' under Peter's reign. The implementation of this model marked a significant moment in the evolution of Russian absolute monarchy.The present article first examines how Peter the Great's advisers viewed this change in political culture. It reconstructs some of these advisers' personal reflections through an in-depth analysis of published and unpublished drafts and reports about the creation of a tsar's council. It emerges from this analysis that they were favorable to a contemporary Western model. Outsiders who had been elevated socially by Peter's meritocratic strategy joined the dignitaries of noble extraction in their support of a non-religious (i.e. relatively free from any tendency to conflate the tsar's powers with divine powers), narrow (i.e. consciously adhering to an absolutist view of monarchy) and institutional conception of the council.In Russia, as elsewhere, autocrats regularly consulted with their immediate entourage. The nature of these consultations evolved over time, and these changes in turn affected the evolution of governing practices. In medieval Russia, the ritualized consultations between the prince (the tsar) and his retainers were based on a model of Christ deliberating with the apostles. The political troubles of the late seventeenth century coincided with the final crisis encountered by this ideological model.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Behavioral orientations and peer-contact patterns of relationally aggressive girls. The present study was designed to assess the behavioral orientations and peer-contact patterns of relationally aggressive girls. Based on teachers' assessments of relational aggression, 16 preschool girls were assigned to either a relationally aggressive group or a nonaggressive group and then observed in a free play setting. Several aspects of their interactive behaviors, e.g., cooperative play and social conversation, and noninteractive behaviors, e.g., solitary play and transition, were observed. Analysis indicated the relationally aggressive group spent more time engaged in social conversation and transition and less time in cooperative play than did the nonaggressive group. Further, findings indicated that the relationally aggressive group spent more time with one particular peer than did the nonaggressive group.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Universal Super-Resolution Multiplexing by DNA Exchange. Super-resolution microscopy allows optical imaging below the classical diffraction limit of light with currently up to 20 x higher spatial resolution. However, the detection of multiple targets (multiplexing) is still hard to implement and time-consuming to conduct. Here, we report a straightforward sequential multiplexing approach based on the fast exchange of DNA probes which enables efficient and rapid multiplexed target detection with common super-resolution techniques such as (d)STORM, STED, and SIM. We assay our approach using DNA origami nanostructures to quantitatively assess labeling, imaging, and washing efficiency. We furthermore demonstrate the applicability of our approach by imaging multiple protein targets in fixed cells.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "AGRID: An efficient algorithm for clustering large high-dimensional datasets. The clustering algorithm GDILC relies on density-based clustering with grid and is designed to discover clusters of arbitrary shapes and eliminate noises. However, it is not scalable to large high-dimensional datasets. In this paper, we improved this algorithm in five important directions. Through these improvements, AGRID is of high scalability and can process large high-dimensional datasets. It can discover clusters of various shapes and eliminate noises effectively. Besides, it is insensitive to the order of input and is a non-parametric algorithm. The high speed and accuracy of the AGRID clustering algorithm was shown in our experiments.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Study on Biomedical Porous Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Fabricated by Electron Beam Selective Melting. Biomedical porous Ti-6Al-4V alloys were fabricated by electron beam melting. The effects of process setting and porous structure on the microstructrue and mechanical properties of the alloy were studied. The result shows that micropores at the surface of macropores wall could be obtained using lower temperature, lower beam intensity and higher sanning speed during the forming process. Compared with traditiorial porous materials, such double-peak pore structure not only benefits to the bone growth but also decreases the modulus effectively. The tiny melting pool during the electron beam melting could lead to a rapid cooling speed which can promote beta ->alpha ' phase transformation and form fine acicular microstructure. Cell unit similar to bone structrure with smoth internal wall and no acute angle is sutable for biomedical implant, and the modulus decreases with increase of the porosity, which can reach the real bone structure. The relationship between the relative modulus and relative density is E=E-0(rho/rho(0))(0.79).", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Morphologic, karyotypic, and molecular evidence of a new form of Chiropotes (Primates, Pitheciinae). Morphologic, karyotypic, and molecular analyses were carried out in 25 specimens of a distinct morph of Chiropotes (henceforth termed Chiropotes sp.) obtained from a number of localities in the Brazilian Amazon. Pelage coloration clearly distinguishes the collected specimens and all other known species of this genus. A distinct karyotype was described for Chiropotes sp. It differs from C. satanas chiropotes by two pericentric inversions, and from C. satanas utahicki by three, which suggests that these taxa are reproductively isolated. Morphometric analyses did not show significant differentiation between these Chiropotes taxa. Molecular analyses confirmed the monophyly of the subfamily Pitheciinae and genera Chiropotes, Cacajao, and Pithecia (the latter appearing as the most basal lineage of the pithecine clade). The genetic distances between C. s. utahicki and Chiropotes sp. from Rio Negro were greater than those between three recognized species of Pithecia, but smaller than those between Cacajao caluus and Cacajao melanocephalus. The most appropriate name for Chiropotes sp. from Rio Negro is C. israelita. This species, C. s. chiropotes, and C. s. utahicki are allopatric. Pelage coloration, karyotype, and molecular analysis strongly indicate that C. chiropotes, C. utahichi, and Chiropotes israelita deserve species status. (C) 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Ultrasonographic measurement of adrenal gland-to-aorta ratio as a method of estimating adrenal size in dogs. Methods Two hundred and thirty-four dogs (120 entire females and 114 entire males) considered non-adrenal gland disease were included in this study. Dogs were allocated into three bodyweight categories (<10 kg, 10-20 kg and >20 kg), and four age groups (<1 year, 1-5 years, 5-10 years and >10 years old). Measurements of the maximal thickness of caudal pole of both adrenal glands and the aortic luminal diameter in sagittal plane were performed on the ultrasonographic images. Three different ratios were calculated for each dog.Results Sex and age did not influence on the adrenal/Ao ratio. There were differences (P<0.05) between the three dog sizes for adrenal/Ao ratio, being the highest value for small size and the lowest value for large size.Background Adrenal size has been used as the principal criterion for differentiating a normal gland from adrenal hyperplasia. The objectives of this study were to establish an ultrasonographic measurement of adrenal gland-to-aorta (adrenal/Ao) ratio to estimate the adrenal size and to assess the effects of bodyweight, age and sex on the adrenal/Ao ratio in non-adrenal gland disease dogs.Conclusions In this study, only bodyweight influences the ultrasound measurement of the adrenal/Ao ratio in non-adrenal gland disease dogs.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Numerical evaluation of cohesive fracture parameters from a wedge splitting test. Direct determination of the parameters describing the popular cohesive crack model from experimental results, such as would be obtained from standard three-point bending or wedge splitting tests, poses a challenging problem. This paper describes a numerical method for obtaining key fracture parameters describing the softening behavior of quasibrittle materials in mode I failure. The identification problem is formulated as a special type of constrained optimization problem known in the mathematical programming literature as a mathematical program with equilibrium constraints. Experimental results of a wedge splitting test recently conducted at the Laboratory of Construction Materials, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (LMC/EPFL) are used to illustrate applicability of the proposed method. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "Workflows for Heliophysics. In this paper we describe how we have introduced workflows into the working practices of a community for whom the concept of workflows is very new, namely the heliophysics community. Heliophysics is a branch of astrophysics which studies the Sun and the interactions between the Sun and the planets, by tracking solar events as they travel throughout the Solar system. Heliophysics produces two major challenges for workflow technology. Firstly it is a systems science where research is currently developed by many different communities who need reliable data models and metadata to be able to work together. Thus it has major challenges in the semantics of workflows. Secondly, the problem of time is critical in heliophysics; the workflows must take account of the propagation of events outwards from the sun. They have to address the four dimensional nature of space and time in terms of the indexing of data. We discuss how we have built an environment for Heliophysics workflows building on and extending the Taverna workflow system and utilising the myExperiment site for sharing workflows. We also describe how we have integrated the workflows into the existing practices of the communities involved in Heliophysics by developing a web portal which can hide the technical details from the users, who can concentrate on the data from their scientific point of view rather than on the methods used to integrate and process the data. This work has been developed in the EU Framework 7 project HELIO, and is being disseminated to the worldwide Heliophysics community, since Heliophysics requires integration of effort on a global scale.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Towards high value markets: a case study of smallholder vegetable farmers in Indonesia. The expansion of modern markets has significant implications for agriculture in many developing countries that provides both opportunities and challenges for smallholder farmers. The purpose of this paper is to analyse key determinants affecting farmers' participation in high value markets, compared to traditional market. Face to face interviews based on a questionnaire were conducted with a sample of 126 smallholder vegetable farmers in the Manokwari region. Binary logistic regression and bivariate correlation analysis were used in this study. The results suggested that age, education level, vegetables cultivated area and membership in farmer groups/cooperatives were the key determinants that had significant effects on the smallholder farmers' decision about marketing channel participation. In addition, the income generated from vegetable farming was positively correlated to high value market participation. Some implications that need to be prioritized in agricultural development strategies include improving technical innovations and empowering collective actions through cooperatives or farmer groups.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Bosnia and Herzegovina. Constitutional politics in Bosnia and Herzegovina are dominated by ethno-politics and the results of the 1992-1995 war. The constitution contained in the Dayton peace agreement of 1995 established a stable but inefficient consociational arrangement based on an ethno-territorial division of the country with particular rights for the three constituent peoples: Bosniaks, Croats and Serbs. In 2009, the European Court of Human Rights found that the constitution discriminates citizens who do not claim to belong to any of these constituent peoples. Furthermore, the European Union established constitutional reform as a precondition for Bosnia and Herzegovina's further EU integration. However, the political representatives of the constituent peoples have resisted any calls for change so far.", "label": [5, 47, 49]}
+{"token": "Classification of bacteria isolated from a medieval wall painting. Six bacterial strains were isolated from a damaged medieval wall painting. The isolates were characterized by a polyphasic approach, including analysis of respiratory isoprenoid quinones, polar lipids, fatty acids, polyamines, cell wall diamino acids and sugars from whole cell hydrolysates, SDS-PAGE, physiological examinations and partial 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Based on the results of these investigations, three strains were allocated to the genera Bacillus, Kocuria and Agromyces. Two isolates were shown to be representatives of a new genus, distantly related to the genera Clavibacter and Rathayibacter. The only Gram-negative isolate was shown to be related to the Agrobacterium-Rhizobium branch of the a-subclass of the Proteobacteria.", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "On the maximum likelihood cointegration procedure under a fractional equilibrium error. This paper examines the usual maximum likelihood procedure under fractional cointegration. The Lagrange multiplier test poses the ability of detecting cointegration relations when deviations from equilibrium are persistent. However, the estimates of the long-run relations are severely biased. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved. JEL classification: C12; C32.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Unapparent Microsporidial Infection among Immunocompetent Humans in the Czech Republic. In the present population-based study, we determined the prevalences of the most common human-pathogenic microsporidia, Encephalitozoon spp. and Enterocytozoon bieneusi, in asymptomatic healthy people living in the Czech Republic. A total of 382 males and females (ages, 1 to 84 years) living in the Czech Republic, of whom 265 were Czech nationals and 117 were foreign students, were included in a study testing for the presence of microsporidia by use of coprology and molecular methods. Single-species infections with Enterocytozoon bieneusi or an Encephalitozoon sp. were detected for 9 and 136 individuals, respectively. Moreover, coinfections were detected for 14 individuals. Four genotypes of 3 human-pathogenic Encephalitozoon spp. and 7 E. bieneusi genotypes, including 3 novel genotypes, were detected. Some of these were reported in humans for the first time. The highest prevalence was recorded for individuals older than 50 years and for loose, unformed stool samples. These findings clearly show that exposure to microsporidia is common among immunocompetent people and that microsporidiosis is not linked to any clinical manifestation in healthy populations.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Disentangling Following: Implications and Practicalities of Mobile Methods. The increasing interest in mobilities among social scientists over the past two decades has generated new research approaches to deepen the understanding of people's diverse movements. These methods have focused on capturing research participants' mobilities, but also led to new ways of thinking about researchers' mobilities as a strategy to collect data. In this paper, we explore the relationship between researchers and research participants' mobilities through the idea of 'following'. Drawing on insights from the Moving Marketplaces research project on eight markets in the Netherlands, Spain, Switzerland and the UK, we highlight the lack of beginnings and endings of following. This leads us to a reflection on what to actually follow as well as an analysis of the doings of following. This paper examines some of the unexplored terrains in the conceptual and methodological debate around following and argues that it is essential to reflexively engage with the implications and practicalities of this approach. We argue that it is more productive to regard following not only as the physical process of following people, objects, knowledge, etc., but also as a theoretical and methodological openness that embraces and articulates the dynamic and non-linear character of ethnographic research practices.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "On Impossibility: Finding Vietnam in a Jordanian-Soviet Film Archive. In 2014, an abandoned collection of over 900 16mm and 35mm film canisters was uncovered in a storage locker in Amman, Jordan. Initial findings show that the films were likely exported from Russia to Jordan between the late 1960s and early 1990s as part of a Soviet cultural exchange program, and among them are are a number of propaganda films made to highlight relations between Vietnam, Russia, and concurrent political struggles in the Arab Middle East. Work on the archive continues despite recent restrictions on researcher access levied by state custodians. This essay positions the entire archive as an aggregate object of transnational film history, rather than as a collection of individual works, in order to illuminate its function in the late 1960s as a cohesive geopolitical idea; a method that is both structurally mandated by present conditions of limited accessibility, and theoretically supported by historical context and affiliated projects initiated by artists and scholars working in Amman since 2014. I argue that the archive was conceptually formed in the political shadow of the Vietnam-American War and its local relationship to Palestinian liberation. As an 'idea,' the archive was shaped principally by Vietnam, its imaginative hold on concurrent Third World solidarity movements, and its centrality in the conceptual geography of the transnational 1960s-70s.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Imperial Gateway: Colonial Taiwan and Japan's Expansion in South China and Southeast Asia, 1895-1945. Seiji Shirane's Imperial Gateway: Colonial Taiwan and Japan's Expansion in South China and Southeast Asia, 1895-1945 (forthcoming with Cornell University Press in December 2022) explores the political, social, and economic significance of colonial Taiwan in the southern expansion of Japan's empire from 1895 to the end of World War II. Here's the unabridged introduction to the volume.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "The Place of Research Paradigms in SoTL Practice: An Inquiry. Research paradigms constitute views that a researcher holds about (a) the nature of reality and what they can know about it (ontology); (b) the potential influence of their existing ideas and values on what they want to know, how they try to get to know, and criteria they use to make judgments about knowledge (epistemology); and (c) appropriate strategies for developing and evaluating knowledge (methodology). These views may influence their conception, design, implementation, and accounts of research projects. Critical self-reflection (reflexivity) is required to recognize these views and articulate their implications for projects. As scholars of teaching and learning, we attend explicitly to these views and their implications for our projects. However, our observation of practice in the field of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning (SoTL) in general, as documented in publications, indicates that while some colleagues attend to such views and implications, others do not. This observation prompted us to explore the extent to which journal-based accounts of SoTL projects refer to paradigm-related views and possible explanations for the attention that their authors do, or do not, give to this consideration. Explanations proposed include conceptions of SoTL, journal author guidelines and review criteria, and properties of the concept of a paradigm. Recommendations for educating new SoTL practitioners about research paradigms and their possible relevance to SoTL, based on our inquiry, are also presented.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Feasibility of Pure Silk for the Treatment of Large Superficial Burn Wounds Covering Over 10% of the Total Body Surface. Large, superficial burn wounds require many painful dressing changes and, thus, dressings that can stay on the wound and peel off during re-epithelization such as Biobrane (R) and Suprathel (R) are preferred, but they are costly. Natural silk has shown good outcomes with respect to wound healing, scarring, and patient satisfaction. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of natural silk compared with that of initially used dressings for the treatment of superficial burn wounds greater than 10% of the TBSA. Patients with superficial burns covering >10% of the TBSA were treated with pure silk for the first time (treatment group). Complications during wound healing with respect to the need for further surgery and scarring were compared with those of patients with similar burns of more than 10% TBSA and treated with nylon mesh and collagen instead of silk (treatment group). The treatment and control group comprised 25 and 13 patients, respectively. In total, 88% of patients in the treatment group did not require further treatment, while two patients with chemical burns needed further surgeries. Moreover, patients reported high satisfaction with respect to scarring and aesthetic outcome. Meanwhile, 85% of patients in the control group healed without further surgery and showed higher median hypopigmentation and hyperpigmentation after 12 months. Silk is an effective wound dressing for the treatment of large superficial burn wounds. It avoids painful dressing changes and yields satisfactory aesthetic outcomes. However, especially in large burns, careful initial wound depth assessment is crucial to prevent infection and reoperations.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "ON ASYMMETRY OF MAGNETIC HELICITY IN EMERGING ACTIVE REGIONS: HIGH-RESOLUTION OBSERVATIONS. We employ the DAVE (differential affine velocity estimator) tracking technique on a time series of Michelson Doppler Imager (MDI)/1 minute high spatial resolution line-of-sight magnetograms to measure the photospheric flow velocity for three newly emerging bipolar active regions (ARs). We separately calculate the magnetic helicity injection rate of the leading and following polarities to confirm or refute the magnetic helicity asymmetry, found by Tian & Alexander using MDI/96 minute low spatial resolution magnetograms. Our results demonstrate that the magnetic helicity asymmetry is robust, being present in the three ARs studied, two of which have an observed balance of the magnetic flux. The magnetic helicity injection rate measured is found to depend little on the window size selected, but does depend on the time interval used between the two successive magnetograms being tracked. It is found that the measurement of the magnetic helicity injection rate performs well for a window size between 12 x 10 and 18 x 15 pixels and at a time interval Delta t = 10 minutes. Moreover, the short-lived magnetic structures, 10-60 minutes, are found to contribute 30%-50% of the magnetic helicity injection rate. Comparing with the results calculated by MDI/96 minute data, we find that the MDI/96 minute data, in general, can outline the main trend of the magnetic properties, but they significantly underestimate the magnetic flux in strong field regions and are not appropriate for quantitative tracking studies, so provide a poor estimate of the amount of magnetic helicity injected into the corona.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "The rhizosphere signal molecule lumichrome alters seedling development in both legumes and cereals. These data show that lumichrome is a rhizosphere signal molecule that affects seedling development in both monocots and dicots.The stimulatory role of lumichrome, a rhizosphere metabolite, was assessed on the growth of legume and cereal seedlings.By contrast, the application of a higher dose of lumichrome ( 50 nM) depressed development of unifoliate leaves in soybean, the second trifoliate leaf in cowpea, and shoot biomass in soybean. The 50 nM concentration also consistently decreased root development in cowpea and millet, but had no effect on the other species.At a very low nanomolar concentration ( 5 nM), lumichrome elicited growth promotion in cowpea, soybean, sorghum, millet and maize, but not in common bean, Bambara groundnut and Sudan grass. In soybean and cowpea only, 5 nM lumichrome caused early initiation of trifoliate leaf development, expansion in unifoliate and trifoliate leaves, increased stem elongation and, as a result, an increase in shoot and plant total biomass relative to control. Lumichrome ( 5 nM) also increased leaf area in maize and sorghum, and thus raised shoot and total biomass but there was no effect on the leaf area of the other cereals. Root growth was also stimulated in sorghum and millet by the supply of 5 nM lumichrome.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Revision of the genus Adorodocia Brenske 1893 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Rutelinae: Adoretini) endemic to Madagascar. The Adoretini of the Malagasy endemic genus Adorodocia Brenske 1893 is revised. Fourteen new species and one new subspecies are described and compared with their most closely related species: A. constricta n. sp., A. cuccodoroi n. sp., A. flava n. sp., A. liliae n. sp., A. marginata n. sp., A. peyrierasi n. sp., A. pseudoconstricta n. sp., A. pseudoflava n. sp., A. pseudostrigata n. sp., A. recta n. sp., A. robusta n. sp., A. sogai n. sp., A. vadoni n. sp., A. viettei n. sp. and A. vittaticollis flavipes n. ssp. The synonymy between Adoretus strigatus Waterhouse 1878, and Pseudadorodocia aenigma Arrow 1901, is confirmed. Thus, based on the results of this study, the genus Adorodocia includes 16 species, and one of them is represented by two subspecies. Diagnostic characters to separate the species in the genus deal mostly with the shape of parameres, color of body and legs, shape of pronotum and female eighth tergite, setation of pronotum and elytra. Key to species, diagnoses and distribution for each species are provided. Endophallus and female genitalia are illustrated for the first time for this genus.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Show me the money: Congressional limitations on state tax sovereignty. Over the past few years, Congress has increasingly preempted the states' power to tax, and at the same time, has cut back funding for federally mandated programs; In this Article, Professor Kaye examines the growth of fiscal burdens placed on state and local governments in the form of unfunded mandates. She argues that this has grave policy implications for our federalist system. Ultimately, the Author recommends an amendment to the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 that will erect a procedural hurdle in the path of any new legislation that prohibits state taxation regardless of the cost of the mandate to the stare and local government.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Evaluation of genetic and metabolic predispositions and nutritional risk factors for pasture-associated laminitis in ponies. Objective-To evaluate genetic and metabolic predispositions and nutritional risk factors for development of pasture-associated laminitis in ponies.Procedures-A previous diagnosis of laminitis was used to differentiate 54 ponies (PL group) from 106 nonlaminitic ponies (NL group). Pedigree analysis was used to determine a mode of inheritance for ponies with a previous diagnosis of laminitis. In early March, ponies were weighed and scored for body condition and basal venous blood samples were obtained. Plasma was analyzed for glucose, insulin, triglycerides, nonesterified fatty acids, and cortisol concentrations. Basal proxies for insulin sensitivity (reciprocal of the square root of insulin [RISQI]) and insulin secretory response (modified insulin-to-glucose ratio [MIRG]) were calculated. Observations were repeated in May, when some ponies had signs of clinical laminitis.Design-Observational cohort study.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Prelaminitic metabolic syndrome in apparently healthy ponies is comparable to metabolic syndromes in humans and is the first such set of risk factors to be supported by data in equids. Prelaminitic metabolic syndrome identifies ponies requiring special management, such as avoiding high starch intake that exacerbates insulin resistance.Animals-160 ponies.Results-A previous diagnosis of laminitis was consistent with the expected inheritance of a dominant major gene or genes with reduced penetrance. A prelaminitic metabolic profile was defined on the basis of body condition, plasma triglyceride concentration, RISQI, and MIRG. Meeting >= 3 of these criteria differentiated PL- from NL-group ponies with a total predictive power of 78%. Determination of prelaminitic metabolic syndrome in March predicted 11 of 13 cases of clinical laminitis observed in May when pasture starch concentration was high.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Distribution, habitat use and plant associations of Moluchia brevipennis (Saussure, 1864) (Blattodea: Ectobiidae): an endemic cockroach from Chilean Mediterranean Matorral biome. Wild cockroaches are often described as abundant and diverse insects from wet tropical zones; however, they can also be found in arid and semiarid areas. It is proposed that in these drier environments cockroach survival may dependent on its tight association with native plant species. In this work, using bait trapping and active collection methods, we surveyed cockroach species along central Chile coastal scrubland; the southern limit of the semiarid Mediterranean Matorral biome in the Neotropical Region (32 degrees S). Based on morphological and DNA barcoding methods we found that our collected cockroaches belonged to native species Moluchia brevipennis (Saussure, 1864) (Blattodea: Ectobiidae). Furthermore, thanks to field sampling, we noticed for the first time that M. brevipennis predominantly can be found in patches of native vegetation from Matorral biome, for instance, associated to endemic plant species from Puya (Bromeliaceae) genus, where we recorded these wild cockroaches feeding on flowers at dusk. Under the light of these findings, we discuss the relevance of the association between M. brevipennis and native plants for its survival in this semiarid habitat, its potential ecological function and the ongoing hazards for native insect species resulting from nearby urban sprawl in coastal central Chile. (C) 2017 Sociedade Brasileira de Entomologia. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Bean common mosaic virus isolates causing different symptoms in asparagus bean in China differ greatly in the 5 '-parts of their genomes. Potyvirus isolates from asparagus bean (Vigna sesguipedalis) plants in Zhejiang province, China, caused either rugose and vein banding mosaic symptoms (isolate R) or severe yellowing (isolate Y) in this host, but were otherwise similar in host range. Both isolates were completely sequenced and shown to be isolates of Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV). The complete sequences were 9992 (R) or 10062 (Y) nucleotides long and shared 91.7% identical nucleotides (93.2% identical amino acids) in their genomes and were more distantly related to the BCMV-Peanut stripe virus sequence (PStV). The isolates were much less similar to one another in the 5'-UTR and the N-terminal region of the P 1 protein. In the P1, isolate Y was closer to PStV (76.1% identical amino acids) than to isolate R (64.8%). Phylogenetic analyses of the coat protein region showed that the new isolates grouped with other isolates from Vigna spp., forming the blackeye cowpea mosaic strain subgroup of BCMV with 94-98% nucleotides (96-99% amino acids) identical to one another and about 90% identity to other BCMV isolates. Other significant subgroupings amongst published BCMV isolates were detected.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Proteome analysis of Physcomitrella patens exposed to progressive dehydration and rehydration. Physcomitrella patens is an extremely dehydration-tolerant moss. However, the molecular basis of its responses to loss of cellular water remains unclear. A comprehensive proteomic analysis of dehydration- and rehydration-responsive proteins has been conducted using quantitative two-dimensional difference in-gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE), and traditional 2-D gel electrophoresis (2-DE) combined with MALDI TOF/TOF MS. Of the 216 differentially-expressed protein spots, 112 and 104 were dehydration- and rehydration-responsive proteins, respectively. The functional categories of the most differentially-expressed proteins were seed maturation, defence, protein synthesis and quality control, and energy production. Strikingly, most of the late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins were expressed at a basal level under control conditions and their synthesis was strongly enhanced by dehydration, a pattern that was confirmed by RT-PCR. Actinoporins, phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein, arabinogalactan protein, and phospholipase are the likely dominant players in the defence system. In addition, 24 proteins of unknown function were identified as novel dehydration- or rehydration-responsive proteins. Our data indicate that Physcomitrella adopts a rapid protein response mechanism to cope with dehydration in its leafy-shoot and basal expression levels of desiccation-tolerant proteins are rapidly upgraded at high levels under stress. This mechanism appears similar to that seen in angiosperm seeds.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Power-efficient low-noise 86 GHz broadband amplifier in 130 nm SiGe BiCMOS. A power-efficient, low-noise, broadband amplifier is demonstrated in a 130 nm SiGe BiCMOS process. The circuit exhibits a 20 dB gain, 86 GHz bandwidth and consumes only 89 mW DC power, achieving a gain-bandwidth against DC power efficiency of 9.66 GHz/mW - a significant improvement over the prior art. Ultra-high data rates (>80 Gbit/s) are supported owing to a low group delay variation of +/- 5.9 ps up to 100 GHz. Intended as a low-noise transimpedance front-end for optical receivers, the circuit exhibits a low average input-referred-noise of 20.4 pA/root Hz, which is comparable to or better than the state-of-the-art at much lower data rates.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Ozone profiles in the high-latitude stratosphere and lower mesosphere measured by the Improved Limb Atmospheric Spectrometer (ILAS)-II: Comparison with other satellite sensors and ozonesondes. [1] A solar occultation sensor, the Improved Limb Atmospheric Spectrometer (ILAS)-II, measured 5890 vertical profiles of ozone concentrations in the stratosphere and lower mesosphere and of other species from January to October 2003. The measurement latitude coverage was 54 - 71 degrees N and 64 - 88 degrees S, which is similar to the coverage of ILAS ( November 1996 to June 1997). One purpose of the ILAS-II measurements was to continue such high-latitude measurements of ozone and its related chemical species in order to help accurately determine their trends. The present paper assesses the quality of ozone data in the version 1.4 retrieval algorithm, through comparisons with results obtained from comprehensive ozonesonde measurements and four satellite-borne solar occultation sensors. In the Northern Hemisphere (NH), the ILAS-II ozone data agree with the other data within +/- 10% ( in terms of the absolute difference divided by its mean value) at altitudes between 11 and 40 km, with the median coincident ILAS-II profiles being systematically up to 10% higher below 20 km and up to 10% lower between 21 and 40 km after screening possible suspicious retrievals. Above 41 km, the negative bias between the NH ILAS-II ozone data and the other data increases with increasing altitude and reaches 30% at 61 - 65 km. In the Southern Hemisphere, the ILAS-II ozone data agree with the other data within +/- 10% in the altitude range of 11 - 60 km, with the median coincident profiles being on average up to 10% higher below 20 km and up to 10% lower above 20 km. Considering the accuracy of the other data used for this comparative study, the version 1.4 ozone data are suitably used for quantitative analyses in the high-latitude stratosphere in both the Northern and Southern Hemisphere and in the lower mesosphere in the Southern Hemisphere.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Development of renal adenocarcinoma in a ferret with renal cortical cysts (Mustela putorius furo). A 5.5-year-old 0.929-kg spayed female domestic ferret (Muste(a putorius furo) underwent serial abdominal ultrasonographic and clinicopathologic examinations after multiple renal cysts were detected bilaterally during a routine examination.CASE DESCRIPTIONCLINICAL FINDINGSThe ferret was apparently healthy at the start of the monitoring period and had no clinical signs for > 20 months. Four months after the initial examination, the largest cyst became increasingly mineralized; 17 months after detection, it had increased in size and become amorphous, and the ferret's plasma BUN concentration was mildly high. Within 21 months after the first visit, a nodule was detectable, and hydronephrosis developed in the kidney with the largest cyst. Findings for fine-needle aspirates from the nodule were consistent with renal carcinoma.TREATMENT AND OUTCOMEContrast-enhanced CT revealed severe unilateral nephromegaly with no contrast uptake in the affected ureter. Following surgical removal of the affected kidney, histologic examination identified renal adenocarcinoma replacing the entire renal cortex and medulla. The ferret was euthanized postoperatively because of declining condition. On necropsy, metastasis to a mesenteric lymph node was identified; comorbidities included 2 other neoplasms and acute, severe injury of the contralateral kidney.CLINICAL RELEVANCENeoplastic transformation of a renal cyst was suspected in the ferret of this report on the basis of observed ultrasonographic changes over time and extensive infiltration of the neoplasm throughout the affected kidney. Renal cysts are linked to renal neoplasia in other species, and the findings for this patient supported the need for periodic monitoring of renal cysts in ferrets.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Gender and breathing route modulate cardio-respiratory variability in humans. During spontaneous breathing, there is an intrinsic scaling of respiratory variability and a correlation between respiratory and heart rate variabilities. To identify the effect of breathing route on respiratory and heart rate variabilities, breath-to-breath interval (BBI) and heartbeat-to-heartbeat interval (RRI) were recorded from 12 female and 12 male adult subjects breathing through the nose or mouth. Temporal scaling within the BBI and RRI was quantified with detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA). We identified a significant gender-based breathing route interaction in the short-term scaling of BBI (p= 0.007), a decrease in the short-term scaling of RRI during nose breathing (p = 0.026), and a significant interdependence of short-term scaling of BBI and RRI in female subjects. We conclude that there is a gender-based differential effect of breathing route on the control of respiration and an increase in the random behavior of RRI associated with nasal breathing. These data also suggest the presence cardio-respiratory coupling of scaling behavior in female subjects. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 17, 21]}
+{"token": "Rapid and ultrasensitive detection of DNA and microRNA-21 using a zirconium porphyrin metal-organic framework-based switch fluorescence biosensor. Sensitive and accurate detection of nucleic acid biomarkers is critical for early cancer diagnosis, disease monitoring, and clinical treatment. In this study, we developed a switch fluorescence biosensor for simple and high-efficient detection of nucleic acid biomarkers using 6-carboxyfluorescein (FAM)-modified single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) probes (FAM-P1/P2), and zirconium porphyrin metal-organic framework nanoparticles (ZrMOF) acted as fluorescence quencher. FAM-P1/P2 probes were adsorbed on ZrMOF surface because of pi-pi stacking, hydrogen bonding, and electrostatic interactions. Fluorescence quenching event occurred by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and photo-induced electron transfer (PET) processes, thereby achieving the \\\\'off\\\\' fluorescence status. Once the specific binding was formed between the fluorescence probes and the targets, the rigid double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) structures were released from ZrMOF surface, resulting in the recovery of fluorescence and the \\\\'on\\\\' status. Because of the superior adsorption ability of ZrMOF toward ssDNA than dsDNA, the switch of fluorescence signals from \\\\'off\\\\' to \\\\'on\\\\' allowed rapid and ultrasensitive detection of ssDNA (T1) and microRNA-21 (miR-21) within 30 min. The limit of detection (signal-to-noise ratio = 3) for T1 and miR-21 were 2 fM and 11 aM, respectively. Moreover, the proposed strategy was very simple as it worked by the facile adsorption-quenching-recovery mechanism without difficult and complicated immobilization processes. Also, this biosensor showed an excellent analytical performance in the detection of miR-21 in human serum samples. Therefore, this biosensor might be considered a potential tool for the detection of DNA and miRNA biomarkers in clinical samples. (C) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Effects of shearing, ambient cooling and feeding with byproducts as partial roughage replacement on milk yield and composition in Assaf sheep under heat-load conditions. Information is lacking in the literature on the effects of ambient cooling in combination with shearing and replacement of roughage with highly digestible byproducts on milk production in Assaf ewes. Two experiments were conducted in two sequential summer seasons. Experiment 1 measured the effects of sheep shearing and of shearing + ambient cooling during late pregnancy and lactation on lamb weight and milking performance of mature Assaf ewes. Experiment 2 measured the effects of altered dietary regime and its combination with shearing + cooling on milking performance of Assaf mature and first-lambing ewes. Experiment 1 demonstrated that ambient cooling under heat-load conditions decreases the temperature humidity index (THI) in the sheep barn by 3.8 units, and reduces lactating ewes' respiratory rate and rectal temperature relative to non-cooled ewes. Cooling of shorn ewes during late pregnancy increased lamb weight at birth relative to the non-sheared non-cooled (control) group. Effect of cooling shorn ewes was reflected in an 8.4% increase in intake, followed by a 7.4 and 9.7% increase in yields of milk and energy-corrected milk (ECM), respectively, as compared with the non-cooled ewes. The positive effect of shearing + cooling continued after termination of cooling at 80 d in milk. In Experiment 2, feeding the experimental diet to mature ewes increased intake, and yields of milk and ECM, and the dietary effect was complementary to the cooling effect. In first-lambing ewes, the diet increased milk and ECM production under the non-cooling, but not the cooling regime. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Ontology-Based Mobile Communication in Agriculture. This paper describes the use of semantic technologies to enable a public/private communication network in the iGreen project. The motivation for using semantic technologies is outlined, and a description of the iGreen ontology-server is given, and the services this provides to users and developers. We discuss the semantic data-sets published in iGreen and the steps taken to enrich and interlink these.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Characterisation of chitin in the cuticle of a velvet worm (Onychophora). We characterize the trunk cuticle of velvet worms of the Peripatoides novaezealandiae-group (Onychophora) using SEM, TEM, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). TEM and SEM revealed a relatively uniform organization of the delicate cuticle that is covered by numerous bristled and nonbristled papillae with ribbed scales arranged in transverse rows. The cuticle consists of a very thin multilayered epicuticle of varying appearance followed by the largely fibrous procuticle. The irregularly arranged nanofibres of isolated cuticular chitin seen by SEM are considered as bundles of chitin fibres. FT-IR and TGA showed that the chitin is of the alpha-type. This confirms and broadens the single previous study in which the presence of a-chitin in a velvet worm was demonstrated with a single analysis (X-ray diffraction).", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "A personal Web page tailoring toolkit for mobile devices. It is common to browse web pages via mobile devices. However, most of the web pages were designed for desktop computers equipped with big screens. When browsing on mobile devices, a user has to scroll up and down to find the information they want because of the limited screen size. Some commercial products reformat web pages. However, the result pages still contain irrelevant information. We propose a system to personalize users' mobile web pages. A user can determine which blocks in a web page should be retained. The sequence of these blocks can also be altered according to individual preferences. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Global document delivery, user studies, and service evaluation: The gateway experience. This study examines user and service data from 2002-2006 at the East Asian Gateway Service for Chinese and Korean Academic journal Publications (Gateway Service), the University of Pittsburgh. Descriptive statistical analysis reveals that the Gateway Service has been consistently playing the leading role in global document delivery service as well as in global resource sharing.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Anti-GM2 ganglioside antibodies are a biomarker foracute canine polyradiculoneuritis. Acute canine polyradiculoneuritis (ACP) is considered to be the canine equivalent of the human peripheral nerve disorder Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS); an aetiological relationship, however, remains to be demonstrated. In GBS, anti-glycolipid antibodies (Abs) are considered as important disease mediators. To address the possibility of common Ab biomarkers, the sera of 25 ACP dogs, 19 non-neurological, and 15 epileptic control dogs were screened for IgG Abs to 10 glycolipids and their 1:1 heteromeric complexes using combinatorial glycoarrays. Anti-GM2 ganglioside Abs were detected in 14/25 ACP dogs, and anti-GA1 Abs in one further dog. All controls except for one were negative for anti-glycolipid Abs. In this cohort of cases and controls, the glycoarray screen reached a diagnostic sensitivity of 60% and a specificity of 97%; a lower sensitivity (32%) was reported using a conventional glycolipid ELISA. To address the possible pathogenic role for anti-GM2 Abs in ACP, we identified GM2 in canine sciatic nerve by both mass spectrometry and thin layer chromatography overlay. In immunohistological studies, GM2 was localized predominantly to the abaxonal Schwann cell membrane. The presence of anti-GM2 Abs in ACP suggests that it may share a similar pathophysiology with GBS, for which it could thus be considered a naturally occurring animal model.", "label": [2, 17, 21]}
+{"token": "Anti-Inflationary Commitment in the Post-Bretton Woods Era: Italy's Road to Stability-Oriented Monetary Policies, 1975-81. This article focuses on the historical reasons, and the main political implications of Italy's anti-inflationary commitment between the mid-1970s and the early-1980s. This study examines the broader climate of opinion within which Italy's economic and monetary authorities - that is, the Bank of Italy - changed or adapted their main attitudes regarding the existence of high inflation rates throughout the 1970s and early 1980s in accordance with an emergent international (i.e. the European Monetary System) anti-inflationary consensus. This article first explores the main political and social steps of Italy's prioritization of anti-inflationary goals as they were envisaged by the central bank and its governmental interlocutors. Second, it retraces the run-up to the 'divorce' between the Bank of Italy and the Treasury in July 1981. Here the 'divorce' is conceptualized as a counter-reaction of specific strands of Italy's ruling class (namely those who revolved around the central bank) against the volatility of public finance performances and what was deemed as the seeming elusiveness of Italy's governmental parties regarding the need to restore the country's financial stability. Finally, this article reflects on the historical meaning of Italy's anti-inflationary commitment as part of the global emergence of stability-oriented monetary policies.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Breed Distribution and Clinical Characteristics of B Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia in Dogs. Methods: Retrospective cross-sectional study of dogs for which samples were submitted to the Colorado State University Clinical Immunology Laboratory for immunophenotyping between 2010 and 2014. To assess breed predilection, dogs with B-CLL were compared to those with suspicion of other LPDs using logistic regression.Results: The median age was 11 years with no sex predilection. Half of the dogs presented with peripheral lymphadenopathy or splenomegaly and 26% had anemia. Eleven small-breed dogs had significantly increased odds of B-CLL. In addition, English Bulldogs had an increased risk and a unique presentation: these dogs were diagnosed at a median of 6 years and expressed lower class II MHC and CD25.Conclusions: B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia is over-represented in small-breed dogs. Future genetic studies of these breeds may identify genetic risk factors. The unique presentation of English Bulldogs provides evidence of multiple forms of this disease. Additional studies are necessary to determine whether presenting signs are associated with survival.Background: B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) is the most common hematopoietic malignancy in humans in the developed world and the primary risk factor is genetic. Dogs also develop B-CLL, but there is no systematic description of the disease in dogs. Understanding the epidemiology of B-CLL in dogs may help practitioners recognize the disease and position the dog as a model for future genetic studies.Objectives: To describe B-CLL presentation in dogs, its clinicopathologic findings, and breed predisposition.Animals: Four hundred and ninety-one dogs with B-CLL and 5,673 control dogs with suspicion of a lymphoproliferative disorder (LPD).", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "COMMENTARY: COMMUNITY PARTNER EXPERIENCES IN CPPR: WHAT PARTICIPATION IN PARTNERED RESEARCH CAN MEAN TO COMMUNITY AND PATIENT STAKEHOLDERS. Community partners and stakeholders currently engaged in community partnered participatory research (CPPR) can provide personal and professional insight into the processes and outcomes surrounding the CPPR model. This insight may indicate alternative solutions or methods of care delivery that can improve the model and existing interventions. We conducted in-person and phone interviews with five community partners who are currently involved in CPPR. The interviews were audio-and video-recorded, transcribed, and major themes identified. Interviewees recounted their experiences with CPPR and reported various levels of personal (ie, behavioral) and professional growth as a result of their involvement. Interviewees also indicated that CPPR can highlight various aspects of existing interventions (eg, leadership structure, stakeholder representation, methods of provider-to-patient communication, and provision of resources) that may benefit from re-evaluation. Engagement in CPPR may offer various personal and professional benefits for individuals (ie, community partners) involved in stages of development, implementation, and dissemination. The benefits affect these individuals in several ways, from personal growth (eg, emotional maturity, behavioral progress, increased familial resiliency) to professional growth (eg, progression of one's career/role/responsibilities, organizational growth, learned skills). These maturations have secondary effects (eg, increased community resilience, strengthened relationships, community-based mentorships) impacting the communities in which these community partners serve.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "A systematic literature review on the semi-automatic configuration of extended product lines. Product line engineering has become essential in mass customisation given its ability to reduce production costs and time to market, and to improve product quality and customer satisfaction. In product line literature, mass customisation is known as product configuration. Currently, there are multiple heterogeneous contributions in the product line configuration domain. However, a secondary study that shows an overview of the progress, trends, and gaps faced by researchers in this domain is still missing. In this context, we provide a comprehensive systematic literature review to discover which approaches exist to support the configuration process of extended product lines and how these approaches perform in practice. Extend product lines consider non-functional properties in the product line modelling. We compare and classify a total of 66 primary studies from 2000 to 2016. Mainly, we give an in-depth view of techniques used by each work, how these techniques are evaluated and their main shortcomings. As main results, our review identified (i) the need to improve the quality of the evaluation of existing approaches, (ii) a lack of hybrid solutions to support multiple configuration constraints, and (iii) a need to improve scalability and performance conditions.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "An improved upper bound for signed edge domination numbers in graphs. The closed neighborhood N(G)[e] of an edge e in a graph G is the set consisting of e and of all edges having a common end-vertex with e. Let f be a function on E(G), the edge set of G, into the set {-1, 1}. If Sigma(x is an element of N[e]) f(x) >= 1 for each e is an element of E(G), then f is called a signed edge dominating function of G. The minimum of the values of Sigma(x is an element of E(G)) f (x), taken over every signed edge dominating function f of G, is called the signed edge domination number of G and is denoted by gamma(s)' (G). It has been conjectured that gamma(s)'(G) <= n - 1 for every simple graph G of order n. In this paper we prove that this conjecture is true for Eulerian simple graphs, simple graphs with all vertices of odd degree and regular graphs. As a result we prove that for any simple graph G of order n, gamma(s)'(G) <= inverted right perpendicular3n/2inverted left perpendicular. This improves the previous upper bound left perpendicular11n/6 - 1right perpendicular.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Disentangling abrupt deglacial hydrological changes in northern South America: Insolation versus oceanic forcing. Paleoenvironmental studies and climate models demonstrate that fluvial runoff and moisture availability in the Caribbean hinterland react very sensitively to climatic variations. Late Pleistocene and Holocene climate records document pronounced dry and wet periods over tropical South America mainly caused by shifts of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). However, forcing mechanisms for changes in the ITCZ position remain controversial. Here we present high-resolution foraminiferal Ba/Ca and delta O-18(seawater) records from a core located within the Orinoco River outflow documenting abrupt hydrological changes in the Orinoco catchment area during the deglacial and Holocene. Our data, obtained from the surface-dwelling foraminifera Globigerinoides ruber (pink), show an abrupt increase in Ba/Ca ratios in the early Holocene, starting similar to 600 yr after the end of the Younger Dryas (YD) cold interval at ca. 10.8 ka and suggesting a massive reorganization of moisture sources in northern South America. In contrast, the salinity dependent delta O-18(seawater) from the same samples shows a gradual decrease starting at the end of the YD. The offset of our Ba/Ca peak excludes meltwater release in conjunction with the northern Andean glacier retreat well before the end of the YD as a forcing mechanism. We suggest that the Ba/Ca record documents an abrupt increase in Ba-rich waters of a northern Andean source caused by the insolation-driven shift of the ITCZ and/or enhanced monsoon activity.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "A Complex Coacervate Formulation for Delivery of Colletotrichum truncatum 00-003B1. A complex coacervate formulation was developed for Colletotrichum truncatum 00-003B1 (Ct), a bioherbicidal fungus against scentless chamomile, and rested in the greenhouse. A two-step process was developed to formulate Ct conidia: (1) invert emulsion preparation-emulsify an aqueous suspension of Ct conidia in nonrefined vegetable oil with the aid of a surfactant, and (2) encapsulate the Ct conidia invert emulsion by complex coacervation. Formulation ingredients, including nonrefined vegetable oils, surfactants, proteins, and carbohydrates, and formulation-processing parameters, including mixing speed and the amount of oil added to invert emulsions, were examined for maximum retention of Ct conidia in the formulation. Most formulation ingredients considered and tested in this study were compatible with Ct, with no significant reduction in conidial germination and mycelial growth. The surfactant soya lecithin promoted the greatest retention of Ct conidia (88%) in the invert emulsion, followed by sorbitan monooleate (82%), glycerol monooleate (70%), and sorbitan trioleate (55%). Optimal retention of Ct conidia in the invert emulsion was observed with a water : oil ratio of 1 : 1.8 to 1 : 3.7, and an overhead paddle stirring speed of 300 rpm when preparing the emulsion. Complex coacervate wall ingredients of 1% gelatin and 2% gum arabic were most effective for Ct conidia retention. In greenhouse studies, scentless chamomile disease rating, following a 24-h dew period, was higher on plants sprayed with the Ct conidia complex coacervate formulation than on plants with Ct conidia suspended in 0.1% Tween 80.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Differential pathways of South African students through higher education. This paper reports on a six-year study (2005-2010) tracking a cohort of students from Grade 12 into and through the South African higher education (HE) system. The study sought to ascertain how the pathways of students from different socioeconomic backgrounds differed. Key findings were that socioeconomic status is a differentiating feature in student progression through and retention within HE and in completion of HE programmes. Confirming UK and US findings, the study simultaneously points up the need for further research locating student progression and performance within a broader developmental context that takes account of learning pathways from pre-school into HE.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Anomalous beam-ion loss in TFTR reversed magnetic shear plasmas. Anomalous beam-ion loss has been observed in an experiment with short tritium beam pulses injected into deuterium-beam-heated Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor plasmas (P-NBI = 15 MW) With reversed magnetic shear (RS). Comparisons of the measured total 14 MeV neutron emission, the neutron flux along eight radial locations, and the perpendicular plasma stored energy with predictions from an extensive set of TRANSP simulations suggest that about 40% beam power is lost on a time scale much shorter than the tritium beam pulse length Delta t = 70 ms. In contrast with recent results [K. Tobita et nl., Nucl. Fusion 37, 1583 (1997)] from RS experiments at JT-60U, we were not able to show conclusively that magnetic field ripple is responsible for this anomaly.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Induced pluripotent stem cells for therapy personalization in pediatric patients: Focus on drug-induced adverse events. Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are major clinical problems, particularly in special populations such as pediatric patients. Indeed, ADRs may be caused by a plethora of different drugs leading, in some cases, to hospitalization, disability or even death. In addition, pediatric patients may respond differently to drugs with respect to adults and may be prone to developing different kinds of ADRs, leading, in some cases, to more severe consequences. To improve the comprehension, and thus the prevention, of ADRs, the set-up of sensitive and personalized assays is urgently needed. Important progress is represented by the possibility of setting up groundbreaking patient-specific assays. This goal has been powerfully achieved using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Due to their genetic and physiological species-specific differences and their ability to be differentiated ideally into all tissues of the human body, this model may be accurate in predicting drug toxicity, especially when this toxicity is related to individual genetic differences. This review is an up-to-date summary of the employment of iPSCs as a model to study ADRs, with particular attention to drugs used in the pediatric field. We especially focused on the intestinal, hepatic, pancreatic, renal, cardiac, and neuronal levels, also discussing progress in organoids creation. The latter are three-dimensional in vitro culture systems derived from pluripotent or adult stem cells simulating the architecture and functionality of native organs such as the intestine, liver, pancreas, kidney, heart, and brain. Based on the existing knowledge, these models are powerful and promising tools in multiple clinical applications including toxicity screening, disease modeling, personalized and regenerative medicine.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Literary translation - UNESCO collection of representative works. This article deals with literary retranslation, with its causes and its characteristics. The analysis is illustrated by examples taken mainly from Swedish literary texts translated and retranslated into French.The article further discusses translation problems with respect to such concepts as spoken language, dialect, language of poetry and of drama, all of which important causes for retranslation. It also addresses the concept of censorship, which, in the history of literary translation, has frequently deformed and sometimes even mutilated important original literary texts and which, consequently, has been a determining factor in the decision to submit an already translated text to a new translation.Finally, the article briefly touches upon the concept of revised translation, which can be said to occupy a middle position between the existing translation of a literary text and its retranslation. In this connexion the article also mentions the recourse to translation from a language other than the original language. It seems inevitable that the intermediate language inflicts a number of semantic, stylistic and pragmatic losses upon the translation in relation to the original text, and it is only natural that this type of translation should be a common cause for retranslation.The article examines the particular premises of retranslation as opposed to those of first translation and the different roles which, depending on these premises, the individual translator faces in the translation process. It stresses the importance of the \\\\'subjective traces\\\\' that every translator leaves in his/her translation. The analysis takes into account a number of factors liable to provoke the retranslation of a literary work: ageing, interpretative variety, fidelity, translational style, etc.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Objective evaluation of singeing efficiency by digital image processing. An objective and reliable evaluation method for the efficiency of singeing process is developed by use of digital image processing. The overall fabric surface roughness before and after the singeing process has been estimated and evaluated comprehensively, specifically experimenting for darker shade samples that are prone to visual inspection errors. The energy, entropy, inertia, and homogeneity parameters of images of the fabric after and before singeing have been identified as the suitable descriptors of fabric surface roughness. A new integrating sphere imaging system that has been designed indigenously was used for image capture and analysis of unsinged and singed fabric with a digital DSLR camera. The imaging system ensures controlled, diffused and uniform illumination across the samples. The proposed evaluation method is found to be suitable and economic for analysis of singeing efficiency.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "Incomplete contracts versus communication. We consider a principal's choice between either controlling an agent's action through an incomplete contract or guiding him through non-binding communication. The principal anticipates receiving private information and must hire an agent to take an action on her behalf. Contracts can only specify a limited number of actions as a function of the state. The principal is at liberty not to specify actions for some of the states. States not covered by the contract induce a communication game. Contract clauses create gaps in the state space of the communication game, which can be used to generate distance between communication events. This relaxes incentive constraints for communication, helping enable and structure influential communication. We find that close alignment of interests favors communication and, thus, ceding authority to the agent, while strong misalignment favors reliance on contracts. In the uniform-quadratic environment, optimal contracts that induce influential communication split the communication region: there are at least two communication actions separated by contract actions. For sufficiently closely aligned interests, it is also the case that communication splits the contract region: there are at least two contract actions separated by a communication action.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Severe pertussis: State of the art. Pertussis is a contagious disease that has reappeard in the recent years as a public health problem in our country. The clinical presentation has changed especially in the main risk group, children under one year old, evolving in occasions to a highly lethal course called malignant or severe Pertussis. The present review discusses the epidemiology and the mechanisms of pathogenicity, and also describes the risk factors, clinical features and pathophysiology of this particular form. The current evidence and effectiveness of new treatments are described, and a treatment algorithm is proposed.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "An Explicit Coupling Model for Accurate Prediction of Force-Induced Deflection in Thin-Walled Workpiece Milling. Cutting force-induced vibrations in thin-walled parts milling may cause violation of dimensional tolerance while accurate modeling of the milling error distribution is still a challenging work because of the coupling effect between the dynamic cutting forces and the resulting steady-state vibrations. It greatly increases the computational complexity to capture the true cutter-workpiece engagement with classic time domain or iteration method. This paper proposes a novel explicit model to predict the error distribution considering this coupling relationship without iterative calculation. A new cutting force model with variable coefficients with respect to the deflections is developed to describe the dynamic cutting forces. The effectiveness of the force model is verified by a group of calibration experiments. The analytical solution of the dynamic model is discussed and a semi-analytical method is constructed to predict the error distribution directly. Machined surface as well as the deformation errors are derived and thin-walled workpiece milling experiments for verification are conducted. Comparisons between simulations and experiments show that the proposed method is accurate and efficient.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Numerical Investigations of Catastrophe in Coronal Magnetic Configuration Triggered by Newly Emerging Flux. We performed 2D magnetohydrodynamical numerical experiments to study the response of the coronal magnetic configuration to the newly emerging magnetic flux. The configuration includes an electric-current-carrying flux rope modeling the prominence floating in the corona and the background magnetic field produced by two separated magnetic dipoles embedded in the photosphere. Parameters for one dipole are fixed in space and time to model the quiet background, and those for another one are time dependent to model the new flux. These numerical experiments duplicate important results of the analytic solution but also reveal new results. Unlike previous works, the configuration here possesses no symmetry, and the flux rope could move in any direction. The non-force-free environment causes the deviation of the flux rope equilibrium in the experiments from that determined in the analytic solution. As the flux rope radius decreases, the equilibrium could be found, and it evolves quasi-statically until the flux rope reaches the critical location at which the catastrophe occurs. As the radius increases, no equilibrium exists at all. During the catastrophe, two current sheets form in different ways. One forms as the surrounding closed magnetic field is stretched by the catastrophe, and another one forms as the flux rope squeezes the magnetic field nearby. Although reconnection happens in both the current sheets, it erases the first one quickly and enhances the second simultaneously. These results indicate the occurrence of the catastrophe in asymmetric and non-force-free environment, and the non-radial motion of the flux rope following the catastrophe.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Factors controlling the decline of net primary production with stand age for balsam fir in Newfoundland assessed using an ecosystem simulation model. Net primary production (NPP) and growth efficiency (wood growth per leaf area) decline with stand age for forest ecosystems. Three hypotheses have been suggested: high respiration to photosynthesis ratios, hydraulic limitations on water transport in trees, and nutrient limitations of photosynthesis. Recent work indicates that hydraulic or nutrient limitations probably are the mechanism underlying the decline of growth efficiency in Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), both of which are native to western North America. However, balsam fir (Abies balsamea) grows in the cool-humid boreal forest and has very high stem respiration rates, suggesting that the mechanism may be different. We predicted measured aboveground NPP of 24 out of 25 balsam fir stands reasonably well. These stands were selected for having large differences in leaf area index and wood mass. Simulations indicate that increased wood respiration is the major factor causing the decline of NPP and growth efficiency with stand age; a secondary factor for mature stands is nitrogen limitation. For simulations in which balsam fir was fertilized, final growth efficiency was less than that of unfertilized forest stands because of increased stem respiration. From values in the literature, we calculated the potential difference conductance to water flow in the xylem from the soil to the leaves for a mean tree in each stand. Twigs had the smallest conductance; however, because the twigs conductances are added in parallel, the bole was the smallest conductance in the series: bole, branch and twigs. The overall drop of water potential with very high transpiration flux densities was generally less than 2.5 MPa. Therefore, we conclude that, for balsam fir, the decline in NPP and growth efficiency with stand age may be caused by the high respiration to photosynthesis ratios. This conclusion differs from recent work, so there is not a single unifying mechanism of age-related decline for all forest ecosystems. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Professional competency-based analysis of continuing tensions between education and training in higher education. Originality/value - The identification of the exact nature of industry competencies requirements and any variations will assist the construction graduates to connect more effectively to the industry. These research findings confirm the need for continued expansion of curricula and diversification of pedagogies.Practical implications - This research will provide a benchmarking tool for curricula alignment for the construction degree programmes in higher education.Findings - The research revealed unrealistically high expectations by the construction industry of QS graduates achieving a high level of competency in ten mandatory, seven core, and seven optional competencies. The research found that there were significant levels of dissatisfaction with the expected level of achievement of mandatory, core, and optional competencies by the QS graduates. Thus, a perception gap was identified between the academia and the industry.Purpose - The education and training of construction graduates are highly influenced by the higher education institutions which produced them and the relevant professional bodies, which set the competencies that guide both academic and industrial learning. Thus, it is important to ascertain what the key stakeholders perceive construction graduates should achieve in competencies. Construction is a practice-oriented collection of professions, thus, this research focussed on the quantity surveying (QS) profession that is responsible for cost control and management of construction projects, and accredited by the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors. The purpose of this paper is to identify and analyse the expected level of competencies attained by QS graduates, assess the industry perception of the achievement of competencies by QS graduates, and the ranking of competencies in the order of perceived importance.Design/methodology/approach - The study adopted three different data gathering phases to include literature review, expert forum, and two surveys - industry and academia.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "THOUGHTS ABOUT CENTRAL ASIA WITHIN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE. In his essay, Sergei Abashin shares reflections on the volume Central Asia within the Russian Empire. He compares this volume with other volumes published in the series Borderlands of the Russian Empire. Abashin observes that the task of writing histories of different regions of the Russian Empire according to a single plan has failed. The author contends that attempts made in the series to overcome the influence of national narratives were unsuccessful. Proof that national narratives have crept into a new analytical framework is found in the fact that the volume was eventually titled Central Asia, despite the fact that the region had never constituted geographic or administrative unit prior to the twentieth century. Moreover, Abashin contends that putting all the borderlands of the Russian Empire into a single analytical framework conceals imperial diversity and inequitable relations between different borderlands and the imperial center. Though Central Asia briefly fascinated Dostoevsky and other champions of mission civilisatrice, it never occupied a place in governance and symbolic geography of imperial mindscape similar to that of the Caucasus. At the same time, the efforts undertaken in the series to overcome the inertia of past imperial narratives, with their concomitant focus on the imperial center, led to a paradoxical situation in which the center did not merit a separate volume. Still, study of the history of diverse borderlands evokes the image of the center and judging by the various volumes of the series, the imperial center was perceived differently in different borderlands. Reflecting on the volume dedicated to Central Asia, Abashin observes that the period of entry (conquest and incorporation) of new territories into the Empire receives more scholarly attention than periods of ruling routine. This creates an imbalance in the historical analysis of colonialism and pushes historians to rely on the visionary designs of a short heroic period, thus missing the importance of the dissipation of these visions during the longer period of imperial routine. Abashin also describes other imbalances apparent in historical reconstructions of the steppe region and Turkestan, both of which (contrary to historical evidence) are usually taken together and thought of as homogenous colonial peripheries. In conclusion, Abashin defends the view of the steppe region and Turkestan as a peculiar borderland in the Russian Empire, based on a number of historical factors. More to the point, Abashin reminds the reader that the region of Central Asia appears to be a peculiar part of the Russian Empire because its study is contested between two hardly compatible traditions: historiography (or studies of Russian history) and Oriental Studies.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Sharing of housework and money among Swedish couples: Do they behave rationally?. The article deals with issues of intra-household sharing of work and money. The point of departure is taken from well-established theories about spouses' relative market productivity, bargaining power and economic dependency. Data are from 1998 and were taken from a sample of Swedish households. A number of specific hypotheses were tested using structural modelling. Support for the tested theories was meagre. It could not be shown that differences in spouses' relative market productivity or income dependency increase over time as a result of ongoing specialisation. Instead, the reverse seems to be true. Differences in spouses' market productivity did not affect, in the expected way, the time they devoted to market work. On the contrary, the data suggest that the greater the difference in productivity, the lesser the difference in market work time. Neither did the assumption about a trade-off between housework sharing and money sharing materialise in the anticipated way. Instead of trading housework for money it seems that, contrary to the theory, access to money coincides with the ability to avoid housework. Throughout the analysis separate models were estimated for the 'atypical' household, in which the wife had the highest income/productivity. The results did challenge the assumption that the tested theories are gender neutral.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "From 'Chrut and Uchrut' to' Gut: The Inside Story of Our Body's Most Underrated Organ'. Popular Health Guides between Knowledge Transfer, Entertainment and Story Telling. The article follows the intertwining of Walter Benjamin's narrative theory with a Swiss herbal book from 1911 (Johann Kunzle: \\\\'Chrut und Uchrut\\\\'). The resulting findings on the connection between ancient \\\\'folk medicine\\\\' and narrative art are associated with the enormous popularity of this book, which continues to this day. Benjamin's definition of a storyteller who takes what he tells from experience is used as a heuristic category to comparatively examine the contemporary book from Giulia Enders: \\\\'Gut: The Inside Story of Our Body's Most Underrated Organ\\\\' (German 2014, English 2016). What both books have in common, apart from their extraordinary popularity, is that they elude clear genre definitions. They are both hybrids of medical guide, nutritional guide and entertaining story collection. To answer the question of how medical knowledge is conveyed, the narrative characteristics of the books are analysed and compared. A persistence of patterns of knowledge transfer in connection with the topos of activating the readers' own experiences is revealed.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "GENETIC-MAPPING OF NEW DNA PROBES AT XQ27 DEFINES A STRATEGY FOR DNA STUDIES IN THE FRAGILE-X SYNDROME. The fragile X syndrome is the most common cause of familial mental retardation and is characterized by a fragile site at the end of the long arm of the X chromosome.  The unusual genetics and cytogenetics of this X-linked condition make genetic counseling difficult.  DNA studies were of limited value in genetic counseling, because the nearest polymorphic DNA loci had recombination fractions of 12% or more with the fragile X mutation, FRAXA.  Five polymorphic loci have recently been described in this region of the X chromosome.  The positions of these loci in relation to FRAXA were defined in a genetic linkage study of 112 affected families.  The five loci - DXS369, DXS297, DXS296, IDS, and DXS304 - had recombination fractions of 4% or less with FRAXA.  The closest locus, DXS296, was distal to FRAXA and had a recombination fraction of 2%.  The polymorphisms at these loci can be detected in DNA enzymatically digested with a limited number of restriction endonucleases.  A strategy for DNA studies which is based on three restriction endonucleases and on five probes will detect one or more of these polymorphisms in 94% of women.  This strategy greatly increases the utility of DNA studies in providing genetic advice to families with the fragile X syndrome.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "In Search of Ordinary Meaning: What Can Be Learned from the Textualist Opinions of Bostock v. Clayton County?. This Comment proposes a sliding-scale approach that indicates when to move between semantics and pragmatics. What makes the scale slide is the pool of precedent, or the variability in how courts and their precedent have defined the words of a phrase. As the pool of precedent increases, the need to support a semantics-derived meaning of the phrase with pragmatics increases. To create a proxy for the variability of precedent-defined words, this Comment creates a tiered structure based on our court system's hierarchy of precedent. By adopting this sliding-scale approach, courts will be able to interpret statutes while supporting textualism's goal of judicial restraint.In Bostock v. Clayton County, the Supreme Court held that Title VII protects gay and transgender individuals from employment discrimination. Writing for the majority, Justice Neil Gorsuch adhered to textualist principles and relied on the ordinary public meaning of the phrase \\\\'discriminate because of sex.\\\\' Despite the majority opinion purportedly not reaching beyond the words of the statute, three other conservatives on the Court accused Justice Gorsuch of legislating from the bench. Central to this Comment, Justice Brett Kavanaugh took exception with how Justice Gorsuch reached his ordinary meaning of the phrase. The debate between these two Justices can be characterized as a debate between semantics and pragmatics-two schools within the field of linguistics. Justice Gorsuch's stringing together the precedent-defined meaning of the individual terms of the statute resembled semantics. Justice Kavanaugh's reliance on considering the phrase as a whole and an examination of the broader societal and historical context resembled pragmatics.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Catholics and capital punishment: Do Pope Francis's teachings matter in policy preferences?. In the United States, Catholics make up more than 50 million members of the adult population, or about one in five Americans. It is unclear whether their religious affiliation shapes Catholics' views on public policy issues, ranging from the legality of abortion to criminal justice practices. Capital punishment is especially salient, given that Pope Francis announced in 2018-as official Catholic Church teaching-that the death penalty is \\\\'inadmissible\\\\' under all circumstances. Based on two national surveys, the current project explores Catholics' support for state executions before (2017) and after (2019) the Pope's momentous change in the church's Catechism. At present, little evidence exists that Pope Francis's doctrinal reform has impacted Catholics, a majority of whom-like Americans generally-continue to favor the death penalty for murderers. Data from our additional 2020 MTurk survey show that only 17.0% of Catholic respondents could correctly identify the Church's position on capital punishment. Despite these results, Pope Francis's teachings provide Catholic leaders and activists with a compelling rationale for opposing the death penalty and holding Catholic public officials accountable for espousing offenders' execution. Further, for the next generation of Catholics, instruction in the inadmissibility of capital punishment, as part of the Church's consistent ethic of life, will be integral to their religious training.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "The influence of seeding rate on weed control in small-red lentil (Lens culinaris). Experiments were conducted at two sites for 2 yr in the Pacific Northwest dryland cropping region to determine if seeding rate of small-red lentil could enhance weed control with herbicides and increase lentil seed yield. At Pendleton, OR, and LaCrosse, WA, lentil was planted at 22 or 44 kg ha(-1) in one direction in all plots. In one-half of the plea, lentil was cross-seeded at right angles with an additional 22 kg ha(-1) to provide seeding races of 22, 44, 22 + 22, and 44 + 22 kg ha(-1). Seeding rate main plots were split into three herbicide treatments and an untreated control: Total weed density was reduced by increasing seeding race at Pendleton both years when averaged over all herbicide treatments. Seeding rate reduced total weed density to a greater extent when herbicides did not adequately control weeds or when herbicides were not applied at Pendleton in 1992. Increased seeding rate also reduced total weed dry weight at Pendleton in 1992 and 1993 and at LaCrosse in 1993. The suppressive effect of increased seeding rate on weed dry weight was more evident when herbicides were not used or when herbicides gave only partial control. Herbicides generally reduced weed density, but the effectiveness of individual treatments was related to the weed species present and environmental conditions present in each experiment. Lentil aboveground dry weight production increased with seeding rate at both locations; however, only in 1 yr did lentil seed yield increase with seeding rate. The primary benefit from increased seeding race in this study was to reduce weed density and dry weight.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Mapping emotions into acoustic space: The role of voice production. Research on the vocal expression of emotion has long since used a \\\\'fishing expedition\\\\' approach to find acoustic markers for emotion categories and dimensions. Although partially successful, the underlying mechanisms have not yet been elucidated. To illustrate that this research can profit from considering the underlying voice production mechanism, we specifically analyzed short affect bursts (sustained/a/vowels produced by 10 professional actors for five emotions) according to physiological variations in phonation (using acoustic parameters derived from the acoustic signal and the inverse filter estimated voice source waveform). Results show significant emotion main effects for 11 of 12 parameters. Subsequent principal components analysis revealed three components that explain acoustic variations due to emotion, including \\\\'tension,\\\\' \\\\'perturbation,\\\\' and \\\\'voicing frequency.\\\\' These results suggest that future work may benefit from theory-guided development of parameters to assess differences in physiological voice production mechanisms in the vocal expression of different emotions. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Whole-body hyperthermia in the scope of von Ardenne's systemic cancer multistep therapy (sCMT) combined with chemotherapy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: a phase I/II study. This phase I/II study evaluated the feasibility, toxicity and response rates of von Ardenne's systemic cancer multistep therapy (sCMT) when applied as an adjunct to cytostatic therapy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. sCMT consists of whole-body hyperthermia (WBH) at 41.8-42.1degreesC, hyperglycaemia and hyperoxaemia. All patients who entered the trial first received three monthly courses of chemotherapy (folinic acid, 50 mg, days 1-5; 5-fluorouracil, 425 mg/m(2), days 1-5; mitomycin 8 mg/m2, day 1), followed by response evaluation according World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. Responders (partial/complete remission) were assigned to three further courses of chemotherapy, whereas non-responders (stable/progressive disease) were allocated to additional sCMT on day 1 of every subsequent chemotherapy course. The WBH procedure was administered under general anaesthesia employing the Iratherm-2000 radiant heat device. Of 28 patients enrolled, 19 received more than three treatment courses. Eight of these 19 patients had responded to chemotherapy (PR) and thus obtained three further courses of chemotherapy alone. In 10 of 19 patients who had not responded (SD, PD), three additional courses of chemotherapy were combined with sCMT (with 25sCMT applications). One patient who did not respond to initial treatment declined sCMT and was continued with chemotherapy alone. It was found that sCMT was feasible, but associated with a specific spectrum of grade III/IV toxicity (skin 20%, pain 16%, peripheral nerves 8% of treatment courses). The fact that three patients who did not respond to initial chemotherapy achieved a PR after additional sCMT suggests that sCMT may enhance the effect of chemotherapy in patients with colorectal cancer.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Resistance to imazamox in Clearfield soft wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The finding that IMI-resistant wheat cultivars regained their photosynthetic activity with time and the fact that Ikaro plants showed an increased level of resistance over time suggest that other resistance mechanisms might be involved in the differential tolerance to imazamox in these wheat cultivars. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Imidazolinone (IMI)-resistant crops exhibit relative tolerance to herbicides that inhibit the enzyme acetolactate synthase (ALS). The principal objective of this work was to evaluate the different resistance levels to imazamox between five Clearfield wheat cultivars. The IMI-resistant wheat cultivars (Bicentenario, Dollinco, Impulso, Invento, and Ikaro), widely planted in large areas in Latin America, were compared to a sensitive cultivar (Pandora) using several in vivo and in vitro experiments. The imazamox dose, expressed as g ai ha(-1) that reduced the wheat fresh biomass by 50% (ED50), ranged from 151.0 (Ikaro) to 1.6 (Pandora). The herbicide concentrations (mu M) that inhibited the ALS activity by 50% (I-50) were in agreement with the ED50 values, suggesting that imazamox resistance could be due to a mutation in the ALS enzyme. The order of Clearfield wheat cultivars by the level of resistance to imazamox was: War > Impulso > Invento > Bicentenario = Dollinco >>> Pandora.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "Dominance hierarchies are a dominant paradigm in ant ecology (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), but should they be? And what is a dominance hierarchy anyways?. There is a long tradition of community ecologists using interspecific dominance hierarchies as a way to explain species coexistence and community structure. However, there is considerable variation in the methods used to construct these hierarchies, how they are quantified, and how they are interpreted. In the study of ant communities, hierarchies are typically based on the outcome of aggressive encounters between species or on bait monopolization. These parameters are converted to rankings using a variety of methods ranging from calculating the proportion of fights won or baits monopolized to minimizing hierarchical reversals. However, we rarely stop to explore how dominance hierarchies relate to the spatial and temporal structure of ant communities, nor do we ask how different ranking methods quantitatively relate to one another. Here, through a review of the literature and new analyses of both published and unpublished data, we highlight some limitations of the use of dominance hierarchies, both in how they are constructed and how they are interpreted. We show that the most commonly used ranking methods can generate variation among hierarchies given the same data and that the results depend on sample size. Moreover, these ranks are not related to resource acquisition, suggesting limited ecological implications for dominance hierarchies. These limitations in the construction, analysis, and interpretation of dominance hierarchies lead us to suggest it may be time for ant ecologists to move on from dominance hierarchies.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "A Study on Reliability Differentiated Pricing of Long-Term Transactions. Reliability differentiated pricing (RDP) is known to improve the efficiency and benefits of consumers and producers. Outage costs representing the economic and non-economic consequences of service curtailments to customers can be used as an effective parameter of RDP in electricity markets. This paper examines the theoretical aspects of an RDP scheme, and derives the optimal decisions of consumers and electric utilities for long-term transactions. The proposed RDP is demonstrated through a case study on a wheeling service.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Feline non-erosive immune-mediated polyarthritis: a multicentre, retrospective study of 20 cases (2009-2020). Case series summary Cats with non-erosive immune-mediated polyarthritis (IMPA) were identified from seven referral hospitals between 2009 and 2020 for a multicentre retrospective case series. Data were obtained from hospital records and referring veterinarians were contacted for follow-up. Twenty cases were identified: 12 castrated males (60%), one entire male (5%) and seven spayed females (35%). Common clinical signs included lameness (n = 20/20) and pyrexia (n = 10/18). Three cats presented with and two cats developed ligament laxity during treatment. Thirteen cats (65%) were diagnosed with non-associative IMPA and seven (35%) with associative IMPA. Comorbidities identified included chronic enteropathy (n = x/7), feline immunodeficiency virus (n = x/7) feline herpesvirus (n = x/7), bronchopneumonia (n = x/7) and discospondylitis (n = x/7). Sampling of the tarsal joints most frequently identified an increased proportion of neutrophils, consistent with IMPA. Eighteen cats (90%) received immunosuppressants. Eleven cats were started on prednisolone; eight had a poor response resulting in the addition of a second agent, euthanasia or acceptance of the persisting signs. One cat received ciclosporin and required an alternative second agent owing to adverse effects. Five cats were started on prednisolone and ciclosporin; three had a poor response and required an alternative second agent. One cat received prednisolone and chlorambucil and had a good response. Two cats (10%) received meloxicam and had a good response, although the clinical signs recurred when medication was tapered. A good outcome was achieved in 14/20 cats (70%) with IMPA. In the cats with a poor outcome 4/6 were euthanased and 2/6 had chronic lameness. Relevance and novel information Prognosis for feline IMPA can be good. Multimodal immunosuppression was often required. IMPA should be considered in lame cats, with or without pyrexia, when there is no evidence of trauma or infection. The tarsal joints should be included in the multiple joints chosen for sampling. Ligament laxity can occur in non-erosive feline IMPA.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Pyramidal lattice sandwich structures with hollow composite trusses. Pyramidal lattice sandwich structures with hollow composite trusses were fabricated using a thermal expansion molding approach. Composite lattice structures with three relative densities were fabricated with two fiber architectures and the out-of-plane compression properties were measured and compared. Lattice cores with a fraction of carbon fibers circumferentially wound around the hollow trusses (Variant 2) exhibited superior mechanical properties compared with similar structures comprised of unidirectional fibers (Variant 1). The out-of-plane compressive properties of composite pyramidal lattice structures in Variant 2 were well-matched by analytical predictions. Unusual strain hardening behavior was observed in the plateau region for Variant 2, and the energy absorption capabilities were measured and compared with the similarly constructed silicone rubber-core truss pyramidal lattice structures (Variant 3). The energy absorption per unit mass of selected hollow truss composite lattice structures reported here surpassed that of both hybrid truss counterparts (Variant 3) and hollow truss metallic lattice structures. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 11, 12]}
+{"token": "Transmission of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection from blood monocytes to vascular cells in a novel transendothelial migration model. Chlamydia pneumoniae uses blood monocytes (PBMC) for systemic dissemination, persists in atherosclerotic lesions, and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. During transmigration in a newly developed transendothelial migration model (TEM) C pneumoniae-infected PBMC spread their infection to endothelial cells. Transmigrated PBMC retained their infectivity and transmitted the pathogen to smooth muscle cells in the lower chamber of the TEM. Detection of chlamydial HSP60 mRNA proved pathogen viability and virulence. We conclude that PBMC can spread chlamydial infection to vascular wall cells and we suggest the TEM as a novel tool to analyze host-pathogen interactions in vascular chlamydial infections. (C) 2004 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Use of amenable mortality indicators to evaluate the impact of financial crisis on health system performance in Greece. Background: Greece experienced the largest reduction in its health care budget of any European country during the economic crisis of 2008-15. Here, we test the hypothesis that budget reductions worsened health system performance in Greece, using the concept of Amenable Mortality to capture deaths which should not occur in the presence of effective and timely health care. Methods: Amenable mortality was calculated from national mortality statistics, using age-standardized deaths from 34 conditions amenable to medical intervention in Greece during 2000-16, with further analysis by sex, age, region and cause. Mortality rate ratios and their 95% CI were also computed. Interrupted time series analyses were performed to compare trends prior to austerity measures (2001-10) with those after (2011-16), adjusting for historical trends. Results: Prior to austerity measures, amenable mortality rates were declining. After 2011, coinciding with the inception of budget reductions, the slope of decline diminished significantly. The average annual percent of change in standardized death rates was 2.65% in 2001-10, falling to 1.60% in 2011-6. In 10 of 34 conditions, the SDR increased significantly after the crisis onset, and in five more conditions the long-term decline reversed, to increasing after 2011. The age-specific mortality rates observed in 2011-16 were significantly higher than those expected at ages 0-4 and 65-74 but not significantly higher in all other age groups. Conclusions: Health system performance in Greece worsened in association with austerity measures, leading to a deceleration of the decline in amenable mortality and increased mortality from several conditions amenable to medical interventions.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "COUPLING OF M-CHOLINOCEPTORS AND A(1) ADENOSINE RECEPTORS IN HUMAN MYOCARDIUM. This study investigated the coupling of M-cholinoceptors and A(1) adenosine receptors in human myocardium. Carbachol reduced force of contraction in atria and ventricles by 60 and 35% (in the presence of 0.03 mu M isoprenaline), respectively. Addition of (-)-N-6-(2-phenylisopropyl)adenosine (R-PIA) in the presence of carbachol did not further reduce force of contraction. R-PIA reduced force of contraction less than carbachol in atria (ventricles) by 35% (25%), but addition of carbachol after R-PIA reduced force of contraction further by 35% (15%). Carbachol increased S-35-labeled guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (GTP gamma S) binding maximally 14-fold only when GDP was present by an excess of > 100 times [S-35]GTP gamma S, while R-PIA increased binding only 2-fold. Activation of [S-35]GTP gamma S binding by A(1) adenosine receptor and M-cholinoceptor stimulation was antagonized by theophylline and atropine, respectively. Addition of R-PLA. to carbachol did not further increase [S-35]GTP gamma S binding. Activation of high-affinity [S-35]GTP gamma S binding by agonists showed that carbachol activated [S-35]GTP gamma S binding to 20 pmol/mg protein [S-35]GTP gamma S binding sites, i.e., 25% of the total number of binding sites (80 pmol/mg protein). With R-PIA, activation of high-affinity [S-35]GTP gamma S binding could not reliably be detected with this technique. From the number of M-cholinoceptors (atria, 360 fmol/mg protein; ventricle, 270 fmol/mg protein), it is estimated that 1 M-cholinoceptor activates similar to 50-80 G protein ol-subunits in atria and ventricles, respectively. It is concluded that stimulation of M-cholinoceptors but not A(1) adenosine receptors is able to maximally activate a pool of G protein alpha-subunits. A catalytic activation of G protein alpha-subunits by M-cholinoceptors was demonstrated. Because A(1) adenosine receptors mediate 40-50% of the maximal effects produced by M-cholinoceptors but their density is only 8-10% of the M-cholinoceptor density, A(1) adenosine receptors are Likely to be coupled more efficiently than M-cholinoceptors in the human heart.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "NuSTAR Observation of a Minuscule Microflare in a Solar Active Region. We present X-ray imaging spectroscopy of one of the weakest active region (AR) microflares ever studied. The microflare occurred at similar to 11:04 UT on 2018 September 9 and we studied it using the Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope ARray (NuSTAR) and the Solar Dynamic Observatory's Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (SDO/AIA). The microflare is observed clearly in 2.5-7 keV with NuSTAR and in Fe xviii emission derived from the hotter component of the 94 A SDO/AIA channel. We estimate the event to be three orders of magnitude lower than a GOES A class microflare with an energy of 1.1 x 10(26) erg. It reaches temperatures of 6.7 MK with an emission measure of 8.0 x 10(43) cm(-3). Non-thermal emission is not detected but we instead determine upper limits to such emission. We present the lowest thermal energy estimate for an AR microflare in literature, which is at the lower limits of what is still considered an X-ray microflare.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Application of the response surface methodology to determine optimal conditions of castine calcination in a full-scale rotary kiln. The optimisation of the calcination process in industrial lime kilns is of particular importance because it affects the final quality of the lime, coal consumption, and pollutant emissions. This work investigated the effects of different operating variables of a full-scale rotary kiln on the minimisation of unburned castine and reactivity of produced lime. The L-8(2(7)) Plackett-Burman's experimental plan was used for screening the significant variables on the calcination yield and the quality of the lime. Sequentially, Box-Behnken design approach, L-15(3(3)), under Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to determine the best combination of the variables optimising the calcination of castine. Quadratic models were developed to characterise the influence of selected significant variables, temperature of the smoke chamber (x(1) = 400, 500, and 550 degrees C), kiln rotational speed (x(2) = 120, 90, and 70 s/revolution) and coal flow rate (x (4) = 0.5, 0.7, and 1.0 t/h), on the responses obtained. Under optimised conditions, the lime produced yielded 0.93% of unburned castine and a reactivity of 93.96 degrees C, corresponding to the configuration: x(1) = 120, x(2) = 0.5, and x(3) = 550 degrees C. Analysis of variance was conducted to assess the strength of evidence of the developed models. Good correlation coefficients were obtained for unburned castine (R-2 = 0.92, p < 0.031) and reactivity (R-2 = 0.96, p < 0.006), indicating that the models developed could be used to estimate castine calcination response.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Complete nucleotide sequence of chrysanthemum mosaic-associated virus, a novel emaravirus infecting chrysanthemum. Here, we report the complete genome sequence of chrysanthemum mosaic-associated virus (ChMaV), a putative new member of the genus Emaravirus. The ChMaV genome comprises seven negative-sense RNA segments (RNAs 1, 2, 3a, 3b, 4, 5, and 6), and the amino acid sequences of its RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RNA1), glycoprotein precursor (RNA2), nucleocapsid protein (RNA3), and movement protein (RNA4) showed the closest relationship to pear chlorotic leaf spot-associated virus. Phylogenetic analysis showed that it clusters with emaraviruses whose host plants originate from East Asia.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "State-of-the-art in String Similarity Search and Join. String similarity search and its variants are fundamental problems with many applications in areas such as data integration, data quality, computational linguistics, or bioinformatics. A plethora of methods have been developed over the last decades. Obtaining an overview of the state-of-the-art in this field is difficult, as results are published in various domains without much cross-talk, papers use different data sets and often study subtle variations of the core problems, and the sheer number of proposed methods exceeds the capacity of a single research group. In this paper, we report on the results of the probably largest benchmark ever performed in this field. To overcome the resource bottleneck, we organized the benchmark as an international competition, a workshop at EDBT/ICDT 2013. Various teams from different fields and from all over the world developed or tuned programs for two crisply defined problems. All algorithms were evaluated by an external group on two machines. Altogether, we compared 14 different programs on two string matching problems (k-approximate search and k-approximate join) using data sets of increasing sizes and with different characteristics from two different domains. We compare programs primarily by wall clock time, but also provide results on memory usage, indexing time, batch query effects and scalability in terms of CPU cores. Results were averaged over several runs and confirmed on a second, different hardware platform. A particularly interesting observation is that disciplines can and should learn more from each other, with the three best teams rooting in computational linguistics, databases, and bioinformatics, respectively.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Two-Dimensional Halide Perovskites Incorporating Straight Chain Symmetric Diammonium Ions, (NH3CmH2mNH3)(CH3NH3)(n-1)PbnI3n+1 (m=4-9; n=1-4). Low-dimensional halide perovskites have recently attracted intense interest as alternatives to the three-dimensional (3D) perovskites because of their greater tunability and higher environmental stability. Herein, we present the new homologous 2D series (NH3CmH2mNH3)-(CH3NH3)(n-1)PbnI3n+1 (m = 4-9; n = 1-4), where m represents the carbon-chain number and n equals layer-thickness number. Multilayer (n > 1) 2D perovskites incorporating diammonium cations were successfully synthesized by the solid-state grinding method for m = 4 and 6 and by the solution method for m = 7-9. Structural characterization by single-crystal Xray diffraction for the m = 8 and m = 9 series (n = 1-4) reveals that these compounds adopt the Cc space group for even n members and Pc for odd n members. The optical bandgaps are 2.15 eV for two-layer (n = 2), 2.01 eV for three-layer (n = 3), and 1.90 eV for four-layer (n = 4). The materials exhibit excellent solution processability, and casting thin-films of the n = 3 members was successfully accomplished. The films show a clear tendency for the higher-m members to have preferred orientation on the glass substrate, with m = 8 exhibiting almost perfect vertical layer orientation and m = 9 displaying both vertical and parallel layer orientation, as confirmed by grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS) measurements. The vertical layer orientation for the (NH3C8H16NH3)(CH3NH3)(2)Pb3I10 member results in the best thermal, light, and air stability within this series, thus showing excellent potential for solar cell applications.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Losses of particulate N during filtration and handling of feed and rumen incubation residues. Unintended losses of feed N occur during filtration procedures in the laboratory as well as during washing of in sacco residues and other procedures to remove microbial contamination. Our aim was to find the most reliable method for recovery of buffer and neutral detergent (ND) insoluble N (BIN and NDIN, respectively) in feed residues. In Experiment 1, paper filtration (PF; 20-25 mu m retention) and sintered glass crucible filtration (GF; 40-90 mu m retention) and centrifugation at 3000 x g (LSC) were compared for recovery and loss of feed N after feeds were incubated with a borate-phosphate buffer or ND. The same ND removal techniques and centrifugation at 5000 x g (HSC) were also applied to in vitro-fermented residues. In Experiment 2a, in vitro fermentation residues were transferred to in sacco bags (28 mu m pore openings), washed, extracted with ND using GF or LSC techniques to remove detergents. In 2b, the in vitro residues were homogenised, stomached and/or centrifuged in different ways, then extracted with ND using HSC to remove ND. The NDIN was assumed to exclude microbial N. Samples used in Experiments I and 2a consisted of two grasses, birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus), wheat bran, rapeseed cake (RSC), dried distillers grain with solubles from wheat (DDGS), de-hulled barley grain (barley) and solvent extracted soybean meal (SBM). For Experiment 2b, we used only one grass and barley. Highest recovery of BIN was by PF > GF > LSC, whereas NDIN recovery was highest for LSC with no differences between filtration techniques for most feeds. After in vitro fermentation, recovery of NDIN was 1.2-7.1 - and 1.2-2.8-fold higher by LSC versus GF and PF, respectively. Washing of in vitro residues in sacco caused NDIN reductions of up to 0.35 and 0.85 when GF or LSC was used to remove ND. Losses of NDIN from in vitro fermented feeds, including in sacco and GF losses after ND extraction, were 0.64-0.70 in forage, and 0.81 and 0.83 in SBM and DDGS, respectively. Losses of NDIN from homogenisation, pummelling and centrifugation of in vitro residue were smaller (0.02-0.42) than after sample washing in sacco bags. Oven drying of in vitro residues at 65 degrees C prior to ND extraction inflated NDIN values and must be avoided. A higher centrifugal force, i.e., 5000 x g instead of 3000 x g and fewer centrifugations (three instead of five) resulted in the highest recovery and are recommended to minimise sample losses during centrifugation of in vitro residues. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Aerobic granular sludge: characterization, mechanism of granulation and application to wastewater treatment. Aerobic granular sludge can be classified as a type of self-immobilized microbial consortium, consisting mainly of aerobic and facultative bacteria and is distinct from anaerobic granular methanogenic sludge. Aerobic granular technology has been proposed as a promising technology for wastewater treatment, but is not yet established as a large-scale application. Aerobic granules have been cultured mainly in sequenced batch reactors (SBR) under hydraulic selection pressure. The factors influencing aerobic granulation, granulation mechanisms, microbial communities and the potential applications for the treatment of various wastewaters have been studied comprehensively on the laboratory-scale. Aerobic granular sludge has shown a potential for nitrogen removal, but is less competitive for the high strength organic wastewater treatments. This technology has been developed from the laboratory-scale to pilot scale applications, but with limited and unpublished full-scale applications for municipal wastewater treatment. The future needs and limitations for aerobic granular technology are discussed.", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "Solar migrating atmospheric tides in the winds of the polar region of Venus. We study the effects of migrating solar tides on the winds at the cloud tops of the polar region of Venus. The winds were measured using cloud tracking on images obtained at wavelengths of 3.9 and 5.0 mu m by the instrument VIRTIS-M onboard Venus Express. These wavelengths probe about the same altitude close to the cloud tops, allowing for the first time to retrieve winds simultaneously in the day and nightside of the planet. We use a dataset with observations from 16 orbits, covering a time span of 289 days and a latitude range between 70 degrees S and 85 degrees S, the region where the so called cold collar resides. Diurnal and quarter-diurnal tides (wavenumbers 1 and 4) were detected in the wind field, with a decoupled influence on the zonal and meridional directions. The diurnal tide is the dominant harmonic with amplitudes of about 4.7 m/s exclusively affecting the meridional component of the wind and forcing a solar-to-antisolar circulation at the polar region. The quarter-diurnal mode is only apparent in the zonal wind in a restricted latitude range with amplitudes similar to 2.2 m/s. The spatial structure of the diurnal tide has also been investigated, obtaining a vertical wavelength of about 8 km, in accordance with predictions by models. Finally, a theoretical relation between the amplitudes of tidal temperature and tidal wind has been derived and its validity tested with models and results from previous missions. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "RACE, EMPLOYMENT AND EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES - TOWARDS A POLITICAL-ECONOMY AND AN AGENDA FOR THE 1990S. This paper attempts to provide a broad overview of the recent history of equal opportunities, particularly of work-place policies and programmes directed towards ethnic minorities. It identifies three main stages in the recent history of equal opportunities at the work-place and seeks to connect these with an analysis of the economic arrangements and dominant political philosophies characteristic of each phase. The paper concludes by noting that there is currently a wide-spread view that equal opportunities policies represents a happy coincidence of principle and expediency for firms in the 1990s. It suggests that whilst a number of trends with the potential to realise this promise can be discerned, other outcomes are possible. Writing in mid-1992, it remains to be seen whether the new rhetoric of citizenship and business efficiency can secure both the continuing commitment of those with the power to make changes and the enduring support of the disadvantaged.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Protocol invariance and the timing of decisions in dynamic games. We characterize a class of dynamic stochastic games that we call separable dynamic games with noisy transitions and establish that these widely used models are protocol invariant provided that periods are sufficiently short. Protocol invariance means that the set of Markov perfect equilibria is nearly the same irrespective of the order in which players are assumed to move within a period. Protocol invariance can facilitate applied work, and renders the implications and predictions of a model more robust. Our class of dynamic stochastic games includes investment games, research and development races, models of industry dynamics, dynamic public contribution games, asynchronously repeated games, and many other models from the extant literature.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Single Pulse TMS-Induced Modulations of Resting Brain Neurodynamics Encoded in EEG Phase. Integration of electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) provides a useful framework for quantifying stimulation-induced modulations of neural dynamics. Amplitude and frequency modulations by different TMS protocols have been previously investigated, but the study of stimulation-induced effects on EEG phase has been more limited. We examined changes in resting brain dynamics following single TMS pulses, focusing on measures in the phase domain, to assess their sensitivity to stimulation effects. We observed a significant, approximately global increase in EEG relative phase following prolonged (> 20 min) single-pulse TMS. In addition, we estimated higher rates of phase fluctuation from the slope of estimated phase curves, and higher numbers of phase resetting intervals following TMS over motor cortex, particularly in frontal and centro-parietal/parietal channels. Phase changes were only significantly different from their pre-TMS values at the end of the stimulation session, which suggests that prolonged single-pulse TMS may result in cumulative changes in neural activity reflected in the phase of the EEG. This is a novel result, as prior studies have reported only transient stimulation-related effects in the amplitude and frequency domains following single-pulse TMS.", "label": [2, 17, 21]}
+{"token": "A technique for measurement of the jet penetration height in fluidized beds by pressure signal analysis. Pressure fluctuations induced by gas discharge through an upward nozzle in a fluidized bed have been studied with the objective of setting up a new experimental technique for evaluating a characteristic length of the jetting region. Pairs of pressure signals were recorded simultaneously on the jet axis and at the bed side wall at the same distance from the distributor. The statistical analysis of the signals allowed the fluidized bed operating conditions to be associated with the characteristics of the signals in the frequency domain, and the characteristic height of the jet to be determined. The analysis also supported the evaluation of the jet height by means of direct comparison between the fluctuations of static pressure on the axis and at the wall. The features of the technique are discussed and compared with those of previously proposed techniques for measurement of the jet penetration length. It was found that the characteristic height conforms with the definition of penetration length based on the concept of jet momentum dissipation.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "Greenhouse Gases and Ammonia Emissions from Organic Mixed Crop-Dairy Systems: A Critical Review of Mitigation Options. From the study of the multiple interrelations btween gases and between farm compartments, the following mitigation options are advised for organic mixed crop-dairy systems: (1) actions for increasing energy efficiency or fuel savings because they are beneficial in any case, (2) techniques improving efficiency of N management at field and farm levels because they affect not only N2O and NH3 emissions, but also nitrate leaching, and (3) biogas production through anaerobic digestion of manure because it is a promising efficient method to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, even if the profitability of this expensive investment needs to be carefully studied. Finally, the way the farmer implements the mitigation options, i.e. his practices, will be a determining factor in the reduction of greenhouse gas and NH3 emissions.Dairy production systems represent a significant source of air pollutants such as greenhouse gases (GHG), that increase global warming, and ammonia (NH3), that leads to eutrophication and acidification of natural ecosystems. Greenhouse gases and ammonia are emitted both by conventional and organic dairy systems. Several studies have already been conducted to design practices that reduce greenhouse gas and ammonia emissions from dairy systems. However, those studies did not consider options specifically applied to organic farming, as well as the multiple trade-offs occurring between these air pollutants. This article reviews agricultural practices that mitigate greenhouse gas and ammonia emissions. Those practices can be applied to the most common organic dairy systems in northern Europe such as organic mixed crop-dairy systems. The following major points of mitigation options for animal production, crop production and grasslands are discussed. Animal production: the most promising options for reducing greenhouse gas emissions at the livestock management level involve either the improvement of animal production through dietary changes and genetic improvement or the reduction of the replacement rate. The control of the protein intake of animals is an effective means to reduce gaseous emissions of nitrogen, but it is difficult to implement in organic dairy farming systems. Considering the manure handling chain, mitigation options involve housing, storage and application. For housing, an increase in the amounts of straw used for bedding reduces NH3 emissions, while the limitation of CH4 emissions from deep litter is achieved by avoiding anaerobic conditions. During the storage of solid manure, composting could be an efficient mitigation option, depending on its management. Addition of straw to solid manure was shown to reduce CH4 and N2O emissions from the manure heaps. During the storage of liquid manure, emptying the slurry store before late spring is an efficient mitigation option to limit both CH4 and NH3 emissions. Addition of a wooden cover also reduces these emissions more efficiently than a natural surface crust alone, but may increase N2O emissions. Anaerobic digestion is the most promising way to reduce the overall greenhouse gas emissions from storage and land spreading, without increasing NH3 emissions. At the application stage, NH3 emissions may be reduced by spreading manure during the coolest part of the day, incorporating it quickly and in narrow bands. Crop production: the mitigation options for crop production focus on limiting CO2 and N2O emissions. The introduction of perennial crops or temporary leys of longer duration are promising options to limit CO2 emissions by storing carbon in plants or soils. Reduced tillage or no tillage as well as the incorporation of crop residues also favour carbon sequestration in soils, but these practices may enhance N2O emissions. Besides, the improvement of crop N-use efficiency through effective management of manure and slurry, by growing catch crops or by delaying the ploughing of leys, is of prime importance to reduce N2O emissions. Grassland: concerning grassland and grazing management, permanent conversion from arable to grassland provides high soil carbon sequestration while increasing or decreasing the livestock density seems not to be an appropriate mitigation option.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Kinetics of the reaction of C2H6, CH4-CO2 and CO-CO2-O-2 gases with liquid iron. The kinetics of several gas-metal reactions relevant to bath smelting have been investigated. The rate of carburization of liguid iron by C2H6 gas was measured between 1 400 and 1 600 degrees C under conditions in which partial pressure of C2H6 was in the range of 0.016 to 0.04 atm and sulfur content in the iron was in the range of 0.003 to 0.5 wt%. The experimental results indicate that the rate is controlled by the dissociation of C2H6 on the surface of iron and gas phase mass transfer in Series. The gas phase mass transfer can be corrected with reasonable accuracy and the chemical rate constants were obtained. The rate was retarded by sulfur in liquid iron and there was evidence of a large residual rate at high sulfur contents. The rate of carburization of pure liquid iron (a(s)=0.01) by CH4-CO2 gas mixture was measured at 1 600 degrees C under conditions at which the rate is controlled by gas phase mass transfer and chemical reaction in series. The gas was 6% CH4 and up to 2.5 % CO2 in Ar. It was concluded that CH4 and CO2 reached the surface of the iron before they reacted with each other and carburization by CH4 and decarburization by CO2 occurred independently for the present experimental conditions. The rate of decarburization of carbon saturated liquid iron by CO-CO2-O-2 gas mixture was measured at 1 600 degrees C. The partial pressure of O-2 in 90%CO/10%CO2 gas was in the range of 0 to 0.03 atm and sulfur content in the metal was 0.1 wt%. The measured rate shows that the gases reached the surface of metal before they reacted with each other and decarburization by CO2 and O-2 proceeded independently at a high gas flow rate (5 l/min), but there may have been some gas phase reaction at lower flow rate (2 l/min).", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "High density linkage disequilibrium maps of chromosome 14 in Holstein and Angus cattle. Conclusion: Overall, the results presented here can be applied in future single or haplotype association analysis for both populations, aiding in confirming or excluding potential polymorphisms as causative mutations, especially around Quantitative Trait Loci regions. In addition, knowledge of specific LD information among markers will aid the research community in selecting appropriate markers for whole genome association studies.Results: Over 500 Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) markers from both Angus and Holstein animals had their phased haplotypes estimated using GENOPROB and their pairwise r(2) values compared. For both breeds, results showed that average LD extends at moderate levels up to 100 kilo base pairs (kbp) and falls to background levels after 500 kbp. Haplotype block structure analysis using HAPLOVIEW under the four gamete rule identified 122 haplotype blocks for both Angus and Holstein. In addition, SNP tagging analysis identified 410 SNPs and 420 SNPs in Holstein and Angus, respectively, for future whole genome association studies on BTA14. Correlation analysis for marker pairs common to these two breeds confirmed that there are no substantial correlations between r- values at distances over 10 kbp. Comparison of extended haplotype homozygosity (EHH), which calculates the LD decay away from a core haplotype, shows that in Holstein there is long range LD decay away from the DGAT1 region consistent with the selection for milk fat % in this population. Comparison of EHH values for Angus in the same region shows very little long range LD.Background: Linkage disequilibrium (LD) maps can provide a wealth of information on specific marker-phenotype relationships, especially in areas of the genome where positional candidate genes with similar functions are located. A recently published high resolution radiation hybrid map of bovine chromosome 14 (BTA14) together with the bovine physical map have enabled the creation of more accurate LD maps for BTA14 in both dairy and beef cattle.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Stoneflies (Plecoptera) in the diet of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis Mitchell) in Libby Creek, Wyoming, USA. The stonefly component of a naturally reproducing population of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) was studied by analyzing 216 stomach pump samples collected between May 15 and August 10, 1991 and 1992, from Libby Creek, an alpine stream in the Medicine Bow National Forest in Wyoming. Stoneflies constituted 10.3% of the total items recovered and were the second most abundant order in the samples. Nineteen species of Plecoptera representing five families were identified. Approximately 43% of all stoneflies were Sweltsa lamba; the next most prevalent species was Zapada haysi (12%). The other prevalent insect orders in the samples were Diptera (57.2%), Ephemeroptera (8.4%) and Trichoptera (6.1%). Terrestrial Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, and Hemiptera were most common in July and August.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "Variations in seasonal solar insolation are associated with a history of suicide attempts in bipolar I disorder. Background Bipolar disorder is associated with circadian disruption and a high risk of suicidal behavior. In a previous exploratory study of patients with bipolar I disorder, we found that a history of suicide attempts was associated with differences between winter and summer levels of solar insolation. The purpose of this study was to confirm this finding using international data from 42% more collection sites and 25% more countries. Methods Data analyzed were from 71 prior and new collection sites in 40 countries at a wide range of latitudes. The analysis included 4876 patients with bipolar I disorder, 45% more data than previously analyzed. Of the patients, 1496 (30.7%) had a history of suicide attempt. Solar insolation data, the amount of the sun's electromagnetic energy striking the surface of the earth, was obtained for each onset location (479 locations in 64 countries). Results This analysis confirmed the results of the exploratory study with the same best model and slightly better statistical significance. There was a significant inverse association between a history of suicide attempts and the ratio of mean winter insolation to mean summer insolation (mean winter insolation/mean summer insolation). This ratio is largest near the equator which has little change in solar insolation over the year, and smallest near the poles where the winter insolation is very small compared to the summer insolation. Other variables in the model associated with an increased risk of suicide attempts were a history of alcohol or substance abuse, female gender, and younger birth cohort. The winter/summer insolation ratio was also replaced with the ratio of minimum mean monthly insolation to the maximum mean monthly insolation to accommodate insolation patterns in the tropics, and nearly identical results were found. All estimated coefficients were significant at p < 0.01. Conclusion A large change in solar insolation, both between winter and summer and between the minimum and maximum monthly values, may increase the risk of suicide attempts in bipolar I disorder. With frequent circadian rhythm dysfunction and suicidal behavior in bipolar disorder, greater understanding of the optimal roles of daylight and electric lighting in circadian entrainment is needed.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Two cryptic species of the Hediste diversicolor group (Polychaeta, Nereididae) in the Baltic Sea, with mitochondrial signatures of different population histories. A presence of two cryptic biological species of Hediste diversicolor complex polychaetes was corroborated in a geographical survey of some 30 populations from the eastern and southern coasts of the Baltic Sea, with data from four completely diagnostic allozyme characters. Species A was dominant in the northernmost part of the Baltic Hediste range (Bothnian Sea), whereas Species B alone was found in the south (Poland, Germany, Denmark). In the intervening region, comprising the majority of the sites studied in southern Finland and Estonia, the two species were usually found together, with no evidence of recent hybridisation (i.e., no heterozygote genotypes). While mitochondrial DNA also distinguished the two taxa, it was not similarly completely diagnostic, but there were rare cases (ca 5%) of lineage mismatch indicating that some introgression has occurred in the past. Comparison with published data suggests that species A also inhabits the North Sea-NE Atlantic-Mediterranean coasts, and species B is also present in the North Sea and the NW Atlantic (Canada). Within the Baltic, the two species show distinctly different patterns of mtDNA diversity, plausibly related to different colonisation histories. Species A shows a generally high haplotype and nucleotide diversity, whereas in species B we found only four deeply diverged groups of closely related haplotypes. Hypothetically this could indicate a recent expansion of species B from a small number of colonising individuals. Moreover, species B showed marked intraspecific geographical structuring, with co-incident genetic changes along the N Estonian-S Finnish coasts both in mtDNA and an allozyme marker; this pattern suggests a contact between two genetically distinct invasion waves of different origins. In all, species A and B represent good, reproductively isolated and partly sympatric species which require to be recognised in ecological work. A formal taxonomical description is needed, but awaits better, range-wide distributional and ecological characterisation and working out of morphological differences that enable a practical identification.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "Efficacy and safety of gabapentin and pregabalin in patients with vasomotor symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis. CONCLUSION: Favorable effects of gabapentin in relieving vasomotor symptoms were observed, compared with controls, but were less effective than those of estrogen. Evidence supporting the therapeutic effect of pregabalin is still lacking.OBJECTIVE: Vasomotor symptoms are common among postmenopausal women and patients receiving hormone deprivation therapies, and emerging studies are exploring gabapentin's and pregabalin's effects as nonhormonal treatment options. We aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of these 2 drugs.DATA SOURCES: Based on a preregistered protocol (Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews-CRD42019133650), we searched 10 databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, PsycINFO, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, ClinicalTrials.gov, Chinese Biological Medical Literature, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, Chinese Journals Full-text Database [VIP], andWanfang) as well as the World Health Organization international clinical trials registry platform and reference lists of related literatures.STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: Randomized controlled trials and randomized crossover studies exploring gabapentin and pregabalin among women patients with vasomotor symptoms were included.RESULTS: Nineteen randomized controlled trials and 2 randomized crossover trials reporting results from 3519 participants were included. Gabapentin could reduce hot flash frequency (mean difference,-1.62, 95% confidence interval, -1.98 to -1.26 after 4 weeks; mean difference,-2.77, 95% confidence interval,-4.29 to-1.24 after 12 weeks) and composite score (standardized mean difference, e0.47, 95% confidence interval,-0.71 to-0.23 after 4 weeks; standardized mean difference,-0.77, 95% confidence interval, -1.15 to -0.40 after 12 weeks) compared with placebo. Both menopausal participants and patients with breast cancer benefited from treatment. Higher risks of dizziness and somnolence were found in the gabapentin group than in the control group (risk ratio, 4.45, 95% confidence interval, 2.50-7.94; risk ratio, 3.29, 95% confidence interval, 1.97-5.48, respectively). Estrogen was more effective in reducing hot flash frequency than gabapentin. No statistically significant difference in reduction of hot flash severity score was found between gabapentin and antidepressants. The trials comparing gabapentin or pregabalin with the other interventions were too limited to make a conclusion.STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHODS: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis statement was followed. Two reviewers independently selected studies, assessed bias, and extracted data. Mean difference and standardized mean difference with 95% confidence intervals were assessed by random-effects models. Heterogeneities were assessed by I2 statistics, and the quality of evidence was evaluated by the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic integration and resistance of tiamulin against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in an in vitro dynamic model. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is the major pathogen of enzootic pneumonia in pigs. We established an in vitro dynamic model to investigate the relationship between the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) parameters of tiamulin against M. hyopneumoniae. Static time-killing curves showed that mycoplasmacidal activity (reduced 3.0 log(10) (CFU/mL)) was achieved during 48 h when the drug concentration was 8 MIC, and with a maximum kill rate of 0.072/h. In dynamic time-killing studies, only the dose-fractionated regimen achieved mycoplasmacidal activity when drug concentration was 1.44 and 1.92 mg/L. The duration of post antibiotic effect (PAE) at 1 x MIC was 6.27 +/- 0.11 h, and prolonged as the concentration of tiamulin increased. The cumulative percentage of time over a 48-h period that the drug concentration exceeds the MIC (%T > MIC) was the best PK-PD parameter to predict the antimicrobial activity of tiamulin against M. hyopneumoniae (R-2 = 0.98). Tiamulin showed time-dependent and prolonged PAE activity. Two strains of M. hyopneumoniae (M1, M2) had acquired resistance to tiamulin as well as to valnemulin, tylosin and amikacin. The genome of strain ATCC 25934 was used as a reference for gene-mutation analysis. For strains M1 and M2, a A2058C mutation occurred in domain V of 23S rRNA. These data showed that tiamulin had excellent efficacy and concentration-dependent characteristics against M. hyopneumoniae in vitro. The lower dose was not safe because it could lead to enrichment of resistant bacteria.", "label": [2, 4, 17, 40]}
+{"token": "The cytomegalovirus-encoded chemokine receptor US28 can enhance cell-cell fusion mediated by different viral proteins. The human cytomegalovirus (CMV) US28 gene encodes a functional CC chemokine receptor. However, this activity was observed in cells transfected to express US28 and might not correspond to the actual role of the protein in the CMV life cycle. Expression of US28 allows human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) entry into certain CD4(+) cells and their fusion with cells expressing HIV-1 envelope (Env) proteins. Such properties were initially reported for the cellular chemokine receptors CCR5 and CXCR4, which behave as CD4-associated HIV-1 coreceptors. We found that coexpression of US28 and either CXCR4 or CCR5 in CD4(+) cells resulted in enhanced synctium formation with HIV-1 Env(+) cells. This positive effect of US28 on cell fusion seems to be distinct from its HIV-1 coreceptor activity. Indeed, enhancement of cell fusion was also observed when US28 was expressed on the HIV-1 Env+ cells instead of an CD4(+) target cells. Furthermore, US28 could enhance cell fusion mediated by other viral proteins, in particular, the G protein of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV-G). The HIV-1 coreceptor and fusion-enhancing activities could be affected by mutations in different domains of US28. The fusion-enhancing activity of US28 seems to be cell type dependent. Indeed, cells coexpressing VSV-G and US28 fused more efficiently with human, simian, or feline target cells, while US28 had no apparent effect on fusion with the three mouse or rat cell lines tested. The positive effect of US28 on cell fusion might therefore require its interaction with a cell-specific factor. We discuss a possible role for US28 in the fusion of the CMV envelope with target cells and CMV entry.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Stereoselective aggregation of chiral complexes with threefold-symmetric pendant carboxyl groups: an example of 'perfect' self-assembly not seen in the crystalline state?. The self-assembly of tris(bidentate) chiral complexes, [M(4-carboxyphenyldipyrrinato)(3)] (M = Co(III), Rh(III)), with a threefold-symmetric array of peripheral carboxyl groups is detailed. Thin sheet-like aggregates are observed in methanol/water mixtures of the racemic complex but not the enantiopure complex. Significant changes occur in the UV/vis spectrum upon aggregation and the intensity of fluorescence emission is enhanced. A model for the structure of the aggregate is proposed on the basis of the observed stereoselectivity of the aggregation process and the spectral changes. This model invokes the 'perfect' self-assembly of the building blocks which involves all three carboxyl groups in hydrogen bonding with neighbouring molecules. This differs from their crystal structures in which only two carboxyl groups participate in intermolecular hydrogen bonds.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "THOU SHALT NOT KILL, UNLESS IT IS NOT A HUMAN: TARGET DEHUMANIZATION MAY INFLUENCE DECISION DIFFICULTY AND RESPONSE PATTERNS FOR MORAL DILEMMAS. Past research on moral dilemmas has thoroughly investigated the roles of personality and situational variables, but the role of targets in moral dilemmas has been relatively neglected. This article presents findings from four experiments that manipulated the perceived dehumanization of targets in moral dilemmas. Findings from Studies 1, 2, and 4 suggest that dehumanized targets may render the decision easier, and with less emotion. Findings from Studies 1 and 3, though not Studies 2 and 4, showed that dehumanization of targets in dilemmas may lead participants to make less deontological judgments. Findings from Study 3, but not Study 4, suggest that the effects of dehumanization manipulation on decision choices are potentially due to reduced deontological, but not utilitarian judgments. Though the patterns are somewhat inconsistent across the studies, overall, results suggest that targets' dehumanization can play a role in how people make their decisions in moral dilemmas.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Organisational capabilities and transaction costs in the analysis of activities and their externalisation: implications for the service industry. Transaction cost theory and the organisational capability view are complementary in the analysis of the firm and in examining the decision to integrate or externalise activities. This article discusses the essential contributions of both theories to understanding the core aspects of the internal organisation of the firm, and goes onto address the key questions of why activities are organised internally or why certain components or services are obtained from suppliers or distributors; and finally looks at the cases in which firms make decisions with regard to supply, distribution or retail sales.", "label": [5, 44, 46]}
+{"token": "The Impact of Brand Equity on Employee's Opportunistic Behavior: A Case Study on Enterprises in Vietnam. Brand is considered a valuable asset that a business wants to create and maintain growth throughout its business cycle. This paper examines the impact of corporate brand equity on employees' opportunistic behavior. The paper uses quantitative research methods, through linear SEM (Structural Equation Modelling) analysis of structural model with a scale of 609 samples of employees of enterprises in Vietnam. The research results show that corporate brand equity has a negative impact on employees' opportunistic behavior. In the relationship between these two factors, trust and emotional engagement act as intermediate factors. Additionally, the research demonstrates that trust has a positive effect on all three components of employee engagement, including emotional engagement, computational engagement, and standards-based engagement. On that basis, the research suggests a number of recommendations to minimize the opportunistic behavior of employees in the enterprise. The findings of this study have shown the importance and impact of brand equity on employee opportunistic behavior. These are meaningful contributions in both theory and practice to help businesses gain deeper insight into brand equity and the need to pay attention to building and developing durable brand equity for businesses. At the same time, it is an important basis for the next research projects.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "The role of sustainability in HE and the GEES disciplines; recommendations for future practice. Sustainability is becoming a key component of many HE curricula. However, questions as to what sustainability is and how it can be embedded within subject specific curriculum are difficult to answer. Focussing on existing pedagogic scholarship in this area and by drawing on experiences from my own institution, this article discusses how the GEES subjects are addressing sustainability in the curriculum. It provides both conceptual framing on the evolution of the GEES subjects in relation to sustainability and offers some practical examples of how different approaches to sustainability might be used in teaching, including challenging disciplinary perspectives and introducing interdisciplinary working around global challenges. It concludes with recommendations for how sustainability might be embedded in the curriculum in practice.", "label": [5, 48, 47]}
+{"token": "Dynamics of size-density fractions of soil organic matter following the addition of tree litter to organic coffee farms. The addition of organic matter to soil is frequently viewed as a vital intervention to maintain soil quality. The aim of this study was to investigate the temporal response of the soil macroorganic fraction to different organic coffee farming practices (e.g., plant residue, earthworm and microbial inocula addition). Three density fractions of macroorganic matter (> 150 mu m) were studied during 1 year after adding shade tree (Erythrina poeppigiana) pruning residues to the soil (5 t ha(-1) twice at 6 monthly intervals). Soil macroorganic matter represented only a small proportion of total soil organic matter (SOM) (3-6% of total). Even though the total amount of SOM did not change over time, significant temporal changes in the size of the macroorganic fraction were observed that appeared to be largely independent of the management regime. The light density fraction seemed to be the most responsive fraction and this study suggests that it may provide a qualitative indicator of the 'active' fraction of SOM; the size of the macroorganic fraction did not provide a reliable indicator of the rate of litter decomposition or nutrient release. The addition of microbial inoculants and earthworms had only a small and inconsistent effect on macroorganic matter dynamics and these practices appeared to offer little agronomic benefit. This study highlights the need for continued organic matter inputs to maintain soil C reserves and preserve soil organic quality in tropical organic farming systems. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "The nexus between higher education and economic growth in Morocco: an empirical investigation using VaR model and VECM. Educational economics focuses on the relationship between economics and education, which is key to the development of modern society. Generally speaking, the greater an economy is developed, a higher level of education for its residents is produced, and more education is developed (significantly higher education). As an essential channel for cultivating national human resources, higher education has become a crucial avenue for a country to achieve sustainable development. The value measures the risk of investment at risk (VaR). The probability of a group of investments losing a certain amount during a given period (a day, a month, and a year) is estimated. This article investigates the relationship between Morocco's economic growth and higher education investments, developing VaR and vector error correction (VEC) models using Moroccan economic data from a time series spanning 2001 to 2018. There is a positive relationship between investment in higher education and economic growth in Morocco and a stable relationship between staffing and the economy's growth. However, it also shows that economic growth has played a limited role in promoting investments in higher education. This paper, therefore, provides some suggestions based on the guiding ideology and objectives of Morocco's education reform and development plan.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 37]}
+{"token": "A Compassionate Space-making Toward a Trinitarian Theology of Friendship. Using the lens of trinitarian theology of friendship, this article discusses the idea of compassionate space-making. By showing the primacy of friendly love (philia) over agapeic love, it argues that the idea of trinitarian friendship can offer a creative and imaginative way for constructing a theology of friendship in the communal and broader social contexts. The article then presents five marks of theology of friendship that enable Christians to participate in this trinitarian friendship by making space for and befriending others: vulnerability, unpredictability, reimagination, propheticity, and compassion. The article concludes with a practical spiritual exercise which exemplifies this trinitarian theology of friendship.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Screening for Chlamydia trachomatis: a systematic review of the economic evaluations and modelling. Conclusion: The inappropriate use of static models to study interventions to prevent a communicable disease means that uncertainty remains about whether chlamydia screening programmes are cost effective or not. The results of this review can be used by health service managers in the allocation of resources, and health economists and other researchers who are considering further research in this area.Objective: To review systematically and critically, evidence used to derive estimates of costs and cost effectiveness of chlamydia screening.Methods: Systematic review. A search of 11 electronic bibliographic databases from the earliest date available to August 2004 using keywords including chlamydia, pelvic inflammatory disease, economic evaluation, and cost. We included studies of chlamydia screening in males and/or females over 14 years, including studies of diagnostic tests, contact tracing, and treatment as part of a screening programme. Outcomes included cases of chlamydia identified and major outcomes averted. We assessed methodological quality and the modelling approach used.Results: Of 713 identified papers we included 57 formal economic evaluations and two cost studies. Most studies found chlamydia screening to be cost effective, partner notification to be an effective adjunct, and testing with nucleic acid amplification tests, and treatment with azithromycin to be cost effective. Methodological problems limited the validity of these findings: most studies used static models that are inappropriate for infectious diseases; restricted outcomes were used as a basis for policy recommendations; and high estimates of the probability of chlamydia associated complications might have overestimated cost effectiveness. Two high quality dynamic modelling studies found opportunistic screening to be cost effective but poor reporting or uncertainty about complication rates make interpretation difficult.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "GEOSPACE STORM EFFECTS ON AUGUST 5-6, 2019. To analyze the magnetic environment, we used the measurement results of magnetic field fluctuations in the range from 1 s to 1000 s, performed at the Magnetometric Observatory of V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, and variations of three components of the geomagnetic field, performed at the Low-frequency observatory of the IRA NASU. We analyzed the ionospheric environment using multi-frequency multi-path measurements performed at Harbin Engineering University (China) and also the data of ionosonde. The main results of the work are as follows. An increase in the main parameters of the solar wind on August 5, 2019, led to a geospace storm, which was mainly observed on August 5 and 6, 2019. The main phase of the magnetic storm took place on August 5, 2019, from 06:00 a. m. to 08:30 a. m. The recovery phase lasted at no less than 4 days. The magnetic storm shows significant variations of all components of the geomagnetic field, and there is an increase by order of magnitude of the oscillations' level of the geomagnetic field in the range from 400 s to 950 s. During the ionospheric storm, significant disturbances occurred in the F-region of the ionosphere. The E-region of the ionosphere remained weakly perturbed. The ionospheric storm has severely affected the Doppler spectra of radio waves in the 5-10 MHz frequency range. The Doppler spectra are significantly broadened, and the Doppler frequency shift and its quasi-periodic change with a period of 20-40 minutes and a duration of 120-240 minutes have taken place. The quasi-periodic variations of the Doppler frequency shift are due to quasi-periodic variations in the electron density, and the amplitude of their relative perturbations varied from 3 % to 16 %. On one of these paths, the amplitude of the Doppler frequency shift reached 0.7 Hz. And in this case, the amplitude of the relative perturbations of the electron concentration could reach 80-90 %. In addition, the ionospheric storm little affected the signal amplitude on most radio paths.The purpose of this paper is to present general information about the geospace storm, the results of the analysis of features of magnetic and ionospheric storms.Geospace storms are the synergistically interacting magnetic storms, ionospheric storms, atmospheric storms, and the storms in an electric field of magnetospheric, ionospheric, and atmospheric origins. Geospace storms are very diverse, and no two of them behave exactly the same. Therefore, studying the effects of each new storm becomes an urgent task for us. Such research will reveal both the general laws and individual characteristics of storm processes.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Light-induced alterations of pineapple (Ananas comosus [L.] Merr.) juice volatiles during accelerated ageing and mass spectrometric studies into their precursors. Alterations of volatiles during accelerated light-induced ageing of pineapple juice were assessed by HS-SPMEGC MS in a non-targeted profiling analysis over a 16-week period. Multivariate statistics permitted to reveal substantial chemical markers generally describing the effect of light storage. Volatiles generated comprised phenylpropenes, carbonyls, 2-methylthiophene, toluene, and furfural, while concentrations of methyl and ethyl esters, terpenes, and furanones decreased. In addition, the qualitative composition of phenolic compounds and glycoside-bound volatiles in selected samples was characterized by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn as well as HR-ESI-MS. The fresh juice contained unique pineapple metabolites such as S-p-cournaryl, S-coniferyl, S-sinapylglutathione, and structurally related derivatives. Among others, the presence of p-coumaroyl, feruloyl, and caffeoylisocitrate as well as three 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethy1-3(21-1)-furanone glycosides in pineapples could be substantiated by the HR-ESI-MS experiment. Mass spectrometric assignments of selected metabolites are presented, and putative linkages between volatiles and their precursors are established.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Probability and inductive support. On the theorem of Popper-Miller (1983). In 1983, in an open letter to the journal Nature, Karl Popper and David Miller set forth a particularly strong critical argument which sought to demonstrate the impossibility of inductive probability. Since its publication the argument has faced many criticisms and we argue in this article that they do not reach their objectives. We will first reconstruct the demonstration made by Popper and Miller in their initial article and then try to evaluate the main arguments against it. Although it is possible to conceptualize logically the idea of induction, it is shown that it is not possible on traditional Bayesian grounds.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "The modern railway and the Swedish state - competing storylines about state capacity, modernisation and material dependencies in the Swedish high-speed rail discourse, 1995-2020. In contrast to its successful decarbonisation of the electricity system, Sweden has failed to achieve momentum in its attempts to decarbonise transport. This paper examines the reasons for this failure by investigating the discourse around investment in Swedish transport infrastructure. Our analysis focusses specifically on discussions about establishing high-speed rail (HSR) spanning 25 years. We identify three central discursive themes: the issue of financing, the role of the state in socio-technical change, and fatalism. We then trace these themes to storylines within the HSR discourse that each tell a story about good transport governance, informed by a specific interpretation of Swedish modernisation. Four storylines converge in a ''deflationary'' discourse coalition, characterised by ideas of sound finance and depoliticised governance, that reinforces material dependencies on existing transport infrastructure. A competing, ''Weberian'' discourse coalition is united through a contrasting storyline that instead highlights state capacity as evidenced by Swedish modernisation.", "label": [5, 47, 51]}
+{"token": "Torsional vibrations of open and variable cross-section bars. This work gives exact solutions for the torsional vibration frequencies of symmetric variable and open cross-section bars. An analytical method is derived to form the dynamic stiffness matrix of the bar, including the effect of warping. An example is given and compared to approximate results. The effect of warping is demonstrated. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 15, 12]}
+{"token": "Tracking and detracking: Debates, evidence, and best practices for a heterogeneous world. Although debate over tracking continues, many schools and districts have attempted various detracking reforms. Detracking efforts vary greatly in method and scope. Assessments of detracking are widely divergent as well, making it difficult to gauge the effectiveness of the reform. Evidence suggests that when implemented well, detracking opens new academic opportunities for students. Additionally, as difference and equity are, arguably, issues in all classrooms, detracking best practices are potentially helpful for teachers and students in tracked and detracked settings. This article provides an overview of (a) the debate over school tracking, (b) various attempts at detracking, and (c) best practices in detracked classrooms and schools, highlighting instructional practices, institutional structures, and belief changes that best support learning in heterogeneous settings.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Insecticidal efficacy of three vegetable oils as post-harvest grain protectants of stored wheat against Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera : Bostrychidae). The lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica is a major insect pests of stored grain in the tropics. Vegetable oils (chamomile, sweet almond and coconut) at 2.5, 3.5, 5.0, 7.0 and 10.0 mL/kg were tested against Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) in wheat grain. All bioassays were conducted at 30 degrees C and 65% +/- 2% RH. Treatments with vegetable oils at high dose (10.0 mL/kg) achieved over 95% control within 24 h of exposure to freshly treated grain. There was little difference between the three oils in their effect. Persistence of oils in grains was tested at short-term storage intervals (48, 72 and 96 h) and intermediate-term intervals (10, 20 and 30 days) after treatments. The activity of all products decreased with storage period. Seed viability was reduced by the high dose rate (10.0 mL/kg) of oil treatments. The potential use of vegetable oils as supplementary or alternative grain protectants against insect damage in traditional grain storage in developing countries is discussed.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Open-Circuit Voltages Exceeding 1.26 V in Planar Methylammonium Lead Iodide Perovskite Solar Cells. We demonstrate open-circuit voltages exceeding 1.26 V for inverted planar CH3NH3PbI3 solar cells fabricated using a combination of lead acetate and PbCl2 precursors leading to smooth films and large grain sizes. Surface recombination is suppressed by careful optimization of the PTAA hole transport and PCBM electron transport layers. Suppression of bulk and surface recombination is verified by absolute photoluminescence measurements with external quantum efficiencies of similar to 5% in complete cells. In addition, we find exceptionally long photoluminescence lifetimes in full cells and in layer stacks involving one or two contact layers. Numerical simulations reveal that these long photoluminescence lifetimes are only possible with extremely low recombination velocities at the interfaces between absorber and contact materials.", "label": [4, 1, 33, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "Time-dependent transformation routes of perovskites CsPbBr3 and CsPbCl3 under high pressure. All-inorganic halide perovskites are prospective materials for diverse applications in photovoltaic and optoelectronic devices. Their high performance is associated with good operational stability, which is the key problem of hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites. However, for these materials only fragmentary information is available on the mechanical robustness and response to external stress, fundamentally important for strain engineering in multilayers, pressure-assisted technologies, and flexible panels applications. Here we show that all-inorganic perovskites CsPbX3 (where X = Cl, Br) undergo various types of pressure-induced transformations, including reversible phase transitions, irreversible chemical reactions reducing the dimensionality of PbX6 frameworks, and amorphization. The transformation routes depend on the mode of the applied stress and are related to the kinetics of transitions to the most stable phases. The slow-kinetics transformations in a moderate pressure range of technological importance, between 0.5 and 1.5 GPa, can require days or even weeks, depending on the sample quality and external stimuli. The pressure-induced narrowing and widening of energy gaps has been explained by the mechanism combining Pb-X bond lengths and PbX6 octahedra tilts with the electronic structure of the crystals.", "label": [4, 1, 33, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "The effect of neighborhood densities on reproductive success in a heronry. The effects of the number of nests within a neighboring space on reproductive success were examined in Egretta garzetta and Ardea cinerea in a heronry. Two neighboring spaces were defined: (i) the Neighborhood is a space enclosed by a sphere of radius D-N whose center is located at a focal nest; (ii) the Surrounding is a space enclosed by a sphere of radius D-S (D-S > D-N) that excludes the Neighborhood. D-N and D-S were set at several different values. The number of nests in the Neighborhood had a significant negative effect on reproductive success when D-N = 0.5 m for E. garzetta and when D-N = 1.5 m for A. cinerea. The number of nests within the Surrounding had a significant positive effect on the reproductive success of A. cinerea when D-N = 1.5 m and D-S = 3 m or D-S = 4.5 m. These results suggest that to examine individual differences in reproductive success within colonies, we should choose the appropriate Neighborhood and Surrounding to detect the effects of interactions among neighboring individuals.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Learning and building together in an immersive virtual world. This paper describes the design, evaluation, and lessons learned from a project involving the implementation of an immersive virtual environment for children called NICE (Narrative-based, Immersive, Constructionist/Collaborative Environments). The goal of the NICE project was to construct a testbed for the exploration of virtual reality as a learning medium within the context of the primary educational reform themes of the past three decades. With a focus on informal education and domains with social content, NICE embraces the constructivist approach to learning, collaboration, and narrative development, and is designed to utilize the strengths of virtual reality: a combination of immersion, telepresence, immediate visual feedback, and interactivity. Based on our experiences with a broad range of users, the paper discusses both the successes and limitations of NICE and concludes with recommendations for research directions in the application of immersive VR technologies to children's learning.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "On the parameter identification problem for failure criteria in anisotropic bodies. The elliptic paraboloid failure surface criterion (EPFS) is adopted in this paper to describe the failure behaviour of anisotropic bodies. A method is described, based on an inequality-constrained least square problem for the determination of the parameters of the EPFS criterion. After the discussion of the influence of the strength differential effect on the failure behaviour of the material, a neural network learning approach is introduced to the problem of extrapolating the given experimental results beyond the given range of experimental data by establishing an appropriate law of evolution of the failure surface Valid for the material up to fracture.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "A tale of 'politics and stars aligning': analysing the sustainability of scaled up digital tools for front-line health workers in India. Introduction India has become a lighthouse for large-scale digital innovation in the health sector, particularly for front-line health workers (FLHWs). However, among scaled digital health solutions, ensuring sustainability remains elusive. This study explores the factors underpinning scale-up of digital health solutions for FLHWs in India, and the potential implications of these factors for sustainability. Methods We assessed five FLHW digital tools scaled at the national and/or state level in India. We conducted in-depth interviews with implementers, technology and technical partners (n=11); senior government stakeholders (n=5); funders (n=1) and evaluators/academics (n=3). Emergent themes were grouped according to a broader framework that considered the (1) digital solution; (2) actors; (3) processes and (4) context. Results The scale-up of digital solutions was facilitated by their perceived value, bounded adaptability, support from government champions, cultivation of networks, sustained leadership and formative research to support fit with the context and population. However, once scaled, embedding digital health solutions into the fabric of the health system was hampered by challenges related to transitioning management and ownership to government partners; overcoming government procurement hurdles; and establishing committed funding streams in government budgets. Strong data governance, continued engagement with FLHWs and building a robust evidence base, while identified in the literature as critical for sustainability, did not feature strongly among respondents. Sustainability may be less elusive once there is more consensus around the roles played between national and state government actors, implementing and technical partners and donors. Conclusion The use of digital tools by FLHWs offers much promise for improving service delivery and health outcomes in India. However, the pathway to sustainability is bespoke to each programme and should be planned from the outset by investing in people, relationships and service delivery adjustments to navigate the challenges involved given the dynamic nature of digital tools in complex health systems.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "She was a brave and a busy woman': Rediscovering Florence Marryat, Victorian novelist, spiritualist, and performer. This essay offers a review of scholarly criticism on the popular Victorian author Florence Marryat. In the last 15years, scholars have become increasingly interested in Marryat's spiritualist fiction and the novel The Blood of the Vampire (Marryat, ). To assist future research efforts, this essay provides an overview of 19th-century reviews of Marryat's early novels, surveys recent scholarship on her work, and offers some direction for future research.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "CHARACTERIZATION OF TiAl PRE-ALLOYED POWDER AND ITS DENSIFICATION MICROSTRUCTURE. TiAl pre-alloyed powder (nominal composition Ti-47Al-2Cr-2Nb-0.2W-0.15B, atomic fraction, %) was produced by electrode induction melting gas atomization (EIGA) technique. The average diameter is 120.7 mu m, and the distribution of the powder diameter follows Gaussian distribution. The phase constitution is a function of particle diameter. The amount of the gamma phase increases with powder diameter increasing, the finest powder consists of predominantly alpha(2) phase. The alpha(2) phase in the powder was transformed into gamma phase after annealing at temperatures higher than 500 degrees C. Local coarsening was observed in the microstructure of TiAl compact duo to the microsegregation of elements in the powder. The)(PS result indicated that the outer layer of the TiAl pre-alloyed particle consists of a thin layer of Al2O3 and TiO2.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "The Spanish right divided: ideological positions and territorial cleavage. A wide variety of empirical evidence including public opinion data, experts' data and analysis of electoral programmes is used to study the three right-wing parties' orientation, their ideological profiles, as well as their positions on the territorial cleavage.The work highlights the existence of closeness between the three parties in contrast to other political parties' positions. At the same time, the analysis discovers nuances in political positions among PP, Vox and Ciudadanos that allow competition within rightist parties regarding issues and voters.Among the different changes that have taken place in the Spanish party system, this article tackles the end of one single party's hegemony on the right of the ideological spectrum. Further attention is needed to analyze the emergence of a three party logic within the right, consisting in a historic party (PP) and two new parties (Ciudadanos and Vox), being the latter a radical right party.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Difficult decisions. In the scientific literature, there is no consensus about the causes of (subjectively experienced) decision difficulty. It is important, however, to know more about this, because more resources are invested in difficult rather than easy decisions, because difficult decisions are associated with stress, and because decision difficulty affects people's choice behavior. I present a theory about decision difficulty, which consists of two stages. In the first stage, the decision maker tries to uncover which of the alternatives is sufficiently distinct from other alternatives. In the second stage, the decision maker evaluates whether the favorite alternative in fact is good enough. This theory is illustrated with examples of field and laboratory research.Bernard Nijstad, Gedrag & Organisatie, volume 24, September 2011, nr. 3, pp. 304-315.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Feminist judging in lower courts. Much of the literature on feminist judging concentrates on judges and judging in appellate and superior courts. This article extends that literature by investigating whether and how feminist judging manifests in lower courts, which deal with the vast bulk of criminal offences and civil claims. It does so through analysis of transcripts of non-trial criminal proceedings in Australian magistrates courts, focusing on judicial practices rather than the gender or other known characteristics of the magistrates. Clear instances of feminist judging are relatively rare. Where they occur, they are often in the form of isolated feminist 'moments' rather than a magistrate exhibiting a distinct feminist orientation. The article reflects on what these findings suggest about the nature of judging in lower courts and the possibilities for feminist judging in that context.", "label": [3, 5, 26, 51]}
+{"token": "Plant-conservative agriculture of acid and degraded Rana-grassland enhances diversity of the common soil mites (Oribatida). The seminatural prairie of the Rana of Canamero (Spain) is a degraded and unproductive agrosystem with acid and stony soils, and low coverage of xerophytic grasses. In a project about secondary reconversion of the rana-prairie to a more productive cropland, an experimental field (EF) was established to assess the effect on plot-productivity of the interaction between correction of soil pH (liming) with three cropping systems: a no-tilled and annually fertilized and improved prairies, and a conventionally-tilled forage crop. The EF model of management was designed as plant-conservative, because no herbicide was applied after seeding to preserve the post-emergence of wild herbs and the natural grass diversity of the prairie. Between 2008 and 2012, we analysed the effect of managing factors (initial conventional-tillage, fertilization, liming and cropping) and agricultural predictors (pH, C:N ratio, soil bulk density and herbaceous biomass) on the alpha(alpha)-diversity of one of the major group of soil animals, the oribatids. In relation to the rana-prairie, all EF-plots improved their soil bulk density (rho(s)) and herbaceous biomass (t/ha), and enhanced desirable alpha-diversity values (richness, abundance and community equity). We conclude that the plant-conservative model: i) do not affect statistically the species richness of the prairie; ii) the desirable alpha-diversity responses are negatively correlated with soil bulk density and positively with herbaceous biomass, and iii) the low input or minimum intervention model, of an initial and conventional till and annual fertilisation, is the threshold and optimal model of agricultural management to improving oribatids diversity of the rana-soil.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Pathogenic Mannheimia haemolytica Invades Differentiated Bovine Airway Epithelial Cells. The Gram-negative bacterium Mannheimia haemolytica is the primary bacterial species associated with bovine respiratory disease (BRD) and is responsible for significant economic losses to livestock industries worldwide. Healthy cattle are frequently colonized by commensal serotype A2 strains, but disease is usually caused by pathogenic strains of serotype A1. For reasons that are poorly understood, a transition occurs within the respiratory tract and a sudden explosive proliferation of serotype A1 bacteria leads to the onset of pneumonic disease. Very little is known about the interactions of M. haemolytica with airway epithelial cells of the respiratory mucosa which might explain the different abilities of serotype A1 and A2 strains to cause disease. In the present study, host-pathogen interactions in the bovine respiratory tract were mimicked using a novel differentiated bovine bronchial epithelial cell (BBEC) infection model. In this model, differentiated BBECs were inoculated with serotype A1 or A2 strains of M. haemolytica and the course of infection followed over a 5-day period by microscopic assessment and measurement of key proinflammatory mediators. We have demonstrated that serotype A1, but not A2, M. haemolytica invades differentiated BBECs by transcytosis and subsequently undergoes rapid intracellular replication before spreading to adjacent cells and causing extensive cellular damage. Our findings suggest that the explosive proliferation of serotype A1 M. haemolytica that occurs within the bovine respiratory tract prior to the onset of pneumonic disease is potentially due to bacterial invasion of, and rapid proliferation within, the mucosal epithelium. The discovery of this previously unrecognized mechanism of pathogenesis is important because it will allow the serotype A1-specific virulence determinants responsible for invasion to be identified and thereby provide opportunities for the development of new strategies for combatting BRD aimed at preventing early colonization and infection of the bovine respiratory tract.", "label": [2, 17, 24]}
+{"token": "The effects of shear and near tip deformations on energy release rate and mode mixity of edge-cracked orthotropic layers. In this paper semi-analytical expressions are derived for the energy release rate and the stress intensity factors of edge-cracked homogeneous and orthotropic layers subject to arbitrary generalized end forces. The expressions are accurate for long and short cracks. Following the work of Li et al. [Li S, Wang J, Thouless MD. The effects of shear on delamination in layered materials. J Mech Phys Solids 2004;52(1):193-214] for isotropic bi-material layers, the derivation extends the method proposed by Suo [Suo ZG. Delamination specimens for orthotropic materials. J Appl Mech 1990;57(3):627-34] for axial forces and bending moments in order to include the contribution of the shear forces. The shear contribution to the fracture parameters depends on the shear deformations along the layer and the elastic near tip deformation of the material. Li et al. [Li S, Wang J, Thouless MD. The effects of shear on delamination in layered materials. J Mech Phys Solids 2004;52(l):193-214] derived semi-analytical expressions for the fracture parameters that depend on the crack tip stress resultants, the elastic constants and five numerically-determined constants globally describing the effect of shear. In this paper analogous constants are derived for orthotropic layers and defined by semi-analytical expressions that highlight their physical significance and allow separation of the different contributions. The derivation is based on the assumption that the near tip deformation can be described by means of relative rotations between the cross sections of the different sub-layers at the crack tip (root rotations). The root rotations depend linearly on the crack tip stress resultants through compliance coefficients that are derived numerically in the paper for a wide range of orthotropic materials. Applications to different mixed mode delamination and peeling problems, for which accurate two-dimensional finite element solutions can be found in the literature, highlight the accuracy of the proposed expressions. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "Screw dislocations in a three-phase composite cylinder model with interface stress. A three-phase composite cylinder model is utilized to study the interaction between screw dislocations and nanoscale inclusions. The stress boundary condition at the interface between nanoscale inclusion and the matrix is modified by incorporating surface/interface stress. The explicit solution to this problem is derived by means of the complex variable method. The explicit expressions of image forces exerted on screw dislocations are obtained. The mobility and the equilibrium positions of the dislocation near one of the inclusions are discussed. The results show that, compared to the classical solution (without interface stress), more equilibrium positions of the screw dislocation may be available when the dislocation is close to the nanoscale inclusion due to consider interface stress. Also, the mobility of the dislocation in the matrix will become more complex than the classical case.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "Numerical homogenization of cracking processes in thin fibre-epoxy layers. Discrete microscale fracture processes in thin fibre-epoxy layers are connected to a mesoscale traction-separation law through a numerical homogenization framework. The microscale fracture processes are Studied with the finite element method, where cracking within the epoxy and debonding between fibres and epoxy is simulated by placing interface elements furnished with a mixed-mode interface damage model in between the continuum elements modelling the fibres and epoxy. It is demonstrated how the effective traction-separation response and the corresponding microscale fracture patterns under mesoscale tensile conditions depend on the sample size, the fibre volume fraction and the presence of imperfections. (C) 2009 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "GOAL-ORIENTED EXPERIENCES AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF KNOWLEDGE. This research investigates the learning that occurs throughout several information acquisition and choice experiences. The effects of three factors that may naturally vary in consumer experiences are studied: a consumer's goals, how much the consumer knows about the product's features prior to information acquisition and choice, and the content of feedback received after choice. Results show that the information consumers learn is organized in memory around the goal(s) that drives the experiences. Further, higher levels of prior feature knowledge result in more accurate knowledge after experience, but, contrary to predictions, subjects with no prior feature knowledge are quite adept at focusing on their goal in the choice process and at learning goal-appropriate information. The presence of feedback and its consistency with a consumer's goal are also shown to affect the goal orientation and organization of brand and feature knowledge gained during choice experiences.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "The role of RNP biogenesis in spinal muscular atrophy. Mutations that affect pre-mRNA.,processing are the cause for many genetic diseases. Most such mutations target cis-acting regulatory sequences in a given transcript, thus preventing its proper maturation. Only recently however, mutations in transacting factors involved in pre-mRNA processing have likewise been linked to disease. One prominent example is spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), a monogenic, neuromuscular disorder caused by reduced levels of functional survival motor neuron (SMN) protein. This ubiquitous factor is part of a complex that mediates the formation of spliceosomal snRNPs. The detailed biochemical investigation of SMN under normal conditions and in SMA has provided clues how mutations in factors with general functions elicit tissue-specific phenotypes.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Characteristics and outcomes of e-cigarette exposure incidents reported to 10 European Poison Centers: a retrospective data analysis. Background: The use of e-cigarettes has increased during the past few years. Exposure to e-cigarette liquids, whether intentional or accidental, may lead to adverse events our aim was to assess factors associated with e-cigarette exposures across European Union Member States (EU MS).Methods: A retrospective analysis of exposures associated with e-cigarettes reported to national poison centers was performed covering incidents from 2012 to March 2015 from 10 EU MS. De-identified and anonymous raw data was acquired.Results: In total, 277 incidents were reported. Unintentional exposure was the most frequently cited type of exposure (71.3%), while e-cigarette refill vials were responsible for the majority of the reported incidents (87.3%). Two-thirds of all exposures (67.5%) occurred as ingestion of e-liquids, which was more frequent among children (<= 5 years, 6-18 years) compared to adults (87.0% vs. 59.3% vs. 57.6%, p < 0.001 respectively), exposure via the respiratory (5.4% vs. 22.2% vs. 22. 2%, p < 0.001) were more frequent among paediatric patients while ocular routes (2.2% vs. 3.7% vs. 11.4%, p = 0.021) were more frequent among adults. Logistic regression analyses indicated that paediatric incidents (= 5 years) were more likely to be through ingestion (adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR] = 4.36, 95% Confidence Interval [C.I.]: 1.87-10.18), but less likely to have a reported clinical effect (aOR = 0.41, 95% C.I.: 0.21-0.82).Conclusions: Our study highlighted parameters related to e-cigarette exposure incidents in 10 EU MS, the results of which indicate that consideration should be given to the design features which may mitigate risks, thereby protecting users, non-users and especially children.", "label": [2, 21, 23]}
+{"token": "The consequences of intentionalism. This article explores two consequences of intentionalism. My first line of argument focuses on the impact of intentionalism on the 'hard problem' of phenomenal character. If intentionalism is true, the phenomenal supervenes on the intentional. Furthermore, if physicalism about the intentional is also true, the intentional supervenes on the physical. Therefore, if intentionalism and physicalism are both true, then, by transitivity of supervenience, physicalism about the phenomenal is true. I argue that this transitivity argument is not persuasive, because on any interpretation of its central terms, at least one of its premises is as controversial as its conclusion already is. My second line of argument is about the consequences of intentionalism for the error theory of color perception. I suggest that if intentionalism is true, projectivism must be true also, because under this condition there is no single concept of color that can be used for the qualification of objects as well as for the characterization of experiences.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "The Institutional Work of Exploitation: Employers' Work to Create and Perpetuate Inequality. Social inequality is underpinned by exploitative labour institutions, yet the agency of employers in establishing and maintaining such institutions remains underexplored. We thus adopt the lens of institutional work in analysing South African mining employers' purposive efforts to ensure reliable access to cheap labour from the 1860s through until the infamous Marikana Massacre in 2012. We find that while labour is scarce, employers engage in forcing: creating exploitative institutional devices through conscripting and controlling. But as labour becomes abundant (and political winds shift), employers engage in freeing: liberalizing institutional controls to give workers choice', while simultaneously outsourcing responsibilities and costs associated with the unjust employment relationship to others, including workers themselves. We thus explain how employers purposefully create and perpetuate their advantage in interaction with labour market dynamics, contributing to our understanding of inequality and the role of actors' intentions in impacting social systems.", "label": [5, 44, 46]}
+{"token": "Copy-Number Variation of the Glucose Transporter Gene SLC2A3 and Congenital Heart Defects in the 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome. The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS; velocardiofacial/DiGeorge syndrome; VCFS/DGS) is the most common microdeletion syndrome and the phenotypic presentation is highly variable. Approximately 65% of individuals with 22q11DS have a congenital heart defect (CHD), mostly of the conotruncal type, and/or an aortic arch defect. The etiology of this phenotypic variability is not currently known. We hypothesized that copy-number variants (CNVs) outside the 22q11.2 deleted region might increase the risk of being born with a CHD in this sensitized population. Genotyping with Affymetrix SNP Array 6.0 was performed on two groups of subjects with 22q11DS separated by time of ascertainment and processing. CNV analysis was completed on a total of 949 subjects (cohort 1, n = 562; cohort 2, n = 387), 603 with CHDs (cohort 1, n = 363; cohort 2, n = 240) and 346 with normal cardiac anatomy (cohort 1, n = 199; cohort 2, n = 147). Our analysis revealed that a duplication of SLC2A3 was the most frequent CNV identified in the first cohort. It was present in 18 subjects with CHDs and 1 subject without (p = 3.12 x 10(-3), two-tailed Fisher's exact test). In the second cohort, the SLC2A3 duplication was also significantly enriched in subjects with CHDs (p = 3.30 x 10(-2), two-tailed Fisher's exact test). The SLC2A3 duplication was the most frequent CNV detected and the only significant finding in our combined analysis (p = 2.68 x 10(-4), two-tailed Fisher's exact test), indicating that the SLC2A3 duplication might serve as a genetic modifier of CHDs and/or aortic arch anomalies in individuals with 22q11DS.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "THE TARGET GROUP OF THE ULTIMATE COMMISSION (MATTHEW 28:19). The inclusion of 'all nations' as the mission target in the Ultimate Commission of Matthew 28:19 somehow comes as a surprise. The Gentiles seem to have been excluded from Jesus' and his disciples' mission in two passages (10: 5-6; 15: 24). In an attempt to establish the target group of the great commandment, this article investigates the meaning of the phrase panta ta, e vertical bar qnh as used in 28:19 and subsequently the literary contexts of the commandment.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Revisiting Husserl's Concept of Leib Using Merleau-Ponty's Ontology. This article reconsiders Husserl's concept of Leib in light of Merleau-Ponty's interpretation of the human body as an ontologically significant phenomenon. I first analyze Husserl's account of the body as a \\\\'two-fold unity\\\\' and demonstrate the problematic nature of its four implications, namely, the ambiguous ontological status of the body as subject-object, the view of \\\\'my body\\\\' as \\\\'my object,\\\\' the preconstitutive character of the unity of the body, and the restriction of the constitution of the body to touch alone. Building on this analysis, I explain how Merleau-Ponty resolves the difficulties raised by Husserl's account by reversing it. According to Merleau-Ponty, \\\\'flesh\\\\' is not a two-fold reality comprising subjective and objective aspects, but an ontological dimension from which these aspects can be abstracted through specific cognitive operations. Consequently, all subjective and objective aspects, even beyond the boundaries of one's body, must be understood as founded in the indivisible unity of flesh. I argue that a thorough phenomenological description of the human body requires abandoning Husserl's concept of Leib because it contributes to perpetuating subject-object dualism. In contrast, Merleau-Ponty's notion of flesh reveals the circularity between subject and object and its general ontological significance.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Protecting Critical Files Using Target-Based Virtual Machine Introspection Approach. Protecting critical files in operating system is very important to system security. With the increasing adoption of Virtual Machine Introspection (VMI), designing VMI-based monitoring tools become a preferential choice with promising features, such as isolation, stealthiness and quick recovery from crash. However, these tools inevitably introduce high overhead due to their operation-based characteristic. Specifically, they need to intercept some file operations to monitor critical files once the operations are executed, regardless of whether the files are critical or not. It is known that file operation is high-frequency, so operation-based methods often result in performance degradation seriously. Thus, in this paper we present CFWatcher, a target-based real-time monitoring solution to protect critical files by leveraging VMI techniques. As a target-based scheme, CFWatcher constraints the monitoring into the operations that are accessing target files defined by users. Consequently, the overhead depends on the frequency of target files being accessed instead of the whole filesystem, which dramatically reduces the overhead. To validate our solution, a prototype system is built on Xen with full virtualization, which not only is able to monitor both Linux and Windows virtual machines, but also can take actions to prevent unauthorized access according to predefined policies. Through extensive evaluations, the experimental results demonstrate that the overhead introduced by CFWatcher is acceptable. Especially, the overhead is very low in the case of a few target files.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Initial stages of weathering and soil formation in the Morteratsch proglacial area (Upper Engadine, Switzerland). Investigations in Alpine soils indicate that mineral weathering is much faster in 'young' soils (<1000 yr) than in 'old' soils (similar to 10,000 yr). However, little is known about the initial stages of weathering and soil formation, i.e. during the first decades of soil genesis. In this study we investigated rock-forming minerals weathering at very early stages of soil formation. Due to the continuous retreat of the Morteratsch glacier (Upper Engadine, Swiss Alps), the proglacial area offers a full time sequence from 0 to 150 yr old Surfaces. A low slope and the absence of glacier which might have interrupted soil formation processes, contributed to the choice of the Morteratsch proglacial valley for this case study. The area is well documented regarding vegetation and soils. The tectonic unit is the Bernina-crystalline, which is mainly constituted of granitoid rocks. Consequently, the glacial till has an acidic character. Mineralogical measurements were carried Out on the soil fraction <2 mm using XRD and DRIFT for qualitative and quantitative phase analysis. In addition, chemical analyses of the stream water from the main channel, tributaries and of rainwater were performed with a special focus on Ca/Sr and Sr isotope ratios (Sr-87/Sr-86). Furthermore, the accumulation of organic matter within the time sequence and physical soil properties were measured. Decreasing grain size with time shows active physical weathering processes. Soil organic matter has been accumulated during 150 yr at very high rates. Special emphasis has been given to chemical weathering and to the formation and transformation mechanisms of minerals. Of special interest were biotite, chlorite, epidote, plagioclase and calcite. Biotite has been continuously transformed into illite-like components. Within 150 yr, the concentration of epidote significantly decreased. The high Ca/Sr as well as Sr-87/Sr-86 ratios in the stream and spring waters confirmed that Ca bearing minerals are weathering and transforming at very high rates in the proglacial area. Also in cryic, ice-free environments, chemical weathering rates are high leading to the formation and transformation of minerals. Disseminated calcite in granitoid rocks, not confined to sedimentary carbonate rocks, also plays a role in subglacial environments. It is, however, not known for how long such an influence is significant and measurable. The high Ca/Na and Ca/Sr ratio in the stream and tributary waters showed that calcite contributes to the supply of soluble Ca, although the ion activity product calculations clearly demonstrated that the waters were undersaturated with respect to this mineral. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Relative Efficacy of Co-X-4 Embedded Graphene (X=N, S, B, and P) Electrocatalysts towards Hydrogen Evolution Reaction: Is Nitrogen Really the Best Choice?. We perform first-principles calculations to investigate whether or not nitrogen is the best dopant in system of Co-X-4 embedded graphene (X=N, S, B, and P) electrocatalysts towards hydrogen evolution reaction(HER). Our theoretical results reveal that N, S, B, and P-doped graphene can enhance the catalytic activity toward HER compared with the pristine graphene, and S doped graphene exhibits more favorable performance than N doped graphene, consistent with the experimental results. For the Co-X-4 embedded graphene (X=N, S, B, and P), we predict that S may be a promising dopant in graphene supported single atom Co. The rather low hydrogen adsorption free energy (-0.07 eV) and activation energy barrier (0.78 eV) for the rate-determining step, the downshift of the d band center, the enhanced charge density of d(z)(2) orbital as well as the reduced work function are responsible for the unexpected activity of Co-S-4 embedded graphene for HER. Overall, Co-S-4 embedded graphene catalyst could be a good candidate for hydrogen evolution reaction.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Genomic Alterations and Complex Subclonal Architecture in Sporadic GH-Secreting Pituitary Adenomas. Purpose: The molecular pathogenesis of growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenomas is not fully understood. Cytogenetic alterations might serve as alternative driver events in GNAS mutation-negative somatotroph tumors.Conclusion: Somatotroph pituitary adenomas display substantial intertumor and intratumor DNA copy-number heterogeneity, as revealed by variable CNA profiles and complex subclonal architecture. The extensive cytogenetic burden in a subgroup of GNAS mutation-negative somatotroph adenomas points to an alternative tumorigenic pathway linked to genomic instability.Results: Based on copy-number profiles, we found two groups of adenomas: a low-copy-number alteration (CNA) group (<12% of genomic disruption, 63% of tumors) and a high-CNA group (24% to 45% of genomic disruption, 37% of tumors). Arm-level CNAs were the most common abnormalities. GNAS mutation-positive adenomas belonged exclusively to the low-CNA group, whereas a subgroup of GNAS mutation-negative adenomas had a high degree of genomic disruption. We detected chromothripsis-related CNA profiles in two adenoma samples from an A/P mutation-positive patient with acromegaly and a patient with sporadic gigantism. RNA sequencing of these two samples identified 17 fusion transcripts, most of which resulted from chromothripsis-related chromosomal rearrangements. DNA FISH analysis of these samples demonstrated a subclonal architecture with up to six distinct cell populations in each tumor.Experimental Design: We performed cytogenetic profiling of pituitary adenomas obtained from 39 patients with acromegaly and four patients with sporadic gigantism by using array comparative genomic hybridization analysis. We explored intratumor DNA copy-number heterogeneity in two tumor samples by using DNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH).", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "A HISTORICAL EXAMINATION OF THE USE OF ACCOUNTING-BASED INCENTIVE PLANS IN THE STRUCTURING OF LABOR-MANAGEMENT RELATIONS. In this paper we examine organized labor's involvement with accounting-based incentive plans, and the role this involvement played in labor-management relations. More specifically, this research examines differences between organized labor's response to engineering versus accounting measures of productivity, and how these differences affected union support for, or opposition to, incentive systems. We also explore labor's ability and willingness to confront accounting representations. Our study of these issues involves an extensive review of the labor press, and case studies of profit-sharing plans implemented at three firms - Parker Pen, Kaiser Steel, and American Motors - in the 1950s and early 1960s. The paper concludes that both local and national unions were centrally concerned about their ability to manage incentives so that they could obtain other union objectives. However, the construction of both labor's objectives, and the way these objectives were pursued and legitimized, was limited by the circumscribed nature of U.S. unionism during this period. Thus, these episodes suggest that the local particularities of profit sharing cannot be understood without placing these episodes in the larger context of labor processes.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "Vision signals and the language of vision descriptions in the prophets. In the prophetic literature, vision descriptions (which are not to be equated with 'vision reports') have certain temporal and deictic orientations. Temporally, they are either past, as the vision itself is presented as past from the speech time, or present, meaning that it is described as if were occurring before the prophet's eyes at the speech time. The spatial orientation of the text is also affected in vision descriptions as the location is in the world of the vision. Identifying a text as a vision description offers a much more coherent and meaningful interpretation of the text and fosters a deeper understanding of the text's significance in its literary context. To that end, this study identifies two linguistic expressions that function as vision signals, that is, they indicate that the text is describing a vision. This study fills gaps in the commentary literature on the relevant texts and the literature on prophetic visions.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Spectroscopy of Th-230 in the (p, t) reaction. The excitation spectra in the deformed nucleus Th-230 were studied by means of the (p, t) reaction, using the Q3D spectrograph facility at the Munich Tandem accelerator. The angular distributions of tritons are measured for about 200 excitations seen in the triton spectra up to 3.3 MeV. Firm 0(+) assignments are made for 16 excited states by comparison of experimental angular distributions with the calculated ones using the CHUCK code. Additional assignments are possible, with assignments for four states relatively firm and another four tentative. Assignments up to spin 6(+) are made for other states. Sequences of the states are selected that can be treated as rotational bands and as multiplets of excitations. Experimental data are compared with interacting boson model (IBM) and quasiparticle-phonon model (QPM) calculations.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Rain-induced removal of copper from apple leaves: Influence of rain properties and tank-mix adjuvants on deposit characteristics at the micro scale. Application of copper fungicides is an integrative component in the control of apple scab. As shown in the past, tank-mix adjuvants might reduce the rain-induced removal of active ingredients. The aims of this study were a) to characterize the impact of defined rain amount on the removal of Cu-oxychloride (Cu-Ox) and Cu-hydroxide (Cu-Hyd) from apple seedling leaves, b) to examine the influence of ethoxylated seed oil adjuvants on deposit properties at the micro scale and their possible influence in reducing the fungicide erosion from the leaves, and finally c) to evaluate the influence of previous adjuvant application on the rainfastness of copper ions. Losses of Cu-Hyd and Cu-Ox from seedling leaves exposed to 5 mm heavy rain reached almost 80% of the original Cu load. Wash-off extent of Cu-Ox could be reduced by using the rapeseed oil ethoxylate RSO 5 (47%), the linseed oil ethoxylate LSO 10 (47%), or the soybean oil ethoxylate SBO 10 (40%). However, in case of Cu-Hyd, none of the adjuvants was able to increase the tenacity of the copper on the leaves. Rainfall removed the bulky deposits and induced changes in the typical shape of the crystals. Furthermore, a reorganization of the spatial distribution of the remaining active ingredient (a.i.) was induced, which was very often embedded in a thin layer of adjuvants. In general, the adjuvants had a significant impact on droplet spread, whereas the area effectively covered with the a.i. was affected to a lesser extent. For both Cu-Hyd and Cu-Ox rewetting of the original deposit under controlled conditions resulted in an increased spread area but reduced the area effectively covered with Cu. Our results showed no clear relationship between the area covered by Cu ions and their adhesion to the surface, i.e. rainfastness. Finally, our studies indicated that previous spray treatments might influence the rain-induced removal of copper. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "Identifying System-Related Barriers for the Development and Implementation of Eco-Innovation in the German Horticultural Sector. The implementation of eco-innovations can be a strategy to combine economic benefit and reduce negative environmental impact. German greenhouse production is highly energy intensive, as heating and energy account for the second largest cost factor. Thus, the sector wants to develop and implement eco-innovations to speed up the process towards increased sustainability. In this paper, a sectoral systems of innovation (SSI) analysis is presented to identify and describe interrelated systemic barriers for developing and implementing such innovations into the sector. The SSI was used as an analytical framework, which enabled covering different system levels and components in the research in order to draw a comprehensive picture of this specific innovation environment. A mixed-methods, explorative approach was used: a literature analysis, followed by an expert workshop and semi-structured expert interviews, was conducted to understand the barriers for development and implementation of such innovations. A SWOT workshop assisted in generalizing results from selected innovation examples. A complementary two-wave Delphi study was used to identify innovation activity, important actors, policies and drivers within horticulture. Based on these data, we were able to identify different barrier-types, showing how they are interconnected and affect innovation processes increasing ecological modernization of the sector.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "DEFECTIVE HEMATOPOIESIS AND VASCULOGENESIS IN TRANSFORMING GROWTH-FACTOR-BETA-1 KNOCK OUT MICE. Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF beta 1) is shown here to be required for yolk sac haematopoiesis and endothelial differentiation. Mice with a targeted mutation in the TGF beta 1 gene were examined to determine the cause of prenatal lethality, which occurs in 50% of homozygous TGF beta 1 null (TGF beta 1(-/-)) conceptions. 50% of TGF beta 1(-/-) and 25% of TGF beta 1(+/-) conceptuses were found to die at around 10.5 dpc. The primary defects were restricted to extraembryonic tissues, namely the yolk sac vasculature and haematopoietic system, The embryos per se showed developmental retardation, oedema and necrosis, which were probably secondary to the extraembryonic lesions, The defect in vasculogenesis appeared to affect endothelial differentiation, rather than the initial appearance and outgrowth of endothelial cells, Initial differentiation of yolk sac mesoderm to endothelial cells occurred, but defective differentiation resulted in inadequate capillary tube formation, and weak vessels with reduced cellular adhesiveness, Defective haematopoiesis resulted in a reduced erythroid cell number within the yolk sac. Defective yolk sac vasculogenesis and haematopoiesis were present either together, or in isolation of each other, The phenotypes are consistent with the observation of abundant TGF beta 1 gene expression in both endothelial and haematopoietic precursors, The data indicate that the primary effect of loss of TGF beta 1 function in vivo is not increased haematopoietic or endothelial cell proliferation, which might have been expected by deletion of a negative growth regulator, but defective haematopoiesis and endothelial differentiation.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Dams versus habitat: predicting the effects of dams on habitat supply and juvenile rainbow trout along the Santa Cruz River, Patagonia. Because of their remote location and lack of supporting infrastructure, large glacial rivers of southern Patagonia have remained free of dams. But this is bound to change: two dams proposed for the Santa Cruz River would supply 16% of Argentina's hydropower and five dams planned for the Pascua and Baker Rivers could supply over 20% of Chile's hydropower. In this paper, we project the losses of habitat and juvenile Oncorhynchus mykiss, a recreationally important species, following the construction of the two dams in the Santa Cruz River. We applied a two-stage fitting approach, using generalized additive models and generalized lineal models (GLMs) sequentially to describe habitat-species relationships based on data collected through an intensive field survey of fish and environmental variables along 310 km of river. A simplified GLM trout model based on wetted width, substrate size, and river kilometer was selected which represents the observed geographic distribution very well and with the lowest predictive error. Based on this model, we estimated that habitat supporting 86% of current juvenile trout production will be lost to flooding by the dams. Our data generate a rare opportunity to perform a dam impact assessment by comparison with potential post-dam conditions.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "Size-effect Prediction from the Double-K Fracture Model for Notched Concrete Beam. The size-effect predictions from double-K fracture criterion, characterized by two parameters: the initiation toughness and the unstable toughness, are compared with the fictitious crack model or cohesive crack model for practical (laboratory) size range of three-point bend test notched specimens. Both the fracture models, although, adopt different crack propagation criteria, they yield indistinguishable crack initiation and unstable fracture loads for usual laboratory size specimens. Notable difference in the predicted crack initiation and unstable fracture loads are observed for asymptotic large size specimens and these loads are more conservative than those obtained using the fictitious crack model by similar to 20 and 22%, respectively.", "label": [1, 11, 12]}
+{"token": "Silencing the Opposition: The State v. Civil Society in India's Ganges River Basin. India's Ganges River has suffered from massive amounts of pollution for decades, and despite numerous attempts, the Indian government has failed to clean up this historic water resource. This governance failure prompted the growth of civil society groups whose stated purposes included the mitigation of Ganges pollution and the empowerment of community-based solutions. These types of groups, however, have not found sustained success in alleviating Ganges pollution, despite their compatibility with the constitutional decentralization of Indian water policy. A case study of one of these civil society organizations, the Sankat Mochan Foundation (SMF), serves as a first step in assessing the efficacy of this community-based approach to Ganges pollution mitigation. From a broader perspective, the story of the SMF speaks to the difficulties inherent in environmental policy decentralization and to the struggles of norm creation and diffusion across societies. Indeed, this case is particularly instructive, as it exposes potential vulnerabilities in the literature regarding the role of civil society groups as norm entrepreneurs. Rather than allow for the democratization of water policy, as called for by the Indian constitution, the case of the SMF suggests the Indian government has entrenched centralization to the point of diffusing civil society opposition and ultimately compromising the overall impact of its resistance.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Becoming Liberal, Unbecoming Liberalism: Liberal-Local Hybridity via the Everyday as a Response to the Paradoxes of Liberal Peacebuilding. It has become clear that the liberal international institutions and 'corridors of power' have so far failed to deliver on their promise of a liberal peace for all. Liberal peacebuilding has often offered resources to an elaborate structuration of sometimes predatory elites - international and local - but not to the general populations of these multiple states. Institutions have been created, but the reach of liberal politics has had little impact - other than in basic security and in rhetorical, rights oriented terms - on the everyday life of populations. The local is commonly deployed to depict a homogenous and disorderly Other, whose needs and aspirations do not conform to liberal standards. Claims that moves toward the everyday have already been made disguise the limited ambitions of liberal statebuilders to enable a real improvement in local agency. In the midst of all of this the real everyday needs and lives of individuals have become obscured. This essay briefly suggests some theoretical responses, via the concepts of the 'everyday' and 'empathy'. These offer the possibility of placing the social contract back within the heart of post-conflict states, or of allowing a new, post-liberal, politics which is more locally 'authentic', resonant and agential, to emerge.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Efficient Intraband Hot Carrier Relaxation in the Perovskite Semiconductor Cs1-xRbxSnI3 Mediated by Strong Electron-Phonon Coupling. The dynamic increase in terahertz photoconductivity resulting from energetic intraband relaxation was used to track the formation of highly mobile charges in thin films of the tin iodide perovskite Cs1-xRbxSnI3, with x = 0 and 0.1. Energy relaxation times were found to be around 500 fs, comparable to those in the prototypical inorganic semiconductor GaAs. At low excess energies, the efficient intraband energy relaxation in the lowest conduction and valence bands of Cs1-xRbxSnI3 can be understood within the context of the Frohlich electron-phonon interaction, with a strong coupling strength. For higher excess energies, the photoconductivity rise time lengthens in accordance with carrier injection into multiple bands, identified by quantitative first-principles bandstructure calculations and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The findings contribute to the development of design rules for photovoltaic devices capable of extracting hot carriers from perovskite semiconductors.", "label": [4, 1, 33, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "Effects of Spinal Cord Stimulation on Heart Rate Variability in Patients With Failed Back Surgery Syndrome: Comparison Between a 2-lead ECG and a Wearable Device. Objectives Heart rate variability recordings have the potential to examine the role of the autonomic nervous system. Several wearable devices are nowadays readily available. Up until now, no studies explored whether a wearable device is able to reliably measure a treatment response in chronic pain patients. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the reliability of a Polar V800 (Polar Electro Oy, Finland) wearable device to accurately measure RR intervals in patients with failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS) during spinal cord stimulation (SCS), as compared with an eMotion 2-lead ECG recording. Materials and Methods Twenty-two patients diagnosed with FBSS and treated with SCS participated in this study. HRV was measured with a 2-lead ECG registration tool and a Polar V800 during on and off state of SCS. Intraclass correlation coefficients, correlations, limits of agreement, Cronbach's alpha, and effect sizes were calculated. Results Analysis based on the recordings from the ECG and wearable device revealed the same HRV parameters (except for the time-frequency domain) to capture the treatment response of SCS. Parameters that are relevant for measuring the SCS treatment response have strong correlations (r >= .82), good ICC values (ICC >= 0.82), acceptable consistency (alpha >= .9), and limited bias. Conclusions Similar pre- to posttreatment changes were revealed between a wearable device and 2-lead ECG with reliable HRV estimates for parameters that are able to capture the treatment changes. This suggests that a wearable heart rate monitor might be a reliable wearable tool for the detection of pre- to post treatment changes of SCS, in patients with FBSS.", "label": [2, 17, 21]}
+{"token": "Animacy and agentivity of Subject Themes in English-German translation. This paper aims to analyze the translation of typical inanimate Subject Themes in the popular scientific register from English to German. Taking into account contrastive differences between English and German, we assumed that English sentences containing a combination of inanimate Subjects and agentive verbs would pose a translation problem that could potentially be reflected in translation shifts and increased values for reading and typing related measures of cognitive effort. A translation experiment was designed to test this assumption. We triangulated keystroke logging and eye tracking data from 13 professional translators and tested the results using linear mixed regression modeling. Our results show that the stimuli that included an inanimate Subject were more prone to be changed in the translations. However, the animacy of the Subject did not have a significant effect on the behavioral measures. A possible explanation for this finding is that animacy of the Subject is so salient for German translators that they change it without extensive deliberation. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Collagen type I:III ratio of the gastroesophageal junction in patients with paraesophageal hernias. The purpose of this study was to examine the biological environment of the esophageal hiatus through analysis of the collagen content within the gastrohepatic ligament (GHL), gastrophrenic ligament (GPL), and phrenoesophageal ligament (PEL) in patients with type I hiatal hernias (HH) and type III paraesophageal hernias (PEH).Cross-polarization microscopy revealed that the collagen I content was similar in the three study groups for the GHL, greater in the type III PEH group and in the control group compared to the type I HH group for the PEL, and greater in the type III PEH group compared to control group for the GPL. Collagen III quantity was greater in the control group than in the type I HH group for each ligament, and greater in the GHL and PEL when compared to the type III PEH group. Type III PEH patients had greater collagen III quantity than did type I HH patients for each ligament. Collagen type I:III ratio of the GHL was greater in both hernia groups compared to the control group. Type III PEH patients contained a higher I:III ratio than both the control and type I HH groups with respect to the PEL. There was no difference in the ratio with evaluation of the GPL for the three groups.Evaluation of the esophageal hiatus revealed that patients with PEH have a different biological environment with regard to collagen content compared to control patients. The collagen I:III ratio of the study groups was equal to or greater than the control group. Collagen deficiency in the GE junction supporting ligaments does not appear to be an etiology of PEH formation.A control group (N = 10) and patients with type I HH (N = 10) and type III PEH (N = 10) were included in the analysis. Specimens of the GHL, PEL, and GPL were collected intraoperatively. Slides stained with sirius red/fast green were created and ten photos at 400 x magnification were taken of each specimen. Axiovision 4.7 (Zeiss) photo analysis software was employed for quantification of collagen I (red) and III (green) by calculating color area (mu m(2)). Statistical significance (p < 0.05) was determined using a one-way ANOVA and Fisher's LSD post-test.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Seasonal and latitudinal variations in the energy reserves of the mud fiddler crab Uca pugnax: implications for the response to climate change. In 2014, the Atlantic mud fiddler crab Uca pugnax was found 80 km north of its previously known northern range limit. Two years before this shift was noted, we collected a total of 781 male and female specimens from 6 populations along a latitudinal transect extending from Wareham, Massachusetts (41.7615 degrees N), to Tybee Island, Georgia (32.0139 degrees N), USA. By assessing latitudinal and seasonal patterns in the hepatosomatic index (HSI; a measure of stored energy) and the reproductive status of females, we sought to determine whether adult physiological and reproductive limits might slow the northern expansion of U. pugnax. We did not find a latitudinal cline for HSI, suggesting that U. pugnax is a thermal generalist; however, both males and females in the southern part of the range showed greater seasonal fluctuations in HSI compared to northern conspecifics. Across the range, ovigerous females had a significantly reduced HSI, revealing the cost of reproduction. Ovigerous females were found in the May 2013 collection in Massachusetts be fore ocean conditions were permissible for larval development and earlier than previously reported for this species. U. pugnax is expected to closely track warming conditions in the Northwest Atlantic because adults in northern populations are able to maintain energy stores comparable to that of their southern conspecifics, and they release planktonic larvae in early spring, maximizing their dispersal potential.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "The influence of thermomechanical treatment on the complex modulus of Mg alloy AZ31. Dynamic modulus analyses were performed on Mg alloy AZ31 following thermomechanical treatments to enable investigation of the influence of microstructural features created by plastic deformation on the elastic and the anelastic behavior of this alloy as quantified by variations in the complex elastic modulus (E* = E' + iE\\\\') with temperature. The real component or storage modulus (E') determined for this alloy was 42.0 +/- 2.5 GPa at 25 degrees C and it was independent of rolling direction and cold work up to 20 pct reduction in thickness. A broad peak was observed in the imaginary component or loss modulus (E\\\\') around 175 degrees C (for a 1.0 Hz loading frequency), and it was determined that this peak is a superposition of at least four different relaxation mechanisms: a thermally activated mechanism related to precipitate phases near 153 degrees C and three peaks related to mechanical deformation at 165 degrees C, 188 degrees C, and 235 degrees C. The latter three peaks were also thermally activated with the activation energy determined to be 1.68 +/- 0.04 eV. These mechanical relaxation peaks are attributed to microstructural features produced by cold work, and it is demonstrated that the stresses generated by cooling from heat-treatment temperatures influences these peaks. It is concluded that the grain boundary relaxation peak is above 350 degrees C.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Adolescent smoking behaviour and cigarette brand preference in Japan. Main outcome measures: Smoking prevalence, proportion of smokers by usual sources of cigarettes, national estimated cigarettes consumed by minors, share of cigarette brands smoked by high school students.Design: Descriptive study on smoking behaviour among high school students was conducted. Self-reporting anonymous questionnaires were administered to 115 814 students in 1996 and 106 297 in 2000 through randomly sampled junior and senior high schools throughout Japan.Conclusions: This survey revealed the seriousness of the problem of smoking behaviour among Japanese high school students, and suggested that this behaviour may be influenced by social environmental factors, including the marketing strategies of the tobacco industry. Action should be taken to reduce the prevalence and impact of pro-tobacco marketing messages and to abolish cigarette vending machines.Objectives: As part of efforts to develop a smoking control strategy for Japanese adolescents, the results of two nationwide surveys on adolescent smoking behaviour were compared.Results: The experiment rate among junior high school boys decreased in 2000 compared with that in 1996, whereas current and daily smoking rates did not. Although prevalence among Japanese girls was much lower than that among boys, prevalence among girls increased in 2000. The main source of cigarettes among high school smokers was vending machines. The proportion of smokers who usually purchased cigarettes from vending machines increased in 2000, in spite of the 1998 introduction of restrictions on night-time operations. Japanese adolescents were more likely than adults to smoke American cigarette brands, and the adolescent market share of American brands has increased rapidly, especially for menthol brands.", "label": [2, 21, 23]}
+{"token": "Wordsmith Tools and Sketch Engine: an analytical-comparative study for scientific research with corpora manipulation. The present work consists of the description and comparison of two lexical analysis software, WordSmith Tools (WST) and Sketch Engine (SE). The study corpus selected for the comparative analysis between the programs is called LexTest which is composed of articles, dissertations, reviews and theses about Lexicology. These texts are written in Portuguese, and the corpus has 552,903 tokens. The aspects analyzed in the WST and in the SE are: interface, language settings, corpus upload, number of tokens and types, corpus tagging, word list, keyword list, access to concordance lines, and so on. Based on the comparative analyzes, it was possible to conclude that the WST and the SE are effective in their purpose, because, for example, they process the keywords and allow configuring the language according to the study corpus and calculate the number of tokens; however, depending on the purpose of the research, one of these programs may be more appropriate than the other. The choice of one of them will be responsibility of the researcher, who may consult the comparative table between the WST and the SE, presented at the end of this paper to substantiate his or her preference.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Twelve-month prevalence and severity of mental disorders in the Saudi National Mental Health Survey. Objectives To estimate 12-month prevalence and severity of mental disorders in the Saudi National Mental Health Survey (SNMHS). Methods The SNMHS is a face-to-face community epidemiological survey in a nationally representative household sample of citizens aged 15 to 65 in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) (n = 4,004). The World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) was used to estimate 12-month prevalence of common DSM-IV mental disorders. Results Twelve-month prevalence of any DSM-IV/CIDI disorder is 20.2%. Most common are anxiety disorders (12.3%) followed by mood (6.8%), disruptive behavior (5.4%), eating (3.2%), and substance use (1.9%) disorders. The proportion of 12-month cases rated serious (39.0% of all cases) is high across virtually all disorders relative to the proportions found in CIDI surveys in other high-income countries. Younger people have significantly elevated odds of mood and disruptive behavior disorders and serious disorders. Women have significantly elevated odds of anxiety and mood disorders and serious disorders. Previously married people have significantly elevated odds of most disorder classes and serious disorders. Conclusions Both 12-month prevalence and severity of DSM-IV/CIDI disorders are high in Saudi Arabia compared to other high-income countries that carried out comparable surveys.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Microwave Planar Lens Antenna Designed With a Three-Layer Frequency-Selective Surface. A multilevel frequency-selective surface (FSS) formed by a nonuniform distribution of circular holes on a metallic sheet is presented. The FSS is aimed at working as a planar lens to increase the gain of the feeding aperture. The unit cell of the FSS acts as a high-pass filter that provides the necessary phase shift to focus the beam on the far-field region. The phase shift is synthesized by suitably configuring the size and position of each unit cell in the FSS. The planar lens is placed next to the feeding aperture to confer the structure a low-profile shape. A prototype has been designed, fabricated, and measured. Results show an increment of 7.32 dB in the gain compared to the feeding aperture within a 7.33% bandwidth around 20.45 GHz, and a sidelobe level below -12 dB, with an aperture efficiency of 65% and a radiation efficiency above 90%.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
+{"token": "Role of the plasmapause in dictating the ground accessibility of ELF/VLF chorus. This study explores the manner in which the plasmapause is responsible for dictating which magnetospheric source regions of ELF/VLF chorus are able to propagate to and be received by midlatitude stations on the ground. First, we explore the effects of plasmapause extent on ground-based observations of chorus via a 3 month study of ground-based measurements of chorus at Palmer Station, Antarctica (L = 2.4, 50 degrees S geomagnetic latitude), and data on the plasmapause extent from the IMAGE EUV instrument. It is found that chorus normalized occurrence peaks when the plasmapause is at L similar to 2.6, somewhat higher than Palmer's L shell, and that this occurrence peak persists across a range of observed chorus frequencies. Next, reverse ray tracing is employed to evaluate the portion of the equatorial chorus source region, distributed in radial distance and wave normal, from which chorus is able to reach Palmer Station via propagation in a nonducted mode. The results of ray tracing are similar to those of observations, with a peak of expected occurrence when the plasmapause is at L similar to 3. The exact location of the peak is frequency dependent. This supports the conclusion that the ability of chorus to propagate to low altitudes and the ground is a strong function of instantaneous plasmapause extent and that peak occurrence of chorus at a given ground station may occur when the L shell of the plasmapause is somewhat beyond that of the observing station. These results also suggest that chorus observed on the ground at midlatitude stations propagates predominantly in the nonducted mode.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "PRODUCTION AND SUPPLY BALANCE OF POULTRY MEAT IN CROATIA. Poultry meat is an important protein source in the human consumption. The main factors that have a positive effect on the development of the poultry industry are short production cycle, relatively low cost and the lack of religious restrictions on consumption. Chicken meat has the biggest share in the structure of poultry meat. The paper objective was to calculate the level of self-sufficiency degree in poultry meat in Croatia in the period from 2000 to 2012 and the degree of self-sufficiency in 2016 based on the results obtained. The method of balancing was used for calculation of self-sufficiency degree. The degree of self-sufficiency in the production of poultry meat in Croatia is higher than in other types of meat being between 80 and 90%. However, further decrease is expected and in 2016 domestic production would meet 81.17% of the domestic needs.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Social cognition and interaction training (SCIT) for outpatients with schizophrenia: A preliminary study. Social functioning deficits (e.g., social skill, community functioning) are a core feature of schizophrenia. These deficits are only minimally improved via the frontline treatments for schizophrenia (e.g. medication, social skills training, cognitive-behavioral therapy). Social cognition is a promising treatment target in this regard as it may be more strongly related to social functioning outcomes than traditional neurocognitive domains [Couture, S., Penn, D.L., Roberts, D.L., 2006. The functional significance of social cognition in schizophrenia: a review. Schizophrenia Bulletin (Suppl. 1), S-44-63]. Social cognition and interaction training (SCIT) is a 20-week, manualized, group treatment designed to improve social functioning in schizophrenia by way of improved social cognition. This article reports preliminary data from a quasi-experimental study comparing SCIT + treatment as usual (TAU; n=20) to TAU alone (n=11) among outpatients. Results using analysis of variance (ANOVA) suggest SCIT-related improvements in emotion perception and social skill. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Effect of energy source and escape protein on receiving and finishing performance and health of calves. Two receiving and two finishing trials evaluated energy source and escape protein supplementation for calves. In receiving Trial 1, 398 calves (257 +/- 24 kg BW) were used in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Energy sources were dry-rolled corn (DRC) and wet corn gluten feed (WCGF); each was fed without or with supplemental escape protein (EP). Calves fed WCGF gained slower (P < .05) and consumed less DM (P < .01) than calves fed DRC. Feed efficiency improved (P < .10) with EP supplementation. In finishing Trial 1, 240 calves (305 +/- 21 kg BW) were used. The arrangement of treatments was the same as in receiving Trial 1. Calves fed DRC/WCGF tended (P = .15) to be more efficient and consumed less DM (P < .05) than calves fed DRC. In receiving Trial 2, 315 calves (252 +/- 23 kg BW) were fed diets similar to those fed in receiving Trial 1. Calves fed WCGF consumed less DM (P < .01), gained similarly (P > .15),and were more efficient (P < .10) than calves fed DRC. In finishing Trial 2, 320 calves (298 +/- 23 Hg BW) were fed diets containing DRC, DRC/WCGF, high-moisture corn (HMC), HMC/WCGF, and DRC/HMC; each was fed without or with supplemental EP. An energy source x protein supplement interaction was detected for gain (P < .05) and efficiency (P < .01). Results suggest that WCGF has a NEg greater than DRC in receiving diets and a NEg similar to that of DRC but lower than that of HMC in finishing diets.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Thermodynamics of Cu(II)-NH3-NH4Cl-H2O system. The thermodynamics of a complex solution system, Cu( H)-NH3-NH4Cl-H2O, was presented both theoretically and experimentally. Firstly, according to the principles of simultaneous equilibrium and aqueous electronic charge neutrality of the system, a nonlinear mathematical thermodynamic model with multi-members was set up. In this model, there were six unknowns: pH value, concentration values of free Cl-, free NH3, total concentration values of Cu2+, Cl- and NH3, four equilibrium equations and three equilibrium equations of total quantum of Cu2+, Cl- and NH3, as well as an equilibrium equation of electric charge, were involved in the model. Then after specifying the values of total concentrate of NH3 and Cl-, the model was solved precisely using MATLAB language, and the other four unknowns were obtained. According to the values obtained above, various valuable figures regarding thermodynamic relation of the system were protracted also with MATLAB, including two and three dimensions figures. These figures and data can supply the theoretic conference for optimizing the ratio of leaching reagents in copper extraction through ammonia hydrometallurgy. Finally, the solubility of CuO were measured in the system of NH3-NH4Cl-H2O. The results show that the model and the thermodynamic data obtained are reliable.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Institutional experiments in urban relationality: repairing the social bond in capitalist urbanism. Isolation and loneliness have become characteristic of capitalist cities where spaces for sociality, connection, and togetherness are few and far between, supplanted by an abundance of artificial \\\\'pseudo-social spaces\\\\' mediated by capital. This social fracture at the heart of contemporary urbanism is an urban-spatial extension of sociality's degradation and economic capture under capitalist production. For many urban Marxist scholars, urbanization is a process now characterized by the commons' continuous appropriation and annihilation by private interests. Arguably, within this context, \\\\'experimental institutionalism\\\\' has aimed to reconfigure art institutions into sites for sociality, dialogue, care, and collaboration. Experimental institutionalism is a field of institutional reform, curatorial practice, and debate concerned with the art institution's transformation into a socially responsible agent. In this paper, I summarize experimental institutionalism's main dimensions, drawing on key examples from the field to explore the art museum's capacity to repair the social bonds ruptured by capitalist urbanism.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Dynamics of postsynaptic glutamate receptor targeting. Targeting of glutamate receptors to synapses is an important event in both developing and mature neurons. Glutamate receptors are delivered to nascent synapses during synaptogenesis and to existing synapses during activity-dependent synaptic strengthening. Increasing evidence suggests that glutamate receptors are inserted into the plasma membrane before they accumulate at the synapse. Lateral diffusion of receptors occurs at both synaptic and non-synaptic membranes, and glutamate receptors can exchange rapidly between synaptic and extrasynaptic sites. In addition, recent studies show that postsynaptic scaffold molecules can be highly mobile. The dynamic nature of the synapse suggests that many mechanisms might be involved in regulating synapse formation and synaptic plasticity.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "Effects of Fair Trade and organic certifications on small-scale coffee farmer households in Central America and Mexico. We provide a review of sustainable coffee certifications and results from a quantitative analysis of the effects of Fair Trade, organic and combined Fair Trade/organic certifications on the livelihood strategies of 469 households and 18 cooperatives of Central America and Mexico. Certified households were also compared with a non-certified group in each country. To analyze the differences in coffee price, volume, gross revenue and education between certifications, we used the Kruskal-Wallis ( K-W) non-parametric test and the Mann-Whitney U non-parametric test as a post-hoc procedure. Household savings, credit, food security and incidence of migration were analyzed through Pearson's chi-square test. Our study corroborated the conditions of economic poverty among small-scale coffee farmer households in Central America and Mexico. All certifications provided a higher price per pound and higher gross coffee revenue than non-certified coffee. However, the average volumes of coffee sold by individual households were low, and many certified farmers did not sell their entire production at certified prices. Certifications did not have a discernable effect on other livelihood-related variables, such as education, and incidence of migration at the household level, although they had a positive influence on savings and credit. Sales to certified markets offer farmers and cooperatives better prices, but the contribution derived from these premiums has limited effects on household livelihoods. This demonstrates that certifications will not single-handedly bring significant poverty alleviation to most coffee-farming families. Although certified coffee markets alone will not resolve the livelihood challenges faced by smallholder households, they could still contribute to broad-based sustainable livelihoods, rural development and conservation processes in coffee regions. This can be done by developing more active partnerships between farmers, cooperatives, certifications and environmental and rural development organizations and researchers in coffee regions. Certifications, especially Fair Trade/organic, have proven effective in supporting capacity building and in serving as networks that leverage global development funding for small-scale coffee-producing households.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Abrupt increase in phosphorus and potassium fluxes during a masting event in a Bornean tropical forest. Mechanisms by which the productivity of tropical ecosystems is limited by nutrients is a long-standing question, but little information is available on the nutrient dynamics supporting the masting phenomenon in Southeast Asian evergreen rainforests. In this study we examined the nutrient sink and potential nutrient sources of masting in a Bornean tropical forest. We investigated if nutrient flux in fine litter, tree stems, and soils changed temporally in response to intense flower and fruit production. Fifty-five litter traps were installed in a 2-ha plot at the onset of flowering (April 2010), and litter and nutrient fluxes were monitored for more than 4years (May 2010-December 2014). Wood cores of trunks and coarse roots of abundant species (Shorea spp.) and soil samples were collected in May 2010, September 2010, and September 2011 (coinciding with peak flowering, peak fruiting, and 1year after fruiting, respectively). The P and K fluxes in the total litter were significantly greater in the mast year (2010) than non-mast years, whereas the Mg, N, and Ca fluxes did not vary in relation to masting. In line with the nutrient fluxes, P and K concentrations in coarse roots of flowering individuals of S. multiflora decreased in September 2011. The present results suggest that tropical trees require extraordinary amounts of P and K for masting, and may retranslocate stored nutrients to meet the elevated nutrient demands for masting.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Mathematical model for simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) in membrane bioreactor (MBR) under Low Dissolved Oxygen (DO) concentrations. Activated Sludge Model no. 1 (ASM1) was modified and applied to Simultaneous Nitrification and Denitrification (SND) in oxygen-limited MBR. In order to calibrate the model correctly, the parametric sensitivity was performed using AQUASIM 2.0 to find the most important coefficients. The most sensitive coefficients in the model of oxygen-limited MBR were related to the growth of heterotrophic biomass. While the total autotrophic biomass concentration (X-BA) was decreased by decreasing DO concentration, there was an increase in the nitrite-oxidizing biomass concentration by a small amount. This model also showed that over 97% of permeate Soluble Chemical Oxygen Demand (S-COD) was the Soluble Inert (S-I). The model showed the change in the ammonia-oxidizing and nitrite-oxidizing biomass was decreased by decreasing DO concentration. However, there was an increase in the nitrite-oxidizing biomass concentration by a small amount due to the biomass retained in the bioreactor with membrane. It is contradictory to the reported observations for conventional activated sludge process.", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "Self-Esteem and Identities. While most research examines self-esteem in terms of self-worth, we suggest three dimensions of self-esteem: worth-based, efficacy-based, and authenticity-based esteem. Each of these dimensions is linked to one of the three motives of the self, and each of them primarily emerges through verification of social/group, role, and person identities, respectively. Data are examined to study these three self-esteem dimensions, including measuring the esteem dimensions and assessing their psychometric properties, investigating the effects of identity verification on the different esteem dimensions, and analyzing the causal relationship among the esteem dimensions. Overall, the results support the measurement and validity of these three dimensions as well as the role of identity verification in producing these self-esteem outcomes.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "The Mexican Liberal Triennium. Constitution, federalism and property, 1821-1823. The first years of state formation in an independent Mexico coincided with those of Liberal Triennium in Spain. This work shows how political projects and legislation were often shared in both spaces and went beyond each separate national framework, which were then under construction. The analysis will focus on the importance of the Constitution of Cadiz, the sovereign conception of the local and provincial powers and the influence of the decrees of the Cortes with respect to the suppression and disentailment of seigneurial and clerical property. In addition, it analyses how a shared political culture was adapted to a different reality like the Mexican one, resulting in the consolidation of a constitutional and federal system.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Nutrient composition, starch microstructure and thermal properties, and in vitro availability of selected minerals of nixtamalized Philippine quality protein maize variety IPB Var 6 and the production of healthy loaf bread using nixtamalized corn-wheat flour blends. Corn is one of the most important food crops globally providing at least 30% of the food calories in developing countries. This study aimed to determine the nutritional content and starch properties of nixtamalized Philippine quality protein maize (QPM) variety and its potential as a flour substitute in loaf bread production. The nixtamalized Philippine QPM flour had a significant increase in moisture and calcium contents. In vitro availability of calcium, iron, and zinc was relatively lower and associated with phytate content. The developed loaf bread utilizing the optimum nixtamalized corn-wheat flour blend had improved nutritional value and had no significant difference in sensory characteristics compared with the control loaf bread made from wheat flour. The use of nixtamalized IPB Var 6 flour as an ingredient in loaf bread making improved its crude fiber, calcium, and iron levels and can be a nutritious potential substitute ingredient for baked products. Novelty impact statement The process of nixtamalization can improve the nutritional content of corn and has the potential to improve the quality of a food staple such as loaf bread. Incorporating nixtamalized QPM flour into loaf bread resulted in increased fiber, protein, and calcium contents, and it was also acceptable to the consumers in terms of sensory characteristics and general acceptability. Data on the nutritional content and availability of selected minerals of nixtamalized QPM flour can be used as basis for future researches to optimize the method to maximize its potential effects in the improvement of the nutritional value of QPM, thereby providing a healthier alternative staple for the consumers.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Bioleaching of chalcopyrite by mixed culture of moderately thermophilic microorganisms. A mixed culture of moderately thermophilic microorganisms was enriched from acid mine drainages(AMDs) samples collected from several sulphide mines in China, and the bioleaching of chalcopyrite was conducted both in shake flask and bioreactor. The results show that in the shake flask, the mixture can tolerate 50 g/L chalcopyrite after being acclimated to gradually increased concentrations of chalcopyrite. The copper extraction increases obviously in bioleaching of chalcopyrite with moderately thermophilic microorganisms supplemented with 0.4 g/L yeast extract at 180 r/min, 74% copper can be extracted in the pulp of 50 g/L chalcopyrite after 20 d. Compared with copper extractions of mesophilic culture, unacclimated culture and acclimated culture without addition of yeast extract, that of accliniated culture with addition of yeast extract is increased by 53%, 44% and 16%, respectively. In a completely stirred tank reactor, the mass fraction of copper and total iron extraction reach up to 81% and 56%, respectively. The results also indicate that it is necessary to add a large amount of acid to the pulp to extract copper from chalcopyrite effectively.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Molecular and biological characterization of influenza A viruses isolated from human fecal samples. Human influenza viruses are occasionally detected in the stools of influenza patients. Objectives: Here, we investigated the molecular and biological characteristics of intestinal influenza viruses and their potential role in virus transmission. Methods: Fecal samples were first screened for the presence of influenza viral RNA using RT-qPCR. Positive fecal samples were subjected to cell culture. Isolated viruses were then sequenced using MiSeq platform. Replication kinetics and receptor binding affinity were also evaluated. Results: Influenza RNA was detected in stool samples of 41% (36/87) of influenza A positive patients. Among the 36 stool samples subjected to viral isolation, 5 showed virus growth. Sequence analysis of isolated viruses revealed two distinct mutation patterns in fecal viruses. Set I viruses was able to replicate to higher titers in cell culture despite the limited number of mutations (6 mutations) compared to set II viruses (>10 mutations). Functional analysis of both sets revealed the ability to replicate efficiently in differentiated human bronchial cells. Receptor binding testing has also demonstrated their ability to bind alpha 2,3 and alpha 2,6 sialic acid receptors. Conclusion: The ability of fecal influenza viruses to replicate in intestinal cells and human 3D bronchial cells might suggest their possible contribution in virus transmission.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "From simulations to measurements: prototyping an antenna for non-linear applications at sub-THz frequencies. The simulated characterisation and tuning of prototype antennas prior to manufacture is described in this study. The antennas incorporate Schottky diodes so as to frequency triple incident sub-THz power. Such a dual frequency, non-linear, device has been called a multenna. A metrology is outlined for ease of multiple measurements to permit exploring scenarios of multenna element design. Four options are optimally oriented and assembled onto an appropriately dimensioned tile substrate to minimise mutual coupling during characterisation of each element individually. Transmission measurements of the multennas are performed at 100 and 300 GHz: an example of resonant behaviour is presented.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
+{"token": "Pollution Lowers Support for China's Regime: Quasi-Experimental Evidence from Beijing. Using an eight-week-long original survey conducted day by day in Beijing in 2015, we leverage daily variation in air quality to estimate the causal effects of pollution on support for the Chinese regime. Our results show that pollution decreases satisfaction with both central and local governments and increases demand for oversight of government. Additionally, we time our survey to partially coincide with a period during which the government intentionally reduced air pollution, allowing us to exploit a unique instance of authoritarian environmental engineering. We show that government efforts to reduce pollution do successfully improve citizens' evaluations of the regime. To our knowledge, this article provides the first causal estimates of the challenges to popular support posed by environmental issues in a developing country and also illustrates the specific ways in which public opinion under authoritarian governance is affected by pollution.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Bank service quality: comparing Canadian and Tunisian customer perceptions. Purpose - The aim of this paper is to compare perceptions of bank service quality among Tunisian and Canadian customers, and to determine which dimensions of service quality make the greatest contribution to overall customer satisfaction and loyalty.Findings - Respondents in both countries reported high levels of perceived service quality in banks. However, Canadians reported higher perceived service quality than Tunisians for all five SERVQUAL dimensions, and for 21 of the 22 individual items. In the Canadian sample, empathy and reliability were found to be the most important predictors of satisfaction and loyalty, while in the Tunisian sample, reliability and responsiveness were the most important predictors of satisfaction and loyalty.Practical implications - Canadian bank managers should recognize the importance of \\\\'empathy\\\\' in service delivery by implementing appropriate customer-oriented strategies. Tunisian bank managers should focus on performing promised services dependably and accurately.Design/methodology/approach - Data were collected using self-administered questionnaires from two convenience samples of bank customers (250 in Canada and 222 in Tunisia). Service quality was measured using the five SERVQUAL dimensions of tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy. Data were analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis, ANOVA and linear regression.Originality/value - Despite the large number of studies on individual countries, few studies compare bank service quality among different countries. The present study compares perceptions of bank service quality between consumers in two countries - Canada and Tunisia - that have different economic and cultural environments.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "The differential Galois group of the rational function field. We determine the absolute differential Galois group of the field C(x) of rational functions: It is the free proalgebraic group on a set of cardinality |C|. This solves a longstanding open problem posed by B.H. Matzat. For the proof we develop a new characterization of free proalgebraic groups in terms of split embedding problems, and we use patching techniques in order to solve a very general class of differential embedding problems. Our result about C(x) also applies to rational function fields over more general fields of coefficients. (c) 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Design of the Magnum-PSI safety, control and data acquisition system. Key features of the CODAC system are a layered, modular and distributed design, the use of intelligent devices (e.g. commercial computer controlled cooling units), a centralized data storage built on HDF5, and a communication layer built on ZeroC (TM) Ice (TM). A significant part of the design is based on existing open source software components, integrated using C and Python code. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.The FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen has started the construction of Magnum-PSI, a magnetized (3 T), steady-state, large area (80cm(2)) high-flux (up to 10(24) H(+)ions m(-2) s(-1)) plasma generator. The aim of this linear plasma device is to provide a controlled, highly accessible laboratory experiment facility in which the interaction of a magnetized plasma with different surfaces can be studied in detail. Magnum-PSI consists of several subsystems including vacuum, cooling, plasma source, target station, and a number of diagnostic systems. The safety, Control, Data Acquisition and Communication (CODAC) system integrates these subsystems and provides an interface for the Magnum-PSI users. The CODAC system is designed in parallel with the Magnum-PSI hardware to maximize compatibility and usability. The CODAC system must handle the step-by-step construction and expansion of the Magnum-PSI system without compromising human and system safety in each step, combine manual and remote control, and provide a central data storage and implement automated experiment execution.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Reflexive portfolio: a proposal for teaching Qualitative Methods. This article presents a proposal for teaching Qualitative Methods in Higher Education. We propose a teaching design that combines theory and research practice, using a digital portfolio. We argue this design allows students to better integrate what they learnt in this domain, which undergraduate students often find difficult. The proposed teaching design was implemented in the two undergraduate programs that comprise the Social Sciences and Humanities at the Universidad Autonoma de Chile, Talca. Our results show that a significant percentage of students passed the course with good grades. A correlation between levels of attendance and grades was also found. Student feedback was positive, focusing on the systematic and collaborative character of this methodology. It also highlighted aspects that should be improved in future experiences. Our results suggest that integrating theory and practice favors students' performance in the course, showing that communicability of evaluation standards must be improved.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "The Effect of Geofiltration Heterogeneity of Bottom Sediments on Groundwater Discharge in a Small River Basin under Natural and Disturbed Conditions. A regional model of a small river basin with a catchment area of approximately 1000 km(2) is considered. The model was developed to evaluate the possible influence of groundwater intake on river runoff. The model is calibrated to the measured levels of groundwaters and discharges of this river. Geophysical and hydrometric surveys have allowed us to characterize the heterogeneity of the conductivity of the bottom sediments along the riverbed. The reduction in the river discharge considering this heterogeneity is greater by 25% than the reduction in the discharge calculated without taking it into account. Thus, consideration of the heterogeneity of bottom sediments for more reliable estimation of an influence of water intakes on the environment is recommended.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Mars ionospheric response to solar wind variability. At planets with induced magnetospheres, the coupling between the ionosphere, the weak draped magnetosphere, and the solar wind is very direct in comparison to Earth. The weak induced magnetosphere itself is created by the prevailing Solar wind conditions and therefore in its shape and strength dynamically depending on it. In early 2010, Mars was located behind Earth in the Solar wind; thus, we can use coordinated data from multiple near-Earth spacecraft (Stereo, Wind) to evaluate what kind of Solar wind disturbances have passed by Earth and might consecutively hit Mars, and when. We employ plasma data from the ESA Mars-Express mission, the ASPERA-3 particle instrument, and the MARSIS Active Ionospheric Sounder (AIS) to investigate, for a number of isolated events in March and April 2010, how the ionosphere and the induced magnetosphere at Mars develop and decay in response to Solar wind variability in the magnetic field, density, and velocity. In a dedicated campaign mode, we use frequent long-duration MARSIS AIS operations for several consecutive orbits, to monitor for the first time the long-term development of the Martian plasma environment during solar wind disturbances. We find that the magnetosphere and ionosphere of Mars can become considerably compressed by solar wind dynamic pressure variations, which usually are also associated with changes in the magnetic draping of the interplanetary magnetic field around the planet. These are typically associated with corotating interaction regions and coronal mass ejections, and can last for several days. During such episodes of compression, we see signatures of increased plasma transport over the terminator and enhanced ion outflow from the upper atmosphere.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Herbicide-Resistant Weeds in the United States and Their Impact on Extension. Herbicide-resistant weeds have impacted crop production throughout the United States, but the effect they have on extension programming has not been evaluated. In June 2007, 38 extension weed specialists throughout the United States, responded to a survey on herbicide-resistant (HR) weeds and the impact the), are having on extension education programming. Survey results revealed that HR weeds have had a significant impact on extension programming particularly for agronomic crops. In the last 10 yr, agronomic weed specialists' extension programming was almost twice as likely to be impacted by the presence of HR weeds as compared to horticultural programming. In the next 5 yr, agronomic extension programming is twice as likely to be altered. Of 37 weed species reported, seven genera or species of weeds represented 80% of the major HR biotypes reported. These include Amaranthus species, horseweed, Setaria species, common lambsquarters, kochia, giant rag-weed, and Lolium species. Five weed species (common ragweed, common lambsquarters, horseweed, kochia, and three foxtail species) exhibited weed by mode of action (MOA) interactions when evaluated as major or minor problems. Herbicide resistance problem severity differed For weed species, herbicide MOA, and crops. The results of this survey of university extension personnel confirm that HR weeds have impacted extension programming and will continue to impact programming in the future.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "A More Excellent Way: Philip Melanchthon's Corinthians Lectures of 1521-22. Through a critical study of Philip Melanchthon's 1521-22 lectures on I and 2 Corinthians, this essay evaluates his rhetorical method of reading and annotating Scripture. Building on a conventional analogy between ad fontes and sola scriptura, it investigates an equally operative analogy between consuetudo (linguistic usage) and what Melanchthon called the sermo or mos Scripturae, the \\\\'speech\\\\' or \\\\'usage of Scripture.\\\\' As a guide to the mos Scripturae, the early Corinthians lectures are an indispensable complement to his contemporary annotations on Romans. They reveal his attempt to integrate Luther's \\\\'theology of the cross\\\\' into a theory of learned reading and shed light on the composition of the first systematic theology of the Lutheran faith, the Loci Communes, also published in 1521. Taken together as speeches, Paul's letters to the Corinthians are unique enunciations of law and gospel, and unique examples of the \\\\'discourse of the cross.\\\\'", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "The Economic Organization of Extended Family Households by Race or Ethnicity and Socioeconomic Status. This study examines differences in the amount of economic support or mutual benefit derived from extended family living arrangements by studying differences in monetary contributions to essential household expenditures across family units in extended family households. Using the 2008 Survey of Income and Program Participation, multivariate regression and selection models are estimated to assess racial differences in family contributions toward household expenses in extended family households. Extended family households have very unequal monetary contributions toward household rent and utilities, although Hispanics have less unequal monetary contributions when compared with other racial groups. Hispanic and Asian extended family households experience decreasing inequality in financial contributions as the income of each family increases, whereas no relationship between financial contributions and income is found for Whites or Blacks. This suggests a different cultural orientation to extended family living arrangements for Asians and Hispanics when compared with non-Hispanic Whites.", "label": [5, 47, 51]}
+{"token": "Mortality by Cause of Death Among Immigrants and Natives in a South European Country: The Case of Greece, 2011. The aim of the paper is to examine for the first time in Greece mortality by cause of death among immigrants. The analysis makes use of vital registration statistics for 2010-2012 and census data for 2011; standardised mortality ratios are estimated for four distinct groups: natives, migrants from EU-27 (excluding Greece), other Europeans (mainly Albanians) and those from all other countries (mainly Asia/Africa). All immigrants seem to experience favourable mortality from neoplasms but higher mortality from external causes in comparison to Greeks. The results regarding cardiovascular diseases are mixed. Persons originating in Asian/African regions exhibit higher mortality from infectious diseases and TB. The findings highlight the specificities of immigrant mortality which stem from pre-existing conditions in the country of origin as well as from the adverse socio-economic environment in the country of destination. As immigrants experience some excessive 'avoidable' mortality implementation of appropriate measures should be a social policy priority.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Return-oriented programming on a resource constrained device. Microcontrollers are found in many everyday devices and will only become more prevalent as the Internet of Things (IoT) and other low power devices gain momentum. As such, it is increasingly important that they are reasonably resilient to known exploitation techniques. Modern enterprise-grade systems with virtually unlimited resources have many options when it comes to implementing state of the art intrusion prevention and detection solutions. These solutions are costly in terms of energy, execution time, circuit board area, and - of - course - money. Sustainable IoT devices and power-constrained embedded systems cannot afford such costs and are forced to make suboptimal security trade-offs. One such trade-off is the design of architectures which prevent execution of injected shell code, yet have allowed Return Oriented Programming (ROP) to emerge as a more reliable way to execute malicious code following attacks. ROP is a method used to take over the execution of a program by causing the return address of a function to be modified through an exploit vector, then returning to small segments of otherwise innocuous code located in executable memory one after the other to carry out the attacker's aims. It will be shown that the Tiva TM4C123GH6PM microcontroller, which utilizes a Cortex-M4F processor, can be fully controlled with this technique. Sufficient code is pre-loaded into a ROM on Tiva microcontrollers to erase and rewrite the flash memory where the program resides. Then, that same ROM is searched for a Turing-complete gadget set which would allow for arbitrary execution. This allows an attacker to re-purpose the microcontroller, altering the original functionality to their own malicious ends. Our results show that advanced exploitation techniques are still effective against embedded systems which prioritize energy-efficiency and that more research needs to be focused on finding the right balance of security for devices with a small energy footprint. (C) 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Imitation of Tongue Protrusion in Human Neonates: Specificity of the Response in a Large Sample. Although a large body of evidence has accumulated on the young human infant's ability to imitate, the phenomenon has failed to gain unanimous acceptance. Imitation of tongue protrusion, the most tested gesture to date, was examined in a sample of 115 newborns in the first 5 days of life in 3 seating positions. An ethologically based statistical coding system that coded all mouth and tongue movements regardless of whether they were imitative was employed. In order to assess the role of arousal, all arm and finger movements, as well as the infants' states, were coded. Neonates selectively increased the frequency of the strong, but not the weak, tongue protrusions; did not change their states; and did not increase the frequencies of the arm and general finger movements from the baseline to the modeling period, and the position of the baby significantly affected the outcome measures. The results confirm the human neonate's imitative ability, provide evidence that neonatal imitation is not an arousal response, and demonstrate that methodological factors affect the results.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Unexpected levels of cryptic diversity in European bees of the genus Andrena subgenus Taeniandrena (Hymenoptera, Andrenidae): implications for conservation. Using a combination of DNA barcodes and morphology, we examine species boundaries in bees of the genus Andrena subgenus Taeniandrena in Europe. First, we solve the long controversy surrounding the status of Andrena ovatula (Kirby, 1802) andA. albofasciataThomson, 1870, proposed to represent distinct species nearly 100 years ago, but mostly treated as conspecific in recent studies. Our results unambiguously support the presence of two taxa that are often found in sympatry: the first taxon, referred to asA. ovatula, is present in Northern Europe but also in Southern Europe along the Mediterranean coast; the second taxon is referred to as A. afzeliella (Kirby , 1802), stat. rev., with A. albofasciata considered to be a junior synonym (syn. nov.), and is widely distributed in Europe. Second, we show that another widely distributed species has hitherto been overlooked in Europe: A. ovata Schenck, 1853, stat. rev. Third, we demonstrate that two taxa currently treated as subspecies should be given specific rank due to significant morphological and genetic differences: A. croceiventris Morawitz, 1871, stat. rev., so f a r treated as a sub species of A. similis Smith, 1849, andA. vociferaWarncke, 1975, stat. nov., so far treated as a subspecies of A. gelriaevan der Vecht, 1927 . BothA. croceiventris andA. vociferahave particularly restricted ranges in Europe, being known only from central to southern Italy and Sicily , and continental France, respectively. Fourth, we describe a new species from Sardinia and Corsica, A. antonellae sp. nov. Lastly, the following new synonymies are proposed: A. similis, A. ocreata cyprisinaWarn c k e , 1975 and A. similis caraimica Osytshnjuk, 1994 are placed in synonymy with A. russula Lepeletier, 1841 (syn. nov.); A. fuscata (Kirby, 1802), A. canescens Schenck, 1853 and A. pseudovatula Alfken, 1926 are placed in synonymy with A. afzeliella (syn. nov.). Lectotypes are designated for A. afzeliella, A. fuscata (Kirby, 1802), A. ovata and A. wilkella (Kirby, 1802). Our results suggest a particularly fast diversification in this group of bees, leading to the presence of numerous species exhibiting particularly restricted geographic ranges. We discuss the implications for conservation of this astonishing cryptic diversity in European bees.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Within-crown distribution patterns of white spruce in pure composition and in mixture with trembling aspen. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of species composition and crown section on within-crown foliage distribution and the relationship of basal area growth rate to amount of foliage on young white spruce (Picea glauca) growing in pure composition and in mixture with trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides). Branch and needle biomass, projected leaf area, specific leaf area, and ratio of needle biomass to branch biomass, along with several whole-tree metrics, including height and diameter at breast height (1.3 m), were measured on thirteen 20-y-old white spruce trees, 7 from pure composition and 6 from mixed composition. While there was no effect of composition on whole-tree differences among subject trees, within-crown distribution of branch and foliage amount and morphology and concentration of foliage were significantly affected by both composition (mixed and pure) and crown section (lower, mid, upper). There was a positive relationship between periodic annual basal area increment and foliage amount (biomass and projected area) on subject white spruce trees that did not differ between trees in pure and mixed compositions. Despite the significant effect of species composition on the vertical within-crown distribution of foliage and branch amount and foliage morphology, similar changes in total foliage biomass and area had similar effects on periodic annual increment of basal area regardless of composition.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "PRACTICAL OPTIMIZATION OF ANTIARRHYTHMIC DRUG-THERAPY USING PHARMACOKINETIC PRINCIPLES. The optimisation of antiarrhythmic drug therapy is dependent on the definitions and methods of short term efficacy testing and the characteristics of those drugs used for rhythm disturbances. The choice of an intial antiarrhythmic drug dosage is highly emprical, and will remain so until the measurement of free concentrations, enantiomeric fractions and genetic phenotyping becomes routine. However, the clinician can devise an efficient initial dosage for efficacy testing procedures based on pharmacokinetic principles and disposition variables in the literature. In this regard, a nomogram for commonly used agents and dosages was constructed and is offered as a guide to accomplish this goal. Verification of the accuracy and usefulness of this nomogram in a prospective manner in patients with symptomatic tachyarrhythmias is still required. On a long term basis, dosage regimens can be modified by the use of pharmacokinetic principles and patient-specific target concentrations, in accordance with the methods used to monitor arrhythmia recurrence and drug-related side effects.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Libraries 2000: Transforming libraries using document delivery, needs assessment, and networked resources. The Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College (LSU) Libraries are transforming traditional research library practices by containing serial expenditures, implementing network developments, and attracting grant support. This paper describes three projects designed to utilize document delivery and electronic access to expand collections, identify faculty journal needs, and share resources among Louisiana libraries. It reports the results of document-delivery pilots and journal needs assessment surveys of LSU science and social sciences faculty and compares findings. Data on the use and cost of subsidized document delivery are included. The article also summarizes the libraries' grant activities, which have been awarded more than $6 million in three years.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "'The body's unruly event of illness': (Re)Orienting the Cancer Memoir in Anne Boyer's The Undying. This paper argues that Anne Boyer's The Undying (2019) reorients the writing of illness memoirs, in particular the breast cancer memoir. Thinking of the ill body as a \\\\'queer orientation,\\\\' following Sara Ahmed (2006), I analyze how Boyer reconsiders and attends to different ways of narrating the ill body going beyond genre conventions. I consider how Boyer's memoir assesses the \\\\'crisis of care\\\\' (Fraser) in contemporary society as well as the role of the cancer patient in traditional breast cancer memoirs, where suffering is presented as a homogenizing experience devoid of sociopolitical circumstances. I argue that Boyer's use of (re)orientation of writing in her illness narrative is key for a different understanding of breast cancer that fosters collective action for the redistribution of justice and care.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Prospective Cytomegalovirus Monitoring During First-Line Chemotherapy in Patients With Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Little is known about the incidence and clinical impact of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in patients with acute myeloid leukemia at the time of diagnosis and during chemotherapy. The aims of the present study were to assess prospectively the incidence of active CMV infection in 69 consecutive patients with acute myeloid leukemia and to describe the outcomes of treatment. pp65 antigenemia was monitored at diagnosis, post-induction and post-consolidation chemotherapy, and whenever CMV reactivation was suspected. Patients with pp65 antigenemia received pre-emptive anti-CMV treatment. Fifty-nine patients achieved complete remission. Baseline CMV serology results were available for 56 of the 59 patients: 52 patients (93%) were IgG positive. The overall incidence of pp65 antigenemia in patients in complete remission after chemotherapy was 35% (21/59): 9 patients after induction and 12 post-consolidation. Sixteen of the 21 pp65-positive patients received anti-CMV treatment: 15 as pre-emptive therapy and 1 for interstitial CMV pneumonitis. Five patients received no anti-CMV treatment and did not develop CMV disease. Patients with pp65 antigenemia had more hospital admissions (2.57 vs. 2.16; P=0.009), while patients with >10 pp65-positive cells had more clinical complications (8/9 vs. 2/12; P=0.002). In conclusion, patients with acute myeloid leukemia receiving chemotherapy should be monitored for active CMV infection. CMV reactivation in these patients was associated with an increased number of hospital admissions, and high levels of pp65 antigenemia were associated with more clinical complications. Controlled studies are needed to assess the relevance of pre-emptive anti-CMV therapy in patients with acute myeloid leukemia receiving chemotherapy. J. Med. Virol. 82:1201-1207, 2010. (C) 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Study of computational issues in simulation of transient flow in continuous casting. Unsteady three-dimensional turbulent flow and heat transport in the liquid pool during continuous casting of steel slabs has been computed using several different computational models, domains, grids, and inlet conditions. The most advanced computations employ a large-eddy simulation code, UIFLOW with a second-order central-differencing scheme, 1.6 million nodes and a realistic simulation domain including the complete submerged entry nozzle. The model has been validated in previous work through comparison with PIV measurements in caster water models, and with velocity and temperature measurements in an operating steel caster. The present computations are compared with flow measurements in a full-scale water model and with heat flux measurements in a jet impingement test problem. Results are compared between model domains of the full caster with symmetric half-caster and two-fold symmetric quarter-caster simulations. The effects of thermal buoyancy and the solidifying steel shell walls are studied independently. The effect of different inlet conditions is investigated by comparing results including nozzle simulations that are both coupled and uncoupled with the mold domain and a simplified nozzle geometry. The importance of the Sub-grid scale (SGS) model for treating the small turbulent eddies is investigated through simulations with and without the Horiuti SGS K model. A rigorous grid refinement study is undertaken, which indicates criteria for choosing the element size near the walls. Accurate heat transfer predictions are more difficult to attain than accurate velocities. Finally, comparisons are made with Reynolds-averaged approaches, including standard K-e and low Re-number K-c model computations of the same system. The relative advantages and disadvantages of the different flow simulation methods are evaluated.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Mechanisms on Superfine Alumina Inclusions Formation by Al-Deoxidation Reaction for liquid Iron. In order to investigate the formation mechanism of alumina particles in early stages of Al-deoxidation reaction, the samples are prepared by Al-deoxidation for Fe-O (90 ppm) melt in confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). The shapes of alumina inclusions are irregular in various samples, and their equivalent radius is between 15 and 150 nm based on the observation of field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) with energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). The size and number density of alumina inclusions increase with the increase of temperature of deoxidation while decrease with the increase of cooling rate. Based on the EDS results and Fe-Al phase diagram, it is found that the Al-deoxidation reaction zone is mainly composed of the FeAl, Fe2Al5, and FeAl3 phase. The average size of alumina particles in the FeAl phase are larger than that of in the Fe2Al5 phase. Alumina particle is not observed in the FeAl3 phase by FESEM. The observation and estimation based on the growth mechanisms of inclusions indicate that the growth of nanoscale alumina with large size is controlled by the diffusion growth and Brownian collision in high temperature melt, while nanoscale alumina with small size are secondary precipitate phase in the process of solidification.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "ENTREPRENEURIAL SELF-EFFICACY, INTENT AND INTENSITY: DOES EXPERIENTIAL TRAINING ENHANCE OR INHIBIT PREDISPOSITION?. Whereas prior research has investigated the relationship between the belief in one's abilities (entrepreneurial self-efficacy) and the intent to form a new business as a discrete event, little research has investigated the relationship between entrepreneurial self-efficacy and his or her focus and commitment (entrepreneurial intensity). Consequently, potential meaningful theoretical and pedagogical aspects remain less well understood. This study addresses this void explicitly by employing a pre-post design that investigates both the dynamics of the relationships between entrepreneurial self-efficacy, intent and intensity, as well as the moderating influence of different training methodologies. Our results suggest a change in focus from intent to intensity produces important theoretical and practical insights about the dynamics of early stage decision making.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "Inflation stabilisation and the consumption of durable goods. Exchange rate-based stabilisations in chronic-inflation countries have often been characterised by an initial consumption boom (which is most evident in the behaviour of durable goods) followed by a later contraction. This paper provides an explanation for such a boom-recession cycle based on the timing of purchases of durable goods. The initial fall in inflation results in a wealth effect which induces many consumers to bring forward their purchases of durable goods, thus generating an aggregate consumption boom. Since most consumers replenish their stock of durable goods at the beginning of the programme, a rater slowdown follows.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Host specificity and host recognition in a chemically-defended herbivore, the tenthredinid sawfly Rhadinoceraea nodicornis. The sawfly Rhadinoceraea nodicornis Konow (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) is a member of a closely related group of species, the tribe Phymatocerini, which feed on the Liliales and Ranunculales. It is known to sequester steroid alkaloids from its host plants, species in the genus Veratrum (Liliales: Melanthiaceae), and to use them as a defence against predators. There are known chemical relationships between the hosts of R. nodicornis and hosts of related sawfly species. We tested whether the R. nodicornis larvae would accept hosts of closely- and more distantly-related sawflies, but found that they accepted only plant species in the genus Veratrum. This specificity was apparently innate, as it was independent of early larval experience. A feeding bioassay showed that the steroid alkaloids from Veratrum nigrum were phagostimulatory for R. nodicornis larvae, suggesting that they may be involved in host recognition. We discuss the possibility that the evolution of recognition of specific compounds may represent the mechanism of host radiation within the Phymatocerini.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Thermally Stable All-Perovskite Tandem Solar Cells Fully Using Metal Oxide Charge Transport Layers and Tunnel Junction. All-perovskite tandem solar cells offer a promising avenue to go beyond the efficiency limit of single-junction devices. Their efficiencies have been increasing rapidly in the past few years; however, their commercial viability is hindered by the instability under thermal stressing. Herein, comprehensive device design strategies are proposed to achieve thermally stable all-perovskite tandem solar cells while retaining the advantages of solution processing. Metal oxides, i.e., NiOx and SnO2, are used for the hole and electron transport layers in both wide bandgap and narrow subcells. The metal-based recombination layer is replaced with a stable and conductive indium tin oxide nanocrystals film to fabricate an all metal-oxide-based tunnel junction. Based on those design strategies, the encapsulated all-perovskite tandem solar cells retained 85% of their initial efficiency after stressing at 85 degrees C for 2500 h and maintained >80% of their initial performance after 900 h operation at the maximum power point and operating temperature of approximate to 65 degrees C. Achieving such thermal stability represents a crucial step toward commercial viability of all-perovskite tandem solar cells.", "label": [1, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "Prescribing practices in psychiatric hospitals in Eastern Europe. Aims: To examine the patterns of psychotropic prescribing in five countries of Eastern Europe.Method: We conducted a one-day census of psychiatric treatments used in eight psychiatric hospitals in Albania, Croatia, Macedonia, Serbia and Romania. We examined clinical records and medication charts of 1304 patients.Background: There has been no evidence about the prescribing practices in psychiatric care in Eastern Europe.Conclusions: Older generation antipsychotics and antidepressants were used more frequently than in the countries of Western Europe. Psychotropic polypharmacy is a common practice. There is a need for adopting more evidence-based practice in psychiatric care in these countries. (C) 2010 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.Results: The use of polypharmacy was frequent across all diagnostic groups. Only 6.8% of patients were on monotherapy. The mean number of prescribed drugs was 2.8 (SD 0.97) with 26.5% receiving two drugs, 42.1% receiving three drugs and 22.1% being prescribed four or more psychotropic drugs. Typical antipsychotics were prescribed to 63% and atypical antipsychotics to 40% of patients with psychosis. Older generations of antidepressants were prescribed to 29% of patients with depression. Anxiolitic drugs were prescribed to 20.4% and benzodiazepines to 68.5% of patients. One third of patients received an anticholinergic drug on a regular basis.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Benefits for some, losses for many: reasons and implications of adopting double entry door in Brazilian university hospitals. The so-called double entry door - one for the patients of the public system and another one for customers of private health plans - is a growing phenomenon in many public health care facilities, especially in the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, where several university hospitals linked to public universities assign resources to attend private clientele. The objective of this article is to understand the reasons for the adoption (or not) of the double entry door at two public university hospitals, seeking to identify its implications for the hospital and other stakeholders. Methods included desk research of relevant literature and interviews conducted in 2014 with representatives of selected hospitals. The results show the existence of two divergent narratives on the subject. The favorable narrative emphasizes the additional fundraising and the possibility of keeping fully dedicated teachers working at the university. The unfavorable narrative emphasizes the discrimination arising from the segmentation between paying and non-paying patients and the use of public resources for attending private clientele. By emphasizing the solution of structural problems through the privatization of public services, we conclude that the adoption of double entry door in university hospitals reinforces existing inequalities in society.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Potential savings from reducing inequalities in health. Results: Thirty-seven percent of Winnipeg's premature deaths, 22% of the heart attacks, 20% of the hip fractures and 15% of total expenditures on hospitals and physicians ($62 million in 1999 dollars) could have been avoided if residents of the less wealthy 80% of neighbourhoods enjoyed health similar to those in the wealthiest neighbourhoods.Background: Numerous studies have established that socio-economic position is positively related to health status, but we know little about the real costs of these differences across an entire population. This paper estimates the potential savings in morbidity and dollars from reducing the inequalities in health among Winnipeg residents.Conclusion: The potential savings from reducing the socio-economic-related differences in health are high, whether they are measured in terms of morbidity or dollars. Research is needed to determine the extent to which these potential savings are achievable.Methods: We measure excess morbidity by examining rates of premature death, hip fracture, and heart attack according to the relative affluence of the Winnipeg neighbourhood. We also assess the total expenditures on physician and hospital care by neighbourhood of residence. We then estimate the savings that could have been achieved if 1) the health of the two poorest quintiles had been raised to the level of the middle quintile, and 2) the health of the poorest four quintiles had been raised to the level of the top quintile.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Discovery and genetic characterization of a novel orthonairovirus in Ixodes ricinus ticks from Danube Delta. Different arthropod species are vectors of a wide array of arboviruses (arthropod-borne viruses) and have likely been central to viral evolution. To better understand the extent of arthropod-borne pathogens, as well as their origin and evolutionary history, it is crucial to uncover the full range of microbial agents, including viruses associated with arthropods. In this study, a collection of ticks obtained in 2016 directly from mammal and bird hosts from several rural and natural sites of Danube Delta was subjected to transcriptome sequencing and amplification assays. Vector surveillance revealed the presence of a novel orthonairovirus species, designated Sulina virus, in Ixodes ricinus ticks. Phylogenetic clustering of each viral protein consistently placed the new virus in the Orthonairovirus genus as a new genogroup closely related to Tamdy orthonairovirus, a genogroup comprising both pathogenic and tick-associated orthonairoviruses. The serological testing of engorged ticks and blood of infected hosts, along with the inoculation of vertebrate cells and mice found no specific antibodies or viral replication, suggesting that Sulina virus is an orthonairovirus associated with the virome of Ixodes ricinus. Finally, the characterization of a novel orthonairovirus identified using high throughput sequencing will advance our knowledge of interactions between viruses and tick vectors, expanding our perspective on fundamental questions regarding orthonairovirus evolution, diversity, ecology and potential of emergence as pathogens.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Knowledge management, relational learning, and the effectiveness of innovation outcomes. This paper proposes a conceptual model to test the moderating effect of relational learning on the link between knowledge strategies and innovation. To accomplish this, this study is carried out on healthcare organizations. It has been generally accepted that both explicit and tacit knowledge play a basic role in organizational innovation. However, although there are plenty of research works that study the existing relationship between knowledge management (KM) and the effectiveness of the innovation process, there are certain peculiarities with regard to this link, which have yielded some inconclusive results. This paper revisits this research topic with data on KM, relational learning and innovation outcomes from a sample of Spanish hospitals. The results show that a deep and broad knowledge base leads to better innovation outcomes. In addition, this study found that hospitals and/or units that invest and involve themselves in relational learning mechanisms are more likely to foster innovations.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "Phase and rheological behavior of high-concentration colloidal hard-sphere and protein dispersions. Colloidal hard-sphere (HS) particles of narrow size distribution exhibit crystalline and glassy states beginning at the particle volume fraction phi=0.494 and phi(G) = 0.58, respectively. Dynamic rheological data on the dispersions were strongly modified to solid like behavior as phi approached phi(G). In addition, cooperative motion in structural relaxation has been observed microscopically in the colloidal dispersions of sodium caseinate and the globular proteins: bovine serum albumin and beta-lactoglobulin. Viscosity models developed for HS dispersions predicred accurately the trends but not the absolute values of protein dispersions. Dispersions of food coloidal particles may be employed in studies, in which volume fraction is the thermodynamic variable, for understanding the relaxation and transport process related to 1st-order and colloidal glass transitions.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Perfecting patent prizes. A number of commentators in recent years have suggested permitting holders of intellectual property rights to give up these rights in exchange for cash prizes from the government. In this Article, Professor Abramowicz shows that each of the proposals has significant flaws that would make implementation impractical and argues that no single perfect formula or algorithm for determining the size of prizes exists. A prize system is nonetheless worth pursuing because it could increase social welfare significantly by eliminating dead-weight loss. Professor Abramowicz recommends a relatively simple approach that would complement rather than replace the patent system. The proposal is to establish an agency to distribute a fund that would be used to reward corporate efforts to reduce the monopoly effects of patent rights. A grant of wide agency discretion has significant advantages and few drawbacks. Even assuming the agency is likely to do a poor job of distributing prizes, the system will be efficient if no biases in granting prizes are predictable. Whether or not an agency is given complete discretion, increased flexibility and careful design of information revelation mechanisms would enhance the existing proposals for patent prizes.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Seasonal abundance and spatial pattern of Setaria faberi, Chenopodium album, and Abutilon theophrasti in reduced-tillage soybeans. A better understanding of the influence of various crop and weed management practices on spatiotemporal dynamics of weeds could improve the design of integrated weed management systems. We examined the influence of 18- and 76-cm soybean row spacings on emergence pattern and spatial aggregation of giant foxtail, common lambsquarters, and velvetleaf seedling cohorts. In addition, we characterized the soil seedbank and determined the quantitative and spatial relationship between the seedbank and seedling populations. Viable seeds of about IO weed species and twice as many species of seedlings were identified in the weed community. Giant foxtail and common lambsquarters were the predominant species in the seedling and seedbank population, respectively, each accounting for GO to 70% of the total weed species density. Emergence of giant foxtail, common lambsquarters, and velvetleaf depleted 12 to 33%, < 2% and 12 to 49% of the seedbank in the upper IO cm of the soil profile. Peak time and periodicity of weed emergence was not influenced by soybean row spacing, and peak time of emergence of giant foxtail, common lambsquarters, and velvetleaf occurred 3 to 4, 3 to 6, and 3 to 9 weeks after soybean planting (WAP), respectively. Magnitude of giant foxtail emergence 5, 6, and 3 WAP was 98, 96, and 76% greater in 76- than in Is-cm row soybeans only when the population of 76-cm row soybeans was 57% lower than the 18-cm soybeans in 1997. Giant foxtail and common lambsquarters seeds in the seedbank were aggregated in 1996 and 1997 according to the Taylor power law (TPL) and the negative binomial distribution (NBD). The TPL and the NBD were similar in describing the spatial aggregation of giant foxtail and common lambsquarters but not some velvetleaf seedling cohorts. The spatial aggregation of seedlings varied among cohorts for different weed species and was likely due to species-specific biological characteristics that influence seed dispersal, germination, and seedling emergence. Within a 1.5-ha area, aggregation declined with decreasing density. Within a 24-m(2) area, the level of aggregation of all weed species decreased as seedling densities increased. These results indicated that soybean row spacing influenced neither weed emergence pattern nor weed spatial aggregation; thus, several management decisions can be similar in 18- and 76-cm row soybeans.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Technical capabilities are not enough: deploying internet of things in the metals and mining industry. Technologies enabling the internet of things (IoT) have emerged in business operations across industries. Our research investigates the related changes in the metals and mining industry. Based on 53 qualitative interviews among experts and managers within this industry, we identified considerable misalignment between the user expectations and the supplied technologies. Hence, we suggest a more collaborative approach across the industry participants. Openness helps in acquiring the broad set of capabilities (analytic capability, IoT competency, business development, and substantive expertise) that are needed for the implementation of the IoT technologies in the industry-specific context.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "Tips and tricks in linear imaging polarimetry of extended sources with FORS2 at the VLT. Context. Polarimetry is a very powerful tool for uncovering various properties of astronomical objects that otherwise remain hidden in standard imaging or spectroscopic observations. While common observations only measure the intensity of light, polarimetric measurements allow us to distinguish and measure the two perpendicular components of the electric field associated with the incoming light. By using polarimetry it is possible to unveil asymmetries in supernova explosions, properties of intervening dust, characteristics of atmosphere of planets, among others. However, the reliable measurement of the low polarization signal from astronomical sources requires a good control of spurious instrumental polarization induced by the various components of the optical system and the detector.Aims. We perform a detailed multi-wavelength calibration study of the FORS2 instrument at the VLT operating in imaging polarimetric mode to characterize the spatial instrumental polarization that may affect the study of extended sources.Methods. We used imaging polarimetry of high signal-to-noise ratio blank field BVRI observations during the full moon, when the polarization is expected to be constant across the field of view and deviations originate from the instrument, and a crowded star cluster in broad-band RI and narrow-band H-alpha filters, where the individual polarization values of each star across the field can be measured.Results. We find an instrumental polarization pattern that increases radially outwards from the optical axis of the instrument reaching up to 1.4% at the edges, depending on the filter. Our results are closely approximated by an elliptical paraboloid down to less than similar to 0.05% accuracy, and similar to 0.02% when using non-analytic fits. We present 2D maps to correct for this spurious instrumental polarization. We also give several tips and tricks for analyzing polarimetric measurements of extended sources.Conclusions. FORS2 is a powerful instrument that allows the linear polarimetry of extended sources to be mapped. We present and discuss a methodology that can be used to measure the polarization of such sources, and to correct for the spatial polarization induced in the optical system. This methodology could be applied to polarimetric measurements using other dual-beam polarimeters.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "The antinomies of sovereigntism, statism and liberalism in European democratic responses to the COVID-19 crisis: a comparison of Britain and France. This paper argues that the current COVID-19 pandemic reveals and in a sense crystallizes a series of long-standing tensions about sovereignty that have become increasingly salient in the advanced capitalist democracies of the European Union. The spread of the pandemic led first to the activation of a conflict between a 'sovereigntist reflex' privileging the expression of national capacities and national self-reliance and a more 'perforated' understanding of sovereignty stressing the interdependence of peoples and states, both geographically and institutionally. As the response to COVID itself became more politicized we see the emergence of a second tension, between a libertarian 'reflex' supporting a residual state protecting liberties and facilitating individual choice and a sovereign-statist 'instinct', calling for an empowered guardian of the public good capable of ensuring collective security. A third tension relates to the seemingly growing opposition between a conception of sovereignty founded (and contingent) upon the will of the people and one in which the sovereign is, simultaneously, the discerner, defender and ultimate guarantor of the public good. After having mapped out these interwoven tensions and their main fault lines in general terms, the paper proceeds comparatively, tracking and tracing their (differential and specific) presence in governmental responses in two advanced capitalist democracies, France and Britain.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Sweet Corn Sentinel Monitoring for Lepidopteran Field-Evolved Resistance to Bt Toxins. As part of an insect resistance management plan to preserve Bt transgenic technology, annual monitoring of target pests is mandated to detect susceptibility changes to Bt toxins. Currently Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) monitoring involves investigating unexpected injury in Bt crop fields and collecting larvae from non-Bt host plants for laboratory diet bioassays to determine mortality responses to diagnostic concentrations of Bt toxins. To date, this monitoring approach has not detected any significant change from the known range of baseline susceptibility to Bt toxins, yet practical field-evolved resistance in H. zea populations and numerous occurrences of unexpected injury occur in Bt crops. In this study, we implemented a network of 73 sentinel sweet corn trials, spanning 16 U.S. states and 4 Canadian provinces, for monitoring changes in H. zea susceptibility to Cry and Vip3A toxins by measuring differences in ear damage and larval infestations between isogenic pairs of non-Bt and Bt hybrids over three years. This approach can monitor susceptibility changes and regional differences in other ear-feeding lepidopteran pests. Temporal changes in the field efficacy of each toxin were evidenced by comparing our current results with earlier published studies, including baseline data for each Bt trait when first commercialized. Changes in amount of ear damage showed significant increases in H. zea resistance to Cry toxins and possibly lower susceptibility to Vip3a. Our findings demonstrate that the sentinel plot approach as an in-field screen can effectively monitor phenotypic resistance and document field-evolved resistance in target pest populations, improving resistance monitoring for Bt crops.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Invertebrate drift and colonization processes in a tropical Andean stream. We studied invertebrate drift (intensity, propensity, and diel changes) and the recolonization process of stones in a tropical high-altitude stream in Ecuador for a period of 7 to 25 d during the wet and dry seasons. Our aim was to identify whether seasonal differences in flow produce differences M drift parameters and in the recolonization process, and to examine the role of microhabitat (fast-flow vs. slow-flow areas) in this process. Invertebrate community metrics in drift did not differ between seasons at base flow (<1001s(-1)), but they were highly correlated with high flow events. As a result, drift propensity values for several taxa were higher during the wet season, when higher flows occurred, indicating that some taxa suffer catastrophic drift (e.g. Podonominae, Simuliidae). In the short-term experiment, taxa richness, density, and diversity of the colonizers increased with time (up to Day 7). On a longer scale (Days 7 to 25; mid-term experiment), time did not affect community metrics. Microhabitat had strong effects on the composition of colonized stones, and was related to the abundance of taxa in the drift. While some taxa that are scarce in drift were only found in slow-flow areas (e.g. Nectopsyche), suggesting that these species actively search for refuges in the stream, copious species in the drift (e.g. Baetodes) were very abundant on the recolonizing stones, especially during the wet season. The present study suggests that flow, the variability of flow (within and between seasons), and its consequences on the drift of several species play a pivotal role in invertebrate colonization and in the structuring of invertebrate communities in different microhabitats of high-altitude tropical streams.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "Proverbs and the Problems of the Moral Self. This article applies the Heelas-Lock model of conceptualizing the moral self to the book of Proverbs in such a way as to account, in psychological-anthropological terms, for the variety of moral voices in Proverbs 10-30, while holding that the idea of just deserts cannot be treated lightly, as if it were just one voice among others. The alternatives offered to the theory of retribution are just that: attempts to deal with its inadequacy in real life while maintaining its dominance in the concept of the moral self and its formation. The moral reasoning underlying such alternatives is inherently contradictory to the logic of retribution, but both individuals and cultures can accommodate logically incompatible beliefs as long as no one attempts to impose a single system of knowledge on them. As this article tries to show in regard to Proverbs 1-9, to do so accentuates the anxiety latent in the fact of competing moral logics to the degree that the anxiety must, in turn, be suppressed. In the opening instructions, the relatively blithely (save, perhaps, for Agur) fragmented moral self projected by the proverb collections is confounded by its desires and by the teacher's conflicted efforts to both mask and capitalize on them.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Transferring the city - transgressing borders: Cultural mediators in Antwerp (1850-1930). The present paper analyses the complex forms of intercultural transfer activities in the multilingual, cosmopolitan city of Antwerp just after the First World War, at a time when the emancipation claims of the Dutch-speaking groups vis-a-vis the francophones were increasing and the literary avant-garde preached internationalism. It zooms in on two key cultural mediators, Georges Eekhoud (1854-1927) and Roger Avermaete (1893-1988), whose multiple transfer activities are inextricably bound up with Antwerp's history as a dual city but remain largely under-researched. It deals with the following concrete research questions: what were the aims, forms and functions of intercultural actors' transfer activities; how did they create new forms of literary writing and translation and new roles of authorship and translatorship; which urban networks organized and controlled these transfer activities; and which effects did these activities and networks have on the relations between the urban cultural communities they represented and on the creation of a common cultural history? On a methodological level, it reflects upon translation studies' concepts: does translation studies offer appropriate concepts and methods to analyse these new literary cartographies, these new forms of writing and translating and new roles of authorship and translatorship?", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "CROSSOVER BETWEEN FIELD AVERAGE AND FLUCTUATIONAL REGIMES OF SEMIDILUTE SOLUTION OF MACROMOLECULES. Temperature dependence of the correlation radius of fluctuations of concentration and isothermal osmothic compressibility of PS solution (M(w) = 1.3.10(5), M(w)/M(n) less-than-or-equal-to 1.06) in deuterocyclohexane in the temperature range from theta up to critical ply separation temperature T(cr) has been studied by the small-angle neutrons scattering method.  The values of corresponding indexes nu and gamma are renormalized from field-average ones in theta-conditions to fluctuational ones near T(cr).  The observed crossover region from the field-average to critical behaviour of the polymer solution coincides with calculations based on the Ginzburg criterion.  The obtained values of critical indexes in the fluctuational region point out, that this polymer-solvent system belongs to the universal class of the Izing model with the order parameter n = 1 and space parameter d = 3.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Genetic structure of the common shrew Sorex araneus L. 1758 (Mammalia, Lipotyphla) in continuous and fragmented areas. In this work the genetic variability of the common shrew populations Sorex araneus L. in Eastern Europe was studied via mitochondrial gene cyt b sequencing. A total of 82 sequences of the mitochondrial gene cyt b with a length of 953 basepairs were analyzed, including five chromosome races in a continuous natural area in forest zone and two races which inhabit fragmented area in the steppe zone. No apparent phylogenetic subdivision was discovered, and there was no significant correlation between genetic and geographic distances in continuous areas. We did not found convincing evidence that the narrow hybrid zones between chromosome races have an influence on the flow of neutral alleles. A significant p-distance (0.69 +/- 0.27%) between geographically close populations of the chromosome race Neroosa suggests the formation of the karyotype of this race in the Pliocene or Pleistocene. In our work, the phylogeographic structure was determined primely by species area fragmentation instead of its karyotypic features.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Lattice distortion effect on incipient behavior of Ti-based multi-principal element alloys. In this work, we studied the influence of lattice distortion on the initiation of plasticity in Ti-based (multi-principal element alloy) MPEAs at a loading rate of 500 mu N/s. The surface dependence was observed in Ti20Al20Cr20V20Nb20(Ti-20) MPEA, where the lowest first burst load was determined in (110) oriented grain, which is the same as that in Ti60Al10Cr10V10Nb10 (Ti60). This implies this kind of crystallographic dependence is the intrinsic feature of present studied alloys and it is not covered by the lattice distortion effect. In spite of similar orientation dependence, a much higher load at first burst was identified in Ti20 compared with Ti60, which is attributed to the fact that the more severe lattice distortion causes a larger critical resolved shear stress (CRSS) to nucleate the dislocation and a greater lattice friction to overcome during dislocation multiplication and emission process. In addition, based on the activation volume value, the mechanism in Ti20 is regarded as the same as that in Ti60, inferring that altering the lattice distortion does not change the pop-in mechanism in MPEAs. Lastly, the lattice distortion influence on the homogeneous dislocation nucleation process was investigated and compared with the heterogeneous dislocation nucleation event. (C) 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Tropical South America during the Last Glacial Maximum: evidence from glacial, periglacial and fluvial records. The records of the LGM climates of tropical South America are still sparse compared to the vast region under consideration. Nevertheless, a number of records hold up to critical evaluation. Early attempts to reconstruct the LGM temperature and precipitation conditions for the LGM, around 21 C-14 ka BP, have suggested that relative to present, lowland temperatures were on average only a few degrees C cooler, whereas in the Andes the temperature depression was in the range of 6-8 degrees C. These reconstructions further suggested that tropical precipitation was more limited in both the lowlands and in the Andes. Although recent pollen evidence supports significantly cooler tropical lowland temperatures during the LGM, additional (alkenone) evidence from sea-surface temperatures and model analysis are contradictory. The data from tropical South America suggest that the late Quaternary climatic changes of the lowlands as well as of the Andean mountains reflect a response (1) to environmental changes in the source area of the moisture and (2) to global temperature fluctuations. Based on glacial, periglacial and pollen evidence, a LGM temperature depression of 5-6 degrees C can be assumed for both tropical lowland South America and the Andes. These LGM values for the cooling correspond with recent coral records from Barbados and the southwestern Pacific, ice-core records from Peru, noble-gas measurements in Brazil and ocean core records from the western equatorial Atlantic. No difference in the value of LGM cooling can be recognised between the tropical lowlands and the high mountains of South America. Furthermore, in all regions the LGM climates were more arid than the present-day climates. Terrestrial records have not yet yielded records of Younger Dryas age apart from the tropical Andes of Ecuador where the Younger Dryas time is characterised by a cooler and drier climate. Pollen evidence for cooler Younger Dryas conditions comes from the Bolivian Andes. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) alters mitochondrial morphology and function by activating the NF-kB-DRP1 axis in hippocampal neurons. Neuronal stress-adaptation combines multiple molecular responses. We have previously reported that thorax trauma induces a transient loss of hippocampal excitatory synapses mediated by the local release of the stress-related hormone corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). Since a physiological synaptic activity relies also on mitochondrial functionality, we investigated the direct involvement of mitochondria in the (mal)-adaptive changes induced by the activation of neuronal CRH receptors 1 (CRHR1). We observed, in vivo and in vitro, a significant shift of mitochondrial dynamics towards fission, which correlated with increased swollen mitochondria and aberrant cristae. These morphological changes, which are associated with increased NF-kB activity and nitric oxide concentrations, correlated with a pronounced reduction of mitochondrial activity. However, ATP availability was unaltered, suggesting that neurons maintain a physiological energy metabolism to preserve them from apoptosis under CRH exposure. Our findings demonstrate that stress-induced CRHR1 activation leads to strong, but reversible, modifications of mitochondrial dynamics and morphology. These alterations are accompanied by bioenergetic defects and the reduction of neuronal activity, which are linked to increased intracellular oxidative stress, and to the activation of the NF-kB/c-Abl/DRP1 axis.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Which corporate social responsibility issues do consumers perceive as relevant to be evaluated in the hotel sector?. The aim of this research is to develop a measure for consumer-based perceptions of corporate social responsibility (CSR) to better understand which CSR attributes consumers consider valuable in the hotel sector. It is precisely this stakeholder group that eventually legitimises the firm's actions through its purchasing behaviour. To develop the measure, indicators proposed in previous studies are reviewed, and six dimensions are proposed, taking into account three theoretical perspectives. Previous studies have found some weaknesses in the validation of the traditional economic dimension of CSR, and therefore, this area requires further analysis. The measure for consumer-based perceptions of CSR is tested using a large and representative sample of Spanish consumers and is further validated using a second sample of foreign tourists in Spain, confirming the economic, legal, ethical, philanthropic, environmental and stakeholder dimensions. This study provides managers with greater insight into how hotel consumers perceive the overall CSR concept.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "Prospects for Omani coal. A coalfield, in excess of 120 x 10(6) tonnes of coal in situ, has been discovered at Al-Kamil in south-eastern Oman. The coal is classified as highly-volatile bituminous type-A, with an average calorific value of 27.5 GJ per tonne. Unfortunately, it has on average similar to 5% by weight sulphur content and an ash content of similar to 14% by weight: so it is probably better suited for use as a fuel for electricity generation. However, such coal-fired generation, at present, would incur a higher cost than using indigenous natural gas, but would nevertheless provide an opportunity for diversification away, from the existing over-dependence on natural gas and crude oil. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "Social Environmental Influences on Smoking and Cessation: Qualitative Perspectives Among Chinese-Speaking Smokers and Nonsmokers in California. This qualitative study examines the social environmental influences on smoking and cessation from the perspectives of Chinese smokers and household nonsmokers in California. Seven focus groups were conducted with 63 participants. Three culturally influenced levels of potential intervention emerged from constant comparative analysis. At the individual level, participants focused more on irritating odor than health harms of exposure and had inaccurate beliefs about harms of smoking and cessation. At the relational level, peers kept smokers connected to pro-smoking norms. There was conflict in the home about smoking and failed cessation, but smokers recognized the benefits of cessation for family harmony and children's health. Physicians encouraged cessation but this tended to be insufficient to prompt action unless a smoker felt ill. At the societal level, participants recognized changes in social acceptability and environmental regulation of smoking upon immigration. Better implementation of smokefree policies, plus culturally nuanced strategies for equipping both nonsmokers and smokers to become smokefree, are needed.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Volunteering, social cohesion and race: the German Technical Relief Service. This article contributes to the debate on whether volunteering influences social cohesion, and argues that issues of race equality should be considered in this discussion.While the German government, like other European states, promotes volunteering as a way of improving social cohesion, discussions on social cohesion in Germany tend not to mention race explicitly, while studies on volunteering tend to neglect to explore race at all. When they do, race is simply considered a factor influencing engagement, rather than a structural issue. Employing the example of the German Technical Relief Service for civil defence, the article explores race relations and representation in Germany, where discussions on race generally remain taboo, drawing on theories of structural racism and whiteness. The article concludes that it cannot be unproblematically assumed that volunteering leads to social cohesion in an ethnically diverse society if racial inequalities are not addressed.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "LEIBNIZ'S MONADOLOGICAL POSITIVE AESTHETICS. One of the most intriguing - and arguably counter-intuitive - doctrines defended by environmental philosophers is that of positive aesthetics, the thesis that all of nature is beautiful. The doctrine has attained philosophical respectability only comparatively recently, thanks in no small part to the work of Allen Carlson, one of its foremost defenders. In this paper, we argue that the doctrine can be found much earlier in the work of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz who devised and defended a version of positive aesthetics (avant la lettre) in the early modern period, grounded in a conception of the world as a world of monads, each of which individually fulfils the rationalist aesthetic criteria of multiplicity-in-unity and that taken together ensure that the world as a whole is a harmoniously ordered system of multiple and diverse individuals, whose intelligible order and variety is made known to us through natural scientific endeavour. In showing this, we advance two further theses: first, that Leibniz's version of positive aesthetics displays more philosophical virtue than Carlson's, for whereas Carlson's doctrine is vague and admits of exceptions, Leibniz's is clear and all-encompassing. And secondly, that Leibniz's version of positive aesthetics has the resources to overcome a difficulty inherent in the exclusively science-based justification that Carlson offers.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Boron isotopic geochemistry of carbonates and pore waters, Ocean Drilling Program Site 851. We have determined the boron content and isotopic composition of bulk carbonates and associated pore waters from Ocean Drilling Program Site 851. The delta(11)B of the carbonates range from 23 parts per thousand to as low as -5.5 parts per thousand, greatly extending the range of reported carbonate delta(11)B values. In contrast, pore fluid isotopic compositions are relatively constant. Based on the correlation of delta(11)B and 1/B (r = 0.99) we conclude that the bulk carbonate at this site is a mixture of a biogenic component (similar to 7 ppm with delta(11)B of 23 parts per thousand) and a recrystallized component (similar to 2.5 ppm with delta(11)B of -5.5 parts per thousand). The empirical 'low pH' water-carbonate fractionation factor implied by the data is 0.959 +/- 0.003. A boron concentration minimum occurs in pore waters at a depth of approximately 200 m below the seafloor and this is interpreted as reflecting essentially quantitative uptake of B at this depth and the horizontal advection of pore fluids with water residence times below the minimum on the order of 3,600 years. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Deliberating for Our Far Future Selves. The temporal period between the moment of deliberation and the execution of the intention varies widely-from opening an umbrella when one feels the first raindrops hit to planning and writing a book. I investigate the distinctive ability that adult human beings have to deliberate for their far future selves exhibited at the latter end of this temporal spectrum, which I term prospective deliberation. What grounds it when it is successful? And, why does it fail in some cases? I shall argue that an agent is warranted in deliberating for a future self when her reasons give her the right kind of cross-temporal authority. I argue that this authority is distinctive and cannot be accounted for by theories of agential authority that take desires, value judgments, or willings as the ground of authority in standard cases of deliberation. According to the theory I propose having the right kind of cross-temporal agential authority is not only a matter of having epistemic access to a future self's reasons or being the same metaphysical person as a future self, it requires confidence that the agent's reasons support undertaking such a normative commitment and that that future self will see the normative force of those reasons as the agent sees them. In other words, cross-temporal agential authority requires that the past self and the future self share a normative perspective. I show that this further condition only obtains if the agent sees her reasons in deliberation as having certain features.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Trascendence and openness. An image of human being in our time. In this work I show how the writings of Xavier Zubiri are related to this transformation in search of transcendence. Zubiri proposes an ultimate level that reaches the connexion between the image of man and the experience of divinity. This experience is not only a theological knowledge but also a personal relationship with God.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Response of Coastal bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) to various herbicides and weed control during establishment. Field experiments were conducted to determine the effects of application timings and various herbicides on newly established 'Coastal' bermudagrass in 2001, 2002, and 2003. The experimental design was a split plot with three replications. Main plots consisted of three herbicide application timings of 1, 14, and 28 d after planting (DAP), and the subplots were 16 herbicide treatments. The hormone herbicides (piclorarn at 0.19 kg ae/ha + fluroxypyr at 0. 19 kg ae/ha, piclorarn at 0.08 kg/ha + 2,4-D amine at 0.28 kg ae/ha, piclorarn at 0. 15 kg/ha + 2,4-D amine at 0.56 kg/ha, 2,4-D amine at 2.2 kg/ha, 2,4-D amine at 1.2 kg/ha + dicamba at 0.42 kg ae/ha, and 2,4-D ester at 2.3 kg ae/ha) applied 1 DAP controlled large crabgrass 55 to 85%, did not injure Coastal bermudagrass sprigs, and aided establishment resulting in 22 to 27% ground cover in 2001 and 25 to 42% ground cover in 2002. Imazapic at 0.02, 0.035, and 0.05 kg ai/ha applied 1 and 14 DAP injured Coastal bermudagrass 5 to 45% across years, yet these plots had 20 to 54% ground cover compared with only 3 to 7% ground cover in the nontreated area in 2001, 2002, and 2003. The reduced rate of glyphosate (0.21 kg ae/ha) injured Coastal bermudagrass less than 8% and controlled large crabgrass 86 to 90% when applied 14 DAP, resulting in 43, 25, and 18% ground cover in 2001, 2002, and 2003, respectively. Trifloxysulfuron at 0.02 kg ai/ha applied 1 and 14 DAP did not injure Coastal bermudagrass sprigs, controlled junglerice 90%, and resulted in 73 and 52% ground cover, respectively. Coastal bermudagrass establishment was greatly increased when weeds were controlled.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Differential expression of 5-enol-pyruvyl-shikimate-3-phosphate synthase isoforms in elicitor-treated, cultured maize cells. The expression of two 5-enol-pyruvyl-shikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EC 2.5.1.19) isoforms was investigated in Zea mays L. suspension-cultured cells following exposure to a fungal elicitor. Activity levels of isozyme II specifically increased soon after treatment, in strict connection with induction of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and attainment of a new free-phenylalanine homeostasis at a higher concentration. However, a few days later, activity of the other enzyme form was also significantly enhanced, concomitant with a sharp rise in overall amino acid content, a further increase in PAL level and a resumption of cell lysis. Besides strengthening the hypothesis that an entire set of genes encoding for shikimate pathway enzymes (whose expression is specifically involved in plant dynamic defence) may exist, a general change in the levels of several amino acids seems to point towards a reprogramming of their metabolism in elicited cells.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Species Composition, Abundance and Seasonal Phenology of Social Wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in Wisconsin Vineyards. Social wasps can be serious pests in fruit growing plantings and are becoming increasingly problematic for grape growers. In this study, we conducted two experiments to assess the species composition and seasonal phenology of social wasps in Wisconsin vineyards in 2015 and 2017. In 2015, three attractants were used: (1) wine; (2) heptyl butyrate (HB); and (3) acetic acid and isobutanol (AAIB) and in 2017, two attractants were used: HB and AAIB. In both years, the same eight species were trapped from the genera Vespula, Dolichovespula, and Polistes. The predominant wasp species trapped were Vespula maculifrons, Vespula vidua, Vespula flavopilosa, and Vespula germanica in 2015 and V. maculifrons, V. flavopilosa, V. germanica, and Dolichovespula maculata in 2017, in order of total abundance. The populations of V. vidua decreased in 2017 compared to 2015, indicating large inter-annual variation. In both years, AAIB lures trapped significantly more V. flavopilosa, V. maculifrons, and V. germanica, the three most prevalent species during grape harvest, than HB, whereas HB lures trapped more V. vidua than AAIB. Wine was generally attractive to all species in 2015. This study identifies for the first time the wasp species present in Wisconsin commercial vineyards using chemical attractants. This knowledge, along with the seasonal phenology of these pest species, will help facilitate the development of management strategies for social wasps in commercial vineyards.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "The clinical course of diplopia associated with zygomaticomaxillary complex fractures before and after surgery. Methods: A retrospective case series of diplopia associated with ZMC fractures was conducted to address the research purpose. Only subjects with isolated unilateral ZMC fractures were included. Demographic variables included age and gender of the patients. The primary outcome variable of this study was the presence of diplopia during different periods before and after surgery. Descriptive statistics were conducted for all variables studied. Analytical statistics were performed to measure the significance of change in the outcome variable during different stages of treatment.Results: In total, 231 patients were included, with a mean age of 23.78 (+/- 5.11) years. Post-traumatic diplopia was diagnosed in 59% of patients. Only 13% of cases had pre-operative diplopia. Post-surgical diplopia was reported in 37% of cases. Post-operative follow-up diplopia showed a significant improvement over time with only 1 patient having residual diplopia 6 months after surgery.Objective: Diplopia is a common complaint following zygomaticomaxillary complex (ZMC) fractures. The present study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of post-traumatic as well as port-operative diplopia, and the improvement of diplopia over time before and after surgery.Conclusions: Traumatic diplopia in unilateral ZMC fractures is common. However, a significant resolution of diplopia over time should be expected. Residual diplopia is an unlikely outcome. (C) 2017 Asian AOMS, ASOMP, JSOP, JSOMS, JSOM, and JAMI. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Low temperature stimulates spatial molecular reprogramming of theArabidopsisseed germination programme. The timing of the germination of seeds is highly responsive to inputs from the environment. Temperature plays a key role in the control of germination, with low temperatures acting to stimulate this developmental transition in many species. InArabidopsis, extensive gene expression changes have been reported at the whole seed level in response to cold, while much less is known about their spatial distribution across the diverse cell types of the embryo. In this study we examined the spatiotemporal patterns of promoter activity and protein abundance for key gibberellic acid (GA) and abscisic acid (ABA) factors which regulate the decision to germinate both during a time course of germination and in response to cold. Low temperature stimulated the spatial relocalization of these factors to the vasculature. The response of these seeds to dormancy-breaking stratification treatments therefore stimulates the distribution of both positive (GA) and negatively acting (ABA) components to this same cell type. This altered spatial pattern persisted following the transfer of seeds to 22 degrees C, as well as after their rehydration, indicating that this alteration is persistent. These observations suggest that the vasculature plays a role in the low temperature-mediated stimulation of germination in this species, while novel cell types are recruited to promote germination in response to stratification.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Investigations of the Neolithic potteries of 6th millennium BC from Goytepe-Azerbaijan by vibrational spectroscopy and chemometric techniques. This article presents the results of the vibrational spectroscopic and chemometric analyses of Neolithic pottery remains excavated in Goytepe (Azerbaijan), a typical Shomutepe-Shulaveri culture settlement. Fifty-five pottery fragments, that were unearthed in the excavations of Goytepe during the 2009-2013 years, were investigated using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and micro-Raman spectroscopy. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) was used as a complementary technique. The firing-temperature and -conditions were inferred from the mineral phases obtained from the vibrational spectra of the samples and were estimated to be between 600 degrees C and 750 degrees C in oxidizing atmosphere. As chemometrics, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) followed by Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), were applied to the FTIR spectral data, in order to examine the possible classification of those findings, and to extract the most discriminant features. Pottery fragments were identified and characterized, depending on the excavation levels, by PCA-LDA analysis.", "label": [4, 33, 32]}
+{"token": "Precision early detection of invasive and toxic cyanobacteria: A case study of Raphidiopsis raciborskii. Blooms of the toxic cyanobacterium, Raphidiopsis raciborskii (basionym Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii), are becoming a major environmental issue in freshwater ecosystems globally. Our precision prevention and early detection of R. raciborskii blooms rely upon the accuracy and speed of the monitoring method. A duplex digital PCR (dPCR) monitoring approach was developed and validated to detect the abundance and toxin-producing potential of R. raciborskii simultaneously in both laboratory spiked and environmental samples. Results of dPCR were strongly correlated with traditional real time quantitative PCR (qPCR) and microscopy for both laboratory and environmental samples. However, discrepancies between methods were observed when measuring R. raciborskii at low abundance (1-105 cells L-1), with dPCR showing a higher precision compared to qPCR at low cell concentration. Furthermore, the dPCR assay had the highest detection rate for over two hundred environmental samples especially under low abundance conditions, followed by microscopy and qPCR. dPCR assay had the advantages of simple operation, time-saving, high sensitivity and excellent reproducibility. Therefore, dPCR would be a fast and precise monitoring method for the early warning of toxic bloom-forming cyanobacterial species and assessment of water quality risks, which can improve prediction and prevention of the impacts of harmful cyanobacterial bloom events in inland waters.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "Proposal for the evaluation survey of higher education in virtual learning environments. Proposal for the evaluation survey of higher education in virtual learning environmentsNowadays, University needs to assess the university teaching activity in a framework where new ways of learning are being carried out. ANECA offers a model and set of that guide the activities of the university, without prejudice to the autonomy of it. Therefore, as the new settings are not being analyzed in depth, this paper makes a research proposal for assessment of university teaching in virtual learning environments, that includes four componentes: planning and content of the course, teacher's activity, interaction with peers and environment. These factors have been identified through the development of a causal model and its estimation using a structural equation analysis.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Mid-summer annual forage performance in organic, grass-fed production. Grass-fed ruminant production does not have the convenience of feeding easily-storable grains during periods of low forage availability. This study examined the forage yield, quality, and utilization of warm- and cool-season annual forages grown under organic management during the mid-summer \\\\'feed gap\\\\' period. Annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam. cv. Tetra Brand), winter triticale (x Triticosecale Wittmack cv. common), oat (Avena sativa L. cv. Souris), millet (Panicum miliaceum L. cv. Crown Proso), corn (Zea mays L. cv. BMR84 and CM440 Canamaize), and sorghum-sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench x Sorghum sudanense [Piper] Stapf cv. common) were grown in Carman, Manitoba, over 3 site-years in 2018 and 2019. Combined forage and weed dry matter (DM) yield was 7159 kg.ha(-1) for sorghum-sudangrass (29% weeds), 5506 kg.ha -1 for corn (36% weeds), 4687 kg.ha(-1) for oat (45% weeds), 4617 kg.ha(-1) for annual ryegrass (95% weeds), 4542 kg.ha(-1) for millet (28% weeds), and 2945 kg.ha(-1) for winter triticale (51% weeds); significant differences in crop and weed biomass were observed. All forage systems were palatable to sheep with utilization rates from 47% to 65%. When all quality parameters were considered, corn, winter triticale, millet, and oat displayed adequate quality for mid-summer grazing, while sorghum-sudangrass had suboptimal crude protein concentrations. Direct measurements of forage quality on weeds showed that weeds did not compromise forage quality. This Canadian first study demonstrated the potential of forage production for mid-summer grazing in an organic, grass-fed regime with oat, millet, and corn resulting in the best combination of yield and quality.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "The management of weakness caused by lumbar and lumbosacral nerve root compression. Spinal stenosis and disc herniation are the two most frequent causes of lumbosacral nerve root compression. This can result in muscle weakness and present with or without pain. The difficulty when managing patients with these conditions is knowing when surgery is better than non-operative treatment: the evidence is controversial. Younger patients with a lesser degree of weakness for a shorter period of time have been shown to respond better to surgical treatment than older patients with greater weakness for longer. However, they also constitute a group that fares better without surgery. The main indication for surgical treatment in the management of patients with lumbosacral nerve root compression should be pain rather than weakness.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Reverse phase extraction chromatography of rhodium(III) with N-n-octylaniline. Novel separation methods are developed for the extraction of rhodium(III) from aqueous chloride media with N-n-octylaniline (liquid anion exchanger) coated on silica gel. Rhodium(III) was quantitatively extracted from 0.1 mol/L hydrochloric acid, eluted with 1.0 mol/L hydrochloric acid and determined by spectrophotometrically. Different parameters, viz, effect of hydrochloric acid concentrations, N-n-octylaniline concentrations and flow rates of mobile phase were studied. The method was applied for separation of rhodium(III) from synthetic mixtures corresponding to alloys. It was free from interferences from a number of cations and anions. A separation scheme was developed for the mutual separation of rhodium(III), platinum(IV) and gold(III). The nature of the extracted species, ascertained by the log-log plot of N-n-octylaniline concentration versus distribution ratio, indicates that the probable extracted species is [(RR'NH2+)(3). RhCl63-].", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Adversity and psychosis: a 10-year prospective study investigating synergism between early and recent adversity in psychosis. Conclusion: The findings suggest that early adversity may impact on later expression of psychosis either by increasing exposure to later adversity and/or by rendering individuals more sensitive to later adversity if it is severe.Method: A random regional representative population sample of 3021 adolescents and young adults in Munich, Germany, was assessed three times over a period of up to 10 years, collecting information on sociodemographic factors, environmental exposures, and measures of psychopathology and associated clinical relevance. Evidence of statistical non-additivity between early adversity (two levels) and more recent adversity (four levels) was assessed in models of psychotic symptoms. Analyses were a priori corrected for age, gender, cannabis use, and urbanicity.Results: Early and recent adversity were associated with each other (RR = 1.32, 95% CI 1.06-1.66; P = 0.014) and displayed statistical non-additivity at the highest level of exposure to recent adversity (chi(2) = 4.59; P = 0.032).Objective: Recent studies have suggested that early adverse events, such as childhood trauma, may promote enduring liability for psychosis whereas more recent adverse events may act as precipitants. Examination of these environmental dynamics, however, requires prospective studies in large samples. This study examines whether the association between recent adverse events and psychosis is moderated by exposure to early adversity.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "I' value competence but 'we' value social competence: The moderating role of voters' individualistic and collectivistic orientation in political elections. This investigation distinguishes interpersonally oriented social competence from intrapersonally oriented competence. It examines the influence of voters' individualism and collectivism orientation in affecting the roles of these two dimensions in predicting electoral outcomes. Participants made judgments of personality traits based on inferences from faces of political candidates in the U.S. and Taiwan. Two social outcomes were examined: actual election results and voting support of the participants. With respect to actual electoral success, perceived competence is more important for the candidates in the U.S. than for those in Taiwan, whereas perceived social competence is more important for the candidates in Taiwan than for those in the U.S. With respect to subjective voting support, within cultural findings mirror those found cross-culturally. Competence is valued more among voters who are more individualistic, and social competence is valued more among voters who are more collectivistic. These results highlight important omissions in the social perception/judgment literature. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "The determinants of conversion rates in SME e-commerce websites. Web retailers invest significant resources to improve the proportion of website visitors that make a purchase, also known as the conversion rate. Improving this rate is particularly important to SMEs that have traditionally lagged behind larger firms as they have found it difficult to justify the significant investment involved in website development against the historical low returns associated with an online sales channel. Identifying methods that increase conversion rates reduces these perceived barriers and increases effective SME participation in the growing e-commerce sector. This paper uses 1184 observations from 6 SME websites to identify and analyse the factors, or combination of factors, that improve conversion rates. This is achieved through a process of exploratory regression analysis to select the most relevant determinants and Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) to offer more 'fine-grained' detail on the conditions where conversion rates improve. Our findings suggest that a key factor that improves the conversion rate is a strategy that focuses upon either quality or promotion and avoids mixing such attributes within the web site offer.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "Early diagnostic of concurrent gear degradation processes progressing under time-varying loads. This study develops a gear diagnostic procedure for the detection of multi- and concurrent degradation processes evolving' under time-varying loads. Instead of a conventional comparison between a descriptor and an alarm level, this procedure bases its detection strategy on a descriptor evolution tracking; a lasting descriptor increase denotes the presence of ongoing degradation mechanisms. The procedure works from time domain residual signals prepared in the frequency domain, and accepts any gear conditions as reference signature. To extract the load fluctuation repercussions, the procedure integrates a scaling factor. The investigation first examines a simplification assuming a linear connection between the load and the dynamic response amplitudes. However, while generally valuable, the precision losses associated with large load variations may mask the contribution of tiny flaws. To better reflect the real non-linear relation, the paper reformulates the scaling factor; a power law with an exponent value of 0.85 produces noticeable improvements of the load effect extraction. To reduce the consequences of remaining oscillations, the procedure also includes a filtering phase. During the validation program, a synthetic wear progression assuming a commensurate relation between the wear depth and friction assured controlled evolutions of the surface degradation influence, whereas the fillet crack growth remained entirely determined by the operation conditions. Globally, the tested conditions attest that the final strategy provides accurate monitoring of coexisting isolated damages and general surface deterioration, and that its tracking-detection capacities are unaffected by severe time variations of external loads. The procedure promptly detects the presence of evolving abnormal phenomena. The tests show that the descriptor curve shapes virtually describe the constant wear progression superimposed on the crack length evolution. At the tooth fracture, the mean values of the residual signal evince strong perturbations, while after this episode, the monitoring curves continue signaling the ongoing wear process. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Formation and Collapse of Gas Hydrate Deposits in High Methane Flux Area of the Joetsu Basin, Eastern Margin of Japan Sea. High heat flow, similar to 100 mK/m, deposition of organic-rich strata, similar to 1.0 to 1.5% TOC, and Pliocene-Quaternary inversion-tectonics along the eastern margin of the Japan Sea facilitate thermal maturation of organic matters, and generation and migration of light-hydrocarbons through fault conduits, and accumulation of large volumes of methane as methane hydrate in shallow sediments. Microbial methane generation has also contributed to reinforcing the methane flux of the Joetsu basin. Regional methane flux as observed by the depth of the sulfate-methane interface(SMI) is significantly high, < 1 m to 3 m, when compared to classic gas hydrate fields of Blake Ridge, 15 to 20 m, and Nankai trough, 3 to 15 m. delta C-13 of methane hydrate and seep gases are mostly within -30 to -50%, the range of thermogenic methane, while dissolved methane of the interstitial waters a few kilometers away from seep sites are predominated by microbial with delta C-13 of -50 to -100%.Dark colored, thinly laminated units with a very low abundance of benthic foraminifers occur in 27 to 18 kyrBP, approximately the period of the LGM, indicating low-oxygen, euxinic conditions. Furthermore, delta C-13 of benthic foraminifers from the dark laminated unit exhibits sharp negative excursion toward similar to 21 kyrBP. A sea-level fall of similar to 120 m toward the LGM released the pressure of gas hydrate-bearing sediments, and presumably triggered the dissociation of subsurface methane hydrate, which, in turn, destabilized the entire gas chimney hydrate system, collapsing the gas chimney and leaving large and deep pockmarks.Increased accumulation of methane hydrate(specific gravity similar to 0.91 g/cm(3)) in shallow sediments should have caused a gravity imbalance of methane hydrate bearing sediments, and eventually the methane hydrate blocks lifted and floated up to the sea surface(auto-collapse). Crater-like depressions and valleys are the heritage of such an auto-collapse process.The depth to BGHS is estimated to be 115 m on an experimentally determined stability diagram, based on an observed thermal gradient of 100 mK/m. Then the velocity of the sediments on the Umitaka spur is calculated to be 1000 m/s, which is anomalously low compared to normal pelagic mud of 1600. 1700 m/s. This exciting finding leads to the important implication that sediments of the Umitaka spur contain significant amounts of free gas, although the sediments are well within the stability field of methane hydrate. The reasons for the existence of free gas in the methane hydrate stability field are not fully explained, but we propose the following possible mechanisms for the unusual co-existence of methane hydrate and free-gas in clay-silt of the spur. (i) High salinity effect of residual waters,(ii) degassing from ascending fluids,(iii) bound water effect and deficiency of free-waters, and(iv) micro-pore effect of porous media. All of these processes relate to the development of gas hydrate deposits of the Umitaka spur.Seismic profiles have revealed fault-related, well-developed gas chimney structures, 0.2 to 3.5 km in diameter, on the spur and knoll. The structures are essential for conveying methane from deep-seated sources to shallow depths as well as for accumulating methane hydrate (gas chimney type deposits). The depth of BSR, which represents the base of gas hydrate stability (BGHS), on the spur and knoll is generally 0.20 to 0.23 seconds in two-way-travel time, whereas the BSRs in gas chimneys occur at 0.14 to 0.18 seconds, exhibiting a sharp pull-up structure. The apparent shallow BGHS is due to the accumulation of large volumes of high-velocity methane hydrate in gas chimneys.A number of extensive methane plumes and active methane seeps associated with large blocks of methane hydrates exposed on the seafloor strongly indicate extremely high methane flux and large accumulations of methane hydrate in shallow sediments of the Umitaka spur and Joetsu knoll of the Joetsu basin 30 km off Joetsu city, Niigata Prefecture. Crater-like depressions, incised valleys, and large but inactive pockmarks also indicate methane activities over the spur and knoll. These features imply strong expulsions of methane gas or methane-bearing fluids, and perhaps lifting and floating-up of large volumes of methane hydrate to the sea surface.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "On periodic groups having almost regular 2-elements. We show that if a periodic residually-finite group G has a 2-element with finite centralizer then G is locally finite.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "THEILERIOSIS - PROGRESS TOWARDS VACCINE DEVELOPMENT THROUGH UNDERSTANDING IMMUNE-RESPONSES TO THE PARASITE. Studies of the immune responses of cattle to Theileria parva have provided evidence that immunity to the parasite can operate at two levels, namely the sporozoite and the schizont-infected lymphoblast. Antibodies that neutralize the infectivity of sporozoites have been detected in the serum of hyperimmunized cattle, and a recombinant sporozoite surface antigen has been shown to induce neutralizing antibodies and protection against experimental challenge. However, the immunity that develops following primary infection with T. parva is accompanied by only low levels of antibodies to sporozoites; there is overwhelming evidence that under these circumstances protection is mediated by T cell responses against infected lymphoblasts. Potent class I MHC-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses are detected in animals recovering from infection and treatment or challenge infections. Two recent findings have provided direct evidence for the importance of these responses in immunity. First, the strain specificity of CTL in cattle immunized with one stock of the parasite was found to correlate with the subsequent susceptibility of individual animals to challenge with a heterologous cloned parasite population (in these circumstances some animals are protected whereas others are susceptible to the heterologous challenge). Second, the adoptive transfer of lymphocytes highly enriched for CD8(+) T cells, from immune to naive identical twin calves, was found to protect against experimental challenge. The CTL response in individual animals appears to be directed towards a limited number of antigenic epitopes. The antigenic specificity is determined in part by class I MHC phenotype although there is evidence that other phenomena such as antigenic competition are also involved. Current efforts are directed towards identification of the parasite antigens recognized by CTL with the eventual aim of exploring their potential for vaccination.", "label": [2, 0, 17, 10]}
+{"token": "Top-down constraints on global N2O emissions at optimal resolution: application of a new dimension reduction technique. We present top-down constraints on global monthly N2O emissions for 2011 from a multi-inversion approach and an ensemble of surface observations. The inversions employ the GEOS-Chem adjoint and an array of aggregation strategies to test how well current observations can constrain the spatial distribution of global N2O emissions. The strategies include (1) a standard 4D-Var inversion at native model resolution (4 degrees x 5 degrees), (2) an inversion for six continental and three ocean regions, and (3) a fast 4D-Var inversion based on a novel dimension reduction technique employing randomized singular value decomposition (SVD). The optimized global flux ranges from 15.9 TgNyr(-1) (SVD-based inversion) to 17.5-17.7 TgNyr(-1) (continental-scale, standard 4D-Var inversions), with the former better capturing the extratropical N2O background measured during the HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observations (HIPPO) airborne campaigns. We find that the tropics provide a greater contribution to the global N2O flux than is predicted by the prior bottom-up inventories, likely due to underestimated agricultural and oceanic emissions. We infer an overestimate of natural soil emissions in the extratropics and find that predicted emissions are seasonally biased in northern midlatitudes. Here, optimized fluxes exhibit a springtime peak consistent with the timing of spring fertilizer and manure application, soil thawing, and elevated soil moisture. Finally, the inversions reveal a major emission underestimate in the US Corn Belt in the bottom-up inventory used here. We extensively test the impact of initial conditions on the analysis and recommend formally optimizing the initial N2O distribution to avoid biasing the inferred fluxes. We find that the SVD-based approach provides a powerful framework for deriving emission information from N2O observations: by defining the optimal resolution of the solution based on the information content of the inversion, it provides spatial information that is lost when aggregating to political or geographic regions, while also providing more temporal information than a standard 4D-Var inversion.", "label": [4, 5, 36, 47]}
+{"token": "Trophic eggs in the foam nests of Leptodactylus labyrinthicus (Anura, Leptodactylidae): An experimental approach. The South American pepper frog, Leptodactylus labyrinthicus, is a large species that lays eggs in foam nests in holes dug out of the banks of different bodies of water. Recently, it was reported that only 6-10% of eggs are fertilized in foam nests of L. labyrinthicus and the remaining unfertilized eggs are consumed by the tadpoles inside the nest. Here we tested experimentally the influence of the ingestion of trophic eggs on the survivorship and growth of L. labyrinthicus tadpoles. Tadpoles fed on trophic eggs and subsequently fed on dry fish food grew larger than those fed only on dry fish food, and this suggests that the ingestion of trophic eggs is an adaptation to improve tadpole growth. The ingestion of trophic eggs also seems to be important for the maintenance of tadpoles in environments with unpredictable rainfall, as they were able to survive for about 70 days feeding only on these trophic eggs and one tadpole managed to complete metamorphosis feeding on trophic eggs only. Details of the spawning behaviour observed in the field, occurrence of multiple mating, and predation on eggs by terrestrial invertebrates and vertebrates are also reported.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Influence of host species and age on host preference of Trissolcus semistriatus. Trissolcus semistriatus (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) has a high potential for being an effective biological control agent for the sunn pest, Eurygaster integriceps. This study was conducted to determine the preferences of T. semistriatus in terms of host species and age of various heteropteran host eggs ( E. integriceps, Dolycoris baccarum, Graphosoma lineatum, Eurydema ornatum, Holcostethus vernalis). The results indicated that a small portion of parasitism of E. ornatum eggs was obtained ( 28.5%), although high parasitism rates were found in other host eggs (90.0 - 80.0%). A high percentage of adult emergence was also recorded. When tested for its ability to parasitize host eggs of different ages, T. semistriatus was found to prefer younger hosts: it showed parasitism rates greater than 50% with up to 3 days old E. integriceps and D. baccarum, and with up to 4 days old G. lineatum and H. vernalis. However, the parasitism rates in all the ages of E. ornatum eggs were much lower than for other host species. The developmental times in all host species at different ages was extended with increased host age. It was concluded that G. lineatum and D. baccarum could be used for mass production of egg parasitoids.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Theology, Science, and Sexual Anthropologies: An Investigation. Celebrating Dr. Joseph Selling's ongoing work on personalism and \\\\'the human person integrally and adequately consideral\\\\' we explore the interrelationship between science and theology, what is and what ought to be, to adequately consider the sexual person. Historically, much of what has been written and passed on as accepted tradition about theological anthropology has been grounded in a distorted view of creation in general and of sexuality in specific, creating an incomplete theological anthropology at best and an erroneous theological anthropology at worst. Christian ethics should be grounded in a comprehensive theological anthropology of the human person adequately considered. Such an anthropology is dependent on theology informed by the sciences. Exploring and analyzing the interrelationship between theology and science can further the renewal of a comprehensive theological sexual anthropology. This essay, then, has three cumulative sections. First, it explores models of the interrelationship between theology and science. Second, it investigates current Catholic theological sexual anthropologies. Third, it indicates future directions fir the investigation and development of a comprehensive sexual anthropology through scientific and theological discourse.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "THE TRANSLATION OF HUMOUR BASED ON CULTURE-BOUND TERMS IN MODERN FAMILY. A COGNITIVE-PRAGMATIC APPROACH. If the translation of humour may become problematic for a translator, this is particularly so in those cases in which humour is based on culture-bound terms which are not shared by the target culture. The main aim of this paper is to analyse the solutions adopted by the translators into Spanish to deal with culture-specific jokes in the first two seasons of the American TV series Modern Family. Both the DVD dubbed and subtitled versions have been focused on. The approach adopted in this paper is Relevance Theory. From the perspective of this theoretical framework, the translator will resort to different solution-types to try to recreate the cognitive effects intended by the source communicator with the lowest possible processing effort on the part of the target addressee. Different aspects related to the translator's metarepresentation of the target audience's cognitive environment, among other factors, will determine his/her choice of solution-type.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "A Community of Procedure Scholars: Teaching Procedure and the Legal Academy. This article asks whether the way in which procedure is taught has an impact on the extent and accomplishments of a scholarly community of proceduralists. Not surprisingly, we find a strong correlation between the placement of procedure as a required course in an academic context and the resulting body of scholars and scholarship. Those countries in which more civil procedure is taught as part of a university degree-and in which procedure is recognized as a legitimate academic subject-have larger scholarly communities, a larger and broader corpus of works analyzing procedural issues, and a richer web of institutional support systems that inspire, fund, and shape the study of public justice.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "The Good Guys and the Bad Guys: The Behavior of Lenient and Demanding Translation Evaluators. The behavior of demanding and lenient evaluators is analyzed and discussed. Little is known about the process of translation evaluation, specifically on how different types of evaluators perform. The 88 subjects of this study were classified as demanding or lenient on the basis of the average quality' judgments they made on 48 translated texts. Their profiles were outlined according to a series of parameters and categories starting from the observation of their products, i.e., the evaluated texts. Lenient evaluators carried out more actions on the text, were fairly product-oriented, showed a fairly steady performance, seemed to be more confident, and were probably more committed to the evaluation assignment they were given in this research. Demanding evaluators intervened less, were usually feedback-oriented, preferred to carry out actions in certain segments and text parts, expressed less certainty, and were possibly more aware of the particular circumstances surrounding the experiment. While demanding evaluators appear better suited for professional environments and advanced level teaching, lenient evaluators seem more suited to research and teaching at initial stage. The present work might pave the way for further research into evaluative profiles.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Strigolactones activate different hormonal pathways for regulation of root development in response to phosphate growth conditions. Strigolactones (SLs) a group of plant hormones and their derivatives have been found to play a role in the regulation of root development, in addition to their role in suppression of lateral shoot branching: they alter root architecture and affect root-hair elongation, and SL signalling is necessary for the root response to low phosphate (Pi) conditions. These effects of SLs have been shown to be associated with differential activation of the auxin and ethylene signalling pathways.The present review highlights recent findings on the activity of SLs as regulators of root development, in particular in response to low Pi stress, and discusses the different hormonal networks putatively acting with SLs in the roots Pi response.SLs are suggested to be key regulators of the adaptive responses to low Pi in the root by modulating the balance between auxin and ethylene signalling. Consequently, they impact different developmental programmes responsible for the changes in root system architecture under differential Pi supply.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Do carotenoid-based ornaments entail resource trade-offs? An evaluation of theory and data. 2. We provide a clear statement of the resource trade-off hypothesis for explaining the honesty of carotenoid-based ornaments, its key assumptions and evidence for (or against) each assumption.4. We identify important inconsistencies in how data related to physiological function and carotenoid coloration have been interpreted in the light of the resource trade-off hypothesis, and we suggest directions for future research.3. Focusing on class Aves, we perform a critical assessment of theoretical and empirical evidence for carotenoid resource limitation and for direct physiological benefits of carotenoid pigments to immune and antioxidant performance.1. Within the past several decades, resource trade-offs have emerged as the commonly accepted explanation for how carotenoid-based coloration links to individual performance. However, the literature on carotenoid signalling is inconsistent in how carotenoid resource trade-offs are defined, assessed and interpreted.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "The Power of Debate: Reflections on the Potential of Debates for Engaging Students in Critical Thinking about Controversial Geographical Topics. Many controversial subjects characterize geography in the 21st century. Issues such as climate change, sustainability and social exclusion generate much discussion and often involve clear differences in opinion of how they might be addressed. Higher education is an important space for critical engagement with challenging issues. Preparing for and participating in debates enables students to develop critical thinking skills, alongside a variety of oral presentation and discussion skills. This paper reflects on the potential for teaching through debate in geography. The arguments are illustrated through a debate about whether asylum seekers should be allowed to work in the UK.", "label": [5, 48, 47]}
+{"token": "SOCIAL RIGHTS: A MULTILEVEL APPROACH. Starting from an analysis of the most influential literature, this essay focuses on the issue of social rights as set forth in a discourse aimed at \\\\'reviving democracy from below\\\\', using both the national state and the global perspectives. The arguments aim at justifying the \\\\'democratization\\\\' of democracy itself, as an alternative to the processes of \\\\'de-democratization\\\\', caused by the \\\\'unlimited promotion of individualism\\\\' and by the \\\\'privatization of functions and of public services\\\\'. Social rights, justly considered as \\\\'fundamental rights\\\\' and as \\\\'human rights\\\\', are conceived as \\\\'indivisible\\\\', \\\\'interdependent\\\\' and \\\\'interconnected\\\\' to other fundamental rights (as set forth by the Vienna Declaration of 1993). In order to be guaranteed, they must be \\\\'contextually rooted\\\\' in a social and institutional space which today cannot be but \\\\'multilevel\\\\'. At the same time, they cannot be independent from the regulatory and the executive powers of the states and of the other territorial institutions nor from the claims issued in those spaces.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "The Impact of ' Women ' s Empowerment in Agriculture ' on Household Vulnerability to Food Insecurity in the KwaZulu-Natal Province. It is argued that empowering women in smallholder agriculture is very crucial in reducing vulnerability to food insecurity among rural households. This study contributes to this literature by adapting the vulnerability as expected poverty approach to determine which dimensions of 'women's empowerment in agriculture' reduces household's vulnerability to food insecurity based on crosssection data collected from 300 randomly selected primary female heads-of-households in Msinga rural areas of KwaZulu-Natal. It was found that empowering women in socio-cultural aspects that creates hindrances in agriculture reduces the probability of their households being vulnerable to food insecurity. Surprisingly, access to irrigation and improved water-use security did not significantly influence household vulnerability to food insecurity. However, other forms of women's empowerment including economic agency and physical capital empowerment were found to reduce the likelihood of a household being vulnerable to food insecurity. Women with high levels of financial capital empowerment invested less in other capital assets and were more vulnerable to food insecurity in the future. In addition to women's empowerment, demographic characteristics of a household influence its vulnerability status. A household's vulnerability to food insecurity reduces as the husband's income increases but increases with increased dependency ratio. It was concluded that empowerment in agriculture alone is not a panacea to reduce household vulnerability to food insecurity. Efforts should be made to improve physical assets that determine the off-farm income earning and agricultural production capacity of households.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "INDIGENOUS TRADE IN THE HUASTECAS (MEXICO), EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. Indigenous commerce in the Huastecas (Eighteenth-century) is analyzed by its different social actors. Missionaries, alcaldes mayores and corregidores, alcabala administrators, and socio-ethnic groups developed several strategies to benefit not only from the repartimiento de mercancias but also from the merchandise considered of high value in the region. Emphasis is added to the population distribution and the forms in which was localized in the territory, where, indigenous and non indigenous, search for benefits of the regional commerce.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "The improvements of the Costa Rican ground-based gravity dataset as a result of a comprehensive attribute and spatial assessment of the historical databases. Improving the accuracy of gravity models and their derived products such as Geoid models requires not only accurate airborne, shipborne, and satellite gravity measurements but also a good distribution of ground-based gravity measurements. Since terrestrial gravity surveys are limited by access and may entail a great cost, scientists rely on historical data generated by past surveys. Such datasets are heterogeneous and often lack meta-data. This work achieved a homogenized gravity dataset for Costa Rica and characterizes the spatial distribution of existing, good-quality data in order to consider the focus of terrestrial gravity surveys. First, the gravity value quality control removed duplicates and identified outliers through a process of leave one out cross-validation. Then, we compared terrestrial gravity disturbance values with data from Combined Global Geopotential Models such as EGM2008, GECO, EIGEN-6C4, and the SGG-UGM-1 for quality assessment and consistency of the data. Furthermore, we evaluated a 5 ' grid for Costa Rica considering the best spatial resolution expected for the current Combined Global Geopotential Models. Taking into account the spatial distribution of the validated historical dataset, we surveyed new gravity points to significantly improve the coverage, reducing the 5 ' x 5 ' cells lacking data from 30% to 15%. This resulted in a complete dataset on a 5 ' grid except for areas that are exceedingly difficult to access such as national parks, indigenous areas, and restricted private properties.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Assessment of a Rabies Virus Rapid Diagnostic Test for the Detection of Australian Bat Lyssavirus. Australian bat lyssavirus (ABLV) is closely related to the classical rabies virus and has been associated with three human fatalities and two equine fatalities in Australia. ABLV infection in humans causes encephalomyelitis, resulting in fatal disease, but has no effective therapy. The virus is maintained in enzootic circulation within fruit bats (Pteropid spp.) and at least one insectivorous bat variety (Saccolaimus flaviventris). Most frequently, laboratory testing is conducted on pteropodid bat brains, either following a potential human exposure through bites, scratches and other direct contacts with bats, or as opportunistic assessment of sick or dead bats. The level of medical intervention and post-exposure prophylaxis is largely determined on laboratory testing for antigen/virus as the demonstrable infection status of the in-contact bat. This study evaluates the comparative diagnostic performance of a lateral flow test, Anigen Rabies Ag detection rapid test (RDT), in pteropodid variant of ABLV-infected bat brain tissues. The RDT demonstrated 100% agreement with the reference standard fluorescent antibody test on 43 clinical samples suggesting a potential application in rapid diagnosis of pteropodid variant of ABLV infection. A weighted Kappa value of 0.95 confirmed a high level of agreement between both tests.", "label": [2, 17, 21, 24]}
+{"token": "Molecular diversity of myxomycetes associated with decaying wood and forest floor leaf litter. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) fingerprinting was Used to assess the molecular diversity of myxomycetes from environmental samples (decaying wood and forest floor litter) collected at the Mushroom Research Centre in northern Thailand. Total genomic DNA was extracted directly from environmental samples on which myxomycetes were not apparent. Part Of the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (SSU rDNA) was amplified and DNA sequences analyzed. DGGE gels revealed LIP to 17 operational taxonomic units (OTU) from decaying wood and 10 OTU from forest floor litter samples, but only seven (wood) and six (litter) OTU could be re-amplified and/or sequenced. Based on results obtained with the BLAST analysis program, the species involved appeared to correspond most closely to Diderma saundersii, Didymium iridis, Stemonitis flavogenita and Hyperamoeba sp. strain W2i on decaying wood and to Diderma saundersii and Physarum didermoides on forest floor litter. Our results suggest that then PCR-DGGE can be used to obtain data oil the presence of myxomycetes ill their primary microhabitats without the need to observe the sporocarps of these organisms. As Such the technique would seem to have considerable potential for contributing to a more complete understanding of myxomycete diversity and ecology in terrestrial ecosystems.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Weber's Alternative Theory of Action Relationalism and Object-Oriented Action in Max Weber's Work. The present paper aims to unearth the rudiments of an alternative theory of action in Weber. Centring on salient descriptions of scientific practice found in Weber, I argue that one finds so-called \\\\'relational\\\\' impulses in these instances, which are at odds with the Kantian, subject-centred and dualist perspectives pervading much of Weber's thought. The paper consists of two parts. In the first-critical-part, after a short sketch of my relational approach, I cite some well-known \\\\'Kantian\\\\' passages in Weber's work and demonstrate their undesirable theoretical and empirical consequences. I investigate Weber's \\\\'official\\\\' theory of action and understanding, his concepts of rationality and psychology, and his understanding of technological mediation. In the second-positive-part, I delve into Weber's understanding of creativity, investigating relational traits in Weber's descriptions of scientific practice and experience. I then demonstrate how Weber's late concept of personality is based on relational and object-oriented attitudes. Further, I investigate how the two dimensions of creativity and personality merge in his concept of Sachlichkeit. Finally, I provide certain biographical observations and discuss the conflict between existentialist and relational interpretations of Weber. At the very end of the paper, I discuss some general implications of the relational perspective.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Multi-objective optimization, experimental and CFD approach for performance analysis in square cyclone separator. In this article, square cyclone separator performance has been analyzed by varying the five important geometric parameters. Primarily, Swift (1971) model is considered to develop the mathematical square cyclone. Body height and inlet height, total height, inlet width and outlet diameter are the controlling parameters considered for governing the responses namely cut-off diameter and pressure drop. The L27 orthogonal array is developed using Taguchi Robust Design. Based on the design matrix, the regression equation is developed for the two responses. The quality of the equation arrived has been validated by ANOVA followed by optimization using multi-objective genetic algorithm approach. The optimal results are identified through the Pareto approach. The optimization results are validated by experimental analysis. Numerical simulation is performed to obtain the flow pattern and separation efficiency. The final result confirms that the optimum square cyclone produces the enhanced performance. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "Final results from a 90-day quantitative inhalation toxicology study evaluating the dose-response and fate in the lung and pleura of chrysotile-containing brake dust compared to TiO2, chrysotile, crocidolite or amosite asbestos: Histopathological examination, confocal microscopy and collagen quantification of the lung and pleural cavity. These results provide a clear foundation for differentiating the innocuous effects of brake dust exposure from the adverse effects following amphibole asbestos exposure.The final results from this multi-dose, 90-day inhalation toxicology study in the rat with life-time post-exposure observation have shown a significant fundamental difference in pathological response and tumorgenicity between brake dust generated from brake pads manufactured with chrysotile or from chrysotile alone in comparison to the amphiboles, crocidolite and amosite asbestos.The groups exposed to brake dust showed no significant pathological or tumorigenic response in the respiratory track compared to the air control group at exposure concentrations and deposited doses well above those at which humans have been exposed. Slight alveolar/interstitial macrophage accumulation of particles was noted. Wagner grades were 1-2 (1 = control group), similar to the TiO2 particle control group.The pathological response of crocidolite and amosite compared to the brake dust and chrysotile was clearly differentiated by the histopathology and the confocal analysis. Crocidolite and amosite induced persistent inflammation, microgranulomas, persistent fibrosis (Wagner grades 4), and a dose-related lung tumor response. Confocal microscopy quantified extensive inflammatory response and collagen development in the lung, visceral and parietal pleura as well as pleural adhesions.Chrysotile was not biopersistent, exhibiting in the lung a deterioration of its matrix which results in breakage into particles and short fibers which can be cleared by alveolar macrophages and which can continue to dissolve. Particle-laden macrophage accumulation was observed, leading to a very-slight interstitial inflammatory response (Wagner grade 1-3). There was no peribronchiolar inflammation, occasional very-slight interstitial fibrosis (Wagner grade 4), and no exposure-related tumorigenic response.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Noncoaxiality between Fabric and Stress in Two-Dimensional Granular Materials. This paper investigates the evolution of the fabric for different contact networks (i.e.,the strong, weak, and overall contact networks) in granular material. Two-dimensional tests along proportional strain paths and simple shear tests are conducted using the discrete element method (DEM). Results show that the coaxiality between the principal directions of the fabric tensor for the overall contact network and that of the stress tensor depends on the loading conditions. The principal direction of the fabric tensor for the strong subnetwork is always coaxial with the stress direction. In addition, the major principal direction of the fabric tensor for the strong subnetwork is perpendicular to that of the weak subnetwork, regardless of any principal stress rotation. The fabric tensor for the strong subnetwork and the stress tensor at the critical state are proportional, with the coefficient of the proportionality being a function of the mean stress, if the critical stress can be approached.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "The First Two Cases of Candida auris in The Netherlands. Candida auris is a rapidly emerging multidrug-resistant pathogenic yeast. In recent years, an increasing number of C. auris invasive infections and colonized patients have been reported, and C. auris has been associated with hospital outbreaks worldwide, mainly in intensive care units (ICUs). Here, we describe the first two cases of C. auris in The Netherlands. Both cases were treated in a healthcare facility in India prior to admission. The patients were routinely placed in contact precautions in a single room after admission, which is common practice in The Netherlands for patients with hospitalization outside The Netherlands. No transmission of C. auris was noticed in both hospitals. Routine admission screening both for multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria and MDR yeasts should be considered for patients admitted from foreign hospitals or countries with reported C. auris transmission.", "label": [4, 40, 39]}
+{"token": "Many irrelevant evils: a response to the Bayesian problem of evil. Robert Bass argues that the evidential problem of evil can be strengthened by the application of a Bayesian conditionalization argument. I argue that, whatever the merits of Bayesian conditionalization arguments, they are unsuccessful in substantiating the evidential problem of evil because the problem of evil doesn't meet the necessary conditions for applying the formula informatively. I offer two examples to show that a successful application of the Bayesian formula must pass two tests, the competency test and the connection test. I then show that the problem of evil passes neither, and is therefore not strengthened by the Bayesian analysis. I conclude that Bass's reformulated argument poses no substantive threat to theism.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "A psychometric revision of the European American Values Scale for Asian Americans using the Rasch model. The 18-item European American Values Scale for Asian Americans (M. M. Wolfe, P H. Yang, E C. Wong, & D. R. Atkinson, 2001) was revised on the basis of results from a psychometric analysis using the Rasch Model (G. Rasch, 1960). The results led to the establishment of the 25-item European American Values Scale for Asian Americans-Revised.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "The updated Fe ionization equilibrium for the electron kappa-distributions. In the past few years new calculations of the ionization and recombination rates have been published. The new Fe ionization equilibrium for these new rates is available for a Maxwellian distribution. Therefore the updated Fe ionization equilibrium for the non-thermal kappa-distribution with an enhanced number of particles in the high-energy tail is presented. Results for the various deviations from a Maxwellian distribution are given in tabular form and these are compared with previous ones. A method for the determination of an energy distribution different from the Maxwellian one is suggested.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Structure of Online Dating Markets in U.S. Cities. We study the structure of heterosexual dating markets in the United States through an analysis of the interactions of several million users of a large online dating website, applying recently developed network analysis methods to the pattern of messages exchanged among users. Our analysis shows that the strongest driver of romantic interaction at the national level is simple geographic proximity, but at the local level, other demographic factors come into play. We find that dating markets in each city are partitioned into submarkets along lines of age and ethnicity. Sex ratio varies widely between submarkets, with younger submarkets having more men and fewer women than older ones. There is also a noticeable tendency for minorities, especially women, to be younger than the average in older submarkets, and our analysis reveals how this kind of racial stratification arises through the messaging decisions of both men and women. Our study illustrates how network techniques applied to online interactions can reveal the aggregate effects of individual behavior on social structure.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Parliamentary Activity, Re-Selection and the Personal Vote. Evidence from Flexible-List Systems. In this article, we analyse how the degree of parliamentary activity affects both individual MPs' performance in the candidate selection process within the party and their popularity with voters at the electoral stage. We expect that parliamentary work of MPs matters less for voters' evaluations of MPs because of limited monitoring capacities and lower salience attached to this type of representation. The empirical analysis uses data from recent elections in the Czech Republic and Sweden. During the analysed period, these countries further personalised their flexible list electoral systems. Our results suggest that parties hold MPs accountable mainly through the threat of non-re-selection rather than by assigning them to a promising list position. While there is no evidence that voters consistently reward MPs' effort, the case of the Czech elections in 2010 shows that they may do so if context draws attention to individual MPs' work.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Conditioning uncertainty in ecological models: Assessing the impact of fire management strategies. A simple simulation model has been used to investigate whether large fires in Mediterranean regions are a result of extreme weather conditions or the cumulative effect of a policy of fire suppression over decades. The model reproduced the fire regime characteristics for a wide variety of regions of Mediterranean climate in California, France and Spain. The Generalised Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation (GLUE) methodology was used to assess the possibility of multiple model parameter sets being consistent with the available calibration data. The resulting set of behavioural models was used to assess uncertainty in the predictions. The results suggested that (1) for a given region, the total area burned is much the same whether suppression or prescribed fire policies are used or not; however fire suppression enhances fire intensity and prescribed burning reduces it; (2) the proportion of large fires can be reduced, but not eliminated, using prescribed fires, especially in areas which have the highest proportion of large fires.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "The shellfish enigma across the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition in southern Scandinavia. The well-known and widespread replacement of oysters (abundant during the Mesolithic period) by cockles and mussels in many Danish Stone Age shell middens ca. 5900 cal yrs BP coincides with the transition to agriculture in southern Scandinavia. This human resource shift is commonly believed to reflect changing resource availability, driven by environmental and/or climatic change at the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition rather than cultural choice. While several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the \\\\'Mesolithic-Neolithic oyster decline\\\\', an explanation based on a sudden freshening of the inner Danish waters has received most attention. Here, for the first time, we test and refute this long-standing hypothesis that declining salinity explains the marked reduction in oysters identified within numerous shell middens across coastal Denmark at the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition using quantitative and qualitative salinity inference from several, independent proxies (diatoms, molluscs and foraminifera) from multiple Danish fjord sites. Alternatively, we attribute the oyster decline to other environmental causes (particularly changing sedimentation), ultimately driven by external climatic forcing. Critical application of such high-quality environmental archives can reinvigorate archaeological debates and can aid in understanding and managing environmental change in increasingly impacted coastal regions. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Isolation, Purification, and Identification of Coconut Protein through SDS-PAGE, HPLC, and MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. Coconut palm (Cocos nucifera L.) is rich in protein and consumed worldwide, coconut protein as a plant protein contains many nutrients and is beneficial for human health, but its allergic components also need to be considered. Therefore, further research on coconut protein is of great significance. In this study, nine proteins were identified through matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS). Three proteins, namely, (1) 63 kDa globulin-like protein [Elaeis guineensis], (2) 63 kDa globulin-like protein [Phoenix dactylifera], and (3) glutelin type-A 3-like [E. guineensis] were initially found in coconut proteins. To further purify and identify the coconut protein, we used dialysate membrane and high-performance liquid chromatography-Ultraviole (HPLC-UV) to concentrate and separate the extracted protein. Two types of 63 kDa globulins were further purified and identified, namely, P. dactylifera and E. guineensis proteins with 564 and 398 amino acids, respectively, were identified. SWISS-MODEL was used to predict the tertiary structure of the 63 kDa globulins and showed that the structures of the coconut proteins were mostly similar to those of vicilin. This work provided a feasible and simple separation approach for the isolation and purification of coconut protein, and predicts the structure of newly identified protein.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Simulating test for thermal mixing in the hot gas chamber of the HTR-10. The helium coolant at the outlet of the pebble bed core of the 10 MW High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor-Test Module exhibits a severe radial temperature deviation. In order to avoid damages at the downstream components due to alternating thermal loads such as the steam generator, a hot gas chamber is especially designed to solve the problem. Thermal mixing performance of the coolant in the hot gas chamber is experimentally investigated on a 1: 1.5 scale model by air. The experimental result shows that within the Reynolds number range of 1.4 x 10(5)-5.8 x 10(5), the hot gas chamber with a radial mixer reaches excellent thermal mixing of the coolant of about 94%. The flow resistance coefficient for the hot gas chamber is also presented. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Inertinite-rich Tertiary coals from the Zeya-Bureya Basin, Far Eastern Russia. Selected Tertiary coals from the Zeya-Buryea Basin, Far Eastern Russia, were investigated for aspects of their coal type, rank, depositional environment and post-depositional history. The coals have been examined in outcrop (lithotype logging), microscopically (maceral, reflectance and fluorescence), and geochemically (proximate analysis). Two laterally extensive coal-bearing horizons occur: one of Palaeocene age and the other of early Miocene age. The Palaeocene coals were investigated in active open-cut mines at Raichikhinsk and Yerkovtsi and the early Miocene deposit in an abandoned open-cut mine at Cergeyevka. Palaeocene coals at Raichikhinsk and Yerkovtsi were indistinguishable from each other macroscopically, microscopically, and geochemically. The deposits were sufficiently coalified that brightness logging could be undertaken. Dull coals, with numerous fusainous wisps, were dominant. Four dulling-up sequences, which represent stacked peat deposits, were observed at Raichikhinsk. At Yerkovtsi, only a small section of the middle of the seam, which was mostly dull and muddy coal, was investigated. Petrographically, these coals were dominated by inertinite group macerals, which is unusual in non-Gondwanan coals and rare in the Tertiary. Rank classification was problematic with volatile matter (VM) content of vitrain (daf), macroscopic appearance, and microscopic textures suggesting subbituminous B rank, but carbon content, moisture content and specific energy indicating a lignite rank. Notwithstanding complications of rank, estimates of the maximum-range burial depths were calculated. Taking the VM (daf) content of vitrain as 48%, burial depth estimates range from 900 m for a high geothermal gradient and long heating time to a maximum of 3300 in for a low geothermal gradient and short heating time. These estimates are maxima as the coal rank may be lower than implied by the VM. The Cergeyevka deposit is a soft brown coal. Limited sampling of the upper-most portion indicated a high moisture content (75% daf) and an unusual, hydrogen-rich geochemistry. Lack of identifiable liptinites using either reflected light or fluorescence microscopy suggested a significant bituminite component. Otherwise, the coals appear to be typical for the Tertiary. An estimate of 125 in maximum burial depth was obtained using the bed-moisture content of the coal, which is around the present burial depth. Comparison of present-day thicknesses with inferred burial depths suggests that at least 500 in of section is missing between the Palaeocene coals and the early Miocene coals. Palaeoenvironmental considerations suggest that fire played a significant role in the accumulation of the peats at Raichikhinsk and Yerkovtsi. At Cergeyevka, peat accumulation ended by drowning of the mire. Two tuff beds were recognised within the seam at Raichikhinsk and one in the seam at Yerkovtsi. Correlation of the tuff beds is uncertain but they should prove useful in regional coal seam correlation and interpreting coal depositional environments. Geochemical analysis by XRF was complicated by high loss-on-ignition (LOI) values. Despite extensive alteration, an acid igneous source is implied from the presence of free quartz and TiO2/Al2O3 ratios of 0.02 to 0.05. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35]}
+{"token": "Modulation of a Stem Cell Gene: LGR4 Knockout in a Human Cell Line by CRISPR/Cas Method. The modulation of gene expression is essential for the investigation of function or involved pathway of a single gene of interest, in particular in the developmental/stem cell biology. The temporary knock down of gene expression via siRNA is a well-established but with a residual expression connected modulation method. The chapter describes the complete knockout of a defined target and allows a comprehensive study of different gene like the stem cell gene LGR4 (Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 4) using the new developed CRISPR/Cas method (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats).", "label": [2, 4, 21, 39]}
+{"token": "The 'desert kites' of the Ustyurt plateau. The Aralo-Caspian region includes a ninth of the total number of 'desert kites'. These are located at a considerable distance from the large concentrations of the Near East and the Levant. A combined fieldwork and satellite image analysis, undertaken in September 2013 on the southwestern fringe of the Ustyurt plateau, allowed us to record and describe 143 kites of different morphological types and to obtain new chronological data. Within the framework of the Globalkites research project, set up at the scale of the whole distribution area of kites, a GIS database was constructed using a methodology successfully tested in other regions (Armenia, Jordan, Saudi Arabia). This paper is a detailed description of the kites of this region, focusing on location in the landscape, morphology, architecture and chronology. Despite the lack of accurate information about their use, relationships with animal migration routes can sometimes be suggested. Our chronological data show that the south-western Ustyurt kites have a long history of use and were abandoned only very recently. Some architectural details and morphological features, commonly observed on Near Eastern kites, lead to the conclusion that Ustyurt kites belong to a single phenomenon. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Puffing Characteristics of Blackcurrant Leather Under Microwave Vacuum Conditions. In order to obtain the blackcurrant snack with high quality and efficiency, the puffing characteristics of blackcurrant leather under microwave vacuum conditions were investigated using single factor experimental method. The puffing characteristics, repersented by the moisture content and expansion ratio were determined in the different vacuum pressure, initial moisture content and the microwave power. The results show that both the microwave power and initial moisture content have significant effect on the moisture content. And no significant effect of the vacuum pressure on the final moisture content was found. For the initial moisture content of 35 %?w.b.?, the optimum processing parameters for maximum expansion ratio with 200% were obtained in the condition of microwave power of 2.48 kW and vacuum pressure of 70 kPa.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Online service providers and third party trademark infringement: an Australian perspective. Today's technology has enabled internet intermediaries to greatly expand their access, storing and linking functions and provide highly advanced interactive online services. As such, these intermediaries are more fittingly described as Online Service Providers (OSPs). This transformation has enabled businesses to utilize novel techniques in reaching relevant online consumers, while at the same time providing those consumers with relevant information and an increased freedom of choice. In the midst of these technological advancements, trademark owners have often sought to hold OSPs accountable for third party trademark infringement resulting from the infringing conduct of their users. Yet, in the Australian context, the doctrinal requirement that a trademark must be used 'as a trademark' and the wide section 123 defence available in the Trade Marks Act 1995 (Cth) that exempts those who deal with goods on which trademarks have been placed with the trademark owner's consent, gives rise to difficulty in extending the scope and application of the Trade Marks Act 1995 (Cth) to OSPs. The lack of any provision in the Trade Marks Act 1995 (Cth) dealing with indirect trademark infringement adds to the problem. In the circumstances, reliance has to be placed on common law principles to extend the application of the Trade Marks Act 1995 (Cth) to OSPs. Yet, the exact parameters of such an extension remain uncertain.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Poverty and the Poor An Analysis of Determinants. This article focuses on the poor in Romania, a category that grew unprecedentedly in number and severity during the postcommunist transition. Based on data from the Romanian Integrated Household Survey (RIHS), we document growth in poverty over the 1995-98 period and investigate the contribution of various factors to household welfare.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Frequency analysis of a wavefront curvature sensor: selection of propagation distance. The linear condition, spatial resolution and filter model of a curvature sensor are obtained by a brief and intelligible frequency analysis approach. The bounded interval of propagation distance is given by considering the linear condition and the noise in intensity measurement. The effects of nonlinearity and measurement noise on different frequency aberrations are discussed. We provide a guide to choose the propagation distance of a curvature sensor. The propagation distance should be large for low-frequency aberrations, which are greatly affected by the measurement noise, and small for high-frequency aberrations, which are greatly limited by the nonlinear effect. For a wavefront composed of various frequencies, it is important to select a proper propagation distance for less nonlinear effects and better noise suppression.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Review of Temnomastax Rehn & Rehn, 1942 (Orthoptera, Caelifera, Eumastacidae, Temnomastacinae). Temnomastax is the commonest genus of monkey grasshoppers in the central region of South America. Herein the revision of this genus is presented. Three new species are described, Temnomastax descampsi Olivier sp. nov., Temnomastax monnei Olivier sp. nov., and Temnomastax otavioi Olivier sp. nov. Temnomastax chiquitos syn. nov. is proposed as a new synonym of Temnomastax borellii. Three morphological groups are proposed: the Beni group composed of Temnomastax beni; the Latens group composed of T. borellii, T. hamus, T. latens and T. monnei sp. nov.; and the Tigris group composed of T. descampsi sp. nov., T. otavioi sp. nov., T. ricardoi and T. tigris. Identification keys, biological and distribution data are provided.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Factors Affecting Brand and Student Decision Buying Fresh Milk: A Case Study in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. The paper aims to examine the factors affecting brand and student decision in buying fresh milk. Combining qualitative and quantitative research methods, this study used self-completed questionnaires to investigate 520 students in Ho Chi Minh City. The results of the study show that that there are five key determinants affecting the dairy brand and student decision in buying fresh milk, including: (1) product quality, (2) fair price, (3) product promotion and customer services, (4) product convenience, and (5) reference group's attitude to the brand. In addition, it is also found that product brand has a direct and positive impact on the student decision. The finding in this study is quite different from other existing literatures in terms of the importance level of the determinants of the student decision in buying fresh milk; specifically, in deciding to buy their fresh milk, students are often interested in the promotion and customer service, the product convenience, and the reference group for the purchase, more than in the quality and price of the product. From these findings, some managerial implications are proposed for policy-makers and relevant enterprises to have appropriate policies and strategies for their business development.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "Anti-Religious Struggle in the Soviet Union and the Komsomol. The struggle against religion in the Soviet Union was an important part of the class war and it was prerequisite for a socialist society. Thus, an intensive anti-religious propaganda was initiated by the communist government. Religion has been described as the main enemy of the working class. Prohibitions of religious education, suppression of religious publications were the other steps in this process. In the later years, the methods such as anti-religious holidays, seminars and movies became a part of this struggle. The League of Militant Atheists was an organisation in the Soviet Union founded in 1925 in order to propagate atheism. The tasks of the League of Militant Atheists were anti-religious propaganda, anti-church struggle and the liquidation of religious communities. However, the Komsomol also served in struggle against religion. What are most striking of Komsomol's anti-religious propaganda methods were the Komsomol festivals. The goal of the Komsomol festivals was not to worship; on the contrary, these were activities which religious values were teased. In these festivals Komsomol's task was to prove to the new generation that there was no blessed. This paper explores the period of the war against religion in the Soviet Union from the first years of the revolution and also the role of the Komsomol in this struggle using archive documents.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "A study of fusion-fission at Z=107. An experiment was performed with the EUROGAM II array to investigate the reaction channels that are open in the fusion of a Cl-37 beam on the actinide target Th-232 at. series of energies around the Coulomb barrier. The symmetric fission products identified from the level structures seem to suggest that a proton and neutrons are emitted prior to fission.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Fabrication of Efficient and Stable CsPbI3 Perovskite Solar Cells through Cation Exchange Process. Inorganic lead halide perovskites have attracted attention due to their tolerance to higher processing temperature and higher bandgap suitable for tandem solar cell application. Not only do they improve cell stability and efficiency, they also reveal many interesting and un-anticipated material qualities. This work reports a simple cation exchange growth (CEG) method for fabricating inorganic high-quality cesium lead iodide (CsPbI3) by adding methylammonium iodide (MAI) additive in the precursor. X-ray diffraction results reveal a multi-stage film formation process whereby i) MAPbI(3) perovskite first formed that acts as a perovskite template for ii) subsequent ion exchange whereby the MA(+) ions in the MAPbI(3) are replaced by Cs+ (as temperature ramps up) and iii) form g-phase perovskite CsPbI3. Optical microscopy, photoluminescence, and electrical characterizations reveal that the CEG process produces high-quality film with better absorption, uniform and dense film with better interface, lower defects, and better stability. Using the CEG approach, the power conversion efficiency of the best CsPbI3 solar cell is significantly increased up to 14.1% for the device fabricated using 1.0 m MAI additive. The outcome is beneficial for further improvement of inorganic perovskite solar cells and their application in perovskite-silicon tandem devices.", "label": [4, 1, 33, 15, 32, 11]}
+{"token": "Comparative genome analysis of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa JNQH-PA57, a clinically isolated mucoid strain with comprehensive carbapenem resistance mechanisms. Background The prevalence of clinical multidrug-resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been increasing rapidly worldwide over the years and responsible for a wide range of acute and chronic infections with high mortalities. Although hundreds of complete genomes of clinical P. aeruginosa isolates have been sequenced, only a few complete genomes of mucoid strains are available, limiting a comprehensive understanding of this important group of opportunistic pathogens. Herein, the complete genome of a clinically isolated mucoid strain P. aeruginosa JNQH-PA57 was sequenced and assembled using Illumina and Oxford nanopore sequencing technologies. Genomic features, phylogenetic relationships, and comparative genomics of this pathogen were comprehensively analyzed using various bioinformatics tools. A series of phenotypic and molecular-genetic tests were conducted to investigate the mechanisms of carbapenem resistance in this strain. Results Several genomic features of MDR P. aeruginosa JNQH-PA57 were identified based on the whole-genome sequencing. We found that the accessory genome of JNQH-PA57 including several prophages, genomic islands, as well as a PAPI-1 family integrative and conjugative element (ICE), mainly contributed to the larger genome of this strain (6,747,067 bp) compared to other popular P. aeruginosa strains (with an average genome size of 6,445,223 bp) listed in Pseudomonas Genome Database. Colony morphology analysis and biofilm crystal staining assay respectively demonstrated an enhanced alginate production and a thicker biofilm formation capability of JNQH-PA57. A deleted mutation at nt 424 presented in mucA gene, resulted in the upregulated expression of a sigma-factor AlgU and a GDP mannose dehydrogenase AlgD, which might explain the mucoid phenotype of this strain. As for the carbapenem resistance mechanisms, our results revealed that the interplay between impaired OprD porin, chromosomal beta-lactamase OXA-488 expression, MexAB-OprM and MexXY-OprM efflux pumps overexpression, synergistically with the alginates-overproducing protective biofilm, conferred the high carbapenem resistance to P. aeruginosa JNQH-PA57. Conclusion Based on the genome analysis, we could demonstrate that the upregulated expression of algU and algD, which due to the truncation variant of MucA, might account for the mucoid phenotype of JNQH-PA57. Moreover, the resistance to carbapenem in P. aeruginosa JNQH-PA57 is multifactorial. The dataset presented in this study provided an essential genetic basis for the comprehensive cognition of the physiology, pathogenicity, and carbapenem resistance mechanisms of this clinical mucoid strain.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Opposing Roles of the Forkhead Box Factors FoxM1 and FoxA2 in Liver Cancer. The forkhead box transcription factor FoxM1 is essential for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development, and its overexpression coincides with poor prognosis. Here, we show that the mechanisms by which FoxM1 drives HCC progression involve overcoming the inhibitory effects of the liver differentiation gene FoxA2. First, the expression patterns of FoxM1 and FoxA2 in human HCC are opposite. We show that FoxM1 represses expression of FoxA2 in G(1) phase. Repression of FoxA2 in G(1) phase is important, as it is capable of inhibiting expression of the pluripotency genes that are expressed mainly in S-G(2) phases. Using a transgenic mouse model for oncogenic Ras-driven HCC, we provide genetic evidence for a repression of FoxA2 by FoxM1. Conversely, FoxA2 inhibits expression of FoxM1 and inhibits FoxM1-induced tumorigenicity. Also, FoxA2 inhibits Ras-induced HCC progression that involves FoxM1.", "label": [2, 4, 21, 39]}
+{"token": "Molecular cloning of cDNA encoding the infinity unit of CNGC gene from human fetal heart. Cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels (CNGCs) play crucial roles in visual and olfactory signal transduction. As a first step to explore the presence of a CNGC gene in human heart, we cloned a human heart CNGC gene. The sequence consists of 111 bp 5' non-coding region and a 2064 bp open reading frame which is followed by a 459 bp 3' non-coding region. The predicted protein consists of 688 amino acids with a short highly charged segment rich in lysine and glutamate. Sequence comparison indicates that the human heart cDNA is almost identical to the retinal rod photo receptor CNGC cDNA. However, the human cardiac cDNA is lacking a 205bp Alu fragment in the 5'-uncoding region, has a glutamic acid residue at amino acid position 129, and has a replacement of glutamic acid with a lysine residue at amino acid position 99. Data obtained with northern blot analysis confirm the presence of RNA for the CNGC alpha chain. This channel might play a role in cyclic nucleotide-mediated cellular processes, such as the inotropic effect in the heart.", "label": [2, 17, 21]}
+{"token": "Activity of chromium oxide in CaO-SiO2 based slags at 1873 K. Thermodynamic properties of chromium oxides in molten slags are very important for optimization of stainless steel refining processes as well as reduction processes of chromium ores. The solubility of chromite into molten slags has been found to vary drastically with oxygen partial pressure and slag composition in the former studies by the authors. In the present study, activity data and redox equilibria of chromium oxides measured under moderately reducing conditions, P-O2 = 6.95 x 10(-11) atm, at 1873 K are summarized. For the CaO-SiO2-CrOX system, the activity coefficient of chromium oxide increased with increasing basicity and the optimized slag composition for stainless steel refining is assessed as that saturated with CaCr2O4 and Cr2O3 using the phase relations determined. On the other hand, the presence of MgO and Al2O3 brings about different behaviour of chromium oxide activity and redox equilibria and the 44 mass per cent CaO - 39 mass per cent SiO2 - 11 mass per cent Al2O3 - 6 mass per cent MgO slag is recommended to reduce the chromium oxidation loss in the practical stainless steel refining process at 1873 K.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Young people, pathways and crime: Beyond risk factors. Research and policy approaches to risk are recognised as failing into two cultures, most commonly referred to as artefact and constructionist. Moreover, within construction ism, a continuum of positions exists from weak constructionist in which risks may be viewed as cultural mediations of 'real' dangers or hazards, to strong constructionist in which the 'dangers' or 'hazards' are themselves perceived as socially constructed. In this article a similar continuum of epistemological positions in relation to pathways is developed, and then findings from projects in the ESRC Network 'Pathways Into and Out of Crime' demonstrate how constructionist perspectives have generated new insights into the way in which traditional risk factors operate for young people. Examples based on three classically identified risk factors are presented. First, the complex and multidimensional effects of school exclusion are highlighted. Second, the nature of social networks is explicated and the role of their components as both potential risk and protective factors proposed. Third, the need for drugs to be understood within their cultural and historical contexts is identified, and the potential role of drugs as a mediator between other life stresses and offending portrayed. In conclusion, the value of synthesising rather than disputing paradigms to produce different layers of knowledge is discussed.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Helping koalas battle disease - Recent advances in Chlamydia and koala retrovirus (KoRV) disease understanding and treatment in koalas. The iconic Australian marsupial, the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus), has suffered dramatic population declines as a result of habitat loss and fragmentation, disease, vehicle collision mortality, dog attacks, bushfires and climate change. In 2012, koalas were officially declared vulnerable by the Australian government and listed as a threatened species. In response, research into diseases affecting koalas has expanded rapidly. The two major pathogens affecting koalas are Chlamydia pecorum, leading to chlamydial disease and koala retrovirus (KoRV). In the last eight years, these pathogens and their diseases have received focused study regarding their sources, genetics, prevalence, disease presentation and transmission. This has led to vast improvements in pathogen detection and treatment, including the ongoing development of vaccines for each as a management and control strategy. This review will summarize and highlight the important advances made in understanding and combating C. pecorum and KoRV in koalas, since they were declared a threatened species. With complementary advances having also been made from the koala genome sequence and in our understanding of the koala immune system, we are primed to make a significant positive impact on koala health into the future.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Parliamentary salaries as a party resource: Party organizational power in Westminster democracies. Research on contemporary party organization emphasizes the growing power of the party in public office (PPO). The relationship between the external party organization and the PPO, however, is rarely analysed directly. We argue that the capacity of the extra-parliamentary party to regularly extract a fixed share from their MPs' salaries - the collection of party taxes' or tithes' - can give us insights into the level and the nature of control the external organization exercises over MPs within and across organizational levels. Beyond providing new insights into an under-researched, but generally widespread, source of party funding across 25 parties in five Westminster democracies, the study shows the following: while party family shapes a party's basic capacity to establish an intra-organizational rule that obliges MPs to regularly contribute parts of their salary, ideology drives the salary share a party can expect MPs to pay. The federal-unitary divide affects whether the national or the regional organizations are the main recipients of these contributions.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Numerical analysis of experimental studies of methane hydrate dissociation induced by depressurization in a sandy porous medium. Methane Hydrates (MHs) are a promising energy source abundantly available in nature. Understanding the complex processes of MH formation and dissociation is critical for the development of safe and efficient technologies for energy recovery. Many laboratory and numerical studies have investigated these processes using synthesized MH-bearing sediments. A near-universal issue encountered in these studies is the spatial heterogeneous hydrate distribution in the testing apparatus. In the absence of direct observations (e.g. using X-ray computed tomography) coupled with real time production data, the common assumption made in almost all numerical studies is a homogeneous distribution of the various phases. In an earlier study (Yin et al., 2018) that involved the numerical description of a set of experiments on MH-formation in sandy medium using the excess water method, we showed that spatially heterogeneous phase distribution is inevitable and significant. In the present study, we use as a starting point the results and observations at the end of the MH formation and seek to numerically reproduce the laboratory experiments of depressurization-induced dissociation of the spatially heterogeneous MH distribution. This numerical study faithfully reproduces the geometry of the laboratory apparatus, the initial and boundary conditions of the system, and the parameters of the dissociation stimulus, capturing accurately all stages of the experimental process. Using inverse modelling (history-matching) that minimized deviations between the experimental observations and numerical predictions, we determined the values of all the important flow, thermal, and kinetic parameters that control the system behaviour, which yielded simulation results that were in excellent agreement with the measurements of key monitored variables, i.e. pressure, temperature, cumulative production of gas and water over time. We determined that at the onset of depressurization (when the pressure drop - the driving force of dissociation - is at its maximum), the rate of MH dissociation approaches that of an equilibrium reaction and is limited by the heat transfer from the system surroundings. As the effect of depressurization declines over time, the dissociation reaction becomes kinetically limited despite significant heat inflows from the boundaries, which lead to localized temperature increases in the reactor.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "Enforceable Undertakings: Are they Procedurally Fair?. An enforceable undertaking is an administrative sanction available to the Australian Securities and Investments Commission ('ASIC'). It is a form of settlement between ASIC and an alleged offender. However, enforceable undertakings provisions have been criticised in the past because they do not specify the procedure that needs to be followed by the corporate regulator when accepting an undertaking. This article considers the procedural fairness of an enforceable undertaking from an administrative law perspective and from the perspective of an alleged offender: will an alleged offender perceive the process of entering into an enforceable undertaking to be fair or not? In this context, the article also analyses whether an enforceable undertaking should be subject to any type of review.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "The Blocking Injunction - A Critical Review of Its Implementation in the United Kingdom Within the Legal Framework of the European Union. This article critically evaluates the manner in which the blocking injunction has been implemented in the United Kingdom, the legal basis for which is derived from the legal framework of the European Union. Unlike the extrajudicial and privatised Notice and Takedown (\\\\'N&T'') process, the blocking injunction is a court-supervised mechanism and, hence, avoids the key criticism levelled against N&T. Yet, there are problems with the blocking injunction, in particular the manner in which it is implemented. This article first demonstrates that, unlike in the context of copyright enforcement, the legal basis for the blocking injunction in the field of trademark protection is suspect. Secondly, the article posits that the procedure pertaining to the grant of a blocking injunction runs counter to the principles of natural justice - in that neither the relevant EU directives, nor their domestic implementations, provide for the target website operators (i.e. the authors of online content), whose content is sought to be blocked, to be notified of, or joined in, the proceedings where injunctions are sought. As such, it is argued that an important safeguard that has been incorporated into blocking orders, which allows affected parties to apply for a variation or vacation of a blocking order, is rendered meaningless. Lastly, the article identifies four areas - i.e. circumvention, multiplicity of proceedings, barriers to legitimate trade and costs of implementation - where there might be problems in the future that may question the efficacy of this remedy.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Microstructure and deformation mechanism of Si-strengthened intercritically annealed quenching and partitioning steels. To address the growing demand and stringent requirements for lightweight steel, quenching and partitioning (QP) steel has attracted significant attention due to its excellent strength-ductility balance. However, to date, reports on the mechanism of intercritical annealing QP have been limited. Thus, this study investigated the effect of the addition of 1.3 wt% to 2.5 wt% Si on the microstructure and mechanical properties of intercritically annealed QP steel. Neutron diffraction and quasi-in situ electron backscatter diffraction were used to analyze the deformation mechanisms of commercial-grade QP1180 steel and Si-strengthened QP steel. The microstructure of the QP steel consisted of ferrite, martensite, and retained austenite (RA). Si increased the volume fractions of ferrite and RA. The Si-strengthened QP steel with a multiphase structure, including 43% ferrite, 13% RA, and 43% martensite, exhibited better tensile strength (1330 MPa), higher elongation (21.5%), and lower yield ratio (0.615) than commercial-grade QP1180 steel. The mechanical stability of larger RA grains is lower than that of finer grains. RA experienced additional stress with the ferrite yield and Si promoted interphase deformation accommodation behavior. The interphase deformation accommodation mechanism rather than the orientation -dependent mechanism plays a key role in controlling the onset of the deformation-induced martensite (DIM) transformation. Thus, the DIM transformation was triggered before the yield of RA, and the residual RA after the DIM transformation exhibited a non-negligible stress distribution.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Gender differences in first episode psychotic mania. Background: The aim of this paper was to delineate the impact of gender on premorbid history, onset, and 18 month outcomes of first episode psychotic mania (FEPM) patients.Results: Males with FEPM had increased likelihood of substance use (OR = 13.41, p < .001) and forensic issues (OR = 4.71, p = .008), whereas females were more likely to have history of sexual abuse trauma (OR = 7.12, p = .001). At service entry, males were more likely to be using substances, especially cannabis (OR = 2.15, p = .047), had more severe illness (OR = 1.72, p = .037), and poorer functioning (OR = 0.96, p = .045). During treatment males were more likely to decrease substance use (OR = 5.34, p = .008) and were more likely to be living with family (OR = 4.30, p = .009). There were no gender differences in age of onset, psychopathology or functioning at discharge.Methods: Medical file audit assessment of 118 (male = 71; female = 47) patients with FEPM aged 15 to 29 years was undertaken on clinical and functional measures.Conclusions: Clinically meaningful gender differences in FEPM were driven by risk factors possibly associated with poor outcome. For males, substance use might be associated with poorer clinical presentation and functioning. In females with FEPM, the impact of sexual trauma on illness course warrants further consideration.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "A new potyvirus from Thunberg fritillary (Fritillaria thunbergii Miq.) in Zhejiang, China. A potyvirus causing mosaic symptoms in Thunberg fritillary (Fritillaria thunbergii) was found at two sites in Zhejiang province, China. The virus was readily mechanically transmitted to its original host but not to any of 17 other widely used plant virus indicators. A polyclonal antiserum raised to purified virus particles reacted with its homologous virus but not with a range of other viruses (including 16 potyvirus species). In electron microscopy, virus particles and inclusion bodies typical of a potyvirus were seen. The complete nucleotide sequence of an isolate from Ningbo was determined. It was 9723 nt long and sequence analyses predicted the standard potyvirus organisation. The partial sequence (1664 nts at the 3'-terminus) of an isolate from Panan was also determined; the two sequences had 96.9% nt identity. In sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analyses with completely sequenced potyviruses, the new virus was most closely related to Lily mottle virus (53.0% aa identity) and Leek yellow stripe virus. The most closely related incomplete sequence in the international databases was for Lycoris mild mottle virus (72.8% nt identity in their coat proteins). These results suggest that the virus studied is a new species in the genus Potyvirus, which we have tentatively named Thunberg fritillary mosaic virus.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Microstructure and corrosion resistance of a chromium-free multi-elements complex coating on AZ91D magnesium alloy. A chromium-free multi-elements complex coating (MECC) for AZ91D magnesium alloy has been obtained using a new kind of chemical conversion process without acid pickling step. The coating layer could be formed in less than 10 min by immersing the specimen in a bath at 55 degrees C. The composition and microstructure of the coating were analyzed and determined by SEM, EDX and XRD. The conversion coating was mainly consisted of Mg, Al, P, K, Ca, Mn, Zn and O, and it was a continuous coating with good adhesion to the matrix. It is discovered that the coating layer contains the following compounds: Ca0.965Mg2Al16O27, Mn5.64P3, ZnAl2O4 and (Mg0.66Al0.34)(Al0.83Mg0.17)(2)O-4. Besides, salt spray test results show that the specimen with this coating layer has good corrosion resistance. Electrochemical potentiodynamic polarization experiment was also conducted in a 5% NaCl solution to evaluate corrosion rate of the coatings. The results of corrosion rates of this coating and Dow No. 1 coating were 2.1348 and 13.2033 mm per year, respectively, which indicated it could provide effective protection better than that of Dow 1 coating. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "Defining the physical properties of corn grown under drought-stressed conditions and the associated energy and nutrient content for swine. Historically high temperatures and low rainfall during the 2012 growing season resulted in drought-stressed conditions in much of the U.S. corn belt. The objective of this experiment was to investigate the impact of these conditions on the composition and energy content in corn and determine if relationships exist among corn quality measurements, chemical composition, and digestibility of energy. Twenty-eight samples of corn from the 2012 drought-stressed crop (DS), plus 2 representative corn samples from the 2011 crop (CNTRL), were collected in Iowa and Illinois using yield as an initial screen for drought impact. Yields ranged from 2.5 to 14.8 t/ha. Each sample was graded by an official of the U.S. grain inspection agency and analyzed for 1,000 kernel weight, kernel density, ether extract, starch, GE, NDF, and CP content. Diets were formulated using each of the 30 corn samples and were fed at 2.6 times the estimated maintenance energy requirement according to the NRC (2012). Sixty individually housed barrows (PIC 359 x C29; 34.2 +/- 0.2 kg initial BW) were randomly allotted in an incomplete crossover design to 30 diets across 4 periods. Diet and fecal samples were analyzed to determine DE values. Both ME and NE values were then calculated from DE values using methods developed by Le Goff and Noblet (2001) and Noblet et al. (1994), respectively. Mean DE, ME, and NE values between the CNTRL and DS were not different (3.72 vs. 3.68 Mcal/kg, respectively, 3.66 vs. 3.62 Mcal/kg, respectively, and 2.92 vs. 2.87 Mcal/kg, respectively; P > 0.10). Comparing CNTRL with DS, there were no differences (P > 0.10) in ether extract (4.07 vs. 3.96%), CP (8.56 vs. 9.18%), or starch (70.5 vs. 69.5%). However, ADF and NDF were higher in the DS (2.23 and 8.19%, respectively) when compared with CNTRL (1.89 and 6.92%, respectively; P < 0.001 and P = 0.015, respectively). Small but significant correlations were observed between DE and NDF (r = -0.51, P = 0.008), kernel density (r = 0.51, P = 0.007), and percent damaged kernels (r = 0.41, P = 0.031). No statistically significant correlations were observed between DE and starch or ADF content or between DE and test weight. We can conclude that corn grown in drought-stressed conditions has energy content similar to corn grown under more favorable conditions and, therefore, can be successfully used in swine diets. Furthermore, NDF proved to be superior to fat, starch, and ADF content in explaining the variation in corn energy content.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "How age, sex, and reproductive condition affect retreat-site selection and emergence, patterns in a temperate-zone lizard, Elgaria coerulea. Minimising predation risk is critical to fitness in all animals. For animals that utilise retreat sites as an anti-predator strategy, there are many factors that influence retreat site selection and determine when to emerge from a hiding place. In this paper we test for seasonal and daily variation in cover use in a temperate-zone lizard (Elgaria coerulea). We also test for age- and sex-related differences in capture-site temperature, cover use, and sprint speed. We conducted a mark-recapture study on Elgaria coerulea in south-eastern British Columbia, Canada. We recorded temperature, precipitation, lizard's position, proximity to cover, and rock size. The results showed seasonal variation in both. retreat-site selection and emergence patterns. Lizards selected thicker rocks during the summer compared to spring, perhaps to avoid lethal high temperatures. Adult males used larger, thicker rocks than adult females and juveniles. Emergence patterns also differed between the sexes. The probability of capturing an adult female in the open steadily increased over the summer, while male emergence declined over the season. The tendency to be in the open also increased with the amount of rain that fell the previous day. This study shows that while remaining under cover is important in Elgaria coerulea, specific circumstances (lethal temperatures, reproduction, precipitation) will modify their cover use.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Sensitive Dopamine Sensor Based on Three Dimensional and Macroporous Carbon Aerogel Microelectrode. A sensitive amperometric sensor is developed for selective determination of dopamine based on electrocatalytic activity of graphene-based macroporous carbon aerogel microelectrode. Three-dimensional carbon aerogel electrode was synthesized by freeze drying of graphene and multi-wall carbon nanotubes with the assistance of Nifion. The performance and morphology of carbon aerogel electrode were investigated using SEM, XPS, XRD, EDS and electrochemical characterization. The experimental results confirmed that the porous carbon aerogel displayed excellent electrical conductivity and strong electro-catalytic activity towards dopamine oxidation. DA sensor prepared with the carbon aerogels displays rapid and sensitive electrochemical response with a detection limit of 30 nM (S/N = 3). The results of DA determination in real samples verify the feasibility of the porous carbon aerogel and potential application in biosensing and medical diagnosis.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Teaching localisation at the university: Curriculum models. Localization is a language-intensive activity and translators as well as terminologists are traditional specialists in this linguistic and cultural adaptation. The paramount role of terminology in localization is underlined. It is explained that university is the best place to teach localization, and the knowledge required to localize is described. Two curriculum models in localization are currently found--one of which is criticizable--whereas other curricula could be considered. The requirements for teaching localization at university are described.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Affective responses to sweet products and sweet solution in British and Finnish adults. Responses to sweetness are reported in two populations, one segmented by gender and age, and the other one by gender only. The strength of the association between liking for specific sweet foods and liking for an aqueous sucrose solution (20% w/v) is also tested; and health attitudes examined. British adults (n = 1855, age 17-82, mean 55 years, 90% women) and Finnish young adults (n = 1292, age 20-25, mean 22 years, 54% women) rated their liking of ten sweet foods and beverages based on product names, and completed questionnaires on Craving for Sweet Foods (CSF) and General Health Interest (GHI). One-half of Brits and a third of Finns rated liking and intensity of sucrose solution. In factor analysis, identical categories of liking for sweet, products were formed in each population, one consisting of five processed sweets (\\\\'Goodies\\\\'), and the other of naturally sweet fruits and berries (\\\\'Fruits\\\\'). Sugared and sugar-free soft drinks and fruit juice loaded on the third factor. After age 50, British men scored higher than British women in CSF and liking for several sweet products; Finnish women scored higher than Finnish men in CSF and liking for most sweet products. GHI was positively associated with liking for Fruits and negatively with liking for sugared soft drinks. Sucrose solution was better liked by British men than women, with no gender difference in Finns. Liking for sucrose solution was only weakly associated with liking for sweet products based on product names. In two demographically different European populations, attraction to sweet gathered in similar product categories, but manifested differently at different ages and each gender.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "DIGITAL MATERIAL REPRESENTATION MODEL OF POROUS MICROSTRUCTURE BASED ON 3D RECONSTRUCTION ALGORITHM. Development of the Digital Material Representation (DMR) model, based on 3D reconstruction algorithm and serial sectioning, is the main goal of the present paper. Details on the serial sectioning and image processing algorithms are presented first. Serial sectioning is realized on the basis of light microscopy (LM). Then concept of 3D reconstruction and developed algorithms are presented. Two approaches, based on shape coefficients and the flood fill algorithms, are developed to identify corresponding features on subsequent 2D images. Then, the interpolation algorithm to reconstruct 3D volume between 2D images is presented. Finally, obtained 3D model is an input for finite element mesh generation software for subsequent finite element calculations.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Frequency-Domain Optimization of Digital Switching Noise Based on Clock Scheduling. The simultaneous switching activity in digital circuits challenges the design of mixed-signal SoCs. Rather than focusing on time-domain noise voltage minimization, this work optimizes switching noise in the frequency domain. A two-tier solution based on the on-chip clock scheduling is proposed. First, to cope with the switching noise at the fundamental clock frequency, which usually dominates in terms of noise power, a two-phase clocking scheme is employed for system timing. Second, on-chip clock latencies are manipulated to target harmonic peaks in specific frequency bands for the spectral noise optimization. An automated design flow, which allows for noise optimization in user-defined application-specific frequency bands, is developed. The effectiveness of our design solution is validated by measurements of substrate noise and conductive EMI (electromagnetic interference) noise on a test chip, which consists of four wireless sensor node baseband processors each addressing a distinct clock-tree-synthesis strategy. Compared to the reference synchronous design, the proposed clock scheduling solution substantially reduces noise in the target GSM-850 band, i.e., by 11.1 dB on the substrate noise and 12.9 dB on the EMI noise, along with dramatic noise peak drops measured at the 50-MHz clock frequency.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "A Pilot Study on Early-Onset Schizophrenia Reveals the Implication of Wnt, Cadherin and Cholecystokinin Receptor Signaling in Its Pathophysiology. Early-Onset Schizophrenia (EOS) is a very rare mental disorder that is a form of schizophrenia occurring before the age of 18. EOS is a brain disease marked by an early onset of positive and negative symptoms of psychosis that impact development and cognitive functioning. Clinical manifestations commonly include premorbid features of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), attention deficits, Intellectual Disability (ID), neurodevelopmental delay, and behavioral disturbances. After the onset of psychotic symptoms, other neuropsychiatric comorbidities are also common, including obsessive-compulsive disorder, major depressive disorder, expressive and receptive language disorders, auditory processing, and executive functioning deficits. With the purpose to better gain insight into the genetic bases of this disorder, we developed a pilot project performing whole exome sequencing of nine trios affected by EOS, ASD, and mild ID. We carried out gene prioritization by combining multiple bioinformatic tools allowing us to identify the main pathways that could underpin the neurodevelopmental phenotypes of these patients. We identified the presence of variants in genes belonging to the Wnt, cadherin and cholecystokinin receptor signaling pathways.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Prognostic factors in adult patients hospitalized for pneumonia caused by Legionella pneumophila. Introduction: Legionellosis is a multisystem bacterial disease, which causes pneumonia with high mortality in patients with comorbidity and admitted in intensive care units (ICU). Objetive: Determine predictors of mortality or ICU admission. Methods: Retrospective follow-up of patients diagnosed with Legionella pneumophila pneumonia in Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruria. Period 2000-2013 (n = 240). Analysis of multivariate logistic regression was performed. Results: Mean age was 57.2 +/- 15.4 years old, 88.3% were male. Average score of comorbidity (Charlson score) was 2.3 +/- 2.3. There was a clear seasonal variation. Predominant symptoms were fever (92.5%), dry cough (38.1%) and dyspnea (33.9%). Creatinine clearance was lower than 60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) in 29.7% and sodium < 135 mEq/l in 58.3%. Admission to ICU rate was 16.3% and 10.8% needs mechanical ventilation. Inhospital mortality rate was 4.6%, rising to 23.1% in patients admitted to ICU. Variables associated to predict ICU admission were age (OR = 0.96), liver disease (OR = 7.13), dyspnea (OR = 4.33), delirium (OR = 5.86) and high levels of lactatedehydrogenase (OR = 1.002). Variables associated with inhospital mortality were Charlson index (OR = 1.70), mechanical ventilation (OR = 31.44) and high levels of lactatedehydrogenase (OR = 1.002). Discussion: Younger patients with liver disease, dyspnea and confusion are more likely to be admitted to ICU. Comorbidity, mechanical ventilation and elevated LDH levels are associated with higher mortality rate.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "The 'Sardinian cold-water coral province' in the context of the Mediterranean coral ecosystems. A new cold-water coral (CWC) province has been identified in the Mediterranean Sea in the Capo Spartivento canyon system offshore the southern coast of Sardinia. The 'Sardinia cold-water coral province' is characterized in the Nora canyon by a spectacular coral growth dominated by the branching scleractinian Madrepora oculata at a depth of 380-460 m. The general biohermal frame is strengthened by the common occurrence of the solitary scleractinian Desmophyllum dianthus and the occasional presence of Lophelia pertusa. As documented by Remotely Operated Vehicle survey, this area is a hotspot of megafaunal diversity hosting among other also live specimens of the deep oyster Neopycnodonte zibrowii. The new coral province is located between the central Mediterranean CWC provinces (Bari Canyon, Santa Maria di Leuca, South Malta) and the western and northern ones (Melilla, Catalan-Provencal-Ligurian canyons). As for all the best developed CWC situations in the present Mediterranean Sea, the new Sardinian province is clearly influenced by Levantine Intermediate Water which appears to be a main driver for CWC distribution and viability in this basin. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Perceptive authorization?. This article presents some objections to Burge's theory of perceptual entitlement. According to Burge, perceptual entitlement is a sort of warrant that is different from justification because it does not require the subject to have reasons for his beliefs. In contrast, it is argued, firstly, that entitlement does not escape from an objection usually made to epistemological externalism, that is, that the warrant is detached from the subject's rationality. Secondly, two of the reasons offered by Burge to think that perceptions cannot be reasons are critically examined.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Comparing Sensor-Based Adjustment of Weed Harrowing Intensity with Conventional Harrowing under Heterogeneous Field Conditions. Setting the right intensity is crucial for the success of post-emergence weed harrowing in cereals. The percentage of crop soil cover (CSC) correlates with the selectivity of weed harrowing. Therefore, real-time camera-based measurements of CSC offer a novel approach to automatically adjust the intensity of harrowing. The intensity of harrowing is varied by hydraulic steering of the tine angle. Five field experiments in cereals were conducted at three locations in southwestern Germany in 2019 and 2020 to measure the effect of camera-based harrowing (2020) and conventional harrowing on weed control efficacy (WCE), crop density, and grain yield. For this purpose, pair-wise comparisons of three fixed harrowing intensities (10 degrees, 40 degrees, and 70 degrees tine angle) and three predefined CSC thresholds (CSC of 10%, 20%, and 60%) were realized in randomized complete block designs. Camera-based intensity adjustment resulted in more homogeneous CSC across the whole plot (6-16% less standard deviation variation) compared to conventional fixed settings of the tine angle. Crop density, WCE, crop biomass, and grain yield were significantly higher for camera-based harrowing than for conventional harrowing. WCE and yields of all automatic adjusted harrowing treatments were equal to the herbicide control plots. Camera-based harrowing provides a robust technology for effective weed management with a lower risk of crop damage than conventional harrowing.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "THE PATAGONIAN TOOTHFISH: BIOLOGY, ECOLOGY AND FISHERY. Patagonian toothfish (Dissostichus eleginoides) is a large notothenioid fish that supports valuable fisheries throughout the Southern Ocean D eleginoides are found on the southern shelves and slopes of South America and around the sub Antarctic islands of the Southern Ocean Patagonian toothfish are a long lived species (>50 years) which initially grow rapidly on the shallow shelf areas before undertaking an ontogenetic migration into deeper water Although they are active predators and scavengers there is no evidence of large scale geographic migrations and studies using genetics biochemistry parasite fauna and tagging indicate a high degree of isolation between populations in the Indian Ocean South Georgia and the Patagonian Shelf Patagonian toothfish spawn in deep water (ca 1000 m) during the austral winter producing pelagic eggs and larvae Larvae switch to a demersal habitat at around too mm (1 year old) and inhabit relatively shallow water (<300 m) until 6-7 years of age when they begin a gradual migration into deeper water As juveniles in shallow water toothfish are primarily piscivorous consuming the most abundant suitably sized local prey With increasing size and habitat depth the diet diversifies and includes more scavenging Toothfish have weakly mineralised skeletons and a high fat content in muscle which helps neutral buoyancy but limits swimming capacity Toothfish generally swim with labriform motion but are capable of more rapid sub carangiform swimming when startled Toothfish were first caught as a by catch (as juveniles) in shallow trawl fisheries but following the development of deep water longlining fisheries rapidly developed throughout the Southern Ocean The initial rapid expansion of the fishery which led to a peak of over 40 000 tonnes in reported landings in 1995 was accompanied by problems of bird by catch and overexploitation as a consequence of illegal unreported and unregulated fishing (IUU) These problems have now largely been addressed but continued vigilance is required to ensure that the species is sustainably exploited and the ecosystem effects of the fisheries are minimised", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "A damage model based on Tsai-Wu criterion and size effect investigation of pultruded GFRP. This paper presented a progressive damage model of pultruded GFRP based on the Tsai-Wu criterion. The constitution of the damage model was coded by UMAT subroutine in Abaqus. The model shows sufficient accuracy in validating against the tensile and three-point beam bending tests. It was used to obtain the size effect law of pultruded GFRP with varying sizes and fiber volume ratios. The resistance curve was then calculated by using the obtained size effect law, and the effect of composite's material property on R-curve was discussed. The fracture toughness obtained by size effect law is within the range of typical pultruded GFRP material property, and the fiber volume's effect on R-curve is also explored. It's found that the fracture toughness increases from 53.68KJ/m(2) to 76.18KJ/m(2) as the fiber volume ratio ascends from 50% to 70%.", "label": [1, 11, 12]}
+{"token": "The interlocutory injunction dilemma in patent infringement and invalidity disputes. Interlocutory injunctions pose a dilemma for patent law and practice as they require a court to assess the parties' submissions and make decisions before all the issues are thoroughly argued. While the relevant legal principles are settled, there remains some uncertainty for intellectual property owners (or licensees or assignees) maintaining their statutory privileges and protecting their broader commercial interests in exploiting their privileges (such as market share, brand, good will, reputation etc). This article examines interlocutory injunctions where there is both an alleged infringement of a Patents Act 1990 (Cth) standard patent and a challenge to patent invalidity, to explore the potential of interlocutory injunctions as a tool to promote, encourage and coerce patent owners to provide access to, and disseminate, their patent protected products, method and processes while respecting core exclusive rights.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Absence, Presence, Indexicality: The Mise en Scene of 'the Heart of Neolithic Orkney'. I sketch those characteristics of the mise en scene at the Ring of Brodgar stone circle and associated sites that might solicit within the visitor something like a dynamic performance. Drawing on surrealism, Robert Smithson and archaeology, I argue that the mise en scene at Brodgar - and the visitor's response to it - is characterized by a sense of presence which exists in a dialectical tension with the perception of that which is absent. Brodgar is indexical (like a photograph) and hauntological, in semiotic terms. The Neolithic site is, at some level, unknowable. The visitor becomes aware of coincident yet incompatible manifestations of time and space (heterochronia) and imagines the potential return of unknown, cryptic ritual performances (metatheatre). This solicits within the viewer something akin to Max Ernst's model of frottage. As Breton put it, The imaginary ... tends to become real'.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Early-life origins of schizotypal traits in adulthood. ConclusionsBackgroundAlthough schizotypal traits, such as anhedonia and aberrant perceptions, may increase the risk for schizophrenia-spectrum disorders, little is known about early-life characteristics that predict more pronounced schizotypal traits.AimsTo examine whether birth size or several other early-life factors that have been previously linked with schizophrenia predict schizotypal traits in adulthood.MethodParticipants of the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort Study (n=4976) completed a questionnaire on positive and negative schizotypal traits at the age of 31 years.ResultsLower placental weight, lower birth weight and smaller head circumference at 12 months predicted elevated positive schizotypal traits in women after adjusting for several confounders (P<0.02). Moreover, higher gestational age, lower childhood family socioeconomic status, undesirability of pregnancy, winter/autumn birth, higher birth order and maternal smoking during pregnancy predicted some augmented schizotypal traits in women, some in men and some in both genders.The results point to similarities in the aetiology of schitzotypal traits and schizophrenia-spectrum disorders.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Fast Pyrolysis of Flax Shive in a Screw-Type Reactor. A novel screw-type reactor for the fast pyrolysis of agricultural waste (flax shive) is described. A preliminary study on the influence of process parameters on the yield, composition, and properties of pyrolysis products was carried out. Based on the results obtained, the optimal conditions of fast pyrolysis of flax shive particles in terms of feedstock particle size, solid residence time, and process temperature were identified. Considering the construction, the developed reactor seems to be close to the screw fluidized bed and auger reactor and is characterized by a simple design and operation control. Moreover, the proposed reactor can be used for continuous pyrolysis without any significant modification.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "Effect of Interaction of Matrix and Analyte on Detection of Low Molecular Weight Peptide by Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Fourier Transform/Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry. Because of the suppression of 2',6'-dihydroxyacetophenone (DHAP) to the combination of peptide with alkali metal ion and the advanced ability of 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) to ionize peptide in MALDI-MS, it is illustrated in this work that the best MALDI-FT/ICRMS is obtained when matrix is composed of 10 mu mol/L DHB and 15 mu mol/L DHAP. The scanning electron microscope pictures of matrix with different compositions show that the crystal of matrix composed of 8 mu mol/L DHB and 3 mu mol/L DHAP is in a dense stratiform state that is quite different from crystal of matrix with other proportion of DHB and DHAP. It is also demonstrated that thin-layer method is the best peptide preparation method with matrix composed of 8 mu mol/L DHB and 3 mu mol/L DHAP among dry-droplet and sandwich method.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "&ITIschaemum rugosum&IT Salisb. GERMINATION REACTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL AND CHEMICAL STIMULI. The effect of temperature, light, metabolic substances and scarification on the Ischaemum rugosum Salisb germination were evaluated . The germination tests were performed in germination boxes with distilled water using a completely randomized design with three replicates. The results indicated that the after the imbibition phase Ischaemum rugosum Salisb., presents a latency period or \\\\'plateau\\\\' about 12 to 4 8 hour after water adsorption is initiated . Germination percentages were affected significantly by extreme temperatures (10 and 50 degrees C), the far-red light exposure had a positive effect on the number of germinated seeds (Pr <0.05). Scarification had a significant effect on emergency with respect to chemical treatment. Metabolic substances, such as gibberellins (AG(3)) and Potassium Nitrate (KNO3), showed higher emergency percentages. Based on the results, it can be inferred that Ischaemum rugosum Salisb. seeds present a typical photoblastic species behavior and the importance of physical factors, such as absence of the seed coat and the stimulus of metabolic substances on seed germination.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "Ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy: principles and application to photosynthetic systems. The photophysical and photochemical reactions, after light absorption by a photosynthetic pigment-protein complex, are among the fastest events in biology, taking place on timescales ranging from tens of femtoseconds to a few nanoseconds. The advent of ultrafast laser systems that produce pulses with femtosecond duration opened up a new area of research and enabled investigation of these photophysical and photochemical reactions in real time. Here, we provide a basic description of the ultrafast transient absorption technique, the laser and wavelength-conversion equipment, the transient absorption setup, and the collection of transient absorption data. Recent applications of ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy on systems with increasing degree of complexity, from biomimetic light-harvesting systems to natural light-harvesting antennas, are presented. In particular, we will discuss, in this educational review, how a molecular understanding of the light-harvesting and photoprotective functions of carotenoids in photosynthesis is accomplished through the application of ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "How Does Premarital Cohabitation Affect Trajectories of Marital Quality?. We investigate the link between premarital cohabitation and trajectories of subsequent marital quality using random effects growth curve models and repeated measures of marital quality from married women in the NLSY-79 (N = 3,598). We find that premarital cohabitors experience lower quality marital relationships on average, but this is driven by cohabitors with nonmarital births. Premarital cohabitors without nonmarital births report the same marital quality as women who did not cohabit before marriage. Nonmarital childbearing is more strongly associated with lower subsequent marital quality for White women than for Black or Hispanic women. Marital quality declines at similar rates for all couples regardless of cohabitation or nonmarital childbearing status. These findings are robust to numerous alternative model specifications.", "label": [5, 47, 51]}
+{"token": "Dyadic communication relationships in organizations: An attribution/expectancy approach. The relational outcome in the model is \\\\'interactional richness,\\\\' a dyad-level construct that assesses the extent to which communication within the dyad is high in shared meaning. Model antecedents are aspects of interaction through which communicators reciprocally define their relationships, including relational message properties, message patterns that emerge over time, and relational perceptions. We propose that these communication properties and behaviors give rise to relationship attributions. We then incorporate processes of expectancy confirmation and violation to explain how specific communication encounters lead individuals to reformulate attributions regarding the status of a given relationship. Research propositions articulate how attribution/expectancy processes mediate between relational communication behavior and relationship development outcomes. We also develop propositions addressing how relational communication behavior is influenced by macrolevel factors, including hierarchy, structure, and culture.Research in organizational communication has examined the structure and content of interaction, but has paid little attention to research traditions outside the organizational sciences that explore the social-psychological interconnections between relationship development and interaction. In this paper we draw upon and extend those traditions to develop a model of how communication relationships develop within organizational dyads. The proposed model examines organization-based communication relationships through a synthesis of theoretical perspectives on communication richness, relational communication, interpersonal attribution, and social expectancy. We also call upon precepts of structuration theory to embed these microlevel processes in an organizational context.In a concluding section we discuss the model's potential contribution to research and practice, address its limitations, and offer recommendations for future research aimed at testing its embedded hypotheses.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "Inclusivism and exclusivism: A study of two trends. Inclusivism and exclusivism: A study of two trends The identity of the church can be either inclusivist or exclusivist. Van Ruler's theocratic theology views the church as being an inclusive community in service of God's kingdom. It is the vehicle God uses to introduce his kingdom into the world. According to Van Ruler, however, the church also shows a unique character based on its relationship with Jesus Christ. Although the church can take many forms, Van Ruler's opinion is that the Christian Church could be advised by Old Testament Israel in this regard. This study shows that both inclusivist and exclusivist trends are present in the Old as well as the New Testament. The New Testament inherited the debate between these two opposing stances from the time of the Second Temple. Returning from exile, Sadocitic priests propagated an exclusivist identity for the Judaeans. Their viewpoint was based on the programme of Ezekiel 40-48, as is illustrated in the literature of Ezra-Nehemiah, the Priestly Writing, Chronicles and Jubilees. On the other hand, indeed there was an inclusivist approach as well, as is depicted in the books of Jonah, Ruth, Trito-Isaiah and even Numbers and Joshua. The conclusion drawn from the study is that both exclusivist and inclusivist trends are present in the Bible. Although the church does not have any other option in the present postmodern world but to be primarily an inclusive community, it should also show some form of exclusivism.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Laboratory and field evaluation of Korean entomopathogenic nematode isolates against the oriental beetle Exomala orientalis (Coleoptera : Scarabaeidae). The oriental beetle Exomala (Anomala) orientalis (Waterhouse) is an important pest of turfgrass in Korean golf courses, and although a few chemical insecticides are registered for insect pest control, they are not very effective against scarab larvae. There is also a growing concern in Korea about the run-off of insecticides into sensitive habitats and the potential for groundwater contamination. A safe and environmentally sound alternative is needed to conventional insecticides. We therefore evaluated six Korean entomopathogenic nematode isolates: S. carpocapsae Pocheon, S. glaseri Dongrae, S. glaseri Mungyeong, S. longicaudum Gongju, S. longicaudum Nonsan, and Heterorhabditis sp. Gyeongsan for their potential as bioinsecticides for control of E. orientalis. In addition, we evaluated a reduced chemical insecticide approach that combined chlorpyrifos-methyl with nematodes. In laboratory tests Heterorhabditis sp. Gyeongsan was the most efficacious, causing 100% mortality of the second and 38% of the third instars. All other nematode isolates caused 50-80% mortality of the second and 15-30% of the third instars. E. orientalis pupae were highly susceptible to all the Korean entomopathogenic nematode isolates except S. carpocapsae. In artificially infested field plots, all Korean nematode isolates cause 50-70% mortality of the third instar. A combination of a one-half rate of Heterorhabditis sp. and a one-half rate chlorpyrifos-methyl was synergistic, causing 91% mortality compared with 69% for the full rate of Heterorhabditis sp. or 22% for the full rate of chlorpyrifos-methyl. In a second field trial, a natural infestation of preoverwintering third instar was treated. In this trial a one-half rate of S. longicaudum Nonsan plus a one-half rate of chlorpyrifos-methyl caused 96.8% mortality, much more than a full rate of S. longicaudum Nonsan (45.9% mortality) or a full rate of chlorpyrifos-methyl (28.7% mortality). The interactions of Heterorhabditis sp. and S. longicaudum Nonsan with chlorpyrifos-methyl in our field trials appear to be synergistic.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Non-Frankia actinomycetes isolated from surface-sterilized roots of Casuarina equisetifolia fix nitrogen. Based on partial 16S sequences, we previously described a novel group of nonsymbiotic, acetylene reduction activity-positive actinomycetes which were isolated from surface-sterilized roots of Casuarina equisetifolia growing in Mexico. An amplified rRNA restriction analysis confirmed that these actinomycetes are distinct from Frankia, a finding substantiated by a 16S rRNA gene phylogenetic analysis of two of the Mexican isolates. Further support for these actinomycetes being separate from Frankia comes from the very low DNA-DNA homology that was found. Nevertheless, the Mexican isolates may be diazotrophs based not only on their ability to grow in N-free medium and reduce acetylene to ethylene but also on the results from N-15 isotope dilution analysis and the finding that a nifH gene was PCR amplified. A comparison of the nifH sequences from the various isolates showed that they are closely related to nifH from Frankia; the similarity was 84 to 98% depending on the host specificity group. An analysis of complete 16S rRNA gene sequences demonstrated that the two strains analyzed in detail are most closely related to actinobacteria in the Thermomonosporaceae and the Micromonosporaceae.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 40]}
+{"token": "Two novel quantitative trait linkage analysis statistics based on the posterior probability of linkage: application to the COGA families. Background: In this paper we apply two novel quantitative trait linkage statistics based on the posterior probability of linkage (PPL) to chromosome 4 from the GAW 14 COGA dataset. Our approaches are advantageous since they use the full likelihood, use full phenotypic information, do not assume normality at the population level or require population/sample parameter estimates; and like other forms of the PPL, they are specifically tailored to accumulate linkage evidence, either for or against linkage, across multiple sets of heterogeneous data.Conclusion: The QTT-PPL was only 4% at GABARB1, which might suggest that the underlying ecb21 gene does not also cause ALDX1, although features of the data complicate interpretation of this result.Results: The first statistic uses all quantitative trait (QT) information from the pedigree (QT-posterior probability of linkage, PPL); we applied the QT-PPL to the trait ecb21 (resting electroencephalogram). The second statistic allows simultaneous incorporation of dichotomous trait data into the QT analysis via a threshold model (QTT-PPL); we applied the QTT-PPL to combined data on ecb21 and ALDX1. We obtained a QT-PPL of 96% at GABRB1 and a QT-PPL of 18% at FABP2 while the QTT-PPL was 4% and 2% at the same two loci, respectively. By comparison, the variance-components (VC) method, as implemented in SOLAR, yielded multipoint VC LOD scores of 2.05 and 2.21 at GABRB1 and FABP2, respectively; no other VC LODs were greater than 2.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Temperature Influences on Diapause Induction and Survival in the Boll Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). The boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), has been the most important pest of cotton (Gossypium spp.) wherever it occurs. Although eradication programs in the United States have reduced the range of this pest, the weevil remains an intractable problem in subtropical Texas, Mexico, and much of South America. A key to managing the weevil in the subtropics and tropics might lie in better understanding its diapause and overwintering survival in regions characterized by relatively high late-season temperatures. We examined the temporal patterns of acquisition of diapause characters at 18.3, 23.9, and 29.4 degrees C, and the effects of temperature during the diapause-induction period on subsequent host-free survival at 23.9 degrees C. Occurrence of the diapause characters generally increased with weevil age at all temperatures but appeared more rapidly at higher temperatures. Acquisition of the diapause characters tended to occur slightly earlier in female weevils compared with the male weevils. Despite the slower development of diapause characters at lower temperatures, when adult weevils were fed under low temperatures, subsequent host-free survival was enhanced. These results are consistent with reports of increased weevil survival with delayed entry into overwintering. Our findings also suggest that the potential host-free survival facilitated by diapause occurring in subtropical or tropical production regions may be reduced compared with dormancy developing in southern temperate regions. This reduced survival potential emphasizes the importance of a maximized host-free season and suggests that the late-season diapause spray intervals should be short enough to ensure that the number of dormant weevils developing in late-season cotton is minimized.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Assessment of thrombin generation in horses using a calibrated automated thrombogram. Background The amount of thrombin generated reflects the endogenous thrombin potential (ETP), which depends on the balance of pro- and anticoagulant factors. The calibrated automated thrombogram (CAT) allows for the direct measurement of thrombin generation during the clotting process. Objectives (1) To describe the results of the CAT assay in horses, (2) to establish intra-assay and intra- and interindividual variation of thrombin generation in healthy horses, and (3) to compare in vitro low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) sensitivity between healthy and sick horses. The hypothesis for the last objective is that inhibition of thrombin generation in sick horses requires higher heparin concentrations. Methods The plasma of 10 healthy mixed breed horses was used for the determination of normal thrombin generation parameters (lag time, time to peak, peak thrombin concentration, and ETP). Five of the healthy horses were compared with five horses with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). In vitro heparin sensitivity was determined using LMWH. Results The intra-assay variation was small (<5%) for all parameters. Relatively large intra- and interindividual variation were observed in healthy horses. Four of the five sick horses with SIRS had a thrombogram compatible with a hypercoagulable state. The in vitro heparin sensitivity test suggested decreased sensitivity to LMWH in hypercoagulable states. Conclusions The CAT assay could detect coagulopathy in horses. In vivo experiments are needed to confirm that it can be used to monitor responses to LMWH therapy.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Salinispirillum marinum gen. nov., sp nov., a haloalkaliphilic bacterium in the family 'Saccharospirillaceae'. A novel Gram-staining-negative, motile, non-pigmented, facultatively anaerobic, spirillum-shaped, halophilic and alkaliphilic bacterium, designated strain GOWy1(T), was isolated from water of the coastal marine wetland Gomishan in Iran. The strain was able to grow at NaCl concentrations of 1-10% (w/v) and optimal growth was achieved at 3% (w/v). The optimum pH and temperature for growth were pH 8.5 and 30 degrees C, while the strain was able to grow at pH 7.5-10 and 4-40 degrees C. Phylogenetic analysis based on the comparison of the 16S rRNA gene sequence placed the isolate within the class Gammaproteobacteria as a separate deep branch, with 92.1% or lower sequence similarity to representatives of the genera Saccharospirillum and Reinekea and less than 91.0 % sequence similarity with other remotely related genera. The major cellular fatty acids of the isolate were C-18:1 omega 7c, C-16:0 and C-17:0, and the major components of its polar lipid profile were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. The cells of strain GCWy1(T) contained the isoprenoid quinones Q-9 and Q-8 (81% and 2%, respectively). The G+C content of the genomic DNA of this strain was 52.3 mol%. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis in combination with chemotaxonomic and phenotypic data, strain GCWy1(T) represents a novel species in a new genus in the family 'Saccharospirillaceae', order Oceanospirillales, for which the name Salinispirillum marinum gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of the type species is GCWy1(T) (=IBRC-M 10765(T)=CECT 8342(T)).", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Failure or voluntary exit? Reassessing the female underperformance hypothesis. We reevaluate the female underperformance hypothesis by challenging the assumption that female-owned ventures are more likely to fail. Instead of equating exit with failure, we draw on exit literature and feminist theories to argue that female entrepreneurs are actually more likely than males to exit voluntarily. We argue for further gender differences by using an even more fine-grained conceptualization of entrepreneurial exit (failure, exit for personal reasons, and exit for other professional/financial opportunities). Post-hoc analyses also point to within-gender heterogeneity depending on family status. A sample probe of 219 Spanish entrepreneurs who had exited their business supports our overall reasoning. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "The Acoela: on their kind and kinships, especially with nemertodermatids and xenoturbellids (Bilateria incertae sedis). Acoels are among the simplest worms and therefore have often been pivotal in discussions of the origin of the Bilateria. Initially thought primitive because of their \\\\'planula-like\\\\' morphology, including their lumenless digestive system, they were subsequently dismissed by many morphologists as a specialized clade of the Platyhelminthes. However, since molecular phylogenies placed them outside the Platyhelminthes and outside all other phyla at the base of the Bilateria, they became the focus of renewed debate and research. We review what is currently known of acoels, including information regarding their morphology, development, systematics, and phylogenetic relationships, and put some of these topics in a historical perspective to show how the application of new methods contributed to the progress in understanding these animals. Taking all available data into consideration, clear-cut conclusions cannot be made; however, in our view it becomes successively clearer that acoelomorphs are a \\\\'basal\\\\' but \\\\'divergent\\\\' branch of the Bilateria.", "label": [4, 39, 43]}
+{"token": "XENASUBTEXTTALK' The impact on the lesbian fan community through its online reading and writing of lesbian fan fiction in relation to the television series Xena: Warrior Princess. This article examines how some lesbian fans of the television adventure fantasy series Xena: Warrior Princess (X:WP) (1995-2001) became visible through the development of online fandom and the production of explicit lesbian Internet fan fiction. The self-identity of lesbian fans who are part of the \\\\'xenasubtextalk\\\\' (XSTT) fan group is explored and celebrated through social networks of lesbian fandom through the \\\\'Xenaverse.\\\\' Lesbian fans have written copious amounts of fan fiction online enabling a form of lesbian political discourse and activism as well as social and cultural discourses shared throughout the platform of the Internet. Many lesbian fans have been supported to create and write Xena lesbian fan fiction by engaging with various lesbian fan writers from the Xenaverse who offer their advice to develop lesbian fan fiction services for free to \\\\'newbie\\\\' writers. Their explicit lesbian fan fiction narratives are reproduced and distributed as lesbian stories about the two main characters Xena and Gabrielle from the original television series. I interviewed three women from \\\\'xenasubtextalk\\\\' who gain pleasure exploring their lesbian identities and fandom through the fan group.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Research on carbon emissions in China's export trade based on input-output model. Becoming the world's largest emitter of carbon makes China the object of criticism; however, people may ignore the fact that when China exports low-carbon products, the carbon emissions have been left in the meanwhile, forming the so-called \\\\'embodied carbon\\\\'. Using the input-output model, this paper analyzes the carbon emission intensity and amount of embodied carbon of various sectors in China's export trade in 2002 and 2007, and filters out high carbon emission sectors. In addition, this paper also points out the problem of carbon emissions' international transfer from developed countries to China through the analysis of national and regional flow of export carbon emissions and changing of the proportion of emissions for exports relative to total emissions, and explains the reason that caused carbon transfer to China by using the treadmill of production theory. Based on that, this paper proposes some measures for carbon reduction in China from the foreign trade perspective.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "SMALL REPEATING UNITS WITHIN THE UREAPLASMA-UREALYTICUM MB ANTIGEN GENE ENCODE SEROVAR SPECIFICITY AND ARE ASSOCIATED WITH ANTIGEN SIZE VARIATION. Ureaplasma urealyticum is a common commensal of the female lower urogenital tract, yet it has been shown to be an important cause of chorioamnion infection, respiratory and central nervous system disease, and death in premature infants. It has been suggested that only certain serovars are capable of producing invasive disease. However, we previously showed that many serotypes are invasive acid that perhaps antigen variability and host factors are more important determinants of ureaplasma infections than are different serotypes per se. The molecular characterization in this report describes a mechanism available to ureaplasmas for producing antigen variation; That antigen, designated MB and previously identified on U. urealyticum, contains serovar-specific and cross-reactive epitopes, is produced both in vitro and in vivo, is a predominant antigen recognized during ureaplasma infections of humans, undergoes a high rate of size variation in vitro, and is-size variable on invasive ureaplasma isolates. In the present study, we cloned and sequenced the gene of the MB antigen from serovar 3, the serovar most commonly isolated from humans. The 3' two-thirds of the gene was shown to contain identical ll-nucleotide tandem repeats. PCR analysis and direct sequencing of two variants indicated that alterations within this repeat region are responsible for the size variation of the MB antigen. intact recombinant serovar 3 NIB antigen and truncated products, expressed by coupled in vitro transcription and translation of the cloned gene, were immunoprecipitated by both a serovar-specific monoclonal antibody and the serum of a U. urealyticum-infected patient, and these results identified the repeat region of the MB antigen as serovar defining. Resolution of the precise amino acids responsible for specific epitopes and characterization of similar genes in the other serovars should yield reagents useful in elucidating the role of antigen size variants in disease production and the role of specific antibody in protection from ureaplasma disease.", "label": [2, 17, 24]}
+{"token": "Life course influences on later life health in China: Childhood health exposure and socioeconomic mediators during adulthood. China's unprecedented population aging and social and economic change raise important issues concerning life course determinants of advantage or disadvantage into later life. Data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) 2013 were analysed to identify the influence of childhood health on later life health as indicated by self-rated health and how this influence could be mediated by social and economic positions (SEP) and resources later in the life span. CHARLS provides nationally representative data on 18, 000 individuals aged 45 years and above in approximately 150 districts and 450 villages. Both multivariate logit regression model and KHB method (Karlson/Holm/Breen method) were applied to examine and decompose the life span influences on later life health. The results show that the childhood health, accounts for approximately half of the effect directly and another half of the effect indirectly through social and economic variations during adulthood. Relative living standard, marital status and urban residence are the most significant and important social and economic mediators for men; For women, living standard and secondary schooling are most influential while marital status is not significant. Implications for social and economic policies to improve later life health are discussed.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Secular change of permeability in the fracture zone near the Nojima fault estimated using strain changes due to water injection experiments. Water injection experiments were performed in 1997, 2000 and 2003 at the 1800 in borehole near the fracture zone of the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake. During these experiments, a contraction of about 10(-8)-10(-7) was observed with three-component strainmeters at a bottom of the 800 in borehole, 70 in southwest of the 1800 m borehole. We estimated hydraulic properties of the fracture zone near the Nojima fault by using the strain data to investigate a healing of the fault during the postseismic stage. We calculated pore pressure changes due to the water injection using Darcy's equation and obtained strain changes due to the pore pressure changes as elastic deformations of the crust. The calculated strain changes have a nearly agreement with the observed strain changes. Hydraulic conductivity in 1997, 2000 and 2003 was determined to be 0.9 +/- 0.2 x 10(-6), 0.8 +/- 0.2 x 10(-6) and 0.4 +/- 0.1 x 10(-6) m/s, respectively. The reduced hydraulic conductivities in 2000 and 2003 suggest that the fractures had been healing. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Do emotions bring customers to an environment: Evidence from Pakistani shoppers?. The purpose of this study is twofold: First, it examines the impact of emotional states and shopping evaluations on customers' store choice intentions before entering the store; second, what atmospheric factors and shopping value evaluations affect customers' emotions after entering the store, which, in turn, influence their final choice decision? To test the proposed hypothesis, data were collected in Pakistan from the real-life customers at a specialty apparel store. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and structural equation modeling (SEM) were performed to analyze the data results. Study results disclose that the customers do experience pleasure before being exposed to any environment. The utilitarian value and hedonic value positively affect the store choice intentions of customers before entering a store. While the in-store environmental stimuli influence the pleasure and arousal experienced after entering the store, which, in turn, affects customers' store choice decisions. This particular study adds to the literature by quantitatively studying the impact of emotional states on customer store choice decisions before entering a store, and it also inspects the change in emotions after entering the store in the presence of three component environmental factors such as ambient factors, design factors, and social factors and customers' shopping value evaluations. Therefore, retail managers should consider managing customer feeling states by providing favorable in-store environments, because negative store experience can even ruin the positive feelings customer may have before coming to the store for shopping and experiencing.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "THE CASE FOR THE THIRD-PARTY DOCTRINE. Finally, the two primary criticisms of the third-party, doctrine are significantly weaker than critics have claimed. The third-party, doctrine is awkward for reasons of form rather than function; it is a consent rule disguised as an application of Katz's \\\\'reasonable expectation of privacy\\\\' test. Claims that the doctrine gives the government too much power overlook the substitutes for Fourth Amendment protection in the use of the third pat-ties. Those substitutes include entrapment law, common law privileges, the Massiah doctrine, the First Amendment, internal agency regulations, and the rights of the third parties themselves.This Article offers a defense of the Fourth Amendment's third-party doctrine, the controversial rule that information loses Fourth Amendment protection when it is knowingly revealed to a third. party. Fourth Amendment scholars have repeatedly attacked the rule on the ground that it is unpersuasive on its face and gives the government too much power This Article responds that critics have overlooked the benefits of the rule and have overstated its weaknesses.The third.-party doctrine serves two critical functions. First, the doctrine ensures the technological neutrality of the Fourth. Amendment. It corrects for the substitution effect of third parties that would otherwise allow savvy criminals to substitute a hidden third-party exchange for a previously public act. Second, the doctrine helps ensure the clarity of Fourth Amendment rules. It matches the Fourth Amendment rules for information to the rules for location, creating clarity without the need for a complex framework of sui generis rules.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Taking trade union discrimination to court: A sociology of support and resources for legal action. This article examines the rise in court cases relating to discrimination against trade union workers in France since the late 1990s. It seeks to identify sources of support for victims of discrimination to help them file complaints before the Courts. The judicialization of union-related discrimination cases was made possible by a new discourse that links the recognition of individual merit and the common cause of re-unionization. The development of a special method of proof and the specialization of certain union actors and lawyers have helped make legal action against discrimination routine. But the historical roots of this strategy raise the question of how it can be applied to workers in secondary labor markets, particularly precarious workers. (C) 2013 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Memory facilitation for emotional faces: Visual working memory trade-offs resulting from attentional preference for emotional facial expressions. Visual working memory (VWM) for faces is facilitated when they display negative facial expressions. The present study manipulated the emotional heterogeneity of the encoding display in a change detection task to examine whether VWM is enhanced by having a separate memory store or by a bias in the allocation of limited attentional resource. When the encoding display was emotionally heterogeneous, regardless of whether happy or fearful facial expressions were presented, memory for emotional faces increased while memory for neutral faces decreased, indicating a memory trade-off. To investigate whether this occurred as a result of preferential allocation of attentional resource towards emotional expressions over neutral ones, faces were shown sequentially in different quadrants of the display. The memory trade-off between happy and neutral faces disappeared but persisted between fearful and neutral faces at trailing serial positions. When blank intervals were inserted between faces to prevent fearful faces from having prolonged processing that consumes attentional resource that should be shared with neutral faces, the memory trade-off disappeared. Findings support the argument that emotional expressions facilitate VWM due to their bias in obtaining attentional resource but the exact mechanisms through which limited resource is allocated between happy and fearful expressions may differ.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "The influence of the UAE context on management practice in UAE business. Design/methodology/approach - The theoretical aspects of the UAE business context were derived from a literature study. The aspects of the UAE business context in practice were collected during interviews with 36 Emirati and Western and Eastern expat managers working in the UAE. Subsequently, the theoretical aspects were matched with the practical aspects.Findings - The matching shows that the typical Arab business setting is still there but that it exists next to the international business setting.Purpose - This paper aims to investigate whether the United Arab Emirates (UAE) business context as described in the literature still matches with the UAE business context in practice. In many managerial publications, and even in quite a few academic ones, warnings are given about the different and difficult business environment which exists in Arab countries. This environment is allegedly characterized by a high religious influence, a definitive centralization of power, a strong family and tribal culture and a strong role of wasta, which makes doing business in the Middle East arduous. However, the context of the UAE is not typical Arab, as it is very much multicultural with many expatriates working in both local and foreign companies.Originality/value - As during this study a cross section of nationalities working in the UAE, including Emirati, was interviewed, it gives an unique insight into the current state of affairs in the UAE.Research limitations/implications - Because of the coexisting cultural business settings, more nuance is needed in describing the typical Arab elements of the UAE business context, to fully understand the way of operating in the UAE.", "label": [5, 44, 46]}
+{"token": "Food resource partitioning of a community of snakes in a swamp rainforest of south-eastern Nigeria. The food resource partitioning in a community of snakes from a moist rainforest of south-eastern Nigeria (Eket, Akwa-Ibom State) is studied in the present paper. The community consisted of 24 different species, belonging to different families and ecological guilds: some species were terrestrial, some were semi-aquatic, and others were arboreal. Six species were primarily mammal-eating, two were bird-eating, four were lizard-eating, three were frog-eating, one species fed on both mammals and birds, and one species fed on both fish and frogs. A UPGMA tree diagram showed that three clusters of snakes are formed on the basis of their diet composition: a cluster formed by the two large arboreal species (Dendroaspis jamesoni and Boiga blandingi), another formed by the group of the terrestrial mammal-eating Calabaria reinhardti, Bitis gabonica, and Bitis nasicornis, and the third cluster formed by the lizard-eating Psammophis phillipsi, Thelotornis kirtlandii, and Gastropyxis smaragdina. The relationships between these and the other taxa remain unclear. In terms of both frequency of occurrence of the various prey types and biomass contribution of each prey type, the semi-aquatic snakes showed the narrowest niche breadth values and the terrestrial snakes showed the widest niche breadth values. The overlap values were not significantly correlated with the rank of phylogenetic distance. The mean overlap values calculated between species belonging to a same guild were significantly higher than those calculated between species belonging to different guilds, but the mean overlap values between species belonging to a same guild did not differ significantly among guilds. Prey size and predator size (total length) were positively correlated. There was no statistically significant difference between snake guilds as far as mean prey size is concerned, but the various species within each guild differed significantly in terms of mean prey size.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "MODELING AND DYNAMICS ANALYSIS OF SHELLS OF REVOLUTION BY PARTIALLY ACTIVE CONSTRAINED LAYER DAMPING TREATMENT. A new model for a smart shell of revolution treated with active constrained layer damping (ACLD) is developed, and the damping effects of the ACLD treatment are discussed. The motion and electric analytical formulation of the piezoelectric constrained layer are presented first. Based on the authors' recent research on shells of revolution treated with passive constrained layer damping (PCLD), the integrated first-order differential matrix equation of a shell of revolution partially treated with ring ACLD blocks is derived in the frequency domain. By virtue of the extended homogeneous capacity precision integration technology, a stable and simple numerical method is further proposed to solve the above equation. Then, the vibration responses of an ACLD shell of revolution are measured by using the present model and method. The results show that the control performance of the ACLD treatment is complicated and frequency-dependent. In a certain frequency range, the ACLD treatment can achieve better damping characteristics compared with the conventional PCLD treatment.", "label": [1, 11, 12]}
+{"token": "A partial offloading algorithm based on intelligent sensing. In this paper, the exact solutions of the logarithmic nonlinear Schrodinger equation (log-NLS) types, namely, the logarithmic perturbed nonlinear Schrodinger equation (log-pert-NLS), logarithmic improved nonlinear Schrodinger (log-imp-NLS) and logarithmic perturbed improved nonlinear Schrodinger (log-pert-imp-NLS) are examined. These solutions are attained by eliminating logarithmic nonlinearity. The solutions show different Gaussian solitary patterns in different conditions. The dynamics of the obtained solutions are analyzed by means of two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) graphs.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Re-identifying anonymous nodes. In mobile scenarios, privacy is an aspect of growing importance. In order to avoid the creation of movement profiles, participating nodes change their identifying properties on a regular basis in order to hide their identities and stay anonymous. The drawback of this action is that nodes which previously had a connection have no means to recognise this fact. A complete re-authentication would be necessary - if possible at all.This paper discusses this new problem and proposes two possible solutions for re-identification of anonymous nodes, one based on symmetric encryption and one based on secure hashes.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Impact of initiating long-acting injectable paliperidone palmitate on relapse and hospitalization in patients with bipolar I disorder: A mirror image retrospective study. Literature assessing the use of long-acting injectable paliperidone palmitate in patients with bipolar I disorder is limited. The aim of this retrospective study was to determine the effectiveness of long-acting injectable paliperidone palmitate treatment on relapse and hospitalization in a real-world setting. Patients with bipolar I disorder aged 18-65 years, who were treated with paliperidone palmitate once-monthly (PP1M) for at least one year, were included. The rate of relapse, hospitalization, and length of hospital stay were collected. Safety outcomes included levels of prolactin, fasting blood sugar, total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein, and low density lipoprotein. The data of 36 patients who met the study criteria were evaluated. Number and length of hospitalizations, number of manic and mixed episodes significantly decreased after PP1M addition. When we compared the prolactin, fasting blood sugar, total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein, and low density lipoprotein levels as an indicator of the safety of treatment, there was no statistically significant change in these values before and after PP1M addition. Our findings suggested PP1M may be effective in reducing manic and mixed episodes. Limitations include a mirror image retrospective design and small sample size.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Lotus japonicus Clathrin Heavy Chain1 Is Associated with Rho-Like GTPase ROP6 and Involved in Nodule Formation. Mechanisms underlying nodulation factor signaling downstream of the nodulation factor receptors (NFRs) have not been fully characterized. In this study, clathrin heavy chain1 (CHC1) was shown to interact with the Rho-Like GTPase ROP6, an interaction partner of NFR5 in Lotus japonicus. The CHC1 gene was found to be expressed constitutively in all plant tissues and induced in Mesorhizobium loti-infected root hairs and nodule primordia. When expressed in leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana, CHC1 and ROP6 were colocalized at the cell circumference and within cytoplasmic punctate structures. In M. loti-infected root hairs, the CHC protein was detected in cytoplasmic punctate structures near the infection pocket along the infection thread membrane and the plasma membrane of the host cells. Transgenic plants expressing the CHC1-Hub domain, a dominant negative effector of clathrin-mediated endocytosis, were found to suppress early nodulation gene expression and impair M. loti infection, resulting in reduced nodulation. Treatment with tyrphostin A23, an inhibitor of clathrin-mediated endocytosis of plasma membrane cargoes, had a similar effect on down-regulation of early nodulation genes. These findings show an important role of clathrin in the leguminous symbiosis with rhizobia.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Hydrological evaluation of hourly merged satellite-station precipitation product in the mountainous basin of China using a distributed hydrological model. Over the past two decades, various satellite-based precipitation products have been released to provide uninterrupted time-series precipitation with quasi-global coverage. The latest Chinese merged satellite-gauge (CMS) rainfall product developed by the China Meteorological Administration (CMA) may reduce the errors in near real time by combining the Climate Prediction Centre's (CPC) morphing algorithm (CMORPH) rainfall estimates with over 30,000 weather station measurements, which therefore offer a potential alternative or supplement to ground-based rainfall estimates for hydrometeorological applications in sparsely gauged or ungauged basins. In the present study, the characteristics of the CMS precipitation product were comprehensively evaluated for the period 2008-2012 over Danjiangkou basin, central China, and used to drive the Liuxihe (LXH)-distributed hydrological model for detailed streamflow simulations. The results show that most of the small-median rainfall with an intensity < 25 mm center dot day(-1) can be well captured by the CMS, and the simulated streamflow had relatively better agreement with observations for peak flow in the lower part of the basin. However, the total water amount was 15.7% less than the streamflow driven by rain gauges, on average. In addition, the depths of surface flow and groundwater forced by the CMS rainfall were 22.05% and 21.10% less than rain gauge, respectively. Overall, the study provides new insight into and experience of the hydrological applicability of the high spatiotemporal-resolution satellite-gauge rainfall product for driving a distributed hydrological model at a daily resolution. This product has the potential to be an alternative data source for data-sparse or ungauged basins for water resource management and hydrological simulation/prediction purposes.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Determinism, Counterfactuals, and Decision. Rational agents face choices, even when taking seriously the possibility of determinism. Rational agents also follow the advice of Causal Decision Theory (CDT). Although many take these claims to be well-motivated, there is growing pressure to reject one of them, as CDT seems to go badly wrong in some deterministic cases. We argue that deterministic cases do not undermine a counterfactual model of rational deliberation, which is characteristic of CDT. Rather, they force us to distinguish between counterfactuals that arerelevantand ones that areirrelevantfor the purposes of deliberation. We incorporate this distinction into decision theory to develop 'Selective Causal Decision Theory', which delivers the correct recommendations in deterministic cases while respecting the key motivations behind CDT.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Retrofitting of Reinforced Concrete Beams with Steel Fiber Reinforced Composite Jackets. In the present study, a new method for retrofitting reinforced concrete beam is introduced in which steel-concrete composite jackets containing steel fiber is used. For this purpose, 75% of the peripheral surface of reinforced concrete beams was initially reinforced using steel plates and bolts, and steel fiber reinforced concrete was used between the steel plates and the peripheral surfaces of the beam. Thus, due to the relatively high tensile strength of concrete reinforced with steel fibers, not only the cross-section and moment of inertia of the beam will increase, but the tensile strength of the beam will also increase. The variables studied were steel fiber value (0, 1 and 2% by volume of concrete) and type of retrofitting (concrete jacket, steel-concrete composite jacket, and carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheet). Thus, 8 reinforced concrete beams were constructed and their response to four-point loading was compared by examining the parameters such as crack load, yield load, ultimate load, ductility, stiffness, and energy absorption capacity. The results showed that steel fiber-reinforced composite jackets delay the formation of the first crack in concrete and the yield of steel rebars with confinement and they result in an increase in energy absorption capacity of the beams by 89 to 129% depending on the amount of steel fiber. On the other hand, the use of steel-concrete composite jackets, due to their higher flexural stiffness, exhibits higher flexural capacity compared to steel-reinforced concrete jackets and CFRP sheets. They have a much better performance in terms of ductility.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Crustal and Upper Mantle Imaging of Botswana Using Magnetotelluric Method. We used magnetotelluric data from 352 sites in Botswana to derive a country-wide electrical conductivity model of the crust and upper mantle structure. A robust methodological scheme and 3D inversion were used to derive a 3D electrical conductivity model with unprecedented spatial coverage. The model results show interesting features, including the major cratonic blocks and the mobile belts in Botswana. A distinctive resistive structure was imaged in southwest Botswana, which suggests the existence of the Maltahohe microcraton as a separate cratonic unit as proposed by other studies. Furthermore, the model gives new insight into the extension of the East African Rift System to Botswana and the incipient rifting in the Okavango Rift Zone. In northern Botswana, the electrical conductivity model shows a highly conductive structure beneath the Okavango Rift Zone, which connects with a deeper conductive structure that we attribute to the East African Rift System due to its vicinity to Lake Kariba, the last surface expression of the rift system. We suggest that ascending fluids or melt from the East African Rift System causes the weakening of the lithosphere and plays a significant role in the incipient continental rifting in the Okavango Rift Zone.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Uptake of trace elements into authigenic carbonate at a brine seep in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Hypersaline seafloor environments formed by brine seepage represent role model examples of extreme marine ecosystems; they may for example help to identify potential habitats for life on other planets. Trace and rare earth elements (REEs) are crucial components enabling microbial life at brine and hydrocarbon seeps. However, the behavior of trace elements at brine seeps is currently poorly understood. Because authigenic carbonates forming at brine seeps archive information on the composition of seepage fluids, we have analyzed carbonates collected from a brine seep site (Mississippi Canyon 709, MC709 for short) of the northern Gulf of Mexico (GoM). The dominance of low-magnesium (Mg) calcite among the carbonate minerals, moderately low delta C-13(carb) values (average: -26.1%., VPDB), as well as the presence of oil in carbonates suggest concomitant seepage of brine fluids and crude oil at this site. High delta C-18(carb) values (up to +4.5 parts per thousand, VPDB) suggest the involvement of O-18-rich fluids during carbonate precipitation, likely resulting from mineral-water reactions in deeper sediments. Significant enrichments of barium (Ba), strontium (Sr), and lithium (Li) in the samples suggest that deep ascending brine fluids contributed to carbonate formation. Enrichments in molybdenum (Mo), arsenic (As), and antimony (Sb) and a correlation between Mo, As, and Sb enrichment factors (EF) and the authigenic iron fraction (Fe/Al ratios) suggest that iron particulate shuttle processes were involved in scavenging of dissolved Mo, As, and Sb from seawater. This notion is strengthened by the co-variation of Mo-EF and U-EF and the shale-normalized REE patterns of the brine-seep carbonates. This study allows to constrain the enrichment mechanisms of trace and REE elements at brine seeps, providing the foundation for an improved understanding of the distribution and behavior of trace metals, as well as their role in microbial metabolisms in the local hypersaline environment.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Modeling Timbre Similarity of Short Music Clips. There is evidence from a number of recent studies that most listeners are able to extract information related to song identity, emotion, or genre from music excerpts with durations in the range of tenths of seconds. Because of these very short durations, timbre as a multifaceted auditory attribute appears as a plausible candidate for the type of features that listeners make use of when processing short music excerpts. However, the importance of timbre in listening tasks that involve short excerpts has not yet been demonstrated empirically. Hence, the goal of this study was to develop a method that allows to explore to what degree similarity judgments of shortmusic clips can bemodeled with low-level acoustic features related to timbre. We utilized the similarity data from two large samples of participants: Sample I was obtained via an online survey, used 16 clips of 400 ms length, and contained responses of 137,339 participants. Sample II was collected in a lab environment, used 16 clips of 800 ms length, and contained responses from 648 participants. Our model used two sets of audio features which included commonly used timbre descriptors and the well-known Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients as well as their temporal derivates. In order to predict pairwise similarities, the resulting distances between clips in terms of their audio features were used as predictor variables with partial least-squares regression. We found that a sparse selection of three to seven features from both descriptor sets-mainly encoding the coarse shape of the spectrum as well as spectrotemporal variability-best predicted similarities across the two sets of sounds. Notably, the inclusion of non-acoustic predictors of musical genre and record release date allowed much better generalization performance and explained up to 50% of shared variance (R-2) between observations and model predictions. Overall, the results of this study empirically demonstrate that both acoustic features related to timbre as well as higher level categorical features such as musical genre play a major role in the perception of short music clips.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Affinity and efficacy of selective agonists and antagonists for vasopressin and oxytocin receptors: an 'easy guide'' to receptor pharmacology. The development of \\\\'selective'' drugs targeting oxytocin/vasopressin receptors has enormously progressed since the original synthesis of oxytocin more than 50 years ago. However, several factors still hamper the availability of a rich and complete range of selective agonists and antagonists acting at the different oxytocin/vasopressin receptor subtypes, making the use of these drugs still a daunting task. In this paper we will briefly review the major problems encountered when dealing with oxytocin/vasopressin selective ligands, proving few rules for their correct pharmacological use, in order to avoid common pitfalls. Finally, we will glimpse at new challenges, such us the discovery of coupling selective ligands, which foster the search for new classes of selective compounds.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "Statin Use in Giant Cell Arteritis: A Retrospective Study. Objective. (1) To examine the association between statin use and giant cell arteritis (GCA); (2) to compare the clinical features and disease course of GCA among statin users and nonusers.Conclusion. Patients using statins may be less likely to develop GCA compared to patients who are not using statins. Statin use does not appear to modify the clinical presentation or the course of the disease.Results. We included 594 patients, 297 with GCA (73% female), mean age at diagnosis 75 years. The rate of statin exposure at index date was 18.1% for GCA patients versus 33.3% for controls (p <0.001). Patients using statins were less likely to develop GCA compared with patients not using statins (OR 0.31, 95% CI 0.15-0.6, p <0.001), even after adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors. Among patients with GCA, the presenting clinical features and acute-phase reactants were similar in patients receiving statins compared to those not on statin therapy. These 2 groups were also similar with regard to relapse rate, prednisone tapering, and overall survival.Methods. For this retrospective study, we reviewed the medical records of all patients with biopsy-positive GCA diagnosed between 1998 and 2008. Using a case-control design, we compared the frequency of statin use in GCA patients to non-GCA population-based subjects who were randomly selected and individually matched by sex, age, and calendar year to the GCA cases. Statin use at diagnosis or index date and during followup was abstracted. In subjects with GCA, clinical information at diagnosis and followup was collected.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Geochemistry of Sediments from the Lopare Basin (Bosnia and Herzegovina): Implications for Paleoclimate, Paleosalinity, Paleoredox and Provenance. A combined inorganic and organic geochemical study was carried out on marls and mudstones collected from the Lower Miocene Lopare Basin, Bosnia and Herzegovina. A total of 46 samples collected from two boreholes, Pot 1 (depth of 193 m) and Pot 3 (depth of 344 m), showed that element abundances like boron (B), lithium (Li), strontium (Sr), uranium (U), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na) and calcium (Ca) are much higher than average than in the upper continental crust (UCC). Chemical composition indicates at least two sources: (i) Mesozoic ophiolites occurring in the north of the investigated area, and (ii) dacito-andesitic pyroclastics (Mesozoic to Cenozoic). Lopare Basin sedimentation was influenced by strong evaporation resulting in a partly hypersaline lake, which formed during a warm climatic period, probably during the Miocene Climatic Optimum. A brief episode of humid climate conditions resulted in the basin filling-up and deposition of felsic sediments enriched in thorium (Th). Organic geochemistry shows that the majority of studied sediments contains predominantly immature to marginally mature algal organic matter (OM). The biomarker patterns are generally in agreement with the geological history of the Lopare Basin and inorganic and mineralogical data. Conversely, the molecular distribution of n-alkanes as reliable climatic and delta-MTTC as paleosalinity indicators do not support this conclusion.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Direct measurement of the rate constant for the CH2((X)over-tilde(3)B(1))+CH3 reaction at 300 K. The kinetics of the reaction of ground-state methylene radicals ((X) over tilde B-3(1), (CH2)-C-3) with methyl radicals (CH3) has been investigated. Both radicals were produced by the photolysis of acetone (CH3C(O)CH3) at 193 nm. Using time-resolved time-of-flight mass spectrometry, the temporal evolution of the concentration of reactants as well as products could be observed simultaneously. Rate coefficients at T = (300 +/- 3) K with a bath gas (He) pressure of P = 133 Pa (1 Torr) for (CH2)-C-3 + CH3 (1) and CH3 + CH3 (2) have been determined to be: k(1) = (2.1 +/- 0.7) x 10(-10) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1) and k(2) = (4.6 +/- 1.0) x 10(-11) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1), respectively.", "label": [4, 33, 32]}
+{"token": "The Pepsi Paradox: A review. The Pepsi Paradox refers to the observation that Pepsi is preferred to Coke in blind taste tests, despite Coke being regarded as the more successful brand. We begin by describing the origins of the Pepsi Paradox. We then outline a neural hypothesis for why it occurs. Next, we carefully assess the published behavioural studies related to the Pepsi Paradox, and on people's ability to distinguish colas by taste. We conclude that the existing research has failed to provide sufficient evidence for the existence of the Pepsi Paradox. In fact, there does not even seem to be a consistent taste preference for either beverage in the reviewed studies.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Roseibium sediminis sp nov., isolated from sea surface sediment. A Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, facultatively aerobic strain, motile by a monotrichous (polar or lateral) flagellum, designated BSS09(T), was isolated from surface sediment of the Bohai Sea, PR China. Growth was observed at 10-45 degrees (optimum 32 degrees C), in the presence of 1.0-7.0%(w/v) NaCl (optimum 4.0 %) and at pH 5.0-8.0 (optimum pH 6.0). Phylogenetic analysis, based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, revealed that strain BSS09(T) belonged to the genus Roseibium and showed the highest sequence similarity of 96.5% to Roseibium hamelinense JCM 10544(T). The significant dominant fatty acid was C-18:1 omega 7c. The polar lipids comprised one phosphatidylcholine, one phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine, one unidentified aminolipid, one phosphatidylglycerol, one phosphatidylethanolamine and one unidentified polar lipid. The major respiratory quinone was Q-10. The DNA G+C content of strain BSS09(T) was 57.1 mol%. On the basis of evidence from this polyphasic study, strain BSS09(T) is proposed to represent a novel species of the genus Roseibium, for which the name Roseibium sediminis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is BSS09(T) (= KCTC 52373(T) = MCCC 1K03201(T)).", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Determinants and consequences of soft budget constraints - An empirical analysis using enterprise-level data in transition countries. This paper presents empirical work grounded in the soft budget constraint (SBC) literature. A loan is soft when a bank cannot commit the enterprise to hold to a fixed initial budget and/or the timing of repayment. Using data collected by the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) (Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey (BEEPS), 2002) in 26 transition economies, we analyze the determinants of managers' expectations of having a soft loan. In particular, we find that managers' expectations are lower when the initial financing requires collateral, and higher for larger firms and when firms had recently experienced financial distress. We also provide evidence that managers' expectations influence their price responsiveness.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "An illustrated key to the species of Grania and Randidrilus (Annelida : Clitellata : Enchytraeidae) of eastern North America, Bermuda, and the Caribbean area. The marine, clitellate genus Grania Southern, 1913 is a globally prevalent group of enchytraeids in intertidal and shallow subtidal habitats, showing high diversity in tropical and subtropical latitudes. Due to the rapidly rising numbers of known species of Grania, taxonomic revisions, and modifications in species ranges, a basic aid to species recognition is required for systematic, biodiversity, and ecological studies. A dichotomous key using anatomical characters distinguishes the nine species of Grania and two species of the co-occurring and structurally similar genus Randidrilus Coates & Erseus, 1985, with known distributions within eastern North America, the neighboring islands of Bermuda, and the Caribbean area. Based on examination of type and recent material, annotations on structural details of the male ducts and statocysts of each of the nine Grania species are provided.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "The ability of the rumen ciliate, Diploplastron affine, to digest polysaccharides from fungal and bacterial cell walls. Rumen ciliates Diploplastron affine were isolated from the rumen and grown in vitro in a medium supplemented with different doses of chitin. The number of cultured ciliates was positively correlated with the chitin dose. The protozoal crude enzyme preparation obtained from bacteria-free ciliates exhibited chitinase as well as chitobiase activity. The ability to degrade murein was also detected. It is concluded that chitin could be utilized by protozoa as an additional source of available energy.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "A Dialogue between the Deaf'? The Relationship between Sociology and History. The article discusses the relationship between sociology and history in three steps. The first part compares the opinions of researchers who believe that the dividing line between sociology and history should be transcended (Giddens, Abrams) and those Who fundamentally disagree with this view (Goldthorpe). The second part looks back in time to show the reciprocal ties between history and sociology as they gradually grew apart and then drew closer again, leading to the emergence of historical (comparative) sociology. The third part deals with the Subject of social change, which is viewed as a key problem in historical sociology, and is also seen as an area of research where sociology and history should join forces to address social issues.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Discrimination against Employees of Religious Schools in Australia, US and the EU - A Comparison in Light of Human Rights and Deliberative Democracy. Should religious schools be allowed to discriminate against employees? While different legal systems offer varying answers to this question, the Australian federal regulation allows discrimination based on chosen attributes specified by the legislator. This solution has also been endorsed by the 2018 Religious Freedom Review. In the comparative context of the United States and the European Union, this article discusses three major options for regulating employment by religious schools: the solution in which the legislator foresees permissible grounds of discrimination (Australia), the model of broad exception for religious schools from discrimination laws (US) and the inherent requirements model (EU). I argue that both the theory of deliberative democracy and the requirements of human rights speak against the model of legislative specification of permissible discrimination grounds. Consecutively, I contend that international human rights support the preferability of the European inherent requirements model over the American model of general exception.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "EagI and NotI linking clones from human chromosomes 11 and Xp. EagI and NotI linking libraries were prepared in the lambda vector, EMBL5, from the mouse-human somatic cell hybrid 1W1LA4.9, which contains human chromosomes 11 and Xp as the only human component. Individual clones containing human DNA were isolated by their ability to hybridise with total human DNA and digested with SalI and EcoRI to identify the human insert size and single-copy fragments. The mean (+/- SD) insert sizes of the EagI and NotI clones were 18.3 +/- 3.2 kb and 16.6 +/- 3.6 kb, respectively. Regional localisation of 66 clones (52 EagI, 14 NotI) was achieved using a panel of 20 somatic cell hybrids that contained different overlapping deletions of chromosomes 11 or Xp. Thirty-nine clones (36 EagI, 3 NotI) were localised to chromosome 11; 17 of these were clustered in 11q13 and another nine were clustered in 11q14-q23.1. Twenty-seven clones (16 EagI, 11 NotI) were localised to Xp and 10 of these were clustered in Xp11, The 66 clones were assessed for seven different microsatellite repetitive sequences; restriction fragment length polymorphisms for five clones from 11q13 were also identified, These EagI and NotI clones, which supplement those previously mapped to chromosome 11 and Xp, should facilitate the generation of more detailed maps and the identification of genes that are associated with CpG-rich islands.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Optical, structural, and electrical characteristics of ZnO films co-doped with Al and In elements for TCO applications. The optical, structural, and electrical characteristics of ZnO films co-doped with Al and In elements are investigated. The films were prepared by spray pyrolysis with a permanent In content and Al concentrations of 0.5-3.5 at.%. The film structure was wurtzite and a transmittance of 89-90% was detected in the visible spectral range. By doping atoms with lower (Al) and larger (In) ion radii compared to Zn, residual stresses are reduced, allowing the self-compensating process to shift toward higher donor concentrations and achieve electrical resistivity of 3.0 x-10(-3) Omega cm. Reasons for the non-monotonic changes of characteristics are discussed.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "'We Are Children of God': An Ethnography of a Catholic Community in Rural China in the COVID-19 Pandemic. Academic studies of the relationship between religion and pandemics have been emerging since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, many of these studies have been conducted in Euro-American contexts, with little attention paid to non-Western cases. This article provides a local case study from China, the earliest epicenter of the pandemic. The study focused on a Catholic community in rural China, Little Rome, through the lens of lived religion, exploring the relationship between religion and the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants in our ethnographic study indicated that the Church plays an essential role in responding to the pandemic. In contrast to conventional studies of lived religion, in this ethnographic study on Catholicism in China, we contend that while the study of the lived experience of individuals is central to the lived-religion approach, more attention needs to be paid to the role of religious institutions such as the church, which mediate relations between individuals, society, and other social institutions. This article also argues that investigating different places and cultures can provide rich data for understanding the dynamic and diverse relationship between religion and the pandemic.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Rebellious suburbs. Spatial segregation and social overflow in the revolutionary strike of 1917 in Madrid. The article analyses the general strike of 1917 in Madrid as a local expression of different urban patterns commonly experienced by Western cities at the begining of the Twentieth Century: uncontrolled social transformations and spatial segregation. The essay lays aside well known elements, such as prototypes of revolution, explanations founded on working class leaders' ideology or national perspectives. Instead, the article suggests that an in-depth approach to collective action requires a thorough examination of the specific urban context in which it took place. Departing from a thick description of the social crevices undergone in Madrid, the paper analyses general strike of 1917 as a coherent sign of the culture shaped in working class suburbs", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Application of Marginal Rate of Transformation in Decision Making of Multi-Objective Reservoir Optimal Operation Scheme. For reservoirs with combined storage capacity for flood control and beneficial purposes, there tends to be potential benefit loss when the flood control limited water level is used in medium and small floods. How to find the optimal water level scheme for profit-making and pursue the optimization of comprehensive benefits has always been a difficult problem in multi-objective reservoir optimal operation. Based on the principle of the maximum benefit obtained by the product conversion curve and the isorevenue line in microeconomics, taking flood control and power generation as two products of a reservoir, a multi-objective optimal operation scheme decision-making model is established to seek the highest water level scheme that can produce the maximum comprehensive benefits of flood control and power generation. A case study of the Three Gorges reservoir in the early flood season of a dry year shows that on the one hand, under the condition of deterministic inflow, the model can work out the optimal water level and the corresponding best equilibrium point for both flood control and power generation, and it can increase the total power output by 4.48% without reducing the flood control benefits; on the other hand, it can also obtain the dynamic control area of the maximum allowable water level for power generation considering inflow forecast error, which provides a theoretical reference for determining the starting water level in medium and small floods and utilizing flood resources.", "label": [4, 5, 36, 47]}
+{"token": "Using a semantic diagram to structure a collaborative problem solving process in the classroom. This study provides an in-depth look into the implementation process of visualization-based tools for structuring collaborative problem solving (CPS) in the classroom. A visualization-based learning platform-the semantic diagram for structuring CPS in a real classroom was designed and implemented. Metafora, the preliminary vehicle of the semantic diagram, was integrated into the Food and Nutrition CPS curriculum in a fifth-grade science classroom in east China. Data of a teacher's and her students' activities from the CPS classroom were analyzed to understand how Metafora could be integrated into the CPS instructional process, what roles Metafora and the teacher played in the CPS project, and to what extent Metafora might have affected the teacher's instruction and the students' learning activities in the CPS classroom. Results showed that the semantic diagram could be integrated into the CPS classroom adaptively and flexibly, and that it was important to keep a balance between the role of the semantic diagram and the role of the teacher. Implications for semantic diagram design and implementation for structuring CPS in the classroom, as well as future work about the semantic diagram will be discussed.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Pathotyping the Zoonotic Pathogen Streptococcus suis: Novel Genetic Markers To Differentiate Invasive Disease-Associated Isolates from Non-Disease-Associated Isolates from England and Wales. Streptococcus suis is one of the most important zoonotic bacterial pathogens of pigs, causing significant economic losses to the global swine industry. S. suis is also a very successful colonizer of mucosal surfaces, and commensal strains can be found in almost all pig populations worldwide, making detection of the S. suis species in asymptomatic carrier herds of little practical value in predicting the likelihood of future clinical relevance. The value of future molecular tools for surveillance and preventative health management lies in the detection of strains that genetically have increased potential to cause disease in presently healthy animals. Here we describe the use of genome-wide association studies to identify genetic markers associated with the observed clinical phenotypes (i) invasive disease and (ii) asymptomatic carriage on the palatine tonsils of pigs on UK farms. Subsequently, we designed a multiplex PCR to target three genetic markers that differentiated 115 S. suis isolates into disease-associated and non-disease-associated groups, that performed with a sensitivity of 0.91, a specificity of 0.79, a negative predictive value of 0.91, and a positive predictive value of 0.79 in comparison to observed clinical phenotypes. We describe evaluation of our pathotyping tool, using an out-of-sample collection of 50 previously uncharacterized S. suis isolates, in comparison to existing methods used to characterize and subtype S. suis isolates. In doing so, we show our pathotyping approach to be a competitive method to characterize S. suis isolates recovered from pigs on UK farms and one that can easily be updated to incorporate global strain collections.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Thermodynamic characteristics and the temperatures of relaxation transitions of poly(methacrylic acid). The heat capacity of poly(methacrylic acid) containing 2.5 wt % water was measured in a vacuum adiabatic calorimeter at temperatures between 80 and 325 K. The heat capacity of anhydrous poly(methacrylic acid) was calculated, and its standard enthalpies of combustion and formation were determined. On the basis of the enthalpy of melting of the \\\\'free\\\\'-water phase, the limit of water solubility in the polymer was found calorimetrically at 273 K. The temperatures of relaxation transitions (the glass transition and the beta and gamma transitions) of poly(methacrylic acid) mixtures with water were determined via differential thermal analysis in the region 80-550 K. In addition, the determination of the temperatures of transitions of anhydrous poly(methacrylic acid) was performed via extrapolation to zero water content of the concentration dependences of the relaxation-transition temperatures.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Management for Service Level Agreements. Electronic services, like other general-purpose services, often need to be delivered at a guaranteed service level. Service Level Agreements (SLAB) can be used to address this by defining Quality of Service (QoS); but they usually are paper contracts. The delivery of electronic services, automatically provisioned and managed; calls for a more agile system based on dynamic SLAs: electronic contracts generated on-the-fly. The approach taken within BEinGRID to identify the barrier for wide enterprise adoption is presented. This lead to the identification of requirements, capacities and design patterns. Components were also developed to bridge the gap. Finally, after analysing the uptake of the software provided, conclusions are drawn, and recommendations are presented.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Kazakh Society in the Focus of Soviet Secret Service of Early 1920s: 'Pan-Islamism' and 'Nationalism' as Analytical Categories. The article uses original archive and published sources to analyse the stories related to the specifics of organisational and analytical work of the Soviet Secret Service in the Kyrgyz District Kyrgyz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Kazakhstan) in 1918-1923. The subject of analysis is the information about the Kazakh society of the period which was sent by the Soviet counterintelligence officers to the Party and State authorities of the country. The authors look into the reasons why the actions of the Kazakh national elite were described by the ideological cliches of \\\\'Pan-Islamism\\\\' or \\\\'nationalism\\\\' and into the results of such analytical conclusions; and they explain the relations of the close connection of the image and the interpretation of the Pan-Islamic hazard in the Kazakh society, as suggested by the Soviet intelligence officers, with the categories of nationalism, with conceptions of the Russian Imperial Ministry of Internal Affairs, and with basic conceptions of the European intelligence on the subject. Special attention is given to the organization of work of the counterintelligence and to the persons playing the leading role in the formation of conceptions of the Soviet and Party elite about the situation in the region, as well as to the multi-faceted internal Party discourse on the \\\\'ghost of Pan Islamism\\\\'.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "The impact of self-control training on neural responses following anger provocation. Self-control training (SCT) is one way to enhance self-controlled behavior. We conducted a novel and exploratory functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment to examine how SCT affects neural responses in a situation that elicits a self-control response: anger provocation. Forty-five healthy young men and women completed two-weeks of SCT or a behavioral monitoring task and were then insulted during scanning. We found significant changes in functional activation and connectivity using a lenient error threshold, which were not observed using a stricter threshold. Activation in the posterior insula was greater for the control compared to the SCT group at post-provocation, trait aggression correlated with neural responses to SCT, and SCT was associated with specific amygdala-cortical connections. Neural changes occurred even though SCT did not affect participants' performance on an inhibition task, reports of trying to control their anger, or their experience of anger. This dissociation prevented clear interpretation about whether the neural changes were indicative of specific anger or anger control processes. Although replication with high-powered studies is needed, we provide evidence that SCT affects neural responses in the context of anger provocation.", "label": [2, 5, 17, 50]}
+{"token": "Enhancing the antifouling properties of a PVDF membrane for protein separation by grafting branch-like zwitterions via a novel amphiphilic SMA-HEA linker. The fouling caused by protein ultrafiltration is a bottleneck during wastewater treatment in the biotechnology industry. In this study, the antifouling and mechanism of superior protein rejection by a branch-like structure of zwitterions grafted onto a PVDF membrane via a novel amphiphilic linker is reported. The SMA-HEA amphiphilic linker, 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate-terminated poly(styrene-alt-maleic anhydride) (SMA-HEA), consisting of a hydrophobic poly(styrene-alt-maleic anhydride) (SMA) alternating copolymer and a hydrophilic 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA) monomer, was first synthesized in this study by a ring-opening reaction. The hydrophobic styrene unit of SMA-HEA was first adsorbed onto the PVDF surface via hydrophobic-hydrophobic adsorption, and then the C-C bond of HEA was anchored to graft sulfobetaine methacrylate (SBMA) zwitterions via thermally induced free-radical polymerization using 2,2'-azoisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as the initiator. The effects of the hydrophobic adsorption and free-radical polymerization time on membrane characteristics, such as the hydrophilicity, pore size distribution, static protein adsorption, antifouling and flux recovery rate were analyzed. The modified membrane possessed a superior water contact angle (WCA), which decreased from 130? to 24.9?, and the protein absorption decreased from 112.5 to 4.2 mu g cm(-2). The degree of polymerization of SBMA and the mechanism of the SMA-HEA-linked PVDF membranes were determined by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and a branch-like zwitterionic structure of the modified membrane was proposed. It was shown that the best pure water flux recovery rate of the modified PVDF membrane was significantly enhanced from 42.5 to ca. 100% with over 90% protein rejection. This self-designed and synthesized SMA-HEA linker had great potential for the surface modification of hydrophobic membranes.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 33]}
+{"token": "Certiorari through the Back Door? The Judgment by the European Court of Human Rights in Burmych and Others v. Ukraine in Perspective. In its Burmych and Others v. Ukraine judgment of October 2017 the European Court of Human Rights dismissed more than 12,000 applications due to the fact that they were not only repetitive in nature, but also mutatis mutandis identical to applications covered by a previous pilot judgment rendered against Ukraine. This raises fundamental issues as to the role of the Court within the human rights protection system established by the European Convention on Human Rights, as well as those concerning the interrelationship between the Court and the Committee of Ministers.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Levada walks and canyoning as mountain sport products in nature tourism. Physical activities organised in nature have earned more commitment from tourists who intend to actively visit natural and authentic environments. This paper analyses the profile and the perceptions of active tourists who experienced canyoning and levada walldng in the mountains of Madeira Island.The study uses a quantitative methodology analysis, based on an anonymous questionnaire designed for 160 levada walker tourists and 130 canyoning tourists. Differences were found between the two groups in terms of their profile and assessment of the two activities. The levada walking profile is the one of older, but more active tourists who stay on the island more than 6 days and intend to experience unique and memorable activities related to waterways, mountain trails and cultural landscapes in a sense of freedom and well-being that nature provides. The canyoning profile is the one of younger tourists, more male than female, who are less active, travelling by cruise, and is with an emphasis on the challenges and natural barriers afforded by the steep and unpredictable characteristics of canyons (hedonism). The findings recommend segmentation of the tourists and a strategy for tourism destinations that highlight culture, endemic forest, authentic landscapes and the hospitality of local people in active tourism services.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Ensuring interpreting quality in legal and courtroom settings: Australian Language Service Providers' perspectives on their role. In today's multicultural landscape, opportunities for interpreters to acquire professional competence through formal training in order to work in legal settings, including court, remain limited, especially in the so-called 'rare languages' of recent migrant communities. Ensuring high quality interpreting services is largely the responsibility of interpreting agencies - Language Service Providers (LSPs). This article explores the ways in which eight major Australian LSPs address the challenges of providing interpreting of a quality required in legal settings, including courts. In-depth interviews with LSPs' management reveal an uneven pattern of initiatives undertaken to address interpreter training and legal/court expertise. To mitigate risk, some LSPs, especially those employing interpreters in the Aboriginal and the socalled new & emerging languages of recent migrants, refugees and asylum seekers (Stern 2018), have undertaken capacity building and assumed a trainer's role not historically expected of them; most report imparting information that can benefit interpreters, and encouraging them to pursue professional development. While the scope of these initiatives remains limited and the pattern uneven, most LSPs have identified the necessary steps for interpreter upskilling, even if they remain aspirational.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Teaching diversity and learning outcomes: Bringing lived experience into the classroom. This study examines the learning outcomes of an institutionalized program that provides artists as guest speakers. Art, guest speakers, and institutionalized programs are commonly analyzed teaching techniques, but studies have not examined their effectiveness for diversity education. Study of the diversity guest speaker program was guided by two questions: What kinds of learning outcomes does presenting the diversity speaker bring about for students? Which groups of students are most (least) likely to find the diversity speaker rewarding? Findings from the quantitative analysis indicate learning outcomes varied among student groups; older students and female students both found the program more rewarding. Qualitative analysis suggests three kinds of learning outcomes: diversity outcomes, personal outcomes, and resistance. The paper concludes by discussing diversity, resistance, and learning outcomes.", "label": [5, 48, 51]}
+{"token": "Tier-1 assays for assessing the toxicity of insecticidal proteins produced by genetically engineered plants to non-target arthropods. In assessing an insect-resistant genetically engineered (IRGE) crop before its commercialization, researchers normally use so-called \\\\'Tier-1 assays\\\\' as the initial step to determine the effects of the crop on non-target organisms. In these tests, the insecticidal proteins (IPs) produced by the IRGEs are added to the diets of test organisms in the laboratory. Test organisms in such assays can be directly exposed to much higher concentrations of the test IPs than they would encounter in the field. The results of Tier-1 assays are thus more conservative than those generated in studies in which the organisms are exposed to the IPs by feeding on IRGE plant tissue or in the case of predators or parasites, by feeding on invertebrate prey or hosts that have fed on IRGE plant tissue. In this report, we consider three important factors that must be considered in Tier-1 assays: (i) methods for delivery of the IP to the test organisms; (ii) the need for and selection of compounds used as positive controls; and (iii) methods for monitoring the concentration, stability and bioactivity of the IP during the assay. We also analyze the existing data from Tier-1 assays regarding the toxicity of Bt Cry proteins to non-target arthropod species. The data indicate that the widely used Bt proteins have no direct toxicity to non-target organisms.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Mental Health First Aid guidelines for helping a suicidal person: a Delphi consensus study in India. Conclusions: There are a number of actions that are considered to be useful for members of the public when they encounter someone who is experiencing suicidal thoughts or engaging in suicidal behaviour. Although the guidelines are designed for members of the public, they may also be helpful to non-mental health professionals working in health and welfare settings.Background: This study aimed to develop guidelines for how a member of the Indian public should provide mental health first aid to a person who is suicidal.Methods: The guidelines were produced by developing a questionnaire containing possible first aid actions and asking an expert panel of Indian mental health clinicians to rate whether each action should be included in the guidelines. The content of the questionnaire was based on a systematic search of the relevant evidence and claims made by authors of consumer and carer guides and websites. Experts were recruited by SC, EC and HM. The panel members were asked to complete the questionnaire by web survey. Three rounds of the rating were carried and, at the end of each round, items that reached the consensus criterion were selected for inclusion in the guidelines. During the first round, panel members were also asked to suggest any additional actions that were not covered in the original questionnaire (to include items that are relevant to local cultural circumstances, values, and social norms.). Responses to the open-ended questions were used to generate new items.Results: The output from the Delphi process was a set of agreed upon action statements. The Delphi process started with 138 statements, 30 new items were written based on suggestions from panel members and, of these 168 items, 71 met the consensus criterion. These statements were used to develop the guidelines appended to this paper. Translated versions of the guidelines will be produced and used for training.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Characterization of Nomex honeycomb core constituent material mechanical properties. Nomex honeycomb cores have been widely used in composite sandwich panels. To accomplish mesoscale finite element modeling of these cores, cell wall mechanical properties are required, for which limited data are available. In this work, tensile testing was performed on Nomex paper, phenolic resin, and Nomex paper coated with phenolic resin. Flatwise tension and compression tests were also performed on two types of Nomex honeycomb cores. Test results were calibrated in finite element modeling to account for strain gage local stiffening effects and thickness normalization. Identified cell wall material properties were implemented in a honeycomb core finite element model and further calibrated by matching simulation results to manufacturer test data. The cells' double-wall thickness was also adjusted. These calibrations and adjustments led to an exact simulation match with test data. Numerically matching cell wall material properties depends on modeling sophistication and is subject to core test result variability and core construction differences among manufacturers. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 11, 12]}
+{"token": "Privacy preserving weighted similarity search scheme for encrypted data. Cloud computing has become increasingly popular among individuals and enterprises because of the benefits it provides by outsourcing their data to cloud servers. However, the security of the outsourced data has become a major concern. For privacy concerns, searchable encryption, which supports searching over encrypted data, has been proposed and developed rapidly in secure Boolean search and similarity search. However, different users may have different requirements on their queries, which mean different weighted searches. This problem can be solved perfectly in the plaintext domain, but hard to be addressed over encrypted data. In this study, the authors use locality-sensitive hashing (LSH) and searchable symmetric encryption (SSE) to deal with a privacy preserving weighted similarity search. In the authors' scheme, data users can generate a search request and set the weight for each attribute according to their requirements. They treat the LSH values as keywords and mix them into the framework of SSE. They use homomorphic encryption to securely address the weight problem and return the top-k data without revealing any weight information of data users. They formally analysed the security strength of their scheme. Extensive experiments on actual datasets showed that their scheme is extremely effective and efficient.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Effect of carbohydrase supplementation of wheat- and canola-meal-based diets on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in group-housed weaned pigs. Fibrous components in canola meal and wheat limit their effective use in diets for weaned pigs. Effects of supplementing a carbohydrase (845 and 327 Units g(-1) xylanase and beta-glucanase) to a wheat-canola meal diet on growth performance, small intestine nutrient digestibility and digesta viscosity were investigated. Ninety-six weaned pigs (7.2 +/- 1.2 kg) had free access to control diet [65% wheat, 25% canola meal; 3.15 Mcal digestible energy (DE) kg(-1)] or control diet supplemented with carbohydrase at three inclusion rates (1, 2, or 4 g kg(-1)) for 28 d. Four pigs were housed per pen for six pens per diet. On days 19 to 21, six pigs per diet were euthanised to collect small intestine digesta. Carbohydrase increased average daily feed intake (ADFI) and average daily gain (ADG) quadratically (P < 0.01) for days 1 to 28, resulting in 16% higher ADFl and 13% higher ADG for 2 g kg(-1) carbohydrase compared to control. Carbohydrase did not affect feed efficiency (P > 0.10). The ADG was positively correlated to ADFI (r = 0.94; P < 0.01), but not to feed efficiency (P > 0.10). Carbohydrase did not affect digestibility of dry matter (DM) and energy (P > 0.10). Carbohydrase at 4 g kg(-1) only reduced digesta viscosity 30% in the distal small intestine compared to control (P < 0.05). Carbohydrase supplementation increased ADFI and thereby ADG, but not feed efficiency and nutrient digestibility, suggesting that reduction of dietary fibrous components using carbohydrase may stimulate voluntary feed intake of pigs fed diets limiting in DE.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "WHITENESS, NATIONALISM, AND NEOLIBERALISM What Pat Buchanan and the Right Can Teach Us About Resisting Neoliberalism in Schools. This chapter focuses first on the history and present realities of nationalism and White supremacy as they intersect in educational spaces. Next, focusing on Pat Buchanan's (2011) writings on \\\\'The End of White America\\\\' and \\\\'The White Party\\\\' as he elaborated in his Suicide of a Superpower, I show how neoliberal ideologies are embedded in nationalist \\\\'commonsense\\\\' and finally how educators can better recognize this entanglement of nationalism, racism, and neoliberalism both globally and locally.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "A model of northern pintail productivity and population growth rate. Our objective was to synthesize individual components of reproductive ecology into a single estimate of productivity and to assess die relative effects of survival and productivity: on population dynamics. We used information on nesting ecology, renesting potential, and duckling survival of northern pintails (Anas aouta) collected on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta (Y-K Delta), Alaska, 1991-95, to model the number of ducklings produced under a range of nest success and duckling survival probabilities. Using average values of 25% nest success, 11% duckling survival, and 56% renesting probability from our study population, we calculated that all young in our population were produced by 13% of the breeding females, and that early-nesting females produced more young than later-nesting females. Further, we calculated, on average, that each female produced only 0.16 young females/nesting season. We combined these results with estimates of first-year and adult survival to examine the growth rate (lambda) of the population and the relative contributions of these demographic parameters to that growth rate. Contrary to aerial survey data, the population projection model suggests our study population is declining rapidly (lambda = 0.6969). The relative effects ori population growth rate were 0.1175 for reproductive success, 0.117.5 for first-year survival, and 0.8825 for adult survival. Adult survival had the greatest influence on lambda for our population, and this conclusion was robust over a range of survival and productivity estimates. Given published estimates of annual survival for adult females (61%), our model suggested nest success and duckling survival need to increase to approximately.40% to achieve population stability. We discuss reasons for the apparent discrepancy in population trends between our model and aerial surveys in terms of bias in productivity and survival estimates.", "label": [4, 34, 43]}
+{"token": "Incidence of Fusarium root rot in asparagus seedlings infected with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus as affected by several soil amendments. Seedlings of asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L., cv. Mary Washington 500 W) were inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus sp. R10) and grown in the presence of different soil amendments: carbonized chaff (CC), coconut charcoal (CO) and manure of coffee residue (MC) mixed with the soil in the ratio of 1 : 9 (v/v, 10% plot) or 3 : 7 (30% plot). Nine weeks later, the seedlings were exposed to fusarium root rot, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. asparagi (Foa) to test their tolerance.These findings suggest that the addition of coconut charcoal or manure of coffee residue to bed soil is effective for increasing the tolerance to fusarium root rot in AM fungus infected asparagus plants, though the effect differed with the quantity of the soil amendments.When asparagus seedlings were examined 13 weeks after Foa inoculation, incidence of fusarium root rot reached 90-100% in all the AM fungus - noninoculated plants, irrespective of the soil amendments. However, the incidences of root rot were 14.3% in the 30% CO and 20% in the 10% MC plots among the AM fungus - inoculated plants. In the non - AM inoculated plants, the disease indices reached 92.5 in the soil only plot and 48.9 in the 30% CC plot. As for AM treated plants, the indices attained remarkably low values of 2.9 in the 30% CO and 4.0 in the 10% MC plots. More storage roots developed in the AM-treated plants than in the control, whether they were diseased or healthy. AM fungal infection levels were higher in the root systems of 10% and 30% CO and 10% MC plots than in the other plots; little difference occurred among 10% and 30% CO and 10% MC plots. Furthermore, the infection area of the AM fungus in a root system was most extensive in the CO plots.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Elastic/plastic buckling of thick plates. This paper is concerned with the elastic/plastic buckling of thick plates of rectangular and circular shapes. For thick plates, the significant effect of transverse shear deformation on the critical buckling load may be accounted for by adopting the Mindlin plate theory. To capture the elastic/plastic behaviour, two competing theories of plasticity are considered: viz. the incremental theory (IT) of plasticity (with the Prandtl-Reuss constitutive relations) and the deformation theory (DT) of plasticity (with the Hencky constitutive relation). Analytical elastic/plastic stability criteria are derived for (a) uniaxially and equibiaxially loaded rectangular plates with two opposite edges simply supported while the other two edges may take on any combination of free, simply supported or clamped boundary condition and (b) uniformly inplane loaded circular plates with either simply supported edge or clamped edge. Extensive buckling stress factors are tabulated for these plates with material properties defined by the Ramberg-Osgood relation. Comparing the results obtained from the DT and the IT, it can be seen that not only the DT in general gives consistently lower values of buckling stress factor but the divergence of the results from the two theories increases with increasing plate thicknesses, E/sigma (0) values and e values of the Ramberg-Osgood relation. The buckling results from the two theories and their marked difference from each other for thick plates may be exploited in the design of experimental tests to ascertain which one of the two theories provides good estimates of the buckling loads for thick plates. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "15q Overgrowth Syndrome: A Newly Recognized Phenotype Associated With Overgrowth, Learning Difficulties, Characteristic Facial Appearance, Renal Anomalies and Increased Dosage of Distal Chromosome 15q. Trisomy and tetrasomy of distal chromosome 15q have rarely been reported. Although most of the described patients have some learning difficulties and are overgrown, the phenotype associated with distal trisomy/tetrasomy 15q is uncertain due to the small numbers of reported cases and the common co-occurrence of additional chromosome deletions in many patients with trisomy 15q. We present five individuals with overgrowth, learning difficulties and increased dosage of distal 15q. Partial trisomy 15q was identified in four of these cases. Two were generated through recombination of a parental pericentric inversion and two were generated through malsegregation of a maternal balanced 14;15 reciprocal translocation. In all four cases the trisomy can be considered \\\\'pure\\\\' as the 14p and 15p monosomies will exert no phenotypic effect. Partial tetrasomy 15q, as the result of an analphoid supernumerary chromosome derived from an inverted duplication of distal 15q, was identified in the fifth patient. In addition to the overgrowth and learning difficulties, all five had a characteristic facial appearance and three had renal anomalies. The gestalt consists of a long, thin face with a prominent chin and nose. Renal anomalies included renal agenesis, horseshoe kidney, and hydronephrosis. We provide further Support for a distinct \\\\'15q overgrowth syndrome\\\\' caused by either trisomy or tetrasomy resulting in increased dosage of distal 15q. In addition we propose that renal anomalies and a distinctive facial appearance be considered major features of this condition. (c) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Microsatellite based genetic diversity of the widespread epiphytic lichen Usnea subfloridana Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) in Estonia: comparison of populations from the mainland and an island. Understanding the distribution of genetic patterns and structure is an essential target in population genetics and, thereby, important for conservation genetics. The main aim of our study was to investigate the population genetics of Usnea subfloridana, a widespread lichenised fungus, focusing on a comparison of genetic variation of its populations amongst three geographically remote and disconnected regions, in order to determine relationships amongst environmental data, variation in lichen secondary chemistry and microsatellite data in genotyped populations. In all, 928 Usnea thalli from 17 populations were genotyped using seven specific fungal microsatellite markers. Different measures of genetic diversity (allelic richness, private allelic richness, Nei's unbiased genetic diversity and clonal diversity) were calculated and compared between lichen populations. Our results revealed a low genetic differentiation of U. subfloridana populations amongst three distant areas in Estonia and also a high level of gene flow. The results support suggestion of the long-range vegetative dispersal of subpendulous U. subfloridana via symbiotic propagules (soralia, isidia or fragments of than i). Our study has also provided evidence that environmental variables, including mean annual temperature and geographical longitude, shape the genetic structure of U. subfloridana populations in Estonia. Additionally, a weak but statistically significant correlation between lichen chemotypes and microsatellite allele distribution was found in genotyped specimens.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Environmentally friendly approach for the fabrication of polyamide thin film nanocomposite membrane with enhanced antifouling and antibacterial properties. In this work, we employed an environmentally friendly approach based on plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) to modify titania nanotubes (TNTs), aiming to obtain better dispersion of nanofillers in polyamide (PA) layer of thin film nanocomposite (TFN) reverse osmosis membrane. Owing to the hydrophilic nature of TNTs, dispersing it homogenously in organic solvent during interfacial polymerization process is difficult to achieve. Therefore, the TNTs are mildly modified by PECVD technique in order to ameliorate its stability in organic solvent. Our results showed that depositing thin layer of methyl methacrylate (MMA) on the TNTs surface could enhance its dispersion quality in organic solvent and further improve the properties of PA layer by enhancing membrane water flux by 16% without compromising NaCl rejection. More importantly, the developed TFN membrane showed excellent fouling resistance by recording flux recovery rate of 85.77% compared to 57.94% shown by the control membrane. Its antibacterial property was also obviously better than that of control membrane. Overall, the developed TFN membrane demonstrated good performance stability with respect to NaCl rejection and water permeability and the trace amount of nanofillers detected in the water sample (in the level of mu g/L) did not negatively influence the membrane filtration performance.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "Panama: the role of the protector in the private interest foundation. This article describes in close detail the legal requirements for a protector under a Panamanian private interest foundation and takes the reader through specific questions and problems regarding the standard of care as well as the powers and duties of such a protector. Reference, where applicable, is made to the provisions of the Panamanian law and the Jersey Trust Law 1984.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Observations and Experiments on the Biology and Life History of Riseriellus occultus (Heteronemertea: Lineidae). Studies on the biology and life history of nemerteans are scarce, mostly because these animals are nocturnal. In order to broaden the knowledge base on the life history of nemerteans as a prerequisite for comparative analyses, we studied a population of Riseriellus occultus (Heteronemertea: Lineidae) inhabiting the rocky intertidal in southern Brittany near Concarneau (France) for more than 10 years. Our studies show that R. occultus is an iteroparous, perennial species exclusively inhabiting rocky shore crevices that result from onionskin weathering of the granite. From September through October R. occultus reproduces by external fertilization and develops via a planktonic pilidium larva, which, under laboratory conditions, metamorphoses after about six weeks. Adults of R. occultus are nocturnal macrophagous predators that preferentially feed on the gastropods Gibbula umbilicalis and Patella species, but also consume the bivalve Mytilus edulis. Since R. occultus devours the snail inside the shell, we fixed individuals while feeding, and serially sectioned them. Reconstruction of the sections shows that R. occultus swallows the entire soft body and finally detaches the columellar muscle from the shell. Estimates on the density of R. occultus inside the rock crevices provide evidence for clustered distribution and locally high abundance on the rocky shore. These data strongly suggest that R. occultus affects the structure of the rocky shore gastropod community. Although our data are still fragmentary with respect to the ecology of this species and its role in the local food web, our knowledge has grown to such extent that R. occultus can now be regarded as one of the few well characterized nemertean species.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Application of Chemical and Thermal Analysis Methods for Studying Cellulose Ester Plastics. Cellulose acetate, developed about 100 years ago as a versatile, semisynthetic plastic material, is used in a variety of applications and is perhaps best known as the basis of photographic film stock. Objects made wholly or partly from cellulose acetate are an important part of modern and contemporary cultural heritage, particularly in museum collections. Given the potential instability of the material, however, it is imperative to understand the aging mechanisms and deterioration pathways of cellulose ester plastics to mitigate decomposition and formulate guidelines for storage, exhibition, and conservation. One important aspect of this process is the ability to fully characterize the plastic, because variations in composition affect its aging properties and ultimate stability. In this Account, we assess the potential of a range of analytical techniques for plastics made from cellulose acetate, cellulose propionate, and cellulose butyrate.The analytical results from this study form the basis for in-depth studies of works of art fabricated from cellulose acetate. These objects, which are particularly at risk when stored in tightly sealed containers (as is often the case with photographic film), warrant particular attention for conservation given their susceptibility toward sudden onset of deterioration.Comprehensive characterization of cellulose ester plastics is best achieved by applying several complementary analytical techniques. Fourier-transform IR (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy provide rapid means for basic characterization of plastic objects, which can be useful for quick, noninvasive screening of museum collections with portable instruments. Pyrolysis GC/MS is capable of differentiating the main types of cellulose ester polymers but also permits a richly detailed compositional analysis of additives. Thermal analysis techniques provide a wealth of compositional information and thermal behavior. Thermogravimetry (TG) allows for quantitative analysis of thermally stable volatile additives, and weight-difference curves offer a novel means for assessing oxidative stability. The mechanical response to temperature, such as the glass transition, can be measured with dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), but results from other thermal analysis techniques such as TG, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and dynamic load thermomechanical analysis (DLTMA) are often required to more accurately interpret the results.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Philosophy of Rhythm: Grotowski reads Eliot. The paper discusses the well-known Grotowski's work Apocalypsis cum figuris from two overlapping perspectives. It interprets the first dimension of the work of Laboratory Theatre as embodying the poetic words of T. S. Eliot (neglected in the interpretations of Apocalypsis) within the dynamic process of performance - within the rhythm of body, emotions and lived experiences of the theatre artists (Grotowski, Cieslak). The second dimension is universal and closer to human existence: it concerns perfecting transformation of the subject. Adopting in subsequent stages of performing Apocalypsis Eliot's assumption about dynamic and rhythmic character of human life and accepting (Biblical and Eckhart's) thesis about inner and outer man in the work of Laboratory Theatre leads to soteriological potency rhythmically performing different dimensions of human being to her perfection. Finally, the paper proposes to look at Apocalypsis as work of \\\\'practical soteriology\\\\' (with open content of this notion).", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Delayed Auditory Feedback and Movement. It is well known that timing of rhythm production is disrupted by delayed auditory feedback (DAF), and that disruption varies with delay length. We tested the hypothesis that disruption depends on the state of the movement trajectory at the onset of DAF. Participants tapped isochronous rhythms at a rate specified by a metronome while hearing DAF (for piano tones) of differing lengths. Motion capture was used to analyze movement trajectories. Mean Inter-Response Intervals (IRIS) varied as an approximately sinusoidal function of feedback condition, with DAF causing slowed production for shorter delays and speeded production for faster delays. Motion capture analyses revealed that finger velocity at the time of DAF predicted the effect of DAF on mean IRI whereas finger position predicted the variability of IRIs. A second experiment in which participants were instructed to vary the timing of peak finger height confirmed that the effect of DAF on timing variability is directly influenced by the finger trajectory.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "How Should Japanese ODA be Viewed? The Importance of Support for Self-Help Efforts. Three main characteristics of Japanese-style ODA over the past 50 years and the basic principle of the support for \\\\'self-help efforts\\\\' mentioned in the Japanese ODA Charter are described in this paper. The role of ODA in generating development effectiveness is taken up and possible ways for Japanese participation in the PRSP system are examined. The paper concludes with the proposal that offering ODA benefits not only the recipient but also the one extending assistance and recommends that Japan take advantage of the opportunity to serve the public good and thereby know genuine happiness.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Median network analysis of defectively sequenced entire mitochondrial genomes from early and contemporary disease studies. Sequence analysis of the mitochondrial genome has become a routine method in the study of mitochondrial diseases. Quite often, the sequencing efforts in the search of pathogenic or disease-associated mutations are affected by technical and interpretive problems, caused by sample mix-up, contamination, biochemical problems, incomplete sequencing, misdocumentation and insufficient reference to previously published data. To assess data quality in case studies of mitochondrial diseases, it is recommended to compare any mtDNA sequence under consideration to their phylogenetically closest lineages available in the Web. The median network method has proven useful for visualizing potential problems with the data. We contrast some early reports of complete mtDNA sequences to more recent total mtDNA sequencing efforts in studies of various mitochondrial diseases. We conclude that the quality of complete mtDNA sequences generated in the medical field in the past few years is somewhat unsatisfactory and may even fall behind that of pioneer manual sequencing in the early nineties. Our study provides a paradigm for an a posteriori evaluation of sequence quality and for detection of potential problems with inferring a pathogenic status of a particular mutation. Journal of Human Genetics (2009) 54, 174-181; doi: 10.1038/jhg.2009.9; published online 13 March 2009", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Comparison between the Biflex III-Biotyper and the Axima-SARAMIS Systems for Yeast Identification by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) is emerging in laboratories as a new diagnostic tool for microorganism identification. We prospectively compared the performances of the Biflex III-Biotyper (Bruker Daltonics) and the Axima (Shimadzu)-SARAMIS (AnagnosTec) systems for the identification of 312 yeasts isolated from clinical specimens (249 Candida spp., including 19 C. albicans and 230 non-albicans species and 63 isolates belonging to different species of the genera Saccharomyces [20 isolates], Rhodotorula [8 isolates], Cryptococcus [8 isolates], Trichosporon [7 isolates], Pichia [7 isolates], Geotrichum [12 isolates], and Sporopachydermia cereana [1 isolate]). Species were identified by using routine conventional phenotypical methods and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing in case of discrepancy. We used expanded thresholds for species identification (log score of >= 1.7 with 3 identical consecutive propositions and no discrepancy between the duplicates for the Bruker Daltonics system and similitude of >= 40% with 5 successive identical propositions and no discrepancy between the duplicates for the Shimadzu system). Of the 312 isolates, 272 (87.2%) and 258 (82.7%) were successfully identified by the Bruker Daltonics and Shimadzu systems, respectively. All isolates were successfully identified within the most frequent and clinically relevant Candida species by the two systems. Nonvalid results corresponded mainly to species not or poorly represented in the databases. Major mis-identifications were observed for 2 isolates (0.6%) by the Bruker Daltonics system and 4 isolates (1.3%) by the Shimadzu system. In conclusion, the performances of the Bruker Daltonics and the Shimadzu systems for yeast identification were good and comparable under routine clinical conditions, despite their differences in sample preparation, database content, and spectrum analysis.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Genus delineation of Chlamydiales by analysis of the percentage of conserved proteins justifies the reunifying of the genera Chlamydia and Chlamydophila into one single genus Chlamydia. Many studies have aimed to set up boundaries for the classification and definition of prokaryotic genus and species classification; however, studies that focused on genus-level genomic differences for existing taxonomy systems are limited. Recently, a novel method was described for prokaryotic genus delineation using the percentage of conserved proteins (POCP) between two strains to estimate their evolutionary and phenotypic distance (Qin et al. A proposed genus boundary for the prokaryotes based on genomic insights. J Bacteriol 2014;196:2210-5). Here, we extended the POCP analysis of the order Chlamydiales and pairwise compared all currently recognized species and candidate species of the family Chlamydiaceae as well as some species from other families. Using the taxonomy advised by the International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes, subcommittee on the taxonomy of the Chlamydiae, POCP analysis revealed that all pairwise comparisons of species from different families resulted in values lower than 50%, the proposed threshold for genus boundary. In contrast, all interspecies pairwise comparisons of species from the single genus within the family Chlamydiaceae resulted in POCP values higher than 70%. We conclude that the recommended genus classification of the family Chlamydiaceae is rational and that POCP analyses can provide a robust genomic index for the taxonomy of members of the order Chlamydiales in terms of genus demarcation.", "label": [2, 4, 17, 24, 40]}
+{"token": "Construction and Validation of an Individual Deprivation Index: a Study Based on a Representative Cohort of the Paris Metropolitan Area. The association between health status and deprivation is well established. However, it is difficult to measure deprivation at an individual level and already-existing indices in France are not validated or do not meet the needs of health practitioners. The aim of this work was to establish a validated, easy-to-use, multidimensional, relevant index that was representative of the population in the Paris metropolitan area. From the SIRS 2010 cohort study, 14 socio-economic characteristics were selected: health insurance, educational background, socio-professional category, professional status, feelings of loneliness, emotional situation, household type, income, perceived financial situation, social support (support in daily life, financial and emotional), housing situation, and migration origin. In addition, a total of 12 health status, healthcare use, and nutrition-related variables were also selected. Content validity and internal validity of the index were explored. The 14 socio-economic indicators were associated to varying degrees with poorer health status, less use of healthcare, and poorer nutrition and were distributed across the 14 multiple-choice questions of the index. Each answer was rated from 0 to 2. The index value of 10 that isolates 20% of the most deprived individuals was used as threshold. \\\\'Being deprived,\\\\' as defined with this value, was significantly associated with 9 of the 12 studied health variables. This index could be a relevant instrument in the assessment of deprivation and social inequalities of health.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "A Thermodynamic Study of Adsorption of Benzyl Viologen and Polyethylene Glycol and Their Displacement by 3-Mercapto-1-Propanesulfonate during Copper Electrodeposition. In copper-plating baths for filling of submicron features, a combination of additives regulates the distribution of deposition rate, and in the proper concentrations produces superconformal filling. The present study is built on the competitive adsorption model of superconformal filling in which an adsorbed suppressor, in this instance benzyl viologen or polyethylene glycol, is displaced from the surface by the accelerant 3-mercapto-1-propane sulfonic acid (MPS) during copper electrodeposition. The change in deposition current after progressive additions of suppressor or accelerant was used to determine the surface coverage of each additive as a function of its concentration in solution and of temperature. The data were fitted to the Langmuir isotherm, and the free energy and enthalpy of adsorption or displacement were determined. It was shown that adsorption of PEG or BV is a spontaneous exothermic process, and the displacement of PEG or BV by MPS is a spontaneous endothermic process. Although the suppressors form stronger bonds with the surface, the accelerant displaces them due to the resulting increase in surface-excess entropy. (C) 2018 The Electrochemical Society.", "label": [4, 1, 33, 11]}
+{"token": "Contemporary Practices of Extending Traditional Asian Instruments Using Technology. Ongoing development of audio and informational technology has had an impact on almost every aspect of the musical arts. Cultures and subcultures have cross-pollinated through the rapid exchange of information and have metamorphosed into new fields of technology-based art forms, one of which is the integration of technology in Asian ethnic musics. This article specifically focuses on the integration of technology with the traditional music of India, Indonesia, China, Japan and Korea. By reviewing the history of this metier, we explore the various applications of technology in traditional Asian music and its future.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Equilibria in systems of social interactions. In this paper, we establish existence and uniqueness results for equilibria in systems with an infinite number of agents and with local and global social interactions. We also examine the structure of the equilibrium distribution and derive a \\\\'Markov\\\\' property for the equilibrium distribution of a class of spatially homogeneous systems. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "THE RISE OF REVOLUTIONARY CRIMINAL LAW IN SLOVENIA AND ITS ECHOES AFTER THE SECOND WORLD WAR AND AFTER THE DEMOCRATISATION AND THE INDEPENDENCE OF THE REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA. This article studies the revolutionary criminal law in Slovenia from 1941 onwards, with its roots in the decision of the Yugoslav Communist Party in the year 1920 to apply violence, and its development since 1945. It employs the method of comparative analysis of legal statutes, regulations and court decisions in that period. The facts are established on the basis of historical knowledge of the profession. The article presents the background of people's courts, pseudo-legal processes, political pressures and other characteristics of the criminal and administrative-criminal repression. Courts were neither independent, independent nor impartial authority. They were a tool for the implementation of the revolution, \\\\'whip in the hands of the people\\\\', effective tool for eliminatation of pests folk, fighting authority to prosecute the class enemy\\\\'. Courts were subordinated to the administrative apparatus, which was in the hands of the Communist Party. The Constitutional Court of Republic of Slovenia has after democratisation and independence prohibited the use of four revolutionary criminal laws as they violated the general principles of law recognized by civilized nations and the constitutional principles at that time. many abuses of law in criminal proceedings were committed on the basis od the fifth Law on Crimes against the Nation and the State in 1945. Over the past 25 years, Slovenian courts rehabilitated more than 3,500 victims of revolutionary justice and pseudo legal processes. The Government Commission of the Slovenian for redress of human rights violations after the war has from 2002 to 31 December 2016 recognized the status rights of victims and injustice suffered to 33.201 persons.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "The Old Believers and Praying for the Tsar in Seventeenth-Century Russia. The article argues that for many Old Believers in seventeenth-century Russia 'non-praying' (nemolenie) for the tsar took the form of omitting the commemoration of the royal family at the 'Great Entrance' in the liturgy of the eucharist that had been introduced in the new (Nikonian) service-books of the 1650s. This was a protest against the liturgical reforms, and also a symbolic criticism of the tsars and the policies of their governments. It is only from the late eighteenth century that we find evidence of Old Believers who did not pray for the tsar because they regarded him as the Antichrist.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "The urgency of reading the Bible as one story. This article argues that it is urgent for the church to recover the Bible as the one true story of the world. The first section explores what it means to confess that the Bible is one story. The second section argues that reading the Bible as one story is urgent for three reasons: it is only in reading the Bible as one story that we can understand the Bible's authority, that we can understand our identity as God's people as missional, and that we can counter other meta-stories that compete for our allegiance. The last section responds to the postmodern charge that all grand stories are oppressive.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Proteolysis of a high-pressure-treated mould-ripened cheese. The possibility of accelerating the ripening of Paillardin, a white mould-ripened cheese, by high pressure (HP) treatment (50 MPa for 8 h) was investigated. Proteolysis was evaluated near the rind and at the centre by means of pH 4.6 soluble nitrogen (pH 4.6-SN), trichloroacetic acid soluble nitrogen (TCA-SN), and free amino acids. It was found that the levels of pH 4.6-SN and TCA-SN were especially enhanced near the ri nd. This is possibly due to an increased pH caused by HP treatment of the cheese, which could have resulted in a higher action of the metalloproteinase of Penicillium camemberti leading to an accelerated proteolysis near the rind. In addition to this pH effect, weakening of hydrophobic interactions might also have led to an increased exposure of susceptible bonds that are cleavable by enzymes of P. camemberti.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "What rheumatologists can learn from nephrologists. Rheumatology and nephrology have some characteristics in common. In some places this leads to the marginalization of the respective other discipline, instead of an interdisciplinary morbidity-oriented approach. In order to cope with the complexity of systemic autoimmune diseases, a care mandate should be defined and interdisciplinary and cross-sectoral structures, such as interdisciplinary boards or special outpatient clinics should be established.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Engaging the Community in Coalition Efforts to Address Childhood Asthma. For health improvement efforts to effectively address community needs, community members must be engaged in planning and implementing public health initiatives. For Allies Against Asthma's coalitions, the community included not only the subpopulation of individuals who suffer disproportionately from asthma but also the individuals and institutions that surround them. Through a quantitative self-assessment survey, informal discussion among coalition leadership, and interviews with key informants, data relevant to community engagement identified a number of important ways the Allies coalitions approached community involvement. Respondents' comments made clear that the way the coalitions conduct their work is often as important as what they do. Across coalitions, factors that were identified as important for community involvement included (a) establishing a commitment to community involvement, (b) building trust, (c) making participation feasible and comfortable, (d) responding to community identified needs, (e) providing leadership development opportunities, and (f) building a shared commitment to desired outcomes.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Durability of an Elastic Bar Under Tension With Linear or Nonlinear Relationship Between Corrosion Rate and Stress. In this study we investigate the durability of a bar subjected to tension in the presence of corrosion. Various possible relationships are considered between the corrosion velocity and stress. We concentrate on linear, quadratic, purely cubic, and general cubic relationships. Closed-form expressions are obtained for the structure's durability, which is identified with time to failure, with failure defined as the stress reaching the yield level. Among other things, we evaluate the validity of the assumption that the average diameter of the bar remains constant, as suggested by Dolinskii (1967, \\\\'Analysis of Loaded Tubes Subjected to Corrosion,\\\\' Khimicheskoe I Neftianoe Mashinostroenie (Chemical and Oil Machinery), 2, pp. 9-10, (in Russian)). We show that in certain circumstances this assumption may lead to an unacceptably large error. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4005564]", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "Power imbalances in French food retailing: Evidence from a production function approach to estimate market power. We analyze whether an association of firms to the dominant oligopoly of food retail groups is related to higher oligopoly market power. We apply a production function approach for the estimation of firm-level markups to a sample of 3,366 French food retailers over the period 2006-2014. The results suggest the presence of power imbalances between firms of the dominant oligopoly and fringe firms. We also detect a positive connection between markups and profitability pointing to a reduction in consumer welfare due to retailers' oligopoly market power. (c) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Weed seed bank in ecological and integrated farming system. During evaluated years, 21 weed species were detected in the ecological system. Dominant weed species was Amaranthus retroflexus with the share of 67.4% in 1990. After six and eight year period its share was 96.4% and 95.1%. The tillage system did not influence the dominance of the mentioned species. Changes in weed species composition are similar as in the integrated system. They are shown in Tab. IV. On the basis of determined development of the weed seedbank, we can recommend conventional soil cultivation for ecological farming system.Surface and subsurface weed seedbank in soil is a suitable indicator of weed flora on different cultivating system. Knowledge about weed seedbank gives us an evidence about soil cultivation in the past and at the same time it helps us to set prognosis For the future. The objectives of this study were to find out the influence of an integrated and ecological farming system as well as agrotechnical measures on weed seedbank size in soil and its species composition over the longer period. Field experiments of integrated and ecological arable systems were established at the Slovak Agricultural University Research Station near Nitra on brown clay-loamy soil in the fall of 1990. Crop rotations are shown in Tab. I. In both systems two variants of soil cultivations are examined: Conventional with ploughing to the depth of 0.24 m and minimum with shallow cultivation to the depth of 0.12 to 0.15 m. Manure is embeded by middle ploughing. Weed seedbank was determined in the years 1990, 1996, 1998 in the depths of 0.00 to 0.05 m and 0.20 to 0.25 m in seven replications according to the methodology of Hron, Kohout (1974). Weed seedbank in integrated system significantly rose up in 1996. In comparison with the year 1990 it was 2.5 times. The whole seedstock in both depths of soil reached the highest rate, 24 356 weeds per 1 m(2) in 1996. The difference between the years 1996 and 1998 was not significant (Tabs. II, III). The soil cultivation did not have a significant influence on changes of weed seedbank. Amaranthus retroflexus dominantly represented all 22 of the determined weed species. Its ratio from the whole weed seedstock was 80.6% in 1990. In 1996 its ratio rose to 87.7% and in 1998 Amaranth reached 94.7%. After eight years of the realisation of the system the soil cultivation did not have any significant influence on dominance of Amaranthus retroflexus. There was no significant influence at integrated system on changes of the number of weed species. The most frequent species were beside the above-mentioned ones: Chenopodium album, Chenopodium polyspermum, Tripleurospermum inodorum and Persicaria maculata. Some weed species did not occur any more, the other new species were imported. Development of a weed seedbank in ecological system has similar tendencies (Tab. IV). In the average the whole weed seedstock per 1 m(2) was significantly higher in 1996 according to the statistical analysis, in comparison with the year 1990. Soil cultivation had a significant influence on weed seedstock. More intensive soil weed infestation was detected under shallow (minimum) cultivation. In this case, during the last two years, total number of viable weed seeds per 1 ml was 8.4 times higher as compared with the year 1990 (41 014 weed seeds per 1 m(2)). There were no significant differences between the systems when using conventional cultivation. Average weed density under conventional cultivation was 24 768 weeds per 1 m(2) in ecological system and was higher by 21.6% than was the case in the integrated system. Often detected tendencies of weed seed accumulation in surface layers under minimum and reduced soil cultivation systems were not confirmed. It might be caused by incorporation of farm yard manure and perennial crop residues into the soil by middle ploughing within eight years rotation also in the system with the minimum soil cultivation. This causes an even distribution of weed seeds to the above mentioned depths.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "THE GENERATION OF OCEANIC RHYOLITES BY CRYSTAL FRACTIONATION - THE BASALT-RHYOLITE ASSOCIATION AT VOLCAN-ALCEDO, GALAPAGOS-ARCHIPELAGO. Alcedo volcano is one of six shield volcanoes on Isabela Island in the western Galapagos Islands. Although Alcedo is dominantly basaltic, it is unusual in that it also has erupted similar to 1 km(3) of rhyolite. The rhyolitic phase marked a 10-fold decrease in the mass-eruption rate of the volcano, and the volcano has returned to erupting basalt. The basalts are tholeiitic and range from strongly to sparsely porphyritic. Olivine and plagioclase are the lipuidus Phases in the most primitive basalts. The MgO and Ni concentrations in the most primitive basalts indicate that they have undergone substantial differentiation since extraction from the mantle. The rhyolites contain the assemblage oligoclase-augite-titanomagnetite-fayalite-apatite and sparse xenoliths of quenched basalt and cumulate gabbros. Intermediate rocks are very rare, but some are apparently basalt-rhyolite hybrids, and others resulted from differentiation of tholeiitic magma. Several modeling approaches and Sr-, Nd-, and O-isotopic data indicate that the rhyolites resulted from similar to 90% fractionation (by weight) of plagioclase, augite, titanomagnetite, olivine, and apatite from the most primitive olivine tholeiite. The data are inconsistent with the rhyolites originating by crustal anatexis. The extreme Daly gap may be caused by the large increase in viscosity as the basaltic magma differentiates to intermediate and siliceous compositions; highly evolved magmas are eruptible only after they become saturated with volatiles by second boiling. The close association of the hybrid intermediate magmas and magmatic inclusions with the climactic plinian eruption indicates mixing between mafic and silicic magmas immediately before eruption. Rhyolite production was favored by the decrease in supply of basaltic magma as Alcedo was carried away from the focus of the Galapagos hot-spot. A three-stage model for the magmatic evolution of a Galapagos volcano is proposed In the first stage, the supply of basaltic magma is large. Basaltic magma continually intrudes the subcaldera magma chamber, buffering the magmas' compositional and thermal evolution. As the volcano is carried away from the basaltic source, the magma chamber is allowed to cool and differentiate, as exemplified by Alcedo's rhyolitic phase. Finally, the volcano receives even smaller influx of basalt, so a large magma chamber cannot be sustained, and the volcano shifts to isolated basaltic eruptions.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Broadband imaging and narrowband polarimetry of comet 73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3, components B and C, on 3, 4, 8, and 9 May 2006. Aims. We present observations of components B and C during their closest approach to Earth in the first half of May 2006. These results aim at characterizing the properties of dust particles released from the fragments of comet SW3 and at identifying dusty and gaseous structures in the comae and tail regions of components B and C, which could be useful for conclusions about the presence of active regions and break-up events of the components.Context. The Jupiter family comet 73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3 ( SW3) split into several pieces in 1995. Some of the original fragments were observed during the next apparition of the comet in 1999-2001. The last return of the comet in 2005-2006 was accompanied by tremendous further splitting of some SW3 components - in particular component B - into a large number of subfragments.Results. The degree of linear polarization of components B and C follows the empirical phase-angle dependence as derived from other comets. Fragment B was found in outburst on May 8. The brightness outburst was accompanied by changes in the shape of the coma. During the outburst, the spatial distribution of the linear polarization showed some peculiarities that had disappeared again on May 9. Arc-like signatures of a temporary nature, typical of fragmentation events, are seen in broadband filter images of component B on 3, 8, and 9 May 2006. The secondary dust tail, seen in component B on 3 and 4 May 2006, marks the synchrone of an earlier splitting event around 25 April 2006. Fan-like coma structures are found in the sunward coma hemisphere of components B and C that might be related to localized enhanced activity on the rotating nuclei.Methods. We used narrowband imaging polarimetry and an analysis of the broadband surface brightness for the characterization of the dust comae of the SW3 components. Coma and tail structures in components B and C were enhanced by numerical methods.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Influence of Asphaltene Polarity on Hydrate Behaviors in Water-in-Oil Emulsions. In order to evaluate the influence of asphaltene polarity on the behaviors of hydrates, four subfractions with different polarities fractionated from asphaltenes are used for hydrate nucleation, growth, and dissociation experiments. It is found that the subfraction with higher polarity shows a higher self-aggregate tendency in emulsions and tends to adsorb less at the oil-water interface, which is mainly caused by its larger C/H ratio and higher aromaticity. The addition of asphaltenes increases the induction time of hydrates, and this effect is strengthened in the emulsion with the less polar subfraction. The calculation results of total gas consumption indicate that the amount of formed hydrate decreases with the increase of asphaltenes, especially in the emulsion with the higher polarity subfraction. Moreover, asphaltene subfractions are observed to accelerate the dissociation process of hydrates.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "The Canadian Automated Meteor Observatory (CAMO): System overview. We describe the hardware and software for the Canadian Automated Meteor Observatory (CAMO), an automated two-station video meteor system designed to facilitate simultaneous radar-video meteor detections, to help constrain numerical ablation models with higher precision meteor data, and to measure the meteoroid mass influx at the Earth. A guided system with a wide-field (similar to 30 degrees) camera detects meteors (<+5(M)) and positions an optical scanner such that a narrow-field (similar to 1 degrees) camera tracks the meteors in real-time. This allows for higher precision deceleration measurements than traditionally available, and for detailed studies of meteoroid fragmentation. A second system with a wide-field (similar to 20 degrees) camera detects fainter (<+7(M)) meteors (in non-real-time) primarily for meteoroid mass influx measurements. We describe the system architecture, automation control, and instruments of CAMO, and show example detections. We find narrow-field trajectory solutions have precisions in speed of a few tenths of a percent, and radiant precisions of similar to 0.01 degrees. Our initial survey shows 75% of all tracked, multi-station meteor events (<+5(M)) show evidence of fragmentation, either as discrete fragments (17% of total), or in the form of meteor wake. Our automatic wide-field camera solutions have average radiant errors of similar to 3 degrees and speed uncertainties of 3%. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "IS-LM and the multiplier: A dynamic general equilibrium model. We construct a dynamic general equilibrium model which displays the central features of the IS-LM model, and notably an income multiplier greater than one, so that crowding out does not occur. A key to this result is the conjunction of two features: price rigidities (as is usually expected), but also a non-Ricardian economy. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Eutrophication of Tenkiller Reservoir, Oklahoma, from nonpoint agricultural runoff. Tenkiller Ferry Reservoir, a large (51.6 km(2)) US midcontinent reservoir in Oklahoma, switched from oligomesotrophic prior to 1975 to eutrophic by 1986, evidenced by changes in phytoplankton taxa, chlorophyll (Chl), total phosphorus (TP), transparency, and areal hypolimnetic oxygen deficit. External TP loading increased 2.5-fold between 1974 and 2004, mainly as nonpoint loading from disposal of an annual (2001-2004) average 406,818 metric tons (mt) of untreated poultry litter on watershed pastures, which added an annual (2001-2006) average 4120 mt of TP. Phosphorus runoff from litter, estimated as 5% of applied, was 63% of external loading to the Illinois River from 2001-2004, 71 % after the 2004 waste water treatment plant upgrade. The 9 % load decrease from the upgrade did not affect Chl. Sediment TP release, seldom determined for reservoirs, accounted for 16 % of annual external plus internal TP load. Trophic state graded from riverine to lacustrine zone. In wet summers with low residence times, the lacustrine zone was eutrophic; in dry summers it was mesotrophic. Transition and riverine zones were always eutrophic or hypereutrophic. Trophic state assessment ideally requires multiple sampling years in all reservoir zones. A similar Oklahoma reference reservoir, Broken Bow, with modest watershed poultry activities and low inflow TP concentrations, was oligo-mesotrophic. Rehabilitation of Tenkiller Reservoir requires large reductions of TP loading by ceasing watershed litter disposal, changes in watershed management practices, and application of in-reservoir procedures. [Supplemental materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Lake and Reservoir Management to view the supplemental file.]Cooke GD, Welch EB, Jones JR. 2011. Eutrophication of Tenkiller Reservoir, Oklahoma, from nonpoint agricultural runoff. Lake Reserv Manage. 27: 256-270.", "label": [4, 42, 36]}
+{"token": "PROTECTION AGAINST INFERTILITY IN A BALB/C MOUSE SALPINGITIS MODEL BY INTRANASAL IMMUNIZATION WITH THE MOUSE PNEUMONITIS BIOVAR OF CHLAMYDIA-TRACHOMATIS. Female BALB/c mice were immunized intranasally with the mouse pneumonitis biovar of Chlamydia trachomatis and subsequently challenged in the ovarian bursa (C. trachomatis immunized, C. trachomatis challenged). Two groups of mice served as controls. One group was sham immunized intranasally with mock-infected HeLa 229 cell extracts and was challenged in the ovarian bursa with C. trachomatis MoPn (sham immunized, C. trachomatis challenged). The second control group was sham immunized and not challenged (sham immunized, nonchallenged). Before challenge, the C. trachomatis-immunized, C. trachomatis-challenged animals mounted a significant humoral response as shown by high immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgM, and IgA levels and high levels of neutralizing antibodies in serum and moderate IgG and IgA titers in vaginal secretions. Reactivity by Western blot (immunoblot) to the lipopolysaccharide, 30-, 40- (major outer membrane protein), and 60-kDa cysteine-rich proteins and 75- and 100-kDa chlamydial components could be demonstrated, However, reactivity to the 60-kDa heat shock protein was only observed 22 days after challenge. In addition, this group of animals mounted a significant immune response to chlamydial antigens, as shown by a lymphocyte proliferation assay, compared with the sham-immunized nonchallenged mice. After intrabursal challenge, there was no C. trachomatis shedding from the vagina in the C. trachomatis-immunized, C. trachomatis-challenged animals, while 63% of the sham-immunized, C. trachomatis-challenged mice had a positive C. trachomatis culture. In addition, histological sections from the genital tract showed, at 2 weeks postchallenge, a marked acute inflammatory reaction in the sham-immunized, C. trachomatis-challenged animals while in the C. trachomatis-immunized, C. trachomatis-challenged mice there was minimal inflammatory reaction. When the animals were mated, only 12% of the mice from the sham-immunized, C. trachomatis-challenged mice were fertile. In contrast, 94 and 80% of the sham-immunized, nonchallenged and C. trachomatis-immunized, C. trachomatis-challenged mice, respectively, were fertile.", "label": [2, 17, 24]}
+{"token": "Examining the key drivers of student acceptance of online labs. As an important tool for STEM education, online labs have gained significant research attention. However, our understanding of online labs is limited by the inattention to the factors that contribute to the acceptance of online labs. This study adopts the UTAUT model to investigate the salient determinants of use of online labs. We test the proposed research model with data from N = 194 students. We find that performance expectancy, effort expectancy, and social influence are positively related to behavioral intention. Behavioral Intention, in turn, is positively related to use. In contrast, the association between facilitating conditions and use is not significant. In terms of the moderating links in the research model, age did not moderate any of the four links (performance expectancy and behavioral intention; effort expectancy and behavioral intention; social influence and behavioral intention; facilitating conditions and use) and gender did not moderate any of the three links (performance expectancy and behavioral intention; effort expectancy and behavioral intention; social influence and behavioral intention). The three variables (performance expectancy, effort expectancy, and social influence) explain 61.4% of variance in behavioral intention. In contrast, the two variables (behavioral intention and facilitating conditions) explain only 15.7% of variance in use. .", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Roles for Fis and YafK in biofilm formation by enteroaggregative Escherichia coli. Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEG) forms thick biofilms on the intestinal mucosa. Here we show that most EAEC strains form a biofilm on glass or plastic surfaces when grown in cell culture medium with high sugar and osmolarity. Biofilm-forming ability in two prototype EAEC strains required aggregative adherence fimbriae (AAF), although many other EAEC strains that do not express AAF also developed biofilms under these conditions. Ten thousand transposon mutants of EAEC strain 042 were isolated, and 100 were found to be deficient in biofilm formation. Of these, 93 were either deficient in in vitro growth or mapped to genes known to be required for AAF/II expression. Of the seven remaining insertions, five mapped to one of two unsuspected loci. Two insertions involved the E. coli chromosomal fis gene, a DNA-binding protein that is involved in growth phase-dependent regulation. Using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), we determined that the effect of fis was at the level of transcription of the AAF/II activator aggR. Biofilm formation also required the product of the yafK gene, which is predicted to encode a secreted 28 kDa protein. The yafK product is required for transcription of AAF/II-encoding genes. Our data do not suggest a role for type 1 fimbriae or motility in biofilm formation. EAEC appears to form a novel biofilm, which may be mediated solely by AAF and may reflect its interactions with the intestinal mucosa.", "label": [4, 40, 39]}
+{"token": "CONSTITUTIONAL TOLLING AND PREENFORCEMENT CHALLENGES TO PRIVATE RIGHTS OF ACTION. The most direct way to alleviate this problem would be for the Court to expand Ex parte Young's exception to sovereign immunity to allow rightsholders to sue some designated official to challenge laws that are only enforceable through private rights of action. This approach faces a series of serious doctrinal challenges, however. Even if the Court is unwilling to go so far, Young itself may nevertheless provide the foundation for at least partly resolving this dilemma. Young is best known for creating its broadly used exception to state sovereign immunity. But Young also suggested that, at least under certain circumstances, a person has the due process right to obtain a judicial ruling concerning a legal provision's validity without having to incur the risk of potentially substantial liability by violating it. The Court applied this principle in several post-Young cases, holding that when a party is unable to bring a preenforcement challenge to a legal provision under Young, they may raise their constitutional challenge as a defense in enforcement proceedings. Even if the court rejects that constitutional defense, the party is protected from substantial liability for violations of the challenged provision that occurred prior to the court's ruling. Some modern courts continue to recognize this \\\\'constitutional tolling\\\\' doctrine. By expressly reaffirming-with appropriate modifications and restrictions-the constitutional tolling doctrine, the Court could mitigate the potential chill to constitutional rights posed by laws that appear to regulate constitutionally protected conduct and are enforceable solely through private rights of action. And Congress could further help protect constitutional rights by enacting a federal statute abrogating state sovereign immunity against preenforcement constitutional challenges to such provisions.A person wishing to challenge the constitutionality of a law that regulates their conduct typically may sue the government official responsible for enforcing that provision for declaratory and injunctive relief pursuant to Ex parte Young. This approach is generally unavailable, however, when a plaintiff seeks preenforcement relief against laws that are enforceable exclusively through a private right of action. In such cases, there is no government official against whom to bring a typical Young claim, and constraints such as sovereign immunity and justiciability requirements often pose insurmountable obstacles. A person subject to an apparently unconstitutional law that is enforced solely through private litigation therefore faces the choice of either complying with the provision, thereby foregoing the exercise of their constitutional rights, or exercising their claimed rights in violation of the provision and running the risk of incurring potentially substantial liability if a court ultimately upholds the provision's validity.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "UNIQUENESS OF RADIAL SOLUTIONS OF SEMILINEAR ELLIPTIC-EQUATIONS. E. Yanagida recently proved that the classical Matukuma equation with a given exponent has only one finite mass solution. We show how similar ideas can be exploited to obtain uniqueness results for other classes of equations as well as Matukuma equations with more general coefficients. One particular example covered is DELTA-u + u(p) +/- u = 0, with p > 1 . The key ingredients of the method are energy functions and suitable transformations. We also study general boundary conditions, using an extension of a recent result by Bandle and Kwong. Yanagida's proof does not extend to solutions of Matukuma's equation satisfying other boundary conditions. We treat these with a completely different method of Kwong and Zhang.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "The effects of police contracting on crime: An examination of Compton, California. The utility of police consolidation, and in particular police contracting of services, has received widespread attention in academic and practitioner circles. However, the bulk of empirical research centers on potential fiduciary benefits; only limited scholarship has explored the possibility that changes in police services may correspond with differences in crimes solved and offenses observed. To address this gap, we examine consolidation in police services in a historically high crime, disadvantaged urban setting (Compton, California), which began contracting with the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department (LACSD) after the closure of Compton Police Department in 2000.A primary concern with police contracting centers on a lack of local police control, disconnect between local needs and actual services provided, and the potential for backlash related to a reduction in the quality of police services. Our findings from Compton suggest that contracting with a well-resourced agency experienced in police consolidation has the ability to maintain and, in some circumstances, improve the quality of law enforcement services.Independent samples difference in means tests are used to examine variations in crime clearance rates prior to and following the transition in Compton. Group-based trajectory analysis combined with difference-in-difference regression estimation is used to assess changes in criminal offenses while minimizing selection differences in comparison settings.With the exception of homicide, clearance rates for six Part I crimes experienced statistically significant improvements in Compton's post-contractual period. Additionally, while the vast majority of Part I offenses remained stable during the transition to LACSD policing, burglary crime rates experienced a statistically significant and sustained decline, net of controls.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Distribution of Achromobacter Species in 12 French Cystic Fibrosis Centers in 2020 by a Retrospective MALDI-TOF MS Spectrum Analysis. Achromobacter spp. are nonfermenting Gram-negative bacilli mainly studied among cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. The identification of the 19 species within the genus is time-consuming (nrdA-sequencing), thus data concerning the distribution of the species are limited to specific studies. Recently, we built a database using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (MS) (Bruker) that allows rapid and accurate species identification and detection of the multiresistant epidemic clones: A xylosoxidans ST137 spreading among CF patients in various French and Belgium centers, and A. ruhlandii DES in Denmark. Here, we first assessed whether species identification could be achieved with our database solely by analysis of MS spectra without availability of isolates. Then, we conducted a multicentric study describing the distribution of Achromobacter species and of the clone ST137 among French CF centers. We collected and analyzed with our local database the spectra of Achromobacter isolates from 193 patients (528 samples) from 12 centers during 2020. In total, our approach enabled to conclude for 502/528 samples (95.1%), corresponding to 181 patients. Eleven species were detected, only five being involved in chronic colonization, A. xylosoxidans (86.4%), A. insuavis (9.1%), A. mucicolens (2.3%), A. marplatensis (1.1%) and A. genogroup 3 (1.1%). This study confirmed the high prevalence of A. xylosoxidans in chronic colonizations and the circulation of the clone A. xylosoxidans ST137 in France: four patients in two centers. The present study is the first to report the distribution of Achromobacter species from CF patients samples using retrospective MALDI-TOF/MS data. This easy approach could enable future large-scale epidemiological studies.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Culicoides antigen extract stimulates equine blood mononuclear (BMN) cell proliferation and the release of eosinophil adherence-inducing factor(s). Intradermal injection of a Culicoides antigen extract (CAgX) induces T lymphocyte and eosinophil accumulation in the skin of horses with sweet itch. Blood mononuclear (BMN) cells from normal ponies proliferate when stimulated by mitogen (phytohaemagglutinin, PHA) or antigen (tetanus toroid, rr) and, as shown here, release soluble factor(s) that induce eosinophil adherence. CAgX also caused concentration dependent proliferation of BMN cells from sweet itch and normal ponies [stimulation index: 29 (13) and 17 (7) for BMN cells from sweet itch and normal ponies, respectively during the active phase of disease; 4 mug protein ml(-1) CAgX; 168 h]. A heat labile factor(s) which caused eosinophil adherence was also released [sweet itch ponies: 6.0 (1.6) per cent adherence versus 1.3 (0.4) per cent; normal ponies: 6.6 (0.5) per cent adherence versus 0.9 (0.1) per cent for supernatants from CAgX (4 mug protein ml(-1); 48 hours) stimulated versus unstimulated BMN cells, respectively]. These results suggest that soluble proteins released from T lymphocytes could affect eosinophil function in the lesional skin of sweet itch horses. (C) 2001 Harcourt Publishers Ltd.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "COUPLING OF CALCIUM TO THE INTERACTION OF TROPONIN-I WITH TROPONIN-C FROM CARDIAC-MUSCLE. The interaction of troponin I (CTnI) with troponin C (CTnC) from bovine cardiac muscle was studied using CTnC modified at Cys35 and Cys84 with the fluorescent probe 2-[(4'-iodoacetamido)anilino] naphthalene-6-sulfonic acid (CTnC(IAANS)) The association constant for complex formation between the two proteins was determined at 20 degrees C in 0.4 M KCl, 1 mM DTT, 1 mM EGTA, and 25 mM MOPS, pH 7.2. In the presence of EGTA, Mg2+, and Ca2+ these constants were 1.46 X 10(7), 4.1 X 10(7), and 12.7 X 10(7) M(-1), respectively, with corresponding free energy values of -9.62, -10.23, and -10.88 kcal mol(-1). The CTnI.CTnC(IAANs) complex was stabilized by -0.61 kcal when the two Ca/Mg sites of CTnC(IAANS) Were saturated with Mg2+ and by -1.26 kcal when all three Ca2+ sites were occupied by Ca2+. These results suggest that calcium activation in cardiac muscle may be accompanied by a coupling free energy of -0.65 kcal. This value is a factor of 4 smaller than the value previously determined, using a similar method, for the (troponin I).(troponin C) complex from skeletal muscle [Wang, C.-K., & Cheung, H. C. (1985) Biophys. J. 48, 727-739]. Since CTnC has only one Ca2+-specific site and troponin C from skeletal muscle has two such sites, the present result is a factor of 2 smaller than that for the skeletal complex on the basis of a single specific site. Phosphorylation of CTnI by 3',5'-cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase resulted in a decrease of the association constants by a factor of 2.5-3.5. This decrease is consistent with the known loss of calcium sensitivity induced by phosphorylation of CTnI in cardiac muscle. The lost affinity for CTnC was recovered upon treatment of phosphorylated CTnI with a phosphatase. There was no loss in free energy coupling by calcium in the phosphorylated complex. If the observed free energy coupling reflects the extent of coupling that occurs during activation of the myocardium, phosphorylation of CTnI does not seem to result in impaired Ca2+ activation.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Business circles of the French Overseas and Great Depression of the 1930s. Faced with the collapse of international trade and the price of commodities as a result of the Depression, the chambers of commerce of French overseas territories met on four occasions during the 1930s to air their concerns and address requests to authorities. Their congresses provide an ideal and little-known vantage point to observe the stresses and strains of the imperial economy in troubled times. Colonial interests did not necessarily coincide with those of the mother country. The tightening of protectionism in response to the economic crisis was primarily a way of relieving metropolitan interests, sometimes at the expense of overseas French producers and merchants. Two categories of demands emerge from the congresses. The first aimed to reinforce the imperial relationship in order to assist colonial exporters, while the second implicitly questioned the very foundations of an imperial economy, a surprising anticipation of post-1945 developments.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "The U95 protein of human herpesvirus 6B interacts with human GRIM-19: Silencing of U95 expression reduces viral load and abrogates loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. To better understand the pathogenesis of human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), it is important to elucidate the functional aspects of immediate-early (IE) genes at the initial phase of the infection. To study the functional role of the HHV-6B IE gene encoding U95, we generated a U95-Myc fusion protein and screened a pretransformed bone marrow cDNA library for U95-interacting proteins, using yeast-two hybrid analysis. The most frequently appearing U95-interacting protein identified was GRIM-19, which belongs to the family of genes associated with retinoid-interferon mortality and serves as an essential component of the oxidative phosphorylation system. This interaction was verified by both coinummoprecipitation and confocal microscopic coimmunolocalization. Short-term HHV-6B infection of MT-4 T-lymphocytic cells induced syncytial formation, resulted in decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, and led to progressively pronounced ultrastructural changes, such as mitochondrial swelling, myelin-like figures, and a loss of cristae. Compared to controls, RNA interference against U95 effectively reduced the U95 rnRNA copy number and abrogated the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Our results indicate that the high affinity between U95 early viral protein and GRIM-19 may be closely linked to the detrimental effect of HHV-6B infection on mitochondria. These findings may explain the alternative cell death mechanism of expiration, as opposed to apoptosis, observed in certain productively HHV-6B-infected cells. The interaction between U95 and GRIM-19 is thus functionally and metabolically significant in HHV-6B-infected cells and may be a means through which HHV-6B modulates cell death signals by interferon and retinoic acid.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "AN ATTEMPT TO CREATE A CHAIR OF RUSSIAN LANGUAGE, LITERATURE AND HISTORY AT QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY OF BELFAST. This article deals with an attempt to create a chair of Russian language, literature and history at Queen's University of Belfast. It relates the suggestion of the industrialist and philanthropist Henry Musgrave to donate a significant sum of money to the university, the circumstances of the gift, the actions of the university authorities at all levels - from the faculty to the Senate - on the organization of the chair. We then outline the circumstances which led to the modification of the original plan of using the funds and its role in the organization of teaching the Spanish language at the university. The attempt to create a chair of Russian language, literature and history at Queen's University of Belfast is examined in the context of Russian-British relations during the First World War and the revolutionary events in Russia, and also as an episode in the development of the teaching of modern languages in universities in the United Kingdom. Refs 44.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "The Mythology of Proportionality in Judgments of the Court of Justice of the European Union on Internet and Fundamental Rights. Proportionality is the tool of choice for the EU Court of Justice's review of measures affecting the enjoyment of fundamental rights. The use of proportionality is normally beneficial, as it ensures that public authorities pursue public policies without any avoidable waste of fundamental rights protection. In the field of internet-based activities, however, certain recurrent elements make proportionality unfit for the purpose. This article argues against the systematic recourse to the mythology of proportionality in the judgments of the Court of Justice of the EU. Most instances of putative proportionality assessment are in fact window-dressing for pragmatic or policy-based arguments. The claim relies on a critical reading of the recent case law of the Court in internet-related disputes. Accordingly, it is preferable to abandon the proportionality test when certain factual conditions-which are commonplace in the digital milieu-prevail.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Sulfonated Dendrimer- and Hyperbranched Polyglycerol-PBIOO (R) Blend Membranes for Fuel Cells. A new sulfonated dendrimer with an arylene ether sulfone backbone has been synthesized, fully characterized, and blended with PBIOO (R) to prepare acid-base proton-conducting membranes under different conditions and with different composition ratios. Water-soluble sulfonated hyper-branched polyglycerols of different molecular weights were also used as the acidic components. Membrane properties such as ion-exchange capacity, water uptake, thermal stability, proton conductivity, and morphology have been studied and discussed. The nature of the acidic component and the morphology of the membranes had a marked influence on the final properties. (C) 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Presence of the Jewish in contemporary Argentine poetry. This article is composed of the analysis of a corpus of 21st century poetry collections published by Argentinian female authors born around the 1950s and embracing their Jewish inheritance in their stories: Tamara Kamenszain's El ghetto (2003), Mercedes Roffe's Canto errante y Memorial de agravios (2002) and Liliana Lukin's Etica demostrada segun el orden poetico (2011). What is at stake is to be able to determine which facets of the Jewish identity this poetry embodies : either religious, cultural or sensible ones ? In these collections under study, the act of writing through the remembrance of a cultural and religious Jewish inheritance is repeated so as to invite oneself to embrace and to reflect upon these lyrical topics.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Phase Diagrams and Thermodynamic Properties of the FeO-SiO2-V2O3 Systems. The phase diagrams of FeO-SiO2-V2O3 systems as the main components of vanadium slag are assessed on the basis of the existing literature models and experimental studies to modify partial parameters by FactSage thermodynamic software. The results show that the eutectic and peritectic reactions for the FeO-V2O3 system happen at about 1626 and 1985 K, respectively. The eutectic and monotectic reactions for the V2O3-SiO2 system happen at about 1935 and 1963 K, respectively. According to the actual blowing temperature of the vanadium-extraction converter, the isothermal section at 1573, 1623, and 1672 K of the FeO-SiO2-V2O3 ternary system is calculated, and the isothermal section at 1573 and 1623 K has seven phase regions, which are the liquid + spinel + tridymite, liquid + wustite + spinel, spinel + tridymite + karelianite, liquid + tridymite, liquid + spinel, liquid + wustite, and liquid, respectively. But liquid + wustite and liquid + wustite + spinel regions disappear at 1673 K. Meanwhile, two ternary eutectic points are determined to be at 1470 and 1476 K, respectively. Peritectic reaction of phase wustite, karelianite, and silica (tridymite and cristobalite) occurs at 1702 and 1750 K, respectively.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "The cost-effectiveness of the nicotine transdermal patch for smoking cessation. Conclusion. The nicotine patch is cost-effective and less costly per year of life saved than other widely accepted medical practices. Physicians and third-party payers should recommend the nicotine patch to patients who wish to stop smoking. (C) 1997 Academic Press.Background. Smoking is the single most preventable cause of premature mortality in the United States, in 13 double-blind, controlled trials, the nicotine transdermal patch has been demonstrated to be an effective aid to quitting smoking, even after 6 months of follow-up. Because physicians and payers may consider the cost of the patch to be prohibitive, we examine the cost-effectiveness of the nicotine patch as an adjunct to brief physician counseling during routine office visits.Results. Depending on age, the average costs per year of life saved range from $965 to $1,585 for men and from $1,634 to $2,360 for women. Incremental costs per year of life saved range from $1,796 to $2,949 for men and from $3,040 to $4,391 for women.Methods. We estimate the effectiveness of bath patch use with brief counseling and counseling alone from meta-analysis of clinical trials. Benefits are measured in terms of years of life gained by those who quit, discounted at 5%. Costs include physician time and patch prescriptions. The incremental cost-effectiveness is quantified as cost per additional year of life saved when patch plus counseling is compared with brief physician counseling alone.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Development of approximate number sense across the elementary school years: A cross-cultural longitudinal study. In recent years, there has been growing interest among researchers in exploring approximate number sense (ANS)-the ability to estimate and discriminate quantities without the use of symbols. Despite the growing number of studies on ANS, there have been no cross-cultural longitudinal studies to estimate both the development of ANS and the cross-cultural differences in ANS growth trajectories. In this study, we aimed to estimate the developmental trajectories of ANS from the beginning of formal education to the end of elementary school in two countries, Russia and Kyrgyzstan, which have similar organization of their educational systems but differences in socioeconomic status (SES) and in the results of large-scale educational assessments. To assess the developmental trajectories of ANS, we used a four-wave longitudinal study with 416 participants from two countries and applied the mixed effect growth approach and the latent class growth approach. Our analysis revealed that the rate of growth in ANS accuracy was higher for the Russian sample than for the Kyrgyz sample and that this difference remained significant even after controlling for fluid intelligence. We identified two latent classes of growth trajectories: the first class had a significant growth in ANS, whereas the second class had no growth. Comparing the distribution of latent classes within the two countries revealed that there was a significantly larger proportion of schoolchildren from the second class in Kyrgyzstan than in Russia.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "A SPACE HOMEOMORPHIC TO EACH UNCOUNTABLE CLOSED SUBSPACE UNDER CH. Under CH there is a thin-tall locally compact scattered space which is homeomorphic to each uncountable closed subspace. This construction partially answers a Boolean algebraic question of Matti Rubin.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Clinical pharmacogenetic analysis in 5,001 individuals with diagnostic Exome Sequencing data. Exome sequencing is utilized in routine clinical genetic diagnosis. The technical robustness of repurposing large-scale next-generation sequencing data for pharmacogenetics has been demonstrated, supporting the implementation of preemptive pharmacogenetic strategies based on adding clinical pharmacogenetic interpretation to exomes. However, a comprehensive study analyzing all actionable pharmacogenetic alleles contained in international guidelines and applied to diagnostic exome data has not been performed. Here, we carried out a systematic analysis based on 5001 Spanish or Latin American individuals with diagnostic exome data, either Whole Exome Sequencing (80%), or the so-called Clinical Exome Sequencing (20%) (60 Mb and 17 Mb, respectively), to provide with global and gene-specific clinical pharmacogenetic utility data. 788 pharmacogenetic alleles, distributed through 19 genes included in Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium guidelines were analyzed. We established that Whole Exome and Clinical Exome Sequencing performed similarly, and 280 alleles in 11 genes (CACNA1S, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP4F2, DPYD, G6PD, NUDT15, RYR1, SLCO1B1, TPMT, and UGT1A1) could be used to inform of pharmacogenetic phenotypes that change drug prescription. Each individual carried in average 2.2 alleles and overall 95% (n = 4646) of the cohort could be informed of at least one actionable pharmacogenetic phenotype. Differences in variant allele frequency were observed among the populations studied and the corresponding gnomAD population for 7.9% of the variants. In addition, in the 11 selected genes we uncovered 197 novel variants, among which 27 were loss-of-function. In conclusion, we provide with the landscape of actionable pharmacogenetic information contained in diagnostic exomes, that can be used preemptively in the clinics.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Minimum phase signal derived from root cepstrum. A root cepstrum based approach is presented to derive a minimum phase signal front a given magnitude spectrum. The approach is based on computing the root homomorphic cepstrum. It is found that the causal portion of the signal obtained by taking the inverse Fourier transform of the squared magnitude spectrum is a minimum phase signal. Two separate root cepstra for a signal are defined, one Which is derived from the squared magnitude spectrum referred to as x(rp)(n) and the other from the inverted squared magnitude spectrum referred to as x(rz)(n). It is observed that, for any non-minimum phase test signal, the causal portion of x(rp)(n) and x(rz)(n) contain information about the exact locations of poles and zeros respectively, which correspond to the minimum phase equivalent poles and zeros of the original signal.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "In Vitro or In Vivo Models, the Next Frontier for Unraveling Interactions betweenMalasseziaspp. and Hosts. How Much Do We Know?. Malasseziais a lipid-dependent genus of yeasts known for being an important part of the skin mycobiota. These yeasts have been associated with the development of skin disorders and cataloged as a causal agent of systemic infections under specific conditions, making them opportunistic pathogens. Little is known about the host-microbe interactions ofMalasseziaspp., and unraveling this implies the implementation of infection models. In this mini review, we present different models that have been implemented in fungal infections studies with greater attention toMalasseziaspp. infections. These models range from in vitro (cell cultures and ex vivo tissue), to in vivo (murine models, rabbits, guinea pigs, insects, nematodes, and amoebas). We additionally highlight the alternative models that reduce the use of mammals as model organisms, which have been gaining importance in the study of fungal host-microbe interactions. This is due to the fact that these systems have been shown to have reliable results, which correlate with those obtained from mammalian models. Examples of alternative models areCaenorhabditis elegans,Drosophila melanogaster,Tenebrio molitor, andGalleria mellonella. These are invertebrates that have been implemented in the study ofMalasseziaspp. infections in order to identify differences in virulence betweenMalasseziaspecies.", "label": [4, 40, 39]}
+{"token": "Shading and the growth and photosynthetic responses of Ammannia coccinnea. The effects of shade on the growth and CO2 exchange rate (CER) of Ammannia coccinnea Wild., a noxious weed in water-seeded rice, were determined under glasshouse conditions. Shade substantially reduced A. coccinnea growth when imposed early and maintained throughout the growing season. However, plants transferred from full light to 18% or 50% sunlight 30 or 45 days after seeding had only slightly less dry weight than unshaded plants. Constant shade reduced growth severely (94%). In contrast, plants that were shaded for 45 days and then placed in full light largely recovered from the effects of shading by final harvest. The ability of A. coccinnea to reduce the effects of shade appears related to increased partitioning to leaves, increased specific leaf area and decreased dark respiration rates. The ability of the weed to recover from shade appears related to its ability to greatly increase CER in new leaves in response to increased light. Plasticity in A. coccinnea morphology and physiology appears to explain its persistence in California rice fields and suggests that management strategies that rely on shade alone may not improve control of this weed.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Effects of germanium additions on microstructures and properties of Al-Si filler metals for brazing aluminum. A series of Al-Si-Ge filler metals were studied for brazing aluminum. The microstructures and properties of the filler metals were investigated systematically. The results show that the liquidus temperature of Al-Si-Ge filler metals drops from 592 to 519 degrees C as the content of Ge increases from 0 to 30% (mass fraction). As the content of Ge increases, bright eutectic Ge forms. However, as the Ge content exceeds 20%, the aggregation growth of the eutectic structure tends to happen and coarsened primary Si-Ge particle forms, which is detrimental to the properties of alloys. The Al-10.8Si-10Ge filler metal has good processability and wettability with the base metal Al. When this filler metal is used to braze 1060 aluminum, the complete joint can be achieved. Furthermore, the shear strength test results show that the fracture of brazed joint with Al-10.8Si-10Ge filler metal occurs in the base metal.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Molecular variation of Potato yellow vein virus isolates. To evaluate the variation of Potato yellow vein virus from potato fields, 12 isolates were collected from Colombia and one was collected from Peru. Double-stranded RNA was extracted from the plants and used as a template for RT-PCR amplification of the coat protein (CP) gene and, in separate reactions the C-terminal region of the heat shock protein 70 homologue (Hsp70h) gene and the N-terminal region of the p60 open reading frame. The CP amplicons were subjected to single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis and, together with the other amplicon, nucleotide sequence analysis. These analyses suggested that there is low genetic diversity in the PYVV isolates examined and that the Peruvian isolate of PYVV may have originated in Colombia.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Controlled bipolar doping in Cu3N (100) thin films. We have fabricated insulating, p- and n-type Cu3N(100) films on SrTiO3(100) by plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy. By controlling the Cu/N flux rate, p-type doping with 10(18)-10(20) cm(-3) in Cu-poor condition and n-type doping with 10(19)-10(20) cm(-3) in N-poor condition were obtained without introducing foreign species. Together with formation of insulating Cu3N films with an optical absorption coefficient of similar to 10(5) cm(-1) in the photon energy above similar to 2.2 eV and an estimated indirect bandgap of similar to 1.3 eV, the bipolar doping in Cu3N films would be promising for solar energy conversion applications. (c) 2014 AIP Publishing LLC.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "A fast and novel approach to evaluate technical enzyme preparations for an efficient protein hydrolysis. The objective of this study was to establish a fast approach (<1h) for the evaluation of technical enzyme preparations (TEPs). An automated photometric analyzer (Gallery(TM) Plus) was equipped with 32 synthetic and natural substrates to measure aminopeptidase, carboxypeptidase, dipeptidyl peptidase and endopeptidase activities distinguishably and the proteolytic activity towards lupine protein of TEPs. The established so-called activity fingerprints (AFPs) delivered detailed information about the substrate spectra and peptidase side activities, noticing furthermore batch variations of Flavourzyme1000L. Based on their AFPs, particular TEPs were selected for lupine protein hydrolysis and the hydrolysates were analyzed regarding the degree of hydrolysis and the free amino acids. It was demonstrated that the information of the AFPs were applicable to predict important properties of the resulting hydrolysates. Consequently, the hydrolysis efficiency was improved (increase of 47%). The system introduced enables the targeted selection of TEPs for enzymatic protein hydrolysis, resulting in specific food protein hydrolysates.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Possible ENSO signals prior to the Last Glacial Maximum, during the last deglaciation and the early Holocene, from New Zealand. Annually laminated lake sediments from a maar crater in Auckland, New Zealand, were analyzed spectrally for three time slices: just prior to the last glacial maximum (LGM), during the deglaciation and during the early Holocene. Strong spectral power in 2-7 year, 9-30 year and a centennial (80-120 year) timescale prior to the LGM and during two brief intervals in the deglaciation contrasts with virtually no spectral power during the rest of the deglaciation and during the early Holocene. The Antarctic Cold Reversal (ACR)appears to be the younger deglacial event. The results indicate that El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and possibly the Inter-decadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO), operated in a modern mode prior to the LGM, pulsed on and off during the deglaciation and were suppressed or absent from northern New Zealand during the early Holocene. The ACR was a period of enhanced southwesterly flow over northern New Zealand.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "The changing model of Free Economic Zones in China: To what extent will this further foster economic growth and entrepreneurship?. Free trade zones play an important part in China's economic development. More improved methods of organization are leading to higher levels of technology transfer. Research, skills, entrepreneurship, and employment are being applied through foreign investments into free trade zones. Cultural benefits arising from such investments should not be underestimated, while benefits for the service sector are playing an increasingly important role.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "Recombinant antigen-based avidin-biotin microtiter enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for serodiagnosis of invasive amebiasis. An immunoscreening approach was used to isolate a strongly positive cDNA clone from an Entamoeba histolytica HK-9 cDNA expression library in the phage vector lambda ZAP-II, The 1.85-kb cDNA insert was found to be truncated and encoded the cysteine-rich, immunodominant domain of the antigenic 170-kDa subunit of the amebal galactose-N-acetylgalactosamine binding lectin. This domain was expressed as a glutathione S-transferase fusion protein in Escherichia coli, Inclusion bodies of the recombinant protein were solubilized with Sarkosyl, and the protein was enriched from the crude bacterial extract by thiol-affinity chromatography. The recombinant protein was used to develop a rapid, sensitive, and specific avidin-biotin microtiter enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for invasive amebiasis, Sera from 38 individuals suffering from invasive amebiasis, 12 individuals with noninvasive amebiasis, 44 individuals with other infections, and 27 healthy subjects were screened by the recombinant antigen-based ELISA, The sensitivity and specificity of the assay were 90.4 and 94.3%, respectively, which correlated well with those of an ELISA developed with crude amebal antigen (r = 0.94; P < 0.0001), as well as with those of a commercially available serodiagnostic ELISA (r = 0.92; P < 0.0001), Thus, the bacterially expressed recombinant lectin can replace the crude amebal extract as an antigen in the serodiagnosis of invasive amebiasis by using avidin biotin microtiter ELISA.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Overdetermination Underdetermined. Widespread causal overdetermination is often levied as an objection to nonreductive theories of minds and objects. In response, nonreductive metaphysicians have argued that the type of overdetermination generated by their theories is different from the sorts of coincidental cases involving multiple rock-throwers, and thus not problematic. This paper pushes back. I argue that attention to differences between types of overdetermination discharges very few explanatory burdens, and that overdetermination is a bigger problem for the nonreductive metaphysician than previously thought.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Variable kinematic models applied to free-vibration analysis of functionally graded material shells. Closed-form solutions of free-vibration problems of simply supported multilayered shells made of Functionally Graded Material have been examined in the present paper. A variable kinematic shell model, which is based on Carrera's Unified Formulation is extended, in this work, to dynamic shell cases. Classical shell theories are compared to refined ones as well as to layer-wise kinematics and mixed assumptions based on the Reissner mixed variational theorem. A comparison with the few results available in the open literature is presented and conclusions are drawn regarding the accuracy of classical and advanced shell modeling to evaluate lower and higher vibration modes as well as the behavior of these modes in the shell thickness direction. (C) 2010 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "Rational blow-down along Wahl type plumbing trees of spheres. In this article, we construct smooth 4-manifolds homeomorphic but not diffeomorphic to CP2#k (CP) over bar (2) for k epsilon {6,7, 8, 9}, using the technique of rational blow-down along Wahl type plumbing trees of spheres (see Wahl [17]).", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Idioms of distress, mental symptoms, syndromes, disorders and transdiagnostic approaches. Euro-American idioms of distress and their corresponding symptom clusters have been universalised as mental disorders and are now the gold standard for psychiatric diagnosis around the globe. This paper discusses issues related to mental disorder diagnosis from a cultural perspective. It argues that psychiatric diagnoses, while having good inter-rater reliability, lack external validity. It contends that psychiatric categories and labels are supported by the current political economy of health. Nevertheless, it suggests that (i) all symptoms have a metaphoricity to convey a variety of distress, (ii) idioms are polysemious and have a capacity for multiple meaning and pragmatic implications, beyond local and cultural inferences, (iii) idioms of distress are performative, are a form of social action that effects social change, and are prone to improvisation of expression that is associated with adoption in new and changing contexts, (iv) psychiatric idioms are as easily accepted as local and folk beliefs and expressions, (v) idioms of distress are used for negotiating access to care, cure and healing across regions and cultures. The paper argues that new (psychiatric) idioms are easily adopted across regions and societies, and that they eventually change contexts and cultures.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Should We Take Up the Slack?: Reflections on Non-ideal Theory in Ethics. This article asks whether (and how) our moral duties are created by others' non-compliance and whether we should fulfill them or not. For example, do we need to donate more of our income to eradicate world poverty because billionaires do not donate? If so, how much should we donate? In short, should we make up for others' defaulting on their moral duties - and if so, how and to what extent? Such situations are called non-ideal circumstances in political philosophy. With the increasing importance of non-ideal theories of justice and ethics, the question of how we should act in non-ideal situations has received more attention in the ethics literature in recent years. This article poses and addresses the question of whether we should take up the slack when others do not comply with their own moral duty. This article examines how consequentialism and contractualism might respond to non-ideal situations of taking up the slack and then defends a contractualist-constructivist approach to dealing with these situations.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Student teachers' feelings of anxiety and exhaustion: can self-regulated learning skills function as an antidote?. This study examines first-year student teachers' (N =310) self-evaluated, study-related anxiety and exhaustion, and self-regulated learning (SRL) skills. Our presumption is that feelings of anxiety and exhaustion can be reduced with cognitive and motivational SRL skills. The association of cognitive and motivational SRL skills with feelings of anxiety and exhaustion were analysed with multiple multivariate regression analysis. The results indicate that high time- and study-environment management strategies and high self-efficacy beliefs reduced experienced feelings of anxiety and exhaustion. In addition, effort regulation had a reducing effect for anxiety. However, high extrinsic goal orientation predicted higher levels of anxiety and exhaustion and high task value predicted higher anxiety among student teachers. Particularly, female students had a stronger tendency to experience anxiety and exhaustion. The implications of the results for higher education and for teacher education are discussed.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Profiles of bystanders' motivation to defend school bully victims from a self-determination perspective. This study was aimed at exploring which latent profiles emerge based on ratings of self-determined motivation to defend victims of bullying, and to explore if they are related to bystander roles and victimization in bullying, as well as student-teacher relations. Data were collected from 1,800 Swedish and Italian students, with an age range between 10 and 18 years (M = 12.6, standard deviation = 1.74). The students completed a survey in their classrooms. Latent profile analysis was used to explore the possible clusters of individuals with similar ratings on the motivational variables. Multivariate analysis of variances were conducted to explore differences between the profiles in relation to their roles when witnessing bullying and to student-teacher relationships. Four latent profiles emerged. The profiles represented respondents (a) high in prosocial motivation, (b) high in externally extrinsic motivation, (c) intermediate in externally extrinsic motivation, and (d) with identified/introjected motivation. Multivariate analyses showed that reports of bystander roles when witnessing bullying, teacher-student relationships, and bullying victimization, significantly differed over the motivational profiles. The bystanders were unevenly distributed across the four groups and most individuals were categorized in the prosocial motivation group. Female and male bystanders were evenly distributed across clusters. The prosocial motivation group experienced victimization to a lesser extent than the other profile groups. Students in the intermediate externally extrinsic group were more likely to take the pro-bully and outsider role during bullying. Concerning student-teacher relationships, the prosocial motivation group reported the closest relationships with their teachers, while the intermediate externally extrinsic group reported the most conflictual relationships.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Accuracy of needle arthroscopy for the diagnosis of medial meniscal tears in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament rupture. Objective To determine the accuracy of needle arthroscopy (NA) for the diagnosis of medial meniscal tears in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament rupture (CCLR). Study design Prospective clinical trial. Animals Twenty-six client-owned dogs. Methods Dogs with CCLR and scheduled to undergo tibial plateau leveling osteotomy were recruited for the study. Needle arthroscopy was performed by an experienced surgeon; the same dog subsequently underwent standard arthroscopy (SA) by another experienced surgeon who was blinded to the NA findings. The SA arthroscopy findings were used as the gold standard. Arthroscopy time, visibility of the menisci, ability to probe the menisci, and the presence of meniscal tears were recorded for both arthroscopies. The degree of lameness before and after NA was subjectively quantified. Results The sensitivity and specificity to diagnose medial meniscal tears with NA was 95% and 100%, respectively. Visibility of the menisci was lower (P < .01), probing of the lateral meniscus was harder (P = .0017), and procedure time was shorter (P = .073) with NA when compared to SA. The lameness scores did not differ before and after NA (P = .25). Conclusion Needle arthroscopy could be performed rapidly with low morbidity, and had high accuracy for detecting medial meniscal tears in dogs with CCLR. Clinical significance Needle arthroscopy is a promising minimally invasive technique for diagnosing medial meniscal tears in dogs with CCLR.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Homology in coding and non-coding DNA sequences: a parsimony perspective. Putative synapomorphy assessment (primary homology assessment) is distinct for DNA strings having a codon structure (hereafter, coding DNA) versus those lacking it (hereafter, non-coding DNA). The first requires the identification of a reading frame and of usually few in-frame insertions and deletions. In non-coding DNA, where length variation is much more common, putative synapomorphy assessment is considerably less straightforward and highly depends on the alignment method. Appreciating the existence of evolutionary constraints, alignments that consider patterns associated with specific putative evolutionary events are favored. Once the sequences have been aligned, the postulated putative evolutionary events need to be coded as an additional step. In order for the alignments and the alignment coding to be falsifiable, they should be carried out using justified and explicitly formulated criteria. Alternative coding methods for the most common patterns present in alignments of non-coding DNA are discussed here. Simpler putative synapomorphy assessment will not always correlate to more reliable phylogenetic information because simplicity does not necessarily correlate to the degree of homoplasy. The use of non-coding DNA can result in more laborious coding, but at the same time in more corroborated hypotheses, mirroring their accuracy for phylogenetic inference.", "label": [4, 0, 39, 9]}
+{"token": "3D volumetric multispectral estimates of reflector curvature and rotation. One of the most accepted geologic models is the relation between reflector curvature and the presence of open and closed fractures. Such fractures, as well as other small discontinuities, are relatively small and below the imaging range of conventional seismic data. Depending on the tectonic regime, structural geologists link open fractures to either Gaussian curvature or to curvature in the dip or strike directions. Reflector curvature is fractal in nature, with different tectonic and lithologic effects being illuminated at the 50-m and 1000-m scales. Until now, such curvature estimates have been limited to the analysis of picked horizons. We have developed what we feel to be the first volumetric spectral estimates of reflector curvature. We find that the most positive and negative curvatures are the most valuable in the conventional mapping of lineations - including faults, folds, and flexures. Curvature is mathematically independent of, and interpretatively complementary to, the well-established coherence geometric attribute. We find the long spectral wavelength curvature estimates to be of particular value in extracting subtle, broad features in the seismic data such as folds, flexures, collapse features, fault drags, and under- and over-migrated fault terminations. We illustrate the value of these spectral curvature estimates and compare them to other attributes through application to two land data sets - a salt dome from the onshore Louisiana Gulf Coast and a fractured/karsted data volume from Fort Worth basin of North Texas.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Spatio-temporal variation in territory quality and oxidative status: a natural experiment in the Seychelles warbler (Acrocephalus sechellensis). 2. Although the link between food availability and oxidative stress has been studied in the laboratory, very little is known about this relationship in the wild. Here, we investigate the association between territory quality (measured through food availability) and oxidative stress in the Seychelles warbler (Acrocephalus sechellensis).4. As expected, oxidant generation (measured as reactive oxygen metabolites; ROMs) was higher when territory quality was low, but there was no correlation between territory quality and antioxidant capacity (OXY). The negative correlation between territory quality and ROMs was significant between individuals and approached significance within individuals, indicating that the pattern resulted from individual responses to environmental variation.P>1. Fluctuations in the quality of the habitat in which an animal lives can have major consequences for its behaviour and physiological state. In poor-quality habitat with low food availability, metabolically intensive foraging activity is likely to result in increased generation of reactive oxygen species, while scarcity of food can lead to a weakening of exogenously derived antioxidant defences. The consequent oxidant/antioxidant imbalance may lead to elevated oxidative stress.6. Our results indicate that the oxidative stress balance of an individual is sensitive to relatively short-term changes in territory quality, which may have consequences for the birds' fitness.5. ROMs and OXY levels within individuals were positively correlated, but the relationship between territory quality and ROMs persisted after including OXY as a covariate, implying that oxidative stress occurs in low territory quality conditions.3. Seychelles warblers are insectivorous birds that inhabit a fixed feeding territory year round. Individuals experience profound and rapid local fluctuations in territory quality within these territories, owing to changing patterns of vegetation defoliation resulting from seasonal changes in prevailing wind direction and wind-borne salt spray.", "label": [4, 34, 43]}
+{"token": "Blasphemy, Talion, and Chiasmus: The Marriage of Form and Content in Lev 24,13-23. The verbal divine response to a case of blasphemy/cursing of God is presented as a lengthy chiasmus in Lev 24,13-23. One aspect of this that has gone unnoticed is how the structure suggests that blasphemy is a more serious offense than murder. This observation shows how the pericope fits well thematically in Lev 18-26, where there are repeated examples of the divine self-declaration formulas (\\\\'I am the Lord...\\\\') and references to holiness.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Impact of rifampicin addition to clarithromycin in Legionella pneumophila pneumonia. We evaluated the effectiveness and safety of rifampicin addition to clarithromycin in the treatment of Legionnaires' disease. An observational cohort study was conducted on patients assigned to a Legionnaires' disease outbreak. Of 32 patients with confirmed Legionella pneumonia, I I received clarithromycin monotherapy and 21 received combination therapy of clarithromycin with rifampicin. Both groups had similar baseline characteristics and all patients were cured. Patients who received rifampicin had a 50% longer length of stay (P = 0.035) and a trend towards higher bilirubin levels (P = 0.053). Length of stay was directly correlated with the duration of rifampicin treatment (P = 0.001). Combination therapy of clarithromycin and rifampicin had no additional benefit compared with clarithromycin monotherapy and could prolong the length of stay owing to possible negative drug interactions that could also affect other antibiotics. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. and the International Society of Chemotherapy. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 21, 24, 40]}
+{"token": "Chlamydia screening or prophylaxis before laparoscopy and dye hydrotubation: no readmissions, no worry, or is that so?. We present a retrospective analysis of 120 laparoscopy and dye hydrotubation procedures. Our aim was to assess chlamydia screening or prophylaxis before, and the rate of readmission after, such procedures. We found evidence of a chlamydia screening test performed in 109 cases. Of the 37 women where antibiotic cover should have been considered, only 18 were treated. There were no readmissions for suspected pelvic inflammatory disease or for other complications. Our study may not have demonstrated any acute clinical recurrences, but there is a potential for subclinical reactivation or for delayed clinical recurrence leading to tubal damage in the untreated women.", "label": [2, 17, 24]}
+{"token": "Willingness to Communicate in L2 English: Impact of Learner Variables. Due to the growing emphasis of modern language pedagogy on meaningful communication, L2 willingness to communicate (WTC) has recently become an important concept in second language learning and communication. The present study investigated the effects of individual differences on Iranian EFL learners' willingness to communicate. As many as 431 students who were learning English as a foreign language in language centers served as the participants of the study. McCroskey's (1992) questionnaire was utilized to measure students' willingness to communicate. A series of independent-samples t-tests and one-way ANOVAs were run to provide answers to the research questions. The results indicated no significant difference among the participants in terms of gender, major, age, and personality types; however, significant difference was found with respect to other variables such as proficiency level, length of studying, being abroad, and communicating with foreigners. Therefore, the effects of Iranian EFL individual differences on their L2 WTC were partially confirmed. The importance of the present study lies in its theoretical contributions to the WTC research and the pedagogical implications for both second language teaching and learning.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "The criminal cases review commission and the court of appeal: The commission's perspective. This article discusses the relationship between the Court of Appeal and the Criminal Cases Review Commission. It highlights the Commission's perspective on the exercise of its statutory jurisdiction to refer cases to the Court of Appeal and comments on a recent analysis of the relationship.", "label": [3, 5, 26, 51]}
+{"token": "Investigation on the manufacturing condition Ti-6Al-4V seamless pipes by inclined rolling process. Manufacturing conditions for Ti-6Al-4V alloy seamless pipes by inclined rolling process were investigated on laboratory scale. Elevated temperature torsion tests and piercing tests were carried out on Ti-6Al-4V alloy ingot and forged materials after various conditions. A portion of the pierced shell were hot rolled and annealed to predict microstructure and tensile properties of products by the inclined rolling process. The results were as follows.(2) The material forged in beta region with coarse grain size possesses sufficient deformabilities for the piercing operation. There is no effect of the forging conditions on tensile properties after piercing operation.(4) Piercing temperature at 1373K and reheating temperature at 1223K are recommended for the inclined rolling process to avoid formation of grain boundary alpha phase which deteriorates ductility of the products.(1) Grain size affects deformability at elevated temperatures. Material with finer grain size possesses higher deformability as well as wider temperature range of high deformability in alpha + beta temperature region.(3) The microstructure on the final products consists of fine acicular structure and their tensile properties satisfy the specification for Ti-6Al-4V seamless pipes.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "CBED contrast in the lower order Laue zone. Contrast in a systematic arrangement of lower order Lane zone (LOLZ) beams is reported and analysed using a Bloch wave description. Observations are reported for hexagonal barium ruthenium zirconate (Ba4Ru3ZrO12) and barium ruthenium titanate (Ba3Ti2RuO9), both near the e-axis orientation. The specific scattering dynamics invoked by this diffraction geometry may have novel uses in the exploration of crystallographic parameters. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Religion of the book, not of reading: concepts of Torah in Ancient Israel. The present article contests the simplistic reading of the \\\\'Sacred Book\\\\' phenomenon in the so-called book religions, which are perceived only only textual and not materially. Observing the context of reading/production of book in the times of Ancient Israel first book religion of history - we propose that that is an anachronism and partiality in the descriptions of Israelite religion, that shows a faith abstract and imaterial and which protagonist, Moses, writes and reads a Holy Book. Attempting to perceive the religious diversity of Ancient Israel we present a reconstruction of the imagetic conceptions of Israelite Holy Book in the Second Temple Period. We present a topology of this perceptions of the Holy Book: (1) testimonial objects; (2) magical-oracular objects; (3) identitary objects; (4) aniconic objects; and further developments.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Eliciting Design Patterns for E-learning Systems. Design pattern creation, especially in the e-learning domain, is a highly complex process that has not been sufficiently studied and formalized. In this paper, we propose a systematic pattern development cycle, whose most important aspects focus on reverse engineering of existing systems in order to elicit features that are cross-validated through the use of appropriate, authentic scenarios. However, an iterative pattern process is proposed that takes advantage of multiple data sources, thus emphasizing a holistic view of the teaching-learning processes. The proposed schema of pattern mining has been extensively validated for Asynchronous Network Supported Collaborative Learning (ANSCL) systems, as well as for other types of tools in a variety of scenarios, with promising results.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Neoproterozoic granitic gneiss offshore the Shandong Peninsula of Eastern China: the eastward extension of the Sulu Orogenic Belt. The Sulu Orogenic Belt in eastern China has experienced a multistage tectonic evolutionary history. However, its geological evolution has not yet been corroborated by sufficient direct evidence from basement rocks. Chaolian Island on the Qianliyan Uplift provides an opportunity to study the formation and evolution of the Sulu Orogenic Belt using direct geochronological and geochemical evidence. We determined that the characteristic mineral assemblage in the study region is quartz + K-feldspar + perthite + biotite + muscovite. The samples are silica- (SiO2=72.8%-75.8%) and alkali-rich (ALK(Na2O+K2O)=8.7%-9.3%), with high iron-magnesium ratios (FeO*/(FeO*+MgO)=0.92-0.96) and low CaO and MgO concentrations. Furthermore, they are rich in large-ion lithophile elements K, Rb, Ba, and U, but depleted in high field strength elements Nb, Ta, and Zr. They exhibit high Ga/Al values (Ga x 10(4)/Al=3.33-3.74) and significant fractionation between light and heavy rare earth elements. The samples are A-type granites. In the discrimination diagrams for granite genesis types, the samples plotted in the post-orogenic A2-type granite region. Secondary ion mass spectrometer (SIMS) zircon U-Pb dating results indicated that the granitic gneiss formed similar to 782.6-802.3Ma (Middle Neoproterozoic), consistent with the timing of the breakup of the Rodinia supercontinent on the northeastern margin of the Yangtze Plate. Comparing geochemical characteristics and zircon U-Pb ages of the A-type granitic gneisses of the Sulu Orogenic Belt, the Qianliyan Uplift appears to be an extension of the belt across the ocean and is affiliated with the Yangtze Plate. The granitic gneiss on Chaolian Island is related to the formation of a mantle superplume during the breakup of Rodinia, and the northeastern margin of the Yangtze Plate during the Middle Neoproterozoic was located in a back-arc extension setting induced by the subduction of oceanic plates.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Age differences in the severity, impact and relative importance of dynamic risk factors for recidivism. Research in adolescent populations has shown that the severity, impact, and relative importance of dynamic risk factors for recidivism changes over the course of adolescence. This study examined whether there were age differences in the severity, impact, and relative importance of dynamic risk factors for recidivism in an adult offender population. The sample consisted of 8665 Dutch offenders and was divided into four age groups: 18-25 years old, 26-30 years old, 31-40 years old, and 41 + years old. The results showed that the severity and impact of dynamic risk factors varied across the age groups. An increase of the impact of dynamic risk factors was found over the course of adulthood, indicating that dynamic risk factors had a larger predictive power for recidivism in the older age groups. The relative importance of the risk factors also varied across age. In late adolescence, recidivism was most strongly predicted by problems in the education, alcohol use, and peer domains, whereas in adulthood, problems with drugs and alcohol were the most important predictors of recidivism. Results emphasize the importance of directing offender treatment at high risk offenders, and the focus on age specific criminogenic needs to maximize the effect of treatment.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Translating languages of low diffusion: current and future avenues. This article introduces a special issue of The Interpreter and Translator Trainer devoted to the much under-researched issue of translating languages of low diffusion (LLDs). Here we explore a plethora of aspects which have rarely been discussed in Translation Studies in general and, in particular, regarding translator training, such as linguistic diversity, variations in the terminology concerning LLDs, effects of unequal power relations between languages, language and translation policy, acute problems with language access in crisis situations and challenges for translator trainers. We present the contributions to this special issue, the first three of which focus on various directionality-related issues and the way they affect the information needs of translators, their stylistic choices and L2 phraseology. The remaining four articles focus on unique problem areas involving LLDs: International Sign (IS) interpreters, socialisation into the profession as an LLD translator, literary translators working with LLDs and the need to include indirect translation in translator education. We conclude with a call to legitimise indirect translation as a research topic in the context of LLDs, and we point to other unexplored aspects of translating LLDs and languages of low resources (LLRs) deserving further attention.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Enhanced Alcaligenes faecalis Denitrification Rate with Electrodes as the Electron Donor. The utilization by Alcaligenes faecalis of electrodes as the electron donor for denitrification was investigated in this study. The denitrification rate of A. faecalis with a poised potential was greatly enhanced compared with that of the controls without poised potentials. For nitrate reduction, although A. faecalis could not reduce nitrate, at three poised potentials of +0.06, -0.06, and -0.15 V (versus normal hydrogen electrode [NHE]), the nitrate was partially reduced with -0.15- and -0.06-V potentials at rates of 17.3 and 28.5 mg/liter/day, respectively. The percentages of reduction for -0.15 and -0.06 V were 52.4 and 30.4%, respectively. Meanwhile, for nitrite reduction, the poised potentials greatly enhanced the nitrite reduction. The nitrite reduction rates for three poised potentials (-0.06, -0.15, and -0.30 V) were 1.98, 4.37, and 3.91 mg/liter/h, respectively. When the potentials were cut off, the nitrite reduction rate was maintained for 1.5 h (from 2.3 to 2.25 mg/liter/h) and then greatly decreased, and the reduction rate (0.38 mg/liter/h) was about 1/6 compared with the rate (2.3 mg/liter/h) when potential was on. Then the potentials resumed, but the reduction rate did not resume and was only 2 times higher than the rate when the potential was off.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 40]}
+{"token": "Premature mortality attributable to socioeconomic inequality in England between 2003 and 2018: an observational study. Findings 35.6% (95% CI 35.3-35.9) of premature deaths were attributable to socioeconomic inequality, equating to 877 082 deaths, or one every 10 min. The biggest contributors were ischaemic heart disease (152 171 excess deaths), respiratory cancers (111 083) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (83 593). The most unequal causes of death were tuberculosis, opioid use, HIV, psychoactive drugs use, viral hepatitis, and obesity, each with more than two-thirds attributable to inequality. Inequality was greater among men and peaked in early childhood and at age 40-49 years. The proportion of deaths attributable to inequality increased during the study period, particularly for women, because mortality rates among the most deprived women (excluding cardiovascular diseases) plateaued, and for some diseases increased. A mean of 14.4 months of life before age 75 years are lost due to socioeconomic inequality. Interpretation One in three premature deaths are attributable to socioeconomic inequality, making this our most important public health challenge.Methods We used mortality records from the UK Office for National Statistics to study all 2 465 285 premature deaths (defined as those before age 75 years) in England between Jan 1, 2003, and Dec 31, 2018. Socioeconomic position was defined using deciles of the Index of Multiple Deprivation: a measure of neighbourhood income, employment, education levels, crime, health, availability of services, and local environment. We calculated the number of expected deaths by applying mortality in the least deprived decile to other deciles, within the strata of age, sex, and time. The mortality attributable to socioeconomic inequality was defined as the difference between the observed and expected deaths. We also used life table modelling to estimate years-of-life lost attributable to socioeconomic inequality.Background Low socioeconomic position is consistently associated with increased risk of premature death. The aim of this study is to measure the aggregate scale of inequality in premature mortality for the whole population of England.Interventions that address upstream determinants of health should be prioritised. Copyright (C) 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Default mode network connectivity and treatment response in geriatric depression. Objectives Default mode network (DMN) connectivity is altered in depression. We evaluated the relationship between changes in within-network DMN connectivity and improvement in depression in a subsample of our parent clinical trial comparing escitalopram/memantine (ESC/MEM) to escitalopram/placebo (ESC/PBO) in older depressed adults (NCT01902004). Methods Twenty-six participants with major depression (age > 60 years) and subjective memory complaints underwent treatment with ESC/MEM (n = 13) or ESC/PBO (n = 13), and completed baseline and 3-month follow-up resting state magnetic resonance imaging scans. Multi-block partial least squares correlation analysis was used to evaluate the impact of treatment on within-network DMN connectivity changes and their relationship with symptom improvement at 3 months (controlling for age and sex). Results A significant latent variable was identified, reflecting within-network DMN connectivity changes correlated with symptom improvement (p = .01). Specifically, although overall group differences in within-network DMN connectivity changes failed to reach significance, increased within-network connectivity of posterior/lateral DMN regions (precuneus, angular gyrus, superior/middle temporal cortex) was more strongly and positively correlated with symptom improvement in the ESC/MEM group (r = 0.97, 95% confidence interval: 0.86-0.98) than in the ESC/PBO group (r = 0.36, 95% confidence interval: 0.13-0.72). Conclusions Increased within-network connectivity of core DMN nodes was more strongly correlated with depressive symptom improvement with ESC/MEM than with ESC/PBO, supporting an improved engagement of brain circuitry implicated in the amelioration of depressive symptoms with combined ESC/MEM treatment in older adults with depression and subjective memory complaints.", "label": [2, 5, 17, 50]}
+{"token": "Wetting and molecular orientation of 8CB on silicon substrates. The wetting properties of 8CB (4'-n-octyl-4-cyanobiphenyl) on silicon wafers have been studied with scanning polarization force microscopy (SPFM). Layer-by-layer spreading of 8CB droplets is observed. With the help of the surface potential mapping capability of SPFM, we found that the molecular dipole of the first monolayer of 8CB is parallel to the surface. A layer of nearly Vertical molecular dimers on top of the monolayer has an associated surface potential of 40 mV, which is attributed to a distortion of the dimer. The dimer distortion propagates to the subsequent smectic bilayers, producing an additional 7 mV potential increase in the second layer, 2 mV on the third, and similar to 1 mV on the fourth.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "The freedom of the Spirit: the pneumatological point of Barth's ecclesiological minimalism. Karl Barth's ecclesiology has come under fire in recent years from those who find his work on the church insufficiently concrete. Proponents of concrete ecclesiologies argue that Barth's use of the wirkliche Kirche/Scheinkirche motif, and his general lack of attention to the way in which the assent of faith takes shape in the concrete church, result in the belittling of the concrete church. In turn, this lack of regard for the visible church creates problems relating to the role of the Holy Spirit. This article rereads Barth's lack of concentrated attention on the concrete church and argues that his ecclesiological minimalism functions as a theological crash barrier. By attending to the structure and doctrinal context of Barth's sections on the church in the Church Dogmatics, Barth's reticence to pronounce on the concrete church can be seen not as omission or denigration, but as a methodological principle preserving the freedom of the Holy Spirit in relation to the concrete church. The way in which Barth opens up space for the work of the Spirit in the historical, sinful church has much to offer those in search of a challenging, faithful, realistic and pastorally careful concrete ecclesiology.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "A 0.5 V 10-bit 3 MS/s SAR ADC With Adaptive-Reset Switching Scheme and Near-Threshold Voltage-Optimized Design Technique. This brief presents a 10-bit ultra-low power energy-efficient successive approximation register (SAR) analog-to-digital converter (ADC). A new adaptive-reset switching scheme is proposed to reduce the switching energy of the capacitive digital-to-analog converter (CDAC). The proposed adaptive-reset switching scheme reduces the average switching energy of the CDAC by 90% compared to the conventional scheme without the common-mode voltage variation. In addition, the near-threshold voltage (NTV)-optimized digital library is adopted to alleviate the performance degradation in the ultra-low supply voltage while simultaneously increasing the energy efficiency. The NTV-optimized design technique is also introduced to the bootstrapped switch design to improve the linearity of the sample-and-hold circuit. The test chip is fabricated in a 65 nm CMOS, and its core area is 0.022 mm(2). At a supply of 0.5 V and sampling speed of 3 MS/s, the SAR ADC achieves an ENOB of 8.78 bit and consumes 3.09 mu W. The resultant Walden figure-of-merit (FoM) is 2.34 fJ/conv.-step.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Making channel incentives work: A discriminating match framework. Suppliers using independent resellers are vulnerable to low compliance and frequent opportunistic behaviors. We expand predominant attention to monetary incentives to motivate independent resellers in two ways. First, we propose that a supplier needs to achieve alignment on two issues: Aligning reseller actions with its actions through coordination mechanisms and aligning reseller interests with its interests through monetary incentives. Second, we propose, and test the logic of a discriminating match between the two facets of monetary incentives (magnitude and immediacy) and two coordination mechanisms (monitoring and improvisation). We propose that it is a discriminating match between an incentive facet and a coordination mechanism that enhances compliance and suppresses opportunistic behavior. Conversely, a mismatch between the two negatively affects reseller outcomes. Analysis results of data from 198 mobile phone resellers in South Korea support our predictions.", "label": [5, 44, 46]}
+{"token": "Dance Interactive Learning Systems: A Study on Interaction Workflow and Teaching Approaches. Motion Capture and whole-body interaction technologies have been experimentally proven to contribute to the enhancement of dance learning and to the investigation of bodily knowledge, innovating at the same time the practice of dance. Designing and implementing a dance interactive learning system with the aim to achieve effective, enjoyable, and meaningful educational experiences is, however, a highly demanding interdisciplinary and complex problem. In this work, we examine the interactive dance training systems that are described in the recent bibliography, proposing a framework of the most important design parameters, which we present along with particular examples of implementations. We discuss the way that the different phases of a common workflow are designed and implemented in these systems, examining aspects such as the visualization of feedback to the learner, the movement qualities involved, the technological approaches used, as well as the general context of use and learning approaches. Our aim is to identify common patterns and areas that require further research and development toward creating more effective and meaningful digital dance learning tools.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "MENTAL PRACTICE IN MUSIC MEMORIZATION: AN ECOLOGICAL-EMPIRICAL STUDY. THE PRESENT STUDY AIMS TO SYSTEMATICALLY describe mental practice (MP) in music memorization, with regard to individual differences in the use of different MP strategies and their performance outcomes. Sixteen pianists were studied while they memorized piano pieces. Each subject memorized two pieces, either via MP or physical practice (PP). In order to keep the setting as ecologically valid as possible within the experimental setup, we allowed subjects to freely apply their preferred MP strategies with the exception of physically playing a real piano. Practice and performances were video documented and expert rated; practice strategies were reported in researcher-developed questionnaires. The use of MP alone led to successful music learning. MP combined with PP produced results that were indistinguishable from those following PP alone. Pitch imagery and structural analysis were associated with better post-MP performance. Results are discussed in the frame of expert memory theory (Chase & Simon, 1973; Chaffin, Logan, & Begosh, 2009) and practical implications for musicians are provided.", "label": [3, 5, 27, 50]}
+{"token": "Comparison of Emulsifying Properties of Plant and Animal Proteins in Oil-in-Water Emulsions: Whey, Soy, and RuBisCo Proteins. There is increasing interest within the food industry in replacing animal-derived ingredients with plant-derived alternatives. In this study, we compared the emulsifying properties of an emerging plant protein (RuBisCo protein) with those of a well-established plant (soy protein) and animal (whey protein) protein. The RuBisCo protein (ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase) was isolated from duckweed (lemna minor), which is an abundant plant material with a higher protein yield and biomass per unit area than most other plant protein sources. The ability of the three proteins to form and stabilize 10 wt% soybean oil-in-water emulsions was examined. The minimum amount of protein required to produce small droplets (d < 350 nm) decreased in the following order: RuBisCo > soy > whey protein. This effect was mainly attributed to the fact that the molar mass of the proteins decreased in the same order. Even so, the RuBisCo proteins were able to form stable emulsions when used at sufficiently high concentrations (>= 1%). All three types of protein-coated oil droplets aggregated at pH values near their isoelectric points and at high ionic strengths but there were differences between them. In the absence of added salt, extensive droplet aggregation occurred from pH 4 to 5 for whey protein, from pH 2 to 5 for soy protein, and from pH 2 to 6 for RuBisCo protein. The isoelectric points of all three protein-coated droplets were around pH 5, but the magnitude of the surface potential at low and high pH values was higher for whey protein than for the two plant proteins. At pH 7, extensive droplet aggregation occurred at >= 100 mM NaCl for RuBisCo- and soy protein-coated droplets, but only at >= 400 mM NaCl for whey protein-coated ones. The RuBisCo-coated oil droplets were more prone to flocculation when heated, especially in the presence of salt (100 mM NaCl). Overall, these results show that RuBisCo protein can be used to form and stabilize oil-in-water emulsions, but the pH, salt, and temperature conditions must be carefully controlled to avoid droplet aggregation. We should note that droplet aggregation is advantageous in some applications because it leads to an increase in emulsion viscosity or gelation.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "The GALAH survey: a catalogue of carbon-enhanced stars and CEMP candidates. Swan bands - characteristic molecular absorption features of the C-2 molecule - are a spectroscopic signature of carbon-enhanced stars. They can also be used to identify carbonenhanced metal-poor (CEMP) stars. The GALAH (GALactic Archaeology with Hermes) is a magnitude-limited survey of stars producing high-resolution, high-signal-to-noise spectra. We used 627 708 GALAH spectra to search for carbon-enhanced stars with a supervised and unsupervised classification algorithm, relying on the imprint of the Swan bands. We identified 918 carbon-enhanced stars, including 12 already described in the literature. An unbiased selection function of the GALAH survey allows us to perform a population study of carbon-enhanced stars. Most of them are giants, out of which we find 28 CEMP candidates. A large fraction of our carbon-enhanced stars with repeated observations show variation in radial velocity, hinting that there is a large fraction of variables among them. 32 of the detected stars also show strong Lithium enhancement in their spectra.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Paleoclimate reconstruction along the Pole-Equator-Pole transect of the Americas (PEP 1). Examples are presented of inter-hemispheric comparison of instrumental climate and paleoclimate proxy records from the Americas for different temporal scales. Despite a certain symmetry of seasonal precipitation patterns along the PEP 1 transect, decadal variability of winter precipitation shows different characteristics in terms of amplitude and frequency in both the last 100 and last 1000 years. Such differences in variability are also seen in a comparison of time series of different El Nino/Southern Oscillation proxy records from North and South America, however, these differences do not appear to affect the spatial correlation with Pacific sea surface temperature patterns. Local and regional differences in response to climate change are even more pronounced for records with lower temporal resolution, and inter-hemispheric synchroneity may or may not be indicative of the same forcing. This aspect is illustrated in an inter-hemispheric comparison of the last 1000 years of glacier variability, and of the full- and lateglacial lake level history. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS ON CRANIUM MEASUREMENTS OF THREE BREEDS OF GOAT IN CENTRAL JAVA. The purposes of this study were to 1) identify the size and shape of cranium of three breeds of Central Java local goats (Kejobong, Kacang and Ettawa Grade), 2) examine the effectiveness of multivariate analysis of cranial measurement and 3) estimate genetic distance among three local breeds of goat. The material used was cranium from female Kejobong, Kacang and Ettawa Grade goats, aged for about 4 years (determined on the basis based on eruption of teeth), the number of specimens were 30; 10 and 10, respectively. Twenty seven cranial measurements used to data observed, multivariate analysis of GLM, CANDISC, PRINCOMP and DISCRIM were used to analysis all data observed. UPGMA of MEGA 5 was used to illustrate the distance among breeds. Results showed that Ettawa Grade tended to show the largest size, followed by Kejobong and Kacang goats. Kejobong goat showed small cranium size with large cranium shape. Different things was found in Kacang goats in which cranium size and cranium shape are relatively small. Kacang breed showed the smaller size (Principal Component I or PC-1 = -2) compared to Ettawa Grade (PC-I = 3) and Kejobong goat (PC-I = -1). Analysis for classifying three breeds of local goat resulted in high accuracy (100%) as indicated by 0% of erroneous level (0%). Kejobong goat was close to in the genetic relationship to Kacang goat compared to Ettawa Grade goat.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "IMMUNOMODULATION OF HUMAN PERIPHERAL-BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELL FUNCTIONS BY DEFINED LIPID FRACTIONS OF MYCOBACTERIUM-AVIUM. Mycobacterial fractions, some of which are associated with the cell envelope of Mycobacterium avium serovar 4, were assessed for their ability to affect various immunological functions of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBM). Treatment of PBM with a total lipid fraction derived from M. avium serovar 4 resulted in a significant suppression of lymphoproliferative responsiveness to phytohemagglutinin stimulation at concentrations not affecting cell viability. Although a similar suppression was not observed when PBM were treated with purified serovar 4-specific glycopeptidolipids (GPL), treatment with the beta-lipid fragment derived from the GPL did result in a significant suppression of phytohemagglutinin responsiveness. Further studies revealed that the total lipid fraction and the beta-lipid fragment were effective at significantly reducing the ability of human macrophages to restrict the intracellular growth of mycobacteria and at stimulating PBM to secrete prostaglandin E(2). These same effects were not observed when purified GPL or the reduced oligosaccharide fragment of the GPL was used. Other studies revealed that the total lipid and purified GPL fractions were effective at stimulating tumor necrosis factor alpha release from human PBM, whereas the beta-lipid fragment was not. These results indicate that mycobacterial lipids have various immunomodulatory capabilities, depending upon their chemical nature and ability to interact with certain host cells.", "label": [2, 17, 24]}
+{"token": "Does the pursuit of outreach consistently stifle the financial performance of microfinance institutions in sub-Saharan Africa?. This article studies the relationship between outreach and the financial performance of 479 microfinance institutions (MFIs) in 37 countries of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), covering the period 1998-2012. Findings indicate a positive and statistically significant relationship between outreach and the financial performance among MFIs in SSA. Providing small microcredits below the US$600 threshold is associated with lower profitability than larger loans, and MFIs serving more than 30,000 clients reported a stronger financial performance than those serving fewer than 30,000. The study findings have implications for managers and stakeholders in the microfinance industry of SSA.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Deposition of complement C3 and factor H in tissue traumatized by burn injury. Activation of complement is known to accompany burn injury. To study deposition of complement proteins within tissue traumatized by burn we employed the technique of intravital microscopy using a murine dorsal skinfold chamber model. C3, factor H, factor B, HSA, and transferrin were labeled fluorescently and injected into the tail vein of mice which had been subjected to a small third degree burn within the skin fold. Only C3 and factor H deposited within blood vessels of the traumatized tissue. Binding was specific because it occurred only in and proximal to burn sites, and neither C3 nor factor H was observed to accumulate in blood vessels of healthy tissue. Furthermore, fluorescently labelled HSA, factor B, and transferrin all failed to deposit at or around burn loci. The deposition of C3 and factor H occurred within 10 min of injury and was intravascular occurring in major blood vessels, capillaries, and post-capillary venules, with little evidence of accumulation in the interstitium. Since both C3 fragments and factor H are recognized as adhesion molecules by granulocyte receptors, these deposited proteins could promote leukocyte accumulation, thereby contributing to an initiation of an inflammatory cascade at a site of burn injury. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 17, 21]}
+{"token": "Teacher Preparation Programs and Teacher Labor Markets How Social Capital May Help Explain Teachers' Career Choices. A number of recent studies have shown that teachers are unevenly distributed across schools: compared to other Students, students who are low-income, minority, limited-English proficient, low-performing, and/or from urban contexts tend to be taught by substantially less qualified teachers. Consequently, many researchers have analyzed how teachers are allocated to teaching positions. Few of these studies, however, have explored how teachers' preparation programs affect teachers' initial decisions about where to teach. This article introduces a theoretical framework that suggests that teacher preparation programs can facilitate the creation of social networks among candidates and between candidates and schools. In doing so, this article argues for such a sociologically based framework for use in studying teacher labor markets - a framework largely overlooked in current teacher labor market research. To illustrate and delineate key aspects of this framework, this article applies a social network approach to data from a large university-based teacher preparation program. Specifically, this article examines the social networks embedded in the student teaching experiences of secondary teaching candidates. The results of this study suggest that schools that collaborate with the university's preparation program may have greater access to networks of teacher candidates than non-collaborating schools. The advantages and consequences of these networks for collaborating schools, non-collaborating schools and teacher candidates are discussed.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Antiosteoporotic activities of isoquercitrin in ovariectomized rats: Role of inhibiting hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha. Postmenopausal osteoporosis is a common and disabling disorder that increases the risk of bone fractures due to estrogen deprivation; this can be simulated in rats by ovariectomy. Hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1 alpha) expression in osteoclasts predominantly leads to its activation increasing bone resorption. Premenopausal, estrogen prevents HIF-1 alpha expression maintaining bone density. Unfortunately postmenopausal estrogen replacement therapy is not recommended due to its potential tumor development risk. Isoquercitrin, a common edible plants phytoestrogen, is known to inhibit HIF-1 alpha. This study was conducted to investigate the potential antiosteoporotic activity of isoquercitrin (15, 30 and 60 mg/kg/day) in ovariectomized rats with reference to 17 beta-estradiol (25 mcg/k/day). Animals were bilaterally ovariectomized to induce osteoporosis and one month later they were assigned into groups and administered isoquercitrin and 17 beta-estradiol for 8 weeks. Ovariectomy reduced lumbar compression strength, distorted bone microscopic architecture, inducing cartilage and trabecular dystrophy, and increased the markers of bone turnover (serum alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin and urinary calcium, phosphorus and creatinine). It also increased the gene expression of HIF-1 alpha and the levels of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) and decreased the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and beta-catenin in the femurs. Isoquercitrin was found to improve bone histological features, increase lumbar strength and improve most of the biochemical markers of bone turnover in a manner comparable to 17 beta-estradiol. Isoquercitrin also attenuated the increased HIF-1 alpha expression while increased that of the VEGF and beta-catenin. It also decreased the levels of NF-kappa B. Therefore isoquercitrin may be considered a safer alternative for managing osteoporosis.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "A Positive Psychology Intervention Among Long-Term Unemployed People and Its Effects on Psychological Distress and Well-Being. The present study aims to examine the effect of a positive psychology intervention (PPI) on a population of long-term unemployed people. All were members of an association of employment assistance. An opportunity was offered to participate in a PPI. Twelve participants accepted (treatment condition). The remaining participants constituted the control group. Participants of the treatment condition were asked to complete 5 positive psychology exercises during 2 weeks. Participants of the control condition participated as usual in sessions to help their job search. Results indicate that PPI significantly decreases psychological distress (e.g., depression, anxiety) and significantly increases well-being (e.g., life satisfaction, self-esteem).", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Self-organization and 1/f noise in granular superconductors. The interplay between the widespread phenomena such as 1/ f noise and self-organization of the critical state is studied both theoretically and by computer simulation using a model of multijunction SQUID exposed to an external magnetic field. It is demonstrated that the spectra of the average current in the systems of different size exhibit a broad region of 1/ f noise limited only by the system size. However, the coexistence of 1/ f noise and self-organization of the critical state was observed only in one two-dimensional system. (C) 2001 MAIK \\\\'Nauka/Interperiodica\\\\'.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Degrees of Responsibility in Kant's Practical Philosophy. It has been argued that Kant's practical philosophy cannot allow for degrees of responsibility for one's actions. However, it would be uncompromising to allow for only two possibilities: either full responsibility or none. Moreover, in the Metaphysics of Morals Kant himself claims that there can be degrees of responsibility, depending on the magnitude of the obstacles that have to be overcome when acting. I will show that this claim is consistent with Kant's theory as a whole and thereby make transparent how degrees of responsibility are possible for Kant. The solution is based on the distinction between two senses of responsibility: taking oneself to be an accountable person is an all-or-nothing affair, whereas praise- or blameworthiness for a particular action can still be a matter of degree.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Discrimination of basmati rice adulteration using colorimetric sensor array system. This study involved the fabrication of colorimetric sensor array system for rapid discrimination of adulterants in premium grade basmati rice. Purposely, low-grade white rice was used to adulterate the pure basmati rice at 5%, 10%, 15%, 25%, 50%, and 75% weight ratios. Sensor array system was used to capture the odors of prepared samples, resulting in color difference map based on chemical environment. The principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), and k-nearest neighbors (kNN) algorithm were subsequently used to identify the similarity between authentic and adulterated samples. A decent discrimination between authentic and adulterated rice samples was observed in the scatter plot of PCA and HCA dendrogram. The multilayered kNN models were able to effectively discriminate the prepared rice samples. The study concludes that fabricated sensor array system may be used as an effective tool for rapid discrimination of authentic and adulterated samples.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "The VGT in the Circumstellar Medium around Young Stellar Objects. We use the Velocity Gradient Technique (VGT) in the form of velocity channel gradients (VChGs) and reduced velocity centroid gradients (RVCGs) in early stages of protostellar disk formation to trace the magnetic field surrounding young stellar objects. We applied the VChGs and the RVCGs on a MHD simulation postprocessed to include (CO)-C-13 2-1 emission to mimic observational type data. These two different gradients give the plane-of-the-sky (POS) magnetic field as a function of the line-of-sight velocity, producing three-dimensional information about the magnetic field (in position-position-velocity). We find that, using the VGT, we are able to understand the structure of the POS magnetic field, providing a second tool in addition to dust polarization to understand their environment. With that, it is possible to better constrain the role of magnetic fields in early star formation.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Research on sulfur oxides and nitric oxides released from coal-fired flue gas and vehicle exhaust: a bibliometric analysis. A bibliometric method was used to evaluate the global scientific publications about sulfur oxides and nitric oxides released by coal-fired flue gas and vehicle exhaust from 1995 to 2018 and to provide insights into the characteristics of the articles and tendencies that may exist in the publications. Performance of publications, research tendency, and hotspots were analyzed. The article number had an explosive growth in 2004 and, then, began to grow steadily. China had an absolutely advantage in publication quantities; however, America had a leading position considering publication cited times. The simultaneous removal of mercury, particulate matter, and CO2 was a research hotpot in sulfur oxide and nitric oxide control process; oxidation, absorption, and catalytic reduction were the central control methods that had the most strength in relation with sulfur dioxide and nitric oxide. Considering the study of traditional flue gas pollutant control method (limestone-gypsum method, selective catalytic reduction, etc.) was perfection, it was speculated that adsorption by ionic liquid, electricity charging, advanced oxidation progress, and multi-pollutant removal, simultaneously, would be the new research orientation in flue gas pollutant control. One of the hot points of controlling the vehicle exhaust was the application of the green energy biodiesel; lots of keywords concerning human health suggested that quite a lot studies were focused on the health hazard brought by sulfur oxides and nitric oxide.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "A Likelihood-Based Analysis for Relaxing the Exclusion Restriction in Randomized Experiments with Noncompliance. The exclusion restriction is usually assumed for identifying causal effects in true or only natural randomized experiments with noncompliance. It requires that the assignment to treatment does not have a direct causal effect on the outcome. Despite its importance, the restriction can often be unrealistic, especially in situations of natural experiments. It is shown that, without the exclusion restriction, the parametric model is identified if the outcome distributions of various compliance statuses are in the same parametric class and that class is a linearly independent set over the field of real numbers. However, the relaxation of the exclusion restriction yields a parametric model that is characterized by the presence of mixtures of distributions. This scenario complicates the likelihood-based estimation procedures because it implies more than one maximum likelihood point. A two-step estimation procedure based on detecting the root that is closest to the method of moments estimate of the parameter vector is then proposed and analyzed in detail, under normally distributed outcomes. An economic example with real data concerning returns to schooling concludes the paper.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Disputed Property Rights: Article 1 Protocol No. 1 of the European Convention on Human Rights and the Land Reform (Scotland) Act 2016. The right to property contained within art. 1 Protocol No. 1 of the European Convention on Human Rights has proved to be one of the most controversial and persistently disputed rights within the Convention. As land law reform has grown to become one of the most provocative issues in contemporary Scotland, it is helping to serve as a useful normative lens to highlight the limits of the right to property and the inherent difficulties that become apparent when grappling with the jurisprudence emanating from Strasbourg. This article will outline and question the recently passed Land Reform (Scotland) Act 2016. In doing so, this article examines the limits of property as a \\\\'right\\\\' and the theoretical basis of such disputes. This article will emphasise the often irreconcilable disputes that arise when considering property rights, notably between public and private interest in relation to land-in particular, the difficulties inherent in defining principles such as \\\\'property\\\\', \\\\'public interest\\\\' and \\\\'just compensation\\\\'. It will conclude by highlighting the problems inherent in applying art. 1 Protocol No. 1 and ask whether recent land law reforms comply with the Scottish Government's obligation to respect Convention rights.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Prediction of Reading Comprehension of Elementary Students: A 20-Month Longitudinal Study. Objectives: A bulk of studies has been conducted on cognitive variables underlying reading comprehension achievement. However, there are still few studies which examine the longitudinal predictors of reading comprehension in Korea. The present study examines the longitudinal predictors of reading comprehension for students in grade 2 and grade 4 through the 20-month follow-up test. Methods: Seventy-seven 2nd graders and eightythree 4th graders were examined for predictor measures (e.g., vocabulary, listening comprehension, rapid automatized naming). Seventy 2nd graders and seventy-one 4th graders were reassessed on reading comprehension measured by the Korea Institute for Special Education-Basic Academic Achievement Test (KISE-BAAT)-passage comprehension after eight months. Sixty 2nd graders and sixty-six 4th graders were reassessed on reading comprehension measured by KISE BAAT-passage comprehension after 20 months. Results: Major findings of this study were summarized as follows. First, vocabulary and sentence repetitions contributed significantly to reading comprehension 8 months later for 2nd graders; vocabulary and listening comprehension contributed significantly to reading comprehension 8-month later for 4th graders. Second, vocabulary contributed significantly to reading comprehension 20 months later for 2nd graders; vocabulary and sentence repetitions contributed significantly to reading comprehension 20 months later for 4th graders. Conclusion: To summarize, vocabulary was the strongest longitudinal predictor for reading comprehension. The summary of the results and limitations of this study were being discussed.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Gain of FAM123B and ARHGEF9 in an Obese Man with Intellectual Disability, Congenital Heart Defects and Multiple Supernumerary Ring Chromosomes. In a 24-year-old man with mild intellectual disability, congenital heart defects and obesity, we identified up to 4 small supernumerary marker chromosomes (sSMCs) in blood metaphases. The ring-shaped sSMCs were derived from chromosomes 11, 12 and X as well as a fourth, unidentified chromosome. In interphase nuclei of epithelial cells from the urinary tract and buccal mucosa, the presence of the r(11), r(12) and r( X) was confirmed by FISH. Using Illumina Infinium 317K SNP-arrays, we detected 3 copies of the pericentromeric regions of chromosomes 11, 12 and X. The r( X) was present in 84-89% of cells in the various tissues examined, lacks the XIST gene, but contains FAM123B, a potential dosage-sensitive candidate gene for congenital cardiac abnormalities, and ARHGEF9, a candidate gene for intellectual disability. ARHGEF9 encodes collybistin (CB), which is required for localization of the inhibitory receptor-anchoring protein gephyrin and for formation and maintenance of postsynaptic GABA A and glycine receptors. We propose that the 2-fold increase in dosage of ARHGEF9 disturbs the stoichiometry of CB with its interacting proteins at inhibitory postsynapses. SNP alleles and short tandem repeat markers on the r(11) and r(X) were compatible with a maternal origin of both sSMCs through a meiosis II error. The sSMCs may have resulted from predivision chromatid nondisjunction, leading to anaphase lagging, followed by incomplete degradation of the supernumerary chromosomes. Copyright (C) 2012 S. Karger AG, Basel", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "ISLAMIC EDUCATION IN A PLURALISTIC SOCIETY. The focus of this paper concerns how to construct an Islamic education that corresponds to a pluralistic society like Indonesia's. To answer this question it refers to a theory of religious education that consists of three models: in, at, and beyond the wall. Religious education in the wall is a model of religious education that's only concern is with its own religion, without connecting it with other religions. The second model is religious teaching at the wall, where students are not only taught about their own religion but is also connected with other religions. The last model is religious education beyond the wall, which means helping students to work together with people of other faiths for peace, justice, and harmony. From these models, the dominant practice of Islamic education is based on the first model, religious teaching in the wall. For this reason, I shall argue that it is necessary to shift the model of Islamic teaching from in to at and beyond the wall, in order for Muslim students to not ignorant of other religions and to make them able to work together with other students of different faiths to combat the common enemy of religions such as violence, poverty, corruption, manipulation, and the like. To make Islamic teachers capable of implementing this model of religious teaching, it is necessary to have types of religiosity that correspond to it, namely inclusive-pluralist religiosity, critical-reflective religiosity, multicultural religiosity, humanist religiosity, and social-active religiosity.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Differential efficacy of escitalopram and nortriptyline on dimensional measures of depression. ResultsThe three symptom dimensions provided sensitive descriptors of differential antidepressant response and enabled identification of drug-specific effects.ConclusionsBackgroundTricyclic antidepressants and serotonin reuptake inhibitors are considered to be equally effective, but differences may have been obscured by internally inconsistent measurement scales and inefficient statistical analyses.In a multicentre part-randomised open-label design (the Genome Based Therapeutic Drugs for Depression (GENDEP) study) 811 adults with moderate to severe unipolar depression were allocated to flexible dosage escitalopram or nortriptyline for 12 weeks. The weekly Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale, Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, and Beck Depression Inventory were scored both conventionally and in a more novel way according to dimensions of observed mood, cognitive symptoms and neurovegetative symptoms.AimsTo test the hypothesis that escitalopram and nortriptyline differ in their effects on observed mood, cognitive and neurovegetative symptoms of depression.MethodMixed-effect linear regression showed no difference between escitalopram and nortriptyline on the three original scales, but symptom dimensions revealed drug-specific advantages. Observed mood and cognitive symptoms improved more with escitalopram than with nortriptyline. Neurovegetative symptoms improved more with nortriptyline than with escitalopram.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Artificial sweeteners in beverages by ultra performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Two fast, accurate and sensitive liquid chromatography methods have been developed and optimized for a better control of the content of artificial sweeteners in industrial beverages. Ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array (UPLC-PDA) and liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) methods were implemented for the monitoring of aspartame, neohesperidine dihydrochalcone, neotame, potassium acesulfame, saccharin, sodium cyclamate and sucralose in beverages marketed as \\\\'sugar-free\\\\' or \\\\'diet,\\\\' including soft and powdered drinks. Minimal sample preparation procedure consisting on a simple dilution and filtration is required before analysis. The methods showed excellent linearity (R-2 < 0.9990) for target compounds. Limits of quantification (LOQs) were far below the legal requirements for all considered compounds (0.01-0.1 mu g mL(-1) and 0.05-5 ng mL(-1) for UPLC-PDA and LC-MS/MS, respectively). Precision and recovery studies in real samples showed excellent results. The recoveries at two concentration levels ranged between 90.0 and 114.6%, with relative standard deviations lower than 9.4 RSD%. Finally, the proposed methodology was successfully applied to the analysis of artificial sweeteners in 66 beverage products commonly consumed in Spain. Different sample categories were evaluated, including energy drinks, soft drinks, juices, teas, soy beverages, dairy-based drinks, beers, and spirit alcoholic drink, and proved its suitability for quick and reliable application in quality control laboratories. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Most dogs with medullary rim sign on ultrasonography have no demonstrable renal dysfunction. The medullary rim sign is a distinct hyperechoic line in the renal medulla parallel to the corticomedullary junction that has been reported in dogs with a variety of renal diseases. To examine the association between medullary rim sign and renal disease, the medical records of thirty-two dogs that had medullary rim sign were reviewed retrospectively. Eighteen dogs (56%) had no evidence of renal dysfunction; 14 (44%) had clinicopathological evidence of renal disease, including 6 (19%) that had hypercalcemic nephropathy. Most dogs (72%) in which medullary rim sign was the only ultrasonographic finding affecting the kidneys had no evidence of renal dysfunction. In contrast, 78% dogs that had medullary rim sign and other renal signs (reduced size, increased medullary echogenicity, and pyelectasia) had renal disease. On the basis of this study, the medullary rim sign appears to be a non-specific ultrasonographic sign; however, the possibility cannot be excluded that is a sentinel sign of subclinical renal disease.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "VIRTUAL TAKINGS: THE COMING FIFTH AMENDMENT CHALLENGE TO NET NEUTRALITY REGULATION. \\\\'Net neutrality\\\\' refers to the principle that broadband providers should not limit the content and applications available over the Internet. Long a rallying cry of techies and academics, it has become one of the central pillars of the Obama Administration's telecommunications policy. The Federal Communicalions Commission's efforts to regulate the \\\\'onramp to the Internet\\\\' have attracted significant attention from the telecommunications industry and the academic community, which have debated, among other things, whether the proposed restrictions violate broadband providers' First Amendment rights. But there is an additional constitutional implication of net neutrality that has not yet been sufficiently addressed in the scholarly literature: the Takings Clause. This Article argues that under the Supreme Court's Takings Clause jurisprudence, the Commission's proposed net neutrality rules effect a permanent physical occupation of private broadband networks and therefore take broadband providers' property without just compensation. In essence, net neutrality would grant Internet content providers a permanent virtual easement across privately owned broadband networks to deliver content to end-users. It thus would deprive broadband providers of the right to exclude others from their networks a right that the Court's takings jurisprudence has repeatedly dubbed \\\\'one of the most essential sticks in the bundle of rights that are commonly characterized as property.\\\\'(1) At the very least, the Takings Clause issue raises a serious constitutional question regarding the Commission's authority to adopt net neutrality regulations without clear authority from Congress to do so. The Commission should therefore seek explicit congressional approval before promulgating net neutrality rules, rather than continuing to freelance at the periphery of its regulatory authority.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "On Preserving Properties of Linear Maps on C*-algebras. Let A and B be two unital C*-algebras and phi : A -> B be a linear map. In this paper, we investigate the structure of linear maps between two C*-algebras that preserve a certain property or relation. In particular, we show that if y is unital, B is commutative and V (phi(a)* phi(b)) subset of V (a* b) for all a, b is an element of A, then phi is a (*)-homomorphism. It is also shown that if phi(vertical bar ab vertical bar) = vertical bar phi(a)phi(b)vertical bar for all a, b is an element of A, then phi is a unital (*)-homomorphism.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Methotrexate-loaded nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots nanocarriers as an efficient anticancer drug delivery system. Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are new efficient nanomaterials used in therapeutic applications. In this study, blue fluorescent nitrogen-doped GQDs (N-GQDs) were synthesized by a hydrothermal method via pyrolisis of citric acid as the carbon source and urea as the nitrogen source. The existence of doped nitrogen in GQDs was confirmed by FTIR characterization. Here, for the first time, the N-GQDs were loaded with the anticancer drug, methotrexate (MTX), to prepare MTX-(N-GQDs) as an efficient drug delivery system. The establishment of the strong pi-pi stacking interaction between MTX and N-GQDs was confirmed by FTIR and UV-vis spectroscopies indicating successful loading of MTX to N-GQDs. The in-vitro cytotoxicity of MD(-(N-GQDs) on human breast cancer cells investigated through MIT assay suggested that the drug-free N-GQDs nanocarriers are highly biocompatible, whereas the MIX-loaded ones are more cytotoxic than the free MTX. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "miniLABs - Focused Lab Sessions in Manufacturing Technology Related to Forming Processes. Laboratory experiments play a significant role in engineering education. The main concern of the described hands-on miniLABs initiative (as a work in progress) is lowering the hurdles in order to provide engineering students with an informal and straightforward access to experiments carried out in labs of the IUL at TU Dortmund University. miniLABs will offer students different, short and voluntary hands-on lab sessions, consisting of two different modes and different aspects related to manufacturing technology in the field of forming processes. In small teams, students can get in touch with practical engineering activities in the fields of present scientific research, either to study a certain phenomenon or to look at a wider engineering context. Based on the framework of experiential learning, miniLABs tries to foster the shift from teaching to deep learning. Finally, this initiative aims to inspire young students for real and hands-on engineering experiments and to contribute to the science education of these young and future engineers.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Analysis of Tensile Deformation Behavior of Rolled AZ31 Mg Alloy Subjected to Precompression and Subsequent Annealing Using DIC. This study investigates the effects of precompression and subsequent annealing on the tensile deformation behavior of a rolled AZ31 Mg alloy at room temperature using digital image correlation (DIC). When the as-rolled sample (AR sample) is subjected to precompresssion along the rolling direction (RD) and transverse direction (TD), the sample's texture changes from the typical normal direction (ND)-oriented basal texture to the RD-and TD-oriented basal textures, respectively, because of the lattice reorientation by {10-12} twinning. During tension along the RD, the AR sample and the sample precompressed along the TD and subsequently annealed at 250 ? (TDCA sample) accomodate the tensile strain via dislocation slip, resulting in high yield strengths and slip-dominant strain-hardening behaviors. In contrast, the sample precompressed along the RD and subsequently annealed at 250 ? (RDCA sample) exhibits a low yield strength and twinning -dominant strain-hardening behavior, owing to the vigorous activation of {10-12} twinning during tension. DIC results reveal that in the AR sample, noticeable strain localization occurs at an early stage of tensile deformation due to the difficulty of accommodating strain along the thickness direction. In the RDCA sample, strain distribution is relatively homogeneous via {10-12} twinning, but the rapid strain hardening caused by abundant {10-12} twins causes premature crack initiation. Because the basal planes of most grains of the TDCA sample are aligned parallel to the thickness direction, the thickness strain is effectively accommodated via prismatic slip, resulting in the highest tensile elongation among the three samples.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Jumping from Springboard? The Role of Marginal Cultural Distance in Cross-Border M&A Deal Completion. This article extends understanding of the cultural experience of a firm in a host culture as a mechanism to reduce cultural distances. Integrating organizational learning theory with cultural friction perspective, this study proposes that cultural experience of a focal firm is a unique, firm-specific advantage. Time spent in a particular culture causes cultural friction that diminishes the cultural differences for the focal firm at the margin, which we term marginal cultural distance (MCD). Emphasizing the importance of learning from cross-border acquisitions for firms from emerging markets, we propose that compared to country-level cultural distance scores, MCD is a better predictor of the likelihood of cross-border deal completion. (C) 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "Nocardia Infections in the Immunocompromised Host: A Case Series and Literature Review. Nocardia is primarily considered an opportunistic pathogen and affects patients with impaired immune systems, solid-organ transplant recipients (SOTRs), and patients with haematologic malignancies. We present the cases of six patients diagnosed with nocardiosis at our center in the last two years, describing the various predisposing conditions alongside the clinical manifestation, the diagnostic workup, and the treatment course. Moreover, we propose a brief literature review on Nocardia infections in the immunocompromised host, focusing on SOTRs and haematopoietic stem cell transplantation recipients and highlighting risk factors, clinical presentations, the diagnostic tools available, and current treatment and prophylaxis guidelines.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Gubernatorial Politics and the Evolution Toward Democratic Federalism in Mexico. This article evaluates the evolution of democratic federalism in Mexico through a case study of central government involvement in the selection and removal of governors in the state of Yucatan. The research address debates regarding the nature of federalism in authoritarian systems and on the dynamics of democratization in a federal context. First, it challenges conventional characterizations of state politicians in authoritarian systems as submissive and lacking autonomy vis-a-vis the centre. Instead, the case demonstrates that regional political bosses can exercise an important constraint on the powers of national-level rulers by requiring that they select governors acceptable to local political elites. A second issue is to what extent national or subnational political change drives transitions from authoritarian rule. Recent literature on the Mexican case has emphasized the impact of state and local democratization on national-level change. In contrast, this study's analysis of reforms in the areas of elections and candidate selection reveal the iterative nature of subnational and national-level reforms.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Meta-Fibonacci sequences, binary trees and extremal compact codes. We consider a family of meta-Fibonacci sequences which arise in studying the number of leaves at the largest level in certain infinite sequences of binary trees, restricted compositions of an integer, and binary compact codes. For this family of meta-Fibonacci sequences and two families of related sequences we derive ordinary generating functions and recurrence relations. Included in these families of sequences are several well-known sequences in the Online Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences (OEIS).", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "LEVITIN-POLYAK WELL-POSEDNESS FOR BILEVEL VECTOR VARIATIONAL INEQUALITIES. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the Levitin-Polyak well-posedness of a bilevel vector variational inequality. The (generalized) Levitin-Polyak well-posedness is extended to the bilevel vector variational inequality and some metric characterizations of these Levitin-Polyak well-posedness new concepts are discussed.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "The Effect of Bonded Seams upon Spatial Behaviour of Knitted Materials Systems. Spatial behaviour of knitted materials with bonded seams under biaxial tensile loading is analysed in this work. The objects of the research were plain jersey and rib 1x1 polyester knitted materials with elastane (93 % PES, 7 % EL). Two thermoplastic polyurethane (PU) films different in thickness (75 mu m and 150 mu m) were used. For each sample of knitted material and thermoplastic film five types of samples with bonded seams (10 mm in length) were prepared by changing the orientation of knitted materials pieces, i.e. parallel/parallel, parallel/bias, parallel/perpendicular, bias/bias and bias/perpendicular. The effect of thermoplastic films type and the effect of knitted materials orientation in seam was analysed on the basis of biaxial punching characteristics - maximal punching force P (N) and maximal punching height H (mm). The changes of tested specimens strength and deformation were compared before and after their cyclical fatigue loading (50 cycles of punching force P = 50 N). The obtained results have shown that changes before and after cyclical fatigue loading are mostly determined by the type of thermoplastic film, but not effected by the orientation of knitted materials pieces in bonded seam.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "METASTATIC PANCREATIC CARCINOMA AND BRONCHIOLOALVEOLAR ADENOMAS IN AN EGYPTIAN FRUIT BAT (ROUSETTUS AEGYPTIACUS). An adult female, intact Egyptian fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus) was presented for lethargy, anorexia, and markedly reduced flying activity. Physical and ultrasound examinations were suggestive of an abdominal mass with free fluid within the abdomen. Based on the poor and deteriorating clinical condition of the animal, euthanasia was elected. Gross necropsy revealed an irregular thickening at the root of the mesentery and a diffusely, dark-red liver with rounded hepatic margins. Histologic examination revealed extensive neoplastic effacement of the pancreas with invasion into the surrounding mesentery and mesenteric lymph nodes and metastatic spread to the liver. Based on the morphology of the neoplastic cells, the involvement of the pancreas, and immunohistochemistry, a diagnosis of metastatic pancreatic carcinoma was made. Additionally, two small neoplasms were identified in the lungs. These masses were distinct from the carcinoma, and their morphology was consistent with bronchioloalveolar adenomas. This is the first known report of either benign pulmonary lesions or pancreatic carcinomas in the order Chiroptera.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Effect of Temperature and Vertical Drift on Helium Ion Concentration Over Arecibo During Solar Maximum. We present an analysis of helium ion (He+) fraction in an altitude range from about 400 km to around 700 km and its relationship to the ion temperature (T-i) and the vertical ion drift under solar maximum conditions. The data were obtained from the Arecibo incoherent scatter radar during 27 September to 1 October 2014 and 16-20 December 2014. The large He+ fraction (>10%) lasts 15 hr per day during the winter solstice, which is 3 times larger than during fall equinox. This difference is caused by the more persistent downward ion drift in the winter. The incremental He+ fraction and incremental T-i are well anticorrelated, and the anticorrelation is more prominent during the daytime. These characteristics are associated with whether O+ and He+ are in diffusive equilibrium. During nighttime, we show that the vertical ion flow is downward causing the He+ layer peak altitude to move to an altitude of 500 km from above 650 km. According to our analysis, He+ fraction has to be larger than two thirds for diffusive equilibrium to occur above the He+ peak height. Therefore, above the He+ peak altitude, O+ and He+ cannot be in diffusive equilibrium with He+ being the minor species. The vertical ion flow plays an important role in determining the diurnal variation and seasonal difference of He+ distribution and whether He+ is in a diffusive equilibrium with O+.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Factors responsible for delay in treatment seeking in patients with psychosis: A qualitative study. Conclusions: There is significant delay between onset of psychosis and treatment seeking. Several factors are responsible for treatment delay in patients with psychotic illness. However they vary depending upon the socio-cultural background of the patient and their family members. Hence the interventions devised towards reducing the delay should be individualised.Introduction: Patients with psychosis often seek treatment at a later date after the onset of illness. There are a multitude of factors behind the treatment delay in these patients, reduction of this delay will help in better prognosis of these patients.Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted to understand the various reasons responsible for treatment delay in patients with psychosis. 25 subjects were selected by purposive sampling and their family members were interviewed. Qualitative analysis was carried out to identify various factors.Results: Reasons for treatment delay were at several levels like illness related, patient related, treatment related, family related factors. However the most common themes among these were unawareness of illness, explanatory models of illness, stigma, financial constraints. Other themes like relation of symptoms with premorbid personality, life events, absence of paternal support were also unfolded in the current study.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Student centered distance learning experiments over a communication and collaboration platform. Originality/value - This paper presents a student centered pedagogical approach supported by distant e-learning platform.Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to present two classes of distance learning experiments, with feedbacks. The experiments are based on constructivism theory.Research limitations/implications - There are functional improvements of the developed platform.Practical implications - There are technical improvements of the developed platform.Findings - The results show technical evaluations and pedagogical evaluations of the e-learning platform.Design/methodology/approach - The paper adopts an experimental approach. Experiments are made with students. The assessments come from an analysis of questionnaires.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Permuting Tri (alpha, beta)-Derivation on Almost Distributive Lattices. In this paper, we introduce the idea of permuting tri-(alpha, beta)-derivation on ADL's and proved some results by using this notion. Let h be the trace of permuting tri (alpha, beta)-derivation H on ADL G, if alpha >= H and beta >= H, then h(x boolean AND y) = (alpha(y) boolean AND h(x)) boolean OR H(x, x, z) boolean OR H(y, y, z) boolean OR (beta(x) boolean AND h(y)).", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "PRICE, PRODUCT QUALITY, AND EXPORTER DYNAMICS: EVIDENCE FROM CHINA. This article develops a model of heterogeneous firms that endogenously choose prices and product quality to build demand in export markets. New exporters optimally charge relatively low prices and produce low-quality goods upon entry. Product quality, prices, and sales increase as demand grows. We structurally estimate model parameters using Chinese customs data. The estimated incentive to build future demand reduces average export prices by 0.7% and increases export sales by 4% upon entry. Endogenous demand accumulation causes estimated export prices, product quality, and sales to grow by 2.2%, 12%, and 79%, respectively, over the following five years.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Morphologies of self-assembled gold nanorod-surfactant-lipid complexes at molecular level. Gold nanorods (GNRs) have aroused the extensive interest of many researchers in recent years due to their unique physicochemical properties. However, the toxic cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) is often introduced into the process of synthesizing GNRs, which hinders the wide-range applications of GNRs in clinical practice. To reduce the toxicity, the CTAB molecules coated on the surface of GNRs should be replaced by nontoxic and biocompatible agents such as phospholipid. Thus the component and morphology of the mixed coating agents on the surface of GNRs affect the physicochemical properties of GNRs. To study the morphology and properties of the coated GNRs at a molecular level, we investigate the self-assembly of GNRs, CTAB, and dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) by using solvent-free dissipative particle dynamics simulations. Our results show that the morphology of the assembled complex mainly depends on the CTAB/DMPC molar ratio, while neither of the interaction strength between GNRs and the coating agents nor the diameter of GNRs has significant effect on the morphology. At a certain combination of GNRs-coating agent interaction strength with GNRs diameter, the mixture of CTAB and DMPC on the surface of GNRs undergoes a gradual change in morphology as the CTAB/DMPC molar ratio increases, including the forming of intact bilayer membrane, cracked bilayer membrane, long patches of micelles, and short wormlike micelles winding GNRs in spiral shape. The morphology of intact bilayer membrane verifies the experimental guess, while the other three morphologies are brand-new discoveries. We also find that when the GNR's diameter becomes smaller, or the CTAB/DMPC molar ratio is larger, or the interaction strength is greater, the agents cap the ends of GNRs, meanwhile the membrane thickness becomes thinner. The multiple morphologies of the assembled complexes can be qualitatively explained by the shape energy of a membrane adsorbed on a solid surface. When the surface tension of the membrane (which is proportional to the spontaneous curvature of the membrane) exceeds a critical value (which is equal to the adhesion energy density of the membrane), the membrane dissociates from the solid surface and its shape changes. The change trend is related to the spontaneous curvature of the free membrane. As a result of the synergy and competition among the inherent curvatures of GNRs, the spontaneous curvature of CTAB/DMPC membrane or micelle, as well as the adhesion energy, various interesting morphologies are produced. Our simulations and analyses directly characterize the morphological structures of CTAB and lipid coated GNRs, which allow us to in depth understand the self-assembling behaviors of GNRs at a molecular level. This is also conductive to achieving the controlled assemblies of GNRs.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Construction of TiO2@graphene oxide incorporated antifouling nanofiltration membrane with elevated filtration performance. Two-dimensional (2D) graphene-based nanomaterials of atomic thickness have opened a new era for fabricating membranes with outstanding performance. In this work, a novel graphene oxide (GO) based thin film nanocomposite membrane for nanofiltration (NF) was constructed. Taking advantage of the nanochannels between graphene oxide, TiO2 nanoparticles were introduced between these GO nanosheets to form a TiO2@ GO nanocomposite with dilated and stable nanochannels. The TiO2@ GO incorporated membranes was prepared by interfacial polymerization of piperazine (PIP) and trimesoyl chloride (TMC) monomers and embedding TiO2@ GO nanocomposite in its polyamide layer. The effects of the embedded nanoparticles on the physicochemical properties of the prepared membranes, and on the NF membrane performance were investigated. The superior performance of the TiO2@ GO incorporated membranes was observed in the case of 0.2 wt% TiO2@ GO with water flux of 22.43 L m(-2) h(-1) at 0.4 MPa and Na2SO4 rejection of 98.8%. This represents an enhancement in permeate flux by a factor 2 compared to a pristine membrane, and 5 times higher than the GO modified membrane, only with a slight compromise in the solute rejection. In addition, the introduction of the TiO2@ GO endows the modified TFN membranes with an improved antifouling effect.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 33]}
+{"token": "Family firm internationalization: Past research and an agenda for the future. Although the study of family firm internationalization has generated considerable scholarly attention, existing research has offered varied and at times incompatible findings on how family ownership and management shape internationalization. To improve our understanding of family firm internationalization, we systematically review 220 conceptual and empirical studies published over the past three decades, structuring our comprehensive overview of this field according to seven core international business (IB) themes. We assess the literature and propose directions for future research by developing an integrative framework of family firm internationalization that links IB theory with conceptual perspectives used in the reviewed body of work. We propose a research agenda that advocates a cross-disciplinary, multi-theoretic, and cross-level approach to studying family firm internationalization. We conclude that family firm internationalization research has the potential to contribute valuable insights to IB scholarship by increasing attention to conceptual and methodological issues, including micro-level affective motivations, background social institutions, temporal perspectives, and multi-level analyses.", "label": [5, 44, 46]}
+{"token": "THE PARTISAN DYNAMICS OF SUPREME COURT CONFIRMATION VOTING. A sizable literature has explored the growth of partisan polarization in Congress and its impact on legislative behavior. Using this lens, we provide empirical analysis of the role of parties in more than seven decades of Supreme Court confirmation voting and offer several original findings. First, we offer new evidence that the strength of the president's party in the state's electorate has significantly and increasingly affected senators' votes. We also find that, since the mid-1980s, partisanship and ideology have become dominant influences in confirmation voting, while nominee qualifications and presidential strength have declined in importance. Finally, our evidence shows that polarization has more strongly affected opposite-party senators and Republican senators, who have become much more inclined to unite against the judicial nominees of presidents belonging to the other party. We hope these findings contribute to a much-needed dialogue between the judicial politics and congressional behavior literatures and encourage a stronger scholarly focus on interbranch partisan strategies.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "The treatment of children / as of today, between regulatory developments and institutional practices in Argentina. A look from anthropology. The aim of this paper is to attain a theoretical reflection based on empirical data about childhood representations and the institutional doings on unequal social contexts existing nowadays in Argentina. We understand childhood as a sociohistorical concept and, therefore, analyse the existing relationship between national and international regulations currently in force, discourses, and the institutional doings as regards the (always diverse and heterogeneous) topic of childhood. We ask ourselves how do past childhood representations and models act and how this makes the actual fulfillment of children rights in institutional settings more complex. We will focus particularly on a diurnal institution located in one of the peripheral neighbourhoods of the City of Bahia Blanca, in the south of Buenos Aires province, Argentina.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Brain angiogenesis in developmental and pathological processes: therapeutic aspects of vascular endothelial growth factor. The angiogenic process in the central nervous system (CNS) is basically regulated by typical angiogenic signaling systems such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-VEGF receptors and angiopoietin-Tie receptors. In addition to regular endothelial-pericyte interaction, the CNS vasculature has a unique system of cell to cell communication between endothelial cells and astrocytes which is known as the blood-brain barrier. Among the pathological conditions of the CNS vascular network, stroke is a major disease in which the supply of blood is decreased. Pro-angiogenic therapy using natural VEGF-A has so far been unsuccessful, indicating the possible need for a new approach related to upstream or downstream regulators involved in the VEGF-signaling pathway, or alternate VEGF family members. By contrast, a pathological increase in the blood supply in the CNS is seen in brain tumors, in particular malignant gliomas. In phase II clinical trials, anti-VEGF therapies have been shown to suppress tumor growth and improve survival rates to some extent. However, tumor invasion and the distant metastasis of gliomas can occur following anti-angiogenic therapy. Further studies are needed to obtain safer clinical outcomes by developing new strategies with combination therapy using known anti-angiogenic drugs or by developing unique medicines specifically targeting the blood vessels in brain tumors.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Attenuated poxvirus expressing three immunodominant CMV antigens as a vaccine strategy for CMV infection. Results: We generated CMV-MVA via homologous recombination, and demonstrated high expression levels of sUL55, UL83 and UL123/e4 by Western blot. CMV-MVA immunization potently induced both humoral and cellular immunity to sUL55, UL83 and UL123 after murine immunization, and cellular immunity to UL83 and UL123 by in vitro amplification of T cell recall responses in human PBMC.Conclusions: rMVA promotes high level expression of three immunodominant CMV antigens, which is reflected in results of immunization studies in which high titers of UL55-specific antibodies and CD4(+) T-help are detected, as well as high levels of UL83-specific and moderate levels of UL 123-specific CD8(+) CTL. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Background: Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is an important risk factor in the post-transplant (Tx) recovery phase for both hematopoietic stem cell Tx (HSCT) and solid organ Tx (SOT) recipients. CMV infection may be prevented or controlled by simultaneously inducing both CMV-specific neutralizing antibody (nAb) and cellular immunity. Soluble (s) UL55 (surface glycoprotein), UL83 (tegument protein) and UL123/e4 (nuclear protein) are immunodominant in eliciting both CMV nAb and cellular immunity. An attenuated poxvirus, modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) was selected to develop this vaccine strategy in Tx recipients, because of its clinical safety record, large foreign gene capacity, and capability to activate strong humoral and cellular immune responses against recombinant antigens.Objectives: A subunit vaccine that targets multiple CMV antigens will be used to gain maximal coverage and protective function against CMV infection. rMVA simultaneously expressing sUL55, UL83 and UL123/e4 will be generated, and humoral and cellular immunity it elicits will be characterized, after murine immunization and in vitro to amplify clinical recall responses. Study design: rMVA will be constructed in two steps using UL 123/e4-pLW22 followed by sUL55-UL83-pLW51 transfer plasmids. Western blots will be used to characterize expression levels of each antigen. Primary immunity will be evaluated in mouse models, while recall responses to the virally expressed CMV antigens will be assessed in human peripheral blood.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Efficient assignment respecting priorities. A widespread practice in assignment of heterogeneous indivisible objects is to prioritize some recipients over others depending on the type of the object. Leading examples include assignment of public school seats, and allocation of houses, courses, or offices. Each object comes with a coarse priority ranking over recipients. Respecting such priorities constrains the set of feasible assignments, and therefore might lead to inefficiency, highlighting a tension between respecting priorities and Pareto efficiency. Via an easily verifiable criterion, we fully characterize priority structures under which the constrained efficient assignments do not suffer from such welfare loss, and the constrained efficient rule (CER) is indeed efficient. We also identify the priority structures for which the CER is singleton-valued and group strategy-proof. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "HOW TO MANAGE SUSTAINABLE SUPPLY CHAIN? THE ISSUE OF MATURITY. Conclusions: The issue of maturity seems to be very useful for proper understanding the idea of sustainable development in supply chain. The developed model can be used as self-assessment method to check at which level of implementation the idea of SD is analyzed in supply chain. Furthermore, the next phase of the planned research in form of practical verification of the model was advised as well as a research of identification of new factors and tools in analyzed area.Background: The issue of managing sustainability in supply chain seems to be more and more complex. There are many aspects that need to be taken into consideration when planning, implementing and monitoring environmental and social conditions of supply chains. Despite many works, already published, on the concept of sustainable development (SD) is seems that the issue of assessment and especially the issue of maturity in the light of the SD concept is still not developed enough.Methods: The general aim of the paper is the analysis of the maturity issue in the context of sustainability. The main objective is to conceptualize the idea of maturity in sustainable supply chain. Beside the literature research the own proposition of theoretical model was described.Results: The article describes the issue of maturity as an element of managing sustainable development in the supply chain. The author presented a theoretical model of the maturity. Moreover the author gave some recommendations how to manage the sustainability issues in supply chain in more mature approach and introduced some useful tools among which are: certification, code of conduct and code of ethics, audits, projects etc.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "Reflections on lichenology: achievements over the last 40 years and challenges for the future. In June 2000, at the joint meeting of the Canadian Botanical Association and the Canadian Society of Plant Physiologists, the author of this review was presented with the George Lawson Medal for lifelong contributions to botany and was invited to prepare a special contribution for the Canadian Journal of Botany. Subsequently, an invitation was received to give the Swinscow Lecture to the British Lichen Society and the Linnean Society in London. This commentary is a written version of that January 2001 lecture and presents a personalized view of developments in those areas of lichenology studied by the author during a career in Canada and other parts of the world. Aspects touched upon include lichen identification, spore dispersal, nutrient transfer between the symbionts, water relations, and lichen strategies in particular climatic regions. The value of lichens for monitoring pollutants is noted, and the developing problem of lichen conservation is discussed. Finally, a plea is made regarding the value of field teaching and field excursions with respect to recruiting the next generation of lichenologists.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "FIRST REPORT OF PHYTOPHTHORA CINNAMOMI CAUSING INK DISEASE ON CASTANEA SATIVA IN GREECE. In October 2012 a heterothallic Phytophthora was isolated from soil and roots of European chestnut (Castanea sativa) trees from three orchards in Northern Greece. The pathogen was identified as Phytophthora cinnamomi on the basis of morphology and ITS sequence analysis. A pathogenicity test, following the soil infestation method, was performed and P. cinnamomi was re-isolated confirming Koch's postulates. This is the first report of P. cinnamomi as the cause of ink disease in Greece.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Efficient quadrature of highly oscillatory integrals with algebraic singularities. In this paper we are concerned with the numerical evaluation of a class of highly oscillatory integrals containing algebraic singularities. First, we expand such integrals derived by two transformations t = x(-beta) , beta > 0, t = 2/1+z, -1 <= z <= 1, into asymptotic series in inverse powers of the frequency omega. Then, based the asymptotic series, two methods are presented. One is the Filon-type method. The other is the Clenshaw-Curtis-Filon-type method which is based on a special Hermite interpolation polynomial in the Clenshaw-Curtis points and can be evaluated efficiently in O(N log N) operations, where N + 1 is the number of Clenshaw-Curtis points in the interval of integration. Some error and convergence analysis and robust numerical examples are used to demonstrate the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed approaches for approximating the class of highly oscillatory singular integrals. Crown Copyright (c) 2012 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Confidence levels q-rung orthopair fuzzy aggregation operators and its applications to MCDM problems. The concept of q-rung orthopair fuzzy set (q-ROFS) is the extension of intuitionistic fuzzy set (IFS) in which the sum of the qth power of the support for and the qth power of the support against is bounded by one. Therefore, the q-ROFSs are an important way to express uncertain information in broader space, and they are superior to the IFSs and the Pythagorean fuzzy sets. In this paper, the familiarity degree of the experts with the evaluated objects is incorporated to the initial assessments under q-rung orthopair fuzzy environment. For this, some aggregation operators are proposed to combine these two types of information. Their some important properties are also well proved. Furthermore, these developed operators are utilized in a multicriteria decision-making approach and demonstrated with a real life problem of customers' choice. Then, the experimental results are compared with other existing methods to show its superiority over recent research works.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "The Diffusion of Market Orientation Throughout the Organization: A Social Learning Theory Perspective. This study examines the diffusion of market orientation (MO) as a social learning process to acquire and transfer individual-level MO. Central to the diffusion are important work-group members, or envoys. Through their market-oriented action, top managers serve as market-oriented role models to two important types of observers in work groups-formal middle managers and work-group expert peers. In turn, these observers become top managers' envoys and role models of market-oriented behavior to frontline employees. Empirical results from a three-level data set from a Fortune 500 company support this perspective. While envoys who are neither market oriented nor identified with the firm are the least effective, envoys who are not market oriented but are strongly identified with the firm are also detrimental. Network size hinders the informal route of learning through expert peers but not the formal route through middle managers. By identifying who the important work-group envoys are and under what conditions certain envoys are likely to be most effective, this study helps managers select the best envoys to implement MO.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "Influence of mechanical activation on selectivity of acid leaching of arsenopyrite. Mineral arsenopyrite (FeAsS) was exposed to leaching in H2SO4 solution. Surface changes of mechanically activated sulphide were investigated before and after leaching using infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Mechanical activation of the mineral resulted in mechanochemical surface oxidation and in the formation of sulphates. Furthermore, the specific surface area and the disordering of mineral crystal structure increased. These aspects influence the kinetics and selectivity of acid leaching of arsenopyrite. (c) 2004 Published by Elsevier B.V.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Sexually transmitted infections and vaginal douching in a population of female sex workers in Nairobi, Kenya. Conclusion: The widespread habit of douching among African female sex workers was confirmed. The association between vaginal douching and BV is of concern, given the increased risk of HIV infection with BV, which has now been shown in several studies. It is unclear why we could not demonstrate a direct association between douching and HIV infection. Further research is required to better understand the complex relation between douching, risk for bacterial vaginosis, and risk for HIV and other STIs.Objective: To assess the association between vaginal douching and sexually transmitted infections (STI) among a group of female sex workers (FSWs) in Nairobi, Kenya.Methods: This study was part of a randomised, placebo controlled trial of monthly prophylaxis with I g of azithromycin to prevent STIs and HIV infection in a cohort of Nairobi FSWs. Consenting women were administered a questionnaire and screened for STIs.Results: The seroprevalence of HIV-1 among 543 FSWs screened was 30%. HIV infection was significantly associated with bacterial vaginosis (BV), trichomoniasis, gonorrhoea, and the presence of a genital ulcer. Regular douching was reported by 72% of the women, of whom the majority inserted fluids in the vagina, generally after each sexual intercourse. Water with soap was the fluid most often used (81%), followed by salty water (18%), water alone (9%), and a commercial antiseptic (5%). Douching in general and douching with soap and water were significantly associated with bacterial vaginosis (p = 0.05 and p = 0.04 respectively). There was a significant trend for increased frequency of douching and higher prevalence of BV. There was no direct relation observed between douching and risk for HIV infection or other STIs.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "A Memory Efficient Belief Propagation Decoder for Polar Codes. Polar codes have become increasingly popular recently because of their capacity achieving property. In this paper, a memory efficient stage-combined belief propagation (BP) decoder design for polar codes is presented. Firstly, we briefly reviewed the conventional BP decoding algorithm. Then a stage-combined BP decoding algorithm which combines two adjacent stages into one stage and the corresponding belief message updating rules are introduced. Based on this stage-combined decoding algorithm, a memory-efficient polar BP decoder is designed. The demonstrated decoder design achieves 50% memory and decoding latency reduction in the cost of some combinational logic complexity overhead. The proposed decoder is synthesized under TSMC 45nm Low Power CMOS technology. It achieves 0.96 Gb/ s throughput with 14.2mm(2) area when code length N=2(16) which reduces 51.5% decoder area compared with the conventional decoder design.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Psychometric Properties of the Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire-15 in Spanish Adolescents. Background: Thwarted Belongingness (TB) and Perceived Burdensomeness (PB) are considered risk factors of suicide behavior in the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide and constitute the main factors of the Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire-INQ.& nbsp;Aims: The present study analyzes the internal consistency, construct validity, and invariance across sex and age of the INQ-15, which comprises two subscales, in a sample of Spanish community adolescents.& nbsp;Methods: Participants were 1,536 adolescents from 12 to 19 years old. The INQ-15, the total number of non-suicidal self-injuries (NSSI), the Hopelessness Scale, and the Purpose in Life Test-Adolescents (PIL-A) were used.& nbsp;Results: The INQ-15 showed good internal consistency for TB (<(omega) over bar = 0.88) and PB (<(omega) over bar = 0.78) subscales and construct and concurrent/discriminant validity in the whole sample. Both the PB and TB subscales showed a good fit {SB chi(2)((9)) = 6.448, p = 0.694, CFI = 1.000, RMSEA = 0.000 [90% CI (0.000, 0.022)] and SB chi 2(27) = 248.973, p = 0.000, CFI = 0.922, RMSEA = 0.073 [90% CI (0.065, 0.082)]}, respectively. Regarding the invariance analyses, we found (1) non-invariance in the PB subscale across sex groups and metric, scalar, and stric invariance across age groups, and (2) that it was not possible to perform the invariance analysis for the TB subscale across both sex and age because the fit was not adequate for both boys and 12-15 years old groups. Positive and significant relationships were found between the INQ-15 subscales and hopelessness and NSSI frequency, and negative and significant correlations with meaning in life.& nbsp;Conclusions: The INQ-15 is a valid instrument for assessing TB and PB in Spanish adolescents. Future studies should analyze the invariance of this instrument in adolescents across sex and age.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Winter Weather Regimes in the Northeast United States. The method of k-means cluster analysis is applied to U.S. wintertime daily 850-hPa winds across the Northeast. The resulting weather patterns are analyzed in terms of duration, station, gridded precipitation, storm tracks, and climate teleconnections. Five distinct weather patterns are identified. Weather type (WT) 1 is characterized by a ridge over the western Atlantic and positive precipitation anomalies as far north as the Great Lakes; WT2, by a trough along the eastern United States and positive precipitation anomalies into southern New England; WT3, by a trough over the western Atlantic and negative precipitation anomalies along much of the U.S. East Coast; WT4, by a trough east of Newfoundland and negative precipitation anomalies along parts of the U.S. East Coast; and WT5, by a broad, shallow trough over southeastern Canada and negative precipitation anomalies over the entire U.S. East Coast. WT5 and WT1 are the most persistent, while WT2 typically progresses quickly to WT3 and then to WT4. Based on mean station precipitation in the northeastern United States, most precipitation occurs in WT2 and WT3, with the least in WT1 and WT4. Extreme precipitation occurs most frequently in WT2. Storm tracks show that WT2 and WT3 are associated with coastal storms, while WT2 is also associated with Great Lakes storms. Teleconnections are linked with a change in WT frequency by more than a factor of 2 in several cases: for the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) in WT1 and WT4 and for the Pacific-North American (PNA) pattern in WT1 and WT3.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Tripperpas smart card project - Lessons from the Netherlands. was an electronic smart card that enabled users to travel and pay for bus journeys in the municipality of Groningen, the Netherlands. Between January 2000 and December 2002, Tripperpas could be purchased and used on the bus network served by Arriva. The objectives of the experiment were to determine the efficacy of the contactless chip card technology and to assess the acceptability of the new ticketing method in a working urban environment. The practical experience gained could be used to guide the development and implementation of a nationwide electronic ticketing system. In the 2-year trial period, more than 4,000 Tripperpas were used. To monitor progress and evaluate performance, surveys were conducted (one before and three after) with questionnaires, focus group discussions, and in-depth interviews. The goals were to elucidate passenger experiences and staff responses. Additional surveys were conducted to investigate the reactions of nonusers and ex-users. The research findings presented a comprehensive picture of the strengths and weaknesses of Tripperpas compared with the conventional strip ticket. They also provided valuable insight into travel behavior as well as staff and passenger preferences. Research outcomes will assist the introduction of a nationwide ticketing system in the near future.", "label": [1, 5, 15, 47]}
+{"token": "Use of plants by Myzus persicae in agroecosystems: Potential applications in conservation biological control. Myzus persicae (Sulzer) is a highly polyphagous aphid species that attacks several economically important crop plants. Here, trophic webs involving M. persicae, its host plants and its parasitoids were described and quantified in wheat, oat and alfalfa agroecosystems from central Argentina, with special emphasis on the sub-habitats where interactions occur: crops and adjacent field margins. Three fields cultivated with each crop species and their margins were sampled during three years; aphid abundance and mummification percentage were compared among crop plants and the diverse natural vegetation in the borders. Interactions were described using a quantitative food web approach, and abundance and mummification percentage e data were analysed using a generalized linear model. Four plant species present in the borders (Capsella bursa-pastori, Rapistrum sp., Melilotus sp. and Trifolium repens) hosted M. persicae and its parasitoids. The alfalfa agroecosystem produced a significantly higher number of aphids than oat and wheat; however, in all cases, crops and borders sustained similar aphid abundance. A total of six Aphidiinae species attacked M. persicae, with no significant differences in the richness of parasitoid species between the borders and the crops, but with significant differences in parasitoid abundance, being higher in the crops. Mummification percentage were higher in crops than in the borders, with Lysiphlebus testaceipes, Aphidius colemani and A. ervi being the most abundant species. Almost 70% of M. persicae individuals were collected from fields borders, which highlights the importance of including these sites in studies of trophic interactions in crop fields.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "FIRST- AND SECOND-GENERATION IMMIGRANT ADOLESCENTS' MULTIDIMENSIONAL MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE SELF-CONCEPTS AND THEIR ACHIEVEMENT IN MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE. This study, drawing on data from the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study 2007, examined the predictive effects of multiple dimensions of mathematics and science self-concept-positive affect toward mathematics and science and self-perceived competence in mathematics and science-on mathematics and science achievement among 1,752 first- and second-generation immigrant adolescent students in Canada. First- and second-generation immigrant adolescent students' self-perceived competence in mathematics had positive predictive effects on their mathematics and science achievement. In contrast, first- and second-generation immigrant adolescent students' positive affect toward mathematics had negative predictive effects on their mathematics and science achievement. While first- and second-generation immigrant adolescent students' self-perceived competence in science had no significant predictive effect on their mathematics achievement, it had a positive predictive effect on their science achievement. Positive affect toward science had positive predictive effects on second-generation immigrant adolescent students' mathematics and science achievement, whereas it had no significant predictive effects on first-generation immigrant adolescent students' mathematics and science achievement. Implications of the findings for policy and practice are discussed.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Integrated Kalman-Independent Component Analysis Method for Harmonic Current Estimation on an Interconnected Four Bus Simulated and Laboratory Model. Wide use of non-linear loads results in harmonic propagation throughout the entire power system. The harmonics generated in the power system by the harmonic injection buses need to be properly measured and quantified using minimal information about the power system network. Independent Component Analysis (ICA) provides several algorithms for harmonic state estimation, some of which are more accurate at specific harmonic frequencies. In this paper, the best ICA algorithm for steady state performance (i.e. the algorithm with the least error) is chosen and the resulting mixing matrix is processed by a Kalman Filter which functions as an optimal estimator. The harmonic state estimation is implemented on a simulated four bus system and a laboratory four bus model is also wired and the results of the work are presented.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Modified booth pipelined multiplication. A pipelined modified Booth multiplication is proposed for low power, high performance DSP application. The proposed multiplication is suitable for VLSI implementation. It has a better power-performance ratio than the traditional pipelined multiplier and modified Booth multiplier.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "The Complete Mitochondrial Genome of Bactrocera carambolae (Diptera: Tephritidae): Genome Description and Phylogenetic Implications. Bactrocera carambolae is one of the approximately 100 sibling species of the Bactrocera dorsalis complex and considered to be very closely related to B. dorsalis. Due to their high morphological similarity and overlapping distribution, as well as to their economic impact and quarantine status, the development of reliable markers for species delimitation between the two taxa is of great importance. Here we present the complete mitochondrial genome of B. carambolae sourced from its native range in Malaysia and its invaded territory in Suriname. The mitogenome of B. carambolae presents the typical organization of an insect mitochondrion. Comparisons of the analyzed B. carambolae sequences to all available complete mitochondrial sequences of B. dorsalis revealed several species-specific polymorphic sites. Phylogenetic analysis based on Bactrocera mitogenomes supports that B. carambolae is a differentiated taxon though closely related to B. dorsalis. The present complete mitochondrial sequences of B. carambolae could be used, in the frame of Integrative Taxonomy, for species discrimination and resolution of the phylogenetic relationships within this taxonomically challenging complex, which would facilitate the application of species-specific population suppression strategies, such as the sterile insect technique.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Effect of the comonomer content on the permeation behavior in polyolefin films synthesized with metallocene catalysts. This work reports the influence of the comonomer content on the permeation of oxygen in metallocenic polyolefins. These polyolefins are ethylene-1-hexene copolymers with different content of comonomer, and the corresponding homopolymer. It is found that the diffusion and permeability coefficients increase with the temperature and comonomer content, and therefore with the decreasing of crystalline fraction. Moreover, the sorption depends mainly on the fraction of amorphous phase; in fact, the specific sorption, normalized to the crystallinity of the sample, is constant in the interval of crystallinity studied. The permeability characteristics of the films are interpreted in terms of the free volume theory. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 33]}
+{"token": "Fictive elements in Appian's pharsalus narrative. Appian created a fictional portrait of Pompey's allies at Pharsalus. The story is inconsistent, lacks corroboration, and frequently contradicts the parallel tradition; it also features stock elements from Appian's compositional repertoire. This level of intervention by Appian is a new discovery, and its cause-Appian's disdain for non-Greeks and non-Romans-is significant.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Integrated pest management of Tuta absoluta: practical implementations across different world regions. The South American tomato pinworm, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), has invaded most Afro-Eurasian countries and is threatening worldwide tomato production. Various strategies have been developed and implemented to manage this pest. Here, we present a timely review on the up-to-date development and practical implementation of integrated pest management (IPM) programs for tomato crops across different world regions infested by T. absoluta. While insecticide resistance is a growing concern, biological control via releasing or conserving arthropod natural enemies and sex pheromone-based biotechnical control are the most successful management practices. Agronomic control-related research is an emerging area where the soil fertilization and/or irrigation, as well as breeding of resistant cultivars, has the potential to enhance IPM effectiveness. Grower survey responses in the native areas (i.e., South America), early-invaded areas (i.e., first report between 2006 and 2012) and newly invaded areas (i.e., first report after 2012) showed that the control programs evolved along with the areas and time since invasion. Growers in the early-invaded areas shifted more rapidly from chemical control to biological control compared to those from the native area. In all concerned regions, the pest control failure risk following chemical insecticide applications and the high cost associated with either biological or biotechnical control methods have been the greatest concerns for growers. The information gathered from the native and/or early-invaded areas may help achieve a more effective management in newly invaded areas. Lastly, researchers are expected to break the bottlenecks of some key issues that would enable lowering application cost of novel biorational alternative management options.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Workplace goals and output quality: evidence from time-constrained recruiting goals in the US navy. This paper examines how workplace goals affect the quality of worker output, using data from the recruiting command of the US Navy. Recruiting stations and recruiters are assigned monthly goals for the quantity of new recruits that may create an unintended incentive to sacrifice quality, especially towards the end of the month. Using data on the universe of Navy recruits from FY1998 to 2010, we find significant reductions in the quality of recruits towards the end of the contracting month, both in terms of pre-existing quality of recruits and in medium-term outcomes that reflect the quality of the job match.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Who punishes whom? Bifurcation of private and public responsibilities in criminal punishment. Who holds the legitimate right to punish criminals? While previous work has identified several factors that influence states' decisions to delegate punishment duties to the private sector, it has not considered variation in the level of security required to implement the punishment. Delegating coercive power challenges commonly held assumptions about the appropriate locus of coercive power, and resistance is likely to be strongest when delegating highly secure services that require the greatest levels of physical coercion. Using data on American adult correctional facilities from 1990 to 2005, this article describes the current bifurcation of correctional contracting, wherein private contractors house increasing numbers of inmates in less secure correctional settings (e.g., low-security, community-based facilities) and public authorities retain near-monopoly control over inmates in highly secure settings (i.e., medium-and maximum-security prisons). Multinomial regression analyses reveal that states' decisions to privatize highly secure facilities were associated with ideological and economic factors. However, the decision to privatize lower security facilities has become commonplace, and as a result has grown irrespective of state-level factors. These results suggest that handing over low-security services to the private sector has become a legitimate policy option, while privatizing the most secure services remains shrouded in illegitimacy.", "label": [3, 5, 26, 51]}
+{"token": "cTRAIN: A computer-aided training system developed in SuperCard for teaching skills using behavioral education principles. A computer-aided training program was developed in SuperCard and piloted with professional painters. Taking a modern programmed-instruction/behavioral-education approach, cTRAIN is structured as a series of information sets. Each information set consists of a series of information screens (three to five recommended) followed by quiz screens tone to three recommended) structured as four-response multiple choice questions. Correct quiz responses produce positive feedback and continuation in the series, whereas incorrect responses result in \\\\'error\\\\' feedback and return the student to the beginning of the information set to repeat the same information screens and the same quiz question. This report demonstrates a specific implementation, respiratory protection requirements, using the flexible cTRAIN system for developing training modules. Fifteen adults completed the respiratory protection program, demonstrating substantial and significant (p < .0001 by paired t test) gains from baseline pretest (19.4 out of 30 questions) to the immediate posttest (28.1). Performance remained elevated (26.4) on a retest taken 1 week later.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Application of molybdenum disulfide nanosheets adsorbent for simultaneous preconcentration and determination of Cd(II), Pb(II), Zn(II) and Ni(II) in water samples. In this research, the two-dimensional molybdenum disulfide nanosheets (MoS2-NSH) were synthesized and successfully used as an effective adsorbent for preconcentration of trace amounts of four heavy metal ions (including, Cd, Ni, Zn and Pb) before measurements with flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The prepared MoS2-NSH was characterized by Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The main analytical parameters which can influence the quantitative recoveries of target analyte ions; such as solution pH, eluent type and its volume, adsorbent dosage and initial sample volume, were investigated. Under the optimized conditions, the recoveries of metal ions were > 90% at pH of 5.5, and the limits of detection values were found to be 0.37, 0.97, 0.76 and 1.09 mu g L-1 for Cd(II), Ni(II), Zn(II) and Pb(II), respectively. The relative standard deviations (% RSD) for target ions were less than 5.3%. In addition, based on the experimental data, the kinetics studies and adsorption isotherms were evaluated and the results showed that the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir adsorption isotherm were well-fitted with the ions adsorption data. The suggested procedure has been successfully utilized in the analysis of some environmental water samples with satisfactory recoveries in the range of 93.6 to 107.2%.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Multiple origins of hybrid strains of Cryptococcus neoformans with serotype AD. Cryptococcus neoformans is a major pathogen of humans throughout the world. Using commercial mAbs to capsular epitopes, strains of C: neoformans manifest five distinct serotypes-A, B, C, D and AD. Previous studies demonstrated significant divergence among serotypes A, B, C and D, which are thought to be haploid. In this study the origins and evolution of strains of serotype AD were investigated. A portion (537 bp) of the lactase gene was cloned and sequenced from 14 strains of serotype AD. Each strain contained tyro different alleles and sequences for both alleles were obtained. These sequences were compared to those from serotypes A, B, C and D. This analysis indicated that each of the 14 serotype AD strains contained two phylogenetically distinct haplotypes: one haplotype was highly similar to the serotype A group and the other to the serotype D group. To explain the origins of these serotype AD strains, genealogical analysis is consistent with at least three recent and independent hybridization events. The results demonstrate that the evolution of C. neoformans is continuing and dynamic.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Bulk densities of meteoroids. The article deals with the results of application of the method for determination of meteoroid bulk densities, based on the physical theory of meteor phenomenon taking into consideration husking type of fragmentation of meteoroids, to more than 1100 meteors compiled in catalogues of photographical and TV meteors. Our results indicate that both the sporadic and shower meteors can be caused by various kind of bodies ranging from fluffy dust clumps to iron or stony-iron meteoroids. We have arrived at the conclusion that the fragmentation itself cannot be considered as sufficient criterion of structure of meteoroids. The concepts of husking followed slightly more than 230 meteors from the whole sample. As a particular result, we arrived also at the conclusion that while Perseids are produced namely by dust clumps particles Geminids are formed by stony-iron kind of meteoroids.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "7q Deletion/12q Duplication Is the Possible Cause of an Alobar Holoprosencephaly Case. Holoprosencephaly (HPE) spectrum disorder is the most common congenital malformation of the human brain with absence of or incomplete midline cleavage. Its cause is heterogenic, making genetic counseling a challenge. In this case report, a pregnancy affected by alobar HPE is described. Using aCGH, an 8.9-Mb deletion at 7q36.1q36.3 together with a 4.9-Mb duplication at 12q24.32q24.33 is assumed to be the possible reason for this alobar HPE case. It is discussed that disruption of key elements of the developing brain, taking environmental factors into account, contributes to the HPE spectrum. The use of aCGH for invasive prenatal testing is starting to become the standard technique, providing accurate information about the cause of congenital diseases for couples receiving genetic counseling. (c) 2017 S. Karger AG, Basel", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Parenting Practices and Prospective Levels of Hyperactivity/Inattention Across Early- and Middle-Childhood. This study examined specific parenting practices as predictors of prospective levels of children's hyperactivity/inattention across early- and middle-childhood. Participants were a mixed-sex community cohort (N = 976; 52 % boys) aged 4-10 years (M = 6.5, SD = 1.3). Measures of parenting practices, hyperactivity/inattention, conduct problems, and maternal education were collected at baseline, and hyperactivity/inattention re-assessed at 12-month follow-up. Analyses examined predictors of 12-month hyperactivity/inattention while controlling for levels at baseline. High levels of parental involvement were associated with reduced levels of hyperactivity/inattention, but only across early childhood. Conversely, increases in child age were associated with increased levels of hyperactivity/inattention across middle-childhood, but only among children exposed to high levels of inconsistent discipline. Inconsistent discipline and parental involvement appear to be uniquely associated with prospective hyperactivity/inattention across childhood, independent of associated conduct problems. Our results further suggest some developmental specificity with regard to the effects of these distinct dimensions of parenting on hyperactivity/inattention at different points in childhood.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Targeted observations in FASTEX: Adjoint-based targeting procedures and data impact experiments in IOP17 and IOP18. In a series of experiments for IOP18, the best 24 h forecast of L44 is obtained using a combination of targeted-dropsonde data and satellite wind data. Both data types can also be used separately to improve this forecast. The assimilation of satellite wind data and ship-based soundings in areas of weak initial-condition sensitivity ('null' areas) is shown to have minimal impact on the forecast error. The target areas identified by SVs in these two IOPs occur in strongly baroclinic regions, tending to favour the right-entrance and left-exit regions of the upper-level jet, but with greatest sensitivity near 600 hPa.In IOP17, targeted dropsondes improve a 42 h forecast of L41 (Low 41; cyclones were numbered in sequence throughout FASTEX) in terms of sea-level pressure, but the forecast skill is degraded in the upper troposphere. It is suggested that the degraded forecast may be caused by an incomplete survey of the SV target area, that improved the analysis in one region, bur made the analysis less accurate in an adjacent part of the target area where no dropsonde data were provided. In a series of experiments, the best 42 h forecast of L41 is obtained by the addition of a few radiosonde profiles provided specially for FASTEX at off-times, that provide observational data in the most sensitive part of the SV target area. The analysis differences introduced by the radiosonde profiles are much smaller in magnitude than those from the dropsonde data, but have a larger forecast impact, because they occur in an area that has larger error growth rates in this forecast.The Fronts and Atlantic Storm-Track EXperiment (FASTEX) provided an opportunity for testing targeted-observing procedures in a real-time framework during January and February 1997. This study describes the use of singular vectors (SVs) for objective targeting during FASTEX, and the evaluation of the impact obtained from targeted dropsonde data, satellite wind data, and other observations on 1-2 day forecast skill in intensive observation periods (IOPs) 17 and 18.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "THE NOTION OF A PRIORI IN LOGICAL EMPIRICISM AND ITS FIRST CRITICS. The philosophy of logical empiricism has largely determined the direction and the range of problems of the philosophy, which Later became known as analytic philosophy. Philosophers of the Vienna Circle and their followers had to dissociate their program from other philosophies predominant in the early twentieth century (particularly from neo-Kantianism and neo-Hegelianism). As a part of this task the revision of the concepts of classical epistemology, including the concept of a priori was carried out. The paper examines how, in the framework of logical empiricism, apriority became identified with analyticity, and discusses alternative theories of the a priori, which resulted of this identification.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "CHARACTERIZATION OF THE ORIGIN AND BODY OF THE NORMAL EQUINE REAR SUSPENSORY LIGAMENT USING ULTRASONOGRAPHY, MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING, AND HISTOLOGY. The suspensory ligament is difficult to image accurately, partly because it contains ligamentous fibers, as well as noncollagenous adipose and muscle tissue in the normal horse. Our hypothesis was that magnetic resonance (MR) imaging would be more accurate than ultrasonography in identifying the size of the suspensory ligament and the presence and size of noncollagenous tissues within the ligament. Eleven horses were used for ultrasonographic and MR imaging and histologic evaluation of the rear suspensory ligament. The origin and body of the normal suspensory ligament had a heterogenous appearance on MR images with two separate islands of mixed signal intensity evident throughout its otherwise hypointense cross-sectional area. Histologically, there were isolated islands of muscle, adipose, loose connective tissue and dense collagenous partitions, organized in two separate bundles that extended through the full length of the suspensory ligament origin and body to the level of its bifurcation. Comparison of MR images with corresponding histologic sections confirmed that islands of heterogenous signal intensity in normal suspensory ligaments correlated well with these bundles. Using ultrasonography, it was impossible to distinguish these islands from surrounding dense collagenous tissue consistently. MR imaging determined the cross-sectional area of the suspensory ligament more accurately than ultrasonography. Based upon these results, MR imaging is superior to ultrasonography for assessment of the suspensory ligament. The appearance associated with normal ligament anatomy needs to be understood before MR signal variation can be considered as indicative of disease in the suspensory ligament. (C) 2012 Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Real-Time Optimization for Power Management Systems of a Battery/Supercapacitor Hybrid Energy Storage System in Electric Vehicles. Batteries mounted on electric vehicles (EVs) are often damaged by high peak power and rapid charging/discharging cycles, which are originated from repetitive acceleration/deceleration of vehicles particularly in urban situations. To reduce battery damage, the battery/supercapacitor (SC) hybrid energy storage system (HESS) has been considered as a solution because the SC can act as a buffer against large magnitudes and rapid fluctuations in power. While the traditional purpose of employing the HESS in EVs is to minimize the magnitude/variation of battery power or power loss, the previous approaches proposed for controlling the HESS have some drawbacks; they neither consider these objectives simultaneously nor reflect real-time load dynamics for computing the SC reference voltage. In this paper, we present a power control framework consisting of two stages: one for computing the SC reference voltage and another for optimizing the power flowing through the HESS. In the presented framework, we propose a methodology for calculating the SC reference voltage considering the real-time load dynamics without given future operation profiles. In addition, we formulate the HESS power control problem as a convex optimization problem that minimizes the magnitude/fluctuation of battery power and power loss at the same time. The optimization problem is formulated so that it can be repeatedly solved by general solvers in polynomial time. Simulation results carried out on MATLAB show that the magnitude/variation of battery power and power loss can be concurrently reduced in real time by the proposed framework.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
+{"token": "Vibration and buckling of composite beams using refined shear deformation theory. Vibration and buckling analysis of composite beams with arbitrary lay-ups using refined shear deformation theory is presented. The theory accounts for the parabolical variation of shear strains through the depth of beam. Three governing equations of motion are derived from Hamilton's principle. The resulting coupling is referred to as triply coupled vibration and buckling. A two-noded C-1 beam element with five degree-of-freedom per node which accounts for shear deformation effects and all coupling coming from the material anisotropy is developed to solve the problem. Numerical results are obtained for composite beams to investigate effects of fibre orientation and modulus ratio on the natural frequencies, critical buckling loads and corresponding mode shapes. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 15, 12]}
+{"token": "Scintillation Properties of New LuScSiO5 Crystals. New LuScSiO5 crystals with intrinsic luminescence are grown by the Czochralski method. Pulsed cathodoluminescence spectra of new scintillators and their scintillation decay times are studied for the first time. Using 662-keV gamma-rays from the Cs-137 source, amplitude distributions of the number of luminescence counts (so-called photopeaks) are measured for new crystals. It is shown that the light yield of LuScSiO5 crystals is 13 500 photons/MeV.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Performance and revenue in professional league football: evidence from Granger causality tests. Using a dataset comprising annual performance (measured by final league position) and gate revenue for 77 Football League clubs which maintained unbroken league membership between 1946 and 1994, the relationship between performance and revenue is investigated using cointegration and causality tests. A cointegrating relationship between performance and revenue is established in only 10 cases out of 77, although it is argued that some caution is required in interpreting these results, due to the low power of the relevant tests in relatively small samples. In Granger causality tests, more evidence is found of causality running from lagged revenue to current performance than of causality in the opposite direction, while the dependence of performance on revenue seems to be greater for the smaller clubs than for the larger. These results lend empirical support to the popular view that, unless checked by mechanisms for revenue redistribution within the league, the natural tendency is for success to become concentrated increasingly among a small group of elite, wealthy clubs.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "News from the pragmatics classroom: Contrasting the inductive and the deductive approach in the teaching of pragmatic competence. While the role of pragmatic skills in a foreign or second language has been receiving increased attention both from a research and a language teaching perspective, there is still a lamentable scarcity of systematic empirical studies into the effectiveness of instructional methods in the teaching of pragmatics. Addressing this research gap, this article reports about a quasi-experimental study into possible differences between an explicit-inductive and an explicit-deductive instructional approach in the teaching of pragmatic skills in English as a Foreign Language ( EFL), more specifically the teaching of offer refusals to 49 advanced adult EFL learners in Germany. The instruction consisted of three 90-minute lessons, which were spread out over the duration of a 15-week academic semester and designed according to the deductive principle and the inductive principle, respectively. While the deductive group was provided with metapragmatic rules directly at the beginning of the instruction, the inductive group only encountered such rules after engaging in language use and guided discovery. Production data was elicited by means of DCTs and role play in a pretest-posttest format. Effectiveness of instruction was operationalized by means of two indicators: Indicator 1 measured the increased usage of the strategies taught in class, while indicator 2 measured the approximation to a native speaker target. The results indicate that the gains in the inductive group surpassed those in the deductive group, suggesting that when situated within the explicit framework, inductive instruction is more effective in the teaching of pragmatic skills.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Separation of silkworm proteins in cocoon cooking wastewaters via nanofiltration: Effect of solution pH on enrichment of sericin. Cocoon cooking wastewater contains waste silkworm proteins including sericin, which is a valuable raw material for many industries including cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. Sericin can be recovered via nanofiltration (NF) with high efficiency; however the process conditions need to be optimized to maximize separation. In this study, the effect of solution pH on NF performance was investigated for separation of silkworm proteins towards sericin enrichment. Solution pH (3.5-9.0) slightly influenced sericin rejection, which was higher than 80% in all cases. On the other hand, solution pH significantly influenced transmission of contaminant proteins, which was highest (0.52) at pH 3.5 and lowest (0.06) at pH 9.0. Increased transmission of contaminant proteins at acidic pH was attributed to possible effects of concentration polarization and increased ionic strength. Although acidic conditions (pH 4.5) favored sericin enrichment, the instantaneous purity of sericin in the retentate remained at 0.48-0.52 at pH 3.5-9.0. Furthermore, working at acidic pH caused severe fouling problems; more than threefold increase occurred in flux decline; with an increase of flux decline from 20% to 69% and fouling resistance from 3.8 x 10(13) m(-1) to 15.5 x 10(13) m(-1) (almost fourfold) when pH was reduced from 6.4 to 4.5. The contribution of fouling resistance to total resistance increased from 32-40% (pH 6.4) to 70% and 53% in acidic and alkaline conditions, respectively. Concentrating the wastewater at pH 4.5 had adverse impacts on rejection performance of NF membrane; rejection of sericin and contaminant proteins decreased from 78% to 52% and from 33% to 9%, respectively, as volume reduction factor increased from 1.00 to 1.70. Correspondingly, sericin purity in the retentate decreased from 0.59 to 0.55. The pH adjustment had no benefit for separation of sericin from contaminant proteins, and hence it was decided not to apply pH adjustment in NF stage. Instead, a two-stage process, NF (at original pH of 6.4) plus ethanol-induced precipitation were adopted, which enabled enrichment of sericin 1 from 80.0% to 92.9%. The product was considered to be of high quality as it contained greater than 90% sericin. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 33]}
+{"token": "Exploring the relationship between open innovation and organisational ambidexterity: the moderating effect of entrepreneurial orientation. This study aims to examine the relationship between open innovation (OI), organisational ambidexterity (OA), and entrepreneurial orientation (EO). Since OA is central to the short and long-term survival of the firm, there is an enormous interest in investigating organisational mechanisms for achieving higher levels of OA. Prior studies have mostly concentrated on 'internal' mechanisms, and less attention has been given to how open innovation practices can promote OA. Our observation of 214 Iran knowledge-intensive firms indicates that OI, entailing inbound and outbound open innovation activities, significantly enhances OA. Yet, contrary to our expectation, EO negatively moderates the relationship between OI and OA in the developing context of Iran. This provides compelling insights into how an open innovation approach can compensate the necessity of risky and proactive entrepreneurial activities in the less developed institutional contexts where institutional voids enhance the costs and risks of entrepreneurial initiatives. The discussion finally suggests the theoretical and managerial implications of the study and future directions.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "Was Weber a Methodological Weberian?. The recent publication of the entirety of Max Weber's methodological writings in an English translation by Bruun and Whimster offers an opportunity to reassess the question how far he himself consistently adhered to his own precepts about Wertfreiheit and the construction and deployment of ideal types. It is argued that Weber himself saw the problem not as a logical but as a purely psychological one, and that he could therefore justify the apparent contradictions between his precepts and his practice as either deliberate exercises in something other than Wissenschaft or, in his wissenschaftlich writings, as lapses capable in principle of correction. In conclusion, it is briefly suggested that Weber would regard the major advances made in the human behavioural sciences since his lifetime as generally consistent with his own methodology.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Proton Beam Validation of a New Single Event Transient Mitigation Technique. A single event transient (SET) filtering technique for non-volatile field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) are investigated experimentally using the AND-OR-Multiplexer SET filter technique. The technique combines AND - OR gate circuits in parallel with a two input multiplexer to provide a single circuit that can dissipate SETs irrespective of whether the input state is high or low. This paper presents the results of the experimental investigation, with the SET filter applied to various sequential circuit configurations in a commercial Flash-based FPGA, the 0.13-mu m ProASIC3E product family (A3PE), by proton beam irradiation. Their implementation and evaluation in-beam show their efficiency in eliminating SETs and single event upsets (SEU) compared to unmitigated designs.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Field trips as short-term experiential learning activities in legal education. Field trips offer students the opportunity to learn in a real-world setting and bridge the gap between theory and practice. To date, there has been a dearth of both theoretical and empirical research into the use and effectiveness of field trips as a pedagogic tool in legal education. This article seeks to fill this gap, first by analysing the current research on the use of field trips in higher education across different disciplines and the reported advantages and disadvantages of such usage, and secondly by providing empirical evidence on the benefits of such activities from a field trip, \\\\'Living the Law: A Tour of Legal Dublin\\\\', undertaken with students in Dublin City University, Ireland. The tour involved visits to important legal establishments in the city of Dublin, including the Supreme Court, the training institutions of barristers and solicitors in Ireland and a premier legal firm. The article analyses feedback from the students who took this trip on the benefits of such a learning experience.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Securing sensor networks: A novel approach that combines encoding, uncorrelation and node disjoint transmission. A low area and power secure message transmission module for wireless networks is presented. The proposed solution has three major components: encoding, uncorrelation and transmission along carefully selected node disjoint paths. All three modules are necessary to achieve secure message transmission. Two sets of experimental results were conducted. The first set of experimental results on a network simulator demonstrates the high level of security that the proposed module provides and the second set of experiments shows its low power and area characteristics. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 37]}
+{"token": "Anti-racist Strategies in Finnish Children's Literature: Physical Appearance and Language as Signifiers of National Belonging. This article examines anti-racist strategies employed in Finnish children's literature. The examples from four stories illustrate that certain physical characteristics and cultural markers can become strong signifiers of nationality, that is Finnishness. The characters in these stories have to cope with experiences of exclusion and loneliness before the people around them learn that difference and diversity do not change the fact that all humans are worth the same. However, the paper argues that the intended positive outcome of books with a strong anti-racist agenda threatens to be lost as heavily accentuated moral lessons often become counterproductive. The paper demonstrates some of the changes that have taken place in Finnish children's literature during the past two decades and addresses significant cultural and societal issues that affect children's everyday lives.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Production of Scottish Open Gardens: privacy and power. This paper focuses on Scottish Open Gardens (OG) run by a charitable organisation. OGs are those attached to private houses that are opened as visitor attractions, where a proportion of the money charged for entry is raised for charity. Whilst there have been a few studies on OGs, they have omitted to develop conceptual debates relevant to OGs. This paper identifies privacy and power as key themes determining the ways in which OGs are produced by three kinds of 'co-producers': garden owners, volunteer organisers and helpers. Drawn from 12 months of ethnographic fieldwork conducted in the Scottish Lowlands, I will explain how the deconstruction of the private-public boundary in OGs underlies the nuanced power relationships. I argue that legitimacy of power exercised by the co-producers is determined by their perceptions of what is morally justifiable and by the geographical remits of locations where power is exercised. The paper concludes by emphasising implications for practice and suggestions for future research.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Effect of shear history on the morphology of immiscible polymer blends. In this paper we study how the steady state morphology during shear of an incompatible blend can be affected by the initial conditions. By means of rheological experiments it is shown that below a critical shear rate multiple steady states can be obtained, the final morphology being then determined by the initial conditions of the blend. Above the critical shear rate the morphology is univocally determined by an equilibrium between break-up and coalescence. The critical shear rate is identified as the value at which the break-up limiting curve crosses the coalescence one. The applicability of different coalescence theories has been investigated by changing the viscosity ratio. The different coalescence theories can all describe the experimental results with a reasonable precision. The accuracy of the fully mobile interface theory seems to increase with decreasing viscosity ratio, whereas the opposite holds for the immobile interface theory. The partially mobile interface theory describes the various results equally well.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "A new potential method to estimate abundance of small game species. This study tested the hypothesis that nonlinear transects, such as the L-, V- and W-shaped transect, which are widely used in soil sampling but rarely in ecology, may perform better in capturing habitat heterogeneity potentially resulting in more accurate small game species estimates, than straight-line transects. To test this, we computed and compared the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) captured by the straight-line, L-shaped, V-shaped and W-shaped transects for Kyle Game Reserve (Zimbabwe), inside the home ranges of two small game species, namely species A and species B. These transects differed in geometry but had the same length. We also performed simulations in a geographic information system environment to compare the detection ability of the different transect geometry. One-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey's honest significant difference test was used to test for significant differences in the mean number of detections and NDVI variance captured by each transect geometry. Simulations results indicate that for both home ranges, the V-shaped transect resulted in significantly higher detections than the widely used straight-line transect. Nonlinear transects also yielded higher NDVI variances than the straight-line transect in both home ranges.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Matrix rank/inertia formulas for least-squares solutions with statistical applications. Least-Squares Solution (LSS) of a linear matrix equation and Ordinary Least-Squares Estimator (OLSE) of unknown parameters in a general linear model are two standard algebraical methods in computational mathematics and regression analysis. Assume that a symmetric quadratic matrix-valued function phi(Z) = Q - ZPZ' 0 is given, where Z is taken as the LSS of the linear matrix equation AZ = B. In this paper, we establish a group of formulas for calculating maximum and minimum ranks and inertias of phi(Z) subject to the LSS of AZ = B, and derive many quadratic matrix equalities and inequalities for LSSs from the rank and inertia formulas. This work is motivated by some inference problems on OLSEs under general linear models, while the results obtained can be applied to characterize many algebraical and statistical properties of the OLSEs.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Intellectual Property Infringements & 3D Printing: Decentralized Piracy. By drastically reducing the role of intermediaries in manufacturing, 3D printing is likely to set about the next wave of decentralized, non-commercial infringements of intellectual property rights. Drawing upon the lessons from the entertainment industry's litigation campaign against illegal file sharing, this paper describes some of the common characteristics of decentralized piracy. I show that, like copyright enforcement on file-sharing networks, intellectual property enforcement of 3D printing faces economic and social norm complications that make traditional, litigation based enforcement ineffective and possibly counterproductive.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Improving regional air quality predictions in the Indo-Gangetic Plain - case study of an intensive pollution episode in November 2017. The Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) experienced an intensive air pollution episode during November 2017. Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled to Chemistry (WRF-Chem), a coupled meteorology-chemistry model, was used to simulate this episode. In order to capture PM2.5 peaks, we modified input chemical boundary conditions and biomass burning emissions. The Community Atmosphere Model with Chemistry (CAM-chem) and Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications Version 2 (MERRA-2) global models provided gaseous and aerosol chemical boundary conditions, respectively. We also incorporated Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VI-IRS) active fire points to fill in missing fire emissions in the Fire INventory from NCAR (FINN) and scaled by a factor of 7 for an 8 d period. Evaluations against various observations indicated the model captured the temporal trend very well although missed the peaks on 7, 8, and 10 November. Modeled aerosol composition in Delhi showed secondary inorganic aerosols (SIAs) and secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) comprised 30% and 27% of total PM2.5 concentration, respectively, during November, with a modeled OC/BC ratio of 2.72. Back trajectories showed agricultural fires in Punjab were the major source for extremely polluted days in Delhi. Furthermore, high concentrations above the boundary layers in vertical profiles suggested either the plume rise in the model released the emissions too high or the model did not mix the smoke down fast enough. Results also showed long-range-transported dust did not affect Delhi's air quality during the episode. Spatial plots showed averaged aerosol optical depth (AOD) of 0.58 (+/- 0.4) over November. The model AODs were biased high over central India and low over the eastern IGP, indicating improving emissions in the eastern IGP can significantly improve the air quality predictions. We also found high ozone concentrations over the domain, which indicates ozone should be considered in future air quality management strategies alongside particulate matter.", "label": [4, 5, 36, 47]}
+{"token": "SUBSTRATE ACTIVATION OF MECHANOSENSITIVE, WHOLE-CELL CURRENTS IN RENAL PROXIMAL TUBULE. Isolated, polarized, proximal tubule cells of Rana pipiens were voltage clamped and examined for both single-channel and whole cell currents. Barium-sensitive whole cell conductances were calculated from the difference in slopes of the current-voltage relations before and after 5 mM external barium. In 11 voltage-clamped cells with high K in the pipette (and cell), isosmotic addition of 40 mM glucose to the bathing solution increased cell volume by 23 +/- 4% within 2-3 min and increased barium-sensitive conductance by 40 +/- 10% from 0.5 to 0.7 nS (P < 0.005, with each cell as its own control). Isosmotic addition of nonmetabolizable methyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside, which enters with Na across the apical membrane, produced a similar increase in barium-sensitive conductance (30 +/- 13%). In contrast, 3-O-methyl-D-glucopyranose, which is not cotransported with Na, did not alter either cell volume or barium-sensitive conductance. Isosmotic addition of 40 mM phenylalanine (Phe) increased cell volume by 21 +/- 3% and increased barium-sensitive conductance by 36 +/- 19% from 1.1 to 1.5 nS (P < 0.005, with each cell as its own control; n = 8). All K channels observed at the basolateral membrane of these amphibian cells were found to be activated by pipette suction (stretch) and inhibited by 5 mM external barium (outside-out patches). Hence, stretch-activated (SA) K channels must be mediating the macroscopic increase in whole cell K conductance (G(K)) after isosmotic addition of glucose and Phe. The process does not seem to involve changes in ATP, because Phe increased G(K) even more when cytosolic ATP was maintained at high levels (10(-4) M extracellular ouabain and 5 mM intracellular ATP). It is also unlikely that changes in cell pH or calcium mediate the increase in G(K), because the bulk composition of the cell is ''clamped'' by the pipette solution in these experiments (1-mum tip patch pipettes). Consequently, the substrate-induced increase in G(K) probably arises from a swelling-associated deformation of the submembrane cytoskeleton or a direct change in membrane tension. In either case, SA channels would play a physiological role in proximal tubule K homeostasis during sugar and amino acid reabsorption in the proximal tubule of the kidney.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "VIEW FROM BENEATH PATHOLOGY IN FOCUS - MASSIVE METASTASIS FROM SQUAMOUS CARCINOMA OF THE TONSIL. Squamous carcinomas of the oro-pharynx are associated with a high incidence of distant metastases at post-mortem.  A case of a massive distant metastasis from a squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsil is presented.  This occurred despite excellent local control.  The pathology and the possible management implications are discussed.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Prediction and minimization of NOx emission in a circulating fluidized bed combustor: Improvement of bed quality by optimizing cyclone performance and coal particle size. The NOx emission of circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boilers can be evidently reduced via optimization of the cyclone performance and the coal particle size, which has been proved in industrial practices, while there are few reasonable interpretations for these phenomena so far. In this paper, a comprehensive 1-dimensional/1.5-dimensional CFB mathematical model was applied to investigate the effect of these two important factors on NOx emission. Simulation results on two commercial CFB boilers indicate that increasing the cyclone efficiency and reducing the coal particle size can significantly decrease the average size of bed materials and increase the solid suspension density in the freeboard zone; namely, the bed quality is improved. The local gas-solid flow behaviors inside the CFB furnace will be accordingly changed, such as the increasing volume fraction of bubble phase in dense bed, shortening of secondary air penetration depth, enrichment of particles in the downward-flow annulus or clusters, etc. Consequently, the reducing atmosphere will be formed or enhanced in local areas, leading to the effective inhibition of NOx formation. Meanwhile, the increase in the bed inventory of fine char particles also facilitates the reduction of NOx. Moreover, if appropriately reducing the height of the coal inlet or feeding fine coal particles from the solid recycle system, the NOx emission may be further reduced due to the adjustment of the volatiles release pattern. In addition, the reduction of coal particle size can contribute to the increase in fuel combustion efficiency, while the unburned carbon content in fly/bottom ash may increase or decrease with the improvement of cyclone efficiency. This study further analyzes the influence of gas-solid flow characteristics on the chemical reaction process and provides a new solution to the low-cost pollutant emission control for CFB boilers.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "Effects of Climate and Latitude on Age at Maturity and Longevity of Lizards Studied by Skeletochronology. Longevity and age at maturity are key life-history traits, directly linked to fitness attributes such as survival and reproductive output. It has been proposed that these traits are strongly influenced by environmental factors, such as temperature, seasonality, and precipitations, which determine the existence of a continuum of life-histories that goes from the \\\\'slow\\\\' life histories characterized by late maturity and high longevity of cold and highly seasonal climates to the \\\\'fast\\\\' life histories characterized by early maturity and low longevity, typical of the tropical climates. However, largescale studies that address these topics in lizards are scarce and most of them are based on heterogeneous data, which may overlook the real patterns. Using skeletochronology, we studied age at maturity and longevity of two species of Phymaturus lizards, Phymaturus aguanegra from the Andes and Phymaturus zapalensis from the Patagonian steppe (Argentina). Then, we confronted longevity and age at maturity in these species with published skeletochronologybased data on 46 other lizard species to examine possible association of these life-history traits with latitude and mean annual temperature, thermal amplitude, and precipitations. Both Phymaturus species showed late sexual maturity (7 and 8-9 years, respectively) and high longevity (16 and 14-15 years, respectively) in coincidence with the other species of the genus studied up to date. The phylogenetic comparative analysis revealed that the most important variable in the determination of longevity patterns in the species studied was latitude: at higher latitudes lizards tend to live longer. In contrast, age at sexual maturity was dependent on mean annual temperature most, especially in males, as lizards from hotter climates mature earlier than lizards from cold sites.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Depth video enhancement for haptic interaction using a smooth surface reconstruction. We present a depth video enhancement algorithm in order to provide high quality haptic interaction. As the telecommunication technology emerges rapidly, the depth image-based baptic interaction is becoming viable for broadcasting applications. Since a real depth map usually contains discrete and rugged noise, its haptic interaction produces the distorted force feedback. To resolve these problems, we propose a two-step refinement and adaptive sampling algorithm. In the first step, noise is removed by the median-filtering technique in 2D image space. Since not all pixels can be used to reconstruct the 3D mesh due to limited system resources, the filtered map is adaptively sampled based on the depth variation. Sampled 2D pixels, called feature points, are triangulated and projected onto 3D space. In the second refinement step, we apply the Gaussian smoothing technique to the reconstructed 3D surface. Finally, 3D surfaces are rendered to compute a smooth depth map from Z-buffer.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "The postcard as a historical document: a visual approach to the First World War. Since the first picture postcards appeared in 1869, these small cards have managed over time to become a testimony of the past, a top-notch historical document which covers a time spectrum of close to a century of our history, and a cultural object which symbolizes the development of an era that covers the major recent events and many aspects of daily life. The First World War, in its magnitude and its consequences, has been one of those historical chapters of our recent history and the graphic arts became a mechanism for the expression of the events that happened during it. It was during the war that the popularity of photographs, posters, prints and, of course, postcards became more widespread. Through the analysis of more than 10000 postcards, consulted mostly through the webpages of the most important international documentation centers, we seek to take a close look at this historical development and to focus on the role they played in the conflict as they became one of the main media used in the dissemination and propaganda of the battle.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Forecasting Tornadoes Using Convection-Permitting Ensembles. Hourly maximum fields of simulated storm diagnostics from experimental versions of convection-permitting models (CPMs) provide valuable information regarding severe weather potential. While past studies have focused on predicting any type of severe weather, this study uses a CPM-based Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model ensemble initialized daily at the National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL) to derive tornado probabilities using a combination of simulated storm diagnostics and environmental parameters. Daily probabilistic tornado forecasts are developed from the NSSL-WRF ensemble using updraft helicity (UH) as a tornado proxy. The UH fields are combined with simulated environmental fields such as lifted condensation level (LCL) height, most unstable and surface-based CAPE (MUCAPE and SBCAPE, respectively), and multifield severe weather parameters such as the significant tornado parameter (STP). Varying thresholds of 2-5-km updraft helicity were tested with differing values of sigma in the Gaussian smoother that was used to derive forecast probabilities, as well as different environmental information, with the aim of maximizing both forecast skill and reliability. The addition of environmental information improved the reliability and the critical success index (CSI) while slightly degrading the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve across all UH thresholds and sigma values. The probabilities accurately reflected the location of tornado reports, and three case studies demonstrate value to forecasters. Based on initial tests, four sets of tornado probabilities were chosen for evaluation by participants in the 2015 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Hazardous Weather Testbed Spring Forecasting Experiment from 4 May to 5 June 2015. Participants found the probabilities useful and noted an overforecasting tendency.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Vote.com? Issue Voting of Internet Users in the 2000 Presidential Election. In recent years, Internet use has grown rapidly and changed citizens' daily lives. This study examines the influence of Internet usage on issuevoting in the 2000 presidential election. Using NU data on voters who planned to vote in the 2000 presidential election, I test the hypotheses that voters who use the Internet for obtaining information about elections are more issue-oriented in their voting behaviors. I find mixed results. While the Internet users' voting preferences are more consistent with their attitudes on tax cuts than are those of the non-users, both the Internet users' and non-users' voting preferences are inconsistent with their orientation toward the issue of health care. This finding is robust even with voters educational attainment andaccess to newspaper held constant.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Modeling electroporation of the non-treated and vacuum impregnated heterogeneous tissue of spinach leaves. Uniform electroporation of the heterogeneous structure of spinach leaf cross section is a technological challenge that is addressed in this investigation. Three dimensional models were created with cells arranged in specific tissue types, considering a leaf with its air fraction and a leaf where the air fraction was replaced by a solution of known properties using vacuum impregnation. The models were validated before electroporation, in the frequency domain, where alternating voltage and current signal at frequencies from 20 Hz to I MHz were used to measure conductivity of the tissue. They were also validated through measurements of current during electroporation when a single 250 mu s rectangular pulse with amplitudes ranging from 50 to 500 V was applied. Model validations show that both the frequency dependent conductivity and electroporation are well predicted. The importance of the wax layer and stomata in the model is thoroughly discussed.Industrial relevance: Our aim was to investigate electroporation of the spinach leaf by developing a model which would enable us to meet the technological challenge of achieving uniform electroporation in a highly heterogeneous structure in the context of a process aimed at improving freezing stability of plant foods. Pulsed electric field treatment may be used to introduce the cryoprotectant molecules into the cells, and hence improve the structure and properties of frozen food plants. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "In situ and real-time probing of quasicrystal solidification dynamics by synchrotron imaging. Quasicrystal growth remains an unsolved problem in condensed matter. The dynamics of the process is studied by means of synchrotron live imaging all along the solidification of icosahedral AlPdMn quasicrystals. The lateral motion of ledges driving faceted growth at the solid-melt interface is conclusively shown. When the solidification rate is increased, nucleation and free growth of new faceted grains occur in the melt due to the significant interface recoil induced by slow attachment kinetics. The detailed analysis of the evolution of these grains reveals the crucial role of aluminum rejection, both in the poisoning of their growth and driving fluid flow.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Beyond the European Union Tobacco Products Directive: smokers' and recent quitters' support for further tobacco control measures (2016-2018). Background Several measures recommended by the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control have not been implemented in the European Union, despite changes in the legislation such as the Tobacco Products Directive (TPD). This study aims to understand smokers' and recent quitters' levels of support for tobacco control measures that go beyond the TPD during and after its implementation. Methods Data from wave 1 (2016, n=6011) and wave 2 (2018, n=6027) of the EUREST-PLUS International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project Six European Countries Survey, a cohort of adult smokers in Germany, Greece, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Spain were used to estimate the level of support for seven different tobacco control measures, overall and by country. Results In 2018, the highest support was for implementing measures to further regulate tobacco products (50.5%) and for holding tobacco companies accountable for the harm caused by smoking (48.8%). Additionally, in 2018, 40% of smokers and recent quitters supported a total ban on cigarettes and other tobacco products within ten years, if assistance to quit smoking is provided. Overall, support for tobacco control measures among smokers and recent quitters after the implementation of the TPD remained stable over time. Conclusion There is considerable support among smokers and recent quitters for tobacco control measures that go beyond the current measures implemented. A significant percentage of smokers would support a ban on tobacco products in the future if the government provided assistance to quit smoking. This highlights the importance of implementing measures to increase smoking cessation in conjunction with other policies.", "label": [2, 21, 23]}
+{"token": "'Lonely, tragic, but legally necessary pilgrimages': Transnational Abortion Travel in the 1970s. This article explores the work of the Calgary Birth Control Association with a particular focus on their referral service to help Albertan women obtain abortions in Seattle. The fact that Canadian women were travelling to the United States for abortions highlights the shortcomings of the Canadian health-care system and the legal changes in the 1969 omnibus bill. Cross-border travel is also compelling evidence for the argument that reproductive rights are an international issue. More particularly, this study demonstrates the tensions that reproductive-rights activists faced in addressing the needs of individual women vs the long-term objective of changing the laws and improving accessibility.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Effects of suspended and sedimented clays on juvenile hard clams, Mercenaria mercenaria, within the context of harmful algal bloom mitigation. Increased interest in using ecologically inert clays to flocculate, sediment, and thus mitigate harmful algal blooms at nearshore mariculture sites has prompted studies on the effectiveness of this method on prolific blooms, such as those caused by the neurotoxic dinoflagellate Karenia brevis in the Gulf of Mexico. Potential repercussions of this control strategy revolve around the increased flux of suspended particles to the benthos. Juvenile suspension-feeding bivalves are potentially vulnerable as they could suffer burial, a decrease in clearance rates, and/or an increase in pseudofeces production in response to suspended clay, leading to reduced growth and delay in attaining size refuge from predators. Here we assess lethal and sublethal effects on juvenile hard clams, Mercenaria mercenaria, in a 2-week flume application of phosphatic clay to simulated blooms of the nontoxic dinollagellates Heterocapsa triquetra and Prorocentrum micans. Flow regimes simulated two contrasting, \\\\'worst-case\\\\' field conditions where (1) low flow allowed complete sedimentation and formation of a benthic sediment layer, and (2) high flow allowed complete particle suspension. No clam mortalities occurred in either treatment. The sedimentation treatment showed variable growth inhibition in shell and/or tissue, but effects were not apparent compared to controls (no sediment layer), and clams rapidly resumed siphon contact with the overlying water column. In contrast, a strong growth effect (similar to90% reduction in shell and tissue growth) occurred in particle-suspension trials compared to no-clay controls. These results suggest that repeated clay applications in the field are likely more detrimental to clams in a high-energy environment leading to prolonged in situ resuspension of clay than in an environment favoring sedimentation.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "Marshland Colonization in Acadia and Poitou during the 17th Century. This article compares marshland colonization in Acadia and France during the 17th century. It begins with an analysis of why the initial attempts to colonize marshlands failed. It then compares the later, successful initiatives at Port Royal, in Acadia, and the Poitevin Marsh, in France. Although they had very different objectives and tackled very different environmental challenges, both groups effectively organized their activities and used innovation in adapting old techniques. What made Acadian marshland farming distinctive was its small scale and its dispersed, decentralized nature. Both initiatives demonstrate how successful marshland colonization was a profoundly local endeavour.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Exploring the genetic diversity and the population structure of the mesophotic Paramuricea macrospina in the Menorca Channel. Gorgonians play an important structural and functional role promoting high diversity and biomass of associated fauna. Up to now, studies on gorgonian ecology in the Mediterranean Sea have been focused mainly on the SCUBA diving depth range. Although increased availability of remotely operated vehicles allowed access to the deeper areas, gorgonian assemblages located on continental shelf and slopes are still barely known. Gorgonian assemblages on continental shelves are extremely vulnerable to anthropogenic impacts, especially bottom trawling and longline fishing. To implement effective management and conservation policies it is crucial to understand patterns of genetic structure among populations since connectivity enhances the resilience of populations. Paramuricea macrospina is a key structuring gorgonian in the Menorca Channel's (Balearic Archipelago) outer continental shelf where it covers vast extensions, reaching very high densities. Combining two mitochondrial makers and 10 microsatellites, this study gives the first insight into the genetic diversity and population structure of P. macrospina between 60 and 100 m depth in the Menorca Channel and at a horizontal spatial scale of about 60 Km. Overall, we demonstrate a low genetic diversity and a lack of genetic structure among populations, which may be explained by the geomorphology and hydrodynamic features of the Menorca Channel (e.g. internal waves, high currents). Our study suggests some connectivity among P. macrospina populations in accordance with the high recruitment rates observed. This connectivity may increase the resilience and foster the recovery of impacted populations since the study area will become a Marine Protected Area of the Natura 2000 network in the near future. Nevertheless, complementary studies based on a larger sample size should be conducted to complement our results. In addition, temporal genetic monitoring of these populations should be envisaged to monitor the potential reduction of genetic diversity of this mesophotic species.", "label": [4, 42, 36]}
+{"token": "Preparing undergraduate nurses and midwives for spiritual care: Some developments in European education over the last decade. In recent years, preparing nurses and midwives to feel competent and confident in providing spiritual care has become the subject of international research. There is an emerging body of evidence affirming the importance of spirituality in promoting the health and wellbeing of individuals. Despite this growing recognition, there are still inconsistencies in the way that undergraduate students in nursing and midwifery are taught and prepared to assess and address this dimension of the person, and fundamentally how these concepts are integrated within programmes of education. This article charts the evolution of a European programme of research, spanning a decade, exploring undergraduate nurses' and midwives' perception of spirituality and perceived competence in providing spiritual care. The research culminated in an educational research study that led to the co-production and development of best practice standards for spiritual care education and the launch of a network to sustain and advance this neglected area of nursing and midwifery practice.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Social inequality in adolescent daily smoking: Has it changed over time?. Background and aim: In most northern European countries adolescent smoking is most prevalent in lower social classes but there is little information about time trends in social inequality. This paper describes trends in social inequality in daily smoking among adolescents from 1991 to 2006 by both absolute social inequality (prevalence difference between low and high social class) and relative social inequality (prevalence ratio). Methods: We analysed 15-year-olds from the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study in Denmark in 1991, 1994, 1998, 2002 and 2006, total n = 6703. The surveys were comparable because of similar procedures for sampling, data collection, and measurements of smoking and parents' occupational social class. Findings: From 1991 to 2006 the prevalence of daily smoking decreased from 15.9% to 10.9% among boys and from 20.1% to 10.6% among girls. The social inequality fluctuated over time and was different for boys and for girls. The prevalence difference between boys from low and high social class was 5.2% in 1991 and 9.3% in 2006, corresponding figures for girls were 4.8% and 7.0%. The prevalence ratio among boys was 1.38 (in 1991) and 2.19 (in 2006), among girls 1.28 and 1.95. Conclusions: Daily smoking was most prevalent among students from lower social classes and the level of inequality fluctuated over time. Conclusions on social inequality in adolescent smoking may appear differently when described by absolute and relative measures. The absolute and relative social inequality in adolescent smoking was higher in 2006 than in 1991.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Synchronization of a Network Composed of Stochastic Hindmarsh-Rose Neurons. An algorithm for synchronization of a network composed of interconnected Hindmarsh-Rose neurons is presented. Delays are present in the interconnections of the neurons. Noise is added to the controlled input of the neurons. The synchronization algorithm is designed using convex optimization and is formulated by means of linear matrix inequalities via the stochastic version of the Razumikhin functional. The recovery and the adaptation variables are also synchronized; this is demonstrated with the help of the minimum-phase property of the Hindmarsh-Rose neuron. The results are illustrated by an example.</p>", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Duration of Soil Activity of Foramsulfuron Plus Thiencarbazone-methyl Applied to Weed Species Typical of Sugar Beet Cultivation. The duration of the soil activity of an acetolactate synthase-(ALS) inhibiting herbicide which is currently under approval for sugar beet cultivation was determined in a field trial series in Germany in 2013 and 2014. The herbicide containing foramsulfuron (FSN; 50 g L-1) and thiencarbazone-methyl (TCM; 30 g L-1) was applied in different dosages (25 + 15, 37.5 + 22.5 and 50 + 30 g FSN+TCM ha(-1)) to the bare soil. Five weed species (rapeseed, common lambsquarters, wild chamomile, blackgrass, barnyardgrass) were sown at 5, 10, 15 and 20 d after application. The duration of the soil activity was assessed by determining percent weed control in the treated plots. The longest duration was observed after applying 50+30g FSN+TCM ha(-1), but the influence of environment was much stronger than the dosage effect. The mean duration of soil activity was 10 to 15 d in 2013 and longer than 20 d in 2014. Differences among weed species in their response to the herbicide treatments were small.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Diagnosis of sulfur deficiency in soybean using seeds. The objectives of this study were to obtain a reliable index for the evaluation of the S nutrition status in soybean [Glycine Max (L.) Merr.] and to identify the critical S level in relation to seed yield and quality. Two Oxisols were used: A-horizon soil from Serra dos Gerais, and A- and B-horizon soils from Sambaiba in Maranhao State, Brazil. Soybean plants in pots were grown in a greenhouse with the supply of 0 to 80 mg S kg(-1) soil. The seed S concentration was a more reliable index of seed yield because of the higher correlation between S concentration and yield. In the plants with visible symptoms of S deficiency, the seeds contained 1.5 g S kg(-1), and the seed yield was 60% of the control. Electrophoresis analysis indicated that the critical seed S concentration for deficiency of protein components was 2.0 g kg(-1) when the yield was 80% of the control. The S concentration was 2.3 g kg(-1) or higher for >90% yield when the composition of the protein components was identical with that in the original seeds obtained under sufficient S fertilization. We classified the S concentration in the seeds as: deficient (S < 1.5 g kg(-1)), very low (1.5 less than or equal to S < 2.0 g kg(-1)), low (2.0 less than or equal to S < 2.3 g kg(-1)), and normal (2.3 g kg(-1) less than or equal to S). Because of stable S concentration, easy sampling, and sufficient time for planning of fertilizer application for the subsequent cropping, seed analysis is preferable to leaf analysis.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Folk Psychology: Scientific Perspectives of Realism, Eliminativism, and Instrumentalism. In this paper I analyse realist, eliminativist, and instrumentalist approach towards mental discourse on folk psychology. The basic idea is to examine folk psychology as a theory which explains and predicts behaviour. If folk psychology is a theory, then it must be reducible to or incorporated into a well-founded scientific physical theory, neuroscience foremost. The question is, is such a thing, even in principle, possible? Should we expect the scientific reduction of the entity of folk psychology or is it realistic to expect its elimination from scientific explanation and prediction of behaviour insofar as it is not possible to establish a connection with physical sciences? Or are we perhaps supposed to treat folk psychology as an abstract theory which is justified in its application, but has no scientific physical relations between its entities and the entities of physical sciences? I begin this paper with the everyday, common sense use of folk psychology in explaining and predicting behaviour, and I follow up with a brief presentation of realist perspective and its issues. Afterwards, I lay out eliminativist perspective and its reach in the debate, and pass on to the promising perspective of instrumentalism. Finally, I endorse a transformation of the perspective of instrumentalism into a milder form of realism by introducing the notion of scattered causality.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Profiting from poverty. We consider whether and under what conditions it is morally illicit to profit from poverty. We argue that when profit counterfactually depends on poverty, the agent making the profit is morally obliged to relinquish it. Finally, we argue that the people to whom the profit should be redirected are those on whom it counterfactually depends.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Revised classification of herbicides by site of action for weed resistance management strategies. The classification of herbicides by site of action, published in 1997, has been revised. The classification system uses a numbering system for a herbicide's site of action, chemical family, and common name. Regulatory agencies in the United States and Canada have published labeling guidelines based on the classification to aid in herbicide resistance management.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Morphological Variability of Submarine Mass Movements in the Tectonically-Controlled Calabro-Tyrrhenian Continental Margin (Southern Italy). The analysis of high resolution morpho-bathymetric data on the Calabro Tyrrhenian continental margin (Southern Italy) enabled us to identify several morphological features originated by mass-wasting processes, including shallow gullies, shelf-indenting canyons and landslides. Specifically, we focus our attention on submarine landslides occurring from the coast down to -1700 m and affecting variable areas from thousands of square meters up to few tens of square kilometers. These landslides also show a large variability of geomorphic features which seems strictly related to the physiographic/morphological domains where the landslide formed. Tectonically-controlled scarps and canyon flanks are typically characterized by several coalescent and nested landslides, with diameters ranging from hundreds to a few thousands of meters. Canyon headwalls are commonly characterized by a cauliflower shape due to an array of small (diameters of tens of meters) and coalescent scars. In all these sectors, disintegrative-like landslides dominate and are generally characterized by a marked retrogressive evolution, as demonstrated by their morphology and comparison of repeated bathymetric surveys at the canyon headwall. Only in the lower part of tectonically-controlled scarps, a few cohesive-like and isolated landslides are present, indicating the main role of slope gradients and height drop in controlling the post-failure behavior of the mobilized material. Open slopes are generally characterized by large-scale (diameters of thousands of meters) and isolated scars, with associated landslide deposits. A peculiar case is represented by the Capo Vaticano Scar Complex that affected an area of about 18 km(2) and is characterized by an impressive variability of landslide morphologies, varying also at short distance. The large extent and variability of such scar complex are thought to be associated with the occurrence of a mixed contouritic-turbidite system. By integrating the high-resolution morpho-bathymetric dataset with the results of previous studies, we discuss the main factors controlling the variability in size and morphology of submarine landslides developed in a tectonically-controlled setting and provide preliminary considerations on their potential geohazard in a densely populated coastal area.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Bottlenecks to coral recovery in the Seychelles. Processes that affect recovery of coral assemblages require investigation because coral reefs are experiencing a diverse array of more frequent disturbances. Potential bottlenecks to coral recovery include limited larval supply, low rates of settlement, and high mortality of new recruits or juvenile corals. We investigated spatial variation in local abundance of scleractinian corals in the Seychelles at three distinct life history stages (recruits, juveniles, and adults) on reefs with differing benthic conditions. Following widespread coral loss due to the 1998 bleaching event, some reefs are recovering (i.e., relatively high scleractinian coral cover: 'coral-dominated'), some reefs have low cover of living macrobenthos and unconsolidated rubble substrates ('rubble-dominated'), and some reefs have high cover of macroalgae ('macroalgal-dominated'). Rates of coral recruitment to artificial settlement tiles were similar across all reef conditions, suggesting that larval supply does not explain differential coral recovery across the three reef types. However, acroporid recruits were absent on macroalgal-dominated reefs (0.0 +/- A 0.0 recruits tile(-1)) in comparison to coral-dominated reefs (5.2 +/- A 1.6 recruits tile(-1)). Juvenile coral colony density was significantly lower on macroalgal-dominated reefs (2.4 +/- A 1.1 colonies m(-2)), compared to coral-dominated reefs (16.8 +/- A 2.4 m(-2)) and rubble-dominated reefs (33.1 +/- A 7.3 m(-2)), suggesting that macroalgal-dominated reefs have either a bottleneck to successful settlement on the natural substrates or a high post-settlement mortality bottleneck. Rubble-dominated reefs had very low cover of adult corals (10.0 +/- A 1.7 %) compared to coral-dominated reefs (33.4 +/- A 3.6 %) despite no statistical difference in their juvenile coral densities. A bottleneck caused by low juvenile colony survivorship on unconsolidated rubble-dominated reefs is possible, or alternatively, recruitment to rubble-dominated reefs has only recently begun. This study identified bottlenecks to recovery of coral assemblages that varied depending on post-disturbance habitat condition.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "The functioning of the Arab-Persian elements in the grammatical categories of a noun (based on the language of Tatar poetry of the XIXth century). The article deals with the problems of grammatical development and the patterns of Arab-Persian element functioning in the language of poetic works of the XIXth century and the ratio of normativity and variation concerning the use of foreign grammatical forms in nominal parts of speech. It proposes the scientific methodology to analyze Arabic and Persian grammatical elements in the language of Tatar poetry of this period; The mechanisms of borrowed grammatical element adaptation in the grammatical aspect are defined; The peculiarities of Arabisms and persidisms development at the grammatical level are revealed.In order to implement the goal and the objectives of the work, the following research methods were chosen: the method of continuous sampling; descriptive-analytical; the method of vocabulary definition analysis; comparative-historical method; comparative-typological method; comparative-historical method.The scientific novelty of this article is determined by a new approach to the study of Arabic and Persian elements - the description of foreign form grammatical development. In the course of the study, they stated that the language of Tatar poetry of the XIXth century is characterized by the grammatical norms of different languages: Tatar, Arabic and Persian; Heterogeneous linguistic facts in the system of poetry language become expressive or stylistic means.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "beta-Cells retain a pool of insulin-containing secretory vesicles regulated by adherens junctions and the cadherin-binding protein p120 catenin. The 11-cells of the islets of Langerhans are the sole producers of insulin in the human body. In response to rising glucose levels, insulin-containing vesicles inside 11-cells fuse with the plasma membrane and release their cargo. However, the mechanisms regulating this process are only partly understood. Previous evidence indicated reductions in a-catenin elevate insulin release, while reductions in 11-catenin decrease insulin release. a- and 11-catenin contribute to cellular regulation in a range of ways but one is as members of the adherens junction complex. Therefore, we investigated the effects of adherens junctions on insulin release. We show in INS-1E 11-cells knockdown of either E- or N-cadherin had only small effects on insulin secretion, but simultaneous knockdown of both cadherins resulted in a significant increase in basal insulin release to the same level as glucosestimulated release. This double knockdown also significantly attenuated levels of p120 catenin, a cadherin-binding partner involved in regulating cadherin turnover. Conversely, reducing p120 catenin levels with siRNA destabilized both E- and N-cadherin, and this was also associated with an increase in levels of insulin secreted from INS-1E cells. Furthermore, there were also changes in these cells consistent with higher insulin release, namely reductions in levels of F-actin and increased intracellular free Ca2+ levels in response to KCl-induced membrane depolarization. Taken together, these data provide evidence that adherens junctions play important roles in retaining a pool of insulin secretory vesicles within the cell and establish a role for p120 catenin in regulating this process.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "The proposed client-accountant tax privilege in Australia: How does it sit with the common law doctrine of legal professional privilege?. Legal professional privilege protects confidential communications between legal advisors and their clients from compulsory disclosure. In the taxation arena, this will include protection from disclosure to taxation authorities using coercive information-gathering powers. The common law privilege does not apply to the client-accountant relationship or to the tax advisor-client relationship where that tax advisor is not a lawyer. In 2005, New Zealand introduced a legislative regime to grant statutory privilege to confidential communications between accountants and their clients for the main purpose of providing or receiving tax advice. In 2008, the Australian Law Reform Commission (ALRC) recommended that Australia follow the New Zealand model and introduce a similar statutory regime. This article outlines both the ALRC proposal and the New Zealand client-accountant statutory regime. The rationale for the creation of a separate statutory privilege and the reasons for the rejection of the extension of the common law privilege to the client-accountant relationship are also considered. Finally, the article compares statutory privilege with legal professional privilege. This review highlights differences between the two forms of privilege and concludes that the practical level of protection afforded taxpayers claiming this new form of privilege is considerably less than common law privilege.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "EPA guidance on the role and responsibilities of psychiatrists. Psychiatry is that branch of the medical profession, which deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and management of mental disorders or mental illness, emotional and behavioural disturbances. Thus, a psychiatrist is a trained doctor who has received further training in the field of diagnosing and managing mental illnesses, mental disorders and emotional and behavioural disturbances. This EPA Guidance document was developed following consultation and literature searches as well as grey literature and was approved by the EPA Guidance Committee. The role and responsibilities of the psychiatrist include planning and delivering high quality services within the resources available and to advocate for the patients and the services. The European Psychiatric Association seeks to rise to the challenge of articulating these roles and responsibilities. This EPA Guidance is directed towards psychiatrists and the medical profession as a whole, towards other members of the multidisciplinary teams as well as to employers and other stakeholders such as policy makers and patients and their families. (C) 2015 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Socioeconomic differences in smoking cessation: the role of social participation. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate whether psychosocial resources explain socioeconomic differences in smoking cessation and its maintenance, Methods: A subpopulation of 11,837 individuals from the Malmo Diet and Cancer Study interviewed in 1992-93, age range 45-64 years, was investigated in this cross-sectional study. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to assess relative risks of having stopped smoking, adjusting for age, country of origin, previous/current diseases. and marital status. Results: An odds ratio of 1.9 (1.4-2.5: 95% CI) for men and 2.0 (1.4-2.7; 95% CT) for women of having stopped smoking was found for higher non-manual employees when compared with unskilled manual workers. A decrease in these odds ratios was found when social participation was introduced into the model. The other three social network and social support variables were non-significant. Conclusion: High social participation is a predictor of maintenance of smoking cessation. It seems possible to interpret parts of the socioeconomic differences in smoking cessation and its maintenance as a consequence of differing social network resources and social capital between socioeconomic groups.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Low-voltage CMOS adjustable current mirror. A novel scheme for an adjustable low-voltage CMOS current mirror is introduced. The proposed current mirror provides continuous gain adjustment, while it simultaneously features the attractive characteristic of low-voltage operation. The behaviour of the proposed topology has been experimentally verified through a first-order lowpass filter fabricated in AMS 0.35 mu m CMOS technology.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Parotoplana rosignana sp nov.: Morphology, taxonomy and post-embryonal development of a new species of otoplanid (Plathelminthes, Rhabdithophora, Proseriata). Parotoplana rosignana sp. nov., collected at Marina di Cecina, Rosignano Solvay, Castiglioncello and Quercianella (Leghorn, Ligurian Sea), shows a body length of 0.8-1.6mm. Behind the brain on both sides, two longitudinal rows of medium-large testes reach, in a single line, two germaries at about one-third of body length. Immediately after the small ovaries two rows of vitellaries are present on both sides; these run along the 'kragenfrmig' pharynx to the penis papilla opening. The male copulatory organ has 12 spines of variable shape and length (79-125m) and a central funnel-shaped sting (80m long). The first description of the post-embryonal development of otoplanids is given in this flatworm, and it appears of proterogynic type, but the maturation of the female and male gametes in the adult is contemporaneous.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "PHILANTHROPIC PROBLEMATIZATION OF ECOLOGICAL ACTION. This article discusses the existing duality between the terms Earth and world under the of the 21st century ecological crisis. It proposes, from the deconstruction of anthropocentric and ecocentric values, an analysis of the philanthropic/sustainable paradigm, as a way of understanding the interdisciplinary nature of the possible coexistence between Man and Nature. For this, are demonstrated some hierarchical imbalances present in the concession of Western culture proposed by Samuel Huntington, in the ecological imaginary of indigenous communities defended by Zoe Todd, and in the environmental impact of consumer society from the perspective of Patrick Curry, Richard Sylvan, and David Bennett. As a result, the importance of understanding a balance between consumption and production is demonstrated, condemning the elitist anthropocentrism of western communities as the cause and solution of the ecological problem, transversally illustrated from the market and the art world under the conception of the practical uselessness of its existence and given its contribution to a problem of overproduction.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Approaches to conserving natural enemy populations in greenhouse crops: current methods and future prospects. Biological pest control in greenhouse crops is usually based on periodical releases of mass-produced natural enemies, and this method has been successfully applied for decades. However, in some cases there are shortcomings in pest control efficacy, which often can be attributed to the poor establishment of natural enemies. Their establishment and population numbers can be enhanced by providing additional resources, such as alternative food, prey, hosts, oviposition sites or shelters. Furthermore, natural enemy efficacy can be enhanced by using volatiles, adapting the greenhouse climate, avoiding pesticide side-effects and minimizing disrupting food web complexities. The special case of high value crops in a protected greenhouse environment offers tremendous opportunities to design and manage the system in ways that increase crop resilience to pest infestations. While we have outlined opportunities and tools to develop such systems, this review also identifies knowledge gaps, where additional research is needed to optimize these tools.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Three-Dimensional Upper Airway Assessment in Treacher Collins Syndrome. The pharyngeal dimensions of individuals with TCS are impacted by the micrognathia and retrognathia. In association with the skeletal pattern, the reduction of the airways, although not statistically significant, may explain the increased prevalence of airways disorder in this syndrome.Conclusions:The purpose of this investigation was to assess the pharyngeal dimensions and the craniofacial morphology of individuals with Treacher Collins syndrome (TCS) when compared to vertical skeletal class II individuals. It is our hypothesis that the upper airways of individuals with TCS are reduced in view of the skeletal pattern and the maxillomandibular dysmorphologies.Cone-beam computed tomography scans of 26 individuals had the pharyngeal volume (V) and minimal cross-sectional area (mCSA) evaluated. Study group (TCS) was formed by 13 scans of patients with TCS (7 males and 6 females; 20.2 +/- 4.7 years). Control group (CG) assembled 13 scans of nonaffected individuals with the same type of skeletal pattern (2 males and 11 females; 26.6 +/- 5.4 years). Cephalometric data of maxillomandibular position, maxillomandibular dimensions, and growth pattern were assessed. Statistical analysis (P <= .05) included Student t test and Pearson correlation coefficient.Objectives:Materials and Methods:Although reduced, pharyngeal V and mCSA of TCS were not statistically different from the CG. On both groups, mCSA was mostly at the oropharyngeal level. Individuals with TCS presented retrognathic chin, reduced maxillomandibular dimensions, and increased clockwise rotation of the palatal plane. Maxillary and mandibular lengths were correlated with pharyngeal V and mCSA.Results:", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Spray mixture pH as affected by dicamba, glyphosate, and spray additives. The pH of spray mixtures is an important attribute that affects dicamba volatility under field conditions. This report examined the effect of different components added to water sources that ranged in initial pH from 4.6 to 8.4. Commercial products were used, which include formulations of dicamba, glyphosate, the drift retardant Intact, ammonium sulfate (AMS), and several pH modifiers. Adding BAPMA salt of dicamba always increased the mixture pH, whereas diglycolamine + VaporGrip (R) (DGA+VG) had a mixed response. The addition of AMS decreased pH slightly (usually <0.5 pH unit), whereas the addition of potassium salt of glyphosate (GLY-K) always decreased the measured pH (from 1.0 to 2.1 pH units). A substantial pH change could have profound effects on dicamba volatility. Moreover, the 1.0 to 2.1 pH units would not be consistent with the registrant's report stating that GLY-K decreased mixtures with DGA+VG pH by only 0.2 to 0.3 units. The drift retardant Intact had no effect on pH. There was no difference in resultant pH when comparing K salt and isopropylamine (IPA) salts of glyphosate. Spray carrier volume, ranging from 94 to 187 L ha(-1), had only a minor effect on measured pH after the addition of various spray components. The addition of selected pH modifiers raised the pH above 5.0, which is a critical value according to the latest dicamba application labels. The order of mixing of various pH modifiers, including AMS, had only limited effect on measured spray solution pH.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "First human case report of sepsis due to infection with Streptococcus suis serotype 31 in Thailand. Background: Streptococcus suis is a zoonotic pathogen that causes invasive infections in humans and pigs. It has been reported that S. suis infection in humans is mostly caused by serotype 2. However, human cases caused by other serotypes have rarely been reported. This is the first report of a human case of infection with S. suis serotype 31 in Thailand.Conclusion: We should be aware of the emergence of S. suis infections caused by uncommon serotypes in patients with predisposing conditions. Laboratory capacity to identify S. suis in the hospital is needed in developing countries, which can contribute to enhanced surveillance, epidemiological control, and prevention strategies in the prevalent area.Case presentation: A 55-year-old male alcohol misuser with liver cirrhosis was admitted with sepsis to a hospital in the Central Region of Thailand. He had consumed a homemade, raw pork product prior to the onset of illness. He was alive after treatment with ceftriaxone and no complication occurred. An isolate from blood culture at the hospital was suspected as viridans group Streptococcus. It was confirmed at a reference laboratory as S. suis serotype 31 by biochemical tests, 16S rDNA sequencing, and multiplex polymerase chain reaction for serotyping, but it was untypable by the co-agglutination test with antisera against recognized S. suis serotypes, suggesting loss of capsular material. The absence of a capsule was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. The isolate was confirmed to be sequence type 221, with 13 putative virulence genes that are usually found in serotype 2 strains.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Improving bounds on outage probability in correlated Rayleigh fading environment. In this letter, we propose a limiting criterion to improve the bounds on outage probability for n-correlated Rayleigh fading channel. We use a threshold-based limiting distribution to yield explicit bounds on probability. This work takes into consideration the effect of correlated noise signal to the receiver, which is a generalization based on the power and noise correlation vectors. The approach proposed in this paper is different from many other existing bounds and it provides strong information to improve the results for the bounds on the outage probability.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Effect of Al2O3-SiO2-MnO inclusions on precipitation of MnS in Si-Mn-killed 304 stainless steels. Laboratory experiments and thermodynamic calculation were conducted to investigate the precipitation of MnS inclusions in Si-Mn-killed 304 stainless steels with various Al and S concentrations. Three types of MnS-contained inclusions were detected: MnS phase dissolved in the MnO-SiO2 inclusion, the Al2O3-rich core phase surrounded by a MnS out layer, and the individual MnS. In steel with less than 0.001% Al, the liquid SiO2-MnO-rich inclusions can hardly influence the precipitation of MnS inclusions during the cooling process of 304 stainless steels. With the increase of Al in steel, more solid Al2O3-rich inclusions are formed, which can act as nucleation agents for MnS inclusions and dramatically promote the precipitation of MnS inclusions during the cooling process of Si-Mn-killed 304 stainless steels.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Notes on Coprophanaeus ensifer (Germar) (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae) in a remnant of the Atlantic Rain Forest in the state of Paraiba, Brazil. Notes about Coprophanaeus ensifer (Germar) (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae) in a remnant of the Atlantic Forest in the State of Paraiba, Brazil. Insects of the family Scarabaeidae feed on organic matter in decomposition, participating actively in biogeocycling of nutrients. C. ensifer is a large-sized necrophagous beette that occurs in tropical forests. In the present work we aimed to record some ecological characteristics of this species regarding the seasonality and bait attractivity. Thirteen samples were performed between December/1998 and December/1999 in the Mata do Buraquinho, a remnant of the Atlantic Forest in Joao Pessoa, PB. Seventy-one specimens were captured in four baited pitfall traps: 35 on pork meat, 22 on kidney, and 14 on bovine meat. There was no significant difference among the baits with respect to their stimuli for attracting the insects. No specimens of C. ensifer were trapped on baits of liver. The monthly abundance of insects is positively correlated the precipitation (r(s)=0,65; p < 0,05) and humidity (r(s)=0,55; p < 0,05) and inversely with temperature (r(s)=-0,70; p < 0,01). The specimens were collected only from April to September, within the rainy period, an aspect that corroborates the seasonal pattern of occurrence.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Potential for Stem Cells Therapy in Alzheimer's Disease: Do Neurotrophic Factors Play Critical Role?. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common causes of dementia. Despite several decades of research in AD, there is no standard disease-modifying therapy available and currently-approved drugs provide only symptomatic relief. Stem cells hold immense potential to regenerate damaged tissues and are currently tested in some brain-related disorders, such as AD, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Parkinson's disease (PD). We review stem cell transplantation studies using preclinical and clinical tools. We describe different sources of stem cells used in various animal models and explaining the putative molecular mechanisms that can rescue neurodegenerative disorders. The clinical studies suggest safety, efficacy and translational potential of stem cell therapy. The therapeutic outcome of stem cell transplantation has been promising in many studies, but no unifying hypothesis can convincingly explain the underlying mechanism. Some studies have reported paracrine effects exerted by these stem cells via the release of neurotrophic factors, while other studies describe the immunomodulatory effects exerted by the transplanted cells. There are also reports which indicate that stem cell transplantation might result in endogenous cell proliferation or replacement of diseased cells. In animal models of AD, stem cell transplantation is also believed to increase expression of synaptic proteins.", "label": [2, 17, 21]}
+{"token": "Cotton Square Morphology Offers New Insights into Host Plant Resistance to Cotton Fleahopper (Hemiptera: Miridae) in Upland Cotton. Cotton fleahopper, Pseudatomoscelis seriatus (Reuter) (Hemiptera: Miridae), is a piercing sucking pest of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) that feeds preferentially on developing flower buds, called squares. Heavy infestations cause yield reductions that result from abscission of squares damaged by the cotton fleahopper feeding. Antixenosis, or nonpreference, has been reported as a mechanism of host plant resistance in cotton to cotton fleahopper. Square structure, particularly the placement of the reproductive tissues, and stylet penetration were investigated as factors that influence resistance to cotton fleahopper in cotton lines derived from crosses with Pilose, a cultigen of upland cotton resistant to cotton fleahopper, and backcrossed with high-yielding, susceptible lines. Ovary depth varied among the lines tested and was found to be a heritable trait that affected the ability of a fleahopper's feeding stylets to penetrate the reproductive tissues in the square and might influence preference. Behavioral assays suggested antixenosis as a mechanism of host plant resistance, and the trait conferring antixenosis was found to be heritable. Results suggest ovary depth plays a role in conferring resistance to cotton fleahopper and is an exploitable trait in resistance breeding.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Development of macrolide resistance in Mycoplasma pneumoniae-infected Swedish patients treated with macrolides. Background: The proportion of Mycoplasma pneumoniae isolates carrying point mutations in the 23S region of the genome associated with macrolide resistance has increased. We evaluated the probability of developing M. pneumoniae macrolide resistance mutations during macrolide treatment. Methods: M. pneumoniae strains from initial and follow-up oropharyngeal samples from 38 Swedish patients were tested for 23S rRNA mutations by amplifying and pyrosequencing the gene target region. The duration of symptoms and of M. pneumoniae carriage were recorded in cases with and without the macrolide resistance mutation. Results: Macrolide resistance mutations were absent in all baseline strains. Twenty-two patients were prescribed macrolides; the longest M. pneumoniae carriage time in these patients was 7 months and the longest symptomatic period was 7.5 months. Macrolide resistance was detected after macrolide treatment in 1 patient (carriage time 3.5 months and symptomatic period 7.5 months). Conclusions: M. pneumoniae may develop macrolide resistance during macrolide treatment. A long duration of M. pneumoniae carriage and symptoms is common in patients regardless of the presence of resistance.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Seismic chimney characterisation in the North Sea - Implications for pockmark formation and shallow gas migration. Fluid-escape structures within sedimentary basins permit pressure-driven focused fluid flow through inter-connected faults, fractures and sediment. Seismically-imaged chimneys are recognised as fluid migration path-ways which cross-cut overburden stratigraphy, hydraulically connecting deeper strata with the seafloor. How-ever, the geological processes in the sedimentary overburden which control the mechanisms of genesis and temporal evolution require improved understanding. We integrate high-resolution 2D and 3D seismic reflection data with sediment core data to characterise a natural, active site of seafloor methane venting in the UK North Sea and Witch Ground Basin, the Scanner pockmark complex. A regional assessment of shallow gas distribution presents direct evidence of active and palaeo-fluid migration pathways which terminate at the seabed pock-marks. We show that these pockmarks are fed from a methane gas reservoir located at 70 m below the seafloor. We find that the shallow reservoir is a glacial outwash fan, that is laterally sealed by glacial tunnel valleys. Overpressure generation leading to chimney and pockmark genesis is directly controlled by the shallow geological and glaciogenic setting. Once formed, pockmarks act as drainage cells for the underlying gas accu-mulations. Fluid flow occurs through gas chimneys, comprised of a sub-vertical gas-filled fracture zone. Our findings provide an improved understanding of focused fluid flow and pockmark formation within the sediment overburden, which can be applied to subsurface geohazard assessment and geological storage of CO2.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Coral diseases in aquaria and in nature. Many reef coral diseases have been described affecting corals in the wild, several of which have been associated with causal agents based on experimental inoculation and testing of Koch's postulates. In the aquarium industry, many coral diseases and pathologies are known from the grey literature but as yet these have not been systematically described and the relationship to known diseases in the wild is difficult to determine. There is therefore scope to aid the maintenance and husbandry of corals in aquaria by informing the field of the scientifically described wild diseases, if these can be reliably related. Conversely, since the main driver to identifying coral diseases in aquaria is to select an effective treatment, the lessons learnt by aquarists on which treatments work with particular syndromes provides invaluable evidence for determining the causal agents. Such treatments are not commonly sought by scientists working in the natural environment due the cost and potential environmental impacts of the treatments. Here we review both wild and aquarium diseases and attempt to relate the two. Many important aquarium diseases could not be reconciled to those in the wild. In one case, however, namely that of the ciliate Helicostoma sp. as a causal agent of brown jelly syndrome in aquarium corals, there may be similarities with pathogenic agents of the wild coral diseases, such as white syndrome and brown band syndrome. We propose that Helicostoma is actually a misnomer, but improved understanding of this pathogen and others could benefit both fields. Improved practices in aquarium maintenance and husbandry would also benefit natural environments by reducing the scale of wild harvest and improving the potential for coral culture, both for the aquarium industry and for rehabilitation programmes.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "The missing piece of the upper mesopelagic carbon budget? Biomass, vertical distribution and feeding of aggregate-associated copepods at the PAP site. Although zooplankton are recognized as important consumers of marine snow, our knowledge of the contribution of the small (< 1 mm) zooplankton to the degradation of sinking particles, and therefore on the efficiency of the biological pump, is limited. To estimate the marine snow consumption by small aggregate-feeding copepods, we measured the daily changes in biomass and vertical distribution of the harpacticoid Microsetella norvegica and the poecilostomatoid Oncaea spp. over a period of 10 days and combined these with estimates of their feeding and respiration rates. We estimated copepod feeding rates in multiple ways, using: gut chlorophyll content, maximum ingestion rates from functional responses on two types of aggregates, carbon demand based on the respiration measurements, and egg production rates. Microsetella norvegica and Oncaea spp. biomass levels varied > 2-fold between sampling dates for geographically-close sampling stations. Microsetella norvegica resided mainly in the surface layer, at or immediately below the fluorescence peak, while Oncaea spp. was typically deeper. Microsetella norvegica fed actively on Trichodesmium filaments, with a maximum ingestion rate of ca. 0.11 mu g C ind.(-1) d(-1), while their ingestion of detritus aggregates was low. Feeding on Trichodesmium was reflected in their gut chl-a content, which was high for M. norvegica at all but one sampling time. In contrast, Oncaea spp. had significantly lower gut chl-a content and may have been feeding on other types of aggregates. Respiration of both copepods was variable and as much as 0.08 mu L ind.(-1) h(-1) for M. norvegica and 0.04 mu L ind.(-1) h(-1) for Oncaea spp. Based on individual biomass, vertical distribution, and carbon demand, aggregate-associated copepods could degrade up to 79 +/- 33 mg C m(-1) d(-1), a value similar to the surplus in the epipelagic carbon budget of the area. This large degradation rate demonstrates that zooplankton < 1 mm can have a large influence on the vertical flux and that the factors controlling their abundances and feeding rates should be high in the priority list of future zooplankton studies.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "WHEN KINGDOMS ARE KINGDOMS NO MORE: A SOCIAL-SCIENTIFIC READING OF THE MUSTARD SEED (LK 13:18-19). This article presents a social-scientific reading of the parable of the Mustard Seed. It is argued that the parable is not a parable of growth or contrast, and does not allude to the Old Testament. In taking the specifics of the Lukan version of the parable seriously, it is proposed that the Mustard Seed questions religious respectability as understood by the kingdom of the Temple, and undermines imperial interests of the kingdom of Rome.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Iatrogenic sciatic nerve injury in eighteen dogs and nine cats (1997-2006). Results - Of 27 nerve injuries, 25 resulted from surgery (18 with treatment of pelvic injuries). Iliosacral luxation repair resulted in tibial (4 cats) and peroneal (3 dogs) nerve dysfunction. Other causes were intramedullary pinning of femoral fractures (3), other orthopedic surgery (cemented hip prosthesis [2] and tibial plateau-leveling osteotomy [1]), and perineal herniorrhaphy [1]. Nerve injury occurred after intramuscular injection (1 cat, 1 dog). Immediate surgical treatment was removal of intramedullary nails, extruded cement, or entrapping suture. Delayed nerve transplantation was performed in 2 dogs. Within 1 year, 13 patients recovered completely, clinical improvement occurred in 7, and there was no improvement in 7. Five of the 7 dogs that did not recover had acetabular or ilium fracture.Objective - To report clinical features associated with iatrogenic peripheral nerve injury in dogs and cats admitted (1997-2006) to a referral teaching hospital.Study Design - Retrospective study.Animals - Dogs (n=18), 9 cats.Methods - Patients had acute signs of monoparesis attributable to sciatic nerve dysfunction that developed after treatment. Neurologic examination and electrodiagnostic testing were performed. Surgical therapy was used for nerve entrapment and delayed reconstructive surgery used in other cases.Conclusion - Iatrogenic sciatic nerve injury occurred most commonly during treatment of pelvic orthopedic diseases and had a poor prognosis. Clinical variation in sciatic nerve dysfunction in dogs and cats can be explained by species anatomic differences.Clinical Relevance - Iatrogenic sciatic nerve injury leads to severely debilitating locomotor dysfunction with an uncertain prognosis for full-functional recovery. (c) Copyright 2007 by The American College of Veterinary Surgeons.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Clinical spectrum of KIAA2022 pathogenic variants in males: Case report of two boys with KIAA2022 pathogenic variants and review of the literature. KIAA2022 is an X-linked intellectual disability (XLID) syndrome affecting males more severely than females. Few males with KIAA2022 variants and XLID have been reported. We present a clinical report of two unrelated males, with two nonsense KIAA2022 pathogenic variants, with profound intellectual disabilities, limited language development, strikingly similar autistic behavior, delay in motor milestones, and postnatal growth restriction. Patient 1, 19-years-old, has long ears, deeply set eyes with keratoconus, strabismus, a narrow forehead, anteverted nares, cafe-au-lait spots, macroglossia, thick vermilion of the upper and lower lips, and prognathism. He has gastroesophageal reflux, constipation with delayed rectosigmoid colonic transit time, difficulty regulating temperature, several musculoskeletal issues, and a history of one grand mal seizure. Patient 2, 10-years-old, has mild dysmorphic features, therapy resistant vomiting with diminished motility of the stomach, mild constipation, cortical visual impairment with intermittent strabismus, axial hypotonia, difficulty regulating temperature, and cutaneous mastocytosis. Genetic testing identified KIAA2022 variant c.652C> T(p.Arg218*) in Patient 1, and a novel nonsense de novo variant c.2707G> T(p.Glu903*) in Patient 2. We also summarized features of all reported males with KIAA2022 variants to date. This report not only adds knowledge of a novel pathogenic variant to the KIAA2022 variant database, but also likely extends the spectrum by describing novel dysmorphic features and medical conditions including macroglossia, cafe-au-lait spots, keratoconus, severe cutaneous mastocytosis, and motility problems of the GI tract, which may help physicians involved in the care of patients with this syndrome. Lastly, we describe the power of social media in bringing families with rare medical conditions together.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Employing Memory Narratives to Dissect the Well-Being of Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Adolescents. The relationship between lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) identities and negative psychoemotional outcomes among teens is well established; this study analyzed happy memory narratives written by 390 LGB adolescents to investigate positive life experiences that might improve the well-being of LGB youth. A significant number of narratives were classified as everyday leisure or special occasions. Happy memory narratives were also highly likely to reference friends. Few LGB adolescents recalled LGB-specific events. The data suggest LGB adolescents recall happy memories that would be considered normalized experiences similar to those of heterosexual adolescents. Implications for understanding the well-being of LGB youth are discussed.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Structure and properties of a Cr-doped alloy of the Al-Zn-Mg-Cu system. Electron microscopy was used to identify intermetallic compounds formed in a V95 Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy upon solidification; their composition and morphology were found to depend on the content of added Cr. The effect of the addition on the structural state of the alloy at the low- and high-temperature stages of stepped aging was studied. The relation between the amount of intermetallic compounds and the thermodynamic stability of precipitates formed at the first stage of aging, the character of their distribution, and the relationship between the volume fractions of phases formed at the second stage of aging has been revealed. Structural components responsible for changes in the mechanical properties of the alloy with changing Cr content were determined.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "The surface-displayed chaperones GroEL and DnaK of Mycoplasma pneumoniae interact with human plasminogen and components of the extracellular matrix. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a common cause of community-acquired infections of the human respiratory tract. The strongly reduced genome of the cell wall-less bacteria results in limited metabolic pathways and a small number of known virulence factors. In addition to the well-characterized adhesion apparatus and the expression of tissue-damaging substances, surface-exposed proteins with a primary function in cytosol-located processes such as glycolysis have been attracting attention in recent years. Due to interactions with host factors, it has been suggested that these bacterial proteins contribute to pathogenesis. Here, we investigated the chaperones GroEL and DnaK of M. pneumoniae as candidates for such moonlighting proteins. After successful expression in Escherichia coli and production of polyclonal antisera, the localization of both chaperones on the surface of bacteria was confirmed. Binding of recombinant GroEL and DnaK to human A549 cells, to plasminogen as well as to vitronectin, fibronectin, fibrinogen, lactoferrin and laminin was demonstrated. In the presence of both recombinant proteins and host activators, plasminogen can be activated to the protease plasmin, which is able to degrade vitronectin and fibrinogen. The results of the study extend the spectrum of surface-exposed proteins in M. pneumoniae and indicate an additional role of both chaperones in infection processes.", "label": [2, 4, 17, 24, 40]}
+{"token": "Bringing the private into the public - Changing the rules of the game and new regime politics in Philadelphia public education. Substantial policy and political changes have resulted from a 2001 state takeover of the Philadelphia School District and the subsequent hiring of Paul Vallas as the district's new CEO. Using the lens of urban regime analysis, which emphasizes the importance of public and private actors in forming a governing coalition, this article analyzes the Philadelphia education regime and the policies it has promoted. The author determines that although decision making is highly centralized under this governing coalition, the role of private actors helps to define the regime as a \\\\'contracfing regime,,\\\\' in which public-private interaction shapes the political and policy context.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Characterization and Gold Extraction of Gold-bearing Dust from Carbon-bearing Gold Concentrates. Gold-bearing dust generated during the roasting process of refractory gold concentrates is valuable as secondary gold resources. In this study, the characterization of gold-bearing dust from carbon-bearing gold concentrates was determined by direct cyanidation and mineralogy research. Moreover, identification of refractoriness in the dust was determined by selective removal of minerals. Results showed that the dust belonged to refractory ores. Gold was observed to be presented as native and electrum which main associated with iron oxides. After preleaching with a 6 mol/L NaOH solution, arsenic, and carbon removal rates were 99.66% and 60.63%, respectively, and gold extraction was 58.90%, only 4.60% higher than that of direct cyanidation. After preleaching with a 15 wt.% H2SO4 solution, iron, arsenic, and carbon removal rates were 33.65%, 80.38%, and 12.60%, respectively, and gold extraction achieved 80.40%. After roasting, carbon and arsenic removal rates were 95.00% and 54.65%, respectively, and gold extraction achieved 84.52% under the optimum condition. Removal of carbonaceous matter and iron oxides could efficiently improve gold extraction, and the adverse effects of carbonaceous matter and iron oxides were the main reasons for refractoriness. Based on these results, a proper process for gold extraction from the dust was developed, and gold extraction achieved 95.50%.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Irony as a speech action. The paper develops a speech act-based model of verbal irony. It argues, first, that ironic utterances are speech actions performed as conforming to a socially accepted procedure and, second, that they are best understood as so-called etiolated uses of language. The paper is organized into four parts. The first one elaborates on Austin's doctrine of the etiolations of language and distinguishes between the normal or serious mode of communication and its etiolated mode. The second part discusses the dominant approaches to verbal irony and argues that the irony-as-a-trope theories can be viewed as attempts to describe ironic utterances as cases of normal speech, whereas the meta linguistic theories seem to treat them as etiolated uses of language. The third part proposes a set of felicity conditions for ironic acts and puts forth a hypothesis that echo and overt pretence are complementary techniques of linguistic etiolation used for ironizing. The fourth part uses the proposed model to discuss the social dimension of ironizing and argues that utterances intended as acts of ironizing may trigger the accommodating process of context-repair. The take-home message is that ironic utterances are essentially social actions: acts performed by invoking a socially accepted procedure. (c) 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Surface modification of polyvinylidene fluoride membrane by atom-transfer radical-polymerization of quaternary ammonium compound for mitigating biofouling. Fabrication of antibiofouling membrane is a vital but challenging task for the treatment of water and wastewater using membrane-based processes. In this work, quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) were grafted onto polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane via surface-initiated activators regenerated by electron transfer atomtransfer radical-polymerization (ARGET ATRP) method. Membrane surface characterization demonstrated that QAC was successfully grafted onto the PVDF membrane surface. The QAC-modified membrane (MQ) demonstrated prominent antimicrobial capability by destruction of cell integrity, with an inhibition rate similar to 98.3% of E. coil and similar to 98.5% of S. aureus, respectively. Batch filtration tests showed that MQ membrane had lower flux decline rate compared to control membrane (MO) under constant-pressure filtration. Confocal laser scanning microscopy analysis revealed that less total cells and more dead cells were present on MQ membrane compared to MO. The quantity of polysaccharides and proteins on MQ membrane was reduced as well. The grafted QAC on PVDF membrane also showed favorable stability during repeated fouling-cleaning tests. These results highlight that the ARGET ATRP method for grafting QAC onto polymeric membrane surface is a robust way to fabricate low-biofouling membrane for water and wastewater treatment.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 33]}
+{"token": "Dielectric and energy storage properties of nanocomposites with core-shell paraffin-engineered BaTiO3 in polyimides. In this work, PI was chosen as polymer matrix, PI composite films embedded with BaTiO3 were prepared by in-situ polymerization. BaTiO3 nanofillers were modified with paraffin to form a core-shell structure in order to improve the dispersion and compatibility with PI matrix. The permittivity of paraffin@BT/PI composite films with 40 wt% filler loading increase to 8.0 (1 kHz), which is about 2.4 times higher than that of pristine PI. The composites show stable capacitance in the range of 80 to180 degrees C. The energy storage density of composites with 40 wt% filler loading is as high as 3.31 J cm(-3) under 180 MV m(-1), which is 2.4 times higher than that of pristine PI (0.97 J cm(-3) at 180 MV m(-1)). However, the charge-discharge efficiency is 29.03%, and the discharge energy density is only 0.96 J cm(-3) at 180 MV m(-1). To weigh the pros and cons, the composites with 30 wt% filler loading exhibit a better energy storage property, with a eta of 70.45% (180 MV m(-1)) and discharge energy density of 1.03 J cm(-3) at 180 MV m(-1).", "label": [1, 4, 14, 32, 11]}
+{"token": "Variation of k(Qclin, Qmsr)(fclin, fmsr) for the small-field dosimetric parameters percentage depth dose, tissue-maximum ratio, and off-axis ratio. Conclusions: Compared with MC simulation, the Exradin W1 PSD can reproduce the PDDs, TMRs, and OARs in water with a high degree of accuracy; thus, the correction used for converting dose is very close to unity. The stereotactic diode is a viable alternative because it shows an acceptable systematic error in the measurement of PDDs and TMRs and a significant underestimation in only the tail region of the OAR measurements, where the dose is low and differences in dose may not be therapeutically meaningful. (C) 2014 American Association of Physicists in Medicine.Purpose: Evaluate the ability of different dosimeters to correctly measure the dosimetric parameters percentage depth dose (PDD), tissue-maximum ratio (TMR), and off-axis ratio (OAR) in water for small fields.Results: MC simulations reproduced results with acceptable accuracy compared to the experimental results; therefore, MC simulations can be used to successfully predict the behavior of different dosimeters in small fields. The Exradin W1 PSD was the only dosimeter that reproduced the PDDs, TMRs, and OARs in water with high accuracy. With the exception of the EDGE diode, the stereotactic diodes reproduced the PDDs and the TMRs in water with a systematic error of less than 2% at depths of up to 25 cm; however, they produced OAR values that were significantly different from those in water, especially in the tail region (lower than 20% in some cases). The microchambers could be used for PDD measurements for fields greater than those produced using a 10-mm collimator. However, with the detector stem parallel to the beam axis, the microchambers could be used for TMR measurements for all field sizes. The microchambers could not be used for OAR measurements for small fields.Methods: Monte Carlo (MC) simulations were used to estimate the variation of k(Qclin, Qmsr)(fclin, fmsr) for several types of microdetectors as a function of depth and distance from the central axis for PDD, TMR, and OAR measurements. The variation of k(Qclin, Qmsr)(fclin, fmsr) enables one to evaluate the ability of a detector to reproduce the PDD, TMR, and OAR in water and consequently determine whether it is necessary to apply correction factors. The correctness of the simulations was verified by assessing the ratios between the PDDs and OARs of 5- and 25-mm circular collimators used with a linear accelerator measured with two different types of dosimeters (the PTW 60012 diode and PTW PinPoint 31014 microchamber) and the PDDs and the OARs measured with the Exradin W1 plastic scintillator detector (PSD) and comparing those ratios with the corresponding ratios predicted by the MC simulations.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "New challenges in sport entrepreneurship for value creation. Sport entrepreneurship has rapidly gained popularity in the entrepreneurship, management and sports fields due to the way it balances practice with theory. Despite the increased interest in sport entrepreneurship there is still much to know about how sport is entrepreneurial and how it affects other entrepreneurship areas. This means it is crucial to develop new research paths on sport entrepreneurship that incorporate digital technologies that are emerging in the global business environment. This paper focuses on the role of digital transformation in influencing value co-creation activities in sport. This includes focusing on how to take a design thinking approach in order to strategize about future potential innovations affecting sport. Managerial implications and future research suggestions are stated that highlight the interplay between sport entrepreneurship innovation and knowledge.", "label": [5, 44, 46]}
+{"token": "Varieties of Deep Epistemic Disagreement. In this paper we discuss three different kinds of disagreement that have been, or could reasonably be, characterized as deep disagreements. Principle level disagreements are disagreements over the truth of epistemic principles. Sub-principle level deep disagreements are disagreements over how to assign content to schematic norms. Finally, framework-level disagreements are holistic disagreements over meaning not truth, that is over how to understand networks of epistemic concepts and the beliefs those concepts compose. Within the context of each of these kinds of disagreement it is not possible for the parties to the dispute to rationally persuade one another through only offering epistemic reasons for their conflicting points of view. However, in spite of the inability to rationally persuade, we explore how it may nevertheless be possible to rationally navigate each of these varieties of deep disagreement.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "INVESTITURE OF THALES AS SOPHOS IN ATHENS?. This study combines approaches of two different kinds. The first analyses the historical circumstances that marked Athens during the period immediately after Solon's legislation, until the moment when Damasias held the archonship, and then clung to office for one year and two months more. The second approach discusses the testimony of Demetrius of Phalerum (quoted by Diogenes Laertius, 1.22), according to whom Thales was named for the first time sophos during the archonship of Damasias.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Explaining bureaucratic optimism: Theory and evidence from US executive agency macroeconomic forecasts. We offer a theory of intertemporal bureaucratic decision making which proposes that an agency's forecast optimism is related to the extent to which it discounts future reputation costs associated with bureaucratic incompetence. Agency forecasts of the distant future are more likely to be optimistic than short-term forecasts. We claim that unstable organizations will discount reputation costs at a steeper rate than stable organizations, and therefore will produce more optimistic forecasts. We test our theory using macroeconornic forecasts produced by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and the Social Security Administration (SSA) across six forecast horizons from 1979 to 2003. The statistical results tire generally consistent with our theory: OMB generates more optimistic long-term forecasts than SSA. Further, differences in forecast optimism between these executive branch agencies widen as the forecast horizon increases. Our evidence suggests that more stable agencies place a premium on minimizing reputation costs. Conversely, less stable agencies are more likely to accommodate political pressures for forecast optimism. These findings underscore the importance of institutional design for understanding how executive agencies balance the conflicting goals of political responsiveness and bureaucratic competence within the administrative state.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Physicochemical modification of the excretion product of Saccharomyces cerevisiae killer strains results in fungicidal activity against Candida albicans and Tricophyton mentagrophytes. It is known that certain yeast strains, so called 'killers', can produce and excrete proteinaceous toxins that can induce death of other sensitive strains. We obtained a stable fungicidal factor (SKF) through concentration and stabilization of the excretion product of certain killer strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (K1 and K2). The isolated proteinaceous complex exhibited activity at broad ranges of pH (4-7.5) and temperatures (20-37.5 degrees C). It was significantly lethal against Candida albicans and Tricophyton mentagrophytes. SKF showed stability and activity after storage, with a mean half-life of 6 months at 4 degrees C or at -20 degrees C.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Predictive factors of outcomes in patients with AL amyloidosis treated with daratumumab. Daratumumab as a single agent (sDARA) or in combination with chemotherapies (cDARA) leads to impressive hematologic and organ responses in AL amyloidosis. However, predictive factors associated with outcomes, and optimal duration of therapy remain unclear. We analyzed 107 patients with AL amyloidosis treated with daratumumab between 2017 and 2020. The median overall survival (OS) was not reached while the median major organ deterioration progression free survival (MOD-PFS) was 36 months in the sDARA cohort and not reached in the cDARA cohort, respectively. Hematologic response > VGPR was achieved in 81% of patients receiving sDARA and 86% of patients treated with cDARA. Several predictive factors were identified on a univariate analysis, including NTproBNP >8500 pg/mL but only achievement of at least VGPR and presence of 1q21 gain were independently associated with MOD-PFS and OS on a multivariate analysis. Finally, patients receiving > 12 cycles had significantly longer MOD-PFS (30 vs.13 months; (p = .0018) and OS (NR vs. 15 months; p < .0001). NTproBNP > 8500 pg/mL, presence of 1q21 gain and shorter duration of therapy (<= 12 cycles) are strong negative predictive factors for outcomes with daratumumab therapy in AL amyloidosis.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Group mutual exclusion in linear time and space. We present two algorithms for the Group Mutual Exclusion (GME) Problem that satisfy the properties of Mutual Exclusion, Starvation Freedom, Bounded Exit, Concurrent Entry and First Come First Served. Both our algorithms use only simple read and write instructions, have O (N) Shared Space complexity and O (N) Remote Memory Reference (RMR) complexity in the Cache Coherency (CC) model. Our first algorithm is developed by generalizing the well-known Lamport's Bakery Algorithm for the classical mutual exclusion problem, while preserving its simplicity and elegance. However, it uses unbounded shared registers. Our second algorithm uses only bounded registers and is developed by generalizing Taubenfeld's Black and White Bakery Algorithm to solve the classical mutual exclusion problem using only bounded shared registers. We show that contrary to common perception our algorithms are the first to achieve these properties with this combination of complexities. (C) 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "The control of chlorophyll levels in maturing kiwifruit. Chlorophyll is present in many plant organs, including immature fruit where it is usually degraded during ripening. Mature green kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) are an exception, with high concentrations of chlorophyll remaining in the fruit flesh. In gold-fleshed kiwifruit (A. chinensis), chlorophyll is degraded to colourless catabolites upon fruit ripening, leaving yellow carotenoids visible. We have identified candidate genes for the control of chlorophyll degradation in kiwifruit and examined the transcript levels of these genes in maturing kiwifruit using quantitative real-time PCR. Results indicate that the biosynthesis and degradation, or turnover, of chlorophyll is transcriptionally regulated in green- and gold-fleshed kiwifruit. Both species of kiwifruit were found to have two homologues of the stay-green gene (SGR), a small protein that is postulated to aid in the dismantling of the light-harvesting complex, allowing free chlorophyll to enter the degradation pathway. However, with the exception of very mature green fruit, where degreening was observed, SGR2 was more highly expressed in gold fruit, indicating a potential regulatory step of chlorophyll degradation. When the SGR genes were over-expressed in tobacco leaves, degreening was observed. Our results show that chlorophyll degradation is differentially regulated in kiwifruit, and suggest that gold kiwifruit transcribe more degradation genes, leading to earlier and more sustained chlorophyll degradation in this fruit than in green kiwifruit.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Efficacy of Plectranthus glandulosus (Lamiaceae) and Callistemon rigidus (Myrtaceae) Leaf Extract Fractions to Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). As part of on-going efforts to use eco-friendly alternatives to chemical pesticides, methanol crude extracts of Plectranthus glandulosus and Callistemon rigidus leaves were sequentially fractionated in hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol to establish the most active fraction(s) against Callosobruchus maculatus in cowpea. Cowpea seeds (25 g) were treated with 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 g/kg of extract to evaluate the contact toxicity and F-1 progeny production of the beetles in the laboratory. Mortality was recorded 1, 3, and 7 d postexposure. P. glandulosus hexane fraction was more toxic than the other fractions recording 100% mortality at 4 g/kg, within 7 d with LC50 of 0.39 g/kg. Hexane fraction of C. rigidus showed superior toxicity, causing 100% mortality at 4 g/kg within only 1 d of exposure with LC50 of 1.02 g/kg. All the fractions greatly reduced progeny emergence, with C. rigidus hexane fraction being the best progeny inhibitor. Fractions of P. glandulosus and C. rigidus leaves had sufficient efficacy to be a component of storage pest management package for C. maculatus.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Representation as a median mandate? A response to Best, Budge and McDonald. The preceding article by Best, Budge and McDonald acknowledges much of the substance of the alternative bilateralist interpretation of democratic governance I advocated and attempts to re-focus the median mandate approach towards a longer-term, and potentially more productive, understanding of the opinion-policy relationship. Both are welcome developments. Despite taking these steps, however, the authors choose to allow the fate of the median mandate thesis to rest ultimately on an attempt to re-establish the short-term one-to-one relationship that I challenged. In this brief note, I argue that this not only undercuts the more positive initiatives noted above, but also is based on a flawed understanding of how the short-term relationship should be operationalised and tested.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Calonectria in the age of genes and genomes: Towards understanding an important but relatively unknown group of pathogens. The genus Calonectria includes many aggressive plant pathogens causing diseases on various agricultural crops as well as forestry and ornamental tree species. Some species have been accidentally introduced into new environments via international trade of putatively asymptomatic plant germplasm or contaminated soil, resulting in significant economic losses. This review provides an overview of the taxonomy, population biology, and pathology of Calonectria species, specifically emerging from contemporary studies that have relied on DNA-based technologies. The growing importance of genomics in future research is highlighted. A life cycle is proposed for Calonectria species, aimed at improving our ability to manage diseases caused by these pathogens.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Teachers' nascent praxes of care: potentially decolonizing approaches to school violence in Trinidad. Zero tolerance, punitive, and more negative peace-oriented approaches dominate school violence interventions, despite research indicating that comprehensive approaches are more sustainable. In this article, I use data from a longitudinal case study at a Trinidadian secondary school to focus on the role of teachers and their impact on school violence; I show that institutional constraints are not fully deterministic, as teachers sometimes deploy their agency to efficacious ends. In combining Noddings' postulations on care and Freire's notions of praxis as a symbiosis of reflection and action, I explicate the nascent praxes of care of six teachers at this school, as they strive for more positive peace-oriented approaches to school violence. I characterize these praxes as nascent because they are not fully interrogative of the structural violence of the entire system. However, I do argue that these nascent praxes possess decolonizing and transgressive potentiality in the face of a logic of coloniality that reinforces hierarchy, exclusion, and marginalization in the Trinidadian educational system. I conclude by contending that these nascent praxes must be scaled-up to more mature, radical praxes, including the cultivation of a systemic praxis of care; in other words, a deeper and broader postcolonial peace education.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Vacuum-assisted tailoring of pore structures of phenolic resin derived carbon membranes. This work shows the preparation and separation performance assessment of carbon membranes derived from phenolic resin by a vacuum-assisted method and carbonisation in an inert atmosphere. The vacuum time played an important role in tailoring the structure of the membranes. For instance, pore volumes and surface areas increased from 0.81 and 834 to 2.2 cm(3) g(-1) and 1910 m(2) g(-1), respectively, as the vacuum time exposure increased from 0 to 1200 s. The significant structural changes correlated very well with water permeation, as fluxes increased by 91% as the vacuum time increased from 0 to 1200 s reaching up to 169 L m(-2) h(-1) at 5 bar. Molecular weight cut-off tests showed no rejection for the smaller glucose and sucrose molecules, though this increased to similar to 80% and full rejection for 36 kDa and 400 kDa polyvinyl pyrrolidine. Interestingly, FTIR spectra showed that the peaks of C-H stretching vibration (2800-3200 cm(-1)) and C-O stretching (1030 cm(-1)) became more pronounced as a function of increasing vacuum time, strongly suggesting that the use of vacuum further assisted in the polycondensation of phenolic oligomers. Based on these outcomes, a cluster to cluster model is proposed, whereby vacuum application promoted crosslinldng reactions of the phenolic resin, creating microporous regions within the clusters, and mesoporous regions between the clusters.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 33]}
+{"token": "Effect of Alloying Element Partition in Pearlite on the Growth of Austenite in High-Carbon Low Alloy Steel. The growth of austenite from pearlite in high-carbon low alloy steel occurs with and without alloy element redistribution depending on the amount of superheating above the eutectoid temperature. The transition temperature of austenite growth (denoted PNTT) is calculated as a function of pearlite transformation temperature and subsequent holding time, which affect the degree of partitioning in pearlite, using experimental partition coefficients k(theta/alpha) of Mn, Cr, Co, Si, and Ni reported in the literature. PNTT is the highest in Cr-containing alloys which have the largest k(theta/alpha) in pearlite. Post-transformation aging, usually accompanied by cementite spheroidization, leads to a marked increase of PNTT in Mn and Cr alloys. PNTT of Ni alloy does not depend on pearlite transformation temperature because practically the formation of partitioned pearlite is severely limited in this alloy for kinetic reasons. Above PNTT, austenite growth occurs fast initially, but slows down in the order of ten seconds when the ferrite disappears, and the remaining small carbide particles dissolve very slowly under the control of alloy element diffusion. (C) The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society and ASM International 2015", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Prediction of Phase Formation in Nanoscale Sn-Ag-Cu Solder Alloy. In a dynamic nonequilibrium process, the effective heat of formation allows the heat of formation to be calculated as a function of concentrations of the reacting atoms. In this work, we used the effective heat of formation rule to predict the formation and size of compound phases in a nanoscale Sn-Ag-Cu lead-free solder. We calculated the formation enthalpy and effective formation enthalpy of compounds in the Sn-Ag, Sn-Cu, and Ag-Cu systems by using the Miedema model and effective heat of formation. Our results show that, considering the surface effect of the nanoparticle, the effective heat of formation rule successfully predicts the phase formation and sizes of Ag3Sn and Cu6Sn5 compounds, which agrees well with experimental data.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 32, 11]}
+{"token": "Reactivity of pure and commercial grape skin tannins with cell wall material. Commercial enological skin-derived tannins were used to investigate the role that cell wall material (CWM) plays in proanthocyanidin adsorption and the effect of differences in cell wall composition and tannin composition on the extent of the interaction. Insoluble CWM, prepared from the skin of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Monastrell and Syrah berries, was combined with solutions containing four different commercial enological grape skin-derived tannins (proanthocyanidin-type tannins), and the results obtained were compared with those obtained using four different purified skin tannin fractions. The tannins remaining in the solution after fining with CWM were analyzed by phloroglucinolysis and size exclusion chromatography, which provided data on the extent of the interaction and quantitative and qualitative information for the non-adsorbed compounds. Cell walls from both varieties showed a strong affinity for the tannins, the highest interactions being observed for Monastrell CWs and for those tannins with the highest mean degree of polymerization. These interactions may have some enological implications, especially as regards the optimal moment for adding commercial tannins to the must/wine and also explain some enological differences observed in the extraction of tannins from grape to wine.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "First light for avian embryos: eggshell thickness and pigmentation mediate variation in development and UV exposure in wild bird eggs. The avian embryo's development is influenced by both the amount and the wavelength of the light that passes through the eggshell. Commercial poultry breeders use light of specific wavelengths to accelerate embryonic growth, yet the effects of the variably patterned eggshells of wild bird species on light transmission and embryonic development remain largely unexplored. Here, we provide the first comparative phylogenetic analysis of light transmission, through a diverse range of bird eggshells (74 British breeding species), in relation to the eggshell's thickness, permeability, pigment concentration and surface reflectance spectrum (colour). The percentage of light transmitted through the eggshell was measured in the spectral range 250-700nm. Our quantitative analyses confirm anecdotal reports that eggshells filter the light of the externally coloured shell. Specifically, we detected a positive relationship between surface eggshell reflectance (brightness') and the percentage of light transmitted through the eggshell, and this relationship was strongest at wavelengths in the human-visible blue-green region of the spectra (c. 435nm). We show that less light passes through thicker eggshells with greater total pigment concentrations. By contrast, permeability (measured as water vapour conductance) did not covary significantly with light transmission. Eggs of closed-nesting species let more light pass through, compared with open nesters. We postulate that greater light transmission is required to assist embryonic development under low light exposure. Importantly, this result provides an ecological explanation for the repeated evolution of immaculate, white- or pale-coloured eggshells in species nesting in enclosed spaces. Finally, we detected correlative support for the solar radiation hypothesis, in that eggshells of bird species with a longer incubation period let significantly less of the potentially harmful, ultraviolet (UV) light pass through the eggshell. In summary, we demonstrate suites of avian eggshell properties, including eggshell structure and pigmentation, which are consistent with an evolutionary pressure to both enhance and protect embryonic development.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Advance in Numerical Simulation Research of Marine Methane Processes. Understanding the modern marine methane processes, which can profoundly affect global climate and have far-reaching impacts on human living environments, is critical for research on the global carbon cycle. Thus, modeling of marine methane processes has attracted increasing attention due to models can accurately simulate and predict the environmental effects of methane on marine and atmospheric ecosystems. In this study, we review the applications of modeling works to marine methane processes, including methanogenesis in sediments, transport and reaction of methane in sediments and seawater, and marine methane emissions to the atmosphere. Compiled a large database of global methanogenesis rates and methane fluxes to the sulfate-methane transition zone, we estimate that the global methanogenesis budget in marine sediments is similar to 0.87 Tmol yr(-1) and global sedimentary dissolved inorganic carbon produced by anaerobic oxidation of methane is similar to 8.9 Tmol yr(-1). In addition, although anaerobic oxidation of methane in sediments and aerobic oxidation of methane in seawater act as primary filters to prevent methane leakage from sediments to the hydrosphere as well as the atmosphere, large masses of methane in extreme seafloor environments (e.g., mud volcanic eruptions and hydrate leakage) can still escape microbial oxidation and leakage to seawater or the atmosphere. There is still a lack of models that simulate methane in these extreme marine environments. Therefore, more modeling works are needed to assess the efficiency of marine ecosystems, including sediments and hydrosphere, in filtering methane in the event of large-scale methane leakage from the seafloor. This study provides an interdisciplinary view of methane processes in marine systems and helps identify future directions in the modeling of methane processes in marine system.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Role of organizational career websites for employer brand development. Findings This paper provides empirical insights on the use of career websites to disseminate the employer brand. The findings reveal the presence of recruitment orientation career websites across the banking sector. It also conveys HR practitioners' suggestions for revamping the banks' career websites to a more screening orientation approach for greater interactivity by both the internal and external talent pools.Research limitations/implications The paper depicts the importance attributed around the utilization of career websites in promoting the employer brand by the HR community across the banking sector. It provides clear insights about the specific contents of career websites to enable sustainable talent attraction, engagement and retention.Originality/value This paper provides a qualitative insight to the study of employer branding and career websites. Whereas most previous research on career websites have been of a quantitative nature relying predominantly on fictitious websites, having mostly undergraduate students as research participants. This study contributes enormously to the existing literature and practice by unveiling the perceptions of HR professionals on the dissemination of the employer brand through the career website.Design/methodology/approach A qualitative approach using purposive sample comprising HR professionals involving HR directors, reward managers and talent relationship managers, participated in semi-structured interviews.Purpose The paper aims to demonstrate the utilization of banks' career website for publicizing the employer branding strategy to enable effective strategic talent relationship management through talent attraction, engagement and retention.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "Identification of phenolic compounds that suppress the virulence of Xanthomonas oryzae on rice via the type III secretion system. The targeting of bacterial type III secretion systems (T3SSs), which are critical virulence factors in most Gram-negative pathogens, is regarded as an alternative strategy for the development of novel anti-microbial drugs. Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) and X. oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc) are two of the most important bacterial pathogens on rice, which cause leaf blight and leaf streak diseases, respectively. To identify potential anti-virulence drugs against these two pathogens, we screened a library of plant phenolic compounds and derivatives for their effects on the Xoo T3SS. Ten of 56 compounds significantly inhibited the promoter activity of a harpin gene, hpa1. These inhibitors were further tested for their impact on the hypersensitive response (HR) caused by Xoo on non-host tobacco plants. The results showed that pretreatment of Xoo with TS006 (o-coumaric acid, OCA), TS010, TS015 and TS018 resulted in significantly attenuated HR without affecting bacterial growth or survival. In addition, Cya translocation assays demonstrated that the translocation of two T3 effectors was suppressed by the four inhibitors. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis showed that mRNA levels of representative genes in the hrp (hypersensitive response and pathogenicity) cluster, as well as the regulatory genes hrpG and hrpX, were reduced by treatment with the four inhibitors, suggesting that expression of the Xoo T3SS was suppressed. The expression of other virulence factors was not suppressed, which indicated possible T3SS-specific inhibition. Finally, we demonstrated that these inhibitors reduced the disease symptoms of Xoo and Xoc on the rice cultivar (Oryza sativa) IR24 to varying extents.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Wounding stress induces alcohol dehydrogenase in maize and lettuce seedlings. To understand the effect of wounding stress on alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH, EC 1.1.1.1) in monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants, maize (Zea mays L.) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) seedlings were subjected to wounding stress and ADH activity and abscisic acid (ABA) concentration were determined. In response to the stress, the ADH activity in seedlings of both species increased rapidly as a result of increased synthesis of the ADH. At 12 h after the stress, the activities in the wounded lettuce and maize seedlings, respectively, increased to 1.7- and 1,5-fold of that in non-stressed seedlings. Wounding stress also increased the concentration of endogenous ABA during the first 6 h in both seedlings. The maximum increased levels of ABA in the lettuce and maize seedlings were 4.9- and 4.7-fold of that in the non-stressed seedlings, respectively.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "FIRST RECORD OF AN EARLY BENTHIC JUVENILE LIKELY TO BE THAT OF THE MEDITERRANEAN SLIPPER LOBSTER, SCYLLARIDES LATUS (LATREILLE, 1802). To date no nisto and/or live juvenile of the Mediterranean slipper lobster, Scyllarides latus (Latreille, 1802), has been found despite intensive sampling efforts. In the early 1900s, a tiny preserved specimen, almost certainly of this species, with carapace length of 11.7 mm, sampled in Reggio Calabria, southern Italy, was captured and deposited in the Zoological Museum of Turin. This early scyllarid juvenile, likely a recent benthic recruit, varies somewhat from the adult form of the local Mediterranean species, S. latus, by having a carapace width that is greater than the carapace length and by having more prominent tubercles than adults. These same features also have been noted in nistos of a few other non-Mediterranean Scyllarides species, especially those of S. nodifer (Stimpson, 1866). Although the collection information for this specimen was incomplete, additional data on habitats of sub-adults of S. latus enable the construction of a hypothetical recruitment scenario. It is likely that S. latus larvae drift large distances for many months in the pelagic before settling as nistos in deeper water where they are possibly more protected against predators and develop to small juveniles before returning to the shallower adult grounds as migrating larger juveniles or sub-adults.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "Separation anxiety disorder in young children: A longitudinal and family analysis. We conducted a longitudinal study of young children with clinical, subclinical, or nonclinical levels of separation anxiety to evaluate the diagnostic stability and concomitant parent and family variables of separation anxiety disorder (SAD). Youngsters were assessed at age 3 years (n = 60) and 3.5 years later (n = 44). Data were collected front children, parents, teachers, and clinicians. Results revealed that most diagnoses of SAD were not stable during this developmental period, as many children drifted toward subclinical or nonclinical status. In addition, children with clinical SAD, compared to those with subclinical SAD or no symptoms of SAD, had a disproportionately higher number of comorbid diagnoses and experienced significantly greater somatic concerns, anxiety, and general internalizing behavior In addition, their parents experienced greater depression, obsessive-compulsive behavior phobic anxiety, and general distress. The results preliminarily support prior findings that most children experience a dissipation of SAD symptoms in young childhood but that some children continue to experience stable, significant distress. The results are consistent with prior research on older children that SAD remits for many but not all youth and suggest that parent and family variables may have much to do with cases of poor remission in this population.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Habitat structure, wing morphology, and the vertical stratification of Malaysian fruit bats (Megachiroptera : Pteropodidae). This study investigated the vertical stratification of Old World fruit bats (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) in relation to habitat structure and wing morphology, in a lowland Malaysian rain forest. In total, 352 fruit bats of eight species were captured within the subcanopy of the structurally complex old-growth forest during 72 306 m(2) mist net hours of sampling. Fruit bat species that were grouped in relation to capture height were also grouped in relation to wing morphology - with those species predicted to have more manoeuvrable flight (i.e. lower wing-loadings and lower aspect-ratios) captured in increasingly cluttered airspaces. Thus, small differences in wing morphology are likely to be ecologically significant to the vertical stratification of bats. Hence, habitat heterogeneity may be a key factor promoting fruit bat species diversity in old-growth palaeotropical forests.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "ZoneTrust: Fast Zone-Based Node Compromise Detection and Revocation in Wireless Sensor Networks Using Sequential Hypothesis Testing. Due to the unattended nature of wireless sensor networks, an adversary can physically capture and compromise sensor nodes and then mount a variety of attacks with the compromised nodes. To minimize the damage incurred by the compromised nodes, the system should detect and revoke them as soon as possible. To meet this need, researchers have recently proposed a variety of node compromise detection schemes in wireless ad hoc and sensor networks. For example, reputation-based trust management schemes identify malicious nodes but do not revoke them due to the risk of false positives. Similarly, software-attestation schemes detect the subverted software modules of compromised nodes. However, they require each sensor node to be attested periodically, thus incurring substantial overhead. To mitigate the limitations of the existing schemes, we propose a zone-based node compromise detection and revocation scheme in wireless sensor networks. The main idea behind our scheme is to use sequential hypothesis testing to detect suspect regions in which compromised nodes are likely placed. In these suspect regions, the network operator performs software attestation against sensor nodes, leading to the detection and revocation of the compromised nodes. Through quantitative analysis and simulation experiments, we show that the proposed scheme detects the compromised nodes with a small number of samples while reducing false positive and negative rates, even if a substantial fraction of the nodes in the zone are compromised. Additionally, we model the detection problem using a game theoretic analysis, derive the optimal strategies for the attacker and the defender, and show that the attacker's gain from node compromise is greatly limited by the defender when both the attacker and the defender follow their optimal strategies.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Differential toxin response of Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries as a function of nitrogen speciation in batch and continuous cultures, and during a natural assemblage experiment. The toxigenic diatom Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries Hasle, isolated from the U.S. Pacific Northwest, was examined in unialgal laboratory cultures and in natural assemblages during shipboard experiments, to examine cellular growth and domoic acid (DA) production as a function of nitrogen (N) substrate and availability expected during bloom development and decline. Laboratory experiments utilizing batch cultures conducted at saturating (120 p,mol photons m(-2)s(-1))photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), demonstrated that P. multiseries (strain NWFSC-245) grows equally well on the three N substrates tested (nitrate [NO3-], ammonium [NH4+] and urea), and achieved an average specific growth rate of 0.83 d(-1). Despite equivalent growth rates, cellular toxicity (particulate DA concentration normalized to cell abundance) varied as a function of N substrate, with urea-grown cells demonstrating 1,3- and 3.4-fold more toxicity than both NH4+- and NO3--grown cells. Cellular toxicity of the N-limited chemostat cultures, grown at a dilution rate of 0.48 d(-1), were less than the cellular toxicity measured for the N replete batch cultures for all three N substrates, but again cellular toxicity varied as a function of N substrate and the urea-supported cells were 3.5- and 4.3-fold more toxic than the respective NH4+- and NO3--supported cells. Starved cultures of P. mulaseries showed no decline in cellular toxicity or change in the order of toxicity as a function of N substrate, and cells previously supported by urea were 13- and 5-fold more toxic than NH4+- and NO3--supported cells. At all three levels of N-sufficiency, the urea-grown cells consistently produced the highest concentration of particulate DA per cell compared to cells grown on either NO3- or NH4+Shipboard N enrichment experiments using natural phytoplankton assemblages were conducted off the west coast of Washington in an area characterized by elevated concentrations of macronutrients and iron. All N (NO3-, NH4+ and urea) treatments showed significant increases in biomass (as measured by total and size-fractionated chlorophyll a) and the abundance of Pseudo-nitzschia species over the 6-d experiment. As with the unialgal laboratory experiments, cellular toxicity varied as a function of the N source supporting growth, and the planktonic assemblages enriched with either NH4+. or urea demonstrated greater cellular toxicity than the assemblages supported solely by NO3-. These laboratory and field results demonstrate that N substrate can regulate the toxicity of Pseudo-nitzschia species, and that N source should be considered when evaluating the potential effects of cultural eutrophication on the growth of toxigenic diatoms. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "Chicken litter soil amendment effects on soilborne microbes and Meloidogyne incognita on cotton. The effects of chicken litter incorporated 28, 14, and 0 days before planting on Meloidogyne incognita in cotton and soil organisms were determined in the greenhouse. Treatments consisted of field soil amended with litter at rates of 0, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, and 1% by weight. At 45 and 90 days after planting. numbers of M. incognita decreased as rates of litter increased. Microbivorous nematode densities increased as litter rates increased only in the first experiment. Plant growth increased as litter rates increased, regardless of when the litter was incorporated, or the presence or absence of M. incognita. Bacterial and fungal CFU fluctuated during both experiments, but generally had positive linear relationships with litter rate. Population densities of M. incognita decreased with increasing bacterial and fungal counts in amended soil. Bacterial genera identified from the litter-amended soil included Arthrobacter Bacillus, Cellulomonas, Micrococcus, Pseudomonas, and Rhodococcus.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "microRNA response in potato virus Y infected tobacco shows strain-specificity depending on host and symptom severity. The present study demonstrates how different potato virus Y (PVY) strains affect the miRNA balance in tobacco cv. Samsun. The two prevalent strains PVYNTN and PVYN-WI caused severe and mild veinal necrosis (VN) respectively, and the unique PVYZ-NTN strain induced milder vein clearing (VCI) in the upper non-inoculated leaves. A single amino acid polymorphisms (SAPs) I252V and a Q(412) to R-412 substitution in the HC-Pro cistron of the PVYZ-NTN strain might relate to the loss of VN in tobacco. The abundance of 18 out of the 26 tested miRNAs was increased upon infection by the severe strains PVYNTN and PVYN-WI. Expression of a group of defense related transcripts were increased accordingly. Two miRNAs, nta-miR6020a-5p and nta-miR6164a/b, which target the TIR-NBS-LRR type resistant TMV N genes involving in signal transduction, might correlate with the PVYNTN and PVYN-WI induced VN. The down-regulated mRNAs, e.g., RAP2-7 and TOE3, PXC3, LRR-RLK, ATHB14 and TCP4 targeted by nta-miR172, nta-miR390, nta-miR482, nta-miR166 and nta-miR319/159 respectively, were related to regulation of transcription, protein phosphorylation and cell differentiation. The observed strain-specific alteration of miRNAs and their targets are host dependent and corresponds to the symptom severity and the viral HC-Pro RNA levels.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Future (and not-so-future) trends in the teaching of translation technology. This paper proposes an approach to teaching translation technology that focuses less on exposing students to ever more types of CAT tools than on two sets of meta-competences-revision skills and documentary research skills-and on the technologies that allow students to optimize these skills.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Effects of Fermented Edible Seeds and Their Products on Human Health: Bioactive Components and Bioactivities. There is a long history of using fermentation in food production. Edible seeds, such as certain beans and cereal grains, are important in the human diet and provide many health benefits. Various microbes, such as lactic acid bacteria, molds, and yeasts, considered as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) microbes, are commonly used to ferment edible seeds and their products. Fermentation can change bioactive components and produce new bioactivities. In order to highlight the importance of fermentation on bioactive components and bioactivities in edible seeds, this review, therefore, summarizes recent relevant studies and discusses fermentation procedures and influences of fermentation on their bioactive components and bioactivities. Overall, fermented edible seeds and their products contain enhanced bioactive components, especially. gamma-aminobutyric acid and natural phenolics, and they possess versatile bioactivities, such as antioxidant and anticancer effects, and, therefore, can be recommended as an important part of the human diet, or they can be developed into functional foods to help in the prevention of certain chronic diseases.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Susceptibility of Adult Cat Fleas (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) to Insecticides and Status of Insecticide Resistance Mutations at the Rdl and Knockdown Resistance Loci. The susceptibility of 12 field-collected isolates and 4 laboratory strains of cat fleas, Ctenocephalides felis was determined by topical application of some of the insecticides used as on-animal therapies to control them. In the tested field-collected flea isolates the LD50 values for fipronil and imidacloprid ranged from 0.09 to 0.35 ng/flea and 0.02 to 0.19 ng/flea, respectively, and were consistent with baseline figures published previously. The extent of variation in response to four pyrethroid insecticides differed between compounds with the LD50 values for deltamethrin ranging from 2.3 to 28.2 ng/flea, etofenprox ranging from 26.7 to 86.7 ng/flea, permethrin ranging from 17.5 to 85.6 ng/flea, and d-phenothrin ranging from 14.5 to 130 ng/flea. A comparison with earlier data for permethrin and deltamethrin implied a level of pyrethroid resistance in all isolates and strains. LD50 values for tetrachlorvinphos ranged from 20.0 to 420.0 ng/flea. The rdl mutation (conferring target-site resistance to cyclodiene insecticides) was present in most field-collected and laboratory strains, but had no discernible effect on responses to fipronil, which acts on the same receptor protein as cyclodienes. The kdr and skdr mutations conferring target-site resistance to pyrethroids but segregated in opposition to one another, precluding the formation of genotypes homozygous for both mutations.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "Glocalization and Religious Communication in the Roman Empire: Two Case Studies to Reconsider the Local and the Global in Religious Material Culture. Over the period in which the ancient Roman empire grew to its greatest extent, religion in the provinces underwent change. In this article, the author argues that glocalization as an explicit modern conceptual framework has added value to the analysis of religious material culture. First, the glocalization model is discussed in the context of a wider debate on the biased concept of Romanization. Second, a rationale is presented for interpreting Roman religious change with a glocalization perspective. Third, two concrete bodies of archaeological source material are re-interpreted within the glocalization framework: first the little studied rural sanctuary of Dhronecken near ancient Trier and second a particular form of religious gifts that appeared on an empire-wide scale as a ritual with respect to the salus, the well-being of the emperor. Based on the application of the glocalization framework to these sources, the author concludes that religious material culture in these cases can be seen as a process in which new forms of religious communication were created out of an interrelated and ongoing process of local and global cultural expressions.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Between the analytical and the critical: implications for theorizing the self. This article considers some of the implications of the critical standpoint in 'general' psychology in view of Jungian assumptions about the development of the self. The first part introduces the critical standpoint, which encompasses a spectrum of post-modern psychologies sharing a critique of the discipline's 'mainstream' positivist approach, an interest in human lives as existing in culture and historical time, and sensitivity to the dialogical unfolding of the self. Social constructionism and specifically the theory of positioning, which posits the self as a discursive production, are described. The second part illustrates the contrast between the social constructionist and Jungian viewpoints with two possible interpretations of a four-year-old boy's fantasies. Although these viewpoints are diametrically opposed, the possibility of a conceptual 'middle ground' between them is indicated here with particular reference to Bakhtin's understanding of the dialogical act.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Electronic structure of the nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond from first-principles theory. The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center is a paramagnetic defect in diamond with applications as a qubit. Here, we investigate its electronic structure by using ab initio density functional theory for five different NV center models of two different cluster sizes. We describe the symmetry and energetics of the low-lying states and compare the optical frequencies obtained to experimental results. We compute the major transition of the negatively charged NV centers to within 25-100 meV accuracy and find that it is energetically favorable for substitutional nitrogens to donate an electron to NV(0). The excited state of the major transition and the NV(0) state with a neutral donor nitrogen are found to be close in energy.", "label": [4, 1, 32, 11]}
+{"token": "Complex interactions with nutrients and sediment alter the effects of predation on a reef-building coral. Framework-building corals create the three-dimensional structure of coral reefs and are subject to predation from fishes, echinoderms, and gastropods. Anthropogenic stressors can magnify the effects of such top-down pressure on foundation species. The gastropod Coralliophila violacea (Kiener, 1836) depletes coral energy reserves via predation, potentially increasing coral susceptibility to land-based pollution (i.e., sediment accumulation and nutrient pollution). We hypothesized that sedimentation would worsen coral mortality, while nutrient enrichment would mitigate the harmful effects of sediment and predation on coral mortality by increasing the densities of algal symbionts. To test these hypotheses, we conducted in situ surveys of the fringing reefs in Mo'orea, French Polynesia to explore the relationships among massive Porites spp. cover, C. violacea densities, and sediment accumulation on coral colonies across low and high nutrient sites. We also conducted a factorial field experiment to test the interactions among these stressors on coral tissue mortality, symbiont densities, and chlorophyll. Massive Porites colonies at higher nutrient sites had C. violacea densities 13 times higher than at low nutrient sites but there was no difference in the amount of live tissue on coral colonies with or without snails among these sites. In our experiment, there were interactions between predation and nutrients as well as nutrients and sediment that impacted coral mortality. Sedimentation and predation by C. violacea increased coral tissue mortality independently by similar to 20%. Nutrient enrichment reduced this effect in corals under sedimentation or predation pressure by lowering coral tissue mortality by 18% and increasing algal symbiont densities by similar to 28%. Our results indicate that sediment does not magnify top-down pressure on this coral, and that moderate nutrient enrichment may interact with predation in complex, unexpected ways to alter the responses of corals to top-down pressure.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "Job insecurity and performance in public and private sectors: a moderated mediation model. Purpose The purpose of this study was to extend our knowledge of the relationship between quantitative and qualitative job insecurity and performance. On the basis of stress theories, we hypothesised that qualitative job insecurity (QLJI) would mediate the negative effect of quantitative job insecurity (QTJI) on two different indicators of performance: task performance (TP) and counterproductive work behaviours (CPWBs). In addition, the authors hypothesised that the effect of QTJI on QLJI would be moderated by the economic sector (public vs private) in which employees worked. Therefore, the authors empirically tested a moderated mediation model via PROCESS. Design/methodology/approach Participants were 431 employees from various Italian organisations. Data were collected using a self-report questionnaire measuring QTJI, QLJI, TP and CPWBs. Findings The results indicated that economic sector moderated the relationship between quantitative and QLJI. Both quantitative and QLJI were related to performance outcomes. Furthermore, QLJI mediated the effect of QTJI on TP and CPWB. However, this mediation was particularly apparent among employees in the private sector, supporting our hypothesised moderated mediation model. Practical implications The results suggest that managers of private and public organisations need to apply different policies to reduce the impact of job insecurity on CPWBs and increase the TP of their employees. Originality/value This study attempted to examine the job insecurity-performance relationship in more depth. For the first time, the effects of both job insecurity dimensions on performance were simultaneously investigated, with economic sector as a moderator and QLJI as a mediator.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "'Deep Learning' in Studies of Religion and Worldviews in Norwegian Schools? The Implications of the National Curriculum Renewal in 2020. From 2020, the National Curriculum in Norway has been totally renewed for primary, secondary, and upper secondary education. This includes the introduction of such new concepts as 'deep learning' and 'core elements' in school education. In this article, we unpack the significance of the reform for studies in religion and worldviews in Norwegian schools. We explore continuities and changes by looking at general educational trends and debates and how they become significant, specifically for the study of religion and worldviews in schools. While the changes may stem from international trends, they have been formed in a Norwegian discourse that also draws on traditions from previous curricula. Three interdisciplinary topics have been introduced: 'health and life skills', 'democracy and citizenship', and 'sustainable development'. Emphasis is placed on competence-oriented relevance and less on the traditional classroom learning of 'facts'. Our research question is: Which continuities and which changes are found when comparing studies of religion and worldviews in the previous and the new curricula? Our hypothesis is that continuities stem from national traditions while incentives to change are connected to rapid social change that is also reflected in supranational developments in education. Our methodology is a contextual presentation and discussion of studies of religion and worldviews, where the context we are considering includes both national and international discourses. Our objective is to inform a broader audience about recent developments in the Norwegian school, as well as to bring together important elements in this reform in a focused discussion on the framework for studies of religion and worldviews in Norwegian schools today. We identify both continuity and change, along a subject-specific-general-educational policy axis and along a national-international axis. The continued relevance of teaching about religion and worldviews in schools is strengthened in the reform, because of the potential for significant contributions to general aims of education now reflected in 'core elements', including for continued development of a functioning democracy.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "The relationship between two consequences of budgetary controls: budgetary slack creation and managerial short-term orientation. Previous studies have provided contradictory evidence with respect to the effect of rigid budgetary controls on slack and other dysfunctional behaviors. One motivation for the current study was to test whether spillover effects exist between two alleged dysfunctional consequences of a rigid budgetary control style: budget slack creation and managerial short-term orientation. The data support this contention: reducing one form of dysfunctional behavior (slack creation) through rigid controls seems to spill over into another form (stronger management focus on business matters that affect short-term results). However, the budgetary control styles that organizations implement, as well as the behaviors that they encourage, may be affected by two important antecedents: business unit past performance and competitive strategy. The results indicate that business units that either pursue a differentiation strategy or have been more profitable are subject to less rigid budgetary controls, which augment the propensity to build slack as well as the tendency for managers to think long-term. These relationships are tested in a structural equation model on survey data obtained from 153 business unit general managers. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "Rotating field confinement of pure electron plasmas using trivelpiece-gould modes. A \\\\'rotating wall\\\\' electric field is shown to give steady-state confinement of a column of 3 x 10(9) electrons in a Penning-Malmberg trap at 4 tesla. By increasing the frequency of the rotating drive, a central-density compression by a factor of 20 has been obtained. For both dipole and quadrupole drives (i.e., m(theta) = 1 and 2), the compression rate depends on drive frequency, exhibiting peaks associated with k(z) not equal 0 Trivelpiece-Gould plasma modes. The drive also causes plasma heating, but cyclotron radiation cooling keeps the temperature low enough that background gas ionization is negligible. [S0031-9007(98)07771-0].", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "The relation between mind and reality in the analytic philosophy of John McDowell. The present paper examines McDowell's approach to the problem of the relation between mind and reality and demonstrates that externalism, as long as it supports a two-component theory of mental content, is unable to overcome Kantian anti-metaphysical stance toward the ontological problems and to substantiate philosophical realism. The two-component theory of content, which distinguishes between the extra-conceptual object upon which the content of a mental state depends, and the content itself, is discussed along the examples of Russell's epistemology, which divides between knowledge by description and knowledge by acquaintance, his theory of descriptions and contemporary Neo-Russellian externalist theories, in particular the semantic externalism of Kripke and Putnam. Considering McDowell's Neo-Fregean views of on the nature of singular thoughts, the author demonstrates that, in order to substantiate realism, externalism must be compatible with a one-component theory of mental content that would interpret external objects not as an addition to the inner conceptual sphere of the content of mind, but as something present in that sphere in de re mode. According to McDowell, external objects are parts of the conceptual content. From the above it can be concluded that the return to realism, one of the characteristic features of classical metaphysics, is only possible by following the direction determined by post-Kantian, Hegelian thinking and not at all by way of abandoning the tradition of Kant and Hegel, as many analytical philosophers tend to believe.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Dynamic buckling of thin cylindrical shells under axial impact. The dynamic buckling of thin isotropic thermoviscoplastic cylindrical shells compressed with a uniform axial velocity prescribed at the end faces is investigated analytically and numerically. In the first part of the paper, the stressed/deformed state of a shell is assumed to have buckled if infinitesimal perturbations superimposed upon it grow. Cubic algebraic equations are derived for both the initial growth rate of the perturbation and its wavenumber. The wavenumber corresponding to the maximum initial growth rate of a perturbation introduced at an axial strain of 0.1 is taken to determine the buckling mode. The computed buckling modes are found to match well with those listed in the available experimental data. A thermoviscoplastic constitutive relation is used to delineate the influence of material parameters on the buckling behavior. In the second part of the paper, the finite element method is used to analyze the collapse of an imperfect circular cylindrical tube with axial velocity prescribed at one of its flat end faces with the other end face kept fixed. The influence of initial randomly located imperfections on the buckling behavior is investigated and discussed. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 15, 12]}
+{"token": "Determination of Photoluminescence Quantum Yields of Scattering Media with an Integrating Sphere: Direct and Indirect Illumination. The ever-increasing use of fluorescent nanomaterials and micrometer-sized beads in the life and material sciences requires reliable procedures for the measurement of the key performance parameter fluorescence quantum yield (Phi(f)) of scattering particle dispersions and reference systems to evaluate the performance of such measurements. This encouraged us to systematically study, both theoretically and experimentally, the optical determination of photoluminescent quantum yield as a function of the scattering and absorption properties of the sample and the illumination geometry with an integrating sphere method. The latter included measurements with a direct and an indirect illumination. As a representative and easy-to-prepare reference system, we used ethanolic dispersions of 250 nm sized silica particles and the dye rhodamine 101 and systematically varied the concentration of the dye and particles within the typical ranges of spectroscopic and (bio)analytical applications of fluorescent nanomaterials. Based on our measurements, we recommend indirect sample illumination geometry for the accurate measurement of Phi(f) of samples with low or unknown absorption and high scattering coefficients such as dispersions of luminescent particles or fluorescent reporters in biological matrices. This finding is of utmost relevance for all (bio)analytical applications of fluorescent nanomaterials ranging from particle labels and probes over assay platforms to safety barcodes.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 32]}
+{"token": "Legalization, trade liberalization, and domestic politics: A cautionary note. If the purpose of legalization is to enhance international cooperation, more may not always be better. Achieving the optimal level of legalization requires finding a balance between reducing the risks of opportunism and reducing the potential negative effects of legalization on domestic political processes. The global trade regime, which aims to liberalize trade, has become increasingly legalized over time. Increased legalization has changed the information environment and the nature of government obligations, which in turn have affected the pattern of mobilization of domestic interest groups on trade. From the perspective of encouraging the future expansion of liberal trade, we suggest some possible negative consequences of legalization, arguing that these consequences must be weighed against the positive effects of legalization on increasing national compliance, Since the weakly legalized GATT institution proved sufficient to sustain widespread liberalization, the case for further legalization must be strong to justify far-reaching change in the global trade regime.", "label": [5, 47, 49]}
+{"token": "Exploring the notion of experience in feminist thought. Why is the notion of experience so relevant for feminist theory! How has the concept been used and by whom! What are the theoretical and political implications of postmodern theory for a re-thinking of the concept! In these pages we will explore the uses and abuses of the concept of experience in contemporary feminist thought through the works of influential feminist intellectuals. This article has two aims. The first is to create a theoretical space for reflection and re-appraisal of the concept of experience inspired by Dorothy Smith's contribution to feminist sociology. The second is to shift these debates from the periphery to the centre of sociology by taking into account the centrality of the concept for the discipline.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Chemical investigations of volatile kairomones produced by Hyphantria cunea (Drury), a host of the parasitoid Chouioia cunea Yang. In tritrophic 'plants-herbivores-natural enemies' systems, there are relatively few reports concerning the role(s) of kairomones in pupal parasitism. Chouioia cunea Yang (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), an endoparasitic chalcid wasp, parasitizes pupae of the fall webworm (Hyphantria cunea Drury). The role of host-related kairomones was investigated using electroantennogram (EAG) and behavioral techniques. Chemicals from some host stages (pupae) and host by-products (frass), induced arrestment behavior of female parasitoids, while chemicals from prepupae, were inactive. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of volatiles collected from pupae, frass and prepupae using solid-phase microextration revealed seven compounds with carbon chain lengths ranging from C-4 to C-20. All of the chemicals elicited significant EAG responses in C. cunea. Y-tube olfactometer bioassays demonstrated a significant positive response of mated female C. cunea to 1-dodecene. These data provide a better understanding of the host location mechanisms of pupal parasitoid.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "The effect of oxytocin on contractility of the equine oesophagus: a potential treatment for oesophageal obstruction. This study was performed to determine the effect of administration of i.v. oxytocin on the contractility of the musculature associated with the equine oesophagus, Nine clinically normal horses were fitted with a nasogastric tube modified with inflatable latex cuffs, These cuffs were connected to piezoelectric pressure recording devices. Oxytocin in 3 different doses or saline controls were administered i.v. in a randomised block pattern. Systolic blood pressure, EGG, heart rate and nasogastric tube cuff pressures were then measured for 60 min, Administration of oxytocin i.v. at 0.11 and 0.22 iu/kg bwt, resulted in a short-term statistically significant relaxation of the musculature of the equine oesophagus, When oxytocin was administered at 0.11, 0.22 and 0.44 iu/kg bwt, no clinically significant cardiovascular changes were seen. In approximately 5% of the oxytocin administrations, signs of mild short-term abdominal discomfort were observed. In clinical cases of noncomplicated oesophageal obstruction, it is suggested that reduction in tone of oesophageal musculature may result in passage of oesophageal obstructions with reduced risk of oesophageal injury when compared to other traditional treatments.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Cross-modal interaction between cheese taste and aroma. The relative contributions of taste and aroma to the perception of cheese flavour intensity were investigated using a simultaneous gustometer olfactometer. Within a mixture of five tastes and a multicomponent aroma that had a mature Cheddar cheese character, the levels of NaCl, monosodium glutamate (MSG), lactic acid, and aroma were varied according to a 2(4) full factorial design, all with appropriate controls. NaCl, lactic acid, and aroma significantly contributed to cheese flavour intensity while MSG did not. The contribution of NaCl, lactic acid, and aroma revealed their potential to enhance cheese flavour intensity. These variables were able to compensate each other towards cheese flavour intensity. Changing the levels of taste and aroma together influenced the cheese flavour intensity greater than changing the levels of a single taste or aroma only. Variation in tastant concentration had a larger effect on cheese flavour intensity than did aroma. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "STABILITY OF N-EXTREMAL MEASURES. A positive Borel measure mu on R, which possesses all power moments, is N-extremal if the space of all polynomials is dense in L-2(mu). If, in addition, it generates an indeterminate Hamburger moment problem, then it is discrete. It is known that the class of N-extremal measures that generate an indeterminate moment problem is preserved when a finite number of mass points are moved (not \\\\'removed\\\\' !). We show that this class is preserved even under change of infinitely many mass points if the perturbations are asymptotically small. Thereby \\\\'asymptotically small\\\\' is understood relative to the distribution of supp it; for example, if supp = {n(sigma) log n : n is an element of N} with some sigma > 2, then shifts of mass points behaving asymptotically like, e.g. n(sigma-2) [log log n](-2) are permitted.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Defining features of the practice of global health research: an examination of 14 global health research teams. Results: Teams adopted equity-centered, problem-focused, systems-based approaches intended to find upstream determinants that could make people more resilient to social and ecological factors impacting their health. Long-term visions and time frames were needed to develop and solidify fully functional interdisciplinary, multinational, multicultural partnerships. The implementation of research into practice was a motivating factor for all teams, but to do this, they recognized the need for evidence-based advice on how to best do this. Traditional measures of biomedical research excellence were necessary but not sufficient to encompass views of excellence of team-based interdisciplinary research, which includes features like originality, coherence and cumulative contributions to fields of study, acceptance by peers and success in translating research into gains in health status. An innovative and nuanced approached to GHR ethics was needed to deal with some unique ethical issues because the needs for GHR were not adequately addressed by institutional biomedical research ethics boards. Core competencies for GHR researchers were a blend of those needed for health promotion, population health, international development, sustainable development, and systems science.Methods: Information was collected by a reflective exploration of team proposals and progress reports, a content analysis of the outputs from an all-team meeting and review of the literature.Discussion: Developing acceptable and meaningful ways to evaluate the short-term contributions for GHR and forecast its long-term impacts is a strategic priority needed to defend decisions being made in GHR development. Planning and investing to support the underlying GHR elements and competencies that allow for adaptive, innovative, and supportive research partnerships to achieve 'health for all' are more likely to have long-term impacts than building research strategies around specific diseases of interest.Objectives: This paper strives to develop a pragmatic view of the scope of practice and core characteristics of global health research (GHR) by examining the activities of 14 Canadian-funded global health teams that were in the process of implementing research programs.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Henbit (Lamium amplexicaule L) control and forage legume tolerance to selected postemergence herbicides. Field studies were conducted from 1990 through 1992 to evaluate the tolerance of four clover species and one annual medic species to selected postemergence herbicides. Circle Valley medic, arrowleaf clover, crimson clover, red clover and sweetclover were injured by 2,4-D and MCPA while bentazon at 0.8 and 1.7 kg ha(-1) caused consistent injury only to sweetclover. 2,4-DB at 2.2 kg ha(-1) resulted in consistent injury to annual medic, arrowleaf clover, crimson clover, and sweetclover. Pronamide caused no legume injury while MCPA injured crimson clover, red clover and sweetclover.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "'Everybody wants to be Pavarotti': The experience of music for performers and audience at a Gilbert and Sullivan festival. This article investigates the contribution that musical participation makes to people's lives by reporting on a study carried out at the International Gilbert and Sullivan Festival in August 2001 in Buxton, Derbyshire. The audience are shown to have a strong commitment to the musical genre and its preservation through live performance, whilst the performers are more likely to value membership of their society and the personal satisfaction that comes from successful performance. The festival therefore serves diverse purposes for those who attend it, and raises further questions about the interaction between social, personal and musical experience at events of this kind.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "What will South Africa's new Cooperatives Act do for small producers? An analysis of three case studies in KwaZulu-Natal. The new Cooperatives Act 14 of 2005 was promulgated in August 2005 to promote the development of sustainable cooperatives in South Africa and their use as a vehicle to develop small enterprises. This paper uses the new institutional economics (NIE) to highlight problems created by the Act. Case studies were done of three producer groups in KwaZulu-Natal that formally registered as cooperatives after August 2005. It is clear that the cooperative model was adopted because it was seen as a precondition for government support. All of these cooperatives displayed symptoms of institutional problems and two of them had mitigated these problems by shedding their poorest members and creating their own rules to reward investors with capital gains. The first of these 'solutions' is not consistent with the objective of pro-poor economic development; the second is at odds with the new Act. It is recommended that the new Act should be amended so that cooperatives can at least issue tradable equity shares that offer benefits proportional to shareholding. In addition, it is recommended that the same level of start-up support should be made available to all producer groups that formally register their business, regardless of the business model chosen, and that member empowerment should be an essential requirement for registration and public funding.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "A Comparison of Human and Computational Melody Prediction Through Familiarity and Expertise. Melody prediction is an important aspect of music listening. The success of prediction, i.e., whether the next note played in a song is the same as the one predicted by the listener, depends on various factors. In the paper, we present two studies, where we assess how music familiarity and music expertise influence melody prediction in human listeners, and, expressed in appropriate data/algorithmic ways, computational models. To gather data on human listeners, we designed a melody prediction user study, where familiarity was controlled by two different music collections, while expertise was assessed by adapting the Music Sophistication Index instrument to Slovenian language. In the second study, we evaluated the melody prediction accuracy of computational melody prediction models. We evaluated two models, the SymCHM and the Implication-Realization model, which differ substantially in how they approach melody prediction. Our results show that both music familiarity and expertise affect the prediction accuracy of human listeners, as well as of computational models.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "On the LSL for Random Fields. In some earlier work, we have considered extensions of Lai's (Ann. Probab. 2:432-440, 1974) law of the single logarithm for delayed sums to a multi-index setting with the same as well as different expansion rates in the various dimensions. A further generalization concerns window sizes that are regularly varying with index 1 (on the line). In the present paper, we establish multi-index versions of the latter as well as for some mixtures of expansion rates. In order to keep things within reasonable size, we confine ourselves to some special cases for the index set Z(+.)(2)", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Controlling Geminiviruses before Transmission: Prospects. Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci)-transmitted Geminiviruses cause serious diseases of crop plants in tropical and sub-tropical regions. Plants, animals, and their microbial symbionts have evolved complex ways to interact with each other that impact their life cycles. Blocking virus transmission by altering the biology of vector species, such as the whitefly, can be a potential approach to manage these devastating diseases. Virus transmission by insect vectors to plant hosts often involves bacterial endosymbionts. Molecular chaperonins of bacterial endosymbionts bind with virus particles and have a key role in the transmission of Geminiviruses. Hence, devising new approaches to obstruct virus transmission by manipulating bacterial endosymbionts before infection opens new avenues for viral disease control. The exploitation of bacterial endosymbiont within the insect vector would disrupt interactions among viruses, insects, and their bacterial endosymbionts. The study of this cooperating web could potentially decrease virus transmission and possibly represent an effective solution to control viral diseases in crop plants.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "On the rectangle escape problem. Motivated by the bus escape routing problem in printed circuit boards, we study the following rectangle escape problem: given a set S of n axis-aligned rectangles inside an axis-aligned rectangular region R, extend each rectangle in S toward one of the four borders of R so that the maximum density over the region R is minimized. The density of each point p is an element of R is defined as the number of extended rectangles containing p. We show that the problem is hard to approximate to within a factor better than 3/2 in general. When the optimal density is sufficiently large, we provide a randomized algorithm that achieves an approximation factor of 1 + epsilon with high probability improving over the current best 4-approximation algorithm available for the problem. When the optimal density is one, we develop an exact algorithm that finds an optimal solution efficiently. We also provide approximation algorithms and inapproximability results for a restricted version of the problem where rectangles are allowed to escape toward only a subset of directions. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Pelagic ecosystem structure and functioning in the Subtropical Front region east of New Zealand in austral winter and spring 1993. Data are synthesized on biomass and fluxes of components of the pelagic food web, downward particulate flux, and associated physical and chemical oceanographic parameters in austral winter and spring in the Subtropical Front (STF) region east of New Zealand. All four food web types (sensu Legendre and Rassoulzadegan, Ophelia, 41, 153-172, 1995) are represented in this region. The STF food web is classified as 'multivorous' in spring and 'herbivorous'/'multivorous' in winter, even though grazing was dominated by microzooplankton. Based on relatively few data over each season, STF community biomass was dominated by large phytoplankton cells (>20 mu m) in both seasons. Postbloom conditions were sampled in spring and highest fucoxanthin vertical fluxes were recorded at this time. A phytoplankton sedimentation event may have occurred just after our mid-October sampling. Subtropical (ST) waters exhibited pronounced seasonality in all plankton compartments. The ST food web is classified as 'multivorous' in both winter and spring. Organic flux in sediment traps was highest in ST water relative to subantarctic (SA) and STF waters. Although the ST data coverage was limited, high spring algal specific growth rates, the large change in total community biomass between winter and spring, and small seasonal differences in early winter and spring macronutrient concentrations suggest that the structure and functioning of this ecosystem depended on the macronutrients entrained during deep winter mixing. Algal populations in SA high-nitrate-low-chlorophyll waters (HNLC) were dominated by small cells. Heterotrophic bacteria dominated community biomass in SA waters in winter and equalled phytoplankton biomass in spring. In contrast to Legendre and Rassoulzadegan's classification of the subarctic Pacific HNLC food web as 'multivorous', the SA food web is classified as 'microbial' tending towards 'microbial loop' in winter (i.e. there was greater carbon uptake by bacteria than phytoplankton) and 'microbial' in spring. Chlorophyll (Chl) a levels in spring were similar to those in winter, but because of a doubling of the C:Chl ratio, algal biomass (as carbon) was 2-fold higher in SA waters in spring, compared with winter. This seasonal increase in algal carbon biomass in spring occurred in spite of a >5-fold increase from winter to spring in microzooplankton biomass, challenging the notion of grazer control of algal biomass. Our findings are compared with Russian data collected in the South Pacific STF region in summer 1985. Aspects of ecosystem functioning in the STF region east of New Zealand may hold for other longitudes in the Southern Ocean, although it is likely that some characteristics are regional in nature.", "label": [4, 42, 36]}
+{"token": "Large DNA Methylation Nadirs Anchor Chromatin Loops Maintaining Hematopoietic Stem Cell Identity. Higher-order chromatin structure and DNA methylation are implicated in multiple developmental processes, but their relationship to cell state is unknown. Here, we find that large (>7.3 kb) DNA methylation nadirs (termed \\\\'grand canyons\\\\') can form long loops connecting anchor loci that may be dozens of megabases (Mb) apart, as well as inter-chromosomal links. The interacting loci cover a total of similar to 3.5 Mb of the human genome. The strongest interactions are associated with repressive marks made by the Polycomb complex and are diminished upon EZH2 inhibitor treatment. The data are suggestive of the formation of these loops by interactions between repressive elements in the loci, forming a genomic subcompartment, rather than by cohesion/CTCF-mediated extrusion. Interestingly, unlike previously characterized subcompartments, these interactions are present only in particular cell types, such as stem and progenitor cells. Our work reveals that H3K27me3-marked large DNA methylation grand canyons represent a set of very-long-range loops associated with cellular identity.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Mechanical and electrical characterisation of Au wire interconnects in electronic packages under the combined vibration and thermal testing conditions. This paper concerns the reliability of thermosonically bonded 25 mu m Au wires in the combined high temperature with vibration conditions, under which the tests have been carried out on wire-bonded 48-pin Dual-in-Line (DIL) High Temperature Co-fired Ceramic (HTCC) electronic packages. Mechanical, optical and electrical analysis has been undertaken in order to identify the failure mechanisms of bonded wires due to the combined testing. The results indicated a decrease in the electrical resistance after a few hours of testing as a result of the annealing process of the Au wire during testing. In general, ball shear and wire pull strength levels remained high after testing, showing no significant deterioration due to the tests under the combined high temperature and vibration conditions. However, a trend of the variation in the strength values is identified with respect to the combined conditions for all wire-bonded packages, which may be summarised as: (i) increase of the testing temperature has led to a decrease of both the shear and pull strength. of the wire bonds; (ii) the mechanical behaviour of the wires is affected due to crystallisation that leads to material softening and consequently the deformation of wire. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 32]}
+{"token": "Leader Preparation Special Issue: Implications for Policy, Practice, and Research. Findings: This article briefly summarizes the nature and findings of the studies presented in this EAQ Special Issue on Leadership Preparation. Conclusions: Implications for future leader preparation practice, policy, and research are discussed.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Modelling factors affecting population trends in an endangered amphibian. Severe recent declines of amphibians around the world have highlighted the need to identify factors that affect their population dynamics and viability. This study used a long-term (> 30 years) dataset collected for a British population of natterjack toads Bufo calamita, a rare and endangered species in much of northern Europe. Modelling was employed to test a series of hypotheses concerning the effects of anthropogenic (conservation management) and climatic factors on toad demographics. The best models accounted for > 72% of the variance in population size, as judged by spawn string counts, between 1975 and 2007. Conservation management (pond creation) was important, as were spring and summer climate variables relating to larval survival, and winter conditions associated with hibernation mortality. The implications of trends associated with future climate change are also considered.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Scaled, citizen-led, and public qualitative research: A framework for citizen social science. We propose a framework for citizen social science that brings together three reinforcing elements of a research project - scale, citizen-leadership, and publicness - to improve qualitative research. Our framework was born out of necessity; a desire to involve ordinary citizens, in researching public issues, with limited funding. We illustrate the application of our framework using insights from research we have led, involving first, a series of qualitative studies of state and civil society organizations working on community engagement by three separate years of public policy students; and second, a qualitative study on the system for processing salary and injury disputes for low-waged migrant workers in Singapore conducted by over 100 volunteers and activists. Drawing on a review of the literature and our own experiences, we speak to the advantages and trade-offs of adopting this approach and suggest practical methods for conducting citizen social science.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Light propagation in a multilayered medium for three-dimensional optical memory. We report on the optimization of film thicknesses in a multilayered medium to increase readout signal intensity. The multilayered medium consists of a stack of photosensitive and transparent films, arranged alternately. The thicknesses of the photosensitive and transparent films in the multilayered medium were optimized for a reflection confocal system to read out data by analyzing the propagation of light focused into a multilayered medium. (c) 2005 Optical Society of America.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "UNLIVED LIFE: THE DEATH AND FUNERAL OF A CHILD IN SLAVIC TRADITIONAL CULTURE. This ethnolinguistic study based on the analysis of the archival and field data from various Slavic traditions gives an account of the reasons, meaning, and folk comprehension of untimely death - that of a child. Such a tragic event is seen as a result of intricate reasons: God's will, the fate, the verdict of the Fates, parents' ban on the rules, and lack of veneration of the saints, black magic, the evil eye, curse, etc. The amalgamation of Christian views and the pre-Christian perception of early death brings about a combination of notions that seem to be impossible, even more since fatalism comes along with the simultaneous assurance that an early death can be averted with the help of rites and magic acts performed on a newborn baby. Magic programming of a baby's longevity, which starts with the conception and goes through the delivery and postpartum period, various signs, omens, fortune-telling, and prophetic dreams are scrutinized in the first part of the article. Further on the specifics of the funeral of a baby are analysed, with special attention paid to the magic means to separate the baby from the mother and to prevent the death of other children. The types of commemoration and the obstacles of a baby's fate in the other world are also investigated in terms of reflecting the behaviour of the deceased child's relatives. To conclude, the author depicts the stability of some archaic beliefs which one can observe at a child's funeral, and commemorative practices nowadays.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Crystalline structure-dependent growth of bimetallic nanostructures. Morphological control of multimetallic nanostructures is crucial for obtaining shape-dependent physical and chemical properties. Up to date, control of the shapes of multimetallic nanostructures has remained largely empirical. Multimetallic nanostructures have been produced mostly through seed-mediated growth. Understanding the role played by starting nanocrystal seeds can help in controlling the shape and in turn the plasmonic and catalytic properties of multimetallic nanostructures. In this work, we have studied the effect of the crystalline structure and shape of Au nanocrystal seeds on the morphology of the resultant bimetallic nanostructures. Single-crystalline Au nanorods, multiply twinned Au nanorods, and multiply twinned Au nanobipyramids were employed as the starting seeds. Both silver and palladium exhibit highly preferential growth on the side surfaces of the single-crystalline Au nanorods, giving rise to bimetallic cuboids, whereas they prefer to grow at the ends of the multiply twinned Au nanorods and nanobipyramids, giving rise to bimetallic nanorods. These results indicate that the morphology of the bimetallic nanostructures is highly dependent on the crystalline structure of the Au nanocrystal seeds. Our results will be useful for guiding the preparation of multimetallic nanostructures with desired shapes and therefore plasmonic properties for various plasmon-based applications.", "label": [4, 1, 33, 15, 32, 11]}
+{"token": "From Equal Protection to the Right to Health: Social and Economic Rights, Public Law Litigation, and How an Old Framework Informs a New Generation of Advocacy. Since the 1990s, rights to health, food, and shelter have been litigated in South Africa, India, and elsewhere. Human rights scholars and American legal commentators frequently treat social and economic rights litigation as if it were a distinct form of litigation. Academic debate then focuses on whether courts should confront social and economic rights litigation, evaluating how it might succeed where other litigation strategies have failed. This Note argues that social and economic rights cases are a subset of public law litigation, subject to the exactly the same limitations as public law claims. So categorized, scholars can use measures of success developed in public law theory to analyze social and economic rights litigation. Such measures are critical as the debate among human rights theorists moves from whether social and economic rights are judicially enforceable generally to how best to enforce them.", "label": [3, 5, 26, 51]}
+{"token": "Observations on the mating behavior of Lasioderma serricorne (F.) adults and experiments on their nutritional requirements in dried tobacco. The behavior and mating duration of virgin Lasioderma serricorne adults was studied under two sets (temperatures 27.5 +/- 0.5 degrees C and 24 +/- 0.5 degrees C, Rb 65 +/- 3% and 75 +/- 3% correspondingly) of controlled climatic conditions. It was found that copulation, estimated from the moment the adults were found in \\\\'end to end\\\\' position up to the moment that the male and female separated from each other, fluctuated from 48 to 130 min for the two above mentioned conditions. No statistically significant differences were observed between the two sets of controlled climatic conditions used (dt = 78, t = 1.3, P = 0. 197). Although damage in stored tobacco is mainly caused by the insect's larvae, it was found that 4% of male and 9.4% of female adults also fed on dried tobacco leaves.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Speed of signal transfer in the chloroplast accumulation response. Chloroplast photorelocation movement is important for plants to perform efficient photosynthesis. Phototropins were identified as blue-light receptors for chloroplast movement in Arabidopsis thaliana and in the fern Adiantum capillus-veneris, whereas neochrome functions as a dual red/blue light receptor in the latter. However, the signal transduction pathways involved in chloroplast movement remain to be clarified. To investigate the kinetic properties of signalling from these photoreceptors to the chloroplasts, we deduced the speed of signal transfer using Adiantum capillus-veneris gametophytes. When a region of dark-adapted gametophyte cells was subjected to microbeam irradiation, chloroplasts moved towards the irradiated area even in subsequent darkness. We therefore recorded the movement and calculated the speeds of signal transfer by time-lapse imaging. Movement speeds under red or blue light were similar, e.g., about 1.0 mu m min(-1) in prothallial cells. However, speeds varied according to cell polarity in protonemal cells. The speed of signal transfer from the protonemal apex to the base was approximately 0.7 mu m min(-1), but roughly 2.3 mu m min(-1) in the opposite direction. The speed of signal transfer in Arabidopsis thaliana mesophyll cells was approximately 0.8 mu m min(-1) by comparison. Surprisingly, chloroplasts located farthest away from the microbeam were found to move faster than those in close proximity to the site of irradiation both in Adiantum capillus-veneris and A. thaliana.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "The effects of knowledge integration and contextual ambidexterity on innovation in entrepreneurial ventures. This paper utilizes insights from the knowledge-based view and ambidexterity literature to examine the effects of knowledge integration (KI) on innovation via contextual ambidexterity (CA). The paper also investigates the potential moderating role of human resource (HR) slack on the relationship between KI and CA. Using survey data collected from 245 entrepreneurial firms operating in Ghana, the findings show that KI positively relates to CA, and this relationship is moderated by HR slack. In addition, we observed that CA mediates KI and innovation. The broader theoretical and practical implications of the study are outlined.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "The Catholic School in the Context of Growing Migration into Europe. In the last years, the intensified migration mostly of people from Africa and Asia altered the situation in Europe. The growing awareness of the importance of respect for human rights and the recognition of the equal value of all people of whatever ethnic origin, cultural or religious tradition, forced the European governments to adjust the institutional services to a new kind of cultural and religious diversity, but Europeans do not want to give up the economic, political, social, ethnic, cultural and religious harmony. Due to the impact of migration, many national curricula are being changed and transformed. But it is also necessary to examine how cultural and religious diversity in Europe is intertwined in school pedagogy. What are the relationships between European and multicultural values and/or between multicultural and Christian values? What is the response of educational institutions to the new political, social, cultural and religious situation in Europe especially based on huge migration influx? What are the possible conflicts between the dynamics of a changing culture on the one hand and the ambitions of the Catholic schools in 21-st century? The author of this text raises a few important questions connected with migration and education in Europe for further reflection.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Management and prevalence of long-term conditions in primary health care for adults with intellectual disabilities compared with the general population: A population-based cohort study. MethodManagement of long-term conditions was compared between 721 adults with intellectual disabilities and the general population (n=764,672). Prevalence of long-term conditions was determined, and associated factors were investigated via logistic regression analyses.BackgroundIn the UK, general practitioners/family physicians receive pay for performance on management of long-term conditions, according to best-practice indicators.ResultsAdults with intellectual disabilities received significantly poorer management of all long-term conditions on 38/57 (66.7%) indicators. Achievement was high (75.1%-100%) for only 19.6% of adults with intellectual disabilities, compared with 76.8% of the general population. Adults with intellectual disabilities had higher rates of epilepsy, psychosis, hypothyroidism, asthma, diabetes and heart failure. There were no clear associations with neighbourhood deprivation.ConclusionsAdults with intellectual disabilities receive poorer care, despite conditions being more prevalent. The imperative now is to find practical, implementable means of supporting the challenges that general practices face in delivering equitable care.", "label": [2, 5, 21, 50]}
+{"token": "A mutation creating an upstream initiation codon in the SOX9 5' UTR causes acampomelic campomelic dysplasia. This is a single case report on a patient with clinical and radiological features of ACD who has no mutation in the SOX9 protein-coding sequence nor a translocation with breakpoint in the SOX9 regulatory domain. We include functional studies of the novel mutant protein in vitro and in cultured cells.MethodsBackgroundThe patient was found to have a de novo heterozygous mutation c.-185G>A in the SOX9 5'UTR. The mutation creates an upstream translation start codon, uAUG, with a much better fit of its flanking sequence to the Kozak consensus than the wild-type AUG. By in vitro transcription-translation and transient transfection into COS-7 cells, we show that the uAUG leads to translation of a short peptide from a reading frame that terminates just after the wild-type AUG start codon. This results in reduced translation of the wild-type protein, compatible with the milder phenotype of the patient.ConclusionCampomelic dysplasia (CD) is a semilethal developmental disorder caused by mutations in and around SOX9. CD is characterized by multiple skeletal malformations including bending (campomelia) of long bones. Surviving patients frequently have the acampomelic form of CD (ACD).ResultsFindings support the notion that more mildly affected, surviving CD/ACD patients carry mutant SOX9 alleles with residual expression of SOX9 wild-type protein. Although rarely described in human genetic disease and for the first time here for CD, mutations creating upstream AUG codons may be more common than generally assumed.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "An updated model of hydrocephalus in sheep to evaluate the performance of a device for ambulatory wireless monitoring of cerebral pressure through shunts. Background. - Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diversion by shunts is the most common surgical treatment for hydrocephalus. Though effective, shunts are associated with risk of dysfunction leading to multiple surgical revisions, affecting patient quality-of-life and incurring high healthcare costs. There is a need for ambulatory monitoring systems for life-long assessment of shunt status. The present study aimed to develop a preclinical model assessing the feasibility of our wireless device for continuous monitoring of cerebral pressure in shunts. Methods. - We first adapted a previous hydrocephalus model in sheep, which used an intracisternal kaolin injection. Seven animals were used to establish the model, and 1 sheep with naturally dilated ventricles was used as control. Hydrocephalus was confirmed by clinical examination and brain imaging before inserting the ventriculoperitoneal shunts and the monitoring device allowing continuous measurement of the pressure through the shunt for a few days in 3 sheep. An external ventricular drain was used as gold standard. Results. - Our results showed that a reduction in kaolin dose associated to postoperative management was crucial to reduce morbidity and mortality rates in the model. Ventriculomegaly was confirmed by imaging 4 days after injection of 75 mg kaolin into the cisterna magna. For the implanted sheep, record-ings revealed high sensitivity of our sensor in detecting fluctuations in cerebral pressure compared to conventional measurements. Conclusions. - This proof-of-concept study highlights the potential of this preclinical model for testing new shunt devices. (c) 2021 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "POORLYRATED HIGHER EDUCATION COURSES FOR EDUCATION PROFESSIONALS AND IMPACTS ON STUDENT PERFORMANCE INLARGE-SCALE TESTS. Affirming to exist relationship between the quality of the training of education professionals and the performance of 15-year-old students in large-scale international tests, the investigation took as a search tool the classification of existing Mathematics, Biology and Pedagogy / Letters courses in Brazil carried out by RUF 2019 -Folha University Ranking and PISA -Programme for International Student Assessment -to prove this affirmation. It was also observed that the legal rules that should guide the profile of the education professional and the curricular structure of training courses have been erratic, making it difficult to consolidate and be evaluated. When comparing the existing courses with the sample built by PISA for the application of the tests, it was noticed the symmetry between education professionals egressed from poorly evaluated courses and low performance of the students, as well as the need for policies that guarantee the quality of the training courses, a condition to reduce the regional inequalities characteristic of Brazilian society.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Simultaneous population fluctuations of rodents in montane forests and alpine meadows suggest indirect effects of tree masting. Resource pulses can generate cross-habitat dispersal of consumers, and therefore affect organisms even in areas where the resource pulses do not occur. We investigated this phenomenon at the elevational treeline in the Carpathian Mountains, where beech (Fagus sylvatica) masting caused an increase in abundance of forest rodents and intensified their use of alpine meadows. We tested 3 hypotheses concerning the impact of forest rodent spillover on the abundance of meadow-dwelling pine voles (Microtus subterraneus): 1) the competition hypothesis: if the spillover affects pine voles mostly through intensified competitive interactions, then pine voles should decline when forest rodents reach their peak abundance, i.e., 1 year after masting; 2) the apparent competition hypothesis: if predators switch to alternative prey when populations of forest rodents collapse, then pine voles should decline 2 years after masting; and 3) the apparent mutualism hypothesis: if the increase of forest rodents temporarily releases pine voles from predatory pressure, pine voles should increase in synchrony with forest rodents-1 year after masting. Our results, while correlative in nature, supported the apparent mutualism hypothesis: 1 year after masting, both forest rodents and pine voles strongly increased their abundance. Two years after masting, when populations of forest rodents crashed, abundance of pine voles returned to pre-masting levels rather than collapse. These findings suggest that pulsed spillover, known mostly from negative effects on organisms in recipient habitats, can also create indirect positive interactions. Furthermore, they illustrate how density-dependent spillover of animals might increase the spatial scale of masting effects beyond the habitats where seeds are released.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "A Message-Scheduling Scheme for Energy Conservation in Multimedia Wireless Systems. Reducing power consumption of wireless networks has become a major goal in designing modern multimedia wireless systems. In an effort to reduce power consumption, this paper addresses the issue of scheduling real-time messages in multimedia wireless networks subject to both timing and power constraints. A power-consumption model is introduced to calculate power-consumption rates in accordance with message-transmission rates. Next, a new message-scheduling scheme called Power-aware Real-time Message (PARM) is developed to generate message-ransmission schedules that minimize power consumption of multimedia wireless-network interfaces and the probability of missing deadlines for real-time messages. With a power-aware scheduling policy in place, the proposed PARM scheme is very energy-efficient. Experimental results based on a wide variety of synthetic workloads and eight real-world applications show that PARM significantly reduces energy dissipation while maintaining low missed rates. PARM reduces power consumption of data transmissions by up to 99.4% (with an average of 86.7%) for synthetic network traffic and saves energy by up to 60.0% (with an average of 34.1%) in the eight real-world applications.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Triple helix and its evolution: a systematic literature review. Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify the most extensively studied topics with respect to the triple, quadruple and quintuple helix models developed to explain these links. The review also focusses on ascertaining future trends within this field. Design/methodology/approach Relevant documents obtained from a search in the Institute for Scientific Information's Web of Science were submitted to bibliometric analysis using VOSviewer software. Findings The results of this systematic review illustrate that, despite growing concern about society and the environment, issues related to the three helixes of universities, industries and governments continue to be the most often studied. However, an additional focus on research on the quadruple and quintuple helix models has emerged in the more specialised literature. An analysis of co-citations also identified four clusters of research such as, innovation and knowledge policies; entrepreneurial universities; business innovation strategy; and triple helix stakeholders in innovation, knowledge and regional development. Originality/value Some policies are needed. Polices that undergo the mapping of the universities' specialisations, the industry/society necessities and financial measures could foster the relations between all the stakeholders.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "Chelatococcus reniformis sp nov., isolated from a glacier. A Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, reniform bacterial strain, B2974(T), was isolated from an ice core of the Muztagh Glacier, on the Tibetan Plateau, China. Strain B2974(T) grew optimally at pH 7.0-7.5 and 25-30 degrees C in the presence of 0-2.0% (w/v) NaCl. 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity analysis indicated that strain B2974(T) was closely related to Chelatococcus asaccharovorans LMG 25503(T) at a level of 97.1 %. The major quinone of strain B2974(T) was ubiquinone Q10. The predominant fatty acids were summed feature 8 (C-18 : 1 omega 7c and/or C-18 : 1 omega 6c) and C-19 : 0 cyclo omega 8c. sym-Homospermidine was the major polyamine. The genomic DNA G+C content of the strain was 64 mol%. In DNA-DNA hybridization tests, strain B2974(T) shared 49.32% DNA-DNA relatedness with the type strain of Chelatococcus asaccharovorans LMG 25503(T). Based on the results of phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics, strain B2974(T) was considered as a novel species of the genus Chelatococcus, for which the name Chelatococcus reniformis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is B2974(T) (=JCM 30308(T)=CGMCC 1.12919(T)).", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Simulation of the cross-correlated positions of in-plane tow centroids in textile composites based on experimental data. In-plane centroids of textile composites are simulated as cross-correlated random fields. Each tow position is defined as an average trend quantified from experimental data, added with zero-mean deviations produced as a stochastic field. Realisations of these fields are generated using a framework based on the Karhunen-Loeve series expansion that is calibrated with experimental information from prior work. Positional deviations are obtained that are correlated along the tow and between neighbouring tows. The application is a 2/2 twill woven carbon fibre reinforced epoxy consisting of multiple unit cells. Generated in-plane deviations of the warp and weft tows resemble the experimental fluctuations with similar wavelengths. Simulation of thousand specimens demonstrates that the virtual in-plane positions possess the experimental standard deviation and correlation lengths on average. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 11, 12]}
+{"token": "Shared intention and personal intentions. This article explores the question: what is it for two or more people to intend to do something in the future? In a technical phrase, what is it for people to share an intention? Extending and refining earlier work of the author's, it argues for three criteria of adequacy for an account of shared intention (the disjunction, concurrence, and obligation criteria) and offers an account that satisfies them. According to this account, in technical terms explained in the paper, people share an intention when and only when they are jointly committed to intend as a body to do such-and-such in the future. This account is compared and contrasted with the common approach that treats shared intention as a matter of personal intentions, with particular reference to the work of Michael Bratman.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "On laser heterodyning structure reconstruction from coherence for remote thermal sources. We propose a method for reconstructing intensity distributions from the function of mutual coherence without invoking dispersion dependences. We will also demonstrate that the structure of three-dimensional objects that do not emit radiation directly, but only incoherently scatter radiation from some thermal source can be determined under certain conditions.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Stocking rates on pasture: effect on herbage quality and milk production. The effects of different stocking rates with grazing dairy cows, respectively post-grazing sward height (GHVP) were studied on herbage quality and milk production in a rotational grazing system underorganic farming conditions. During three vegetation periods cows in production were divided into two groups on the organic farm l'Abbaye (Sorens, canton of Fribourg). 15% more grazing area was provided for the \\\\'low stocking rate\\\\' (BSN) group compared with the \\\\'high stocking rate\\\\' (BSH) group. GHVP of BSH was decisive for the simultaneous change of the sub-paddocks. Over the three vegetation periods the average stocking rates were 2.0, 2.3, 2.3 and 1.7, 2.0, 1.9 cows per ha for BSH and BSN respectively. The offered herbage mass for BSN contained significantly lower levels of RA, RP, APDE, APDN and K as well as higher levels of RF and NDF. The levels of ADF, sugar, Ca, P, Mg and NEL were unaffected by the treatments. No significant differences were found for milk production per cow. Only milk production per ha of BSH was higher. The treatments had hardly any influence on milk composition. The allocation of larger grazing area without pasture topping led to a lower pasture quality on average throughout vegetation period. Increasing the stocking rate, within certain limits, barely reduces the milk production per cow, but considerably improves the utilisation of grown herbage and hence milk production per ha.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Microcrystalline cellulose powders: structure, surface features and water sorption capability. Characterization of an Avicel PH 102 MCC powder through polymerization degree determination, X-ray diffraction and N-2 adsorptions at subcritical temperatures is described. Specific characterizations of MCC/H2O exchange in different environments were performed by means of thermogravimetric weight losses on time/temperature scale and analyses of water adsorption/absorption from saturated vapors at 310 K. The reversibility of MCC/H2O interactions and the influence of different 'surface area probes' on the specific surface area are discussed.", "label": [4, 1, 33, 11]}
+{"token": "Regional projections of Sea-level Rise in French Overseas Territories. Over the coming decades, sea-level rise will increase the severity of flooding events impacting French coastal areas. Given this prospect, a sea-level rise of 60 cm by 2100 has been assumed and adopted in French regulations related to coastal flooding. The accuracy of this working hypothesis is considered here by comparing the adopted value with projections recently produced by the IPCC. Based on this comparison, it can be concluded that the risk is currently underestimated.Given the two issues raised above, it is recommended that the national regulations are revised in order to reflect the most recent projections provided by the IPCC. Considering that French overseas territories are more vulnerable to flooding and could experience a more significant sea-level rise than French metropolitan coasts, it is proposed also to consider regional working hypothesis.In addition, local sea-level changes can differ significantly from the global mean because of various spatial-dependant processes: gravitational and rotational effects influencing the redistribution of melting water from glaciers and ice sheets, dynamical steric effects affecting densities locally, and isostatic effects causing vertical land movements along coastlines. French overseas territories, which have a broad global distribution, will be adversly affected by this spatial variability. In the worst-case future climate change scenario - the one of most interest to decision-makers - sea-level would rise by less than 100 cm along the French Atlantic coast, compared to nearly 120 cm in Mayotte and La Reunion.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of mental disorders in the World Health Organization's World Mental Health Survey Initiative. Data are presented on the lifetime prevalence, projected lifetime risk, and age-of-onset distributions of mental disorders in the World Health Organization (WHO)'s World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys. Face-to-face community surveys were conducted in seventeen countries in Africa, Asia, the Americas, Europe, and the Middle East. The combined numbers of respondents were 85,052. Lifetime prevalence, projected lifetime risk and age of onset of DSM-IV disorders were assessed with the WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), a fully-structured lay administered diagnostic interview. Survival analysis was used to estimate lifetime risk. Median and inter-quartile range (IQR) of age of onset is very early for some anxiety disorders (7-14, IQR: 8-11) and impulse control disorders (7-15, IQR: 11-12). The age-of-onset distribution is later for mood disorders (29-43, IQR: 35-40), other anxiety disorders (24-50, IQR: 31-41), and substance use disorders (18-29, IQR: 21-26). Median and IQR lifetime prevalence estimates are: anxiety disorders 4.8-31.0% (IQR: 9.9-16.7%), mood disorders 3.3-21.4% (IQR: 9.8-15.8%), impulse control disorders 0.3-25.0% (IQR: 3.1-5.7%), substance use disorders 1.3-15.0% (IQR: 4.8-9.6%), and any disorder 12.0-47.4% (IQR: 18.1-36.1%). Projected lifetime risk is proportionally between 17% and 69% higher than estimated lifetime prevalence (IQR: 28-44%), with the highest ratios in countries exposed to sectarian violence (Israel, Nigeria, and South Africa), and a general tendency for projected risk to be highest in recent cohorts in all countries. These results document clearly that mental disorders are commonly occurring. As many mental disorders begin in childhood or adolescents, interventions aimed at early detection and treatment might help reduce the persistence or severity of primary disorders and prevent the subsequent onset of secondary disorders.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Organized intrafibrillar mineralization, directed by a rationally designed multi-functional protein. Taking lessons from the structure-forming process of biominerals in animals and plants, one can find tremendous inspirations and ideas for developing advanced synthesis techniques, which is called bioprocess inspired synthesis. Bone, as a typical representative of biominerals, is constituted of mineralized collagen fibrils, which are formed under the functions of non-collagenous proteins (NCPs). Intrafibrillar mineralization is the consequence of a synergy among several NCPs. In the present study, we have designed a multi-functional protein, named (MBP)-BSP-HAP, based on bone sialoprotein (BSP) and hydroxyapatite binding protein (HAP), to mimic the intrafibrillar mineralization process in vitro. The three functional domains of (MBP)-BSP-HAP provide the artificial protein with multiple designated functions for intrafibrillar mineralization including binding calcium ions, binding collagen, and binding hydroxyapatite. Platelet-like hydroxyapatite crystals periodically arranged inside the collagen fibrils have been achieved under the function of (MBP)-BSP-HAP. The mechanism of intrafibrillar mineralization directed by the multi-functional protein was proposed. This work may not only shed light on bio-process inspired approaches for more economic and efficient biomimetic synthesis, but also be helpful in understanding the natural process of bone formation for bone regeneration and tissue repair.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "Gene-Age Interactions in Blood Pressure Regulation: A Large-Scale Investigation with the CHARGE, Global BPgen, and ICBP Consortia. Although age-dependent effects on blood pressure (BP) have been reported, they have not been systematically investigated in large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWASs). We leveraged the infrastructure of three well-established consortia (CHARGE, GBPgen, and ICBP) and a nonstandard approach (age stratification and metaregression) to conduct a genome-wide search of common variants with age-dependent effects on systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP), mean arterial (MAP), and pulse (PP) pressure. In a two-staged design using 99,241 individuals of European ancestry, we identified 20 genome-wide significant (p <= 5 x 10(-8)) loci by using joint tests of the SNP main effect and SNP-age interaction. Nine of the significant loci demonstrated nominal evidence of age-dependent effects on BP by tests of the interactions alone. Index SNPs in the EHBP1L1 (DBP and MAP), CASZ1 (SBP and MAP), and GOSR2 (PP) loci exhibited the largest age interactions, with opposite directions of effect in the young versus the old. The changes in the genetic effects over time were small but nonnegligible (up to 1.58 mm Hg over 60 years). The EHBP1L1 locus was discovered through gene-age interactions only in whites but had DBP main effects replicated (p = 8.3 x 10(-4)) in 8,682 Asians from Singapore, indicating potential interethnic heterogeneity. A secondary analysis revealed 22 loci with evidence of age-specific effects (e.g., only in 20 to 29-year-olds). Age can be used to select samples with larger genetic effect sizes and more homogenous phenotypes, which may increase statistical power. Age-dependent effects identified through novel statistical approaches can provide insight into the biology and temporal regulation underlying BP associations.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Identification and analysis of novel genes expressed in the mouse embryonic facial primordia. Craniofacial anomalies are a common feature of human congenital dysmorphology syndromes, suggesting that genes expressed in the developing face are likely to play a wider role in embryonic development. To facilitate the identification of genes involved in embryogenesis, we previously constructed an enriched cDNA library by subtracting adult mouse liver cDNA from that of embryonic day (E)10.5 mouse pharyngeal arch cDNA. From this library, 273 unique clones were sequenced and known proteins binned into functional categories in order to assess enrichment of the library (1). We have now selected 31 novel and poorly characterised genes from this library and present bioinformatic analysis to predict proteins encoded by these genes, and to detect evolutionary conservation. Of these genes 61% (19/31) showed restricted expression in the developing embryo, and a subset of these was chosen for further in silico characterisation as well as experimental determination of subcellular localisation based on transient transfection of predicted full-length coding sequences into mammalian cell lines. Where a human orthologue of these genes was detected, chromosomal localisation was determined relative to known loci for human congenital disease.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "'Small Wars' and Big Consequences: From Korea to Iraq. 'Small Wars' often have had major consequences in the politics and societies of the West. Apparently minor military involvements in the non-European world are productive of political and cultural crises back home. Western identities and self-conceptions are centrally implicated in 'small wars', including notions of Western strength, rationality, and political obligations towards 'backward' non-European peoples. These 'Orientalist' identities contribute to the misconception of Western opponents in 'small wars', setting the stage for military reverse or even defeat, and hence for political and cultural crisis back in the metropole. This paper explores these themes with reference to US involvement in Korea and Iraq.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Seasonal variation in reproductive behaviour of bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus Pallas, 1766) in an equatorial savannah ecosystem. While several authors suggest that bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus Pallas) from tropical areas with an approximately bimodal rainfall pattern breed throughout the year, there is also a report of seasonal breeding in this species. In this study, we provide indirect evidence of seasonality in reproduction by analysing behavioural data (e.g. rates of mixed-sex sightings) in a population of bushbuck inhabiting an equatorial savannah ecosystem in western Uganda. Observation rates of mixed-sex sightings were correlated with rainfall patterns. We suggest that peaks in reproductive behaviour following the wet season may be advantageous if calves are born during the next wet season, when fresh vegetation is available.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "A new species of the cicada genus Cicadatra from Pakistan (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea: Cicadidae). Cicadatra karachiensis sp. n. is described from Karachi, Pakistan. The species is illustrated and notes on the biology of the species are presented. Uncorrected genetic distances between C. karachiensis and C. atra (Olivier) (the type species of the genus) were approximately 15%.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Mediterranean fruit fly genes exhibit different expression patterns between heat and cold treatments. Invasive Tephritid fruit flies are a global threat to both agriculture and horticulture industries. Biosecurity has played a critical role in reducing their damage but becomes more and more challenging after several key chemical pesticides were banned or withdrawn for health or environmental reasons. This has led to non-chemical approaches including heat and cold treatments being broadly utilized to get rid of fruit fly infestation. However, the molecular mechanisms to kill the flies underlying these stressors are not clear yet. This knowledge will certainly help refine current post-harvest treatment strategies and develop more efficient, cost-effective and environmentally friendly approaches for fruit fly management. Previously, the molecular response of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) to heat was examined thoroughly, in which 31 key genes were identified with significant changes in expression levels and their high-resolution expression timeline was constructed across 11 timepoints. However, whether these candidate genes respond to cold in the same way was unknown. Here, a temperature bioassay was conducted and the expression profiles of these genes were investigated across the same 11 timepoints using cold treatment. The results showed that most of candidate genes exhibited divergent expression profiles compared to heat treatment, suggesting that the fly molecular response to cold may be different from those to heat. This study provides new knowledge of Tephritid fruit fly response to cold at a molecular level, which could aid in improving current fruit fly management and facilitate the development of new strategies to control this serious horticultural insect pest.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Suicide-related behaviours in schizophrenia in China: a comprehensive meta-analysis. Aims. Suicide-related behaviours are common in schizophrenia and are significantly associated with premature death. The objective of this meta-analysis study was to estimate the pooled prevalence of suicide-related behaviours in schizophrenia patients in China. Methods. The relevant literature was searched systematically via the relevant electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Databases and Chinese Biological Medical Literature Database) from their inception until 14 September 2016. Only original studies that reported the prevalence of suicide-related behaviours including suicidal ideation (SI), suicide plan, suicide attempt (SA) and completed suicide were selected. Results. Nineteen articles met the inclusion criteria and were analysed. The pooled lifetime prevalence of SI and SA were 25.8% (95% CI 14.7-41.1%) and 14.6% (95% CI 9.1-22.8%), respectively. The 1-month prevalence of SI was 22.0% (95% CI 18.2-26.4%). Subgroup analyses of lifetime SI and SA showed that gender, sample size, survey year, study location and source of patients have no significant mediating effects on the results. Conclusions. Suicide-related behaviours are common in Chinese schizophrenia patients. Due to the high mortality risk, regular screening and effective suicide prevention programmes are warranted.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "The scenographic, costumed chorus, agency and the performance of matter: A new materialist approach to costume. This article presents the performativity of costume as generated through materially discursive iterative processes that embed meaning in the production itself through the analysis of the chorus costumes for the 2018 Opera du Rhin production of Eugene Onegin. It argues that a new materialist approach can reveal the ethical concerns, around gender; toxic masculinity and compliance to reactionary social conventions, that lie at the core of this costuming of an opera chorus, particularly when perceived through the multiple forms that shape its distinct materialization over three successive acts. In addition, a focus on the agential actions of materials will draw attention to the work of the costume department, which to date has remained largely unaddressed by analytical approaches that are solely based on spectatorship, semiotics or phenomenological perspectives. Identifying the agential actions that materials perform enables the articulation of the costume specialist's response to the performativity of materials. Adopting a new materialist approach, 'costuming' is found to be an evolving and relational form that emerges from a complex process of meaning-making that addresses, through a distribution of agency, how materials connect to wider concerns.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Petrophysical Clasification of Different Rocks in Carbonate Reservoirs of the Northern Cuban Heavy Oil Belt. The permeability is one of the main parameters to classify the porosity environment, this parameter can't be measured by log's tools, and it has no direct relation with the total porosity. It is closely related to the kind of rock (size and distribution of particles). In the Northern Cuban Heavy Oil Belt (FNCPC), the reservoirs are made up of carbonate rocks (mudstone / wackestone), with fracture porosity and other types of porosity such as: joins of dissolution and estilolitos formed from diagenetic processes. The different formations frequently show heterogeneities that can be noticeable hindering their own characterization. The cores present a very poor recuperation and on numerous occasions recovering only intervals that don't contribute anything to the flow of fluids. The analysis about different kinds of rocks is done in this article; it is conceived throughout data of cores and thin sections. The petrophysical classification of different kinds of rocks for carbonate reservoirs are established from the porosity and permeability relationships and porosity environment structure.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Resource use of five sympatric turtle species: effects of competition, phylogeny, and morphology. I quantified resource use with respect to habitat, diet, and diel and seasonal use of basking time for five sympatric turtle species in a cove on Kentucky Lake, an impoundment of the lower Tennessee River in western Kentucky, U.S.A. I used pseudocommunity analyses to test for significant structure in resource use, compared resource-use matrices with matrices representing phylogenetic similarity, and measured morphological characteristics related to resource use. Three strictly riverine species (Graptemys pseudogeographica, Graptemys ouachitensis, and Apalone mutica) with relatively long limbs and digits used outer portions of the cove near deeper waters to a greater extent than did two shorter-limbed species (Trachemys scripta and Pseudemys concinna), which inhabit both lotic and lentic waters. Only the difference in habitat between A. mutica and the other four species was shown to be significant in pseudocommunity analysis, a result that can be better explained by differences in basking substrates than by competition. Dietary studies indicated two guilds, omnivore and algivore, in spite of the low pairwise overlap values that resulted from overall prey diversity. Analysis of use of diel and seasonal basking time revealed significant structure (partitioning) at only the rank of second-nearest neighbor for seasonal time. Clustering phenograms for resource similarity among the five species were overall highly similar to two phylogenetic hypotheses. Phylogeny was thus shown to be of greater importance in structuring resource use in Kentucky Lake than interspecific competition. In addition, the similarity in clustering phenograms was not consistent with the hypothesis of niche complementarity, suggesting that interspecific competition was of little importance.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Between knowledge and power: epistemic communities and the emergence of security sector reform in the EU security architecture. This article provides a theoretically informed analysis to understand why and how security sector reform (SSR) norms have been integrated into the European Union (EU) security architecture. It investigates the role of epistemic communities in advancing the security-development/good governance agenda underpinning SSR and in fostering institutional learning. Shared knowledge and expertise have driven policy and institutional change, since they yielded a new policy consensus that transformed the EU's approach to security in the post-cold war international system. Empirical findings, based on content analysis and on 25+ semi-structured interviews, suggest that transnational expertise-based networks did play a leading role in shaping SSR conceptual development. However, they also show that cleavages between epistemic communities across the security/development dividing line are ultimately responsible for the EU's failure to achieve a coherent SSR policy implementation. Moreover, the article concludes that the institutionalisation of SSR in the EU did not originate in a single norm setter, nor in sheer ideational stimulus. Change occurred through the complex interplay between ideas and interests, that is between knowledge and power, leading specific norms to be visualised as consensual and dominant.", "label": [5, 47, 49]}
+{"token": "Playing the two-level game: US president Bush's decision to repudiate the Kyoto Protocol. Putnam's two-level game metaphor is used as a framework for analysing the US repudiation of the Kyoto Protocol. It is argued that President Bush repudiated the Protocol, and used California's energy crisis and the Byrd-Hagel Senate Resolution to legitimise his hawkish approach, for three related reasons. First, Bush was personally dissatisfied with the Protocol. Second, the failure of the negotiations in The Hague at COP-6 Part I seemed to prove what many observers had long suspected: that further negotiations would not lead to a Protocol the US Senate could ratify. And third, Bush could not credibly engage in further negotiations on the Protocol while pursuing his preferred domestic energy policy of expanding oil and gas production. The implications of the interconnection between US domestic politics and the international climate change negotiations are remarked on by way of conclusion.", "label": [5, 47, 49]}
+{"token": "Etiology of bull's eye rot of pear caused by Neofabraea spp. in Oregon, Washington, and California. A collection of Neofabraea isolates from pear fruit grown in Oregon, Washington, and California was screened with species-specific primers in a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Neofabraea alba was identified most frequently in samples from Oregon and California, whereas N. perennans was found most frequently in samples from Washington. N. alba also was identified from tissue of small cankers and pruning stubs on pear trees using PCR. Bull's eye rot pathogens were isolated from fruit of nine different European pear cultivars, Asian pear, and quince. Overall, N. alba was the most prevalent species in 2001 whereas N. perennans was more prevalent in 2002. An undescribed species of Neofabraea was identified in samples from Medford, OR that corresponds to a species previously found by others using molecular methods. This information increases the known geographic distribution of this undescribed species.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Genetic tools link long-term demographic and life-history traits of anemonefish to their anemone hosts. The life-history traits and population dynamics of species are increasingly being attributed to the characteristics of their preferred habitats. While coral reef fish are often strongly associated with particular habitats, long-term studies establishing the demographic and life-history consequences of occupying different reef substrata are rare and no studies have monitored individuals in situ over their lifetime and determined the fate of their offspring. Here, we documented a quasi-turnover and local reproductive success for an entire population of orange clownfish (Amphiprion percula) from Kimbe Island, Papua New Guinea, by taking bi-annual samples of DNA over a 10-yr period (2003-2013). We compared demographic and life-history traits of individuals living on two host anemone species, Heteractis magnifica and Stichodactyla gigantea, including female size, adult continued presence (a proxy for relative longevity range), early post-settlement growth, the number of eggs per clutch and 'local' reproductive success (defined for each adult as the number of offspring returning to the natal population). Our results indicate that while the relative longevity of adults was similar on both host anemone species, females living in H. magnifica were larger than females in S. gigantea. However, despite females growing larger and producing more eggs on H. magnifica, we found that local reproductive success was significantly higher for clownfish living in S. gigantea. Life-history traits also exhibited local spatial variation, with higher local reproductive success recorded for adults living on S. gigantea on the eastern side of the island. Our findings support a 'silver-spoon' hypothesis that predicts individuals that are fortunate enough to recruit into good habitat and location will be rewarded with higher long-term reproductive success and will make a disproportionate contribution to population renewal.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "Improving self-efficacy and creative self-efficacy to foster creativity and learning in schools. Self-efficacy refers to the perception and belief that an individual has of their skills and that they mobilize effectively to succeed in a particular action (in the sense of achieving a goal). Self efficacy has been shown to greatly influence students' results. However, creative self-efficacy, i.e., the belief that one can produce creative outcomes, has not been studied very often. In this paper, we focus on the impact of student self-efficacy and creative self-efficacy in the context of a pedagogical approach to creativity. More specifically, we set up an intervention designed to enhance students' creativity. Data was collected on 23 students. This research adopted a mixed methods design as data were collected from questionnaires and interviews. Results show that the intervention did not have a significant impact on (creative) self-efficacy. However, participants reported a general better understanding and being more familiar with the topic after the intervention. Results are discussed and further lines of research are suggested.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "An Overview of Prosecutor-Led Diversion Programs: A New Incarnation of an Old Idea. Pretrial diversion programs began in the 1970s with the intention to provide participants an alternative to incarceration and prevent the negative impact of conviction, while allowing criminal justice providers reduced caseloads. Early programs emphasized goals of employment and rehabilitation. While initial evaluation results were encouraging, findings from more sophisticated research studies were negative and helped to discredit diversion programs. More recently, prosecutors have begun reintroducing diversion programs with more pragmatic goals such as reduced case processing costs and expungement of criminal records to prevent loss of access to the employment market. This article presents findings from a descriptive study of 15 diverse prosecutor-led diversion programs. The article describes the goals of these programs, program eligibility, program requirements, and dispositions upon successful completion; and draws contrasts between modern programs and their predecessors.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Assessment of Membrane Performance for Post-Combustion CO2 Capture. This work investigates the separation performance of a commercial carbonized polyimide hollow fiber membrane module for post-combustion CO2 capture applications. In particular, the resilience to water and sulfur and nitrogen oxides (SOx and NOx) as gas impurities was examined. The membrane exhibited a CO2 permeance of 660 Gas Permeance Units (GPU) and a CO2/N-2 permselectivity of 20 at 50 degrees C when the permeate side was controlled at 0.2 bar absolute pressure. With an increase in water vapor in the feed stream, this CO2 permeance decreased slightly, while the CO2/N-2 selectivity increased slightly, due to the combination of competitive sorption and concentration polarization. The water vapor permeance was high, which made accurate measurement difficult due to the concentration polarization but a value of 1090 +/- 200 GPU was recorded. The membrane was then examined under three mixed gas conditions (i.e. SO2/CO2/O-2/N-2, NO/CO2/N-2, and NO/NO2/N-2) for a time frame of 30 days. The permeances of SO2, OD NO, and NO2 were 650 +/- 50, 155 +/- 5, 125 +/- 10, and 70 +/- 5 GPU at 30 degrees C, respectively. All of these minor components had a marginal impact on the membrane separation performance during the testing period, indicating strong commercial potential. The higher permeance of SO2 and NO relative to nitrogen meant that these penetrants were concentrated in the permeate stream, which might lead to issues with downstream corrosion in a humid environment. Conversely, the permeance of NO2 was low.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "Estimating survival of unmarked neonates with camera traps. Survival and recruitment of offspring are important drivers of population dynamics. Yet, studying wildlife shortly after parturition is logistically challenging and oftentimes cost-prohibitive. As a result, our ecological understanding of neonate survival is limited for many species and management decisions are often made without an adequate understanding of their implications. We developed a model to estimate the overall survival rate of neonates and the timing of mortality (i.e., shape of the survival curve) based on changes in the ratio of neonates to adult females observed in camera trap photographs. We evaluated the model with simulations and provided an example application using North American elk (Cervus canadensis) in Idaho. Our simulations suggested that estimates of the overall neonate survival rate and the shape of the survival curve are accurate when researchers provide unbiased estimates of adult female survival, birth rate (offspring per adult female), and the distribution of birth dates. When researchers can provide a priori values for just adult female survival and birth rate, estimates of the overall survival rate were accurate, but early neonate mortality was underestimated. Our estimate of neonate elk survival in Idaho was consistent with values generated by capture-based studies. Our ratio-based model provides an alternative to traditional methods for estimating neonate survival and does not rely on invasive or expensive capture and monitoring techniques. We believe this method could apply to a wide variety of species due to the ease of data collection and the relatively small number of critical model assumptions. A major benefit of our model is the ability to simultaneously monitor other species in the community, which will facilitate a better understanding of drivers of variation in neonate survival.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Strong and weak convergence theorems for general mixed equilibrium problems and variational inequality problems and fixed point problems in Hilbert spaces. In this paper, we introduce two iterative algorithms for finding a common element of the set of solutions of finite general mixed equilibrium problems and the set of solutions of finite variational inequalities for inverse strongly monotone mappings and the set of common fixed points of an asymptotically k-strictly pseudocontractive mapping in the intermediate sense in a real Hilbert space. We prove some strong and weak convergence theorems by using the proposed algorithms under some suitable conditions. Our results improve and extend the corresponding results announced by many others. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "A window on exoplanet dynamical histories: Rossiter-McLaughlin observations of WASP-13b and WASP-32b. We present Rossiter-McLaughlin observations of WASP-13b and WASP-32b and determine the sky-projected angle between the normal of the planetary orbit and the stellar rotation axis (lambda). WASP-13b and WASP-32b both have prograde orbits and are consistent with alignment with measured sky-projected angles of lambda = 8 degrees(+13)(-12) and lambda = -2 degrees(+17)(-19), respectively. Both WASP-13 and WASP-32 have T-eff < 6250 K, and therefore, these systems support the general trend that aligned planetary systems are preferentially found orbiting cool host stars. A Lomb-Scargle periodogram analysis was carried out on archival SuperWASP data for both systems. A statistically significant stellar rotation period detection (above 99.9 per cent confidence) was identified for the WASP-32 system with P-rot = 11.6 +/- 1.0 days. This rotation period is in agreement with the predicted stellar rotation period calculated from the stellar radius, R-*, and nu sin i if a stellar inclination of i(*) = 90 degrees is assumed. With the determined rotation period, the true 3D angle between the stellar rotation axis and the planetary orbit, psi, was found to be psi = 11 degrees +/- 14 degrees. We conclude with a discussion on the alignment of systems around cool host stars with T-eff < 6150 K by calculating the tidal dissipation time-scale. We find that systems with short tidal dissipation time-scales are preferentially aligned and systems with long tidal dissipation time-scales have a broad range of obliquities.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Electricity generation by Propionibacterium freudenreichii in a mediatorless microbial fuel cell. P. freudenreichii ssp. shermanii and P. freudenreichii ssp. freudenreichii were shown for the first time to act as exoelectrogenic anodic biocatalysts in MFCs.Two strains, P. freudenreichii ssp. shermanii and P. freudenreichii ssp. freudenreichii, were screened as anodic biocatalysts and shown to produce power from glycerol in an MFC. Voltage was generated with and without resazurin in the medium, showing that both strains are exoelectrogenic. Polarization data showed that an MFC with P. freudenreichii ssp. shermanii reached a maximum open circuit voltage of 485 mV and a maximum power density of 14.9 mW m(-2). Glycerol consumption was about 50 % lower in MFCs than in fermentations, indicating a metabolic shift in the MFC environment.To test Propionibacterium freudenreichii as a novel biocatalyst in a glycerol-oxidizing microbial fuel cell (MFC).", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "African weakly electric fishes of the genus Petrocephalus (Osteoglossomorpha: Mormyridae) of Odzala National Park, Republic of the Congo (Lekoli River, Congo River basin) with description of five new species. Here we examine new collections of Petrocephalus species (Osteoglossomorpha: Mormyridae: Petrocephalinae) made within Odzala National Park in the Republic of the Congo (Lekoli River drainage, northwestern Congo River basin). We compare these collections to type material of all nominal Petrocephalus species described from the Congo basin and the adjacent Lower Guinea ichthyofaunal province. Based on morphology and electric signal characteristics we recognize eleven distinct species of Petrocephalus in these collections, including five new species described herein: Petrocephalusbinotatus, Petrocephalus zakoni n. sp., Petrocephalus valentini n. sp., Petrocephalus balayi, Petrocephalus microphthalmus, Petrocephalus odzalaensis n. sp., Petrocephalus christyi, Petrocephalus sauvagii, Petrocephalus pulsivertens n. sp., Petrocephalus grandoculis and Petrocephalus mbossou n. sp. Each species can be distinguished by a combination of characters, the most important of which are numbers of dorsal and anal fin rays, mouth width, eye size, number of upper jaw teeth and melanin markings. Electric signal waveform characteristics are useful for diagnosing a few of the species. The eleven Petrocephalus species of the Odzala assemblage appear to be reproductively isolated biological species based on genetic evidence we have gathered from the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Our study of Petrocephalus type material reveals that Petrocephalus guttatus was erroneously assigned to this genus; we now assign this species to Pollimyrus within the sister subfamily, Mormyrinae. Additionally, we provide a dichotomous key to the eleven Petrocephalus species of Odzala National Park.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Importance of intraspecifically gregarious species in a tropical bird community. In both single- and mixed-species social groups, certain participants are known to play important roles in providing benefits. Identifying these participants is critical for understanding group dynamics, but is often difficult with large roving social groups in the wild. Here, we develop a new approach to characterize roles in social groups and apply it to mixed-species bird flocks (flocks hereafter) in an Indian tropical evergreen forest. Two types of species, namely intraspecifically gregarious and sallying species, are thought to play important roles in flocks because studies have shown they attract other flock participants. However, it is unclear why these types are attractive and whether they are essential for flock formation. We address these questions by focusing on the composition of the subset of flocks containing only two species each. In two-species flocks, it is reasonable to assume that at least one species obtains some kind of benefit. Therefore, only those species combinations that result in benefit to at least one species should occur as two-species flocks. Using data from 540 flocks overall, of which 158 were two-species flocks, we find that intraspecifically gregarious species are disproportionately represented in two-species flocks and always lead flocks when present, and that flocks containing them are joined significantly more by other species. Our results suggest that intraspecifically gregarious species are likely to be the primary benefit providers in flocks and are important for tropical flock formation. Our study also provides a new approach to understanding importance in other mixed-species and single-species social groups.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Religious Studies and the Spiritual Turn. This article surveys the range of positions from which religious studies scholars have generally responded to the spiritual turn. We classify these as: the sociology of religion approach, the critical religion approach, and the practical study for spirituality by professional fields like business, education, and healthcare. In light of recent cultural sociological and historical scholarship on the emic folk category \\\\'spirituality\\\\' we argue that, given their foundational assumptions, each of these approaches is inadequate for achieving an accurate empirical account of the spiritual turn. We argue that for sociology of religion and critical religion to adequately respond to the professional study for spirituality, they must begin to reckon with the minority consensus developed by cultural sociologists about the spiritual turn. The minority consensus holds that the spiritual turn comprises two components: first, a semantic shift from \\\\'religion\\\\' to \\\\'spirituality,\\\\' and second, the crystallization and spread of a shared cultural structure. Coming to terms with this approach will require scholars of religion to reconsider both their assumptions about the category \\\\'religion\\\\' as well as the limits of their discipline.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Optimal Noise Reduction in Oversampled PR Filter Banks. This paper studies the optimal noise reduction problem for oversampled filter banks (FBs) with perfect reconstruction (PR) constraint. Both the optimal design and worst case design are considered, where the former caters for the noise with known power spectral density (PSD) and the latter for the noise with unknown PSD. State-space based explicit formulae involving only algebraic Riccati equation and matrix manipulations are provided for the general (IIR or FIR) oversampled PR FBs, and the relations between different cases are analyzed and revealed. Extensive numerical examples are provided to illustrate the proposed design methods and to show their effectiveness.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Changes in gamma-H2AX expression in irradiated feline sarcoma cells: An indicator of double strand DNA breaks. Feline injection site sarcoma (ISS) is a highly invasive soft tissue tumor that is commonly treated with radiation. Cellular deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the principal target for the biologic effects of radiation with cell killing correlating to the number of double stranded DNA breaks (DSBs). The objective of this study was to determine if radiation-induced damage to feline ISS cells could be detected using a commercially available DNA DSB detection kit. Feline ISS cells were irradiated and evaluated for extent of DSB induction with a gamma-H2AX chemiluminescent kit; results were validated by Western Blot analysis. Irradiated cells showed a significant increase in double strand break induction compared to control cells, which was supported by Western Blot. DNA damage in feline sarcoma cells following single exposure of radiation can be indirectly detected using a commercially available mouse anti-human monoclonal antibody for gamma-H2AX. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Karyotype, phenotype and parental origin in 19 cases of triploidy. The parental origin of triploidy in 19 cases was examined by inheritance of DNA microsatellites and by methylation patterns of SNRPN or PW71 (where parents' blood was unavailable). The fetal and placental morphology on these cases was reviewed. The phenotype of the fetuses with non-mosaic triploidy was assessed in relation to the two types described by McFadden and Kalousek. Of the diandric fetuses three of the six showed mild-to-moderate symmetrical growth retardation and the other three had growth characteristics in accordance with their gestational ages. This study would suggest the fetal triploid 'Type 1' definition be modified to 'well grown to moderate symmetrical IUGR' to allow for Such variation. In the digynic fetuses (McFadden/Kalousek Type 2) there were poor growth characteristics with IUGR being more severe and asymmetrical. The diandric fetuses were as common as digynic fetuses in this series. The ratio of diandric to digynic specimens was 11 : 8 but if only fetal specimens (not embryos or mosaic children) were included the ratio was 6 : 5. Many diandric conceptions end as partial moles but later in gestation diandric fetuses may be well grown. It is proposed that there may be a survival barrier for diandric fetuses early in gestation (possibly based on the proportion of vascularised placental villi), although once this is passed the diandric fetuses are comparatively more viable and better grown than digynic fetuses. In the XXY triploid fetuses, 5/6 had hypoplastic or ambiguous external genitalia (two were recorded as of female phenotype) as has been reported previously. In these, the gonadal histology was testicular in all the diandrics but in the single digynic XXY case, sex reversal was complete with normal uterus and Fallopian tubes and the gonads were histologically ovaries. Two triploid/diploid mosaics were proven to be due to digyny. The probable cause is delayed incorporation of the second polar body into a blastomere and there was evidence of identical alleles from the same sperm being present in both diploid and triploid cells. In one of these triploid/diploid mosaics in which there was a termination of pregnancy (TOP) after prenatal karyotyping the diploid cell line had trisomy 16 which wits not evident in the triploid line. This trisomy was probably of post-zygotic origin and we suggest the fetus wits rescued by the prominence of the triploid line. Copyright (C) 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [2, 21, 19]}
+{"token": "Homesick: residential and care patterns in patients with severe mental illness. Methods: From January 2006 to January 2012, all data relating to changes in residential and/or care setting by SMI patients (N = 262) were collected from electronic case files. Data covering psychopathology, substance use, and medication adherence were assessed in 2006.Conclusions: A majority of patients with SMI changed residential and/or care settings several times in 6 years. Patients with substance use or severe negative and disorganisation symptoms may need more intensive and customised treatment. Further research is needed to investigate prevention programmes for highly-frequent movers.Background: Changes in the residential and care settings of patients with severe mental illness (SMI) are a concern because of the large variety of possible negative consequences. This study describes patterns of changes in the residential and care settings of SMI patients and explores associations between these changes, sociodemographics, and clinical characteristics.Results: There were more changes in the residential than in the care setting. In 6 years, only 22% of our sample did not move, 23% changed residence once, 19% twice, 10% three times, and 26% four or more times. Substance use predicted changes of care and/or residential setting and rehospitalisation. The severity of negative symptoms predicted rehospitalisation and duration of hospitalisation. Disorganisation symptoms predicted the duration of hospitalisation.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Heidegger and Levinas on the question of temporality. Emmanuel Levinas's contribution to philosophical conceptions of time can be understood fully only in terms of his debt to Heidegger. Taking up Levinas's critiques of Heidegger's Destruktion of the Aristotelian conception of time in Being and Time, this paper argues that Levinas is ultimately unable to refuse fully, for reasons having to do with Heidegger's disastrous alignment with the Nazis in the 1930s, the debt he owes to Heidegger, his earliest and most lasting influence. Despite his problems with the Dasein analytic, Levinas does not repudiate Heidegger's essential contributions to a deconstruction of the history of ontology. Indeed, Levinas assumes this de-structuring as providing the necessary opening for his own contribution to rethinking the notion of time. In the last section of this paper, we tease out what Levinas's analysis means for his ambivalent relationship to Heidegger, but also in his quest to go \\\\'beyond\\\\' phenomenology.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "On What Minimum Bases Could a Cosmopolitan Global Agreement Be Built?. Considering the difficulties of such an undertaking, possible strategies and reasons are presented in order to contemplate that the possibility of a global agreement is not entirely implausible.This article explores some of the main political features of the globalized era and defends the need for representative political institutions that exceed the nation state. The following question is under what ethico-political conditions we could defend a political and legal framework for an axiologically diverse world and what political conceptions and values could be proposed as a normative model for global governance whose goal ought to be the legitimate exercise of power.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "The Influence of Graphitization Catalyst Electrode in Electrical Discharge Machining of Polycrystalline Diamond-Finishing Condition. Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) is a non-contact machining process that becomes famous in machining of Polycrystalline Diamond (PCD). The material is typically used as the cutting tools for aerospace and automotive industries. However, low electrical conductivity and high melting temperature of PCD has caused slower EDM process. This investigation purposely designed to investigate the influence of different types of electrode which are Copper (ordinary electrode) and Copper-Nickel (newly proposed graphitization catalyst electrode) on EDM performance of MRR and Ra. Interestingly the newly proposed electrode gave positive impact to the investigated performance indication. Cu-Ni electrode recorded 35% better in MRR than the Cu electrode, though with higher short-circuiting rate. Cu-Ni also provided the lowest Ra value with 10% better than the best Ra produced by Cu electrode. This phenomenon occurred as due to the high interaction between the catalyst materials of nickel and diamond which supported by the qualification data provided in this investigation.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Modelling of the electrochemical machining process by the boundary element method. This paper describes the development and application of the boundary element method to model the machining of simple milling and turning features. The 3D model uses linear triangular elements to discretise the workpiece and tool surfaces. Highlights of the program include the use of analytical integration to calculate the element matrices rather than numerical, and the automatic refinement of the mesh as the workpiece is progressively machined. The program has been tested for milling slots using a rectangular tool and for turning a thin-walled tube. It is shown that there is good agreement between the predicted and experimental results. (C) 2010 CIRP.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Radio-tracking reveals that lesser horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus hipposideros) forage in woodland. Over the past 50 years European populations of the lesser horseshoe bat Rhinolophus hipposideros have severely declined, probably because of the loss of foraging habitat. To date, studies of the foraging behaviour of this species have been limited as its low mass (4-8 g) precluded the use of radio-telemetry because commercially available radio-transmitters exceeded 10% of its body mass. In this study, radio-transmitters weighing < 0.35 g were built. These increased the body mass of the animals from 4.5% to 8.1%, with no demonstrable adverse effect on their flight behaviour. The habitat selection of eight female lesser horseshoe bats was studied in Monmouthshire, U.K. The bats had foraging ranges between 12 and 53 ha (100% kernel). Although one bat foraged 4.2 km from the roost, for 50% of the time tracked bats were recorded within 600 m of the nursery roost. The estimated density within 200 m of the roost was 5.8 foraging bats/ha. This decreased to 0.01 bats/ha at 1200 m. Compositional analysis revealed that this species used woodlands, predominately broadleaf, more than any other habitat. In addition, the bats foraged in areas of high habitat diversity. Conservation management of this species should concentrate on such areas within 2.5 km of the nursery roost.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "SLOW RISE AND PARTIAL ERUPTION OF A DOUBLE-DECKER FILAMENT. II. A DOUBLE FLUX ROPE MODEL. Force-free equilibria containing two vertically arranged magnetic flux ropes of like chirality and current direction are considered as a model for split filaments/prominences and filament-sigmoid systems. Such equilibria are constructed analytically through an extension of the methods developed in Titov & Demoulin and numerically through an evolutionary sequence including shear flows, flux emergence, and flux cancellation in the photospheric boundary. It is demonstrated that the analytical equilibria are stable if an external toroidal (shear) field component exceeding a threshold value is included. If this component decreases sufficiently, then both flux ropes turn unstable for conditions typical of solar active regions, with the lower rope typically becoming unstable first. Either both flux ropes erupt upward, or only the upper rope erupts while the lower rope reconnects with the ambient flux low in the corona and is destroyed. However, for shear field strengths staying somewhat above the threshold value, the configuration also admits evolutions which lead to partial eruptions with only the upper flux rope becoming unstable and the lower one remaining in place. This can be triggered by a transfer of flux and current from the lower to the upper rope, as suggested by the observations of a split filament in Paper I. It can also result from tether-cutting reconnection with the ambient flux at the X-type structure between the flux ropes, which similarly influences their stability properties in opposite ways. This is demonstrated for the numerically constructed equilibrium.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Architecture and Objecthood: Donald Judd's Renaissance Imaginary. The American minimalist artist Donald Judd is closely linked to his concept of the 'specific object,' a new form of three-dimensional work defined by its embrace of 'real space' and its complete opposition to the humanistic illusionism of what Judd called the 'European tradition.' Yet at the crux of his canonical essay 'Specific Objects,' Judd compares this new type of work to 'one of Brunelleschi's windows at the Badia di Fiesole,' thus aligning it with the inventor of linear perspective and, so it would seem, originator of the very tradition he wished to supersede. This problematic comparison, which has never received sustained analysis, puts pressure on the dominant view of Judd's work as an outgrowth of modernist painting, instead pointing to the abiding presence of architectural prototypes, especially Renaissance ones, in the artist's work and thought. This paper identifies Judd's Renaissance framework as a veiled form of architectural modernism inherited from his professor of Renaissance architecture, Rudolf Wittkower, and explores its operation in Judd's conceptualization of both 'specificity' and 'space' itself, as manifested in his writing and in key works from his formative period, 1960-1965. By historically situating Judd's Renaissance imaginary with respect to contemporaneous discourses on art and architecture, the paper seeks to open a new perspective onto the development of minimalism more generally.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "HUMAN CHORIONIC-GONADOTROPIN AND TRISOMY-18. Estimation of maternal serum-beta-hCG is used in conjunction with alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and estriol (E3) for estimating the risk of Down syndrome (DS) affected fetuses.  However, low hCG levels have not been regarded as having clinical significance.  We report on 2 patients with trisomy 18 fetuses in whom antenatal screening showed extremely low hCG levels (0.05 and 0.15 MOM).  Low hCG levels might indicate increased risk for trisomy 18 despite low estimated risk for DS.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "On the simulation of amplified bow waves induced by motion in head seas. The prediction of bow wave amplification for a ship navigating in head seas is achieved by means of the 2D + t nonlinear slender-body theory. High-resolution numerical simulations show the development of spray sheets along the hull. For conditions of navigation severe enough, the thick jets rise and top the deck level, leading to the possibility of deck wetness. The overall capabilities of the method of calculation are demonstrated through a systematic study for a frigate. Continuous time domain pictures of the flow as the bow enters the incoming waves are presented. The relationship between the incoming wave parameters and the sequence of probable events (deck wetness, slamming,...) that occurs in the bow region is studied, leading to predictions of both the onset and strength of probable deck wetness, as well as forefoot emergence and possible slamming events. The probability of deck wetness in the numerical simulation is confirmed by model experiments. Results are summarized in charts that allow critical evaluation of a given design (see Figs. 8 and 9), including the nonlinear dynamic rise of the water elevation, experienced as a spray sheet along the hull-of critical importance for predicting the probable onset of deck wetness. These charts would seem extremely useful in the design phase, and it is our major purpose here to bring the possibility of computing them with the 2D + t method to the attention of naval architects.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Reactivation of latent human immunodeficiency virus by human herpesvirus 6 infection. Infection of the ACH-2 line of human leukemic T cells carrying latent Human immunodeficiency virus I (HIV-1) with Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) resulted in an increase in reverse transcriptase (RT) activity, a marker of HIV-1 activation, in the culture supernatant. A similar effect was obtained with 12-O-tetradecanoyi-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA). The RT activity reached a peak at 24 hrs post infection (p.i.) and then declined, suggesting that the cells underwent lysis. The HIV-1 antigen was co-expressed with an early-late HHV-6 product, but not always with an immediate-early (IE) HHV-6 product, suggesting that one or more IE gene products were involved in the activation of latent HIV-1 in ACH-2 cells.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Exploring Bedroom Usability and Accessibility in Parkinson's Disease (PD): The Utility of a PD Home Safety Questionnaire and Implications for Adaptations. Conclusion: This PD home safety questionnaire is a valid and reliable instrument for examining P-E problems by a multidisciplinary team during their home visits. More studies, involving a large number of PD patients, are needed to establish its utility as a screening instrument in PD patients to assess for home adaptations.Objective: To examine the physical bedroom environment of patients with PD by generating a home safety questionnaire to rate bedroom accessibility and usability specifically for PD patients, and piloting it in a small set of PD patients, to identify environmental barriers and recommend adaptations to reduce accident risks.Methods: Questionnaire development was based on the concept of Personal (P)-Environmental (E) fit. The P component covers five clinical domains that contribute to a patients' current state of health, including PD-related motor symptoms, PD-related non-motor symptoms, gait and balance impairments, comorbidities, and limitations on specific activities. The E component focuses on both indoor (bedroom, bathroom, living room, stairs, and kitchen), and outdoor (outdoor area and entrance) areas within a home where PD patients commonly get injured. Total score for the whole questionnaire is 171. A higher score indicates more P-E problems.Background: Although bedrooms are identified as a major location for accidents among Parkinson's disease (PD) patients, there are no studies that specifically evaluate the bedroom environments of PD patients.Results: Comprehension of questions was tested for content validity with an item-objective congruence index of above 0.6 for all items. High internal consistency (reliability) was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.828 (r). The pilot in five PD patients gave a mean total score of 48.2 +/- 7.29 with a mean score on personal and environmental components of 16.8 +/- 5.12 and 31.4 +/- 4.51, respectively.", "label": [2, 17, 21]}
+{"token": "Wave energy resources along the Hawaiian Island chain. Hawaii's access to the ocean and remoteness from fuel supplies has sparked an interest in ocean waves as a potential resource to meet the increasing demand for sustainable energy. The wave resources include swells from distant storms and year-round seas generated by trade winds passing through the islands. This study produces 10 years of hindcast data from a system of mesoscale atmospheric and spectral wave models to quantify the wind and wave climate as well as nearshore wave energy resources in Hawaii. A global WAVEWATCH III (WW3) model forced by surface winds from the Final Global Tropospheric Analysis (FNL) reproduces the swell and seas from the far field and a nested Hawaii WW3 model with high-resolution winds from the Weather Research Forecast (WRF) model capture the local wave processes. The Simulating Waves Nearshore (SWAN) model nested inside Hawaii WW3 provides data in coastal waters, where wave energy converters are being considered for deployment. The computed wave heights show good agreement with data from satellites and buoys. Bi-monthly median and percentile plots show persistent trade winds throughout the year with strong seasonal variation of the wave climate. The nearshore data shows modulation of the wave energy along the coastline due to the undulating volcanic island bathymetry and demonstrates its importance in selecting suitable sites for wave energy converters. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 36]}
+{"token": "Impact of influenza virus during pregnancy: from disease severity to vaccine efficacy. Pregnant women are among the individuals at the highest risk for severe influenza virus infection. Infection of the mother during pregnancy increases the probability of adverse fetal outcomes such as small for gestational age, preterm birth and fetal death. Animal models of syngeneic and allogeneic mating can recapitulate the increased disease severity observed in pregnant women and are used to define the mechanism(s) of that increased severity. This review focuses on influenza A virus pathogenesis, the unique immunological landscape during pregnancy, the impact of maternal influenza virus infection on the fetus and the immune responses at the maternal-fetal interface. Finally, we summarize the importance of immunization and antiviral treatment in this population and highlight issues that warrant further investigation.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "AMICITIA AND LATE ANTIQUE NUGAE: READING AUSONIUS' READING COMMUNITY. This article traces the contours of the literary circle surrounding Ausonius of Bordeaux through a reading of his literary epistles and prefaces. The patterns that emerge from Ausonius' correspondence with his amici suggest a systematized exchange by which he and his circle shared, evaluated, and emended poetry. This community followed defined rules, both in terms of their self-presentation and in the ways they comported themselves vis-a-vis other amici. Through this literary etiquette, Ausonius maintained ties with fellow poets, informally disseminated his poetry, and often gave specific directions to his amici about how he wanted them to react to his writings.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Unified Total Synthesis of Tryptophan-based Dimeric Diketopiperazine Alkaloids. A concise synthesis of WIN 64821 (1), eurocristatine (2), 15,15'-bis-epi-eurocristatine (3), ditryptophenaline (4), ditryptoleucine A (6), WIN 64745 (7), cristatumin C (8), asperdimin (9), naseseazine A (10), and naseseazine B (11) is detailed based on a unique bioinspired dimerization reaction of tryptophan derivatives in aqueous acidic solution and one-pot procedure for construction of diketopiperazine rings. Total yields of these alkaloid syntheses were from 10% up to 27%. In addition, 1'-(2-phenylethylene)-ditryptophenaline (5) was synthesized using three one pot operations. The studies detailed herein provided synthesized natural products for inhibitory activities of ubiquitin-specific protease 7 (USP7) and foam cell formation in macrophages.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "The Gold-MSI: Replication and Validation of a Questionnaire Instrument for the Measurement of Musical Sophistication on the basis of a German Sample. The present study introduces the German version of the Gold-MSI inventory, a tool for evaluating self-reported musical abilities and musical expertise. The Gold-MSI is based around the multidimensional construct of Musical Sophistication and builds on the idea that musical expertise cannot only be developed through musical training on an instrument but also through active engagement with music in its many facets. The questionnaire was developed with a very large English sample (Mullensiefen et al., 2014) and comprises musical expertise with five factors as well as the general factor Musical Sophistication. The English Gold-MSI questionnaire was translated into German and evaluated with a German sample (N = 641). Using confirmative factor analysis the underlying factor structure was confirmed. Furthermore, the results show high reliabilities of the five sub-factors as well as the general factor Musical Sophistication (Cronbach's alpha between .72 and .91.). Additionally, relationships between variables of the socio-economic status and the sub-factors of the Gold-MSI of the German sample are investigated using a structural equation model. The statistical model reveals positive relationships between income and professional status on the one hand and musical training, perceptual abilities and emotional engagement with music on the other hand. The inventory is freely available and is designed to contribute to the refined investigation of musical sophistication and expertise in German speaking countries.", "label": [3, 5, 27, 50]}
+{"token": "The influence of soil moisture content on glyphosate efficacy for the control of annual grasses in fallow land. In order to determine the effects of soil moisture content on the efficacy of glyphosate, field experiments were conducted on three annual grass weeds [Avena fatua L., Urochloa panicoides Beauv. and Echinochloa colona L. (Link)]. The soil moisture conditions were as follows: absence of rainfall using a rain-out shelter, natural rainfall and natural rainfall plus irrigation (2.5 cm week(-1)). These conditions were selected as they are representative of those in winter and summer fallows in the north-east grain region of Australia and had been previously identified by glasshouse experiments to be conditions that influence glyphosate efficacy. As predicted, efficacy of 360 g acid equivalent ha(-1) glyphosate when applied to all three species was greatest under the irrigated and normal rainfall conditions and significantly less under the exclusion of rainfall condition. This response was the same for all near-isogenic lines of A. fatua and U. panicoides studied. As mild and severe forms of water stress are common events in the region, it is highly likely that soil moisture level will interfere with efficacy of glyphosate application in summer and winter fallows.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Weakly nonlinear modeling of submerged wave energy converters. An alternative approach is to linearize the free surface conditions on the instantaneous incident wave elevation (Weak-Scatterer approach [9]) while the body conditions are evaluated at the exact body position. Studies of wave energy converters' dynamic response using this method are expected to be more accurate, while maintaining a reasonable computational time. With this aim, a Weak-Scatterer code (CN_WSC) was developed and used to study two submerged wave energy converters. The first is a heaving submerged sphere and the second is a bottom-hinged fully submerged oscillating flap. They are inspired respectively by the Ceto [10] and WaveRoller [11] devices.Initial calculations were performed in linear conditions first to verify the CN_WSC against linear theory. Subsequently, calculations in nonlinear conditions were performed, using large wave steepness and amplitude of body motion. In linear conditions, results of CN_WSC showed good agreement with linear theory, whereas significant deviations from linear theory were observed in nonlinear conditions. As amplitude of body motion increases, linear theory tends to overestimate energy performance in comparison with Weak-Scatterer theory. In contrast, with smaller amplitude of motion but larger wave steepness, the opposite result is obtained: energy performance is underestimated by linear theory compared to Weak-Scatterer theory.Wave-to-Wire numerical models being developed for the study of wave energy converters usually make use of linear potential flow theory [1-5] to describe wave-structure interaction. This theory is highly efficient from a computational perspective. However, it relies on assumptions of small wave steepness and small amplitude of motion around mean positions. Often, maximization of wave energy converters' energy performance implies large amplitude motion [6-8], thus contradicting the assumption of small amplitude motion.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 36]}
+{"token": "Sexual size dimorphism in the Cuban treefrog Osteopilus septentrionalis. To find out the main cause of the sexual size dimorphism (SSD) in the Cuban treefrog Osteopilus septentrionalis, I studied between April 2002 and April 2004 the breeding behavior and survival of individuals in a population localized in north-westem Puerto Rico, West Indies. This species is an explosive breeder whose breeding events lasted one night. Mature females were larger in body size (snout vent-length, SVL) (range 57-107 mm) than mature males (range 41.5-67 mm), and exhibited higher levels of survival (males: 0.72, 95% confidence interval 0.66-0.78; females 0.91, 95% confidence interval 0.88-0.93). Females can increase their reproductive success if they breed with large SVL because large females can lay more eggs than small females. In contrast, the reproductive success of males was not enhanced by large SVL because the mating pattern was random and non-assortative by SVL. Thus, for males it could be better to start to breed with small SVL, and participate in all possible breeding events, which implies high mortality risk. As a consequence, the SSD in O. septentrionalis may be due to fecundity advantages in females, and because males tend to die before reaching larger SVL.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "A network of stress-related genes regulates hypocotyl elongation downstream of selective auxin perception. The plant hormone auxin, a master coordinator of development, regulates hypocotyl elongation during seedling growth. We previously identified the synthetic molecule RubNeddin 1 (RN1), which induces degradation of the AUXIN/INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID (AUX/IAA) transcriptional repressors INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID-INDUCIBLE3 (IAA3) and IAA7 in planta and strongly promotes hypocotyl elongation. In the present study, we show that despite the structural similarity of RN1 to the synthetic auxin 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic-acid (2,4-D), direct treatments with these compounds in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) result in distinct effects, possibly due to enhanced uptake of RN1 and low-level, chronic release of 2,4-D from RN1 in planta. We confirm RN1-induced hypocotyl elongation occurs via specific TRANSPORT INHIBITOR RESISTANT1 (TIR1)/AUXIN SIGNALING F-BOX (AFB) receptor-mediated auxin signaling involving TIR1, AFB2, and AFB5. Using a transcriptome profiling strategy and candidate gene approach, we identify the genes ZINC FINGER OF ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA10 (ZAT10), ARABIDOPSIS TOXICOS EN LEVADURA31 (ATL31), and WRKY DNA-BINDING PROTEIN33 (WRKY33) as being rapidly upregulated by RN1, despite being downregulated by 2,4-D treatment. RN1-induced expression of these genes also occurs via TIR1/AFB-mediated auxin signaling. Our results suggest both hypocotyl elongation and transcription of these genes are induced by RN1 via the promoted degradation of the AUX/IAA transcriptional repressor IAA7. Moreover, these three genes, which are known to be stress-related, act in an inter-dependent transcriptional regulatory network controlling hypocotyl elongation. Together, our results suggest ZAT10, ATL31, and WRKY33 take part in a common gene network regulating hypocotyl elongation in Arabidopsis downstream of a selective auxin perception module likely involving TIR1, AFB2, and AFB5 and inducing the degradation of IAA7.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Patent Challenge Clauses: A New Antitrust Offense?. Patent licensing contracts frequently bar licensees from challenging the validity of the patents at the basis of the contract or penalize such challenges. There is a considerable debate as to whether courts should enforce these clauses. We argue that unenforceability is not enough: Challenge clauses should be illegal under antitrust law. Our argument is based on two grounds. The first, doctrinal route, argues that this new antitrust offense is a natural extension of the logic of the Supreme Court's landmark case of Federal Trade Commission v. Actavis, Inc., decided nearly four years ago. The second, normative route, shows that a welfare-enhancing foundation exists for recognizing this antitrust offense. We propose three cumulative conditions that should exist for a new antitrust offense to be realized, and show that they are met in the case of challenge clauses. Our conclusion challenges the existing laws and draws a new line between contract law and antitrust law, which is applicable to other cases as well.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Creative Intelligentsia in Socio-Political Processes of the Epoch of the First Russian Revolution. The attitude of artistic intelligentsia to the revolutionary events of 1905-1907 years is covered in the article. General discontent with the regime of Nicholas II and the wish to change something contributed to intelligentsia's sympathy for the revolution, which was seen as the attempt of solving social problems. However, artistic intelligentsia's involvement level in the current events was unequal: some tried to grasp the idea of what was going on, some were simply passive onlookers, and others ignored those events and did not reflect them in their works. Archive materials, used in the article, published sources and the evidence of intelligentsia` s representatives make it possible to say that, in general, intelligentsia chose the role of an outside observer instead of being an active supporter of the revolutionary events. The analysis of intelligentsia` s creativity, given in the article, shows that they were trying to reconsider people's role in the development of Russian history and, as the result of that, civil subject appeared in intelligentsia` s works. However, lack of understanding by intelligentsia of ongoing social processes in the country contributed to the inability to give a sharp awareness of the subject of revolution in intelligentsia` s works. The identity of Russian and Siberian intelligentsia` s views toward the revolution has been revealed on the basis of comparative study. Being sympathetic towards people, intelligentsia did not approve of violence, which scared them off from taking part in the revolution. They showed their disapproval of the regime in the way of protesting, making statements and declarations without going in for active actions. The content and the topics of works of artistic intelligentsia` s most famous representatives at that period have been analyzed in the article and its role in the formation of public conscience and the development of culture in general has been validated.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "The future of distribution management in the restaurant industry. Restaurants that take reservations have traditionally had complete control over their distribution and have relied on customers calling the restaurant to make reservations. Restaurant distribution is rapidly changing as third-party reservation sites such as OpenTable.com and UrbanspoonRez.com have entered the market and restaurants offer online reservations through their own websites. The emergence and popularity of these sites offers the possibility for true distribution and revenue management to evolve in the restaurant industry. In the future, the use of mobile reservations applications and third-party sites will continue to grow as restaurant IT systems begin to become more integrated. This trend has considerable implications for the way in which restaurants will manage their distressed inventory through both allocations and coupon promotions and in how they manage their revenue. The challenge for Revenue Management researchers and practitioners is to understand how best to apply the lessons learned in other industries to the emerging distribution and revenue management issues in the restaurant industry.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "A novel dual-target steroid sulfatase inhibitor and antiestrogen: SR 16157, a promising agent for the therapy of breast cancer. Endocrine therapy is the ideal treatment choice for estrogen receptor alpha (ER alpha)-positive breast cancer patients. Principal used therapies target either the ER alpha e.g. by selective ER alpha modulators (SERMs) such as tamoxifen or target estrogen biosynthesis with aromatase inhibitors. Steroid sulfatase (STS) plays a crucial role in formation of compounds with estrogenic properties, converting inactive sulfate-conjugated steroids to active non-conjugated forms. Steroid sulfates are considered as a reservoir for active steroids due to their prolonged half-life and increased concentration in plasma. STS is present in several tissues including the breast, and the STS the mRNA level and enzyme activity is significantly increased in ER alpha-positive breast tumors. Inhibition of STS is therefore a new approach for decreasing estrogenic steroids that stimulate breast cancer. The novel dual-acting compound SR 16157 is designed as a sulfamate-containing STS inhibitor that releases a tissue-selective SERM SR 16137. Use of a dual-target STS inhibitor and SERM represents a new strategy in the treatment of hormone-dependent breast cancer. In this study, we tested the potential of SR 16157 and SR 16137 on STS activity, cell growth and ER alpha function in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. We confirmed that the dual-target compound SR 16157 exerts STS inhibition and antiestrogenic effects. SR 16157 was a highly effective growth inhibitor, being 10 times more potent than the antiestrogens SR 16137 and tamoxifen. Relative to tamoxifen, SR 16137 displays profoundly improved ER alpha binding affinity and antiestrogenic effects on expression of estrogen-regulated genes. Thus, the dual-target SR 16157 is possibly a promising new treatment alternative, superior to tamoxifen.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Briquette Smelting in Electric Arc Furnace to Recycle Wastes from Stainless Steel Production. Wastes from stainless steel production were briquetted together with carbon for smelt-reduction in the electric arc furnace, EAF, to achieve an internal recycling. A laboratory induction furnace was used to simulate the EAF. With a close simulation of the smelting, disintegration of the briquettes heated under load and recovery of metals from briquettes melted together with stainless steel and slag former were investigated. The influences of test conditions on carbon reduction of oxides in the briquettes were also examined. The briquettes endured heating at 1 186 degrees C under load of 3.5 kg and could be charged to the melt in small quantity without causing serious splashing. For a high metal recovery, it was necessary to charge the briquettes together with slag former. Small local zones of smelt-reduction with high carbon concentration could thus be formed during the charger heating. Silicon content in the metal near to the briquettes should be minimised to achieve a high degree of carbon reduction. Based on results obtained from this study, suggestions were made on smooth operations of smelt-reduction of the briquettes by using EAF or induction furnace with large scales.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Corpus Coranicum from Philology to Literary Analysis: Critical Vision. Corpus Coranicum is a research project launched in 2007 by the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities. This project has been the subject of different interpretations with respect to its objectives and context. While certain involved parties have envisioned a scientific breakthrough that will end with a critical edition of the Quran, and ergo aggravate Muslim antagonism toward the West, other scholars have not perceived any breakthrough or originality either in approach or vision. This project seems to be a type of digital treasury of the Western contribution to Quranic studies since the 19th century. It amalgamates classical philological investigations, material history studies (i.e., inscriptions, paleography, genealogy) and modern literary analysis.By evaluating parts of its published data, this paper aims to scrutinize the method, the epistemological premises and the rigorousness of this digital corpus. Regretfully, the results of this examination reveal that the database of the Quranic variants is so faulty that no reliable historical critical analysis can based on it. The process of collecting the textual material of the religious and cultural milieu of the Quran does not attend to hermeneutical questions, translation problems or double interpretation (i.e., the Quranic text and its parallel sub-text).", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Tropicihabitans flavus gen. nov., sp nov., a new member of the family Cellulomonadaceae. Two novel Gram-stain positive actinobacteria, designated PS-14-16(T) and RS-7-1, were isolated from the rhizosphere of a mangrove and sea sediment, respectively, and their taxonomic positions were investigated by a polyphasic approach. Both strains were observed to form vegetative hyphae in the early phase of growth but the hyphae eventually fragment into short rods to coccoid cells. The peptidoglycan type of both strains was found to be A4 alpha. Their predominant menaquinone was identified as MK-9(H-4) and the major fatty acid as anteiso-C-15:0. The DNA G+C content was determined to be 68.4-68.5 mol%. 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that strains PS-14-16(T) and RS-7-1 were related to members of the family Cellulomonadaceae. Their nearest phylogenetic neighbour was found to be Sediminihabitans luteus, which is currently the only species of the genus Sediminihabitans, with a similarity of 97.94 %. However, strains PS-14-16(T) and RS-7-1 were distinguishable from the members of the genus Sediminihabitans and the other genera within the family Cellulomonadaceae in terms of chemotaxonomic characteristics and phylogenetic relationship. The results of DNA-DNA hybridization experiments indicated that strains PS-14-16(T) and RS-7-1 belong to the same species. Strains PS-14-16(T) and RS-7-1 are concluded to represent a novel genus and species of the family Cellulomonadaceae, for which the name Tropicihabitans flavus gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of T. flavus is PS-14-16(T) (=NBRC 110109(T) = IanCC A 516(T)).", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Divisions and Unity of the Novy Urengoy Muslim Community. Novy Urengoy, in the oil-and-gas rich Yamalo-Nenets autonomous Okrug, became a central place for migrants, giving birth to an active Muslim community that found itself several times under the Russian media spotlight for its division and radicalization. The article looks first at institutional struggle to control the city's Muslim community, before delving deeper into its ideological divisions and its unity in adapting practices to Far North. It concludes by discussing the arrival of new, power-related interactions between the North Caucasus and the largest Muslim community in Russia's gas capital. This article is based on fieldwork conducted in March 2018.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Effect of Coarse-grain and Low-grade Iron Ores on Sinter Properties. In sintering of iron ore, small particles act as a binder that joins larger particles through diffusion and melting. In order to understand the effect of gangue and structure of coarse ore on sinter properties, melt formation in three coarse-grain, low-grade iron ores was investigated. The melt fractions at the sintering temperature were estimated using the phase diagrams and melt fluidity was quantified by testing ore compacts in an infrared furnace. The result indicates that SiO2 can significantly increase the quantity and fluidity of melt during sintering, whereas the effects of Al2O3 and MgO are small. Excessive quantity and fluidity of liquid phase result in merging of micro pores, leaving large pores behind. The impact of blending three ores with a base ore on sinter structure were tested in a mini-sinter pot. The result shows that bonding and pore structure of sinter are dominantly affected by the melt behavior and pore structure of the coarse ore. Relationships between the fluidity index of sinter feed and product properties were explored, showing meaningful and predictable trends. It was demonstrated that fluidity index can be used as parameter to link sinter mix composition and sintering conditions to the properties of the produced sinter.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Strategies for code change and its translation in the novel by Sandra Cisneros. This paper deals with the variety of English-Spanish code-switching spoken by the Chicano people. I shall approach this concept, together with its importance within the Chicano literature, and analyse the strategies of code-switching used by author Sandra Cisneros in her last novel, Caramelo or Puro Cuento. Also, I will compare them with those present in the Spanish translation of the work, carried out by Liliana Valenzuela. The original text is mainly characterized by the occurrence of Spanish terms followed by their English translations. Some other expressions, however, go untranslated, and their meanings can be inferred from the context. Spanish interjections and vocatives also appear. In the translated version, as a compensation, similar code switching strategies are employed and English terms are added to the Spanish narration.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Methylacidimicrobium thermophilum AP8, a Novel Methane- and Hydrogen-Oxidizing Bacterium Isolated From Volcanic Soil on Pantelleria Island, Italy. The Favara Grande is a geothermal area located on Pantelleria Island, Italy. The area is characterized high temperatures in the top layer of the soil (60 degrees C), low pH (3-5) and hydrothermal gas emissions mainly composed of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and hydrogen (H-2). These geothermal features may provide a suitable niche for the growth of chemolithotrophic thermoacidophiles, including the lanthanide-dependent methanotrophs of the phylum Verrucomicrobia. In this study, we started enrichment cultures inoculated with soil of the Favara Grande at 50 and 60 degrees C with CH4 as energy source and medium containing sufficient lanthanides at pH 3 and 5. From these cultures, a verrucomicrobial methanotroph could be isolated via serial dilution and floating filters techniques. The genome of strain AP8 was sequenced and based on phylogenetic analysis we propose to name this new species Methylacidimicrobium thermophilum AP8. The transcriptome data at mu(max) (0.051 +/- 0.001 h(-1), doubling time similar to 14 h) of the new strain showed a high expression of the pmoCAB2 operon encoding the membrane-bound methane monooxygenase and of the gene xoxF1, encoding the lanthanide-dependent methanol dehydrogenase. A second pmoCAB operon and xoxF2 gene were not expressed. The physiology of strain AP8 was further investigated and revealed an optimal growth in a pH range of 3-5 at 50 degrees C, representing the first thermophilic strain of the genus Methylacidimicrobium. Moreover, strain AP8 had a K-S(app) for methane of 8 +/- 1 mu M. Beside methane, a type 1b [NiFe] hydrogenase enabled hydrogen oxidation at oxygen concentrations up to 1%. Taken together, our results expand the knowledge on the characteristics and adaptations of verrucomicrobial methanotrophs in hydrothermal environments and add a new thermophilic strain to the genus Methylacidimicrobium.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Contested Governmentalities: NGO enrollment and influence over chemical risk governance rationales and practices. The assessment and management of chemical risks is a contested domain of governance. Governments are increasingly investing in multi-stakeholder processes to address thousands of substances that are in widespread use globally, despite never having been assessed for toxicity and exposure risks to human health and the environment. Using a governmentality approach, we examine whether the increased engagement of NGOs is changing how chemical governance is being conducted in Canada. To do this, we focus on a combination of expert subjectivities, knowledge inputs and prevailing risk assessment and management practices and rationales. The advocacy of alternative conduct and approaches by NGOs (e.g. stronger regulations, reductions in production, shifted burden of proof, new knowledge practices, greater transparency of technical details etc.) is situated within relations of power between neo-liberal states, industry and science. Various enrollment' tactics shape the influence of NGOs, which explains in part why particular practices gain ascendency over alternatives (e.g. restrictive timelines, contracts with limited funds, information access, questioning of scientific credibility etc.). The influence of NGOs is complex, as they engage within imposed rules for conduct and governance, simultaneously challenging and reinforcing dominant practices and norms. Risk governmentalities and rationales therefore shape not only the conduct of citizens, but also that of governance stakeholders themselves. Copyright (c) 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Where do teens smoke? Smoking locations of adolescents in Europe in relation to smoking bans in bars, schools and homes. This study aimed to assess where European adolescents smoke. Data of 2,140 13-19-year-olds from 55 secondary schools in seven European cities was analysed using multilevel logistic regression analyses. Adolescents most often reported regularly smoking in 'other public locations (e.g., streets and parks)' (69%) and friends' homes (50%). Adolescents were less likely to smoke in bars, at school or at home when exposed to strong smoking bans at these locations. Bans on smoking in bars or at home were associated with regular smoking in other public locations, suggesting that smoking may have displaced towards these locations.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Spin-state transition in Ba2Co9O14. Ba2Co9O14 is a charge-ordered Co2+/3+ cobaltite that consists of building blocks of CdI2-type Co2+/3+ O-6/3 layers, face-shared Co3+ O-3(12) octahedral trimers, and corner-sharing Co2+O4 tetrahedra. The Co-L-2,L-3 x-ray absorption spectroscopy spectrum at room temperature indicates a high and a low spin state for Co2+ and Co3+ ions, respectively. Measurements of high-temperature resistivity and thermoelectric power revealed an insulator-to-insulator phase transition at T-t = 570 K, above which the inverse magnetic susceptibility chi(-1)(T) deviates from the Curie-Weiss law. By using a combination of soft x-ray absorption spectroscopy at the O-K edge and high-resolution synchrotron x-ray powder diffraction measurements on crossing T-t, we have successfully determined the origin of this phase transition as a low-to-higher spin-state transition of Co3+ ions within the face-shared Co3O12 octahedral trimers in Ba2Co9O14.", "label": [4, 1, 32, 11]}
+{"token": "Optimization and Validation of a Visual Integration Test for Schizophrenia Research. The Cognitive Neuroscience Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia initiative highlighted a contour integration test as a promising index of visual integration impairment because of its well-established psychometric properties; its prior validation in healthy adults, patients, and nonhuman primates; and its potential sensitivity to treatment effects. in this multisite study, our goals were to validate the task on the largest subject sample to date, clarify the task conditions and number of trials that best discriminate patients from controls, and determine whether this discrimination can occur in standard clinical trial settings. For our task, subjects briefly observed a field of disconnected, oriented elements and attempted to decide whether a subset of those elements formed a leftward- or rightward-pointing shape. Difficulty depended on the amount of orientational jitter that was added to the shape's elements. Two versions of this Jittered Orientation Visual Integration task (JOVI) were examined. Study 1 did not reveal between-group differences in threshold (ie, the jitter magnitude needed to reach a performance level of similar to 80%), but this likely owed to the wide sampling distribution of jitter levels and resulting floor/ceiling effects in many conditions. Study 2 incorporated a narrower range of difficulty levels and revealed lower thresholds (worse performance) among patients (p < .001). This group difference remained even when only the first half of the trials was analyzed (p =.001). Thus, the JOVI-2 provides a brief, sensitive measure of visual integration deficits in schizophrenia. Neural implications and potential future applications of the JOVI are discussed.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Converted Imaginations? The Reception of Richard Hays's Intertextual Method. Richard Hays's 1989 work Echoes of Scripture in the Letters of Paul defined the terms and established a method for the study of Pauline intertextuality. Neither the method (Hays's well-known sevenfold criteria for identifying intertextual allusions) nor the terms ('echo' and 'allusion') have proved uncontroversial, however, and so this article surveys their reception, outlining and critiquing the major attempts to amend, replace or overthrow them. Concerns relating to the stability of the criteria themselves or to the theoretical framework in which they operate do not nullify their usefulness. Criticisms of Hays's terms, and the inconsistency with which they are deployed, are, on the other hand, more easily sustained, and so rival taxonomies are reviewed and recommended.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Control of Heterogeneous Nucleation in Carbon Steel by Magnesium Vapor Injection during Continuous Casting. The behavior of magnesium vapor injected in the molten steel and the potential of magnesium vapor for the miniaturization of TiN were evaluated via continuous casting experiments. The position where magnesium vapor should be injected was determined through a non-steady state three-dimensional numerical simulation for molten steel flow in a tundish. The yield of magnesium in the molten steel was changed by the injection position. A high additive yield was achieved when magnesium vapor was injected between the immersion nozzle and the narrow wall of the tundish. The concentration of the soluble magnesium was maintained using a novel method that continuously added magnesium vapor into the molten steel in the tundish, which also ensured stable miniaturization of TiN.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "When the supervisor is watching. Qualitative analysis of the acceptance of live supervision. The study aimed at identifying factors influencing the acceptance of BITE supervision by therapists and patients.Live supervision is rarely utilized by therapists. This might be a consequence of negative attitudes towards this mode of supervision. Bug-in-the-eye (BITE) supervision constitutes a less invasive form of live supervision based on written feedback via computer monitor. First reports by therapists indicate high acceptance of this method but so far there have been no systematic investigations.The acceptance of BITE supervision by therapists and patients was predominantly high. The participants did not feel bothered by the technology or setting which differentiates BITE supervision from other forms of live supervision. Supervisors should pay attention to sufficient reinforcement and giving clear feedback. Under these conditions, BITE supervision offers great potential in supporting the therapist and ensuring the quality of the therapy.The same four main categories for acceptance of BITE supervision resulted from the data of patients as well as therapists: factors that are patient, therapist and supervisor-related plus a setting factor. Therapists and patients perceived the therapeutic alliance, an important factor of influence, as unburdened. Perceptions of further therapeutic development, support and a higher efficacy seemed to influence the acceptance as much as a sound therapist-supervisor relationship.In the study five therapists and eight patients were questioned using semi-structured guided interviews. The interviews were analyzed by means of qualitative content analysis and category systems were developed.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "STUDIES OF INTERGRANULAR CRACK-PROPAGATION IN AGE-HARDENABLE AL-ZN-MG ALLOYS. The intergranular crack propagation behavior has been studied in detail on a high purity Al-Zn-Mg alloy in moist atmospheres containing water vapor at pressures between 35 and 3100 Pa.  Cyclic crack propagation tests were carried out at 100 Hz and R = -1, predominantly on peak-aged SEN-specimens with a single grain boundary oriented perpendicularly to the loading direction.  It has been found that hydrogen embrittlement rules the intergranular crack propagation and a critical water vapor pressure of about 800 Pa is necessary to initiate these cracks.  At first, the hydrogen concentration is enhanced in areas of high Zn content at the rim of the precipitation-free zone and the crack propagates close to but not within the grain boundaries.  At higher DELTA-K rates, hydrogen segregates in the grain boundary resulting in true intergranular crack propagation directly in the grain boundary.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "The growing tension between Rule 23 class actions and hostile environment sexual harassment claims. The law of hostile environment sexual harassment has seen many developments in recent years, due to both the amendment of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act and several significant Supreme Court decisions. These changes have only intensified the dilemma courts must face when confronted with hostile environment harassment in the class action context. The necessary individualized inquiries associated with today's hostile environment claims do not lend Themselves to resolution through a class action more easily or quickly than through separate lawsuits.", "label": [3, 5, 26, 51]}
+{"token": "SERMON-WRITING WOMEN: FIFTEENTH-CENTURY VERNACULAR SERMONS FROM THE AUGUSTINIAN CONVENT OF JERICHO IN BRUSSELS. On December 8, 1459, Maria van Pee, canoness regular in the Brussels convent of Jericho, decided to write down the sermon that she heard her confessor, Jan Storm, deliver in the convent's church. Her initiative laid the foundation for a long and carefully maintained tradition of sermon writing, which would endure until the beginning of the eighteenth century. After providing a short historical background, this article focuses on the convent's literary production and especially on the sermon collections and their prologues in which the female scribes account for their contribution to the writing and editing of the sermons and the composition of the manuscripts. By concentrating on the collection of Maria van Pee, it demonstrates how the sisters handled the sermons they heard their confessors preach in order to keep them from oblivion and how they thereby designed a creative and collective \\\\'authorship\\\\' for themselves, a role that was unusual for the Middle Ages.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Surface flux concentrations in a spherical alpha 2 dynamo. Results. NEMPI is found to work when the dynamo-generated field is about 4% of the equipartition value, which is achieved through strong alpha quenching. This instability is excited in the top 5% of the outer radius, provided the density contrast across this top layer is at least 10. NEMPI is found to occur at lower latitudes when the mean magnetic field is stronger. For weaker fields, NEMPI can make the dynamo oscillatory with poleward migration.Aims. We want to know how NEMPI works when the mean magnetic field is generated self-consistently by an alpha(2) dynamo, whether it is affected by global spherical geometry, and whether it can influence the properties of the dynamo itself.Methods. We adopt the mean-field approach, which has previously been shown to provide a realistic description of NEMPI in direct numerical simulations. We assume axisymmetry and solve the mean-field equations with the Pencil Code for an adiabatic stratification at a total density contrast in the radial direction of approximate to 4 orders of magnitude.Context. In the presence of strong density stratification, turbulence can lead to the large-scale instability of a horizontal magnetic field if its strength is in a suitable range (around a few percent of the turbulent equipartition value). This instability is related to a suppression of the turbulent pressure so that the turbulent contribution to the mean magnetic pressure becomes negative. This results in the excitation of a negative effective magnetic pressure instability (NEMPI). This instability has so far only been studied for an imposed magnetic field.Conclusions. NEMPI is a viable mechanism for producing magnetic flux concentrations in a strongly stratified spherical shell in which a magnetic field is generated by a strongly quenched alpha effect dynamo.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "The prediction of the elastic critical load of submerged elliptical cylindrical shell based on the vibro-acoustic model. Based on the vibro-acoustical model, an effective new approach to nondestructively predict the elastic critical hydrostatic pressure of a submerged elliptical cylindrical shell is presented in this paper. Based on the Goldenveizer-Novozhilov thin shell theory, the vibration equations considering hydrostatic pressures of outer fluid are written in the form of a matrix differential equation which is obtained by using the transfer matrix of the state vector of the shell. The fluid-loading term is represented as the form of Mathieu function. The data of the fundamental natural frequencies of the various elliptical cylindrical shells with different hydrostatic pressure and boundary conditions are obtained by solving the frequency equation using Lagrange interpolation method. The curve of the fundamental natural frequency squared versus hydrostatic pressure is drawn, which is approximately straight line. The elastic critical hydrostatic pressure is therefore obtained while the fundamental natural frequency is assumed to be zero according to the curve. The results obtained by the present approach show good agreement with published results. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 15, 12]}
+{"token": "Fashion exhibition as film. This article reflects on the film project 1914 Now: Four Perspectives on Fashion Curation (2014) in which I invited internationally renowned fashion curators to present their curatorial thesis on film rather than working with dress in three dimensions within the familiar context of the gallery or museum. When I devised this experimental project, I set out to test notions of curatorial authorship as evidenced upon the final public presentation and to appraise film as a medium for curatorial interpretation. This article examines museological concepts associated with the curation of fashion and dress and assesses curatorial trajectories and interventions, scenography and the animation of objects as applied to film. What happens when a curator, used to dealing with the object, no longer has the object to install?", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Deforestation in the Miombo woodlands: a pixel-based semi-automated change detection method. Most methods of change detection require a considerable amount of effort and expertise. The procedures of change detection are visual-, classification-, object-or vector-based. The target of this research was to develop an automated and generally unsupervised combination of methods to quantify deforestation on a per pixel basis. The study area was the Gutu district in Zimbabwe. In the first step, Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) scenes were spectrally unmixed by the Spectral Mixture Analysis (SMA). The calculation of the necessary endmembers was performed by means of the N-FINDR algorithm. After the unmixing process, the data were analysed with change vector analysis (CVA) utilizing spherical statistics. Thereafter, a combination of constraints, including a Bayesian threshold and spherical angles, was applied to identify deforestation. The combination of these methods provided an accurate idea of the state of deforestation and enabled attribution to 'fire-induced' and 'non fire-induced' classes.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 36]}
+{"token": "Diversity of Shewanella population in fish Sparus aurata harvested in the Aegean Sea. Aims: To study the diversity of Shewanella population in Sparus aurata fish harvested in the Aegean Sea, as well as to elucidate the influence of fish storage conditions on the selection in Shewanella strains.Methods and Results: A total of 108 strains of Shewanella spp. were isolated from Sparus aurata during storage under various conditions. Conventional phenotypic analysis along with sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of whole cell proteins and 16S rRNA sequence analysis were used for the characterization of the strains. Numerical analysis of whole cell protein profiles showed that the isolates were separated into two distinct clusters A and B with 47% similarity. Cluster B was further subdivided into two subclusters B1 and B2 with 70% similarity. One strain could not be assigned to any of these groups. The different ability of isolates to utilize deoxycholate, D-saccharate, D-glucuronate, N-acetyl-glycosamine, D-maltose, gluconate and citrate, as well as the different type of metabolism on the Hugh and Leifson medium distinguished the different Shewanella biogroups, as these were defined by the SDS-PAGE analysis. Representative strains from the three biogroups were further investigated by 16S rRNA sequence analysis and showed more than 99-4% similarity.Conclusions: Significant similarities between the isolates and the type strains of S. baltica, S. putrefaciens and S. oneidensis at both phenotypic and molecular level signalize that the new isolates are closely related with the above Shewanella species, but do not provide a clear evidence to which of these species they belong.Significance and Impact of the Study: The lack of information about the diversity of Shewanella population in Sparus aurata fish originated from Mediterranean Sea could be confronted using conventional phenotypic techniques, SDS-PAGE analysis of whole cell proteins and 16S rRNA sequencing.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 40]}
+{"token": "Linking Conservation, Community Knowledge, and Adaptation to Extreme Climatic Events: A Case Study in Gorongosa National Park, Mozambique. This study is based on ethnographic research that analyzes how traditional knowledge and local beliefs on biodiversity conservation relates to the local ability to adapt and be resilient to climatic changes in two communities around Gorongosa National Park, Mozambique: Nhanfisse in the buffer zone and Muanandimae in the core area. A total of 78 semi-structured interviews with heads of households were conducted. We found that both communities carried out practices and held beliefs associated with conservation, such as protecting trees and animal species considered sacred or perceived as beneficial for human life in terms of water provision and agricultural production. In addition to traditional ceremonies that respond to extreme climatic events such as drought and flood, other adaptation strategies used by the communities include moving to neighboring areas in search of better living conditions and using forest products in times of scarcity. We discuss that the management of the park should be agreed on, in a shared way, between local communities and conservation agents to ensure that these areas continue to perform the ecological, subsistence, and spiritual functions required. Our research results contribute to a better understanding of local adaptation dynamics towards extreme climatic events and improvement of management strategies.", "label": [4, 5, 36, 47]}
+{"token": "Living on the edge: density and activity patterns of the ocelot, Leopardus pardalis, in the austral limit of the Atlantic Forest. Knowledge on population density and activity patterns may help to understand how species with wide geographical distribution survive in different environments. The ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) is one of the neotropical felids with the greatest geographical range. We estimated the density and activity patterns of ocelots in the austral extreme of the species distribution (Southern Brazil), comparing our results with those of previous studies. We obtained ocelot records in three out of six sampled areas, but only two had sufficient records to estimate ocelot density. We estimated 15.5 (+/- 6SE) and 27 (+/- 24SE) individuals/100 km(2) in two protected areas. These values seem low when compared to ocelots' density estimates in other areas of the Atlantic Forest. In the most pristine area, density values were similar to those from a study carried out 10 years ago, suggesting that this population remains stable. Our results indicate that austral populations of the ocelot are likely to be dependent on preserved patches of deciduous seasonal forests. As in other areas of the species' distribution, ocelots were mainly nocturnal, potentially avoiding humans and domestic animals. The preservation of those areas and the connectivity between them is a priority for the long-term conservation of stable ocelot ' s populations in the southern Atlantic Forest range.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Imitation of hierarchical structure versus component details of complex actions by 3-and 5-year-olds. We investigated developmental changes in the level of information children incorporate into their imitation when a model executes complex, hierarchically organized actions. A total of 57 3-year-olds and 60 5-year-olds participated, watching video demonstrations of an \\\\'artificial fruit\\\\' box being opened through a complex series of nine different steps. Half of each sample observed the same nine steps performed through either of two different, hierarchically organized procedures, whereas half witnessed differing component action details. Children were found to imitate at both levels but were more likely to copy at the higher hierarchical level than at the level of specific action details. Fidelity to hierarchical organization, but not to the imitation of specific detail, increased with age. However, variation in imitativeness across children at one of these levels did not predict imitativeness at the other level. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Pot as Pretext: Marijuana, Race, and the New Disorder in New York City Street Policing. Although possession of small quantities of marijuana has been decriminalized in New York State since the late 1970s, arrests for marijuana possession in New York City have increased more than tenfold since the mid-1990s, and remain high more than 10 years later. This rise has been a notable component of the city's \\\\'Order Maintenance Policing\\\\' strategy, designed to aggressively target low-level offenses, usually through street interdictions known as \\\\'stop, question, and frisk\\\\' activity. We analyze data on 2.2 million stops and arrests carried out from 2004 to 2008, and identify significant racial disparities in the implementation of marijuana enforcement. These disparities, present in both stops and arrests, are robust to controls for social structure, local crime conditions, and stop levels more broadly. The racial imbalance in marijuana enforcement in black neighborhoods suggests a \\\\'doubling down\\\\' of street-level policing in places already subject to heightened scrutiny in the search for weapons, a link suggesting that the policing of marijuana may be a pretext in the search for guns. Despite these ties, however, we show no significant relationship between marijuana enforcement activity and the likelihood of seizing firearms or other weapons. We also show that a large proportion of marijuana enforcement lacks constitutional justification under either federal or New York law. Marijuana stops are more prevalent in precincts where \\\\'other\\\\' and \\\\'high-crime area\\\\' justifications are more likely to be reported, two factors that are constitutionally insufficient to justify a street stop. The racial skew, questionable constitutionality, and limited efficiency of marijuana enforcement in detecting serious crimes suggest that nonwhite New Yorkers bear a racial tax from contemporary policing strategy, a social cost not offset by any substantial observed benefits to public safety.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Community museums and rethinking the colonial frame of national museums in Zimbabwe. In this paper, we present the Marange Community Museum as an empirical example of how decoloniality can be approached within the museum practice. We argue that the Marange community made use of indigenous ontologies and epistemologies in establishing their museum where rituals and cultural objects are connected in use and in an ongoing dialogue. Ritual processes associated with burials of chiefs and rain petitioning ceremonies are discussed in this paper as inseparable from the physical fabric of cultural objects on display in the Marange Community Museum. We also posit that the way in which this museum was formed is an empirical illustration of how the museum practice can be decolonised because it embraces collaborations with community members. Hence, a decolonial perspective represented by a community museum acknowledges that objects are not mundane but rather represent the coming together of a multiplicity of factors and it also questions the binary division between tangible and intangible heritage knowledge production.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Lessons Learnt on Reproducibility in Machine Learning Based Android Malware Detection. A well-known curse of computer security research is that it often produces systems that, while technically sound, fail operationally. To overcome this curse, the community generally seeks to assess proposed systems under a variety of settings in order to make explicit every potential bias. In this respect, recently, research achievements on machine learning based malware detection are being considered for thorough evaluation by the community. Such an effort of comprehensive evaluation supposes first and foremost the possibility to perform an independent reproduction study in order to sharpen evaluations presented by approaches' authors. The question Can published approaches actually be reproduced? thus becomes paramount despite the little interest such mundane and practical aspects seem to attract in the malware detection field. In this paper, we attempt a complete reproduction of five Android Malware Detectors from the literature and discuss to what extent they are \\\\'reproducible\\\\'. Notably, we provide insights on the implications around the guesswork that may be required to finalise a working implementation. Finally, we discuss how barriers to reproduction could be lifted, and how the malware detection field would benefit from stronger reproducibility standards-like many various fields already have.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Artistic Dissent in Ciudad Juarez. Collaborative Practices in Contexts of Violence. Ciudad Juarez, like many other Mexican regions, has been violated by multiple and varied criminal acts that have compounded the confusion and weariness of a society whose authorities have no public dimension, still drowned in their inability and surreal failure. This web is made more complex by its location on the United States border, which also turns it into a bridge-city, a space for nomadism and transit of residents, ideas, contacts, etc. In this context, while the political and economic elites are attacking the common good, citizens focus their efforts on nourishing liveability and urban cohesion, on making sense of the experience and collective memory, and on taking over the centers of Ciudad Juarez to make it more than just an empty stage. Within these movements of reconstruction, various groups and artistic agents are taking the metropolis as a project and a base for their strategies; they are integrating new human and civic dimensions through sensitivity. This paper explores the different tactics of these devices for urban activation.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "The Atlantic side of the Iberian Peninsula: a hot-spot of novel African honey bee maternal diversity. The Iberian honey bee has been one of the most surveyed subspecies for genetic diversity. Yet, previous studies have missed an important component of Iberian honey bee variation harbored by populations inhabiting the Atlantic side of the Iberian Peninsula. Herein, we provide a fuller picture of the Iberian honey bee maternal diversity by revealing 16 novel haplotypes detected in honey bees from Portugal. Of the 16 haplotypes, all of African ancestry, 15 belong to the Atlantic sub-lineage A(III) while only one fits the most common sub-lineage A(I). This level of new variation is remarkable as it represents a 59% increase in the wide-range African lineage and a 188% in sub-lineage A(III). Our findings further highlight the complexity of the Iberian honey bee diversity patterns and reinforce the importance of this southernmost European territory as a reservoir of Apis mellifera genetic diversity, a resource increasingly important in a rapidly changing and demanding world.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "A simplified approach to Fiedler-like pencils via block minimal bases pencils. The standard way of solving the polynomial eigenvalue problem associated with a matrix polynomial is to embed the matrix coefficients of the polynomial into a matrix pencil, transforming the problem into an equivalent generalized eigenvalue problem. Such pencils are known as linearizations. Many of the families of linearizations for matrix polynomials available in the literature are extensions of the so-called family of Fiedler pencils. These families are known as generalized Fiedler pencils, Fiedler pencils with repetition, and generalized Fiedler pencils with repetition or Fiedler like pencils for simplicity. The goal of this work is to unify the Fiedler-like pencils approach with the more recent one based on strong block minimal bases pencils introduced in F.M. Dopico et al. (2017) [17]. To this end, we introduce a family of pencils that we have named extended block Kronecker pencils, whose members are, under some generic nonsingularity conditions, strong block minimal bases pencils, and show that, with the exception of the non-proper generalized Fiedler pencils, all Fiedler-like pencils belong to this family modulo permutations. As a consequence of this result, we obtain a much simpler theory for Fiedler-like pencils than the one available so far. Moreover, we expect this simplification to allow for further developments in the theory of Fiedler-like pencils such as global or local backward error analyses and eigenvalue conditioning analyses of polynomial eigenvalue problems solved via Fiedler-like linearizations. (C) 2018 Published by Elsevier Inc.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Images (for) the words. The visual metaphor between innocent eye and imagination. The purpose of this paper is to give a critical reading of Noel Carroll's account of visual metaphors. In particular, I have highlighted the possible issues arising from his proposal, focusing on two aspects: 1) homospatiality is not the pictorial equivalent for the 'is' of identity that, according to Carroll, can be found in verbal metaphors of the kind \\\\'A is B\\\\'. The 'is' of verbal metaphors predicates an intension of the metaphorizing term - that the interpreter is supposed to grasp through the context - and does not suggest identity between A and B; 2) it is hard to sustain that the comprehension of pictorial metaphors relies on a visual perception not mediated by codes. The article ends taking the moves from one of the final considerations advanced by Carroll - namely that a visual metaphor is a device for encouraging imaginative insights - and moves further, trying to sketch out a theory of visual metaphor leveraging the key role of mental images in cognition.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Can the COVID-19 Pandemic Improve the Management of Solid Organ Transplant Recipients?. Increased mortality due to SARS-CoV-2 infection was observed among solid organ transplant patients. During the pandemic, in order to prevent and treat COVID-19 infections in this context, several innovative procedures and therapies were initiated within a short period of time. A large number of these innovations can be applied and expanded to improve the management of non-COVID-19 infectious diseases in solid organ transplant patients and in the case of a future pandemic. In this vein, the present paper reviews and discusses medical care system adaptation, modification of immunosuppression, adjuvant innovative therapies, the role of laboratory expertise, and the prevention of infections as examples of such innovations.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Selection on dispersal in isolated butterfly metapopulations. In most metapopulation models dispersal is assumed to be a fixed species-specific trait, but in reality dispersal abilities are highly sensitive to various selective pressures. Strict isolation of a metapopulation, which precludes any influx of immigrants (and their genes) from outside and makes it impossible for emigrants to reach other localities with suitable habitat, thus reducing fitness benefits of long-distance dispersal to zero, may be expected to impose strong selection against dispersal. We tested the above prediction by comparing dispersal parameters derived with the Virtual Migration model for isolated and non-isolated metapopulations of two species of large blue Maculinea (= Phengaris) butterflies, surveyed with intensive mark-recapture. Mortality during dispersal was found to be twice (in M. teleius) to five times higher (in M. arion) in isolated metapopulations. Isolation also resulted in significantly reduced dispersal distances in isolated metapopulations, with the effect being particularly strong in M. arion females. Apart from its evolutionary and ecological consequences, dispersal depression in isolated butterfly metapopulations implied by our results has serious conservation implications. It provides a clear argument against using parameter values obtained in a different environmental setting in modelling applications, e.g., Population Viability Analyses or environmental impact assessment. Furthermore, it underlines the importance of establishing well-connected networks of suitable habitats prior to species release in areas where reintroductions are planned.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Cognitive consequences of business shut down. The case of Ugandan repeat entrepreneurs. Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to focus on the cognitive and motivational consequences of a business failure, and their relation with subsequent start up success. The paper hypothesizes that if previous business failure was attributed to an internal and stable cause, subsequent business would be less successful compared to where an entrepreneur attributed business failure to an internal and unstable cause.Design/methodology/approach - The authors reviewed the literature on attribution theory in an achievement context and derived a hypothesis about the relation between causal thinking and subsequent business success. A survey amongst entrepreneurs in Uganda was carried out to yield insights on how attributions to past performance influence subsequent business performance.Findings - Entrepreneurs who attributed previous business failure to an internal, stable cause were found to be less successful in subsequent business start up. When repeat entrepreneurs attribute previous shut down to a lack of ability, they are less successful in a subsequent business start up. However, attributing the failure to a lack of effort, does not affect subsequent business success.Originality/value - The study reaffirms the importance of attributional thinking in entrepreneurship and provides empirical evidence on the relationship between the way entrepreneurs think about their previous performance and subsequent performance. Attributional thinking influences subsequent business actions and outcomes, which offers important practical applications. For instance training to change attributions of entrepreneurs may be used to influence their eventual performance.", "label": [5, 44, 46]}
+{"token": "Biologically effective rate of sulfentrazone applied pre-emergence in soybean. Sulfentrazone is a protoporphyrinogen (PPO)-inhibiting herbicide under evaluation for use in soybean in Ontario, Canada. The primary objective of this study was to determine the dose of sulfentrazone applied pre-emergence (PRE) needed to provide 50 and 90% control of redroot pigweed, common ragweed, common lambsquarters and green foxtail. Seven field trials were conducted over a 3-yr period (2007, 2008 and 2009) in southwestern Ontario to evaluate the efficacy of sulfentrazone applied PRE at doses ranging from 26 to 1120 g a.i. ha(-1). The doses of sulfentrazone applied PRE to reduce redroot pigweed, common ragweed, common lambsquarters and green foxtail dry weight by 50% were 104, 139, 15 and 65 g a.i. ha(-1); doses of 241, 514, 133 and 721 g a.i. ha(-1) of sulfentrazone were required for 90% reduction in above-ground biomass of those weed species, respectively. Sulfentrazone applied PRE caused soybean injury only at 560 and 1120 g a.i. ha(-1), with 6 and 13% soybean injury at 4 wk after herbicide application (WAT), respectively. Weed control provided by sulfentrazone applied PRE at a dose of 600 g a.i. ha(-1) was sufficient to maintain 90% of the soybean yield compared with the weed-free control. Therefore, PRE application of sulfentrazone has the potential to provide excellent (>90%) control of selected weeds with minimal to no crop injury; however, weed control varied by species, and thus broad spectrum weed control is not feasible using sulfentrazone alone.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Physical sputtering of III-V-semiconductors with a focused Ga+-beam. InP. InAs. Gap. and GaAs were irradiated at room temperature and normal incidence with the focused ion beam device IMSA 100 using ion energies ranging from 10 to 50 keV. Ion fluences up to 10(18) Ga-4 cm(-2) were applied in order to determine the physical sputter yield by means of atomic force microscopy. A dynamic steady state of damage/implantation and materials removal was found to be reached for ail the materials within the range of the ion fluences applied. For comparison of the experimental data with theory in the frame of the binary collision model, the influence of modified materials properties and ion incorporation on the sputter yield was simulated using the program codes TRIDYN as well as TRIM 87. The calculations indicate that in addition to the profile of the incorporated ions a modification of the surface binding forces has to be taken into account for the sputtering process. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 32]}
+{"token": "Regulation of Cell Proliferation by Fast Myosin Light Chain 1 in Myoblasts Derived from Extraocular Muscle, Diaphragm and Gastrocnemius. The extraocular muscle (EOM) suffers much less injury from Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) than other skeletal muscles such as diaphragm and gastrocnemius. The present study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that differential expression of regulatory proteins between the EOM and other skeletal muscles is responsible for the observed difference in the sensitivity to DMD-associated damage. Protein expression in the tissue samples obtained from EOM, diaphragm or gastrocnemius of C57BL/6 mice was analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. There were 35 proteins that were identified to be differentially expressed among different skeletal muscle tissues. Among the 35 proteins, a fast skeletal muscle isoform myosin light chain 1 (MLC1f) protein was further studied in relation to muscle cell proliferation. The EOM-derived myoblasts had much lower levels of MLC1f and higher rate of cell proliferation in contrast to the myoblasts derived from diaphragm or gastrocnemius, which displayed a higher expression of MLC1f along with a slow proliferation. Deletion of MLC1f using siRNA targeting MLC1f resulted in an increased rate of cell proliferation in the myoblasts. Cell cycle analysis revealed that MLC1f inhibited the transition of the cell cycle from the G1 to the S phase. Therefore, the present study demonstrates that MLC1f may negatively regulate proliferation of myoblasts through inhibition of the transition from the G1 to the S phase of the cell cycle. Low levels of MLC1f in myoblasts of EOM may ensure cell proliferation and enhance the repair process for EOM under the DMD disease condition, thus making EOM suffer less injury from DMD. Exp Biol Med 233:1374-1384, 2008", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "Nicotine Dependence among Rural-Urban Migrants in China. Background: The complex mechanism of nicotine dependency makes it challenging to evaluate dependence or progress towards dependence. The aim of this study was to estimate nicotine dependence levels and identify determinants of dependence among Chinese rural-urban migrants.Results: Among 4,198 participants, estimated current, daily, and occasional smoking rates were 28.3%, 21.2%, and 7.1%, respectively. The CTFND score for the 894 daily smokers was 3.39(SD: 2.32). MANOVA showed that work type, age at first migration, length of migration, and number of cities ever lived were associated with nicotine dependence.Methods: Multi-stage systematic sampling was used to select 4,198 rural-urban migrants aged 18 years or older from three metropolises in China. A structured questionnaire was administered during face-to-face interviews. Nicotine dependence among participants was assessed by means of the six-item Mandarin Chinese Version of the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (CFTND). Determinants of dependence were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA).Conclusion: A migratory lifestyle is associated with nicotine dependence. Results could inform the design of tobacco control programs that target Chinese rural-urban migrant workers as a special at-risk population.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Inaccessible and Unknowable: Accretion and Uncertainty in Modern Criminal Law. Between May 1997 and August 2006 over 3,000 new crimes and offences entered the statute book expanding the criminal law exponentially and insinuating criminal liability into areas of everyday life previously untouched. This unremitting intensification of the criminal law where often quite random and unrelated provisions are embedded in huge, generic and virtually annual Criminal Justice Acts has made the law inaccessible and unknowable to the public, and uncertain to those charged with interpreting and applying it. This article examines the phenomenon of accretion in the criminal law within the last decade drawing on historico-legal contexts, jurisprudential theory (particularly the Rule of Law), and contemporary illustrations. It argues that uncontrolled legislative accretion and a bloated statute book may introduce dangerous levels of uncertainty into the law not only undermining its integrity but eroding the essential mutual respect between government and the governed which legitimises the authority of the criminal law. The political hothouse of spin-cycle government has sought to rely on the creation of new law as the panacea to all ills blurring the democratic boundary between citizen and government.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Constitutive expression of thymidylate synthase from LCDV-C induces a transformed phenotype in fish cells. Thymidylate synthase (TS), an essential enzyme in DNA synthesis and repair, plays a key role in the events of cell cycle regulation and tumor formation. Here, an investigation was presented about subcellular location and biological function of viral TS from lymphocystis disease virus from China (LCDV-C) in fish cells. Fluorescence microscopy revealed that LCDV-C TS was predominantly localized in the cytoplasm in fish cells. Cell cycle analysis demonstrated that LCDV-C TS promoted cell cycle progression into S and G2/M phase in the constitutive expressed cells. As a result, the cells have a faster growth rate compared with the control cells as revealed by cell growth curves. For foci assay, the TS-expressed cells gave rise to foci 4-5 weeks after incubation. Microscopic examination of the TS-induced foci revealed multilayered growth and crisscross morphology characteristic of transformed cells. Moreover, LCDV-C TS predisposed the transfected cells to acquire an anchorage-independent phenotype and could grow in 0.3% soft agar. So the data reveal LCDV-C TS is sufficient to induce a transformed phenotype in fish cells in vitro and exhibits its potential ability in cell transformation. To our knowledge, it is the first report on viral TS sequences associated with transforming activity. (C) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Nitro group as a new anchoring group for organic dyes in dye-sensitized solar cells. An organic dye JY1 bearing a nitro group was designed, synthesized and applied in DSCs. An unusual colour change was observed when the voltage applied to the device was reversed which was accompanied by a five-fold increase in the cell efficiency. We propose that applying a bias enabled the attachment of nitro groups to the TiO2 surface.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Ethnology and biography: The case of the Brownings. The poets Robert and Elizabeth Barrett Browning have been subjected to a good ideal of speculation about their ethnic origins. In tracing the history of this speculation, this article attempts to highlights some of the potential difficulties associated with a renewed attention to genealogy and ethnicity in contemporary biographical writing.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "ON THE INTIMATE RELATIONSHIP OF KNOWLEDGE AND ACTION. Pragmatic encroachment offers a picture of knowledge whereby knowledge is unstable. This paper argues that pragmatic encroachment is committed to more instability than has been hitherto noted. One surprising result of the arguments in this paper is that pragmatic encroachment is not merely about changes in stakes. All sorts of practical factors can make for the presence or absence of knowledge on this picture - stakes are just one factor among many that are knowledge-depriving. In this way, the focus in the literature on 'stakes-sensitivity' is misleading. Furthermore, insufficient attention has been paid to the variety of ways in which on this view pragmatic factors affect knowledge: pragmatic factors are not merely knowledge-depriving but are also knowledge-inducing.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Moods in Clinical Depression Are More Unstable than Severe Normal Sadness. Results: Mean low and high moods were not correlated in the non-depressed group but were strongly positively correlated in the depressed group. This difference between correlations was significant. Low MI and high MI were weakly positively correlated in the non-depressed group and strongly positively correlated in the depressed group. This difference in correlations was also significant.Conclusion: The results show that low and high moods, and low and high MI, are highly correlated in people with depression compared with those who are not depressed. Current psychiatric practice does not assess or treat MI or brief high mood episodes in patients with depression. New models of mood that also focus on MI will need to be developed to address the pattern of mood disturbance in people with depression.Method: We prospectively measured low and high moods using separate visual analog scales twice a day for seven consecutive days in 137 participants from four published studies. Participants were divided into a non-depressed group with a Beck Depression Inventory score of <= 10 (n = 59) and a depressed group with a Beck Depression Inventory score of >= 18 (n = 78). MI was determined by the mean square successive difference statistic.Objective: Current descriptions in psychiatry and psychology suggest that depressed mood in clinical depression is similar to mild sadness experienced in everyday life, but more intense and persistent. We evaluated this concept using measures of average mood and mood instability (MI).", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "An economic model of haemophilia in Mexico. A model was developed to assess the lifetime costs and outcomes associated with haemophilia in Mexico. A retrospective chart review of 182 type A haemophiliacs was conducted for patients aged 0-34 years receiving one of three treatments: (i) cryoprecipitate at clinic; (ii) concentrate at home; or (iii) concentrate at clinic. Patients treated at home experienced 30% less joint damage, used 13-54% less factor VIII, had four times fewer clinic visits, and utilized half as many hospital days than those treated at a clinic. For cryoprecipitate at clinic patients, the annual incidence rates of HCV and HIV were calculated to be 3.6% and 1.4% respectively. The life expectancy for patients receiving cryoprecipitate and those receiving concentrate was estimated to be 49 years and 69 years respectively, with 58% of cryoprecipitate patients predicted to die of AIDS before age 69. Across the lifespan, the average annual cost of care was US$11 677 (MN$110 464) for cryoprecipitate at clinic patients, US$10 104 (M$95 580) for concentrate at home patients and US$18 819 (MN$178 027) for concentrate at clinic patients. Using a 5% discount rate, the incremental lifetime cost per year of life added for treatment with concentrate at home compared with cryoprecipitate at a clinic was US$738 (MN$6981). Rank order stability analysis demonstrated that the model was most sensitive to the cost of fVIII. These results indicate that treatment with concentrate at home compared with cryoprecipitate at a clinic substantially improves clinical outcomes at reduced annual cost levels.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Introduction of a NIa proteinase cleavage site between the reporter gene and HC-Pro only partially restores the biological properties of GUS- or GFP-tagged LMV. Lettuce mosaic virus (LMV) isolates LMV-E and LMV-0 differ in their virulence on lettuce varieties carrying the Mol 2 resistance gene, which reduces viral accumulation and blocks the expression of symptoms after infection with avirulent isolates such as LMV-0. Previous work had indicated that reporter genes such as GUS or GFP affect the biological properties of recombinant LMV isolates in both susceptible and resistant lettuce varieties when fused to the N-terminus of the viral protein HC-Pro. The impact of the addition of a cleavage site for the NIa proteinase between the reporter gene and HC-Pro was evaluated, in an effort to recover the full spectrum of the biological properties of parental isolates. Symptoms, accumulation, cell-to-cell and long distance movement of the recombinant viruses containing the NIa cleavage site were studied in susceptible and mol(2) lettuce varieties. Both LMV-0 and LMV-E recombinant viruses recovered the behaviour of their wild-type parent in susceptible plants upon addition of the NIa cleavage site. While the recombinant LMV-E modified in this way recovered the breaking properties of its wild-type counterpart in mol(2) plants, similar modification of the LMV-0 derived recombinants failed to rescue a severe inhibition in systemic accumulation in mol(2) plants, despite the fact that neither cell-to-cell movement nor phloem loading or unloading seemed to be severely affected. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Thrombin-mediated Proteoglycan Synthesis Utilizes Both Protein-tyrosine Kinase and Serine/Threonine Kinase Receptor Transactivation in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. G protein-coupled receptor signaling is mediated by three main mechanisms of action; these are the classical pathway, beta-arrestin scaffold signaling, and the transactivation of protein-tyrosine kinase receptors such as those for EGF and PDGF. Recently, it has been demonstrated that G protein-coupled receptors can also mediate signals via transactivation of serine/threonine kinase receptors, most notably the transforming growth factor-beta receptor family. Atherosclerosis is characterized by the development of lipid-laden plaques in blood vessel walls. Initiation of plaque development occurs via low density lipoprotein retention in the neointima of vessels due to binding with modified proteoglycans secreted by vascular smooth muscle cells. Here we show that transactivation of protein-tyrosine kinase receptors is mediated by matrix metalloproteinase triple membrane bypass signaling. In contrast, serine/threonine kinase receptor transactivation is mediated by a cytoskeletal rearrangement-Rho kinase-integrin system, and both protein-tyrosine kinase and serine/threonine kinase receptor transactivation concomitantly account for the total proteoglycan synthesis stimulated by thrombin in vascular smooth muscle. This work provides evidence of thrombin-mediated proteoglycan synthesis and paves the way for a potential therapeutic target for plaque development and atherosclerosis.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Toughness and Vertex Degrees. We study theorems giving sufficient conditions on the vertex degrees of a graph G to guarantee G is t-tough. We first give a best monotone theorem when t=1, but then show that for any integer k=1, a best monotone theorem for t=1k=1 requires at least f(k).|V(G)| nonredundant conditions, where f(k) grows superpolynomially as k?8. When t<1, we give an additional, simple theorem for G to be t-tough, in terms of its vertex degrees. (C) 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 72: 209-219, 2013", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Flow electrification in power transformers. This article deals with the electrical problems that may occur in power transformers as a result of the flow electrification phenomenon due to the contact between the oil and the pressboard. Works have already been done on that subject, particularly by E.P.R.I. ([1], [2] and [3]) and E.D.F. ([4], [5] and [6]). Here we first determine volumic and surfacic conductivities of the pressboard and the resistivity of the oil. Then we present the results of the work we did in order to understand how the charges created at the interface move inside the pressboard. Finally we conclude and give our point of view on the E.C.T. (Electrical Charge Tendency) and on the way we think it should be determined.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 32]}
+{"token": "On the Regional Convergence of Income at District Level in Slovakia. The aim of this paper is to investigate regional convergence of income at district level in Slovakia, and to answer the question of whether Slovak districts converge or diverge over time, and across different sectors of the Slovak economy. Our analyses are based on monthly income data on median wages and old-age pensions at district territorial level (LAU 1), and two types of convergence are assessed: convergence towards national median income and convergence towards regional (NUTS 3 regions) median income. Using the Markov chains on the spatially lagged bimonthly district medians we find that the highest degree of wages convergence is found in the districts of Banska Bystrica, Zilina and Nitra Regions; and the highest degree of old-age pensions convergence is found in the districts of Kosice and Banska Bystrica Regions. The given trends are influenced by the wages development in different economic activity sectors in these regions.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "INTERRUPTIONS AMONG EQUALS: Power Plays That Fail. In a corporate context, would interrupting affect the perceived power, identity traits, job performance, and interpersonal relationships of equally situated male and female speakers? The gender of both the interrupter and the interrupted speaker was varied in hypothetical transcripts of conversations between two corporate vice-presidents. There were no significant effects of interrupting or being interrupted on perceptions of the relative power of men and women speakers. However, the interrupter, regardless of gender, was perceived as more successful and driving, but less socially acceptable, reliable, and companionable than the interrupted speaker.", "label": [5, 47, 51]}
+{"token": "Borges's Postmodem Landscape. In his article \\\\'Borges's Postmodern Landscape\\\\' Mario Vrbancic examines specific constructs of space - among them heterotopia (Michel Foucault) and hyperreality (Jean Baudrillard) - and applies them to narration and narrative strategies in Jorge Luis Borges's texts. VrbanCi6 posits that postmodern mapping undermines our known familiar geography and that authors like Borges who experimented with different spaces and connections in their texts, represent postmodernism avant la lettre.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Bolstering responsible management education through the sustainable development goals: Three perspectives. Acknowledging the roles and responsibilities of business in society and the importance of realizing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), contemporary management education is characterized by the integration of a rich palette of initiatives in the field of Responsible Management Education (RME). It is important though to recognize that these initiatives, however laudable, so far represent rather basic, and thus insufficient, ways of truly integrating sustainability into management education. This Provocation to Debate essay therefore identifies three perspectives for bolstering RME through the SDGs: (1) addressing the fact that SDGs incorporate trade-offs, tensions, and paradoxes; (2) realizing the SGDs implies engaging in systemic activism; and (3) embracing the SDGs comes with emotional affect. As such, this essay is an invitation to critically reflect on the roles and contents of management education in spurring sustainable development and to engage in a meaningful discussion about the value and the limitations of the SDGs for advancing the RME agenda.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "Acid Ceramidase Deficiency is characterized by a unique plasma cytokine and ceramide profile that is altered by therapy. Acid Ceramidase Deficiency (Farber disease, FD) is an ultra-rare Lysosomal Storage Disorder that is poorly understood and often misdiagnosed as Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA). Hallmarks of FD are accumulation of ceramides, widespread macrophage infiltration, splenomegaly, and lymphocytosis. The cytokines involved in this abnormal hematopoietic state are unknown. There are dozens of ceramide species and derivatives, but the specific ones that accumulate in FD have not been investigated. We used a multiplex assay to analyze cytokines and mass spectrometry to analyze ceramides in plasma from patients and mice with FD, controls, Farber patients treated by hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), JIA patients, and patients with Gaucher disease. KC, MIP-1 alpha, and MCP-1 were sequentially upregulated in plasma from FD mice. MCP-1, IL-10, IL-6, IL-12, and VEGF levels were elevated in plasma from Farber patients but not in control or JIA patients. C16-Ceramide (C16-Cer) and dhC16-Cer were upregulated in plasma from FD mice. a-OH-C18-Cer, dhC12-Cer, dhC24:1-Cer, and C22:1-Cer-1P accumulated in plasma from patients with FD. Most cytokines and only a-OH-C18-Cer returned to baseline levels in HSCT-treated Farber patients. Sphingosines were not altered. Chitotriosidase activity was also relatively low. A unique cytokine and ceramide profile was seen in the plasma of Farber patients that was not observed in plasma from HSCT-treated Farber patients, JIA patients, or Gaucher patients. The cytokine profile can potentially be used to prevent misdiagnosis of Farber as JIA and to monitor the response to treatment. Further understanding of why these signaling molecules and lipids are elevated can lead to better understanding of the etiology and pathophysiology of FD and inform development of future treatments. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Aneurysm Clips for Durotomy Repair: Technical Note. CONCLUSION: We describe the application of an aneurysm clip to treat a recurrent durotomy where the standard practice of sutured closure failed. Aneurysm clips offer a quick, safe, and secure manner to close dura without risking spinal destabilization. They offer significant benefit to already torn, friable dura. Postoperatively, patients have no limitations and are therefore prevented from being exposed to additional risks associated with bed rest. Aneurysm clips are cost and clinically effective in the management of dural injuries.BACKGROUND: Dural injury is a common complication of lumbar spine surgery. Primary closure is the \\\\'gold standard.\\\\'OBJECTIVE: This technical note describes a failed primary closure of a durotomy revised using an aneurysm clip.METHODS: From 2005 to 2009, 5 patients underwent repair of a durotomy with the use of aneurysm clips. Resolution of the cerebrospinal fluid leak was seen in all patients. An 84-year-old woman underwent a laminectomy with an inadvertent dural tear that was primarily repaired with suture. On postoperative day 8, the patient presented with new incisional drainage. The wound was explored, and the dura had torn around the previous sutured closure. A curved aneurysm clip was used to obtain dural closure. Postoperatively, the patient's incision remained dry.RESULTS: Microsurgical closure with suture is the primary modality in durotomy repair. Difficulty arises when the dura is friable and multiple small tears are present. Suturing worsens the durotomy. Also, the durotomy is often caused along a bony edge with limited visualization, requiring additional bone removal to suture, therefore risking destabilization of the spine.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Umbilical Cord Herniation With Small Intestinal Evisceration in Two Thoroughbred Neonates. This report describes two cases of spontaneous small intestinal evisceration via normally inserted um-bilical stumps, without abdominal wall trauma. Both cases occurred immediately following uneventful parturition. The authors believe that these represent cases of umbilical cord herniation. This is a well-recognised condition in humans, but has not been previously described in equines. One foal died before veterinary intervention. The second foal underwent a jejunal resection with end-to-end anastomosis and survived to successfully race. This report describes a previously unrecognised condition and highlights the importance of rapid and appropriate intervention on farm. (c) 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Reduction in the DAZ gene copy number in two infertile men with impaired spermatogenesis. Microdeletions of Yq are associated with azoospermia and severe oligozoospermia. Recently, we described a new molecular genetic strategy based on the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) to rapidly identify deletions of the Y chromosome that include the DAZ locus. Using this approach, we have shown not a complete deletion but only a reduction in the number of copies of the DAZ gene by PCR-DGGE in two oligozoospermic patients. These results have been confirmed by Southern blot analysis. This finding suggests that partial deletion of the DAZ cluster could be cause of impaired spermatogenesis. (C) 2001 editions scientifiques et medicales Elsevier SAS.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Comprehensive evaluation of EMG and biopsy findings supported by computer simulations - A preliminary study. Methods: Electromyography (EMG) and muscle biopsy were performed in 14 patients with a suspicion of a neuromuscular disorder. Histograms of the simulated muscle fiber diameters (SMFDs) were compared with those from the biopsySignificance: Evaluation of the SMFDs that are comparable to biopsy findings extends the amount of information available from EMG. (C) 2018 International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Conclusions: Comprehensive evaluation of EMG and biopsy findings supported by computer simulations may help resolve the discrepancy between the assessment of muscle by EMG and biopsy by explaining different results obtained with these two methods.Objective: The aim was to compare muscle fiber diameters obtained from standard muscle biopsy and from computer simulations based on recorded motor unit potentials (MUPs).Results: The values of the SMFDs were similar to those in the muscle biopsy for the same patient (p = 0.05) in all 14 cases.", "label": [2, 17, 21]}
+{"token": "Turbulent bulk transfer coefficients and ozone deposition velocity in the International Consortium for Atmospheric Research into Transport and Transformation. In this paper, we examine observations of shallow, stable boundary layers in the cool waters of the Gulf of Maine between Cape Cod, Massachusetts, and Nova Scotia, obtained in the 2004 New England Air Quality Study (NEAQS-04), which was part of the International Consortium for Atmospheric Research into Transport and Transformation (ICARTT). The observations described herein were made from the NOAA Research Vessel Ronald H. Brown. The ship was instrumented for measurements of meteorological, gas-phase and aerosol atmospheric chemistry variables. Meteorological instrumentation included a Doppler lidar, a radar wind profiler, rawinsonde equipment, and a surface flux package. In this study, we focus on direct comparisons of the NEAQS-04 flux observations with the COARE bulk flux algorithm to investigate possible coastal influences on air-sea interactions. We found significant suppression of the transfer coefficients for momentum, sensible heat, and latent heat; the suppression was correlated with lighter winds, more stable surface layers, S-SE wind direction, and lower boundary layer heights. Analysis of the details shows the suppression is not a measurement, stability correction, or surface wave effect. The correlation with boundary layer height is consistent with an interpretation that our measurements at 18-m height do not realize the full surface flux in shallow boundary layers. We also find that a bulk Richardson number threshold of 0.1 gives a better estimate of boundary layer height than 0.25 or 0.5. Mean ozone deposition velocity is estimated as 0.44 mm s(-1), corresponding to a boundary removal timescale of about 1 day.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Insights into CO2-CH4 hydrate exchange in porous media using magnetic resonance. Clathrate hydrates sediments present significant potential as future clean energy resources; injection of CO2 into these natural gas hydrate reservoirs to perform CO2-CH4 hydrate exchange is an attractive approach for recovery of CH4 in an approximately carbon-neutral manner. However, deployment of this approach is hampered partially due to the limitations of experimental techniques capable of providing in-situ, pore scale fluid and hydrate characterisation in these opaque sediments during this dynamic exchange process. Here we demonstrate a novel suite of NMR techniques to determine the in-situ composition during both CH4 hydrate generation and subsequent CO2-CH4 hydrate exchange in a model porous medium, predominately outside CH4 hydrate stability zone but within the CO2 hydrate stability zone. This was able to quantify the evolution in the amount of liquid water, CH4 gas, CH4 hydrate, liquid CO2, and CO2 hydrate present in the porous medium respectively and hence directly determine the fractional recovery of CH4 during exchange. These data were complemented by 1D magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the axial distribution of fluids in the sample and NMR relaxation measurements of fluid pore size occupation. This revealed preferable formation of CH4 methane hydrate in comparatively larger pores; however subsequent CO2-CH4 exchange was observed to preferentially occur via comparatively smaller pores containing transient liquid water. Hence we demonstrate the ability of MRI and NMR to provide both quantitative in-situ composition analysis as well as pore-scale occupation data which will enable future systematic studies of this complex exchange process.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "Remaking academic library services in Zimbabwe in the wake of COVID-19 pandemic. The outbreak of the global COVID -19 pandemic has affected all aspects of life, access to higher education has not been out of danger as evidenced by the enforcement of official closures, enforcement lockdown and social distancing rules by governments throughout the world. However, while the COVID-19 pandemic has presented the world with numerous socioeconomic challenges, it has also helped to spur creativity and information as evidenced by the responses of academic libraries that have seen a heighted use of digital platforms to support education, teaching and research. The study sought to establish how librarians in Zimbabwe responded to the outbreak of COVID-19 and the implications of the pandemic on library service delivery. A qualitative research was adopted for the study. Using snowballing, interviews were used to gather data beginning with the library association's branch leadership. The researchers ensured that the questions were aligned to the research objectives. The interview schedule included open and closed questions to enable participants to provide further details relating to the phenomenon under study. The participants were guaranteed their rights to consent, privacy and anonymity in the introduction of the interview schedule. An The study reveals that there has been an increase in the use online platforms for accessing information especially library's webpages, electronic books and journals. The use of library online resources from distance locations also rose following closure of campuses. Library patrons' perceptions towards electronic resources significantly improved as they realized that they were equally useful as the print. Findings from the study provide useful recommendation on how librarians can remodel their services to match new demands presented by the COVD-19 pandemic. The study provides a starting point upon which further research on the effect of COVID-19 or other similar pandemics have on library service delivery.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Accommodating to a working relationship: Arab Nationalism and US Cold War policies in the Middle East, 1958-60. The article reconsiders the attempts of the Eisenhower administration (1958-60) to come to terms with the realities of Middle Eastern politics by initiating a rapprochement with the forces of radical Arab nationalism. The establishment of a limited 'working relationship' with Gamal Abdel Nasser's United Arab Republic had a stabilising influence on intra-regional developments and contributed to the containment of Soviet advances in Iraq and Yemen. Despite these successes, the Eisenhower administration proved to be ideologically disinclined to establish a constructive long-term relationship with the key regional force.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Hydrologic and climatic regimes limit phytoplankton biomass in reservoirs of the Upper Parana River Basin, Brazil. In reservoirs of the Upper Parana River Basin, Brazil Paraguay, phytoplankton biomass is generally low relative to reservoirs in other parts of the world. To investigate what might be limiting phytoplankton biomass in the Upper ParanA reservoirs, we used an empirical approach wherein climatic conditions in the basin as well as chemical, hydrological and morphometrical characteristics of 13 reservoirs, were compared against those prevailing in 58 reservoirs of the south-central United States. In both regions, phytoplankton biomass was correlated with chemical, hydrological and morphometrical characteristics of the reservoirs. There were no differences in phosphorus concentrations between the two regions, nitrogen levels were higher in the Upper Parana. ionic concentrations were higher in the south-central United States and there were major differences in all physical characteristics considered. In reservoirs of the south-central United States, hydraulic retention time increased and discharges decreased during the post-spawning period allowing increases in phytoplankton biomass: in the Upper Parana River Basin, discharges peaked during the post-spawning period, delaying the peak of phytoplankton blooms until after completion of the post-spawning period. Our comparison between the two sets of reservoirs suggests that hydrologic regimes dictate differences in phytoplankton biomass and that hydrology of the Upper Parana River Basin, exacerbated by climatic patterns, deter phytoplankton production despite suitable levels of essential nutrients.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "Spatial Distribution Patterns of Parthenolecanium corni (Hemiptera, Coccidae) and of the Ampelovirus GLRaV-1 and the Vitivirus GVA in a Commercial Vineyard. Distribution patterns of the European fruit lecanium Parthenolecanium corni (Bouche) and of grapevine leafroll-associated virus-1 (GLRaV-1) and grapevine virus A (GVA) were monitored from 2003 to 2015 in a Riesling vine plot in the northeast of France. Virus spread was compared between two periods: 2003-2008 and 2009-2014. The percentage of infected vines increased from 54 to 78% for GLRaV-1 and from 14 to 26% for GVA. The spatial distribution of viruses and of P. corni was analysed using permutation tests and revealed an aggregative pattern. Virus distribution was not associated with the density of P. corni population on grapevines. However, GLRaV-1 and GVA spread mainly from initially infected vines. New GLRaV-1 and GVA infections were more frequent on vines near primarily infected vines, first anisotropically along the row, then between neighbouring rows. Virus spread was similar to those described in literature with grapevine mealybug species. This slow vine-to-vine progression suggests that P. corni was responsible for the virus spread, in accordance with the low mobility and low transmission capacities of its local population.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Dynamics of Expression of Programmed Cell Death Protein-1 (PD-1) on T Cells After Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Immune exhaustion contributes to treatment failure after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) for hematological malignancies. Immune checkpoint blockade, including programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) blockade, is a promising strategy to improve the antitumor effect of allogeneic HSCT with high rates of response reported in patients treated for disease relapse. However, severe and sometimes fatal Graft- vs.-Host-Disease (GvHD) has been reported as a complication. Little is known about the dynamics of PD-1 expression on immune effector cells after allogeneic HSCT. In the present study, we analyzed PD-1 expression on T cell subpopulations isolated from 105 allogeneic HSCT recipients. Our analysis revealed a significant increase in proportions of PD-1-expressing CD4 and CD8T cells early after allogeneic HSCT followed by a progressive normalization of PD-1 expression at CD8 but not CD4T cell surface. Analysis of co-expression of two other exhaustion markers, 2B4 and CD160, revealed a preferential expansion of PD-1-single positive cells. Moreover, the analysis of granzyme B and perforin expression in PD-1+ and PD-1- CD8T cells from HSCT recipients did not reveal any impairment in cytotoxic molecules production by PD-1-expressing CD8T cells. Analyzing the association between clinical factors and the expression of PD-1 on T cells, we identified the use of in vivo and/or ex vivo T-cell depletion as the factor most strongly associated with elevated PD-1 levels on T cells. Our results extend our knowledge of the regulation of PD-1 expression at T cell surface after allogeneic HSCT, a crucial information for the optimization of post-transplantation PD-1 blocking therapies.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "Simulating infiltration into stony soils with a dual-porosity model. Soils containing rock fragments are widely distributed in the world. However, literature on the dynamic simulation of water movement in stony soils is scarce. In this paper, a dual-porosity model was used to simulate water infiltration into soils containing rock fragments. Sensitivity analysis of the dual-porosity model parameters demonstrates that the increase of rock fragment content clearly decreased infiltration into stony soils. Big stones hampered infiltration more than small stones. Spherical stones accelerated infiltration compared with solid, cylindrical stones and rectangular, slab-like stones. Numerical analysis was also performed to test and compare a non-equilibrium dual-porosity model (NDPM) with an equilibrium dual-porosity model (EDPM) and an equilibrium single-pore model (ESPM). Infiltration experiments on disturbed soils were carried out to verify the ability of the NDPM to simulate infiltration into stony soils. Based on hydraulic parameters of soils without rock fragments and mass transfer coefficients obtained independently, the extrapolated cumulative infiltrations calculated by the NDPM were in good agreement with the observed data. Fitted model parameters of the NDPM indicate that rock fragments not only act as a source or sink to affect infiltration but also change the pore structure of the fine earth, apart from reducing the cross-sectional area for water flow. Though further studies are required to improve the dual-porosity model, it already describes more characteristics of infiltration into stony soils and explains more phenomena than does the single-porosity model.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Congressional Parties and Civil Rights Politics from 1933 to 1972. The reversal in the parties' positions on civil rights is widely viewed as one of the most important political transformations in the last century. Drawing upon new indicators of members' support for civil rights which more effectively gauge preferences than do the roll-call-based measures analyzed in previous studies we show that northern Democrats displaced northern Republicans as the leading advocates of civil rights in the House beginning in the mid-1940s, and that the gap gradually increased thereafter. Rather than a relatively sudden change driven by national party elites, we argue that the civil rights realignment was a response to the two parties' coalitional partners.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Revisiting the Translator's Visibility: Does Visibility Bring Rewards?. There has been a huge revival of interest in the role of translators and their visibility. Some Translation Studies scholars have mobilized French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu's theorical concepts of field, habitus and capital to carry out empirical research studies in an attempt to understand how translators or interpreters perceive their roles and what kind of capital they pursue. This article presents part of the findings from a large empirical study in which quantitative and qualitative approaches are combined in an attempt to carry out a thorough investigation of translators' visibility, understood as the capacity to communicate directly with clients and/or end-users. The present article reports on the quantitative analysis of the relationship between translator's visibility and the amount of capital that they say they receive. The analysis is based on 193 Chinese translators in China, Hong Kong, Taiwan and Macao. The findings suggest that visibility is rewarding in terms of social exchanges and learning experience, but not in terms of pay and prestige. In addition, the analysis shows that some social variables including sex, level of education, region that the translator lives in, the translator's major field of study and the time spent on translation are not related to visibility or capital received. Meanwhile, the appearance of the translator's name on translations is significantly related to the capital received.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Corynebacterium sphenisci sp nov., isolated from wild penguins. Six unidentified Gram-positive, rod-shaped organisms recovered from the cloacae of apparently healthy wild penguins were characterized by phenotypic and molecular taxonomic methods. Chemotaxonomic investigations revealed the presence of a cell wall based on meso-diaminopimelic acid and long-chain cellular fatty acids of the straight-chain saturated and monounsaturated types, consistent with the genus Corynebacterium. Corynomycolic acids, which are characteristic of the genus, were also detected, albeit in small amounts. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequencing studies showed that the unidentified organisms were phylogenetically related to corynebacteria and represent a novel subline associated with a small subcluster of species that includes Corynebacterium xerosis, Corynebacterium amycolatum and Corynebacterium freneyi. The unknown isolates were readily distinguished from their closest phylogenetic relatives and all other Corynebacterium species with validly published names by using a combination of biochemical and chemotaxonomic criteria. Based on both phenotypic and 16S rRNA gene sequence considerations, it is proposed that the unknown isolates recovered from penguins be classified as a novel species in the genus Corynebacterium, Corynebacterium sphenisci sp. nov. The type strain is CECT 5990(T) (= CCUG 46398(T)).", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "BEM-based algorithm for composite materials with Gurtin-Murdoch interfaces: Error analysis and effective parameters. The effective parameters of the composite materials with Gurtin-Murdoch ((G-M) interfaces are analyzed by standard boundary element method (BEM)-based equivalent inhomogeneity technique (EIT). The physical quantities all over the domain are first compared with the analytical and semi-analytical results to validate accuracy. The effective parameters are then obtained by the present numerical EIT. Since interactions have been considered, we believe our results are more accurate than traditional estimations, such as the generalized self-consistent model (GSCM). Due to the numerical treatment is performed to the present method is more flexible to simulate the effective parameters of clusters with complex geometries.", "label": [1, 11, 12]}
+{"token": "Severe mental illness, common mental disorders, and neurodevelopmental conditions amongst 9088 lower court attendees in London, UK. Background Court Mental Health Liaison and Diversion Services (CMHLDS) have developed in some countries as a response to the over-representation of mental illness and other vulnerabilities amongst defendants presenting to criminal justice (or correctional) systems. This study examined the characteristics and rates of mental disorder of 9088 defendants referred to CMHLDS. Method The study analysed service level data, obtained from the National Health Service's mental health data set, to examine characteristics relating to gender, ethnicity and comorbidity of common mental and neurodevelopmental disorders at five CMHLDS across London between September 2015 and April 2017. Results The sample included 7186 males (79.1%) and 1719 females (18.9%), the gender of 183 (2%) were not recorded. Of those referred, 6616 (72.8%) presented with an identifiable mental disorder and 503 (5.5%) with a neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD). Significantly higher rates of schizophrenia were reported amongst Black defendants (n = 681; 37.2%) and Asian defendants (n = 315; 29%), while higher rates of depression were found amongst White defendants (n = 1007; 22.1%). Substance misuse was reported amongst 2813 defendants (31%), and alcohol misuse amongst 2111 (23.2%), with significantly high rates of substance and alcohol misuse amongst defendants presenting with schizophrenia or personality disorder. Conclusions This is one of the largest studies to examine mental health needs and vulnerabilities amongst defendants presenting to CMHLDS. It will enable an improved understanding of the required service designs and resources required to manage the healthcare pathways for people attending CMHLDS.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "CONFRONTING THE COMPLEMENTARITY PRINCIPLE IN AN INTERFERENCE EXPERIMENT. We propose a variant of the standard Mach-Zehnder interferometer experiment which is predicted by the formalism of quantum optics to display unambiguous particle-like and wave-like propagation of \\\\'single photon states\\\\' under identical conditions, confronting the complementarity principle it also clarifies certain issues involved in the interpretations of the QM formalism.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "An Electrochemical Sensitive Sensor for Determining Sulfamethoxazole Using a Modified Electrode Based on Biosynthesized NiO Nanoparticles Paste Electrode. In this research, we describe a new type of sulfamethoxazole electrochemical sensor based on a carbon paste electrode (CPE) modified with NiO nanoparticle (NiO-NPs) and 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (1M3OIMZTFB). The NiO nanoparticle was biosynthesized with a diameter of similar to 18.0 nm by Mentha aquatic extract and characterized by AFM, FESEM, XRD and EDS methods. The oxidation peak of sulfamethoxazole was recorded at +1130 mV and +995 mV at surface of CPE and 1M3OIMZTFB/NiO-NPs/CPE. Meanwhile, the oxidation signal of sulfamethoxazole was improved by similar to 20.32 times compared to unmodified CPE. The 1M3OIMZTFB/NiO-NPs/CPE exhibited good catalytic activity toward sulfamethoxazole with a dynamic range 0.003-400.0 mu M and limit of detection 1.0 nM. The 1M3OIMZTFB/NiO-NPs/CPE was used as useful tool for determination of sulfamethoxazole in real samples.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Teaching software engineering to a mixed audience. This paper describes some observations derived from teaching a course in software engineering to a mixed audience of undergraduates and professional Master's degree students at Cornell University. We describe our philosophical goals in teaching the course, some of the problems we encountered, some of the unexpected results, and what we intend to do differently next time. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Metastable state of gas hydrate during decomposition: A novel phenomenon. Natural gas hydrates are solid compounds with cage-like structures formed by gas and water. An intriguing phenomenon that gas hydrates can dissociate at a low rate below the ice freezing point has been viewed as the metastability of hydrate. The mechanisms of hydrate metastability have been widely studied, and many mechanisms were proposed involving the self-preservation effect, supercooled water-gas-hydrate metastable equilibrium, and supersaturated liquid-gas-hydrate systemetc. The metastable state of hydrate could be of crucial significance in the kinetics of hydrate formation and decomposition, heat and mass transfer during gas production processes, and the application of hydrate-based technique involving desalination, energy storage and transportation, and gas separation and sequestration. Few researches have systematically considered this phenomenon, and its mechanism remains unclear. In this work, various mechanisms and hypothesis explaining the metastable state of gas hydrates were introduced and discussed. Further studies are still required to reveal the intrinsic nature of this metastable state of gas hydrate, and this work could give some implications on the existing theory and current status of relevant efforts. (C) 2020 The Authors. The Chemical Industry and Engineering Society of China, and Chemical Industry Press Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "Judith and Holofernes: An Analysis of the Emotions in the Killing Scene (Jdt 12:10-13:9). Starting with a terminological and phenomenological perspective on the question \\\\'What is an emotion?\\\\', particularly as developed by Aaron Ben Ze. ev, the kiling scene in the book of Judith (Jdt 12:10-13:9 is analysed. This crucial scene in the book's plot reports the intense emotions of Holofernes but nothing is said about any emotions on the part of of Judith. The only emotional glimpse occurs in Judith's short prayers in the killing scene. The highly emotional Holofernes and the unemotional Judith together reveal that Holofernes is already made \\\\'headless\\\\' by his own emotions, whereas the unemotional Judith, unencumbered by emotions, is able to behead the \\\\'headless\\\\' Holofernes.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Association between Health Behaviours and Religion in Austrian High School PupilsA Cross-Sectional Survey. The prevalence of risk factors for chronic diseases such as smoking, alcohol abuse, low fruit and vegetable consumption, and lack of physical activity is high among young adults. Health behaviours are influenced by many factors and also by religious orientation, as American studies show. The aim of the present study was to explore whether a similar association with religion exists in Austria (Europe). A cross-sectional survey was carried out in seven randomly selected high schools, whereby a total of 225 11th-grade pupils (64% girls, 36% boys; average age 16.4 years) were surveyed by means of an online questionnaire. The study reveals a positive association between religion and healthy food choices as well as meal patterns. Smoking (number of cigarettes smoked daily) and alcohol consumption (getting drunk) was negatively associated with religion. These negative associations remained after adjusting for confounding factors using logistic regression analysis. Thus, the study showed that religion is associated with a reduction in these risky health behaviours in Austrian high school pupils. However, due to the limitations of the study design, causality cannot be inferred.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Griffith, Dickens, and the Politics of Composure. This essay interrogates Sergei Eisenstein's critique of D. W. Griffith's montage aesthetic, arguing that, in Griffith's Orphans of the Storm, historical perspective is constituted in opposition to (rather than as a result of) the forward Surge of the film's montage. Griffith represents historical consciousness through the narrative figure of trembling, harking back to Charles Dickens's A Tale of Two Cities, another text in which the movements of history are registered on the bodies of witnesses who struggle to keep their composure. Both Griffith and Dickens construct a social world driven to extremes by competing ideological forces and imagine historical subjects whose reactions to emergency-witnessing and trembling-hold them apart from it. Ultimately, these gestures of response suggest a tendency in melodramatic texts to construct a normative subjectivity that resists the antithetical underpinnings of melodrama itself. (DS)", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "EXTENSIVE ANALYSIS OF THE ETP GRADE COPPER WIRE DRAWING FORCE PARAMETERS IN CORRELATION WITH THE LENGTH OF THE ELASTIC DEFORMATION REGION. Wire drawing process is generally known as the most recognized metal forming process, however, elastic deformations present during the process before entering the drawing die are mostly omitted. That is why the extensive experimental study of the process have been conducted using drawing dies of various geometry. It allowed to define the length of elastic deformation region and its influence on the recorded drawing force parameters which are closely related to drawing stresses and thus the safety factor of the process.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "A review of solidified natural gas (SNG) technology for gas storage via clathrate hydrates. Natural gas (NG), the cleanest burning fossil fuel, plays a crucial role in meeting the global energy demand, contributing to 24% and is projected to grow at a rate of about 2% until 2040. Natural gas is also considered as the bridging fuel to transition into a carbon-constrained world with reduced carbon dioxide emissions whilst catering to the huge energy demand. Efficient and effective modes of NG storage/transport are dire need in the current golden era of natural gas. A plethora of advantages offered by storing NG in the form of hydrates carve a niche for this novel technology. Termed as solidified natural gas (SNG) technology, it has remarkable potential to store multi-fold volumes of natural gas in compact hydrate crystals offering the safest and the most environmental friendly mode of NG storage. This review provides an account on the research efforts put forth in this technology. Hydrate formation and storage aspects have been examined thoroughly with a subtle account on the gas recovery. The review encompasses studies conducted using different promoters (thermodynamic, kinetic or a combination of both) in different reactor configurations, novel/innovative approaches and hybrid processes adopted to improve the kinetics of hydrate formation and to increase the gas storage capacity. Detailed sections on the 'self-preservation' and 'tuning' effect in hydrates have been included due to their significance in SNG technology. Process chain of the SNG technology, underlying challenges and measures adopted to deploy the SNG technology for large-scale NG storage applications are included in this review.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "Physico-chemical and microalgal gradients change rapidly in response to mouth closure in a predominantly open estuary. A third of South Africa's freshwater flow no longer reaches the coast, yet few systems have shifted from being permanently open to temporarily closed. For the first time since 1969, the Gamtoos Estuary mouth closed in June 2018, because of extensive drought conditions and freshwater abstraction. Accordingly, physico-chemical gradients, microalgal biomass and species composition were sampled during low (closed mouth), normal (open mouth) and high (breaching event) flow conditions. The closed phase was characterised by polyhaline and homogenous salinity structures and a rapid shift towards eutrophic conditions, as evidenced by bottom water hypoxia (<2 mg l(-1)), elevated phytoplankton (>20 mu g l(-1)) and microphytobenthos (>100 mg m(-2)) biomass, and proliferation of a harmful algal bloom (HAB) species (Prorocentrum cordatum, Dinophyceae). An artificial breaching event in September 2018 restored connectivity with the marine environment and within a month re-established the usual physico-chemical gradients that characterise the open phase. Although the current study demonstrates ecosystem recovery from stochastic events, it also highlights the potential impact (e.g. HABs, hypoxia) of shifting an estuary into a new stable state. This is a concern given that mouth closure events in South African estuaries are likely to increase in the future in response to global change pressures.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "Application of a linearly decreasing weight particle swarm to optimize the process conditions of al matrix nanocomposites. In this paper, SiC nanoparticles were added into the commercial casting Al-Si aluminum alloy to fabricate metal matrix nanocomposites (MMNCs) with uniform reinforcement distribution. Experimental results revealed that the presence of nano-SiC reinforcement led to significant improvement in hardness and UTS while the ductility of the aluminum matrix is retained. An integrated optimization approach using an artificial neural network and a modified particle swarm is proposed to solve a process parameter design problem in casting. The artificial neural network is used to obtain the relationships between decision variables and the performance measures of interest, while the particle swarm is used to perform the optimization with multiple objectives. The results showed that the particle swarm is an effective method for solving multi-objective optimization problems, and that an integrated approach using an artificial neural network and a modified particle swarm can be used to solve complex process parameter design problems.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Second language text comprehension: Processing within a multilayered system. The results of a within-subject cross-language study of text comprehension in adult second language (L2) learners are presented. Text comprehension and sentence reading time measures were obtained for matched narrative and procedural texts in English and French from adult learners of French as a second language (FSL) at two levels of French proficiency. The language of the text and readers' L2 proficiency affected reading times, while text type did not. The recall data, however, were more complex. In general, the participants recalled more information from the texts they read in English and more information from the descriptive narrative texts than from the procedural texts. Analyses of the recall performance suggest that, while linguistic proficiency may limit the representation that an individual can construct of a text, the constructed representation reflects the individual's conceptual base as well as strategic processing. These results are consistent with a multilevel model of text comprehension.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Designing a multi-sided data platform: findings from the International Data Spaces case. The paper presents the findings from a 3-year single-case study conducted in connection with the International Data Spaces (IDS) initiative. The IDS represents a multi-sided platform (MSP) for secure and trusted data exchange, which is governed by an institutionalized alliance of different stakeholder organizations. The paper delivers insights gained during the early stages of the platform's lifecycle (i.e. the platform design process). More specifically, it provides answers to three research questions, namely how alliance-driven MSPs come into existence and evolve, how different stakeholder groups use certain governance mechanisms during the platform design process, and how this process is influenced by regulatory instruments. By contrasting the case of an alliance-driven MSP with the more common approach of the keystone-driven MSP, the results of the case study suggest that different evolutionary paths can be pursued during the early stages of an MSP's lifecycle. Furthermore, the IDS initiative considers trust and data sovereignty more relevant regulatory instruments compared to pricing, for example. Finally, the study advances the body of scientific knowledge with regard to data being a boundary resource on MSPs.", "label": [5, 44, 46]}
+{"token": "Enhanced photoresponse of a MoS2 monolayer using an AAO template. Monolayer two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) with direct band gaps, such as MoS2, have received great attention from researchers due to their peculiar band structure and physical properties. However, their extremely small thickness (0.65 nm for MoS2) results in a critically low light absorption efficiency, thus limiting their optoelectronic applications. To achieve the enhancement of the light-matter interaction in MoS2, a resonant Al/AAO (anodic alumina oxide template)/MoS2 trilayer nanocavity structure was designed and implemented in the present study. In such a system, the appropriate change in pore size and pore depth of the AAO template via control of the growth conditions allows one to adjust the thickness and refractive index of the dielectric layer (AAO). This nanocavity structure provides a possible way to regulate the light-matter interaction of MoS2 film.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Cybercrime, Evidence and Territoriality: Issues and Options. This chapter aims to explore policy proposals to deal with one of the most complicated problems posed by the Internet, namely that of jurisdiction. While cybercrime is a phenomenon without borders, the effective prosecution of such a crime is seriously hampered by conflicts of territoriality and jurisdiction. These problems are exacerbated by the evolution of information technology, in particular cloud computing which creates 'loss of location' problems for collecting the electronic evidence indispensable for prosecuting crime. The Cloud Evidence Group-a Working Group established by decision of the Cybercrime Convention Committee (T-CY) of the Council of Europe-has proposed, within the limits of agreed legal principles of territoriality and jurisdiction, a series of measures which, together with proper implementation of the Convention, would enable fast and effective access to electronic evidence, while respecting human rights and the rule of law.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Use of photometrically determined shell colour parameters as selection criteria for marketable brown shelled eggs. Based on data of five German random sample tests and pedigree data of a commercial breeding programme, different parameters of shell colour were investigated. In addition, a consumer survey was conducted to determine preferences for specific shell colour. The shell colour paramters L*, a* und b*, electronically measured with a Minolta Chroma Meter, agreed well with subjective scores assigned by an experienced person before the measurements. Significant differences were found between strains, whereas differences among stations were much smaller. Heritabilities estimated from daughter-dam regressions and from site components of hierarchical analyses of variance were in the range of .3 to .5 and reasonably consistent across lines, years, and methods of estimation. Genetic correlations between pure-line and cross-line shell colour, based on paternal half sisters in different environments, were very close to unity, correlations with other traits were weak. The consumer survey indicated a preference fur intermediate shell colour and discrimination against extremely dark shell as well as tinted shells.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Making M&A fly in China. Cross-border mergers and acquisitions are gaining momentum in China. To be successful, acquiring companies must understand certain M&A idiosyncrasies that are specific to China.", "label": [5, 44, 46]}
+{"token": "Assuring quality in transnational higher education: a matter of collaboration or control?. As transnational education collaborations increase so too do concerns about the quality of provision. To address these concerns, national codes of good practice have been written to guide exporting institutions on how to set up and manage international collaborations, so that academic standards and student experiences are not compromised. This article attempts to show how linguistic analysis can be used to decode underlying messages in the way we describe quality assurance processes. It looks at three codes of practice from major exporters of higher education: USA, UK and Australia. The article focuses specifically on the roles and responsibilities of the awarding higher education institution and their partner, issues of equivalence and opportunities for adaptation of curricula to meet global and local requirements. The analysis raises questions about the portrayal of transnational higher education within the documents.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Machine learning and dengue forecasting: Comparing random forests and artificial neural networks for predicting dengue burden at national and sub-national scales in Colombia. Author summary Dengue virus has the highest disease burden of all mosquito-borne viral diseases, infecting 390 million people annually in 128 countries. Forecasting is an important warning mechanism that can help with proactive planning and response for clinical and public health services. In this study, we compare two different machine learning approaches to dengue forecasting: random forest (RF) and artificial neural networks (ANN). National (pooling across all departments) and local (department-specific) models were compared and used to predict future dengue cases in Colombia. In Colombia, the departments are administrative divisions formed by a grouping of municipalities. The results demonstrated that the counts of future dengue cases were more accurately estimated by RF than by ANN. It was also shown that environmental and meteorological predictors were more important for forecast accuracy for shorter-term forecasts while socio-demographic predictors were more important for longer-term forecasts. Finally, the national pooled model applied to local data was more accurate in dengue forecasting compared to the department-specific model. This research contributes to the field of disease forecasting and highlights different considerations for future forecasting studies.The robust estimate and forecast capability of random forests (RF) has been widely recognized, however this ensemble machine learning method has not been widely used in mosquito-borne disease forecasting. In this study, two sets of RF models were developed at the national (pooled department-level data) and department level in Colombia to predict weekly dengue cases for 12-weeks ahead. A pooled national model based on artificial neural networks (ANN) was also developed and used as a comparator to the RF models. The various predictors included historic dengue cases, satellite-derived estimates for vegetation, precipitation, and air temperature, as well as population counts, income inequality, and education. Our RF model trained on the pooled national data was more accurate for department-specific weekly dengue cases estimation compared to a local model trained only on the department's data. Additionally, the forecast errors of the national RF model were smaller to those of the national pooled ANN model and were increased with the forecast horizon increasing from one-week-ahead (mean absolute error, MAE: 9.32) to 12-weeks ahead (MAE: 24.56). There was considerable variation in the relative importance of predictors dependent on forecast horizon. The environmental and meteorological predictors were relatively important for short-term dengue forecast horizons while socio-demographic predictors were relevant for longer-term forecast horizons. This study demonstrates the potential of RF in dengue forecasting with a feasible approach of using a national pooled model to forecast at finer spatial scales. Furthermore, including sociodemographic predictors is likely to be helpful in capturing longer-term dengue trends.", "label": [2, 17, 21, 24]}
+{"token": "Urea-induced denaturation of immobilized yeast iso-1 cytochrome c: Role of Met80 and Tyr67 in the thermodynamics of unfolding and promotion of pseudoperoxidase and nitrite reductase activities. The Met80Ala and Met80Ala/Tyr67Ala variants of S. cerevisiae iso-1 cytochrome c (ycc) immobilized on a decane-1-thiol coated gold electrode subjected to the denaturing action of urea were studied through variable temperature cyclic voltammetry and Surface-Enhanced Resonance Raman spectroscopy (SERRS). We found that the His/OH- axial heme iron coordination in both variants is unaffected by urea up to 7 M, although some conformational changes occur that increase exposure of the heme center to solvent. The thermodynamics of the unfolding process were determined with an unprecedented approach, which can be of general use for electroactive proteins. The free energy of unfolding for both variants includes relevant entropic contributions and is lower than that for the species carrying an intact Met/His coordination, consistent with the role of the axial Fe-(S)Met bond and the H-bond network involving Tyr67 in stabilizing the polypeptide matrix in the heme crevice. Their lower conformational stability results in a different interaction with the MUA/MU SAM compared to the His/Met ycc forms. Denaturation invariably slows down the heterogeneous electron transfer process, but its effect on the activation enthalpy and pre-exponential factor differs for the species with and without His/Met axial heme ligation. In particular, urea unfolding of the M80A and M80A/Y67A mutants lowers the structural restraint to the heterogeneous ET. Here we show that removal of the Met ligand and an increased accessibility of the heme center to solvent through partial protein unfolding- which mimic the molecular stress experienced by mammalian cytochromes c upon binding to cardiolipin in the early events of apoptosis - add up to transform cytochrome c into an efficient electrocatalyst toward the reduction of hydrogen peroxide and nitrite. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "A 4/21 TANDEM FUSION IN CATTLE. A tandem fusion involving chromosome 4 and chromosome 21 of the bovine karyotype, is described in a newborn Holstein-Friesian heifer which was also a blood chimera exhibiting female cells of normal bovine karyotype and male cells with a 59, XF + tan (4:21). The rearranged chromosome was a dicentric and the longest acrocentric in the male cells. Apart from the features characteristic of the freemartin condition, no other phenotypic abnormalities were detected in the heifer calf. Since the heifer and other calves of the herd were not eartagged at birth, 20 newborn bull calves of the same age in the herd were anlyzed in an attempt to identify the male born co-twin to the heifer. However, this effort proved unsuccessful, probably because the co-twin had died in utero or was erroneously included among the calves sent to the slaughter house.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Effect of temporary changes in light intensity on carbon transport, partitioning and respiratory loss in young tomato seedlings raised under different light intensities. Tomato plants were grown under light intensities of 36 or 90 W m(-2) [photosynthetically active radiation (PAR)], and then the light intensity was changed to 36, 90 or 180 W m(-2) for 8 h to investigate the effect of temporary changes in light intensity on the carbon budget of photoassimilates from the third leaf using a (14)CO(2) steady-state feeding method. In the plants that were raised under 90 W m(-2), the photosynthetic rate increased when the light intensity was increased to 180 W m(-2), whereas no increase occurred in the plants that were raised under 36 W m(-2). Although the total amount of carbon fixed during the 8-h light period showed a large difference between plants grown at the two initial light intensities, the proportion of carbon exported during the light period did not differ apparently, irrespective of the change in light intensity. However, the amount of carbon exported during the time course was higher in plants that were raised under 90 W m(-2) than those raised under 36 W m(-2), irrespective of the change in light intensity. The partitioning pattern of (14)C-photoassimilates was not changed by the change in light intensity, irrespective of whether the light intensity was increased or not. However, the amount of (14)C-photoassimilates accumulated in each part differed according to the two initial light intensities. The carbon transport from a source leaf was also investigated through a quantitative analysis of carbon balance.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "From defeatism to action: Roadmap to create trust. Trust anticipates collective action and cooperation. When there is trust, people offer less resistance to relate and share information and innovate, spend less time and resources to controlling and watching each other, and are more comfortable and happy to engage in interactions. Countries with high levels of trust have higher state efficiency, lower corruption, higher social equity. Now, what about other countries? How is it possible to reverse scenarios where distrust is the rule and the vicious circles predominate? The aim of this work is double. First, it seeks to systematize the literature on the repair of trust (dispersed in different disciplinary areas), and to propose a useful analytical scheme. Second, it offers an operating route with indications to explore the factors that determine distrust in each case (dissatisfaction, imagery, and emotionality) and find the best answers to their reconstruction, reparation or creation.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Smoking increases air pollution levels in city streets: Observational and fine particulate data. Results: Over 33.6h of measurement, mean fine particulate levels were 1.7 times higher when smoking was observed than when it was not (7.9 vs 4.8 mu g/m(3); p=0.0001).Methods: We refined established methods; a solo observer simultaneously observed smoking and measured fine particulate levels (PM2.5) on a route of shopping streets in central Lower Hutt City, New Zealand.Introduction: To address the paucity of research around smokefree streets, we: (i) refined existing data collection methods; (ii) expanded on the meagre previous research in this area; and (iii) compared results by differing size of urban centre.Conclusions: Smoking appeared to be a substantive contributor to fine particulate air pollution in city streets, when compared to levels adjacent to road traffic. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Dispersal of banana passionfruit (Passiflora tripartita var. mollissima) by exotic mammals in New Zealand facilitates plant invasiveness. Banana passionfruit (Passiflora tripartita var. mollissima) is a noxious vine that is invasive in forest patches in coastal regions throughout New Zealand. We investigated the dispersal mechanisms that facilitate its spread in the Marlborough Sounds. To find out which animals act as dispersers, we monitored tagged fruits in the field. Fruits were removed quickly after ripening. Significantly fewer fruits were wholly removed from off-road locations than locations on road edges, but removal was high in both cases (70% and 93% respectively) indicating likely dispersal by both humans and wild animals. We found no evidence of dispersal by birds, but infrared cameras documented possums and rats consuming fruits in the field. To investigate the effect of fruit handling on germination, we compared germination success between hand-cleaned seeds, fleshy seeds and intact fruits in the field and glasshouse. Seeds germinated readily in all treatments, with no significant difference between treatments, so seeds do not require frugivore handling to germinate. In addition, we measured the germination of seeds extracted from 1.5 kg of feral pig faeces collected from Sus scrofa at Te Weuweu Bay and from faeces from captive possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) and Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus). Seeds extracted from pig and possum droppings readily germinated, with final germination success not significantly different from hand-cleaned or in-flesh seeds. None of the few intact seeds excreted by Norway rats germinated. Banana passionfruit has formed invasive mutualisms for both pollination (with introduced bees) and dispersal (with introduced mammals), exacerbating its spread. Weed management should combine direct weed control with limiting the spread of banana passionfruit, by managing feral pigs and possums.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Status of Siamese Crocodile (Crocodylus siamensis) Schneider, 1801 (Reptilia: Crocodylia) in Laos. The Siamese Crocodile (Crocodylus siamensis) is critically endangered and, until a decade ago, few remaining wild populations were known to exist. Described here are the first in-depth surveys for C. siamensis in Laos with new field data on ecology and conservation. Small breeding populations of C. siamensis are confirmed to persist in Laos. During surveys between 2003 and 2008, C. siamensis was recorded in 13 sites of six river systems, where at least 36 individuals (1-11 per site) were documented. In all sites, crocodile densities and recruitment rates were extremely low. Eight nests were recorded among the first wild nests of C. siamensis to be reported. Perennial, thickly vegetated floodplain lakes are critical dry-season refugia and breeding habitats for C. siamensis in Laos. Opportunistic collection of crocodiles by local communities was observed, and at all sites there is increasing degradation of floodplain lakes for agriculture or economic development. National crocodile records were compiled and indicate that, historically, C. siamensis was widespread in lowland riverine and palustrine habitats of Laos, with most records from Central and South Laos in the Mekong Plain. These records also suggest that a severe range decline has occurred over the past century, although most wetlands remain unsurveyed for crocodiles. Crocodylus siamensis is probably now extirpated from the Lao Mekong and many other wetlands. Remnant C. siamensis populations in Laos are of global importance. All documented breeding sites, and most confirmed national records, are in rural lands outside the national protected area system, and conservation efforts will require community-based approaches.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Influence of ferroalloy impurities and ferroalloy addition sequence on ultra low carbon (ULC) steel cleanliness after RH treatment. The present work outlines the statistical analysis of industrial data collected for a few hundred heats from an integrated steel plant. The main purpose was to study the influence of impurities in the ferroalloys FeTi (FeTi70 and FeTi35) and FeP on steel cleanliness. Therefore, two steel grades [ultra low carbon (ULC) high Mn and ULC low Mn] to which these ferroalloys are added were chosen for the study. The number of Al based inclusions analysed with pulse discrimination analysis-optical emission spectroscopy was taken as a measure of steel cleanliness and compared using box plot analysis and through a t test for different grades of FeTi additions. The ferroalloy parameters as well as other major process parameters during secondary metallurgy were also correlated to the inclusion number density. The statistical analysis was supplemented with elemental (ferroalloy) recovery calculations based on the industrial data and FactSage, the equilibrium Fe-Al-P-O diagram and the inclusion extraction analysis. On the basis of this study, it is proposed that (1) FeTi70 is a comparatively cleaner ferroalloy than FeTi35 and (2) for FeP in ULC low carbon steel, the best addition practice to maintain a balance between P recovery and steel cleanliness is towards the end of decarburisation and before the addition of Al blocks.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Aspicilia goettweigensis (Megasporaceae, lichenized Ascomycetes) - a poorly known and overlooked species in Europe and Russia. Aspicilia goettweigensis is a poorly known species from xerothermic siliceous rocks in Europe. It is considered to be common in the Czech Republic and it is new to Hungary and Russia. The main diagnostic character is formation of cracked, popcorn-like, areoles in the central parts of the thalli. Analysis of nrITS sequences revealed its close relationship to Aspicilia subdepressa and A. volcanica. TLC revealed stictic acid in analysed A. goettweigensis samples. A key to non-lobate Aspicilia with stictic acid known from Europe is provided.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Analyticity and the Deviant Logician: Williamson's Argument from Disagreement. One way to discredit the suggestion that a statement is true just in virtue of its meaning is to observe that its truth is the subject of genuine disagreement. By appealing to the case of the unorthodox philosopher, Timothy Williamson has recast this response as an argument foreclosing any appeal to analyticity. Reconciling Quine's epistemological holism with his treatment of the 'deviant logician', I show that we may discharge the demands of charitable interpretation even while attributing trivial semantic error to Williamson's philosophers. Williamson's effort to generalize the argument from disagreement therefore fails.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Hidden Mutations in Cornelia de Lange Syndrome Limitations of Sanger Sequencing in Molecular Diagnostics. Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) is a well-characterized developmental disorder. The genetic cause of CdLS is a mutation in one of five associated genes (NIPBL, SMC1A, SMC3, RAD21, and HDAC8) accounting for about 70% of cases. To improve our current molecular diagnostic and to analyze some of CdLS candidate genes, we developed and established a gene panel approach. Because recent data indicate a high frequency of mosaic NIPBL mutations that were not detected by conventional sequencing approaches of blood DNA, we started to collect buccal mucosa (BM) samples of our patients that were negative for mutations in the known CdLS genes. Here, we report the identification of three mosaic NIPBL mutations by our high-coverage gene panel sequencing approach that were undetected by classical Sanger sequencing analysis of BM DNA. All mutations were confirmed by the use of highly sensitive SNaPshot fragment analysis using DNA from BM, urine, and fibroblast samples. In blood samples, we could not detect the respective mutation. Finally, in fibroblast samples from all three patients, Sanger sequencing could identify all the mutations. Thus, our study highlights the need for highly sensitive technologies in molecular diagnostic of CdLS to improve genetic diagnosis and counseling of patients and their families.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "The effects of JASPER intervention for children with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review. Naturalistic developmental behavioural interventions are promising approaches for young children with, or suspected of having, autism spectrum disorder. Joint attention, symbolic play, engagement and regulation intervention (JASPER) is a well-researched naturalistic developmental behavioural intervention but, to date, no reviews have specifically evaluated its effects. This systematic literature review examined the effects of JASPER intervention and its components on child, parent and educator outcomes. Of the 96 articles screened, 19 were eligible for inclusion in the review. Most studies found that children who received JASPER intervention showed significantly greater improvements in at least one outcome related to child joint attention, joint engagement, play skills and language skills compared to the comparison group. Implementation outcomes for parents and educators were generally positive. There were no consistent predictors or mediators of treatment effects. None of the studies met all of the quality indicators outlined by the Council of Exceptional Children, and the majority of outcome measures were classified as proximal. Overall, JASPER intervention appears promising in improving child outcomes directly targeted during treatment. More research is needed to determine whether it is also effective in improving a wider range of outcomes for children with autism spectrum disorder. Lay abstract Interventions which are delivered in natural contexts and use both developmental and behavioural techniques may be helpful for children with, or suspected of having, autism spectrum disorder. Joint attention, symbolic play, engagement and regulation (JASPER) is a type of intervention, which falls under this category. Although several studies have examined the effects of JASPER, this has not yet been summarised in a review. This systematic literature review examined the effects of JASPER intervention, and the techniques that make up JASPER, on child, parent and educator outcomes. We screened 96 articles and, of these, 19 were included in the review. Most studies found that children who received JASPER intervention showed significantly greater improvements in at least one outcome related to child joint attention, joint engagement, play skills, and language skills compared to children who did not receive JASPER intervention. Parents and educators were mostly able to use the JASPER techniques. There were no consistent child, parent, teacher or treatment characteristics that influenced the effects of the JASPER intervention. None of the studies met all of the indicators of being a good quality study outlined by the Council of Exceptional Children. Overall, JASPER intervention appears promising in improving child outcomes directly targeted during treatment. More research is needed to determine whether it is also effective in improving a wider range of outcomes for children with autism spectrum disorder.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "How successful is errorless learning in supporting memory for high and low-level knowledge in dementia?. Errorless learning has been shown to be very successful in the rehabilitation of memory problems particularly in patients with severe forms of memory impairment. Much of this research has focused on testing knowledge of specific details studied, ignoring any additional, higher-level knowledge that patients may have acquired during the learning process. Hence, it is pertinent to ask whether errorless learning is equally successful in the acquisition of high and low-level knowledge. In this paper, we present results of several studies comparing the effectiveness of errorless and standard trial-and-error methods in acquisition of high and low-level knowledge in people diagnosed with dementia and non-impaired controls. In Study 1, participants were asked to learn novel face-name-occupation associations; and knowledge across a range of levels, from very general (i.e., high-level) to very specific (i.e., low-level), was examined. For patients with probable Alzheimer's disease and controls there was evidence of increased benefit from errorless training in general, but the technique was most beneficial for patients attempting to retrieve specific detail. Study 2 was conducted to address the problem raised by the failure in Study I to manipulate learning condition at our highest knowledge level. This novel manipulation was successful, but neither of the patients received the standard benefit from errorless training. Study 3, involving a small group of dementia patients with mixed diagnoses, was conducted to replicate findings from Study 1. Results from the group analysis confirmed that the benefit obtained from errorless learning increased as a function of knowledge specificity, but again several patients failed to show a consistent effect of learning condition. Implications for use of the errorless technique are discussed.", "label": [2, 5, 17, 50]}
+{"token": "Combining exome/genome sequencing with data repository analysis reveals novel gene-disease associations for a wide range of genetic disorders. Purpose Within this study, we aimed to discover novel gene-disease associations in patients with no genetic diagnosis after exome/genome sequencing (ES/GS). Methods We followed two approaches: (1) a patient-centered approach, which after routine diagnostic analysis systematically interrogates variants in genes not yet associated to human diseases; and (2) a gene variant centered approach. For the latter, we focused on de novo variants in patients that presented with neurodevelopmental delay (NDD) and/or intellectual disability (ID), which are the most common reasons for genetic testing referrals. Gene-disease association was assessed using our data repository that combines ES/GS data and Human Phenotype Ontology terms from over 33,000 patients. Results We propose six novel gene-disease associations based on 38 patients with variants in the BLOC1S1, IPO8, MMP15, PLK1, RAP1GDS1, and ZNF699 genes. Furthermore, our results support causality of 31 additional candidate genes that had little published evidence and no registered OMIM phenotype (56 patients). The phenotypes included syndromic/nonsyndromic NDD/ID, oral-facial-digital syndrome, cardiomyopathies, malformation syndrome, short stature, skeletal dysplasia, and ciliary dyskinesia. Conclusion Our results demonstrate the value of data repositories which combine clinical and genetic data for discovering and confirming gene-disease associations. Genetic laboratories should be encouraged to pursue such analyses for the benefit of undiagnosed patients and their families.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "SIRT1 was involved in TNF-alpha-promoted osteogenic differentiation of human DPSCs through Wnt/beta-catenin signal. Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs), as one type of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), have the capability of self-renewal and differentiating along the various directions, including osteogenic, chondrogenic, neurogenic, and adipogenic. We previously study and found that tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) promoted osteogenic differentiation of human DPSCs via the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway in low concentration while inhibited that in high concentration. In the abovementioned process, we found that sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) had the same change compared with the characteristic protein of bone formation, such as bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2), runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), and collagen I (COL1). We asked whether SIRT1 could regulate osteogenesis of DPSCs. In inflammation microenvironment constructed by TNF-alpha, we tested the expression changing of SIRT1 and analyzed the function of SIRT1 on osteogenic differentiation of DPSCs. SIRT1 deacetylated beta-catenin, and then promote its accumulation in the nucleus. Accumulated beta-catenin can lead to transcription of osteogenic characteristic genes. Using the activator of SIRT1, resveratrol, could promote the above-mentioned process of osteogenic differentiation. SIRT1 could regulate osteogenesis of DPSCs through Wnt/beta-catenin signal. SIRT1, as a regulator of differentiation of DPSCs, may be a new target for cell-based therapy in oral diseases and other regenerative medicine.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Solution structure of an rRNA methyltransferase (ErmAM) that confers macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin antibiotic resistance. The Erm family of methyltransferases is responsible for the development of resistance to the macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin type B (MLS) antibiotics. These enzymes methylate an adenine of 235 ribosomal RNA that prevents the MLS antibiotics from binding to the ribosome and exhibiting their antibacterial activity. Here we describe the three-dimensional structure of an Erm family member, ErmAM, as determined by NMR spectroscopy. The catalytic domain of ErmAM is structurally similar to that found in other methyltransferases and consists of a seven-stranded beta-sheet flanked by alpha-helices and a small two-stranded beta-sheet. In contrast to the catalytic domain, the substrate binding domain is different from other methyltransferases and adopts a novel fold that consists of four alpha-helices.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Microstructure and tribological properties of WSx/a-C multilayer films with various layer thickness ratios in different environments. WSx/a-C multilayer films with different layer thickness ratios and the modulation period of similar to 50 nm were prepared on monocrystalline silicon substrate by magnetron sputtering method. The morphology, microstructure and composition of the films were characterized by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and Raman spectroscopy. The surface chemical states under different etching conditions were investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) depth profile technique. The hardness, the adhesion to the substrate and the tribological properties of the films under various test environments were evaluated by means of nano-indentation, scratching tester and ball-on-disk tribometer. The results showed that a WS2 phase with (101) preferential orientation was formed in WSx sublayer and the WC phase was not present at the WSx/a-C interface. The effects of La-C/L-WSx ratio on the microstructure of as-prepared films were negligible while the effects on the mechanical and tribological properties of the film were significant. An increased hardness (the maximum of similar to 2.2 GPa) and a decreased adhesion were found in the multilayer films. The WSx/a-C multilayer films were of the best wear resistance in vacuum (the minimum of 5.7 x 10(-15) m(3) N-1 m(-1)) and exhibited much better tribological properties than a single WSx film in various test environments. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 1, 32, 11]}
+{"token": "Actinomadura pelletieri mycetoma - an atypical case with spine and abdominal wall involvement. We describe a case of mycetoma caused by Actinomadura pelletieri with simultaneous involvement of the spine, abdominal wall and retroperitoneal space in a man who had suffered from 'Madura foot' 10 years earlier. The characteristics of this case were analysed and contextualized among those of other cases of mycetoma caused by other micro-organisms found through a review of the international literature. The rarity of the disease in industrialized countries and its possible atypical presentations may hinder a prompt diagnosis. Culture techniques that allow detection of slow-growing fungi and actinomycetes should be routinely used when dealing with tissue samples from patients from tropical and subtropical regions with chronic granulomatous infections.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Effect of incident angle on ultrasonic transmission in steam flow for use with clamp-on ultrasonic flowmeter. Energy management in industrial plants requires measurements of the steam flow rates at each usage location. A clamp-on ultrasonic flowmeter can be used to effectively measure the steam flow rates in existing pipes. An ultrasonic flowmeter is used to calculate the transit time of ultrasonic signals between the downstream and upstream sensors, which is affected by the line-averaged velocity along the ultrasonic beam. The intensity of the transmitted ultrasonic signal is crucial for measuring the steam flow rate using the clamp-on ultrasonic flowmeter. The authors focused on the effects of the ultrasonic incident angle on the transmitted ultrasonic signal intensity in steam flow. Ultrasonic transmission experiments were carried out on three pipes (SGP 25A, SGP 50A and SGP 80A) filled with stationary nitrogen, and the transit time in steam flow was measured on SGP 80A pipe by changing the ultrasonic incident angle. The pipes are made of carbon steel and generally used for the steam flow. The results indicate that the appropriate incident angle that allowed the maximum transmitted signal intensity differed depending on the thickness of the pipe wall. Furthermore, a good agreement with the critical angles of the zero-order of symmetric mode in Lamb waves was noted. Thus, the propagated ultrasonic waves can be considered Lamb waves, which increase signal intensity. The transmitted signal intensity decreases because of the turbulent dissipation as the steam velocity increases. Appropriately setting the incident angle depending on the wall thickness, particularly for higher steam flow rates, is essential for evaluating the transit time difference between upstream and downstream transducers.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Human Herpesvirus Infections of the Central Nervous System: Laboratory Diagnosis Based on DNA Detection by Nested PCR in Plasma and Cerebrospinal Fluid Samples. Infections of the central nervous systems (CNS) present a diagnostic problem for which an accurate laboratory diagnosis is essential. Invasive practices, such as cerebral biopsy, have been replaced by obtaining a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) diagnosis using cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) as a reference method. Tests on DNA extracted from plasma are noninvasive, thus avoiding all of the collateral effects and patient risks associated with CSF collection. This study aimed to determine whether plasma can replace CSF in nested PCR analysis for the detection of CNS human herpesvirus (HHV) diseases by analysing the proportion of patients whose CSF nested PCR results were positive for CNS HHV who also had the same organism identified by plasma nested PCR. In this study, CSF DNA was used as the gold standard, and nested PCR was performed on both types of samples. Fifty-two patients with symptoms of nervous system infection were submitted to CSF and blood collection. For the eight HHV, one positive DNA resultin plasma and/or CSF nested PCRwas considered an active HHV infection, whereas the occurrence of two or more HHVs in the same sample was considered a coinfection. HHV infections were positively detected in 27/52 (51.9%) of the CSF and in 32/52 (61.5%) of the plasma, difference not significant, thus nested PCR can be performed on plasma instead of CSF. In conclusion, this findings suggest that plasma as a useful material for the diagnosis of cases where there is any difficulty to perform a CSF puncture. J. Med. Virol. 87:648-655, 2015. (c) 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Defining the term 'natural' in the context of food products. The challenge facing food ingredient, additive and flavourings manufacturers is to supply natural materials that comply with local regulations and accepted definitions of 'natural'. Fundamental disagreements between definitions of 'natural' for flavourings result in materials being classed as natural in one region of the world but not in another, creating problems for food labelling and international trade. For other ingredient and additive groups, food manufacturers and suppliers create the rules to suit in the absence of regulatory guidance. There is a clear need for a definition or sound guidance on the word 'natural' that can be applied widely across foods and food ingredient groups, is accepted by the general public, and will not mislead. This chapter reviews the definitions of 'natural' in international regulations and guidance and seeks to determine how they are applied, what natural actually means, and whether it is feasible to define it in a way that satisfies all stakeholders.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "CCS52 and DEL1 genes are key components of the endocycle in nematode-induced feeding sites. The establishment of galls and syncytia as feeding sites induced by root-knot and cyst nematodes, respectively, involves a progressive increase in nuclear and cellular size. Here we describe the functional characterization of endocycle activators CCS52A, CCS52B and a repressor of the endocycle, DEL1, during two types of nematode feeding site development in Arabidopsis thaliana. In situ hybridization analysis showed that expression of CCS52A1 and CCS52B was strongly induced in galls and syncytia and DEL1 was stably but weakly expressed throughout feeding site development. Down-regulation and over-expression of CCS52 and DEL1 in Arabidopsis drastically affected giant cell and syncytium growth, resulting in restrained nematode development, illustrating the need for mitotic activity and endo-reduplication for feeding site maturation. Exploiting the mechanism of endo-reduplication may be envisaged as a strategy to control plant-parasitic nematodes.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "The Oral Epic of Ngombi Nliga Ngwan: between Literariness and Pragmatics. This paper studies an oral epic from the Cameroon's Basaa, translated into French and annotated recently for the first time (2019). Resorting to an interdisciplinary methodology, this research combines contributions from anthropology, stylistics, and literary pragmatics. The reflection attempts to underline the literariness on this epic, which not only brings the fundamental traits commonly accepted as literary ones of the genre, but also lends itself to the theories developed in recent decades within the framework of reception theory. Thus, the work is embedded in the context in which it is stated, and certain sociological and axiological values, typical of the Cameroonian Basaa socioculture are emphasized.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "EWRS COLLABORATIVE STUDY OF SEED BANK ESTIMATION .2. ESTIMATION OF THE RELATIVE ACCURACY OF THE MEAN USING THE COMPOUND SAMPLE PROCEDURES. Sampling simulations were made using the data from a joint experiment of the EWRS working group 'Seed banks of agricultural land'.  Five agricultural plots were selected and the seed banks analysed.  A simulation study of the relationship between the relative accuracy and the size of the compound sample (number of soil cores) showed (1) that the hypothesis of normality of the distribution of the species means was true for only about 30% of the sets when the compound sample size was 30 and for about 75% of the sets when the size was 150, (2) that the relative accuracy was dependent partly on the size of the compound sample and partly on the mean number of seeds per soil core, and (3) that there was an exponential relationship between relative accuracy and the mean number of seeds per soil core for the various experimental plots.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Identifying Key Research Objectives to Make European Forests Greener for Bats. Bats are a biodiverse mammal order providing key ecosystem services such as pest suppression, pollination, and seed dispersal. Bats are also very sensitive to human actions, and significant declines in many bat populations have been recorded consequently. Many bat species find crucial roosting and foraging opportunities in European forests. Such forests have historically been exploited by humans and are still influenced by harvesting. One of the consequences of this pressure is the loss of key habitat resources, often making forests inhospitable to bats. Despite the legal protection granted to bats across Europe, the impacts of forestry on bats are still often neglected. Because forest exploitation influences forest structure at several spatial scales, economically viable forestry could become more sustainable and even favor bats. We highlight that a positive future for bat conservation that simultaneously benefits forestry is foreseeable, although more applied research is needed to develop sound management. Key future research topics include the detection of factors influencing the carrying capacity of forests, and determining the impacts of forest management and the economic importance of bats in forests. Predictive tools to inform forest managers are much needed, together with greater synergies between forest managers and bat conservationists.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Catechol-o-methyltransferase genotypes are associated with progression and biological behaviour of canine mammary tumours. The enzyme catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT) is responsible for inactivation of catechol estrogens, which are well-recognized carcinogenic metabolites. Two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in canine COMT gene were previously associated with the age of onset of mammary tumours and with the clinical progression of the disease. However, no information is available regarding the impact of other known SNPs in COMT gene in canine mammary tumours. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the influence of COMT SNP in clinicopathological features and outcome of canine mammary tumours. A case series study was conducted involving 155 non-neutered bitches with mammary tumours submitted to follow-up for 24 months after surgery. Three genotypes were considered: Genotype 1 (rs853046495); Genotype 2 (rs23350589, rs23322686, rs23336579, and rs852564758); Genotype 3 (rs851328636 and rs853133060). Genotype 1 was associated to low degree of tubular differentiation. Genotype 2 was related to the development of intermediate/high-histological-grade carcinomas and to vascular invasion. Genotype 3 was associated to reduced nuclear pleomorphism and well-differentiated carcinomas. Data from the present investigation allowed the identification of COMT genetic profiles associated with pathological features of mammary tumours that constitute relevant prognostic factors. The assessment of the COMT genotypes may represent a helpful tool in the clinical management of canine mammary tumours, assisting in the selection of individualized preventive and therapeutic strategies, according to the animals' genetic profile.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "The Kodaly and Rajko Methods: Voices, Instruments, Ethnicity, and the Globalization of Hungarian Music Education in the Twentieth Century. Music is one of the fields in which Hungary has distinguished itself around the world, and music education is an arena in which Hungarian methods have had a profound impact. The basic principles of Hungarian music-pedagogical methods, developed by Zoltan Kodaly (1882-1967) and his disciples and thus known as the Kodaly method, are systematic instruction in sight-singing using \\\\'movable-do\\\\' solfege and rhythmic syllables, with the ideal of developing music literacy in all children through high-quality music, mainly classical and folk repertoire for choirs. Another type of well-known Hungarian music, so-called \\\\'Gypsy music,\\\\' is specifically denied legitimacy both in Kodaly's writings and those of some of his students, for two reasons: much of it is primarily instrumental instead of vocal, and it is considered \\\\'bad.\\\\' Yet Romani (Gypsy) musicians from Hungary have also become famous internationally, some from quite a young age. The Rajko Ensemble, established in 1952 as the Gypsy Orchestra of the Young Communists' League, brought Hungarian and Hungarian-Gypsy music to over a hundred countries over the years. Interviews with Rajko members, some conducted by the author and some previously published, reveal those musicians struggling to claim the legitimacy not only of their music but of their music pedagogy, implicitly comparing the Rajko method to the Kodaly method. After a brief discussion of the Kodaly method and its history, this essay gives some examples of how that method has dealt with talented Romani youth in Hungary; compares the Kodaly method to methods of teaching instrumental music in Roma communities and in the Rajko Ensemble; and considers how American ideals of multicultural education challenge some of Kodaly's tenets.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Director tenure and corporate social responsibility: The tradeoff between experience and independence. This paper examines the impact of director tenure on firms' performance on their corporate social responsibilities (CSR). We find that independent director tenure and the firm's corporate social performance are non-linearly associated in the cross-section, with performance increasing at the short end of tenure and decreasing at the long end. We find that the result is robust to endogeneity tests that estimate tenure in residual form, use an instrumental variable approach and examine the relationship using leading measures of CSR performance. Insider director tenure, on the other hand, does not have an impact on CSR performance. The results suggest that the impact of independent director tenure on firms' CSR performance is a balance between the accumulation of firm specific knowledge that occurs with longer tenure, and the accompanying potential loss of director independence.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "Cross-sectional Comparison of the Epidemiology of DSM-5 Generalized Anxiety Disorder Across the Globe. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The Composite International Diagnostic Interview was used to assess GAD along with comorbid disorders, role impairment, and help seeking.DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Data come from the World Health Organization World Mental Health Survey Initiative. Cross-sectional general population surveys were carried out in 26 countries using a consistent research protocol and assessment instrument. A total of 147 261 adults from representative household samples were interviewed face-to-face in the community. The surveys were conducted between 2001 and 2012. Data analysis was performed from July 22, 2015, to December 12, 2016.OBJECTIVE To provide the first epidemiologic data on DSM-5 GAD and explore cross-national differences in its prevalence, course, correlates, and impact.CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The findings of this study show that DSM-5 GAD is more prevalent than DSM-IV GAD and is associated with substantial role impairment. The disorder is especially common and impairing in high-income countries despite a negative association between GAD and socioeconomic status within countries. These results underscore the public health significance of GAD across the globe while uncovering cross-national differences in prevalence, course, and impairment that require further investigation.RESULTS Respondents were 147 261 adults aged 18 to 99 years. The surveys had a weighted mean response rate of 69.5%. Across surveys, DSM-5 GAD had a combined lifetime prevalence (SE) of 3.7%(0.1%), 12-month prevalence of 1.8%(0.1%), and 30-day prevalence of 0.8%(0). Prevalence estimates varied widely across countries, with lifetime prevalence highest in high-income countries (5.0% [0.1%]), lower in middle-income countries (2.8% [0.1%]), and lowest in low-income countries (1.6%[0.1%]). Generalized anxiety disorder typically begins in adulthood and persists over time, although onset is later and clinical course is more persistent in lower-income countries. Lifetime comorbidity is high (81.9% [0.7%]), particularly with mood (63.0%[0.9%]) and other anxiety (51.7%[0.9%]) disorders. Severe role impairment is common across life domains (50.6%[1.2%]), particularly in high-income countries. Treatment is sought by approximately half of affected individuals (49.2%[1.2%]), especially those with severe role impairment (59.4%[1.8%]) or comorbid disorders (55.8% [1.4%]) and those living in high-income countries (59.0%[1.3%]).IMPORTANCE Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is poorly understood compared with other anxiety disorders, and debates persist about the seriousness of this disorder. Few data exist on GAD outside a small number of affluent, industrialized nations. No population-based data exist on GAD as it is currently defined in DSM-5.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "On some dynamic inequalities of Steffensen type on time scales. In the present article, we investigate some new inequalities of Steffensen type on an arbitrary time scale using the diamond- dynamic integrals, which are defined as a linear combination of the delta and nabla integrals. The obtained inequalities extend some known dynamic inequalities on time scales and unify and extend some continuous inequalities and their discrete analogues.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Octopus bimaculatus paralarvae and juvenile (Cephalopoda: Octopodidae) in the Pacific South of Mexico. The distribution and abundance of Octopus bimaculatus paralarvae and juveniles in the Pacific South of Mexico (i.e., 14 to 16 degrees N) are described. A total of 15 paralarvae were collected during three plankton surveys in July, September and November 2001. Size of paralarvae ranged from 0.7 to 2.7 mm Dorsal Mantle Length (ML), with the smallest size corresponding to the ML at hatching. Additionally, three juveniles were collected by scuba diving in a coastal area in 2010, two small juveniles (7.4 and 9.6 mm ML) were found on a rocky area in May (15 degrees 40'N, 96 degrees 29'W) and one big juvenile (30 mm ML) was captured in a coral reef in December (15 degrees 44'N, 96 degrees 07'W). The geographic distribution of O. bimaculatus has been reported from California, USA to La Paz B.C.S (Mexico). This study provides new information on the abundance, distribution and size structure of early-stages of O. bimaculatus, redefining the geographic range of this species in the Tropical Eastern Central Pacific.", "label": [4, 42, 36]}
+{"token": "The Effects of Hop-alpha-Acids and Proline-Specific Endoprotease (PSEP) Treatments on the Foam Quality of Beer. Influences on foam stability and cling were compared by brewing trials investigating beer hopping rate, hopping type and modification of beer protein composition by the inclusion of a proline specific protease (PSEP). The comparison of the NIBEM, Rudin and lacing foam assessment methods with the level of hopping demonstrated the superiority of hydrogenated hop alpha-acids with respect to foam stability and particularly lacing. In addition, the NIBEM and Rudin foam analysis tests appear to respond relatively similarly with respect to hopping rate and hop type, with the NIBEM being somewhat more responsive in terms of foam stability measurments. The PSEP trials suggested that protein composition may only have a subtle effect on foam stability. Although more specific to haze active proteins, PSEP treatment in the small and pilot scale trials generally, but not always, resulted in a minor reduction in foam stability. This effect was not observed in 20 hL pilot and industrial scale beer productions. It was verified that both NIBEM and Rudin were positively influenced by increased levels of foam positive proteins. Although both foam tests were responsive to hopping rate and type, it is suggested that the Rudin foam test is somewhat biased towards foam positive proteins, particularly albuminous foam positive proteins (LTP1 and protein Z4), while in comparison the NIBEM foam test appears somewhat biased towards hordein foam positive proteins.J. Inst. Brew. 117(3), 335-342, 2011", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Heat, Action, Perception: Models of Living Beings in German Medical Cartesianism. In this chapter I characterize the reception and development of Cartesian medical philosophy in Germany, through a reading of a number of its principal exponents. I begin by briefly showing why, for Descartes himself, medicine was central to the project of philosophy as a whole, and on the basis of this I show that German Cartesian medical philosophy remained fundamentally true to the basic concerns of Descartes himself. I show, nonetheless, following the groundbreaking work of Trevisani, that there were widely divergent views held on specific Cartesian doctrines within the Duisburg school. I analyze, in particular, the theory of composite bodies held by Johannes Clauberg and a number of his contemporaries and immediate successors. I go on, finally, to analyze G. W. Leibniz's eventual theory of corporeal substance and organic body, suggesting that German medical Cartesianism constitutes an important middle term for understanding the development of Leibniz's radically modified mechanist view of living bodies. Heat, action, and perception, characterize, respectively, Descartes', Clauberg's, and Leibniz's respective views of what is distinctive in living bodies, and by charting the shift from one to the next we are able to clearly grasp what was at stake in the mechanist engagement with the problem of life.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "The Importance of Positive Word-of-Mouth (PWOM) in Leisure Services Consumption by Third Age Consumers. Design/methodology/approach - Using a qualitative and exploratory approach, involving interviews and audio diaries and content analysis to process the data, the study investigated consumers in Brazil aged between 60 and 70 years old.Originality/value - This paper contributes to the prior literature with a better understanding of factors generated by PWOM among third age consumers. Firms and governments can use this to help simplify the choices of elderly consumers and drive their consumer decisions.Findings - The main results indicated that factors generated by PWOM such as safety, engagement, relief, knowledge acquirement, social network, confidence, positive expectations, and enthusiasm appeared to be strong and are fundamental to third age consumers' purchase decision process. A significant nexus was also found between the relevance of PWOM and the fact that it was given by people close to the receiver.Purpose - The present study aimed to identify why positive word-of-mouth (PWOM) is important in leisure services consumption by third age consumers.", "label": [5, 44, 46]}
+{"token": "The ancient literary riddles as a testimony of playful and agonal contexts. Starting from archaic Greece, enigmas and riddles find their ideal place in the symposium. In more recent times ancient theories and classifications were developed by rhetoricians. Today we have a good number of ancient riddles and also numerous testimonies. Although the latter often seem to lead us towards an idea of the enigma linked to the game and the challenge between two or more contenders, they remain firmly anchored in the artistic and literary tradition on which they depend. This study is aimed at understanding whether, and to what extent, from ancient evidence we can derive traces of real agonal contexts outside the literary space of the Greeks and Romans.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Invasive Coronary Physiology After Stent Implantation. Intracoronary physiology is routinely used in setting the indication for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) but seldom in assessing procedural results. This attitude is increasingly challenged by accumulated evidence demonstrating the value of post-PCI functional assessment in predicting long-term patient outcomes. Besides fractional flow reserve, a number of new indexes recently incorporated to clinical practice, including nonhyperemic pressure and functional angiographic indexes, provide new opportunities for the physiological assessment of PCI results. Largely, the benefit of these tools is derived from longitudinal analysis of the treated vessel, which allows precise identification of the vessel segment accounting for a suboptimal functional result and enabling operators to perform accurate PCI optimization. In this document the authors review available evidence supporting why physiological assessment should be extended to immediate post-PCI with the aim of improving patient outcomes. A step-by-step guide on how available physiological tools can be used for such purpose is provided. (J Am Coll Cardiol Intv 2021;14:237?46) ? 2021 by the American College of Cardiology Foundation.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Health Claims for Food-The Need for More Harmonization. A health claim is a strong marketing tool for food manufacturers. Countries put legislation regulating health claims in place with the aim of ensuring consumer protection as well as fair trade. The underlying principles for establishing health claims are laid out in the Codex Alimentarius. However, significant diversity in health claim regulations still exists internationally and presents challenges in terms of resources for health claim applications, as well as trade risk for manufacturers and organizations that are active in a global market. Using European and Asian legislation as examples, the existing diversity in health claim regulations is highlighted. The resulting challenges warrant further harmonization between countries that have health claim regulations.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Influence of crop rotation, tillage, and management inputs on weed seed production. Approaches to crop production that successfully reduce weed seed production can benefit farming systems by reducing management inputs and costs. A 5-yr rotation study was conducted in order to determine the effects that interactions between crop rotation, tillage, and amount of herbicide and fertilizer (management inputs) have on annual grass and broad-leaved weed seed production and fecundity. There were 10 crop rotation and tillage system combinations and three levels of management inputs (high, medium, and low). Green and yellow foxtail were the major weed species, and together they yielded between 76 and 93% of collected weed seeds. From 1990 to 1994, average grass weed seed productions were 7.3 by 10(3), 3.7 by 10(3), 6.1 by 10(3), and 5.7 by 10(3) seeds m(-2), whereas average broad-leaved weed seed productions were 0.4 by 10(3), 0.4 by 10(3), 1.4 by 10(3), and 0.4 by 10(3) seeds m(-2) in crop rotations using conventional tillage (moldboard plow), conservation tillage, no tillage, and ridge tillage, respectively Crop rotations using conventional or ridge tillage consistently produced more grass and broad-leaved weed seeds, especially in low-input plots. There was little difference in weed seed production among input levels for crop rotations using conservation tillage. Comparing rotations that began and ended with a corn crop revealed that by increasing crop diversity within a rotation while simultaneously reducing the amount of tillage, significantly fewer grass and broad-leaved weed seeds were produced. Among the rotations, grass and broadleaved weed fecundity were highly variable, but fecundity declined from 1990 to 1994 within each rotation, with a concomitant increase in grass and broad-leaved weed density over the same period. Crop rotation in combination with reduced tillage is an effective way of limiting grass and broad-leaved weed seed production, regardless of the level of management input applied.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Examining the Relationship Between Comparative and Self-Focused Academic Data Visualizations in At-Risk College Students' Academic Motivation. This qualitative study focuses on capturing students' understanding two visualizations often utilized by learning analytics-based educational technologies: bar graphs, and line graphs. It is framed by Achievement Goal Theory-a prominent theory of students' academic motivation-and utilizes interviews (n = 60) to investigate how students at risk of college failure interpret visualizations of their potential academic achievement. Findings suggest that visualizations only containing information about students themselves (i.e., self-focused affordances) evoked statements centered on mastering material. Visualizations containing information about students and a class average (i.e., comparative information), on the other hand, evoked responses that disheartened students and/or made them feel accountable to do better. Findings from this study suggest the following guidelines for designing visualizations for learning analytics-based educational technologies: (1) Never assume that more information is better; (2) anticipate and mitigate against potential misinterpretations-or harmful alternative interpretations-of visualizations; and (3) always suggest a way for students to improve. These guidelines help mitigate against potential unintended consequences to motivation introduced by visualizations used in learning analytics-based educational technologies.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Bibliometric analysis of scientific production on sharing economy. Research limitations/implications - The analyses did not take into account the timing perspective. Further research could undertake a timeline-based approach in order to present direct citation networks and to relate works according to the year when they were published.Purpose - In recent years, much has been discussed about new consumer practices based on the sharing economy. In this context, the purpose of this paper is to map out the international scientific production on sharing economy.Findings - The results show that sharing economy is an emerging topic, and of late, the research in this field has grown rapidly. The study provides a mapping of top journals and authors, works of greatest impact and of co-authorship, co-citation and bibliographic coupling networks, which evidence the low intensity of researcher's interactions and scientific production dispersion in the field. The main subjects found in the sharing economy literature are determinants, motivations and barriers, sharing economy impacts, regulation, models and frameworks, critical approach and entrepreneurship and sharing-based new businesses.Originality/value - The study innovates by identifying the main subjects in the sharing economy literature, as well as by presenting network analysis for some bibliometric indicators, complementing previous research in the field.Design/methodology/approach - The research adopted a descriptive qualitative approach. Based on a sample of 95 documents collected in the Scopus database, analyses of bibliometric and sociometric indicators were carried out, as well as content analyses were conducted to identify the main thematic categories in the field.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "Innate immune responses against Cryptosporidium parvum infection. Cryptosporidium parvum infects intestinal epithelial cells and is commonly the parasite species involved in mammalian cryptosporidiosis, a major health problem for humans and neonatal livestock. In mice, immunologically mediated elimination of C. parvum requires CD4+ T cells and IFN-?. However, innate immune responses also have a significant protective role in both adult and neonatal mice. NK cells and IFN-? have been shown to be important components in immunity in T and B cell-deficient mice, but IFN-?-dependent resistance has also been demonstrated in alymphocytic mice. Epithelial cells may play a vital role in immunity as once infected these cells have increased expression of inflammatory chemokines and cytokines and demonstrate antimicrobial killing mechanisms, including production of NO and antimicrobial peptides. Toll-like receptors facilitate the establishment of immunity in mice and are involved in the development of inflammatory responses of infected epithelial cells and also dendritic cells.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "Man as an Inheritance Given to Christ by God the Father: A Reflection on the Pauline Concept of in the Work Hilary of Poitiers. Hilary of Poitiers reflects Paul's thoughts on the notion of \\\\'inheritance\\\\' by exploring and incorporating new aspects and taking it one step further by understanding that mankind has been given to Christ as an inheritance by God the Father. We will approach the influence of Paul's thought on inheritance in Hilary of Poitiers by examining his reflections on the main passages in which Paul of Tarsus specifically covers the subject in question and its connection to other related aspects, such as the notion of \\\\'promise\\\\', as well as those in which the Abrahamic and Davidic covenants play an essential role.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Comparative bioactivity of three Khaya species (Meliaceae) against Callosobruchus maculatus Fabricius (Coleoptera : Bruchidae). The efficacies of crude extracts of the stern bark of Khaya grandifoliola; K. senegalensis and K. nyasica (Meliaceae), collected within the same Nigerian ecological zone, at 0, 250, 500 and 1000 ppm were investigated as cowpea protectants against Cowpea bruchid (Callosobruchus maculatus Fabricius) under laboratory conditions at 27 +/- 2 degrees C temperature and 77 +/- 8% relative humidity. All Khaya extracts at 250 -1000ppm significantly reduced the oviposition of C. maculatus in treated cowpea seeds. Seeds treated with extract of K. grandifoliola had the least mean number of eggs (75.5) laid on them compared with the control (3 10.00). Similarly, all Khaya extracts at 500-1000ppm caused significant reduction in reproductive efficiency of C. maculatus, and the lowest significant reproductive efficiency (47.9%) was recorded in extract of K. grandifoliola at 1000ppm concentration. When topically applied, significant mortalities in cowpea bruchid adults were observed at 11000ppm concentration off. grandifoliola and K. nyasica extracts. The body weight of emerged F1 adults from seeds treated with the three Khaya species were not found to be significantly different.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Measurement of Xi(++)(cc) production in pp collisions at root s=13 TeV. The production of Xi(++)(cc) baryons in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of root s = 13 Tev is measured in the transverse-momentum range 4 < p(T) < 15 GeV/c and the rapidity range 2.0 < y < 4.5. The data used in this measurement correspond to an integrated luminosity of 1.7 fb(-1), recorded by the LHCb experiment during 2016. The ratio of the Xi(++)(cc) production cross-section times the branching fraction of the Xi(++)(cc) -> Lambda K-+(c)-pi(+)pi(+) decay relative to the prompt Lambda(+)(c) production cross-section is found to be (2.22 +/- 0.27 +/- 0.29) x 10(-4), assuming the central value of the measured Xi(++)(cc) lifetime, where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second systematic.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Non-destructive measurements of thickness and elastic constants of plate structures based on Lamb waves and particle swarm optimization. Lamb wave has become an important non-destructive measurement method due to its advantages of small attenuation, easy excitation, and simultaneous inversion of multiple parameters. According to its propagation properties, we proposed an improved particle swarm optimization method for the inversion of the thickness and elastic constants of plates in the study. Numerical simulations and validation experiments further confirmed that the Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, and thickness of plates could be accurately obtained from the measured zero-order modal Lamb wave dispersion curves. Then, through a series of orthogonal experiments, the influences of the error sources of measurement points on inversion parameters were explored. In addition, the statistical significance of the above influences on each inversion parameter is discussed in detail. This study provides a basis for the accurate and efficient non-destructive measurements based on Lamb waves.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "In the Memory of these Concrete Living Gests': CS Peirce on Science of Review. Although Peirce's mature accounts of his classification of the sciences never lack a few sentences about Science of Review, the role that this principal division of science plays for both his architectonic of science in general and the heuretic coenoscopic philosophical sciences in particular remains rather unclear, although it even seems to contain philosophical disciplines such as a philosophia ultima. The aim of this paper is to take stock of Peirce's remarks on Science of Review in published and unpublished writings from the years 1902-1911 in order to (I.) provide a philologically reliable account of the development of Peirce's conception of this branch of science, (II.) highlight the nature of Peirce's work as a taxonomist of the sciences as a contribution to one of the three essential orders of Science of Review, and finally (III.) shed light on its architectonic role as an integral function of scientific semeiosis.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Internet-accessible electronic materials database system. The Electronic Materials Database System described in this paper incorporates the Diagramma Database (phase diagrams of semiconductor systems) and the Kristall Database (substances with special acous-tooptic, electrooptic, and nonlinear optical properties). The database system is available in the Internet on the Web site http://phase.imet.ac.ru. The technology of integrating dissimilar databases of substances and materials is discussed, and the possibilities of using database systems in the fields of inorganic chemistry and materials research are examined.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "Identifying Shared Risk Genes for Asthma, Hay Fever, and Eczema by Multi-Trait and Multiomic Association Analyses. Asthma, hay fever and eczema are three comorbid diseases with high prevalence and heritability. Their common genetic architectures have not been well-elucidated. In this study, we first conducted a linkage disequilibrium score regression analysis to confirm the strong genetic correlations between asthma, hay fever and eczema. We then integrated three distinct association analyses (metaCCA multi-trait association analysis, MAGMA genome-wide and MetaXcan transcriptome-wide gene-based tests) to identify shared risk genes based on the large-scale GWAS results in the GeneATLAS database. MetaCCA can detect pleiotropic genes associated with these three diseases jointly. MAGMA and MetaXcan were performed separately to identify candidate risk genes for each of the three diseases. We finally identified 150 shared risk genes, in which 60 genes are novel. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that the shared risk genes are enriched in inflammatory bowel disease, T cells differentiation and other related biological pathways. Our work may provide help on treatment of asthma, hay fever and eczema in clinical applications.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Further education in England: at the crossroads between a national, competitive sector and a locally collaborative system?. During the 25 years since Incorporation, when further education (FE) colleges were taken out of local government control, FE in England has been shaped by processes of marketisation to become a competitive national sector that has increasingly diverged from the more 'collaborative system logic' of the other three countries of the UK. However, following recent government reforms, FE in England appears to have reached a crossroads with the opportunity to participate in a more collaborative skills-based landscape at the local and sub-regional levels. This article brings together evidence from historical and international comparative system analysis, a series of UK-wide seminars and in-depth research on the Area-Based Review of FE colleges to assess the strategic direction of FE in England at this critical juncture. We argue that English FE providers can take advantage of these trends to make a transition from a reactive, competitive national sector towards a more collaborative, regional and sub-regional system focused on inclusive economic and skills development. The article concludes that the potential for cross-UK policy learning depends on whether FE in England gradually transitions towards a more collaborative future that could bring it closer to FE and skills systems in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "A near-optimum MAC protocol based on the distributed queueing random access protocol (DQRAP) for a CDMA mobile communication system. This paper presents and analyzes a new near-optimum medium access control (MAC) protocol. The proposed access scheme is suitable for a CDMA mobile communication environment, and keeps under control and upper bounded the number of simultaneous transmissions. It has a delay performance approaching that of an ideal optimum M/M/K system, where K is the number of spreading codes being used (maximum number of simultaneous transmissions). The protocol is a free random access protocol when the traffic load is light, and switches smoothly and automatically to a reservation protocol when traffic load becomes heavier. It is based on distributed queues and a collision resolution algorithm. Moreover, a physical receiver structure is proposed and analyzed in order to preserve the robustness of the protocol in a wireless link. The results obtained show that the protocol outperforms other well known medium access protocols in terms of stability and delay, even when taking into account the loss caused by channel propagation conditions.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
+{"token": "Changes in social integration through employment Metropolitan France and Reunion Island: an exchange of views. Against a background of mass unemployment and the increasing precariousness of employment, the current changes in the labour market demand that we examine the previously. central role of paid employment in social integration. If the individual now deprived of employment or having a temporary contract is by dint of this fact less included in society or is less secure by not having a permanent salary, is it to say that he embodies the face of the de-affiliated, of those who miss out on social benefits? Taking the example of the Reunion Island which has the highest level of unemployment and population covered by the minimum income (RMI: Revenu Minimum d'Insertion) in the country, this article endeavours to explain and understand how, in the context of a protective society and increasingly flexible employment market, new methods of social integration without and resulting from paid employment are being formed. (c) 2006 Elsevier SAS. Tous droits reserves.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Ambiguities and cliche's in the debate about public intellectuals. This paper's purpose is to exam Turner's (2006a) thesis that Britain neither produced its own public intellectuals nor a distinctive sociology. It aims to outline difficulties with the logic of Turner's argument rather than to discuss any particular public intellectual in Britain. The paper argues that Turner's claim about the comparative insignificance of public intellectuals in Britain reinforces the myth of British exceptionalism and overlooks the significance of the contribution to the public sphere by intellectuals from other disciplines than sociology. It discusses Turner's assumption that intellectual innovation requires massive disruptive and violent change and suggests that such an assertion is not necessarily supported by studies of the conditions of the production of knowledge. Finally, the paper argues that Turner's anguish at the absence of public intellectuals among sociologists in Britain is symptomatic of New Left thinking that models the idea of the intellectual on Gramsci. In conclusion, the paper asserts that Turner's idea of the intellectual I-ails to note the tension at the heart of the role of public intellectual - the tension between specialist and non-specialist functions.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Institutional and ecological economics: The role of technology and institutions in economic development. This paper examines the roles of institutions and technology in economic development from the institutionalist perspective as well as from that of ecological economists who are concerned with sustainability, of development. Both schools are critical of mechanistic, deterministic models used in neoclassical economics, of over reliance on market solutions, and of \\\\'value free\\\\' economics. Both use biological metaphors to describe the operation of economies. But there are important differences in how ecological and institutional economists have approached growth and development, primarily whether technology and human knowledge are inherently leading to destructive consequences and whether natural forces or institutions are the ultimate constraint to economic growth.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Community Therapeutic Intervention for Women Healing from Trauma. This article investigates a community-based group therapy intervention designed to address specific needs of women in transition as compared to women also in transition, engaged in a traditional, nonclinical women's program. Both interventions were found to increase social network size, decrease social isolation, and decrease financial stress. The group therapy intervention participants also reported increased self-efficacy beliefs. These findings suggest a need to integrate a group therapy intervention into traditional social service facilities that serve women during times of major life transition.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Anaglyph stereo imaging of dinosaur track morphology and microtopography. Fossil tracks should be recorded by methods that foster detailed ichnological analysis. Although outline drawings remain the standard currency of footprint illustration, their simplicity entails a tremendous loss of information. By contrast, monocular photographs are highly detailed but often suffer from suboptimal lighting, which can cause misperceptions. Anaglyph stereo imaging offers a compact, scale- independent format for illustrating and presenting the complex three- dimensional (3-D) shape of dinosaur footprints. Using examples from the Upper Triassic Fleming Fjord Formation of East Greenland, we address the benefits of anaglyphs to the exploration and exposition of theropod tracks in both the field and laboratory. We find that the addition of stereopsis to other available depth cues (shading, cast shadows) maximizes the information content of a 2-D image while minimizing erroneous or ambiguous perceptions of shape.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Prevention of Psychosis Advances in Detection, Prognosis, and Intervention. This review synthesizes research findings from 42 meta-analyses that assessed detection, prognosis, and interventions for the prevention of psychosis and offers updated practice recommendations.Question What is the status of current clinical knowledge in the detection, prognosis, and interventions for individuals at risk of psychosis? Findings In this review of 42 meta-analyses encompassing 81 outcomes, detecting individuals at risk for psychosis required knowledge of their specific sociodemographic, clinical, functional, cognitive, and neurobiological characteristics, and predicting outcomes was achieved with good accuracy provided that assessment tools were used in clinical samples. Evidence for specific effective interventions for this patient population is currently insufficient. Meaning Findings of this review suggest that, although clinical research knowledge for psychosis prevention is substantial and detecting and formulating a prognosis in individuals at risk for psychosis are possible, further research is needed to identify specific effective interventions in individuals with sufficient risk enrichment.Importance Detection, prognosis, and indicated interventions in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis (CHR-P) are key components of preventive psychiatry. Objective To provide a comprehensive, evidence-based systematic appraisal of the advancements and limitations of detection, prognosis, and interventions for CHR-P individuals and to formulate updated recommendations. Evidence Review Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Reviews, and Ovid/PsychINFO were searched for articles published from January 1, 2013, to June 30, 2019, to identify meta-analyses conducted in CHR-P individuals. MEDLINE was used to search the reference lists of retrieved articles. Data obtained from each article included first author, year of publication, topic investigated, type of publication, study design and number, sample size of CHR-P population and comparison group, type of comparison group, age and sex of CHR-P individuals, type of prognostic assessment, interventions, quality assessment (using AMSTAR [Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews]), and key findings with their effect sizes. Findings In total, 42 meta-analyses published in the past 6 years and encompassing 81 outcomes were included. For the detection component, CHR-P individuals were young (mean [SD] age, 20.6 [3.2] years), were more frequently male (58%), and predominantly presented with attenuated psychotic symptoms lasting for more than 1 year before their presentation at specialized services. CHR-P individuals accumulated several sociodemographic risk factors compared with control participants. Substance use (33% tobacco use and 27% cannabis use), comorbid mental disorders (41% with depressive disorders and 15% with anxiety disorders), suicidal ideation (66%), and self-harm (49%) were also frequently seen in CHR-P individuals. CHR-P individuals showed impairments in work (Cohen d = 0.57) or educational functioning (Cohen d = 0.21), social functioning (Cohen d = 1.25), and quality of life (Cohen d = 1.75). Several neurobiological and neurocognitive alterations were confirmed in this study. For the prognosis component, the prognostic accuracy of CHR-P instruments was good, provided they were used in clinical samples. Overall, risk of psychosis was 22% at 3 years, and the risk was the highest in the brief and limited intermittent psychotic symptoms subgroup (38%). Baseline severity of attenuated psychotic (Cohen d = 0.35) and negative symptoms (Cohen d = 0.39) as well as low functioning (Cohen d = 0.29) were associated with an increased risk of psychosis. Controlling risk enrichment and implementing sequential risk assessments can optimize prognostic accuracy. For the intervention component, no robust evidence yet exists to favor any indicated intervention over another (including needs-based interventions and control conditions) for preventing psychosis or ameliorating any other outcome in CHR-P individuals. However, because the uncertainty of this evidence is high, needs-based and psychological interventions should still be offered. Conclusions and Relevance This review confirmed recent substantial advancements in the detection and prognosis of CHR-P individuals while suggesting that effective indicated interventions need to be identified. This evidence suggests a need for specialized services to detect CHR-P individuals in primary and secondary care settings, to formulate a prognosis with validated psychometric instruments, and to offer needs-based and psychological interventions.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Topography of Referrals to Chaplains in the Metropolitan Chaplaincy Study. Understanding referral patterns to chaplains is essential not only to ensure proper patient treatment, but also to assist chaplains seeking to expand the range of patient situations in which they are called to intervene. Information about more than 58,000 chaplain visits was documented during the first two years (2005-2006) of the Metropolitan Chaplaincy Study. Data from 15,655 of these visits, which were made in response to referrals (26.9% of all visits), were analyzed in the present study. Seventy-eight percent of referral requests were met within the same day, and 94.9% of requests and were met within 2 days. Nurses were the most frequent source of referrals to chaplains (45.0%), followed by self-referrals from patients or requests from their family members (30.3%), with the remainder coming from a variety of hospital disciplines. The most common reason for referrals was that patients requested to see a chaplain. Other relatively common reasons for referrals were problems or issues related to illness or treatment, and end-of-life issues, concerns about death and the death of patients, with reasons for referrals differing by referral source. The most common reason for referrals among professional staff was that patients were feeling bad or in pain, followed by medical issues, and end-of-life issues. Patient and family referrals usually involved positive patient affect, whereas staff referrals usually involved negative patient affect.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Considerations on the Kantian theory of human rights of Luigi Caranti. This paper makes a few comments on the first part of Luigi Caranti's Kant's Political Legacy: Human Rights, Peace, Progress (2017). Caranti aims to advance a Kantian theory of human rights, starting from a reconstruction of Kant's conception of an innate right to freedom. I suggest one should not be so optimistic about the prospect of a foundation of traditional human rights on the Kantian right to freedom, because Kant was very restrictive regarding the content of such a right. My point is that only negative rights-understood as rights not to be interfered with-may fit a Kantian theory of human rights, whereas the practice of human rights admits positive rights-understood as rights to be provided with benefits-as a central part of its. I support my thesis with an analysis of the innate right to freedom in the context of its moral foundation on humanity, and its insertion in a Doctrine of Right that is carefully separated from a Doctrine of Virtue.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Evidence for fish predation on a coleoid cephalopod from the Lower Jurassic Posidonia Shale of Germany. A specimen of the Early Jurassic actinopterygian fish Pachycormus sp. from the Lower Jurassic Posidonia Shale of Germany has a well preserved filling of the alimentary canal. The region interpreted as the stomach contains numerous hooklets that can be referred to the coleoid cephalopod Phragmoteuthis Mojsisovics, 1882. The presence of arm hooklets clearly demonstrates predation on coleoid cephalopods by actinopterygian fishes.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Effect of dietary fiber level on the performance and carcass traits of Mong Cai, F1 crossbred (Mong CaixYorkshire) and LandracexYorkshire pigs. The effects of feeding diets containing 20% (L) or 30% (H) neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (DM basis) on performance and carcass traits were studied in three breeds of pig, including pure Mong Cai (MC), crossbred Landracex Yorkshire (LY) and crossbred MCxYorkshire (171). The experiment had a factorial design with two factors, breed and diet. Eighteen piglets of each breed (60 3 days) were randomly allocated to three treatments: L-L, low fiber diet in both growing and finishing periods; L-H, low and high fiber diet in the growing and finishing period, respectively; and H-H, high fiber diet in both periods. The diets were iso-energetic and iso-nitrogenous within feeding period. The main fibrous ingredients of the diets were rice bran and cassava residue. There were no effects of fiber level on daily dry matter feed intake (DMI), expressed as g/kg metabolic body weight (BW0.75), in both feeding periods (p > 0.05). DMI was highest for MC, followed by F1 and LY (p < 0.001). Average daily gain (ADG) in L-L and L-H was higher than in H-H in the growing period (p < 0.001) and overall (p < 0.05), while feed conversion ratio (FCR) was higher in H-H than in L-L and L-H in the growing period (p < 0.05) and overall, but no significant differences between treatments were found in the finishing period. In both periods, Landracex Yorkshire had the highest ADG and the lowest FCR, followed by F1 and Mong Cai (p < 0.001). There were no interactions between breed and diet for performance and carcass traits. Carcass and dressing percentage was lower for L-H and H-H than for L-L (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences among treatments in back fat thickness and lean meat percentage, or in crude protein and ether extract contents of lean meat. Carcass, dressing and lean meat percentage was highest for LY, lowest for MC and intermediate for F1 (p < 0.001). It can be concluded that feeding a high fiber diet in the growing period reduced pig performance, but there was no effect in the finishing period. Pure Mong Cai pigs are not particularly suitable for meat purposes, although the F I cross with Large White had reasonably good growth performance and carcass quality.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Introduction: Agency and Autonomy in the Russian Press across the 1917 Divide. This forum examines the professionalization of journalism in Imperial Russia and the Soviet Union using recent revisionist approaches in press history. Four essays, ranging chronologically from the 1820s through the 1960s, use case studies of both commercial and state-owned periodicals to explore the rise of the press as a source of information and opinion in Russia. Yelizaveta Raykhlina's article examines the institutions and networks, both formal and informal, that promoted the earliest professional and commercial periodicals in the first third of the nineteenth century. Ala Graff's article analyzes the professionalization of the press during the 1860s-1880s, exploring how newspaper editors navigated the space between limited editorial autonomy and the growing technical complexity of the newspaper publishing business. Felix Cowan's article examines the professionalization of the penny press in late Imperial Russia, focusing on how editors and journalists viewed their work as a vehicle for social mobility as well as a public service for the poor and marginalized. Ekaterina Kamenskaya's article analyzes the newspaper Sel'skaia zhizn' ( Rural Life) and the role of its foreign correspondent network in both carving out space for professional autonomy as well as in bringing a unique narrative of the world to a rural Soviet audience in the 1960s.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "FINE-STRUCTURE AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF THE METATHORACIC SCENT GLANDS OF LINCUS-MALEVOLUS (ROLSTON) AND L-SPURCUS (ROLSTON) (HETEROPTERA, PENTATOMIDAE). Bugs of the genus Lincus (Heteroptera : Pentatomidae) are attracted by volatile compounds emitted from the inflorescences of fertile palms. To define the basis of their chemical ecology, we have studied the metathoracic scent glands (MTG) of males and females of 2 species, L. spurcus and L. malevolus. The metathoracic scent gland system belongs to the diastomien type. The 2 glandular pores located between the mesothoracic and metathoracic coxae are associated with ''crescent-like'' evaporation areas. The large median reservoir, which is composed of one type of flattened pigmented epithelial cells, is flanked by multitubular lateral glands. These glands result from the apposition of 2 cell-type glandular units. The strip-like accessory gland is embedded in the reservoir wall. At its level, the thinner cuticular intima forms finger-like invaginations where a protein secretory product is secreted. Extracts of the volatile fraction of the metathoracic gland secretion were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography (GC) and by GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). These analyses exhibited a typical pentatomid MTG composition. The glands of L. spurcus and L. malevolus males and females contain 11 compounds: (E)-2-hexenal, 4-keto-(E)-2-hexenal, (E)-2-hexenoic acid, decane, (E)-2-octenal, undecene, undecane, (E)-2-octenly acetate, (E)-2-decenal, tridecane and (E)-2-decenyl acetate, including 3 major compounds, which represent 60-85% of the secretion in the 2 species: (E)-2-hexenal, (E)-2-octenal, and n-undecane. The 4-keto-(E)-2-hexenal is present only in the L. malevolus MTG, and represents 26% of its secretion. The female extracts of both species are characterized by the presence of (E)-2-hexenoic acid, which was detected in the male extracts as traces.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Veto players and policy adaptability: An intertemporal perspective. The capacity to sustain policies over time and the capacity to adjust policies in the face of changing circumstances are two desirable properties of policymaking systems. Veto player theory, a very influential approach in comparative politics, has suggested that polities with more veto players will have the capacity to sustain policies at the expense of the ability to change policy when necessary. This paper argues that once intertemporal considerations are explicitly included, it is not necessarily true that polities with more stable and credible policies have more difficulty in adapting their policies, nor that polities with more veto players have more difficulty in adjusting policies to new circumstances. More generally, the paper argues that, when studying the effects of political institutions on policy outcomes, an intertemporal perspective might lead to predictions different from those emanating from more a-temporal approaches.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Availability of Chlamydia trachomatis Testing and Its Importance in the Surveillance of Genital Chlamydial Infection. The reported prevalence of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection (GCTI) is much lower in low-income countries than that in high-income countries. This study surveyed the prevalence of GCTI in 456 hospitals in Shandong province, China in December 2018. Among the hospitals surveyed, antigen testing, PCR testing, and either antigen or PCR testing were available in 200 (43.9%), 88 (19.3%), and 268 (58.8%) hospitals, respectively. PCR testing was more available in tertiary hospitals than in primary and secondary hospitals (chi(2) = 28.560, P = 0.000). Significant differences were observed in the availability of antigen testing (chi(2) = 15.708, P = 0.003), PCR testing (chi(2) = 22.494, P = 0.000), and either antigen or PCR testing (chi(2) = 21.729, P = 0.000) among different types of hospitals. In 2018, 1532 cases of GCTI were reported in 99 hospitals. Tertiary hospitals reported more cases than those in primary and secondary hospitals (chi(2) = 24.082, P = 0.000). The distribution of different types of hospitals that reported GCTI cases was consistent with that of hospitals that provided laboratory testing for GCTI. Antigen and PCR testing were only available in 200 (43.9%) and 88 (19.3%) hospitals, respectively. The results highlighted that the availability of laboratory testing for GCTI in Shandong province was poor, suggesting that the prevalence of GCTI in the province had been sorely underestimated.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Effects of temperature on growth of Beauveria bassiana F-263, a strain highly virulent to the Japanese pine sawyer, Monochamus alternatus, especially tolerance to high temperatures. Mycelial growth and germination rates of Beauveria bassiana F-263 at various temperatures were investigated to determine efficient culture conditions and tolerance of this strain to higher temperatures. Mycelial growth was quantified by measuring colony diameters at constant temperatures and occurred from 6 to 33degreesC, with maximal growth at 30degreesC. The fungus could recover and grow when transferred to 25degreesC after exposure to higher temperatures, even if the fungus did not grow during high temperature exposures. The longest high temperature periods after which this fungus survived were 8 d at 35degreesC and 4 d at 36degreesC when initiated with hyphal bodies and more than 14 d at 35degreesC and 7 d at 36degreesC when initiated with conidia. At 25 to 30degreesC, the conidial germination rate rose to almost 100% within 20 h. At 34degreesC, germination was very low within 20 h, but almost 100% over 48 h. At 35degreesC, germination was only 4.6% even more than 4 d after inoculation, although most conidia inflated within 24 h. No germination was observed at 36degreesC, although most conidia inflated within 24h. Growth rates of germ tubes from conidia were slower at temperatures higher than 33degreesC.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "INFRAMARGINAL ANALYSIS ON IMPERSONAL NETWORKING DECISIONS, E-COMMERCE, AND BUNDLING SALES. In the second half of the 1990s the advent of e-commerce changed the way that businesses dealt with one another and marketed their products to the public. This article shows how the development of e-commerce and associated phenomena such as bundling sales can be analysed using an infiamarginal framework. The conclusion is that inframarginal analysis provides insights into the operation of networking decisions, e-commerce and bundling sales, over and above conventional marginal analysis.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Self-affirmation facilitates cardiovascular recovery following interpersonal evaluation. Self-affirmation is known to reduce defensive psychological responses to ego threats. The current experiment tested the hypothesis that self-affirmation reduces physiological responses to a form of ego threat-interpersonal evaluation. Participants wrote an essay and received either neutral or insulting evaluative feedback about their essay, ostensibly from another participant. Then participants wrote about a core personal value (self-affirmation) or about a less important value (no self-affirmation). Lastly, participants played a competitive reaction time game that permitted them to blast their purported evaluator with noise. Noise blasts did not vary across conditions, but mean arterial blood pressure increased in response to being evaluated and returned to baseline more quickly following self-affirmation. Further, insulting (versus neutral) evaluative feedback caused a greater increase in heart rate, except among those who self-affirmed following the evaluation manipulation. These results suggest that self-affirmation facilitates the return to baseline cardiovascular activity following interpersonal evaluation. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Subtyping of foodborne and environmental isolates of Escherichia coli by multiplex-PCR, rep-PCR, PFGE, ribotyping and AFLP. A total of 54 isolates were characterized by multiplex-PCR for toxin genes and genotyped using several DNA fingerprinting methods: using repetitive extragenic palindromes (REP) and Box primers (rep-PCR), amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and ribotyping. The known-pathogenic strains tested were from food and clinical samples (34 strains) and included serovars O157:H7, O111:H8, O111:H11, O91:H21 and 055:H7. Two type cultures, Escherichia coli K12 (ATCC 29425) and DUP-101 (ATCC 51739), were included as known non-pathogenic strains and an additional 17 previously unclassified isolates from animal fecal samples. Comparisons of genomic DNA fingerprint patterns using unweighted pair group method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA) cluster analysis of Jaccard similarity indices indicated that all methods tested showed a greater similarity between the E. coli O157:H7 strains than to other isolates. On the basis of these studies, we propose that AFLP, REP-PCR, Box-PCR and ribotyping techniques can all be used for discriminating O157:H7 isolates and are preferred for large-scale screening because of the speed and ease of the methods. The PFGE method is the best to discriminate between subtypes of O157:H7 associated with specific outbreak investigations; however, it is more time consuming and unnecessary if subtyping is not required. There are differences between the dendrograms generated from each method and the relationship between the other strains analyzed. However, the fingerprint profiles of the O157:H7 isolates were virtually identical using REP-PCR and Box-PCR enabling easy distinction of the group. Thus, these typing methods have the potential to aid investigators in identifying the source of an outbreak to prevent or control further spread of E. coli O157:H7. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 40, 39]}
+{"token": "Changes in the attitudes towards psychiatry among Spanish medical students during training in psychiatry. Conclusions: The students' opinions change with the experience of training in psychiatry and become more realistic. Alongside these changes in attitudes, there is an increase in the proportion of students willing to consider psychiatry as a future career, which suggests that there is no reduction in vocations for psychiatry among Spanish students.Results: The comparison showed that there was a reduction in the number of students reporting that \\\\'psychiatrists abuse their legal power\\\\', that \\\\'for most specialists in this area, psychiatry was not their preferred choice\\\\' and that \\\\'those students interested in psychiatry are regarded as odd or peculiar\\\\'. However, the view that \\\\'psychiatry is an expanding frontier of medicine\\\\' decreased among the students. The percentage of students considering psychiatry as a future career rose from 4.2% to 10.4% after training.Methods: A 33-item questionnaire was administered to 48 medical students before and after having completed training in psychiatry. Comparative data analysis was carried out using the Wilcoxon test.Background: To gain an understanding of the process of recruitment, studying changes in attitudes and views towards psychiatry among Spanish medical students during their fourth academic year.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Symbolic and scientific issues of translators' archives: the Tophoven a Straelen archives. German translator Elmar Tophoven (1923-1989) is known for his translations of Samuel Beckett and Nouveau Roman writers such as Alain Robbe-Grillet, Nathalie Sarraute and Claude Simon. Starting in the 1960's, he began to meticulously take notes about his translation process. Elmar Tophoven advocated for this \\\\'transparent translating\\\\' in order to promote the mutual sharing of experience between translators, to document and analyze the translation process, and to demonstrate that the amount of work and creativity that goes into translating was far from being sufficiently recognized. This endeavor led him and his wife Erika Tophoven to create, organize and curate their own archives. These were recently gathered in the familial home in Straelen, Germany. Translator archives face a number of challenges due to their being insufficiently recognized as worthy of long- term preservation. They are expected to prove their scientific and symbolic value, especially in the case of professional translators. Through the example of the Tophoven archives, we hope to further demonstrate the importance of archival research for translation studies and the general patrimonial value of translator archives.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "A Novel Hemispherical Dielectric Resonator Antenna With Complementary Split-Ring-Shaped Slots and Resonator for Wideband and Low Cross-Polar Applications. In this paper, a novel hemispherical dielectric resonator antenna (HDRA) with complementary split rings and slots is proposed and investigated. The complementary split-ring resonators (CSRRs) are etched from the ground plane, which are pierced though slots extending from the ground plane up to the HDRA. The dielectric material used is Rogers TMM10, which has a dielectric constant of epsilon(r) = 9.2. The CSRR-shaped slot on HDRA lowers down the quality factor (Q-factor) of the antenna, thus enhancing the bandwidth. Furthermore, the current distribution across the CSRR slots on the ground plane is out of phase, which results in current cancelation along the CSRR and hence reduces the cross-polar component of the radiation pattern significantly. The measured value of bandwidth of the proposed structure is 30% centered at 1.9 GHz, offering a gain of 6 dBi. The cross-polar level is more than 40 dB, which is much lower than the copolar pattern. The first two modes of the HDRA are preserved.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
+{"token": "Plant interactions are unimportant in a subarctic-alpine plant community. We investigated whether plant interaction intensity in a subarctic-alpine meadow is important for determining community structure and species abundance. Using two common species as phytometers, we measured interaction intensity using a neighbor removal approach. Eight biotic and abiotic variables known to influence species abundance and community structure were measured, with regression trees used to examine how plant interactions and the biotic and abiotic variables were related to species evenness, richness, and phytometer spatial cover. A range of interactions was present, with both strong competition and facilitation present over small-scale abiotic and biotic gradients. Despite the variation in interaction intensity, it was generally unrelated to either community structure or phytometer cover. In other words, plant interactions were intense in many cases but were not important to community structure. This may be due to the prevalence of clonal species in this system and the influence of previous year's interactions on plant survival and patterns of community structure. These results also suggest how conflicting theories of the role of competition in unproductive environments may be resolved. Our findings suggest that plant interactions may be intense in reducing individual growth, while simultaneously not important in the context of community structure. Plant interactions need to be viewed and tested relative to other factors and stresses to accurately evaluate their importance in plant communities, with continued differentiation between the intensity of plant interactions and their relative importance in communities.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "The 'New Consensus' View of Monetary Policy: A New Wicksellian Connection?. One of the greatest achievements of the modern >New Consensus< view in macroeconomics is the assertion of a non-quantity-theoretic approach to monetary policy. Leading theoricians and practitioners of this view have indeed rejected the quantity theory of money, and defended a return to the old Wicksellian idea of eliminating high levels of inflation by adjusting nominal interest rates to changes in the price level. This paper evaluates these recent developments in the theory and practice of monetary policy in terms of two basic questions, namely what is the monetary policy instrument controlled by the central bank, and which macroeconomic variables are affected in the short and long run by monetary policy.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Beyond the Categorical Distinction Between Borderline Personality Disorder and Bipolar II Disorder Through the Identification of Personality Traits Profiles. Background The relationship between borderline personality disorder (BPD) and type-II bipolar disorder (BDII) is not clearly understood. Nevertheless, in clinical practice and research, most efforts focus on establishing a categorical distinction between the two. We propose using personality traits as a more informative strategy to describe them. Methods Five-Factor Model personality traits were measured in 73 individuals with either BPD or BDII. Latent class cluster analysis was applied to the sample. Results A three-cluster model resulted the best fit to the data, where all clusters had high neuroticism and low extraversion scores but differed widely on the other traits. The clusters' boundaries did not match the categorical diagnosis. Conclusions Our sample showed significant heterogeneity on personality traits, which can have a relevant effect on the outcome of each disorder and that was not captured by the categorical diagnosis. Thus, we advocate for a multivariate approach as a better way to understand the relationship between BPD and BDII.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "LEGAL ANOMIES. This paper intends to address the aporetic relation between justice and law proposed by Jacques Derrida. The \\\\'aporias\\\\' worked by the Algerian philosopher show the paradox of all systems of laws: they enacts the law, but can not support its own justification. This lack of foundation shows, as a congenital mark, the contingency and historical character of all regulatory systems. But it is also, from an absolute justice perspective, an opportunity for changes and where legal and political revolutions can take place.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "ETERNAL FACTS IN AN AGEING UNIVERSE. In recent publications, Kit Fine devises a classification of A-theories of time and defends a non-standard A-theory he calls fragmentalism, according to which reality as a whole is incoherent but fragments into classes of mutually coherent tensed facts. We argue that Fine's classification in not exhaustive, as it ignores another non-standard A-theory we dub dynamic absolutism, according to which there are tensed facts that stay numerically the same and yet undergo qualitative changes as time goes by. We expound this theory in some detail and argue that it is a serious alternative to the positions identified by Fine.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "On IT governance structures and their effectiveness in collaborative organizational structures. Organizations today engage in various forms of alliances to manage their existing business processes or to diversify into new processes to sustain their competitive positions. Many of today's alliances use the IT resources as their backbone. The results of these alliances are collaborative organizational structures with little or no ownership stakes between the parties. The emergence of Web 2.0 tools is having a profound effect on the nature and form of these alliance structures. These alliances heavily depend on and make radical use of the IT resources in a collaborative environment. This situation requires a deeper understanding of the governance of these IT resources to ensure the sustainability of the collaborative organizational structures. This study first suggests the types of IT governance structures required for collaborative organizational structures. Semi-structured interviews with senior executives who operate in such alliances reveal that co-created IT governance structures are necessary. Such structures include co-created IT steering committees, co-created operational committees, and inter-organizational performance management and communication systems. The findings paved the way for the development of a model for understanding approaches to governing IT and evaluating the effectiveness for such governance mechanisms in today's IT-dependent alliances. This study presents a sustainable IT-related capabilities approach to assessing the effectiveness of suggested IT governance structures for collaborative alliances. The findings indicate a favorable association between organizations' IT governance efforts and their ability to sustain their capabilities to leverage their IT resources. These IT-related capabilities also relate to measures business value at the process and firm level. This makes it possible to infer that collaborative organizations' IT governance efforts contribute to business value. (c) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 44, 46]}
+{"token": "Regulation of spermiogenesis, spermiation and blood-testis barrier dynamics: novel insights from studies on Eps8 and Arp3. Spermiogenesis in the mammalian testis is the most critical postmeiotic developmental event occurring during spermatogenesis in which haploid spermatids undergo extensive cellular, molecular and morphological changes to form spermatozoa. Spermatozoa are then released from the seminiferous epithelium at spermiation. At the same time, the BTB (blood testis barrier) undergoes restructuring to facilitate the transit of preleptotene spermatocytes from the basal to the apical compartment. Thus meiotic divisions take place behind the BTB in the apical compartment to form spermatids. These germ cells enter spermiogenesis to transform into elongating spermatids and then into spermatozoa to replace those that were released in the previous cycle. However, the molecular regulators that control spermiogenesis, in particular the dynamic changes that occur at the Sertoli cell spermatid interface and at the BTB, are not entirely known. This is largely due to the lack of suitable animal models which can be used to study these events. During the course of our investigation to develop adjudin [1-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)-1H-indazole-3-carbohydrazide] as a potential male contraceptive, this drug was shown to 'accelerate' spermiation by inducing the release of premature spermatids from the epithelium. Using this model, we have identified several molecules that are crucial in regulating the actin filament network and the unique adhesion protein complex at the Sertoli cell spermatid interface known as the apical ES (ectoplasmic specialization). In the present review, we critically evaluate these and other findings in the literature as they relate to the restricted temporal and spatial expression of two actin regulatory proteins, namely Eps8 (epidermal growth factor receptor pathway substrate 8) and Arp3 (actin-related protein 3), which regulate these events.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Affect and memory in depression: Evidence of better delayed recall of positive than negative affect words. It is widely accepted that depressives focus on negative memories, and forget or repress positive memories (showing a mood-congruent affective tendency). Normals have an opposite positive bias in memory ('Pollyanna tendency'). Research evidence for depressives' negative bias in memory comes mainly from studies of retrieval of personal experiences during depression, or from studies of such retrieval during induced mood. In the present study, the hypothesis that depressives encode and remember negative emotion materials better than other materials was tested. Contrary to the hypothesis, the results showed that severely depressed patients remembered more positive affect than negative affect words, after a 2-day delay. Depressives' overall memory performance and rate of forgetting were poor, similar to schizophrenics', and worse than normals'. The results suggest that, while memory performance during a depressive episode is poor, the memory consolidation process for affective information is normal. Unlike in schizophrenia, it does not select negative emotion materials. This conclusion is not incongruent with the finding that depressives show mood-congruent retrieval for previously learnt personal (experiential) information. The consolidation of non-personal (nonexperiential) positive affect materials during depression may provide a clue as to the mechanism of recovery in depression, and the lack of such recovery in schizophrenia.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Comparison of the efficacy of prednisone and cyclosporine for treatment of dogs with primary immune-mediated polyarthritis. RESULTSOBJECTIVERandomized controlled clinical trial.ANIMALS20 client-owned dogs with primary IMPA.PROCEDURESAlthough the number of dogs evaluated was small, limiting generalizability, results of this study suggested that cyclosporine offers promise as a suitable alternative to prednisone for treatment of IMPA in dogs.CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCEDogs were randomly assigned to receive prednisone (starting at 1 mg/kg [0.45 mg/lb], PO, q 12 h; n = 10) or cyclosporine (5 mg/kg [2.3 mg/lb], PO, q 12 h; 10) for 90 days. Cyclosporine-treated dogs also received carprofen, tramadol, or both for the first 7 days for analgesia. Data collection, physical examination, and cytologic analysis of synovial fluid samples were performed on days 0, 14, 45, and 90. Trough whole blood cyclosporine concentrations were determined on days 7 to 17 for cyclosporine-treated dogs. Treatment failure was defined as lack of clinical improvement by day 14, lack of cytologic improvement by day 45, or need to change treatment because of adverse effects.Treatment was successful for 7 prednisone-treated dogs and 7 cyclosporine-treated dogs. Absence of synovial fluid cytologic abnormalities on day 45 was identified for 5 prednisone-treated dogs and 8 cyclosporine-treated dogs. Prednisone-treated dogs were more likely to develop polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia than were cyclosporine-treated dogs. Opportunistic infections (ie, demodicosis or Erysipelothrix bacteremia) were identified in 2 cyclosporine-treated dogs and 0 prednisone-treated dogs, and diarrhea developed in 1 cyclosporine-treated dog, requiring treatment discontinuation.To compare efficacy between cyclosporine and prednisone for treatment of primary immune-mediated polyarthritis (IMPA) in dogs.DESIGN", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Effects of diterpene acids on components of a conifer bark beetle-fungal interaction: Tolerance by Ips pini and sensitivity by its associate Ophiostoma ips. Conifer resin and phloem tissue contain several phytochemical groups, composed primarily of monoterpenes, diterpene acids, and stilbene phenolics. The effects of monoterpenes and phenolics on stem-colonizing bark beetles and their associated microorganisms have been studied to some extent, but the roles of diterpene acids are largely unknown. Diterpene acids are known to have substantial feeding deterrent and growth inhibiting effects on a variety of insect groups and are known to inhibit a variety of fungi. We tested three diterpene acids present in red pine, Pinus resinosa, at various concentrations, on several life history components of the bark beetle Ips pini and the fungus Ophiostoma ips. No diterpene acid affected the host acceptance behavior or larval survival of Ips pini. In contrast, abietic acid and isopmaric acid strongly inhibited spore germination of O. ips, and abietic acid strongly inhibited mycelial growth. The levels of inhibition observed were higher than with any previous assays of monoterpenes or phenolics in this system. These results support the view that conifer defenses against bark beetle-fungal complexes are multifaceted, with all three phytochemical groups being important to P. resinosa, but each with varying relative activity against the beetles and fungi.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "A Good Black Manhood Is Hard To Find: Toward More Transgressive Reading Practices. The adage, \\\\'a good black man is hard to find,\\\\' has been a common refrain in black cultural communities for decades. Using this common saying as a departure point, this essay turns to a similar sentiment within scholarship and challenges readers of black men to move toward more transgressive reading practices. Using performative texts, this essay explores how we might develop new reading practices of a \\\\'complex black manhood,\\\\' moving beyond a good/bad binary. Jamal Joseph's pastiche visual collection, Tupac Shakur Legacy and Tarrell Alvin McCraney's play, The Brothers Size teaches us how to read black men's bodies and practices of masculinity in new ways. This essay explores how both Joseph and McCraney activate a black radical imaginary that does not begin with damage, but tells an uneasy and complex narrative of black manhood through (re) presentations and resistance to the dominant gaze toward black male deviance. The authors of these texts encourage new reading practices-of \\\\'what might be\\\\' in black manhoodwhich move us away from canonical prejudices and reorients us toward new, complex (de) scripts for black men.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Jesus as Healer in the Gospel of Matthew, Part II: Jesus as Healer in Matthew 8-9. This exploration of the healing narratives in Matthew 8 and 9, guided by current scholarship in the fields of medical anthropology and social-scientific study of ancient Mediterranean culture, shows that when viewed in their historical and cultural context these biblical narratives point us toward a more holistic understanding of healing that may encourage contemporary movements in this direction. In this context, the goal is 'healing' the person rather than simply 'curing' the disease. The goal of restoring persons to a state of well-being and social reintegration into their families and communities requires attention to the emotional, social and spiritual well-being of persons as well as their physical health. A critically and culturally informed interpretation of Matthew's healing narratives may therefore promote the broader understanding of healing in view of these biblical stories.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Modeling the Ecological Responses of Tree Species to the Flood Pulse of the Amazon Negro River Floodplains. The large flood pulse of the Amazon basin is a principal driver of environmental heterogeneity with important implications for ecosystem function and the assembly of natural communities. Understanding species ecological response to the flood pulse is thus a key question with implications for theories of species coexistence, resource management, and conservation. Yet these remain largely undescribed for most species, and in particular for trees. The large flood pulse and high tree diversity of the Negro River floodplain makes it an ideal system to begin filling this knowledge gap. We merged historical hydrologic data with 41 forest inventories under variable flooding conditions distributed across the Negro River basin, comprising a total area of 34 ha, to (i) assess the importance of flood duration as a driver of compositional variation, (ii) model the response curve shapes of 111 of the most frequent tree species in function of flood duration, and (iii) derive their niche properties (optima and tolerance). We found that flood duration is a strong driver of compositional turnover, although the majority site-to-site variation in forest composition still remains unexplained. About 73% of species responded to the flood duration gradient, exhibiting a diversity of shapes, but most frequently skewed. About 29% of species were clearly favored by flood durations >120 days year(-1), and 44% of species favored by shorter floods. The median niche breadth was 85 flood days year(-1), corresponding to approximately 30% of the flood duration gradient. A significant subset of species (27%) did not respond to flooding, but rather exhibited wide tolerance to the flood gradient. The response models provided here offer valuable information regarding tree species differential capacity to grow, survive, and regenerate along an ecologically important gradient and are spatially valid for the Amazon Negro basin. These attributes make them an appealing tool with wide applicability for field and experimental studies in the region, as well as for vegetation monitoring and simulation models of floodplain forest change in the face of hydrologic alteration.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Mucorales Species and Macrophages. Mucormycosis is an emerging fungal infection caused by Mucorales with an unacceptable high mortality rate. Mucorales is a complex fungal group, including eleven different genera that can infect humans. This heterogeneity is associated with species-specific invasion pathways and responses to the host defense mechanisms. The host innate immune system plays a major role in preventing Mucorales growth and host invasion. In this system, macrophages are the main immune effector cells in controlling these fungi by rapid and efficient phagocytosis of the spores. However, Mucorales have evolved mechanisms to block phagosomal maturation and species-specific mechanisms to either survive as dormant spores inside the macrophage, asRhizopusspecies, or geminate and escape, asMucorspecies. Classical fungal models of mucormycosis, mostlyRhizopus, have made important contributions to elucidate key aspects of the interaction between Mucorales and macrophages, but they lack robust tools for genetic manipulation. The recent introduction of the genetically tractableMucor circinelloidesas a model of mucormycosis offers the possibility to analyze gene function. This has allowed the identification of regulatory pathways that control the fungal response to phagocytosis, including a non-canonical RNAi pathway (NCRIP) that regulates the expression of most genes regulated by phagocytosis.", "label": [4, 40, 39]}
+{"token": "Effect of PRE and POST-Directed Herbicides for Season-Long Nutsedge (Cyperus spp.) Control in Bell Pepper. Fomesafen and imazosulfuron are two recendy registered herbicides for use in Florida bell pepper. Field studies were conducted in 2012 and 2013 to evaluate PRE, POST-directed (POST-DIR), and PRE followed by (fb) POST-DIR control programs utilizing these new herbicides for nutsedqe control in Florida bell pepper. PRE treatments included: S-metolachlor at 0.71 and 1.07 kg ai ha(-1), fomesafen at 0.28 and 0.42 kg ai ha(-1), S-metolachlor at 0.71 kg ha(-1) + fomesafen 0.28 kg ha(-1), and S-metolachlor at 1.07 kg ha(-1) + fomesafen at 0.42 kg ha(-1). POST-DIR treatments included imazosulfuron at 0.21 and 0.34 kg ai ha(-1). PRE fb POST-DIR treatments included S-metolachlor at 0.71 or 1.07 kg ha(-1) fb imazosulfuron at 0.21 kg ha(-1) and fomesafen at 0.28 or 0.42 kg ha(-1) fb imazosulfuron at 0.21 kg ha(-1). Nutsedge control in both years at 28 d after planting was similar among all PRE treatments providing <= 60% control. The addition of imazosulfuron POST-DIR following S-metolachlor or fomesafen PRE provided greater control compared to S-metolachlor or fomesafen alone 14, 21, and 28 d after the POST-DIR application. Plots treated with S-metolachlor resulted in lower marketable weight and marketable fruit count compared to fomesafen in 2012; however, this was not observed in 2013. The results for these studies indicate the importance of a PRE fb POST-DIR herbicide for nutsedge control and that fomesafen or S-metolachlor PRE fb imazosulfuron POST-DIR provides growers with a viable tool capable of achieving season-long control of nutsedge in bell pepper.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "BALANCING WORK AND FAMILY IN CANADA: AN EMPIRICAL EXAMINATION OF CONCEPTUALIZATIONS AND MEASUREMENTS. The issue of work and family balance has been on the agenda of many governmental and nongovernmental organizations in recent years and has led to the adoption of various policies. However, combining work and family responsibilities remains a challenge for many parents. In this paper, we examine the work-family conflict experienced by Canadian working parents. For the purpose of this paper, work-family conflict is conceptualized as the time-related stress arising from the competing demands of the different roles imposed on working parents. Our objective is three-fold. First, we take a critical look at how time stress has been conceptualized and measured in previous studies. Using data from the 2005 Canadian General Social Survey on time use, we suggest an alternative multi-item scale. Second, we examine the impact of different predictors on parents' time stress, paying special attention to the impact of work-related factors. Finally, we discuss the impact of provincial variations in family policy on parents' time stress. Although Quebec has introduced a number of family-oriented policies, we do not find evidence that these policies have resulted in less time stress for working parents in Quebec.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Taking the aggravation out of data aggregation: A conceptual guide to dealing with statistical issues related to the pooling of individual-level observational data. Field data often include multiple observations taken from the same individual. In order to avoid pseudoreplication, it is commonplace to aggregate data, generating a mean score per individual, and then using these aggregated data in subsequent analyses. Aggregation, however, can generate problems of its own. Not only does it lead to a loss of information, it can also leave analyses vulnerable to the ecological fallacy: the drawing of false inferences about individual behavior on the basis of population level (ecological) data. It can also result in Simpson's paradox, where relationships seen at the individual level can be completely reversed when analyzed at the aggregate level. These phenomena have been documented widely in the medical and social sciences but tend to go unremarked in primatological studies that rely on observational data from the field. Here, we provide a conceptual guide that explains how and why aggregate data are vulnerable to the ecological fallacy and Simpson's paradox, illustrating these points using data on baboons. We then discuss one particular analytical approach, namely multi-level modeling, that can potentially eliminate these problems. By highlighting the issue of the ecological fallacy, and increasing awareness of how datasets are often organized into a number of different levels, we also highlight the manner in which researchers can more positively exploit the structure of their datasets, without any information loss. These analytical approaches may thus provide greater insight into behavior by permitting more thorough investigation of interactions and cross-level effects. Am. J. Primatol. 77:727-740, 2015. (c) 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Decomposable bulk synchronous parallel computers. The Bulk Synchronous Parallel (BSP) computer is a generally accepted realistic model of parallel computers introduced by Valiant in 1990. We present an extension to the BSP model-a decomposable BSP (dBSP for short). Performance of several elementary algorithms, namely broadcasting, prefix computation, and matrix multiplication, is analyzed on BSP and dBSP models. For a suitable setting of parameters, these algorithms run asymptotically faster on dBSP than on BSP. We also show how space-bounded sequential algorithms can be transformed into pipelined ones with bounded period on dBSP. Such a transformation is proved impossible for the BSP model. Finally, we present an algorithm for the simulation of dBSP on BSP.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Fatal Outbreak of Mycoplasma capricolum Pneumonia in Endangered Markhors. A pneumonia outbreak reduced the numbers of a wild population of endangered markhors (Capra falconer!) in Tajikistan in 2010. The infection was diagnosed by histologic examination and bacteriologic testing. Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum was the Sole infectious agent detected. Cross-species transmission from domestic goats may have occurred.", "label": [2, 17, 24]}
+{"token": "The merger-paradox: A tournament-based solution. According to the well-known \\\\'merger paradox\\\\', in a Cournot market game mergers are generally unprofitable unless most firms merge. The present paper proposes an optimal merger mechanism. With this mechanism mergers are never unprofitable, more profitable than in other known mechanisms, and in many cases welfare increasing. The proposed mechanism assumes that merged firms continue to operate as independent subsidiaries that are rewarded according to a simple and commonly observed relative performance measure. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "STELLAR MASSES AND STAR FORMATION RATES OF LENSED, DUSTY, STAR-FORMING GALAXIES FROM THE SPT SURVEY. To understand cosmic mass assembly in the universe at early epochs, we primarily rely on measurements of the stellar masses and star formation rates (SFRs) of distant galaxies. In this paper, we present stellar masses and SFRs of six high-redshift (2.8 <= z <= 5.7) dusty, star-forming galaxies (DSFGs) that are strongly gravitationally lensed by foreground galaxies. These sources were first discovered by the South Pole Telescope (SPT) at millimeter wavelengths and all have spectroscopic redshifts and robust lens models derived from Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array observations. We have conducted follow-up observations to obtain multi-wavelength imaging data using the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), Spitzer, Herschel, and the Atacama Pathfinder EXperiment. We use the high-resolution HST/Wide Field Camera 3 images to disentangle the background source from the foreground lens in Spitzer/IRAC data. The detections and upper limits provide important constraints on the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) for these DSFGs, yielding stellar masses, IR luminosities, and SFRs. The SED fits of six SPT sources show that the intrinsic stellar masses span a range more than one order of magnitude with a median value similar to 5 x10(10) M-circle dot. The intrinsic IR luminosities range from 4 x 10(12) L-circle dot to 4 x 10(13) L-circle dot. They all have prodigious intrinsic SFRs of 510-4800 M-circle dot yr(-1). Compared to the star-forming main sequence (MS), these six DSFGs have specific SFRs that all lie above the MS, including two galaxies that are a factor of 10 higher than the MS. Our results suggest that we are witnessing ongoing strong starburst events that may be driven by major mergers.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "On a problem of nonoverlapping domains. We solve the problem of finding the range E of some functional on the class of pairs of functions univalent in the system of the disk and the interior of the disk for the arbitrary parameters characterizing the functional. We prove that E is connected and bounded. Using the method of internal variations and the parametric method, we find the equation of the boundary of E. The obtained results extend Lebedev's study [1].", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Fractional delay FIR filter design with the Darlington transform. In this brief, we present a method for the design of finite-impulse response (FIR) digital filters with an approximately constant group delay in a lowpass interval of the frequency axis. Our approach is based on a transform, that was introduced by S. Darlington. The approximation is performed in a complex C-plane, where an infnite-impulse response transfer function with a prescribed denominator polynomial has to be found, that approximates a given FIR transfer function in the least-squares sense. The optimal solution to this approximation problem is obtained in a straightforward manner. The filters we get, are very close to the filters that can be designed with an approach, based on the Remez algorithm, However, the proposed method is more general.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Factors influencing the perception and decision-making process of consumers on the choice of healthier foods in the United Kingdom: a systematic review using narrative synthesis. The perception that foods are consumed primarily to meet physiological and nutritional needs is nowadays understood as an outdated concept. Substantial empirical literatures have proven that diverse factors influence consumers' decisions in choosing healthy foods and diets, but the process of food choice remains complex. In this systematic review, the consumers' perceptions on food choices are explored and the key factors that influence food choices among the UK consumers are identified. The findings of this review were reported using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). The identified food choice factors were categorised into product, person and environmental (social, economic and informational)-related factors. Interventions that would improve awareness of healthier food choices and negative impacts of factors influencing food choices are recommended. Studies on consumer behaviours around perceptions and choices of foods are scanty in the United Kingdom, and the limitations identified in this review are to be addressed in future research.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "List length has little impact on consumers' visual attention to CATA questions. Check-all-that-apply (CATA) questions continue to gain popularity and attract interest in developing guidelines regarding their implementation and analysis. The current research continues on this path and considers visual attention by consumers to CATA questions. This is a pre-requisite for elicitation of valid data. Extending previous research, we consider whether CATA question list length influences consumers' visual attention to the task when it moderately increases from 12 to 20 terms. In a study with six wheat crackers consumers (n similar to 120) used a CATA questions with either a \\\\'short\\\\' list (12 terms) or a \\\\'long\\\\' list (20 terms). The main difference in visual processing was less attention to individual CATA terms when using \\\\'long\\\\' lists, but greater sustained visual attention to the task. The sensory characterisations for wheat crackers elicited by \\\\'long\\\\' and \\\\'short\\\\' lists differed only in minor ways, pointing to little practical impact of the observed differences in visual processing. Upon replication of the current results, consideration of how these findings generalise to test situations with longer CATA questions (30+ terms), tests with fewer/more samples and/or samples with more complex sensory characteristics is warranted. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "The new Spinoza and the Relationship between descriptive and revisionarer Metaphysics. Relying on the assumption that Spinoza makes a double use of the principle of sufficient reason, Michael Della Rocca has defended a reconstruction of Spinoza's approach as a metaphysical outlook according to which all particulars vanish in the only and one divine substance. This implies nothing less than a radical attempt to suggest a new and completely revisionary form of metaphysics. After a short discussion of Strawson's distinction between revisionary and descriptive metaphysics and an exposition of the basic principles of Della Rocca's interpretation, I critically assess his attack of the use of intuitions in analytic philosophy. After discussing the extent to which the first book of Spinoza's Ethics is appropriately described as a revisionary project, I conclude with an argument for the necessity of both descriptive and revisionary elements in metaphysics.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Experimental Data Assessment Test for Composition of Vapor Phase in Equilibrium with Gas Hydrate and Liquid Water for Carbon Dioxide plus Methane or Nitrogen plus Water System. Accurate knowledge of the compositions of the equilibrium phases in the systems containing gas hydrates is essential for many hydrate-based separation processes. Unfortunately, there are limited sets of such experimental data available in the literature partly due to the difficulties in measurements of the compositions of the phases in equilibrium with gas hydrate. Consequently, satisfactory accuracy of the measurements may not be obvious. Therefore, reliability of the corresponding data should be checked prior to their further applications. In this article, we present a thermodynamic assessment test (consistency test) based on the area test approach for the experimental compositional data of vapor phase in equilibrium with gas hydrate + liquid water for the carbon dioxide + methane or nitrogen + water system. The van der Waals and Platteeuw (vdW-P) solid solution theory is used to model the hydrate phase, and the Valderrama-Patel-Teja equation of state (VPT-EoS) along with the nondensity dependent (NDD) mixing rule is applied to deal with the fluid phases. The results show that only one of the studied experimental data sets seems to be thermodynamically consistent, and the rest of the data seem to be either not fully consistent or inconsistent.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "BOUNDS ON NET DELAYS FOR VLSI CIRCUITS. In the past, the dominant approach to solving timing problems in layout was based on sorting logical paths according to their criticality and assigning of different weights to nets. Timing-driven layout procedures used these weights to bias layout process. As an undesirable outcome, some noncritical paths became critical after layout. An alternative to the weight-based approach is development of delay bounds on all nets. In this paper, we discuss a formulation of this problem and suggest a new algorithm for its solution.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Effects of external magnetic field and hydrostatic pressure on magnetic and structural phase transitions in Pr0.6Sr0.4MnO3. We investigate the effect of hydrostatic pressure on the temperature dependence of magnetization and also the influence of magnetic field on the linear thermal expansion in polycrystalline Pr0.6Sr0.4MnO3, which is ferromagnetic at room temperature (T-C=305 K) but its magnetization undergoes an abrupt decrease at T-S = 89 K within the ferromagnetic state. Normal and inverse magnetocaloric effects around T-C and T-S, respectively, were reported earlier in this single phase compound [Repaka et al., J. Appl. Phys. 112, 123915 (2012)]. The thermal expansion shows an abrupt decrease at T-S in zero magnetic field but transforms into an abrupt increase at the same temperature under 7T, which we interpret as a consequence of magnetic field-induced structural transition from the low-temperature monoclinic (12/a symmetry) to high-temperature orthorhombic (Pnma symmetry) phase in corroboration with a published neutron diffraction study in zero magnetic field. While the external magnetic field does not change T-S, the application of a hydrostatic pressure of P = 1.16 GPa shifts the magnetic anomaly at T-S towards high temperature. The pressure induced shift of the low-temperature magneto-structural anomaly (Delta T-S = 27 K) is nine-times higher than that of the ferromagnetic Curie temperature (Delta T-C = 3 K). Our results suggest that while the hydrostatic pressure stabilizes the low temperature monoclinic phase at the expense of the orthorhombic phase, the applied magnetic field does not affect the structural transition temperature. Published by AIP Publishing.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "People's ways of believing: Learning processes and faith outcomes. This article reports an empirical research project that investigated the ways in which people's commitment to Christian faith content influenced their ways of learning. The project was set in a context of theories of adult experiential learning, and took the concept of the processes of internalization and externalization as its major focus. Within this paradigm, the external nature of Christian faith content is emphasized, together with its potential to exert an authoritative influence that in turn affects a variety of aspects of human growth and development. A typology of four \\\\'ways of believing\\\\' is offered, whereas the final discussion relates these to issues of faith development and theological reflection.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Electrically conducting, Ca-rich brines, rather than water, expected in the Martian subsurface. [1] If Mars ever possessed a salty liquid hydrosphere, which later partly evaporated and froze down, then any aqueous fluids left near the surface could have evolved to become dense eutectic brines. Eutectic brines, by definition, are the last to freeze and the first to melt. If CaCl2-rich, such brines can remain liquid until temperatures below 220degreesK, close to the average surface temperature of Mars. In the Martian subsurface, in intimate contact with the Ca-rich basaltic regolith, NaCl-rich early brines should have reacted to become Ca-rich. Fractional crystallization (freezing) and partial melting would also drive brines toward CaCl2-rich compositions. In other words, eutectic brine compositions could be present in the shallow subsurface of Mars, for the same reasons that eutectic magma compositions are common on Earth. Don Juan Pond, Antarctica, a CaCl2-rich eutectic brine, provides a possible terrestrial analog, particularly because it is fed from a basaltic aquifer. Owing to their relative density and fluid nature, brines in the Martian regolith should eventually become sandwiched between ice above and salts beneath. A thawing \\\\'brine sandwich'' provides one explanation (among many) for the \\\\'young gullies'' recently attributed to seepage of liquid water on Mars. Whether or not brine seepage explains the gullies phenomenon, dense, CaCl2-rich brines are to be expected in the deep subsurface of Mars, although they might be somewhat diluted (temperatures permitting) and of variable salt composition. In any case, they should be good conductors of electricity.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "INVOLVEMENT OF MEMBRANE-BOUND VIRAL GLYCOPROTEINS IN ADHESION OF PSEUDORABIES VIRUS-INFECTED CELLS. Cell-associated spread of pseudorabies virus (PrV) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Besides the already known direct cell-to-cell spread of the virus in monolayers, adhesion and subsequent fusion of suspended PrV infected cells to monolayers of uninfected cells are thought to occur. To study the adhesion of PrV-infected cells, an in vitro model was developed in SK-6 cells. Specific adhesion of PrV-infected cells to an uninfected monolayer started 5 h after infection of the cells and reached a maximum 6 h later. A correlation was found between the surface expression of PrV glycoproteins on the infected cells and the adhesion of these cells. PrV hyperimmune serum completely inhibited binding of the infected cells. To investigate which PrV envelope glycoproteins were responsible for the cell adhesion, the infected cells were incubated with antisera against glycoproteins gII, gIII, and gp50. Antiserum against either gII or gIII inhibited cell adhesion, and antisera against gII and gIII together had a cooperative effect. Antiserum against gp50 had no effect on binding when used alone but enhanced the inhibition induced by gII and gIII antisera. Heparin and neomycin inhibited adhesion, showing that the receptor for adhesion was a heparinlike substance. SK-6 cells infected with a gIII deletion mutant of PrV exhibited a much lower adhesion. This binding was heparin and neomycin independent and was not blocked by anti-gII serum. Nevertheless, it was completely inhibited with PrV hyperimmune serum and with anti-gp50 serum. This finding demonstrates that the ligand for adhesion of gIII--infected cells is glycoprotein gp50. These results strongly suggest that the mechanism for adhesion of a PrV-infected cell to an uninfected monolayer is similar to the mechanism of adsorption and penetration of a PrV virion to a host cell.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Using a stimulus correlated with reprimands to suppress automatically maintained eye poking. functional analysis indicated that chronic eye poking exhibited by a woman with profound mental retardation persisted in the absence of social contingencies. We initiated a procedure in which a therapist delivered a punisher (mild reprimand) contingent on eye poking in the presence, but not the absence, of a neutral stimulus (wristbands). Subsequently, eye poking was suppressed when the participant wore the wristbands in novel environments without the reprimand contingency.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Bare nouns and number in Dene Suline. This paper documents the number-related properties of Dene Suline (Athapaskan). Dene Suline has neither number inflection nor numeral classifiers. Nouns are bare, occur as such in argument positions, and combine directly with numerals. With these traits, Dene Suline ' represents a type of language that is little considered in formal typologies of number and countability. The paper critiques one influential proposal, that of Chierchia (in: Rothstein (ed.) Events and grammar, 1998a; Natural Language Semantics 6: 339-405, 1998b), and presents an alternative number typology, which introduces variation in the semantics of numerals. It will be shown that bare nouns in Dene Suline can be mass or count. Hence, the difference between count and mass cannot be expressed in terms of number, as in Chierchia. Instead, I express it in terms of atomicity. Mass nouns have nonatomic denotations, bare count nouns have atomic denotations that comprise singularities and pluralities. I also propose that numerals contain a function that accesses the singularities in a noun's denotation. Hence they are compatible with bare count nouns, but not with mass nouns. In classifier languages, numerals denote a cardinality only; singularity-accessing functions are expressed in separate elements: the classifiers. Thus, languages like Chinese require classifiers because the numerals are semantically deficient, and not, as is assumed by Chierchia and others, the bare nouns.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Spatial and temporal patterns in the coral assemblage at Clipperton Atoll: a sentinel reef in the Eastern Tropical Pacific. Isolated coral reef habitats are unique systems to study the natural dynamics of coral traits and their natural acclimatization, adaptation, and recovery from globalscale stressors such as thermally induced bleaching events. This study evaluates the spatial and temporal changes in coral community attributes (diversity, live cover, and coral assemblage structure) over 14 years (2005-2019) at Clipperton, an extremely remote Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETP) atoll. The atoll exhibited overall high coral cover (similar to 50-60%) dominated by massive species (Porites spp.), yet we observed large variation (44-56%) in coral community attributes among survey years (2005, 2016, 2019) with depth explaining most of the variation. Live coral cover increased in 2019 after a severe thermal stress event (El Nino, 2015-2016) and many tropical cyclones, which also caused a shift in assemblage structure from branching Pocillopora to massive Porites in the shallower reef zones, resulting in a less well-defined depth gradient. These changes in coral assemblage structure may have long-term effects on the configuration of the physical reef framework of the well-conserved coral reef ecosystems at Clipperton and consequently may alter the ecological functionality of one of the most important biogeographic stepping stones in the central Pacific and ETP regions.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "Air quality at venues of mixed smoking policies in Kazakhstan. CONCLUSIONS Hazardous level of PM2.5 due to tobacco products inside DSAs demonstrated the low efficiency of a smoking ban with exemptions. A complete smoking ban in food-serving venues should be in place to fully protect people from hazardous air quality conditions.RESULTS Smoke-free food-serving venues had moderate levels of air quality with mean PM2.5 of 26.2 mu g/m(3) while non-smoking zones inside venues that also permitted smoking had a mean of 56.5 mu g/m(3), corresponding to unhealthy air quality. Venues restricting smoking only to DSAs also had unhealthy air quality in non-smoking areas (mean PM2.5 = 87.6 mu g/m(3)) while DSAs had hazardous levels of air quality (mean PM2.5 = 647.9 mu g/m(3)). Smoking zones inside the venues and venues allowing smoking throughout had a mean PM2.5 of 180.3 and 182.0 mu g/m(3), respectively, ranking as very unhealthy. On average 3.5 persons were observed in DSAs with mean volume of 38.9 m(3). Cigarette and/or hookah were the major source of PM2.5. The higher the smoker density the poorer the air quality in the venue.INTRODUCTION Enclosed designated smoking areas (DSAs) and smoking zones are allowed in food-serving venues in Kazakhstan. Air quality in smoke-free foodserving venues, in venues with smoking throughout, in those with DSAs and those with smoking zones, is not fully understood.METHODS A cross-sectional study with aim to evaluate PM2.5 concentrations in the venues with mixed smoking was conducted from September to October 2017 in Almaty, the largest city of Kazakhstan. A total of 44 rooms within the selected 29 venues were evaluated: 100% smoke-free (5), non-smoking zones (7), smoking zones (7), non-smoking venues with DSAs (8), venues that allow smoking throughout (9), and DSAs (8). Real-time PM2.5 measurement was conducted by TSI SidePak AM510 Personal Aerosol Monitor and used to rank health-risk assessment using the Air Quality Index developed by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency.", "label": [2, 21, 23]}
+{"token": "'New Warsaw Pacts', 'Beggar Imperialism' and interstate rivalry in Central and Eastern Europe. This article addresses newly emerging interstate rivalry between Central and Eastern European states based on unevenness of capitalist development and growing assertiveness of particular states in terms of their various strategies and tactics. It critically analyses the efficacy of 'New Warsaw Pacts' concepts and argues that in the Central and Eastern European area, we observe a specific form of a post-Cold War multi-polarity, whereby interstate rivalry is becoming increasingly more complex. The term of 'Beggar Imperialism' is utilized as a possibly useful description of a specific form geopolitical strategy shown by the example of Poland.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Reflexive modernization and reconstructing the Third Way: a response to Mouzelis. Nicos Mouzelis has made a welcome intervention into the debate over Third Way theory and politics. The strengths of Mouzelis' account are identified as being his incorporation of asymmetrical power relations and institutional imbalances into the theory of reflexive modernization, and his defence of the Left/Right dichotomy. Three interrelated criticisms are then made. The first is of a sociological reductionism which neglects the importance of ideology and politics in bringing about the processes of reflexive modernization underpinning the Third Way. Conversely, the second criticism is that Mouzelis drifts into voluntarism in the form of a conspiracy theory in his account of 'cultural engineering from the top' amidst the conditions of reflexive modernity. Further, it is suggested that it is not with regard to achieving' cultural rights' against such top-down engineering that the Left/Right distinction endures, but rather in relation to how the role of the market is analyzed. Thirdly, at the level of institutional differentiation and power relations, Mouzelis underestimates the extent to which market logic is able to 'colonize' other spheres of social life, and his regulatory proposals are insufficient to address this.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Endogenous FGF-2 is important for cholinergic sprouting in the denervated hippocampus. To investigate the molecular mechanisms of cholinergic sprouting in the hippocampus after removal of entorhinal cortical inputs, we evaluated trophic factor gene expression in the denervated hippocampus. Despite the proposed role for nerve growth factor (NGF) in this sprouting, we observed no change in NGF mRNA or protein at several postlesion time points. In contrast, FGF-2 mRNA was increased within 16 hr. FGF-2 immunoreactivity was localized within GFAP-positive hypertrophic astrocytes distributed specifically within the denervated outer molecular layer after the lesion. To address the functional significance of this increase in FGF-2, we assessed the magnitude of cholinergic sprouting in animals receiving chronic intracerebroventricular infusions of neutralizing antibodies specific for FGF-2 and compared it with that observed in lesioned animals receiving infusate controls. Animals given FGF-2 antibodies displayed a marked reduction in cholinergic sprouting as compared with controls. In fact, many of these animals exhibited virtually no sprouting at all despite histological verification of complete lesions. These results suggest that endogenous FGF-2 promotes cholinergic axonal sprouting in the injured adult brain. Furthermore, immunocytochemical localization of receptors for FGF-2 (i.e., FGFR1) on projecting basal forebrain cholinergic neurons suggests that FGF-2 acts directly on these neurons to induce the lesion-induced sprouting response.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "Integrated Palmer Amaranth Management in Glufosinate-Resistant Cotton: II. Primary, Secondary and Conservation Tillage. A three year field experiment was conducted to evaluate the role of soil inversion, cover crops and spring tillage methods for Palmer amaranth between-row (BR) and within-row (WR) management in glufosinate-resistant cotton. Main plots were two soil inversion treatments: fall inversion tillage (IT) and non-inversion tillage (NIT). Subplots were three cover treatments: crimson clover, cereal rye or none (i.e., winter fallow); and the sub subplots were four secondary spring tillage methods: disking followed by (fb) cultivator (DCU), disking fb chisel plow (DCH), disking fb disking (DD) and no tillage (NT). Averaged over years and soil inversion, the crimson clover produced maximum cover biomass (4390 kg ha(-1)) fb cereal rye (3698 kg ha(-1)) and winter fallow (777 kg ha(-1)). Two weeks after planting (WAP) and before the postemergence (POST) application, Palmer amaranth WR and BR density were two-and four-times less, respectively, in IT than NIT. Further, Palmer amaranth WR and BR density were reduced two-fold following crimson clover and cereal rye than following winter fallow at 2 WAP. Without IT, early season Palmer amaranth densities were 40% less following DCU, DCH and DD, when compared with IT. Following IT, no spring tillage method improved Palmer amaranth control. The timely application of glufosinate + S-metolachlor POST tank mixture greatly improved Palmer amaranth control in both IT and NIT systems. The highest cotton yields were obtained with DD following cereal rye (2251 kg ha(-1)), DD following crimson clover (2213 kg ha(-1)) and DD following winter fallow (2153 kg ha(-1)). On average, IT cotton yields (2133 kg ha(-1)) were 21% higher than NIT (1766 kg ha(-1)). Therefore, from an integrated weed management standpoint, an occasional fall IT could greatly reduce Palmer amaranth emergence on farms highly infested with glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth. In addition, a cereal rye or crimson clover cover crop can effectively reduce early season Palmer amaranth emergence in both IT and NIT systems. For effective and season-long control of Palmer amaranth, one or more POST applications of glufosinate + residual herbicide as tank mixture may be needed in a glufosinate-based cotton production system.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Interaction between a dislocation and a core-shell nanowire with interface effects. The problem of a screw dislocation interacting with a core-shell nanowire (coated nanowire) containing interface effects (interface stresses) is first investigated. The interaction energy and the interaction force are calculated. The interaction force and the equilibrium position of the dislocation are examined for variable parameters (interface stress and material mismatch). The influence of the core-shell nanowire and the interface stresses on the interaction between two screw dislocations is also considered. The results show that the impact of the interface stresses on the motion and the equilibrium position of the dislocation near the core-shell nanowire is very significant when the radius of the nanowire is reduced to nanometer scale. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "A heretics ale about heresy or hen words do matter. What came first, heresy or orthodoxy? Walter Bauer's book Orthodoxy and Heresy in Earliest Christianity, published in 1934, seems to have unleashed the demons of scholars of early Christianity. Partisanship has, however, starkly coloured the still ongoing discussion. Denominational and scholarly belonging, as the work of Bart Ehrman and of his opponents like Andreas Kostenberger and Darrell Bock has widely shown, has so taken the upwind and signed this discussion that a full investigation into the meaning and the history of the concepts at hand has been 'forgotten'. The customary and common understanding of the concepts of orthodoxy and, in particular, heresy, are, however, completely inadequate for this discussion. Ignoring the enormous cultural heritage of the concept of heresy () - which we intend to unveil in this article - has made for the word-bullets in this historical battle to turn out to be little more than blanks in a sham-war. Time has come to end this battle, which is the scope of this article.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "A SUPPLY CHAIN PERSPECTIVE ON STRATEGIC FOOTHOLD MOVES IN EMERGING MARKETS. Emerging markets present intriguing growth opportunities, but they are often extremely risky for foreign entrants. Given this riskiness, companies entering emerging markets may establish strategic footholdssmall positions that they can later choose to expand (referred to as an attack) or abandon (referred to as a withdrawal)rather than making costly large-scale entries. While scholars have begun to examine the competitive dynamics surrounding footholds, the influence of the supply chain has not been considered. This is surprising given that supply chains are key to the daunting task of meeting emerging market demands. To build on extant research, we theorize about how environmental uncertainty (e.g., stemming from factors such as poor infrastructure and political unrest), foothold portability (i.e., how easily the foothold resources can be redeployed in the firm's supply chain), and supply chain knowledge influence (or should influence) firms' decisions about footholds. This represents a needed step forward in understanding the central role of supply chains in foothold maneuvers in emerging markets. In taking this step, we posit that firms must consider both competitive dynamics and their supply chains or they risk over/under estimating the viability and value of their footholds.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "Neuroaesthetics: The Cognitive Neuroscience of Aesthetic Experience. The field of neuroaesthetics has gained in popularity in recent years but also attracted criticism from the perspectives both of the humanities and the sciences. In an effort to consolidate research in the field, we characterize neuroaesthetics as the cognitive neuroscience of aesthetic experience, drawing on long traditions of research in empirical aesthetics on the one hand and cognitive neuroscience on the other. We clarify the aims and scope of the field, identifying relations among neuroscientific investigations of aesthetics, beauty, and art. The approach we advocate takes as its object of study a wide spectrum of aesthetic experiences, resulting from interactions of individuals, sensory stimuli, and context. Drawing on its parent fields, a cognitive neuroscience of aesthetics would investigate the complex cognitive processes and functional networks of brain regions involved in those experiences without placing a value on them. Thus, the cognitive neuroscientific approach may develop in a way that is mutually complementary to approaches in the humanities.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Prefabricated osteomusculocutaneous flaps using calvarial bone: Experimental study. Prefabricated osteomusculocutaneous flaps using free calvarial bone were examined and evaluated in a rat model. The animals were divided into two groups according to prefabrication time: 14 days in Group 1 (n = 10) and 28 days in Group 2 (n = 10). Nine of IO preparations demonstrated neovascularization in Group 1, and all flaps showed neovascularization in Group 2. One flap was lost in Group 1 as a result of infection. Each group was evaluated histopathologically before the second stage of the experiment. Muscles without atrophy and osteocytes were noted in Group 1; however, Group 2 animals had both muscle atrophy and nonviable bone. The prefabricated osteomusculocutaneous flaps were then transferred as both island and free flaps. Flap viability was assessed an postoperative day 7 by macroscopic observation. Although all flaps survived in the island-flap group, two flaps failed to survive due to technical error in the free-flap group. Neovascularization was clearly evident by 2 weeks in the osteomusculocutaneous flaps, after 4 weeks, complete atrophy of the muscle meant that the flaps could no longer be characterized as osteomusculocutaneous. Clinically, it might be possible to use the outer table alone, in which case both thin skin and bone would be desirable. This study may provide a model for this approach.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Evaluation of functional properties of composite flours and sensorial attributes of composite flour biscuits. The present study was undertaken to develop biscuits from the composite flours. Composite flours were prepared by blending wheat flour with rice flour, green gram flour and potato flour in ratios of 100:0:0:0 (W-100), 85:5:5:5 (W-85), 70:10:10:10 (W-70) and 55:15:15:15 (W-55), respectively. The functional properties of composite flours such as swelling capacity, water absorption capacity, oil absorption capacity, emulsion activity, emulsion stability, foam capacity, foam stability, gelatinization temperature, least gelation concentration and bulk density were increased with increase in the incorporation of other flours with wheat flour. Overall acceptability for composite flour biscuits was awarded highest score for W-55 followed by W-70 and W-85 as compared to control biscuits. All biscuits coincided in the range of 'like moderately' to 'like very much' for composite flours biscuits while 'like slightly' to like moderately' for control biscuits.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Policy substitutability in complex humanitarian emergencies - A model of individual choice and international response. Complex humanitarian emergencies involve population movements on a massive scale, driven by drought, famine, or war. The international community may respond with humanitarian aid or peacekeeping operations but local responses to international intervention may exacerbate the emergency. Combatants divert aid to finance coercive activities, and peacekeeping operations are resisted by those who benefit from social disruption. This article develops a rational choice model that shows how individuals' choices among their options of production, coercion, and relocation affect the aggregate supply and demand of food in ongoing conflicts. This model demonstrates that humanitarian aid and peacekeeping operations have complementary strengths and that the international community can best achieve its goals by carrying out both kinds of operations. This simple model captures important aspects of the policy substitutability and alternative trigger effects in complex humanitarian emergencies,and suggestions for future research are outlined.", "label": [5, 47, 49]}
+{"token": "Vaginal atresia with transverse septum in a cat. A six and half-year-old nulliparous mixed breed cat which had the complaints of vomiting, abdominal distention and depression was presented to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Osaka Prefecture University. She was suspected of pyometra by clinical signs and tests. By laparotomy, it was clarified that both uterine horns and vagina showed distension by the accumulation of secretions, and the vagina ended blindly leaving a tough connective tissue at the border between cranial and caudal part of the vagina. Postoperative contrast-radiograph of the remaining vagina proved it had no persistence of the hymen. From these findings, the condition was diagnosed as a feline atresia vaginalis with the transverse vaginal septum which is caused by the embryonic failure of canalization of the paramesonephric duct between the end of the Mullerian duct and the urogenital sinus.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "STAT protein interference and suppression of cytokine signal transduction by measles virus V protein. Measles virus, a paramyxovirus of the Morbillivirus genus, is responsible for an acute childhood illness that infects over 40 million people and leads to the deaths of more than 1 million people annually (C. J. Murray and A. D. Lopez, Lancet 349:1269-1276, 1997). Measles virus infection is characterized by virus-induced immune suppression that creates susceptibility to opportunistic infections. Here we demonstrate that measles virus can inhibit cytokine responses by direct interference with host STAT protein-dependent signaling systems. Expression of the measles V protein prevents alpha, beta, and gamma interferon-induced transcriptional responses. Furthermore, it can interfere with signaling by interleukin-6 and the non-receptor tyrosine kinase, v-Src. Affinity purification demonstrates that the measles V protein associates with cellular STAT1, STAT2, STAT3, and IRF9, as well as several unidentified partners. Mechanistic studies indicate that while the measles V protein does not interfere with STAT1 or STAT2 tyrosine phosphorylation, it causes a defect in IFN-induced STAT nuclear accumulation. The defective STAT nuclear redistribution is also observed in measles virus-infected cells, where some of the STAT protein is detected in cytoplasmic bodies that contain viral nucleocapsid protein and nucleic acids. Interference with STAT-inducible transcription may provide a novel intracellular mechanism for measles virus-induced cytokine inhibition that links innate immune evasion to adaptive immune suppression.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "ON EFFICIENT IMPLEMENTATION OF LR-ATTRIBUTED GRAMMARS. Several methods have been proposed for the evaluation of attributes during LR parsing. Some of these methods are based on the construction of semantic expressions for computing the values of inherited attributes, associated with states of the LR-automaton. In these methods, the semantic expressions are constructed and evaluated separately. This may lead to situations, where some computations are repeated. This paper exposes the redundant computations in these methods, and an optimization is introduced to avoid them.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Impact of tobacco use on health and work productivity in Malaysia. Background The loss of productivity arising from tobacco use in low/middle-income countries has not been well described. We sought to examine the impact of cigarette smoking on population health and work productivity in Malaysia using a recently published measure, the productivity-adjusted life year (PALY). Methods A life table model was constructed using published Malaysian demographic and mortality data. Our analysis was limited to male smokers due to the low smoking prevalence in females (1.1%). Male smokers aged 15-64 years were followed up until 65 years or until death. The population attributable risk, health-related quality of life decrements and relative reduction in productivity due to smoking were sourced from published data. The analysis was repeated assuming the cohorts were never smokers, and the differences in outcomes represented the health and productivity burden conferred by smoking. The cost of productivity loss was estimated based on the gross domestic product per equivalent full-time worker in Malaysia. Results Tobacco use is highly prevalent among working-age males in Malaysia, with 4.2 million (37.5%) daily smokers among men aged between 15 and 64 years. Overall, our model estimated that smoking resulted in the loss of over 2.1 million life years (2.9%), 5.5 million (8.2%) quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and 3.0 million (4.8%) PALYs. Smoking was estimated to incur RM275.3 billion (US$69.4 billion) in loss of productivity. Conclusion Tobacco use imposes a significant public health and economic burden among working-age males in Malaysia. This study highlights the need of effective public health interventions to reduce tobacco use.", "label": [2, 21, 23]}
+{"token": "Interactions Between Competition and Predation Shape Early Growth and Survival of Two Neotropical Hylid Tadpoles. Experimental studies in temperate regions have revealed that competition and predation interact to shape aquatic communities. Predators typically reduce the effect of competition on growth and competitors provide alternative prey subjects, which may also alter predation. Here, we examine the independent and combined effects of competition and predation on the survival and growth of hatchling tadpoles of two widespread co-occurring Neotropical hylid frogs (Agalychnis callidryas and Dendropsophus ebraccatus). Using 400 L mesocosms, we used a 2 x 3 factorial substitutive design, which crossed tadpole species composition with the presence or absence of a free-roaming predator (Anax amazili dragonfly larva). Dragonflies were effective predators of both species, but had larger effects on A. callidryas survival. Both species had similar growth rates when alone, whereas A. callidryas grew 30 percent faster than D. ebraccatus when they co-occurred, suggesting interspecific rather than intraspecific competition had relatively stronger effects on D. ebraccatus growth, while the opposite was true for A. callidryas. Predator presence dramatically reduced growth rates of both species and erased this asymmetry. Results suggest that the effects of predator induction (i.e., nonconsumptive effects) on growth were larger than both consumptive and competitive effects. Our study demonstrates that predators have strong effects on both survival and growth of prey, highlighting the potential importance of predators in shaping prey populations and tropical aquatic food web interactions.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "The consultant-client relationship: Critical perspectives on the management of organizational chance. The management consultancy industry is attracting more and more attention. The critical literature in particular has questioned how a non-codified body of knowledge like 'consultancy' could become so apparently influential. The answering emphasis has been on the symbolic nature of consultant strategies and consultancy as a powerful system of persuasion. However, an emerging structural perspective has developed a rather different view, focusing on the limits of the industry discourse, and the constraints of a consultancy role defined largely by external forces. While it is useful to contrast the two perspectives - strategic and structural - they can also be viewed as complementary, and indeed a number of writers have been well aware both of the importance of consultant strategies and the context of consultancy work. In particular, they have explored the interaction between consultant and client, and called attention to factors like the countervailing power of client organizations and the uncertainty of the management task. The paper aims to contribute to this debate and draws on case studies of consultants' role in the management of organizational change - one of clients with considerable market power, and another of interdependency between consultant and client. The point stressed is that the consultancy process contains no 'necessary' structures (which may be implied by pairings such as the dependent client and indispensable consultant, or alternatively the resistant client and vulnerable consultant). Instead the consultant-client relationship is best regarded as part of an overarching managerial structure and a contingent exchange that assumes a variety of forms.", "label": [5, 44, 46]}
+{"token": "Rest-frame ultraviolet spectrum of the gravitationally lensed galaxy 'the 8 o'clock arc': stellar and interstellar medium properties. We present the first detailed analysis of the rest-frame ultraviolet spectrum of the gravitationally lensed Lyman break galaxy (LBG), the \\\\'8 o'clock arc\\\\', obtained with the intermediate-resolution X-shooter spectrograph recently commissioned on the ESO Very Large Telescope. Besides MS 1512-cB58, the Cosmic Horseshoe, and the Cosmic Eye, three other lensed LBGs at comparable redshifts, this is the fourth of such a study, usually unfeasible at high redshifts. The spectrum of the 8 o'clock arc is rich in stellar and interstellar features, and presents several similarities to the well-known MS1512-cB58 LBG. The stellar photospheric absorption lines allowed us to constrain the systemic redshift, Z(sys) = 2.7350 +/- 0.0003, of the galaxy, and derive its stellar metallicity, Z = 0.82 Z(circle dot), which is in excellent agreement with the metallicity determined from nebular emission lines. With a total stellar mass of similar to 4.2 x 10(11) M(circle dot), the 8 o'clock arc agrees with the mass-metallicity relation found for z > 2 star-forming galaxies, although being located near the upper end of the distribution given its high mass and high metallicity. Broad He ii.1640 emission is found, indicative of the presence of Wolf-Rayet stars formed in an intense period of star formation. The 31 interstellar absorption lines detected led to the abundance measurements of 9 elements. The metallicity of the interstellar medium (ISM), Z = 0.65 Z(circle dot) (Si), is very comparable to the metallicity of stars and ionized gas, and suggests that the ISM of the 8 o'clock arc has been rapidly polluted and enriched by ejecta of OB stars. The ISM lines extend over a very large velocity range, Delta u similar to 1000 km s(-1), from about -800 to + 300 km s(-1) relative to the systemic redshift, and have their peak optical depth blueshifted relative to the stars, implying gas outflows of upsilon(ISM) similar or equal to -120 km s(-1). The zero residual intensity in the strongest lines indicates a nearly complete coverage of the UV continuum by the ISM. The Ly alpha line is dominated by a damped absorption profile on top of which is superposed a weak emission, redshifted relative to the ISM lines by about + 690 km s(-1) and resulting from multiply backscattered Ly alpha photons emitted in the H II region surrounded by the cold, expanding ISM shell. A homogeneous spherical shell model with a constant outflow velocity, determined by the observations, is able to reproduce the observed Ly alpha line profile. Furthermore, the required dust content, E(B -V) approximate to 0.3, is in good agreement with the attenuation measured from the Balmer decrement. These results obtained from the radiation transfer modeling of the Ly alpha line in the 8 o'clock arc fully support the scenario proposed earlier, where the diversity of Ly alpha line profiles in Lyman break galaxies and Ly alpha emitters, from absorption to emission, is mostly due to variations of Hi column density and dust content.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Malware Clearance for Secure Commitment of OS-Level Virtual Machines. A virtual machine(VM) can be simply created upon use and disposed upon the completion of the tasks or the detection of error. The disadvantage of this approach is that if there is no malicious activity, the user has to redo all of the work in her actual workspace since there is no easy way to commit (i.e., merge) only the benign updates within the VM back to the host environment. In this work, we develop a VM commitment system called Secom to automatically eliminate malicious state changes when merging the contents of an OS-level VM to the host. Secom consists of three steps: grouping state changes into clusters, distinguishing between benign and malicious clusters, and committing benign clusters. Secom has three novel features. First, instead of relying on a huge volume of log data, it leverages OS-level information flow and malware behavior information to recognize malicious changes. As a result, the approach imposes a smaller performance overhead. Second, different from existing intrusion detection and recovery systems that detect compromised OS objects one by one, Secom classifies objects into clusters and then identifies malicious objects on a cluster by cluster basis. Third, to reduce the false-positive rate when identifying malicious clusters, it simultaneously considers two malware behaviors that are of different types and the origin of the processes that exhibit these behaviors, rather than considers a single behavior alone as done by existing malware detection methods. We have successfully implemented Secom on the feather-weight virtual machine system, a Windows-based OS-level virtualization system. Experiments show that the prototype can effectively eliminate malicious state changes while committing a VM with small performance degradation. Moreover, compared with the commercial antimalware tools, the Secom prototype has a smaller number of false negatives and thus can more thoroughly clean up malware side effects. In addition, the number of false positives of the Secom prototype is also lower than that achieved by the online behavior-based approach of the commercial tools.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Tan a banderas desplegadas: el poder de un comisario inquisitorial en las periferias virreinales del Peru a comienzos del siglo XVII. En esta investigacion se estudia el ejercicio del poder inquisitorial en los territorios virreinales surperuanos, comprendidos por las Gobernaciones del Tucuman y Rio de la Plata, durante las primeras cuatro decadas del siglo XVII. En una reduccion de la escala de observacion, se ha reconstruido la trayectoria de vida del licenciado Antonio Rosillo, primer comisario inquisitorial de Cordoba del Tucuman y dos veces comisario del Rio de la Plata. La emergencia de determinados aspectos biograficos de este ministro del Santo Oficio permite vincular, en un juego de escalas, la estructura institucional de la Inquisicion y sus mecanismos de control social, con la concreta aplicacion de su justicia en la sociedad colonial americana. El estudio de las complejas redes vinculares establecidas por este individuo deja entrever la circularidad de su poder en dinamica relacion, de caracter vertical y horizontal, con los principales sectores del poder politico y comercial de la epoca, y a traves de la extraordinaria trama formada en el cruce de caminos de innumerables destinos individuales.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Neuroprotective effects of the catalytic subunit of telomerase: A potential therapeutic target in the central nervous system. Senescence plays an important role in neurodegenerative diseases and involves key molecular changes induced by several mechanisms such as oxidative stress, telomere shortening and DNA damage. Potential therapeutic strategies directed to counteract these molecular changes are of great interest for the prevention of the neurodegenerative process. Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein composed of a catalytic subunit (TERT) and a RNA subunit (TERC). It is known that the telomerase is involved in the maintenance of telomere length and is a highly expressed protein in embryonic stages and decreases in adult cells. In the last decade, a growing number of studies have shown that TERT has neuroprotective effects in cellular and animal models after a brain injury. Significantly, differences in TERT expression between controls and patients with major depressive disorder have been observed. More recently, TERT has been associated with the decrease in reactive oxygen species and DNA protection in mitochondria of neurons. In this review, we highlight the role of TERT in some neurodegenerative disorders and discuss some studies focusing on this protein as a potential target for neuroprotective therapies. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 21, 39]}
+{"token": "Strongly Algebraically Closed Lattices in l-groups and Semilattices. In this article, the properties of being N-0-classes of a full l-group, the set of polars of an l-group, the complemented l-ideals of a complete l-group, the set of invariant elements of a dimension ortholattice, and pseudocomplemented semilattices are studied from the perspective of model theory and their relations to strongly algebraically closed lattices are obtained.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Compression behavior of woven fabrics. This chapter deals with fundamental aspects of compression. Various theories of compression for fibrous material are summarized. Low stress compression behavior of woven fabric and its application in determination of fabric hand is also highlighted. Finally a theoretical model for the prediction of compression behavior of woven fabric is described.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "Left inferior parietal and posterior temporal cortices mediate the effect of action observation on semantic processing of objects: evidence from rTMS. Previous studies showed that motor information related to tool use (i.e., functional actions) could affect processing of objects semantic properties, whereas motor information related to grasping or moving tool (i.e., structural actions) cannot. However, little is known about the neural correlates mediating such interaction between motor and semantic information. Here, healthy participants performed a semantic judgment task requiring identification of semantic relations among objects, after observing a functional, a structural or a pointing action prime. In a within-subject design, during prime presentation the participants underwent repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the left supramarginal gyrus (SMG), the left posterior middle temporal gyrus (pMTG) or received sham stimulation. Results showed that in the sham condition observing functional actions (vs. structural and pointing actions) favoured processing of semantic relations based on function similarity (i.e., taxonomic relations), but not of relations based on co-occurrence within an event schema (i.e., thematic relations). Moreover, stimulation of both left SMG and pMTG abolished the effect of functional action primes worsening subsequent judgment about taxonomic relations, and this effect was greater after pMTG stimulation. rTMS did not affect processing of thematic semantic relations. We suggest that action observation triggers activation of functional motor information within left inferior parietal cortex, and that integration between functional motor and conceptual information in left temporal cortex could impact high-level semantic processing of tools.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "A standardized postmortem protocol to assess the real burden of sudden infant death syndrome. Sudden unexpected infant death (SUID) is a major cause of death in infants < 1 year of age. Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is a SUID still unexplained after post-mortem examination. In 2014, a protocol of post-mortem investigation was introduced to assess both the prevalence and the etiopathogenesis of SUID. Our aim was to compare SUID data before and after the application of a standardized autopsy protocol of investigation. In the time interval 2004-2018, SUID cases occurring in the Veneto Region, North-East Italy, were referred to our Core Lab. Since 2014, a complete autopsy was performed, including gross and histological study with toxicologic and molecular analysis carried out at the referral center. A total of 36 SUIDs (22 M, mean age 95.5 +/- 80 days), 17 before (group A) and 19 after (group B) 2014, were collected. In group A, only 1 (6%) resulted as explained SUID, due to lymphocytic myocarditis and 16 (94%) were SIDS. In group B, 8 were SIDS (42%) and 11 (58%) explained SUID cases (p < 0.01), consisting of interstitial pneumonia and bronchiolitis in 9 and lymphocytic myocarditis in 2 cases. Molecular analysis was positive for viruses in 8 of them (73%). In conclusion, since the application of a standardized protocol of post-mortem investigation, inflammatory, mostly infective, cardio-pulmonary diseases have been identified as the most common cause of SUID, with SIDS falling from 94 to 42% of SUID. Efforts must be made to implement a uniform autopsy protocol to provide reliable epidemiological data on SIDS.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "From Polis to Borders: Demarcation of Social and Ritual Space in the Sanctuary of Poseidon at Kalaureia, Greece. This article focuses on three interrelated themes in the study of ancient Greek religion, looked at through the material evidence from the sanctuary of Poseidon at Kalaureia on the island of Poros, Greece. First, 1 look at the so-called polis model and its applicability to an interpretation of Kalaureian material related to the cultic life of the sanctuary from the point of view of the 'historiography' of Greek religion. I then discuss the historical context of the archaeological material, with particular emphasis on the topic of the sanctuary as a known place of asylum particularly during the Hellenistic period. Thirdly, I examine the archaeological material related to eating and dining and its potential connection to the demarcation between sacred and profane activities and between sacralised and profane space in the sanctuary, with special interpretative attention to the significance of border(s) and boundaries. Drawing attention to these issues may help us understand the dynamics and interplay between 'official' and 'private' aspects of ancient Greek religion, within both the tradition of the scholarship of ancient Greek religion and the so-called 'archaeology of cult'.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MAIN-BELT COMET 176P/LINEAR. We present a physical characterization of comet 176P/LINEAR, the third discovered member of the new class of main-belt comets, which exhibit cometary activity but are dynamically indistinguishable from main-belt asteroids. Observations show the object exhibiting a fan-shaped tail for at least one month in late 2005, but then becoming inactive in early 2006. During this active period, we measure broadband colors of B - V = 0.63 +/- 0.02, V - R = 0.35 +/- 0.02, and R - I = 0.31 +/- 0.04. Using data from when the object was observed to be inactive, we derive best-fit IAU phase function parameters of H = 15.10 +/- 0.05 mag and G = 0.15 +/- 0.10, and best-fit linear phase function parameters of m(1, 1, 0) = 15.35 +/- 0.05 mag and beta = 0.038 +/- 0.005 mag deg(-1). From this baseline phase function, we find that 176P exhibits a mean photometric excess of similar to 30% during its active period, implying an approximate total coma dust mass of M-d similar to (7.2 +/- 3.6) x 10(4) kg. From inactive data obtained in early 2007, we find a rotation period of P-rot = 22.23 +/- 0.01 hr and a peak-to-trough photometric range of Delta m similar to 0.7 mag. Phasing our photometric data from 176P's 2005 active period to this rotation period, we find that the nucleus exhibits a significantly smaller photometric range than in 2007 that cannot be accounted for by coma damping effects, and as such, are attributed by us to viewing geometry effects. A detailed analysis of these geometric effects showed that 176P is likely to be a highly elongated object with an axis ratio of 1.8 < b/a < 2.1, an orbital obliquity of epsilon similar to 60 degrees, and a solstice position at a true anomaly of v(o) = 20 degrees +/- 20 degrees. Numerical modeling of 176P's dust emission found that its activity can only be reproduced by asymmetric dust emission, such as a cometary jet. We find plausible fits to our observations using models assuming similar to 10 mu m dust particles continuously emitted over the period during which 176P was observed to be active, and a jet direction of 180 degrees less than or similar to alpha(jet) less than or similar to 120 degrees and delta(jet) approximate to -60 degrees. We do not find good fits to our observations using models of impulsive dust emission, i.e., what would be expected if 176P's activity was an ejecta cloud resulting from an impact into non-volatile asteroid regolith. Since for a rotating body, the time-averaged direction of a non-equatorial jet is equivalent to the direction of the nearest rotation pole, we find an equivalent orbital obliquity of 50 degrees less than or similar to epsilon less than or similar to 75 degrees, consistent with the results of our light curve analysis. Furthermore, the results of both our light curve analysis and dust modeling analysis are consistent with the seasonal heating hypothesis used to explain the modulation of 176P's activity. Additional observations are highly encouraged to further characterize 176P's active behavior as the object approaches perihelion on 2011 July 1.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "ORIENTATION ABILITIES AND MECHANISMS IN NONMIGRATORY POPULATIONS OF GARTER SNAKES (THAMNOPHIS-SIRTALIS AND T-ORDINOIDES). I tested the navigational abilities in nonmigratory populations of garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis and T. ordinoides) from Spectacle Lake Provincial Park on Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Canada. Displacement studies were carried out from 1986-88 to determine the level of orientational abilities present in each species and to examine potential orientation cues. Snakes were displaced from their home range and tested in an arena under a variety of conditions. The results demonstrated that nonmigratory T. sirtalis possessed advanced navigational abilities. Advanced abilities may be absent in T. ordinoides. Thamnophis sirtalis demonstrated time-compensated solar orientation as determined by 6-h phase-delayed tests. Pheromone trails produced by gravid females, but not by males, may also provide an orientation guide for T. sirtalis under some conditions. Thamnophis ordinoides did not respond in a discernible way to either solar or pheromonal cues. The findings of this study were compared with similar tests performed on a migratory population of T. sirtalis. Navigational skills vary little between migrating and nonmigrating populations of the same species but may be poorly developed in nonmigratory species.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Divergent expression of cytokinin biosynthesis, signaling and catabolism genes underlying differences in feeding sites induced by cyst and root-knot nematodes. Cyst and root-knot nematodes are obligate parasites of economic importance with a remarkable ability to reprogram root cells into unique metabolically active feeding sites. Previous studies have suggested a role for cytokinin in feeding site formation induced by these two types of nematodes, but the mechanistic details have not yet been described. Using Arabidopsis as a host plant species, we conducted a comparative analysis of cytokinin genes in response to the beet cyst nematode (BCN), Heterodera schachtii, and the root-knot nematode (RKN), Meloidogyne incognita. We identified distinct differences in the expression of cytokinin biosynthesis, catabolism and signaling genes in response to infection by BCN and RKN, suggesting differential manipulation of the cytokinin pathway by these two nematode species. Furthermore, we evaluated Arabidopsis histidine kinase receptor mutant lines ahk2/3, ahk2/4 and ahk3/4 in response to RKN infection. Similar to our previous studies with BCN, these lines were significantly less susceptible to RKN without compromising nematode penetration, suggesting a requirement of cytokinin signaling in RKN feeding site formation. Moreover, an analysis of ahk double mutants using CycB1;1:GUS/ahk introgressed lines revealed contrasting differences in the cytokinin receptors mediating cell cycle activation in feeding sites induced by BCN and RKN.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Voter expectations of government formation in coalition systems: The importance of the information context. Can voters in multi-party systems predict which coalition will form the government with any degree of accuracy? To date, studies which explore voter expectations of coalition formation have emphasized individual level attributes, such as education, but the complexity of the environment at the time the coalitions are forming should also be consequential in enabling (or handicapping) voters in forming expectations. We examine the relative effects of individual level attributes (e.g., education, cognitive mobilization) versus contextual factors (e.g., information availability) in 19 German state elections and 3 German general elections between 2009 and 2017. We find that the ease of identifiability of alternative future governments varies significantly across multi-party systems. We find that respondents are more likely to predict governments that they would like to see in office, that have a higher probability of receiving a majority of seats, and that consist of ideologically proximate parties. Combining survey data with a novel indicator of coalition signals, measured through a quantitative text analysis of newspaper coverage, we also find that voters consider positive pre-election coalition signals when predicting the government. Finally, we find that the information environment is much more relevant for correct coalition predictions than individual-level characteristics of respondents. Although individual attributes do influence predictive ability, these factors are strongly dominated by the context in which the prediction is taking place. The information environment has by far the largest effect on predicting coalition outcomes. Our results have implications for the literature on strategic voting in multi-party settings, as well as the literature on accountability.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "The impact of conifer plantation forestry on the Chydoridae (Cladocera) communities of peatland lakes. Conifer plantation forestry is recognised as a potential source of diffuse pollution to surface waters and represents a risk to their ecological status. In this study, the water chemistry and Chydoridae (Cladocera) communities of 26 small blanket bog lakes were investigated to assess the impact of plantation forestry. The study was conducted over a 12-month period in 2009-2010 by comparing lakes with three distinct catchment land uses: (i) unplanted blanket bog only present in the catchment, (ii) mature conifer plantation forests only present in the catchment and (iii) catchments containing mature conifer plantation forests with recently clearfelled areas. All three catchment land uses were replicated across two geologies: sandstone and granite. Lakes with afforested catchments had very high concentrations of plant nutrients (P and N), total dissolved organic carbon (TDOC) and heavy metals (Al and Fe), the highest concentrations being recorded from the clearfelled lakes. Similarly, the chydorid communities differed between lakes of contrasting catchment land use. The dominance of Alonopsis elongata in the unplanted blanket bog lakes shifted to dominance by the smaller bodied Chydorus sphaericus, along with Alonella nana, Alonella excisa and Alonella exigua, in the plantation forestry-effected lakes, consistent with a shift in lake trophy. Our findings have shown that plantation forestry can have a profound impact on the water quality of small peatland lakes, especially at the clearfell stage. The response of the chydorid communities is consistent with plantation forestry exerting a trophic, rather than an acidic or toxic, effect on lake ecosystems.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "Food Waste Treatment Methods and its Effects on the Growth Quality of Plants: A Review. Food waste and leftovers were common materials that were currently used as bio-compost or soil conditioners upon decomposition. Food waste was a source of food that has declined nutritional value and is not deemed favorable for human consumption. Leftovers were defined as uneaten edible remains of a meal. Biodegradation of these components contributes to many macronutrients, including carbon (C), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) in the compost, which makes it a suitable growing condition for plants. In this study, the main sources of research data were one hundred thirty-one scientific articles relating to food waste treatment methods and the growth quality of plants over the last few years. This review was the consensus of the role and characteristics of food waste and leftovers as fertilizers. Moreover, the paper briefly discusses the different composting methods for these materials and their corresponding effects on the growth quality of plants.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "An 'absolute right to do anything': Protest policing in NSW's last decade of a full-time riot squad. This article evaluates the way in which the New South Wales Public Order and Riot Squad has been used to police political protests. The use of force, strategic arrests and protection of business interests can be seen across local protests, as well as larger international events. It is argued that the shift towards paramilitary policing is having profound impacts on the policing of protests at all levels. The Public Order and Riot Squad does not just target the risk that it was designed to combat (extreme riots) and the risk which is often thought to be its justification (counter-terrorism). The article also considers the statutory framework for authorising protests, arguing that it is not just police tactics that support the status quo, but also the supposedly neutral method of evaluating public safety.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Timing accuracy of the SROSS C-2 GRB experiment. The SROSS C-2 (hereafter SROSS) trigger times have been derived from the satellite onboard telemetry clock, which had a large and variable drift rate. An analytical approach is used to model the drift of the onboard clock. The corrected trigger times are used to cross-correlate the SROSS time histories with their corresponding BATSE time histories. The results of these cross-correlations clearly establish that the corrected SROSS trigger times are sufficiently accurate to be used for triangulating several gamma-ray bursts (for which the locations are not known), using other spacecraft data to obtain reasonably small location error boxes.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Enhanced flotation of Pb(II)-activated wolframite using a novel collector. The flotation enrichment of fine-particle wolframite played a crucial role in production of strategic key metal tungsten. In this paper, N-[(3-hydroxyamino)-propoxy]-N-hexyl dithiocarbamate (HAHD) was designed to strengthen the flotation recovery of wolframite. The in situ AFM images clearly exhibited that the pre-activation of wolframite with Pb2+ ions significantly enhanced the self-assemble and aggregation of HAHD on its surface, and its surface hydrophobicity and floatability dramatically improved. The FTIR and XPS results recommended a chemisorption of HAHD to the Pb(II)-activated wolframite, and in the surface HAHD-Pb(II) complexes, both dithiocarbamate and hydroxamate groups chelated Pb(II) to deliver the four-membered (sic) and five-membered (sic) ring configurations. The double-site adsorption rendered a closed loop anchor of HAHD on the Pb(II)-activated wolframite surface, which essentially weakened the hydration of OH- ions toward Pb2+, Fe2+ or Mn2+ ions in/on wolframite interface. In addition, the hexyl group exhibits a strong hydrophobization, and the dithiocarbamate displays a selective affinity against alkaline earth metal minerals. These encouraged HAHD to be a strong-power and selective collector for wolframite versus calcite at its low dose.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "More Than Just a Pretty Face and a Hot Body: Multiple Cues in Mate-Choice. Mate preferences have been well studied in social and evolutionary psychology. In two studies (N = 490), using two different measurement techniques, we examined mate preferences for the body and the face in the context of other traits. Results replicated prior research on mate preferences across the sex of the participant and mating duration but clarified the nature of preferences for physical attractiveness. Generally, physical attractiveness was a necessity in short-term mating and for men and traits like kindness were a necessity in long-term mating and for women. Men wanted a short-term mate who had a good body, likely because that body advertises fertility whereas both sexes wanted a mate with a nice face for a long-term mate, which is likely because the face is a cue based on structural properties related to health. Sex and mating-duration differences on preferences for attractive faces and bodies were robust to differences in measurement technique.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "How thorough was Bach's thoroughbass? A reconsideration of the trio texture. Although J. S. Bach is known to have taken great care over the notation of his figured bass in general, passages exist in some of his compositions that seem to call for an added chordal accompaniment, notwithstanding the absence of figures. This article examines relevant examples from the obbligato and trio sonatas. In some cases, contextual clues indicate that the keyboardist in an obbligato work can add inner voices that amount to a modest continuo realization. This suggestion is supported by accounts of Bach's own habits as an accompanist, which report that he cultivated a rich, expressive thoroughbass texture whenever possible. Modern-day writers and performers who advocate a do-no-harm' approach to thoroughbass realization in Bach's musicsuggesting that Bach's genius' in continuo playing cannot be matched todayarguably forfeit a means of expression and musical interest.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Identity and coalitions in a multiracial era: how state legislators navigate race and ethnicity. Research on descriptive representatives provides mixed evidence that race informs legislators' political views. However, past work conflates racial categorization with racial identity, and often lacks variation in race as the key variable. Additionally, few studies examine how diversity within groups may impact intergroup relations within the legislature. The presence of multiracial elected officials prompts us to revisit the linkages descriptive representatives draw between their race and their political outlooks, and to explore the consequences of multiracial legislators' presence for intergroup relations within the legislature. Interviews with a diverse set of legislators were conducted. For multiracial legislators, questions about phenotypic ambiguity were salient, and narratives suggest their racial identities were consciously chosen, which in turn shaped their politics. The interviews also suggest that some multiracial legislators may encounter challenges to their minority caucus memberships. The findings suggest that as legislatures become more diverse, phenotype and identity choices may complicate intergroup relations in the legislature and how scholars understand what constitutes a descriptive representative.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "The fertility revolution in Zimbabwe with special regards to proximate determinants of fertility. The role of proximate determinants in moderating fertility decline is well documented in developing countries. In Zimbabwe, however, there is a limited understanding of the role of proximate determinants on fertility levels and trends. This study aimed to examine the role of proximate determinants of fertility (namely marriages, postpartum infecundity and contraception) using the Bongaarts proximate determinants model. The impact of these determinants is studied on a sample of married women aged 15-49 years' and corresponding cross-sectional data obtained through the six consecutive Zimbabwe Demographic Health Surveys (ZDHSs) hold in 1988, 1994, 1999, 2005 and 2015. The results reveal that the overall fertility declined from 5.4, 3.8 and 4.0 children per woman observed among 1988, 1999 and 2015 ZDHSs, respectively. This change was caused by the contraceptive inhibitive effect, which correspondingly increased from 3.00 to 4.65 and 6.45 children per woman. The fertility stalling observed in 1999 and after that is caused by postpartum infecundity and marital fertility inhibition which decreased with time. Moreover, contraceptive inhibition effect increased with education, wealth quintiles, and urban residence. In contrast, marital and postpartum infecundity fertility inhibition effects inversely correlate with education, wealth quintiles, and the place of residence. Therefore, to foster further fertility decline to replacement level, policies should promote contraceptive adoption, more extended breastfeeding periods and delay entry into early marriages. Furthermore, women empowerment, especially the promotion of female education to higher education and female employment, could be useful tools to further fertility decline.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Pediatric-Onset and Adult-Onset Separation Anxiety Disorder Across Countries in the World Mental Health Survey. Method: The sample included 38,993 adults in 18 countries in the World Health Organization (WHO) World Mental Health Surveys. The WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview was used to assess a range of DSM-IV disorders that included an expanded definition of separation anxiety disorder allowing onsets in adulthood. Analyses focused on prevalence, age at onset, comorbidity, predictors of onset and persistence, and separation anxiety-related role impairment.Results: Lifetime separation anxiety disorder prevalence averaged 4.8% across countries (interquartile range [25th-75th percentiles]=1.4%-6.4%), with 43.1% of lifetime onsets occurring after age 18. Significant time-lagged associations were found between earlier separation anxiety disorder and subsequent onset of internalizing and externalizing DSM-IV disorders and conversely between these disorders and subsequent onset of separation anxiety disorder. Other consistently significant predictors of lifetime separation anxiety disorder included female gender, retrospectively reported childhood adversities, and lifetime traumatic events. These predictors were largely comparable for separation anxiety disorder onsets in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood and across country income groups. Twelve-month separation anxiety disorder prevalence was considerably lower than lifetime prevalence (1.0% of the total sample: interquartile range=0.2%-1.2%). Severe separation anxiety-related 12-month role impairment was significantly more common in the presence (42.4%) than absence (18.3%) of 12-month comorbidity.Conclusions: Separation anxiety disorder is a common and highly comorbid disorder that can have onset across the lifespan. Childhood adversity and lifetime trauma are important antecedents, and adverse effects on role function make it a significant target for treatment.Objective: The age-at-onset criterion for separation anxiety disorder was removed in DSM-5, making it timely to examine the epidemiology of separation anxiety disorder as a disorder with onsets spanning the life course, using cross-country data.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Desymmetrisation of a diallyl system by intramolecular Heck reaction. The development of a desymmetrising cyclisation of a benzylic diallyl iodide is reported. The final procedure generates a new quaternary chiral centre in greater than 80% yield giving a highly functionalised methylene indan product suitable for further application in synthesis. (c) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Trying To Bridge the Divide: A Phenomenological Footnote Regarding the Dichotomy Between Empathy and Reasoning. In this paper, we discuss the historical relationship between empathy and reasoning from a historical and . philosophical (continental and Western philosophy) point of dew. We explain how empathy has lost its original aesthetic connotations through its journey from one language and culture to another. Nowadays, we often find a quite reduced understanding of empathy in psychology or education. Following this historical overview and opening up the notion of empathy to its aesthetic origins, we then apply a phenomenological lens and argue that reasoning and perspective-taking are interrelated with empathy, if we understand the importance of human embodiment: We argue that any reasonable argument relies on the fact that we indwell the world through a similar body. It is within this nexus of similarity and difference of embodiment and perceptions that our experiences can interlace. With this argument, we are hoping to address the distrust towards empathy as well as break open simplified conceptualizations of empathy in education towards a more complex understanding of this phenomenon.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Design and analysis of variable camber wing of propeller aircraft using the actuator disc method. Variable camber flap technology can adjust the spanwise circulation distribution, thereby reducing the induced drag. Therefore, the concept of variable camber flap is introduced into the design of propeller aircraft wing, and the design for drag reduction of propeller aircraft is carried out. The numerical simulation of the propeller aircraft is carried out by using the actuator disc method with non-uniform distribution of radial and circumferential loads. Through the unsteady simulation of a single propeller, the aerodynamic load on a periodic propeller is extracted as a boundary condition to the steady simulation of the full aircraft. The load extracted by the actuator disc is compared with the unsteady simulation result, which verifies the reliability of the method. The design for drag reduction at cruise and climb design conditions are respectively carried out with the variable camber flap technology. The variable camber cruise configuration is evaluated at both the begin and end cruise conditions. The results show that, after the flaps deflecting at a small angle according to the circulation distribution, the camber distribution of the wing is adjusted to make the circulation distribution closer to the elliptical circulation distribution. At the design cruise condition, the drag coefficient is reduced by 1.4 counts, and the lift-drag ratio increase by 0.1. At both begin and end cruise conditions, the drag coefficient decreases by 1 count, and the lift-drag ratio increases by 0.07. At the design climb condition, the drag coefficient decreases by 1 count, and the lift-to-drag ratio increases by 0.09.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "OBITUARIES IN TRANSLATION: A CORPUS-BASED STUDY. Sooner or later death will affect everyone, everywhere. However, this harsh reality is faced differently across cultures. Obituaries can help unveil some of those differences and their impact on translation. Using corpus linguistics as methodology, we aim to investigate if - and to what extent - a comparable American English-Brazilian Portuguese corpus of obituaries can help with the task of raising students' awareness of cultural peculiarities encountered in the same genre written in different languages and their consequences for equivalence retrieval. In order to accomplish our task, we selected texts published in Brazilian and North-American newspapers in 2015 and 2017. Despite addressing an everyday subject, obituaries are little explored academically. Nevertheless, this neglect is not proportional across countries, but it results from the popularity enjoyed by the genre. While obituaries are widely read in the United States, in Brazil they are rare, almost solely dedicated to famous deceased. Qualitative and quantitative analyses showed that terminology lacks in Portuguese due to cultural differences regarding the theme and that the lack of contact with the genre, in addition to ritual differences encountered in both countries/cultures, can help explain difficulties faced by Brazilian undergraduate students of Translation to render North-American obituaries into Portuguese.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Bridging the legitimacy gap: a proposal for the international legal recognition of INGOs. In this paper, we argue that there is a gap between the de facto and de jure legitimacy of international non-governmental organisations (INGOs) that requires more consideration from scholars studying their role in the international system. The gradual acceptance of INGOs as de facto legitimate actors can be seen in the long-term expansion of their role in international norm deliberation. Despite this development, most INGOs still lack international legal recognition, and thus de jure legitimacy. We argue that this gap between de facto and de jure legitimacy creates problems for both INGOs and members of international society. In seeking to address this disjunction, we highlight the limits of the current literature in understanding legitimacy as primarily sociological phenomena through an examination of the accountability agenda. We then propose a template for INGO legal recognition based on the principles that underpin the regulation of charities in English law as a first step in a gradualist argument for the institution of their international de jure legitimacy.", "label": [5, 47, 49]}
+{"token": "MALDI-TOF MS characterisation, genetic diversity and antifungal susceptibility of Trichosporon species from Iranian clinical samples. Methods: The yeasts were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Phylogenetic analysis was performed based on amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). The in vitro susceptibilities of eight antifungal agents were analysed using the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute broth microdilution methods.Background: Trichosporonosis is an emerging fungal infection caused by Trichosporon species, a genus of yeast-like fungi, which are frequently encountered in human infections ranging from mild cutaneous lesions to fungemia in immunocompromised patients. The incidence of trichosporonosis has increased in recent years, owing to higher numbers of individuals at risk for this infection. Although amphotericin B, posaconazole and isavuconazole are generally effective against Trichosporon species, some isolates may have variable susceptibility to these antifungals.Objectives: Herein, we evaluated the species distribution, genetic diversity and antifungal susceptibility profiles of Trichosporon isolates in Iran.Results: The isolates belonged to the species T. asahii (n = 20), T. japonicum (n = 4) and T. faecale (n = 3). A dendrogram of the AFLP analysis demonstrated that T. asahii and non-asahii Trichosporon strains (T. japonicum and T. faecale) are phylogenetically distinct. While voriconazole was the most active agent (GM MIC = 0.075 mu g/ml), high fluconazole MICs (8 mu g/ml) were observed for a quarter of Trichosporon isolates. The GM MIC value of amphotericin B for T. asahii and non-asahii Trichosporon species was 0.9 mu g/ml.Conclusions: The distribution and antifungal susceptibility patterns of the identified Trichosporon species could inform therapeutic choices for treating these emerging life-threatening fungi.", "label": [2, 4, 21, 39]}
+{"token": "Epistemic Prudence in Kant. In this paper I propose the concept of epistemic prudence. Epistemic prudence is the social ability to influence others for socio-cognitive purposes. As a pragmatic skill epistemic prudence consists not only in a description of the empirical origins of error (this is only empirical psychology), but in the social ability to avoid error and other cognitive ills resulting from logical selfishness and other cpistcmic vices.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Distribution and function of JCV agnoprotein. JC virus (JCV), the causative agent of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), encodes six major proteins including agnoprotein, the function of which is unknown. To explore its function, we initially studied the expression and localization of agnoprotein in both cultured cells and PML brain using immunohistochemical methods. Employing a specific polyclonal antibody, agnoprotein was found mostly in the cytoplasm of persistently infected JCI cells and in the finely elaborated cytoplasmic processes of oligodendroglial cells in PML brain. The immunohistochemistry indicated that the cytoplasm of oligodendroglial cells was relatively well-preserved in the demyelinated foci. Agnoprotein coprecipitated with tubulin in immunoprecipitation assays and the colocalization of agnoprotein with cytoplasmic tubulin was verified by double immunostaining with confocal microscopy. Transfection of an agnogene deleted JCV Mad1 strain (Mad1(Delta agno)) into the susceptible cell line failed to produce not only agnoprotein but also VP1 and large T mRNAs, whereas the wild-type JCV Mad1 resulted in the expression of both large T and VP1 mRNAs. The cytoplasmic agnoprotein was phosphorylated and when coexpressed with GST-EGFP, was also localized in the cytoplasm. Inhibition of protein kinase A by its inhibitor H-89, however, reversed the cytoplasmic localization of agnoprotein to the nuclear compartment. Our results suggest that JCV agnoprotein may \\\\'shuttle\\\\' between the nucleus and cytoplasm in a phosphorylation-dependent manner during viral replication.", "label": [2, 17, 20]}
+{"token": "Tailored support may reduce mental and relational impact of infertility on infertile patients and partners. Research question: What is the psychological impact of infertility on infertile patients and partners of infertile patients?Design: This online, international, quantitative survey assessed the impact of infertility on mental health, relationships and daily activities for 1944 respondents. Respondents were male or female infertile patients (n = 1037) or partners to infertile patients (n = 907; not necessarily partners of the patient sample) and were recruited at different stages of the treatment journey.Results: The most common emotions were 'sadness' at infertility diagnosis and 'anxiety' during treatment. Emotions differed in nature and intensity throughout the journey. Envy of others who achieved pregnancy was frequently reported by women. More than half of respondents (60.4%; n = 1174) perceived the infertility journey to have impacted their mental health, and 44.1% (n = 857) of respondents sought mental health support. More patients reported mental health impacts (70.1%, n = 727) than partners (49.3%, n = 447). One in three respondents indicated that their relationship had suffered due to the infertility diagnosis. Of these respondents, 55.0% (n = 409) strongly agreed that infertility caused an emotional strain. Patients more often than partners reported a detrimental impact on daily activities. Respondents most commonly agreed with statements regarding an 'effect on work-life balance'.Conclusion: Treatment journey stages are defined by their impact profile, which differs between infertile patients and partners of infertile patients. Negative impacts are diverse (mental health, relational, daily activities). There was disparity between the number of respondents reporting mental health issues and the number seeking mental health support. This indicates the need for support services tailored to different treatment stages.", "label": [2, 4, 21, 39]}
+{"token": "Flow Characteristics in Volute of a Double-Suction Centrifugal Pump with Different Impeller Arrangements. As an important type of centrifugal pump, the double-suction pump has been widely used due to its high efficiency region and large flow rate. In the present study, the complex flow in volute of a double-suction centrifugal pump is investigated by numerical simulation using a re-normalization group (RNG) k-epsilon model with experimental validation. Axial flows are observed in volute near the impeller outlet and compared with four staggered angles. The net area-weighted average axial velocities decrease as the staggered angle increases. The axial flows are mainly caused by the different circumferential pressure distribution at the twin impeller outlet. The dominant frequencies of the axial velocities for different staggered angles are f(BP) and its harmonic. The pressure fluctuations in most regions of the volute are obtained by superimposing the pressure generated by the two impellers.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Characterisation of measles after the introduction of the combined measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine in 2004 with focus on the laboratory data, 2016 to 2019 outbreak, Romania. Background: Since January 2016, a resurgence of measles in Romania has led to the third measles epidemic in the past 12 years; 64 deaths have been confirmed so far-the highest number of measles-related deaths since the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine was introduced in 2004. Aim: To provide an overview on the characterisation on measles in Romania after the introduction of the MMR vaccine with focus on the current outbreak, laboratory and molecular analysis. Methods: We performed an analysis of measles incidence and mortality after the introduction of MMR vaccination and a retrospective study using serological and molecular data in three consecutive outbreaks with focus on the current outbreak. Results: In the current outbreak, 17,533 measles cases were notified to the national surveillance system, 93% were unvaccinated. Measles virus was isolated from 429 samples and 283 were genotyped. Genotype B3 was predominant (n = 269) and sporadic measles cases associated with D8 genotype (n = 9) were also observed; genotype D4 and D8 were identified in the previous two measles outbreaks. The detection of several distinct measles virus B3 genotypes suggests multiple virus importations to Romania. Conclusion: The current outbreak is a consequence of insufficient vaccine coverage. Control measures were implemented to improve uptake of MMR vaccine, including administering the first MMR dose at a younger age (9-11 months) and offering catch-up vaccination to children that have not followed the recommended dosing schedule. More measures are needed to improve the surveillance performance and to achieve high routine MMR vaccination coverage.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Managerial defections, promotion criteria and firm growth. Junior managers' learning decisions and career expectations, promotion criteria, and parent firms' growth strategies are interdependent. We study this interdependence in a two-stage game where a junior manager invests in unobservable industry-specific learning in response to the firm's growth strategy. In the absence of a credible promotion criterion the firm is unable to insure itself fully against defections, growth is low and ex-post regrettable managerial promotions may occur. Higher growth relaxes promotion decisions and erodes managers' learning incentives, whereas lower growth generates the opposite effect but increases the likelihood of defections. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Phylogenetic Studies of the Three RNA Silencing Suppressor Genes of South American CTV Isolates Reveal the Circulation of a Novel Genetic Lineage. Citrus Tristeza Virus (CTV) is the most economically important virus of citrus worldwide. Genetic diversity and population structure of CTV isolates from all citrus growing areas from Uruguay were analyzed by RT-PCR and cloning of the three RNA silencing suppressor genes (p25, p20 and p23). Bayesian phylogenetic analysis revealed the circulation of three known genotypes (VT, T3, T36) in the country, and the presence of a new genetic lineage composed by isolates from around the world, mainly from South America. Nucleotide and amino acid identity values for this new genetic lineage were both higher than 97% for the three analyzed regions. Due to incongruent phylogenetic relationships, recombination analysis was performed using Genetic Algorithms for Recombination Detection (GARD) and SimPlot software. Recombination events between previously described CTV isolates were detected. High intra-sample variation was found, confirming the co-existence of different genotypes into the same plant. This is the first report describing: (1) the genetic diversity of Uruguayan CTV isolates circulating in the country and (2) the circulation of a novel CTV genetic lineage, highly present in the South American region. This information may provide assistance to develop an effective cross-protection program.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Geochemical assessment of soils in districts of fluoride-rich and fluoride-poor groundwater, north-central Sri Lanka. High contents of fluoride in groundwater are a controversial issue in the dry zone of Sri Lanka. This study describes the geochemistry of residual soils from relatively fluoride-rich (< 8 mg/L; mean 2.0 mg/L) and fluoride-poor (< 1 mg/L; mean 0.4 mg/L) groundwater sites in the dry zone to identify possible sources for fluoride. Abundances of 22 major and trace elements were determined in 74 soil samples using X-ray fluorescence. The results show that soil fluoride is lower than average upper continental crust and basement rocks in both the fluoride-rich (< 411 mg/kg) and fluoride-poor (< 277 mg/kg) groundwater sites. Negative linear correlation exists between fluoride in the soil and the groundwaters, suggesting that fluoride is readily leached to water rather than being retained in the unconsolidated sandy clay loam soils. Weathering of heavy minerals such as zirconium, apatite, fluorite, monazite and garnet are the main source for the soil in the fluoride-rich groundwater districts. In these areas Zr, Nb and Th are immobile relative to the basement, and F. CaO and P2O5 are depleted, suggesting that the loss of CaO provides favorable conditions for the leaching of F to water. Conversely, soils in the relatively fluoride-poor district are enriched in TiO2, Fe2O3, MnO, Cr, V and Sc, denoting the weathering of biotite, hornblende, garnet and pyroxenes in the basement Primary minerals present in the soils are the main cause for the enrichment of those elements. Further, fluoride levels in the soils and subsequently in the groundwaters show links with original magmatic contrast between the basement formations in each area. Soil geochemistry suggests that the meta-igneous rocks in the fluoride-rich districts may have been influenced by a fluoride-rich residual melt, whereas the fluoride-poor districts are associated with acidic meta-igneous rocks and meta-sedimentary rocks. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Exposure-response analysis to assess the concentration-QTc relationship of CC-122. CC-122 hydrochloride is a novel pleiotropic pathway modifier compound that binds cereblon, a substrate receptor of the Cullin 4 RING E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. CC-122 has multiple activities including modulation of immune cells, antiproliferative activity of multiple myeloma and lymphoma cells, and antiangiogenic activity. CC-122 is being developed as an oncology treatment for hematologic malignancies and advanced solid tumors. Cardiovascular and vital sign assessments of CC-122 have been conducted in hERG assays in vitro and in a 28-day good laboratory practice monkey study with negative signals. To assess the potential concentration-QTc relationship in humans and to ascertain or exclude a small QT effect by CC-122, a plasma concentration exposure-and Delta QTcF-response model of CC-122 was developed. Intensive CC-122 concentration and paired triplicate electrocardiogram data from a single ascending dose study were included in the analysis. The parameters included in the final linear exposure-response model are intercept, slope, and treatment effect. The slope estimate of 0.0201 with 90% CI of (0.009, 0.035) indicates a weak relationship between Delta QTcF and CC-122 concentration. The upper bounds of the 90% CI of the model-predicted Delta Delta QTcF effect at C-max from the 4 mg clinical dose and the supratherapeutic dose of 15 mg (1.18 ms and 8.76 ms, respectively) are <10 ms threshold, suggesting that the risk of CC-122 QT prolongation effect at the relevant therapeutic dose range from 1 mg to 4 mg is low.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Alteribacter salitolerans sp. nov., isolated from a saline-alkaline soil. A Gram-positive strain APA H-16(1)(T) was isolated from a saline-alkali soil sample collected from Heilongjiang Province, China. Cells were rod shaped, non-motile, endospore forming, and aerobic. Growth occurred at 10-45 degrees C (optimum, 35 degrees C), pH 7.0-10.5 (optimum, pH 9.5), and could tolerate NaCl up to 15.0% (w/v). Strain showed low 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities with Alteribacter natronophilus (97.8%), Alteribacter aurantiacus (97.7%), and Alteribacter populi (97.1%). The cell wall peptidoglycan was meso-diaminopimelic acid. The predominant menaquinone was MK-7. The polar lipid profile consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, unidentified aminophospholipids, unidentified phospholipid, and unidentified lipid. The major fatty acids were anteiso-C-15:0, and iso-C-15:0. The genomic G + C content was 45.1%. The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain APA H-16(1)(T) and the most closely related species were below the cut-off level (95-96%; 70%) for species delineation. Based on phenotypic, phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic, and genome comparison, strain APA H-16(1)(T) represents a novel species of the genus Alteribacter, for which the name Alteribacter salitolerans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is APA H-16(1)(T) (= KCTC 43228(T) = CICC 25092(T)).", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Relationship between radiation dose and microbleed formation in patients with malignant glioma. Background: Cranial irradiation is associated with long-term cognitive changes. Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) have been identified on susceptibility-weighted MRI (SWI) in patients who have received prior cranial radiation, and serve as radiographic markers for microvascular injury thought to contribute to late cognitive decline. The relationship between CMB formation and radiation dose has not previously been quantified.Methods: SWI was performed on 13 patients with stable WHO grade III-IV gliomas between 2 and 4 years after chemoradiotherapy to 60 Gy. The median age at the time of treatment was 41 years (range 25 -74 years). CMBs were identified as discrete foci of susceptibility on SWI that did not correspond to vessels. CMB density for low (< 30 Gy), median (30-45 Gy), and high (> 45 Gy) dose regions was computed.Results: Twelve of 13 patients exhibited CMBs. The number of CMBs was significantly higher for late (> 3 years from treatment) compared to early (< 3 years) timepoints (early median 6 CMBs; late median 27 CMBs; p = 0.001), and there were proportionally more CMBs at lower doses for late scans (p = 0.006). 88% of all CMBs were observed in regions receiving at least 30 Gy, but the CMB density within medium and high dose regions was not significantly different (p = 0.33 and p = 0.9, respectively, for early and late time points).Conclusions: CMBs predominantly form in regions receiving at least 30 Gy, but form in lower dose regions with longer follow-up. We do not observe a clear dose-response relationship at doses above 30 Gy. These findings provide important information to assess the risk of late microvascular sequelae from cranial irradiation.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Televised Antismoking Advertising: Effects of Level and Duration of Exposure. Results. Logistic regression analyses indicated that after adjustment for a wide range of potential confounders, exposure to antismoking advertising at levels between 100 and 200 gross rating points per week on average over 6 to 9 weeks was associated with an increased likelihood of having (1) salient quitting thoughts and (2) recent quit attempts. Associations between exposure for shorter periods and these outcomes were not significant.Methods. We used data from a serial cross-sectional telephone survey with weekly interviews of adult smokers and recent quitters in New South Wales, Australia (n = 13 301), between April 2005 and December 2010. We merged survey data with commercial TV ratings data to estimate individuals' exposure to antismoking advertising.Conclusions. Broadcasting schedules may affect the success of antismoking ads. Campaign planners should ensure advertising exposure at adequate frequency over relatively sustained periods to maximize impact.Objectives. We assessed the effects of levels and duration of exposure to televised antismoking advertising on cognitive and behavioral changes.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Mood disorders increase mortality mainly through dementia: A community-based prospective cohort study. Objective: The effects of mood disorders on mortality may be mediated by their effects on the risk of dementia, and interventions to reduce the occurrence of dementia may reduce their overall mortality. This study aimed to investigate the direct effects of depressive and bipolar disorders on the 6-year risk of mortality and also their indirect effects on mortality due to their effect on the risk of dementia. Methods: A total of 5101 Koreans were selected from a community-based prospective cohort study, and 6-year risks of mortality and dementia in participants with depressive and bipolar disorders were estimated by Cox proportional hazard analysis. The direct and indirect effects of depressive and bipolar disorders on the risk of mortality were estimated using structural equation modeling. Results: The depressive and bipolar disorder groups showed 51% and 85% higher 6-year mortality, and 82% and 127% higher risk of dementia, respectively, compared to euthymic controls. The effects of depressive and bipolar disorders on mortality were mainly mediated by their effects on the risk of dementia in a structural equation model. The direct effects of each mood disorder on mortality were not significant. Conclusion: Both depressive and bipolar disorders increased the risks of mortality and dementia, and the effects of mood disorders on mortality were mainly mediated through dementia. As dementia occurs later in life than mood disorders, measures to prevent it may effectively reduce mortality in individuals with a history of mood disorders, as well as being more feasible than attempting to control other causes of death.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Why does duress undermine consent?. In this essay, I discuss why consent is invalidated by duress that involves attaching penalties to someone's refusal to give consent. At the heart of my explanation is the Complaint Principle. This principle specifies that consent is defeasibly invalid when the consent results from someone conditionally imposing a penalty on the consent-giver's refusal to give the consent, such that the consent-giver has a legitimate complaint against this imposition focused on how it is affects their incentives for consenting. The Complaint Principle says that this consent is defeasibly invalid to make room for the Authorization Principle, which allows sincere authorizations to constitute valid consent, even when these are issued by an agent acting under duress. The Authorization Principle has application only in cases of third-party duress because when the consent-receiver is the source of the duress, the consent-giver is not sincerely authorizing the action.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Comparative proteomic analysis of leaves between photoperiod-sensitive and photoperiod-insensitive maize inbred seedlings under long day treatments. Day length is an important environmental factor affecting the growth and development of maize (Zea mays), a short day (SD) plant grown in different latitudes. Leaf has been recognized as the light perceiving and signal producing organ. Under long day (LD) conditions, photoperiod-sensitive induction phase in maize begins at the fourth fully expanded leaf stage. However, the changes of maize leaf proteome in response to LD are largely unknown. To reveal maize proteome response to LD, proteins extracted from newly expanded fifth, sixth and seventh leaves from maize inbred line 496-10 (photoperiod sensitive) and Huangzao4 (HZ4, photoperiod insensitive) under LD treatments were compared via gel-based proteomic approach. As a result, eleven differentially expressed proteins were identified between 496-10 and HZ4 by mass spectrometry. This difference in protein accumulation was highly reproducible during the fifth to seventh leaf stages and most obvious at the seventh leaf stage. The identified proteins are mainly involved in circadian clock or iron metabolism, light harvesting and photosynthesis, nucleic acid metabolism and carbon fixation or energy metabolism. This study provides new insight into the influences of LD treatment on SD plants, such as maize, at proteome level.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "HybridTune: Spatio-Temporal Performance Data Correlation for Performance Diagnosis of Big Data Systems. With tremendous growing interests in Big Data, the performance improvement of Big Data systems becomes more and more important. Among many steps, the first one is to analyze and diagnose performance bottlenecks of the Big Data systems. Currently, there are two major solutions. One is the pure data-driven diagnosis approach, which may be very time-consuming; the other is the rule-based analysis method, which usually requires prior knowledge. For Big Data applications like Spark workloads, we observe that the tasks in the same stages normally execute the same or similar codes on each data partition. On basis of the stage similarity and distributed characteristics of Big Data systems, we analyze the behaviors of the Big Data applications in terms of both system and micro-architectural metrics of each stage. Furthermore, for different performance problems, we propose a hybrid approach that combines prior rules and machine learning algorithms to detect performance anomalies, such as straggler tasks, task assignment imbalance, data skew, abnormal nodes and outlier metrics. Following this methodology, we design and implement a lightweight, extensible tool, named HybridTune, and measure the overhead and anomaly detection effectiveness of HybridTune using the BigDataBench benchmarks. Our experiments show that the overhead of HybridTune is only 5%, and the accuracy of outlier detection algorithm reaches up to 93%. Finally, we report several use cases diagnosing Spark and Hadoop workloads using BigDataBench, which demonstrates the potential use of HybridTune.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "The difficulty of discerning between composed and improvised music. The generative processes (types) of composition and improvisation are often claimed to differ from each other with respect to complexity, spontaneity, and listener expectation. While this conceptual difference might be tenable, it is unclear whether it has an empirical perceptual basis. In a listening experiment with three contrasting pieces classical (Mozart), romantic (Scriabin), and free jazz (Rissi) - we compared composed and non-composed musical stimuli. 102 experts rated six one-minute excerpts using the scales \\\\'spontaneous/improvised\\\\' and \\\\'coherent/rehearsed\\\\'. The ratings were of acceptable, though moderate, reliability, and the listeners reacted markedly differently to the three styles. However, the effect of generative type was either non-significant (Mozart, Scriabin) or caused by performative aspects for the free jazz piece (Rissi). This lack of clear evidence for perceiving the two generative types is in line with other research showing divergence between theoretical concepts and their perceptual salience.", "label": [3, 5, 27, 50]}
+{"token": "MA-SHS of NbC and NbB2 in air from the Nb/B/C powder mixtures. When the Nb/B/C powder mixture with different molar ratios was mechanically activated by grinding for 60-150 min in a planetary ball mill and exposed to air, it self-ignited spontaneously and the self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) of NbC and NbB2 was induced. This mechanical activation assisted SHS (MA-SHS in air process) depended strongly on the particle size of Nb metal, the mixing ratio of Nb/B/C and the weight ratio of sample to balls. The product of NbC and NbB2 with fine, homogeneous microstructure is expected to be a promising candidate as precursor of NbC-NbB2 composites. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "Four new Arthoniomycetes from Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda - supported by molecular data. Arthonia physcidiicola Frisch & G.Thor, Chiodecton sorediatum G.Thor & Frisch, Herpothallon kigeziense Frisch & G.Thor and Reichlingia syncesioides Frisch & G.Thor are described as new to science. All species have been collected in the montane rainforests of Bwindi Impenetrable National Park in south western Uganda. The earlier monotypic genus Reichlingia with one anamorphic species is emended to include three fertile species and is newly reported to Africa. The combinations Reichlingia virginea (Mull.Arg.) Frisch for Arthothelium virgineum Mull.Arg. from the Usambara Mts. in north eastern Tanzania, and Reichlingia zwackhii (Sandst.) Frisch & G.Thor for the European Arthonia zwackhii Sandst. are made. A phylogenetic tree based on Bayesian and ML analyses of combined mtSSU, nLSU and RPB2 data showing the position of the new species in Arthoniomycetes is presented.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Baseline Functional Connectivity in Resting State Networks Associated with Depression and Remission Status after 16 Weeks of Pharmacotherapy: A CAN-BIND Report. Understanding the neural underpinnings of major depressive disorder (MDD) and its treatment could improve treatment outcomes. So far, findings are variable and large sample replications scarce. We aimed to replicate and extend altered functional connectivity associated with MDD and pharmacotherapy outcomes in a large, multisite sample. Resting-state fMRI data were collected from 129 patients and 99 controls through the Canadian Biomarker Integration Network in Depression. Symptoms were assessed with the Montgomery-angstrom sberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). Connectivity was measured as correlations between four seeds (anterior and posterior cingulate cortex, insula and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) and all other brain voxels. Partial least squares was used to compare connectivity prior to treatment between patients and controls, and between patients reaching remission (MADRS <= 10) early (within 8 weeks), late (within 16 weeks), or not at all. We replicated previous findings of altered connectivity in patients. In addition, baseline connectivity of the anterior/posterior cingulate and insula seeds differentiated patients with different treatment outcomes. The stability of these differences was established in the largest single-site subsample. Our replication and extension of altered connectivity highlighted previously reported and new differences between patients and controls, and revealed features that might predict remission prior to pharmacotherapy.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "The multivariate effect of chemical and oxidative characteristics of Buffalo Mozzarella cheese produced with different contents of frozen curd. This study evaluates the effect of using frozen curd on the chemical characteristics and oxidative modifications of Mozzarella cheese. Samples of Buffalo Mozzarella cheese with different frozen curd contents (0%, 5%, 20% and 50% w/w) were produced in three dairies and analysed after 1 and 9 days. Spectra of Mozzarella samples also were acquired by near-infrared spectyoscopy. By increasing the frozen curd content, the fat content and antioxidant activity of the Mozzarella cheese were reduced. During storage, the increase in moisture content and the reduction in fat and protein content occurred. The redox potential of Mozzarella was positive and increased over time.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Decoupling Judicial Review from Judicial Supremacy. In previous work, I have characterized one of the two constitutive features of the new general model of constitutionalism adopted over the last 30 years in Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and two sub-national units in Australia as decoupling judicial review from judicial supremacy. In this chapter, I aim firstly to clarify this feature by exploring the relevant meaning of judicial supremacy (that the model rejects) in light of certain potential misunderstandings and alternative senses that could be given to the term. Then, in the belief that judicial review shorn of judicial supremacy is easier to defend than the standard version in which they are combined, I present the case for this part of the general model.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Total water storage dynamics in response to climate variability and extremes: Inference from long-term terrestrial gravity measurement. Terrestrial water storage is a basic element of the hydrological cycle and a key state variable for land surface-atmosphere interaction. However, measuring water storage in a comprehensive way for different storage compartments and beyond the point scale is a challenge. In this study, we explore a 10-year time series of total water storage changes derived from high-precision superconducting gravimeter observations in a headwater catchment in Southern Germany. In combination with hydro-meteorological data, we examine the relationship between gravity-derived water storage changes, climate, and river discharge. Distinct seasonal water storage dynamics observed by the gravimeter are strongly related to the meteorological forcing, in particular evapotranspiration. Intra-annual water storage variations demonstrate that the simplifying assumption of water storage averaging to zero at the annual scale is not valid for this catchment. At the event-scale, gravimeters provide a measure of the available subsurface water storage capacity, which can be useful for runoff prediction. During the Central European drought in 2003, the gravimeter data show a strong depletion of water storage and a long-term recovery that extended over a period of several years. In comparison to point measurements or different environmental indices, our findings suggest that depth-integrated gravimeter measurements give a more complete picture of the dynamics of a hydrologic system in response to climate variability and extremes. In view of the considerable costs of gravimeters concerning the infrastructure and measurements, we suggest the strategic deployment of gravimeters at selected sites of hydro-meteorological monitoring networks.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "'An inexplicable constituency'? Organised Liberalism in Nottingham, 1868-1880. This article examines the nature of political rivalries within organised Liberalism in the parliamentary borough of Nottingham following the Second Reform Act. Much of the existing literature on party organisation has understandably focused on the problematic relationship between Radicals and Liberals. The hypothesis of this article, however, is that to characterise disagreements within local Liberalism as a principled struggle between the moderate and Radical sections of constituency parties is not only misleading but also unrewarding in terms of determining the precise nature of local political conflicts. The relationship between moderates and Radicals in Nottingham was fluid, ambiguous and, during parliamentary elections, muddied by competing campaign strategies. Thus, this article seeks to unpack the campaign rhetoric of those who opposed organised Liberalism in Nottingham, and argues that, although party organisation may have been the subject of heated debate, there existed neither a latent hostility to the party machine nor a clear ideological divide between local moderates and Radicals.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Inequitable Access to Health Care by the Poor in Community-Based Health Insurance Programs: A Review of Studies From Low-and Middle-Income Countries. Results: Generally, the rich were more willing to pay for CBHI than the poor and actual enrollment in CBHI was directly associated with socioeconomic status. Enrollment in CBHI was price-elastic-as premiums decreased, enrollment increased. There were mixed results on the effect of socioeconomic status on use of health care services among those enrolled in CBHI. We found a high drop-out rate from CBHI schemes that was not related to socioeconomic status, although the most common reason for dropping out of CBHI was lack of money to pay the premium.Methods: We searched PubMed, Web of Science, African Journals OnLine, and Africa-Wide Information for studies published in English between 2000 and August 2014 that examined the effect of socioeconomic status on willingness to join and pay for CBHI, actual enrollment, use of health care services, and drop-out from CBHI. Our search yielded 755 articles. After excluding duplicates and articles that did not meet our inclusion criteria (conducted in low-and middle-income countries and involved analysis based on socioeconomic status), 49 articles remained that were included in this review. Data were extracted by one author, and the second author reviewed the extracted data. Disagreements were mutually resolved between the 2 authors. The findings of the studies were analyzed to identify their similarities and differences and to identify any methodological differences that could account for contradictory findings.Background: Out-of-pocket payments for health care services lead to decreased use of health services and catastrophic health expenditures. To reduce out-of-pocket payments and improve access to health care services, some countries have introduced community-based health insurance (CBHI) schemes, especially for those in rural communities or who work in the informal sector. However, there has been little focus on equity in access to health care services in CBHI schemes.Conclusion: The effectiveness of CBHI schemes in achieving universal health coverage in low-and middle-income countries is questionable. A flexible payment plan where the poor can pay in installments, subsidized premiums for the poor, and removal of co-pays are measures that can increase enrollment and use of CBHI by the poor.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Post-transcriptional divergence in the regulation of CAT-2A, CAT-2B and iNOS expression by dexamethasone in vascular smooth muscle cells. Upregulation of l-arginine transport by pro-inflammatory mediators is a widely reported phenomenon which accompanies the expression of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) enzyme in various cells. Both processes require de novo protein synthesis which may be regulated differentially through diverging signalling pathways. This is particularly defined by observations that the glucocorticoid dexamethasone, acting potentially through NF-kappa B, selectively blocks the expression of iNOS whilst having little or no effect on transport; suggesting that this ubiquitous transcription factor may not be required for induced transporter activity. This notion is however controversial as is the suggestion that dexamethasone may regulate iNOS expression exclusively through NF-kappa B. Thus, to further understand the mechanisms that control these processes, we have examined the level at which dexamethasone acts, investigating whether this involves NF-kappa B and whether the latter selectively regulates iNOS induction. Our current data directly demonstrate that induced l-arginine transport is critically dependent on the activation of NF-kappa B, and further confirmed its role in the induction of iNOS in rat aortic smooth muscle cells. More importantly, dexamethasone enhanced both iNOS and CAT gene expression but repressed iNOS protein with no noticeable effects on transporter function or indeed NF-kappa B activation. These novel and unexpected findings reflect the complex nature of the regulation of iNOS by glucocorticoids and prove, contrary to previous assumptions, that dexamethasone can regulate CAT gene expression despite failing to alter transporter function. Moreover, the effects of dexamethasone occur through a non-NF-kappa B-mediated action even though NF-kappa B is required for both processes.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "The pH buffering capacity of Acrisols under cassava production in Southeastern Vietnam, Chau Thanh district. This study examined the pH buffering capacity (pH(BC)) of haplic Acrisols under intensive cassava production in an upland area of Southeastern Vietnam where accelerated soil acidification has occurred. Soil samples (0-20, 20-40 and 40-60 cm) were taken at 12 sites under cassava and three sites under secondary dipterocarp forest as reference. The pH buffer curves were linear in the pH(H2O) range from 3.97 to 5.24, corresponding to a pH(CaCl2) range from 3.74 to 5.20. Soil pH(BC) were low (1.16 +/- 0.13 cmol/kg/pH) and correlated significantly with pH, Aluminium (Al) and Al-related components. The results suggested that exchange acidity contributes significantly to soil's buffering capacity in acidic soils with low organic carbon. It also pointed to the possibility of using indicators of acidity to estimate soil pH(BC). The low pH(BC) indicated a high risk for further acidification and also pointed to the possibility of using lime to remediate soils. Either acid buffering capacity or lime buffering capacity not pH(BC) in general should be considered, respectively, in acidification and liming studies. Factors and processes involved in soil acidification and liming need to be addressed as a background for soil remediation in the study area.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "The Hewitt-Nachbin completion in topological algebra. Some effects of homogeneity. A space X is called Moscow if the closure of any open set is the union of some family of G(delta)-subsets of X. It is established that if a topological ring K of non-measurable cardinality is a Moscow space, then the operations in K can be continuously extended to the Hewitt-Nachbin completion upsilonK of K turning upsilonK into a topological ring as well. A similar fact is established for linear topological spaces. If F is a topological field such that the cardinality of F is non-measurable and the space F is Moscow, then the space F is submetrizable and the space F is hereditarily Hewitt-Nachbin complete. In particular, upsilonF=F. We also show the effect of homogeneity of the Hewitt-Nachbin completion on the commutativity of the Hewitt-Nachbin completion with the product operation.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Nicotine and Toxicant Exposure among US Smokeless Tobacco Users: Results from 1999 to 2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data. Methods: We analyzed biomarkers of tobacco exposure for 23,684 adult participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1999 to 2012. The biomarkers analyzed were serum cotinine, urinary 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), blood lead, blood cadmium, blood mercury, urinary arsenic, and urinary N-acetyl-S-(2-cyanoethyl)-L-cysteine. We calculated geometric mean concentrations for each biomarker by tobacco use category and geometric mean ratios adjusting for demographic factors.Impact: High exposure to harmful constituents among smokeless tobacco users is a continuing health issue. (C)2015 AACR.Results: Exclusive smokeless tobacco users had higher geometric mean concentrations of serum cotinine [178.9 ng/mL, 95% confidence interval (CI), 145.5-220.0] and NNAL (583.0 pg/mg creatinine, 95% CI, 445.2-763.5) than exclusive cigarette smokers (130.6 ng/mL, 95% CI, 122.3-139.6 and 217.6 pg/mg creatinine, 95% CI, 193.0-245.2, respectively). Smokeless tobacco users also had higher concentrations of blood lead compared with nontobacco users (adjusted geometric mean ratio = 1.30, 95% CI, 1.21-1.38). Based on limited sample sizes, NNAL concentrations for smokeless tobacco users appear to have declined from 2007 to 2008 (geometric mean = 1013.7 pg/mg creatinine, 95% CI, 738.9-1390.8) to 2011 to 2012 (geometric mean = 325.7 pg/mg creatinine, 95% CI, 159.6-664.9).Conclusions: Exclusive smokeless tobacco users have higher observed levels of exposure to nicotine and carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamines, as measured by cotinine and NNAL biomarker concentrations, than exclusive cigarette smokers. These patterns in NNAL levels for smokeless tobacco users may be changing over time.Background: It has been suggested that smokeless tobacco users have high nicotine and toxicant exposure, but studies with nationally representative data have been limited.", "label": [2, 21, 23]}
+{"token": "A parameter allocation approach for flow simulation using the WetSpa-Python model. Hydrologic models are simplified representations of natural hydrologic systems. Since these models rely on assumptions and simplifications to capture some aspects of hydrological processes, calibration of parameters is unavoidable. However, utilizing the philosophy of a recent modelling framework proposed by Bahremand (2016), we show how calibration of most model parameters can be avoided by allocating or presetting these parameters utilizing knowledge gained from sensitivity analyses, field observations and a priori specifications as a part of a parameter allocation procedure. This paper details the simulation of daily river flow of the Shemshak-Roudak watershed performed using the Python version of the WetSpa model. The WetSpa-Python model is a distributed model of hydrological processes applied at the watershed scale. The model was applied to the Shemshak-Roudak watershed of Iran with parameter allocation. Model calibration involved only two parameters. Straightforward methods were proposed for allocating model parameters, including three baseflow-related parameters and the determination of maximum active groundwater storage using a mass curve technique. Also, the Budyko curve was used to constrain a correction factor for potential evapotranspiration. The WetSpa-Python model was extended to include the influence of snowmelt. A failure to include snow in the hydrological processes of the WetSpa-Python model creates a significant discrepancy between the observed and simulated hydrographs during the spring. The results of daily simulations for 12 years (2002-2014) are in good agreement with observations of discharge (Kling-Gupta Efficiency = 0.84). These results demonstrate that it is feasible to simulate hydrographs with limited calibration given a knowledge of hydrological processes and an understanding of relationships between catchment characteristics and model parameters.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Parent age differentially influences offspring size over the course of development in Laysan albatross. Offspring growth and survival are predicted to be higher for older parents, due to a variety of mechanisms, such as increased breeding experience or greater investment favored by low residual reproductive value. Yet the extent to which parent age affects offspring viability is likely to vary between different aspects of growth and survival, perhaps being most pronounced at the most stressful stages of reproduction. We studied the link between parent age and nestling growth and survival in the Laysan albatross, a long-lived seabird with a mean first breeding age of 8 years. Offspring of older parents were more likely to survive to fledging. Among those that did fledge, nestlings of older parents grew more rapidly. However, parent age did not influence the eventual asymptotic size that nestlings reached before fledging: fast-growing nestlings of older parents reached 90% of asymptotic size roughly 1 week sooner, but slow-growing nestlings of younger parents eventually caught up in size before fledging. Older parents bred c. 2 days earlier than younger parents, but hatch date did not explain observed variation in offspring success. The extent to which parent age accounted for variation in size of individual nestlings was not constant but peaked near the midpoint of development. This could reflect a time period when demands on parents reveal age-based differences in parental quality. Overall, growth and survival of offspring increased with parent age in this species, even though the late age of first breeding potentially provides a 7-year period for birds to hone their foraging skills or for selection to eliminate low-quality individuals.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Knowledge management, decision-making style and organizational performance. A synthesis of existing Industry 4.0 literature depicts that knowledge management and decision making strategies are crucial factors for organizations. This article highlights the need and develops a framework for knowledge management and decision-making style by reviewing existing management literature. This research proposes a framework that supports the relationship between knowledge management enabling factors (i.e., organizational member's collaboration, T-shaped skills, learning and IT-support) and organizational performance, and the mediating effect of knowledge creation process. The article also propose that decision-making style (i.e., intuitive and/or rational) will moderate the relationship between knowledge creation process and organizational performance. A set of propositions that represent anempirically driven research agenda, and also describe the relationships between the focal variables are presented to enhance audience's understanding within a business context. (c) 2017 Journal of Innovation & Knowledge. Published by Elsevier Espana, S.L.U.", "label": [5, 44, 46]}
+{"token": "The Divine Miscarriage: Martanda, the Sun, and the Birth of Mankind. The article takes a new look at the Vedic myth of Martanda, the progenitor of the human race. The myth, it will be argued, describes the origin of the sun as well as the introduction of death and mortality in the world. Humankind, Martanda's mortal progeny, is ultimately descended from the gods, but through an accident: a failed birth in the world of immortals. Middle Vedic texts identify Martanda a with the sun, and though this identity has been doubted by some scholars, it is here argued that it may go back at least to the late RV. Another point discussed is the secondary identification of Martanda with Vivasvant, an ancestor-figure harking back to Proto-Indo-Iranian mythology, who also has some solar associations. The study also addresses the Iranian parallels to the Martanda myth, first noted by Hoffmann (1976). Like Martanda, Gay mart, the primordial man in Zoroastrian mythology, shows pronounced solar characteristics, and his demise brings death into the world.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Bivariate identities related to Chebyshev and Dickson polynomials over F-q. f(y) := (1 + root y)((q+1)/2) + (1 - root y)((q+1)/2)Let F-q be a field of q elements, where q is a power of an odd prime p. The polynomial f(y) is an element of F-q[y] defined bywhere p is the quadratic character on Fq. This univariate identity was applied to prove a recent theorem of N. Katz. We formulate and prove a bivariate extension, and give an application to quadratic residuacity. (C) 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.f(1 - y) = rho(2)f(y),has the property that", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Biodegradation ability of two selected microbial autochthonous consortia from a chronically polluted marine coastal area (Priolo Gargallo, Italy). The aims of this study were: (i) the characterization of the structure of the indigenous microbial community associated with the sediments under study; (ii) the isolation and characterization of microbial consortia able to degrade the aged hydrocarbons contaminating the sediments, and (iii) the assessment of related biodegradation capability of selected consortia. Samples of surface sediments were collected in Priolo Gargallo harbour (Sicily, Italy). The samples were analysed for physical, chemical (GC-FID analysis) and microbiological characteristics (qualitative (16S rDNA clone library) and quantitative (DAPI, CFU and MPN count) analysis). The sediment samples were used for the selection of two microbial consortia (indicated as PSO and PSM) with high biodegradation capacity for crude oil (similar to 95%) and PAHs (similar to 63%) respectively. Genetic analysis showed that Alcanivorax and Cycloclasticus were the dominant genera in both the PSO and PSM consortia. Oil-polluted environments naturally develop an elevated biorecovery potential. The presence of a highly specialized microbial flora (adapted to support the contamination) and their stimulation through favourable induced conditions provides a promising recovery strategy. The chance to identify and select indigenous bacteria and/or consortia with a high biodegradation capacity is fundamental for the development and optimization of bioaugmentation strategies especially for those concerning in situ applications.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 40]}
+{"token": "Family life transitions, residential relocations, and housing in the life course: Current research and opportunities for future work: Introduction to the Special Collection on 'Separation, Divorce, and Residential Mobility in a Comparative Perspective. This article provides an introduction to the Special Collection on \\\\'Separation, Divorce, and Residential Mobility in a Comparative Perspective.\\\\' The Special Collection consists of six European case studies: Belgium, Finland, France, Italy, Hungary, and the United Kingdom, and a cross-national study comparing Australia, Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. All studies focus on residential relocations or housing outcomes following separation.The studies contribute to the literature by focusing on the role of repartnering, child custody arrangements, the parental home, location continuity, country context, and gender for postseparation residential patterns and trajectories. Furthermore, this Special Collection contains the first analyses of the residential and housing patterns of separated men and women in Eastern and Southern Europe.CONTRIBUTIONAlthough the study countries are different regarding their welfare systems and housing markets, papers in the Special Collection report striking similarities in the housing and residential consequences of union dissolution across countries. Separation leads to a prolonged residential and housing instability for many individuals.CONCLUSIONSDivorce and separation have a long-lasting impact on individuals' residential relocations and housing conditions. This influence is gendered - women are generally worse off than men - and varies by individuals' educational level, whether they have children, and who cares for the children following union dissolution.BACKGROUNDRESULTS", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Five frameworks for increasing understanding and effective treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Predominately inattentive type. The article presents 5 interrelated frameworks for counselors seeking to obtain a greater understanding of factors that play a pivotal role in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Special attention is devoted to cases in which the predominant characteristic is inattentiveness. The 5 frameworks examined are organicity, internalizing dimension, co-occurring conditions, personality structure, and neurocounseling. Generating new perspectives for counseling practitioners should optimize counseling or treatment outcomes for clients with this multifaceted disorder.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Debt, accounting, and the transformation of individuals into financially responsible neoliberal subjects. Building on Lazzarato's (2012, 2015) insights about the importance of debt in governing populations in financialised neoliberal societies, this paper examines the transportation loan provided by Canada to refugees to travel to the country, and the role of the accounting department of the Canadian immigration agency in responsibilising refugees to reimburse this loan. Drawing on official documentation and historical data, and focusing on individuals' lived experiences and biographies captured through in-depth interviews with refugees, this paper demonstrates that by imposing financial obligations to repay transportation costs, the government, with the help of non-governmental organisations, financialises and 'responsibilises' individuals, who develop micro-accounting skills throughout the process. The paper contributes to the accounting literature on responsibilisation in neoliberal societies by showing the way in which debt, and its accompanying accounting practices, leads people to become 'more financially responsible', while at the same time defining the very meaning of 'financial responsibility'. By focusing on individuals' lived experiences, the paper sheds light on some of the means by which accounting shapes people's subjectivity and supports the construction of the neoliberal subject. Notably, this paper demonstrates that the vagueness, inaccuracy, or absence of accounting information responsibilises individuals via the emotions that these features generate. Importantly, the paper contributes to recent efforts to investigate the role of accounting in people's everyday lives, a fruitful way to extend and reinvigorate accounting literature seeking to better understand the increasingly invasive role of accounting in our societies.(c) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "Optimization of flexible printed circuit board electronics in the flow environment using response surface methodology. A flexible printed circuit board (FPCB) is flexible, thin and lightweight; however, FPCBs experience more deflection and stress in the flow environment because of fluid-structure interaction (FSI), which affects their performance. Therefore, the present study focuses to optimize a typical FPCB electronic in order to minimize the deflection and stress induced in the system. In this study, numeric parameters (i.e., flow velocity, component size, component thickness, misalignment angle, as well as the length and width of the FPCB) were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) with the central composite design technique. The separate effects of the independent variables and their interactions were investigated. The optimized condition was also examined to substantiate the empirical models generated using RSM. At a flow velocity of 5 m/s, the optimum values of the component size, component thickness, misalignment angle, as well as the length and width of the FPCB were determined at 11.69 mm, 12.37 mm, -0.73 degrees, as well as 180 mm and 180 mm, respectively. This optimized condition resulted in a maximum deflection of 0.402 mm and a maximum stress of 0.582 MPa. The findings conveyed can contribute to the development of FPCB industries. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 32]}
+{"token": "TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-BETA-1 RAPIDLY ACTIVATES PHOSPHORYLASE IN A CALCIUM-DEPENDENT MANNER IN RAT HEPATOCYTES. Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) rapidly activated phosphorylase in isolated rat hepatocytes (half-maximal rate of activation with approximately 0.1 ng/ml). Removal of Ca2+ from the external medium just before TGF-,81 addition markedly attenuated phosphorylase activation. TGF-beta1 (1 ng/ml) produced a small increase in [Ca2+]i (approximately 10% increase after 30 s), which appears sufficient to account for phosphorylase activation. These observations indicate that activation of the TGF-beta1 signal transduction system in hepatocytes is linked with a small increase in [Ca2+]i, and external Ca2+ may contribute in part to this increase.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Faba bean as green manure for field weed control in maize. Field observations on crop rotations with maize in temperate areas suggest that faba bean (Vicia faba) could exert some weed control when used as a green manure. To test this hypothesis, two glasshouse pot experiments and two field experiments were conducted on the weeding effects over time of faba bean incorporated into the soil. In the pots, faba bean concentrations of 1% and 2% of soil dry weight reduced the germination, root and shoot elongation and aerial biomass of Echinochloa crus galli and Amaranthus retroflexus by ca. 70% when the seeds were sown at the time of faba bean incorporation. These inhibitory effects declined with the delay in sowing. From ca. 21 days after incorporation, fertilising effects became evident in both the maize and the two weeds. In the two field experiments, on land with a history of maize growing in which faba bean biomasses of 6700 and 12 100 kg ha(-1) were soil-incorporated, residue-mediated reductions of the density and biomass of naturally occurring dominant dicotyledon (A. retroflexus, Chenopodium album and Solanum nigrum) and monocotyledon weeds (Digitaria sanguinalis and Cyperus rotundus) were observed. At emergence, mean differences with respect to control plots ranged from -14.8% to -69.8% for density and from -46.9 to -78.5% for biomass. Impacts were visible at the flowering time, and still statistically significant for some dicotyledons, leading to mean differences of total weed biomass up to -67.2% compared with control plots. Our results indicate that faba bean has potential as green manure for weed control in maize cropping systems.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "HUME'S CHANGING VIEWS ON THE 'DURABILITY' OF SCEPTICISM. While Hume is famous for his development and defence of various arguments for radical scepticism, Hume was bothered by the tension between his 'abstruse' philosophical reflections and ordinary life: If he often felt intensely sceptical in his study, he nonetheless felt genuinely unable to take these sceptical views seriously when he returned to the concerns and activities of everyday life. Hume's published work shows a deep and ongoing preoccupation with this tension, and I believe it also shows that Hume's view about the 'durability' of scepticism (that is, the extent to which sceptical insights can have an abiding impact on our cognitive lives) underwent an evolutionary development throughout the course of his publishing career. In this paper I propose to trace these textual developments in detail. In particular, I will argue that Hume's concern for intellectual stability is what drives the evolution, as he struggled to understand the 'durable value' in scepticism.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Exploratory investigation into the post-fracture model of laminated tempered glass using combined Voronoi-FDEM approach. It is reported that the fractured glass panels can contribute to the residual load-bearing capability of laminated glass (LG) after cracking. In order to investigate the stiffness and failure characteristics of LG at the post-fracture stage, a combined Voronoi and finite-discrete element method (FDEM) approach was proposed, which includes reconstructing the post-fracture patterns and carrying out the structural simulation of the post-fracture behaviour. The fracture morphology was determined by introducing Voronoi tessellation defined with statistical parameters such as the fragment face numbers, volume and sphericity. The interaction between glass fragments was captured with the cohesive zone model. One fractured LG block under uniaxial tension, which was taken from a triple layered LG beam with ionoplast interlayers, was modelled and validated with experimentally recorded data. Through iteration analysis, the key cohesive parameters were selected. It was then followed by investigating the influence of the fragment interaction property, the bond level and fracture morphology on the post-fracture behaviour of laminated tempered glass. Results show that the combined cohesion and frictional properties can well represent the residual interaction behaviour between fragments. The frictional property has a significant effect on the post-fracture resistance, and whereas the effect on the stiffness is not that evident. Compared to other cohesive parameters, the cohesive stiffness factors have a predominant effect on both the post-fracture stiffness and resistance. The tension stiffening effect is found to be able to provide a clear increase in post-fracture resistance, which can be up to ten times the original resistance, if the glass-interlayer interface is perfectly bonded. The progressive debonding at glass-interlayer interfaces will lead to the degradation in the loading resistance of fractured LG. A higher bond level can promote the coupling effect between interlayers and mid glass layer for providing increased load resistance after the significant debonding has occurred at the outmost glass-interlayer interface. The effect of fracture morphology on post-fracture performance is not evident in most cases except that the increase in fragment size will lead to a great stiffness growth.", "label": [1, 15, 12]}
+{"token": "Vibration analysis of rotating composite beams using polynomial based dimensional reduction method. Free vibration analysis of rotating composite beams with arbitrary cross section is presented. The analysis is based on dimensional reduction method. Contrary to most of the previous studies, which finite element is used to analyze the cross section, the present study examines a simple polynomial based sectional analysis. The three-dimensional (3D) elasticity problem of the composite beam is decomposed into a two-dimensional (2D) cross section analysis and a one-dimensional (1D) beam analysis. In 2D cross-sectional problem in-plane and out-of-plane warpings are calculated by minimizing the energy functional with respect to warping functions. Simple polynomial series are employed to derive the necessary warping functions analytically. Cross sectional properties are determined as a fully populated 4 x 4 stiffness matrix. Based on a 1D beam potential and kinetic energy, natural frequencies of rotating and non-rotating beams are obtained. The presented approach is applied to isotropic, laminated composite beams as well as thin-walled composite box beams. The effects of fiber angle and rotational speed are investigated for flap and lag bending vibration. The accuracy of the results is validated in comparison with other theories, 3D FEM and experimental data. This procedure, which gives accurate predictions, eliminates the costly use of 3D finite element analysis. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 15, 12]}
+{"token": "Out of Sight, out of Mind? Modeling the Impacts of Financial Squeeze on Extended Supply Chain Networks. Firms increasingly put financial pressure on their suppliers, also called squeezing. Suppliers react and adapt to financial squeeze as autonomous agents, causing complex ripple effects across the extended supply chain network. To capture intertwined and highly interactive effects among suppliers, we use agent-based models. We explore the impact of financial squeeze on supply chain network structure and operational outcomes. Results suggest that financial squeeze affects the stability of the supply chain network and the effect varies depending on the location of the suppliers. Firms located at the bottom of the supply chain network suffer most from financial squeeze, and the magnitude of the effect increases as one goes further upstream. In addition, as existing suppliers exit the network and new suppliers enter, three network archetypes (Empty Nest, TransitUp, and StableDown) emerge. We identify the condition and operational consequences associated with these three archetypes. Our findings are informative to managers at buyer firms about the impacts of squeezing strategy on their extended supply chain partners, who often times are out of their immediate purview.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "People with Disabilities - In Order to Belong, They Need to Be Missed!. People with disabilities are often excluded within our churches: Why is that so? This paper will explore why disabled people are not missed within our churches as a mission group and as a member of the body of Christ. It will also explore why the fact that they are not missed makes them feel like they do not belong in the church. The paper will conclude with what people with disabilities have to offer the church, and what the church can positively do to help them feel like they belong through our mission and inclusion of them into the full ministry of the church.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "When Does Self-Criticism Lead to Depression in Collectivistic Context. The study examined a research model predicting the moderating effect of interdependent self-construal on the relationship between internal self-criticism and depression. The participants were 319 college students from the Philippines. Data were collected using a self-reported questionnaire directly administered to the participants. The findings revealed that internal self-criticism, but not interdependent self-construal, predicted depression. Interdependent self-construal moderated the influence of internal self-criticism on depression, and showed that the influence of self-criticism on depression was weaker among individuals with high levels of interdependent self-construal. The findings were discussed in the context of cultural orientation in counseling practice.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Evaluation of Hemp (Cannabis sativa) (Rosales: Cannabaceae) as an Alternative Host Plant for Polyphagous Noctuid Pests. Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is a reemerging crop in the United States with increasing outdoor acreage in many states. This crop offers a potential host for polyphagous, defoliating lepidopteran pests currently present in Louisiana. The ability of soybean looper [Chrysodeixis includens (Walker)] (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), fall armyworm [Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith)] (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and beet armyworm [Spodoptera exigua (Hubner)] to develop and reproduce on hemp was investigated in this study. Insects were reared on two hemp varieties, Maverick and Pipeline, as well as documented host plants soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] (Fabales: Fabaceae) variety UA5414RR and cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.)] (Fabales: Fabaceae) variety Quickpick Pinkeye. Larvae of all three species reared on 'Maverick' had significantly faster preadult developmental times compared to the other hosts. Chrysodeixis includens larvae fed excised leaves of 'Maverick' and 'Pipeline' experienced higher intrinsic and finite rates of increase, higher net reproductive rates, and faster mean generation and doubling times. Spodoptera frugiperda larvae reared on 'Maverick', 'Pipeline', and 'UA5414RR' had higher intrinsic and finite rates of increase, higher net reproductive rates, and faster mean generation and doubling times compared to 'Quickpick Pinkeye'. Spodoptera exigua larvae had the highest survivorship on 'Maverick' and similar, positive lifetable statistics when reared on 'Maverick' and 'Pipeline'. The results of this study indicate hemp is an alternative host plant that has the potential to influence the population dynamics of C. includens, S. frugiperda, and S. exigua in Louisiana agroecosystems they co-occur in.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "From Classification to Recreated 'Reality': William Bullock's Exhibitions of Human and Natural History. In his London Museum (1809), William Bullock organised displays of his animal collections into family and contextual groups within re-creations of their natural surroundings. Subsequently his displays of Saami material re-created its social environment. Bullock's exhibitions signal a significant moment in the movement from the Linnaean-style classification of natural material by appearance to explanation of it through contextual and inherent qualities. A new kind of meaning was generated, bringing together the natural and the antiquarian in showing that the same approach transformed understanding of both. It shifted emphasis from eighteenth-century natural philosophy towards nineteenth-century science, both natural and human.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Estimates of genetic parameters associated with lactation feed intake and reproductive performance in purebred and F1 sows. Daily feed intake during lactation was recorded in parity records from purebred Yorkshire (n = 1587), Landrace (n = 2197) and reciprocal cross F1 (n = 6932) females, and lactation feed intake (LFI) curves were predicted using a mixed model. Evaluation of the difference in feed intake between two consecutive days of lactation resulted in the following classifications: three periods for purebreds, days 1-6, days 7-10 and days 11-18, and two periods for F1 sows, days 1-5 and days 6-18. Average rate of change in intake (ARC), average daily intake (ADI) and variation from predicted LFI values (VAR) were computed for each period of lactation. Gibbs sampling was used to estimate genetic (co) variance components for LFI metrics and reproductive performance traits. Genetic variance estimates for each LFI metric were obtained with univariate animal models, and covariance estimates were estimated with bivariate models. Heritability estimates for ADI, ARC and VAR metrics computed over the duration of lactation were 0.37, 0.24, and 0.16, respectively. Heritability estimates were highly variable across periods of lactation for ARC (0.03-0.17), ADI (0.09-0.36) and VAR (0.04-0.18) metrics in purebred and F1 populations. Genetic correlations between LFI metrics and reproductive traits were relatively low, although LFI metrics later in lactation were more highly correlated with reproductive performance.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Validation of models with multivariate output. This paper develops metrics for validating computational models with experimental data, considering uncertainties in both. A computational model may generate multiple response quantities and the validation experiment might yield corresponding measured values. Alternatively, a single response quantity may be predicted and observed at different spatial and temporal points. Model validation in such cases involves comparison of multiple correlated quantities. Multiple univariate comparisons may give conflicting inferences. Therefore, aggregate validation metrics are developed in this paper. Both classical and Bayesian hypothesis testing are investigated for this purpose, using multivariate analysis. Since, commonly used statistical significance tests are based on normality assumptions, appropriate transformations are investigated in the case of non-normal data. The methodology is implemented to validate an empirical model for energy dissipation in lap joints under dynamic loading. (C) 2006 Published by Elsevier Ltd.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "The Byers Basin: Jurassic-Cretaceous tectonic and depositional evolution of the forearc deposits of the South Shetland Islands and its implications for the northern Antarctic Peninsula. This paper addresses the Jurassic-Cretaceous stratigraphic evolution of fore-arc deposits exposed along the west coast of the northern Antarctic Peninsula. In the South Shetland Islands, Upper Jurassic deep-marine sediments are uncomformably overlain by a Lower Cretaceous volcaniclastic sequence that crops out on Livingston, Snow and Low islands. U-Pb zircon ages are presented for the upper Anchorage Formation (153.1 +/- 1.7 Ma) and the Cape Wallace granodiorite of Low Island (137.1 +/- 1.7 Ma) as well as Ar-40/Ar-39 ages of 136-139 Ma for Low Island andesites. Data are also presented for a U-Pb age of 109.0 +/- 1.4 Ma for the upper volcanic succession of Snow Island. In combination with published stratigraphy, these data provide a refined chrono- and litho-stratigraphic framework for the deposits herein referred to as the Byers Basin. Tentative correlation is explored with previously described deposits on Adelaide and Alexander islands, which could suggest further continuation of the Byers Basin towards the south. We also discuss possible correlation of the Byers Basin with the Larsen Basin, a sequence that shows the evolution of foreland to back-arc deposits more or less contemporaneously with the fore-arc to intra-arc evolution of the Byers Basin.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Networking in Interstellar Dimensions: Communicating With TRAPPIST-1. The recent discovery of potentially habitable planets orbiting the TRAPPIST-1 system intensified interest in interstellar exploration. In these challenging mission concepts, communication protocols would need to cope with unprecedented signal propagation delays. In this paper, we propose and explore delay tolerant networking (DTN) technologies and analyze in a case study based on theTRAPPIST-1. Results suggests that DTN protocols features could become a valuable means to achieve data delivery in future interstellar networks.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
+{"token": "Large termite nests in a moundfield on the Embakasi Plain, Kenya (Isoptera : Termitidae). The Embakasi Plain is covered in a regular array of large, low, vegetation-covered mounds. Two of the mounds were excavated and found to contain large termite nests. One mound (A) contained a very large and active nest of Odontotermes montanus estimated to consist of 1106 chambers with 149kg dry weight of fungus comb. A second mound (B) contained remnants of a moribund nest of O. montanus and two active nests of O. kibarensis, each estimated to consist of 96 chambers with 18kg dry weight of fungus comb. Another mound excavated in 1975 is also briefly described. A hollow in the bedrock underneath each of the three mounds is interpreted as reflecting different weathering processes under mound and inter-mound soils, probably acting over very long periods.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Targeted Advertising on Competing Platforms. This paper studies targeted advertising in two-sided markets. Two platforms, with different targeting abilities, compete for single-homing consumers, while advertising firms are multi-homing. Ads overall impose negative externalities on consumers. When the targeting ability of the advantaged platform increases, (i) the advantaged platform will have more advertising firms, attract more consumers, and become more profitable, but its ad price and total volume of ads could either increase or decrease; (ii) the disadvantaged platform will have fewer advertising firms, attract fewer consumers, have fewer ads in total, increase its ad price, and become less profitable; (iii) all consumers will be better off. Finally, we compare social incentives and equilibrium incentives in investing in targeting ability, and find that underinvestment is most likely to occur.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum: A process linked to dormancy?. Artemisinin (ART) based combination therapy (ACT) is used as the first line treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in over 100 countries and is the cornerstone of malaria control and elimination programs in these areas. However, despite the high potency and rapid parasite killing action of ART derivatives there is a high rate of recrudescence associated with ART monotherapy and recrudescence is not uncommon even when ACT is used. Compounding this problem are reports that some parasites in Cambodia, a known foci of drug resistance, have decreased in vivo sensitivity to ART. This raises serious concerns for the development of ART resistance in the field even though no major phenotypic and genotypic changes have yet been identified in these parasites. In this article we review available data on the characteristics of ART, its effects on Plasmodium falciparum parasites and present a hypothesis to explain the high rate of recrudescence associated with this potent class of drugs and the current enigma surrounding ART resistance. (C) 2012 Australian Society for Parasitology Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 17, 21]}
+{"token": "Temperature Effects on Glyphosate Resistance in California Populations of Junglerice. This study determined the effect of glyphosate on a glyphosate-resistant (GR) and glyphosate-susceptible (GS) biotype of junglerice (Echinochloa colona L.). Potted plants at the 4- to 5-leaf stage were acclimatized for 72 h in growth chambers programmed for day/night temperatures of 15/10, 25/20, and 35/30 degrees C. On the fourth day, three plants of each biotype were treated with glyphosate at 840 g ae ha(-1) and immediately placed back in the respective growth chambers and grown for seven additional days. Three non-treated plants of each biotype were used as controls for each temperature regime. On the eighth day after glyphosate treatment, the plants were moved to a greenhouse set at 22 degrees C, grown for 21 d, and aboveground dry weights recorded after evaluating phytotoxicity. None of the treated GS plants survived at any of the temperatures while all the non-treated plants grew well at all temperatures. All treated and non-treated GR plants showed no phytotoxicity in the 25/20 and 35/30 degrees C temperature regimes. However, all the treated GR plants subjected to 15/10 degrees C died. The aboveground biomass of the non-treated GR plants was reduced under cooler temperatures but was unaffected in the GS plants. Therefore, this study showed that GR junglerice was susceptible to glyphosate when grown under 15/10 degrees C suggesting that the prevalence of GR plants in the fields could be reduced if glyphosate applications were made in spring when temperatures were at or below 15 degrees C when the plants were just emerging or had developed less than six leaves.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "Variability of black carbon deposition to the East Antarctic Plateau, 1800-2000 AD. Refractory black carbon aerosols (rBC) from biomass burning and fossil fuel combustion are deposited to the Antarctic ice sheet and preserve a history of emissions and long-range transport from low- and mid-latitudes. Antarctic ice core rBC records may thus provide information with respect to past combustion aerosol emissions and atmospheric circulation. Here, we present six East Antarctic ice core records of rBC concentrations and fluxes covering the last two centuries with approximately annual resolution (cal. yr. 1800 to 2000). The ice cores were drilled in disparate regions of the high East Antarctic ice sheet, at different elevations and net snow accumulation rates. Annual rBC concentrations were log-normally distributed and geometric means of annual concentrations ranged from 0.10 to 0.18 mu g kg(-1). Average rBC fluxes were determined over the time periods 1800 to 2000 and 1963 to 2000 and ranged from 3.4 to 15.5 mu g m(-2) a(-1) and 3.6 to 21.8 mu g m(-2) a(-1), respectively. Geometric mean concentrations spanning 1800 to 2000 increased linearly with elevation at a rate of 0.025 mu g kg(-1)/500 m. Spectral analysis of the records revealed significant decadal-scale variability, which at several sites was comparable to decadal ENSO variability.", "label": [4, 5, 36, 47]}
+{"token": "THE RIGHT TO EDUCATION OF THE WOMEN. It is indisputable to note that the economy allowed the change of the role of women in society and not the political will, since another factor that boosted the development of women was the Second World War, which allowed American women to fill jobs in men who had to serve in war despite discriminatory and unequal treatment where women were less paid for their status as women. Until the 1964 Civil Rights Act that prohibited employment discrimination due to sex, as well as non-discrimination in employment against pregnant women and protection against violence. From the above, the problem arises: how did women's rights evolve, and especially education? Therefore, for its resolution, the main objective is to identify the trajectory of women who achieved an egalitarian system of society and their right to education.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Residuality and Inconsistency in the Interpretation of Socio-Theoretical Systems. This article addresses the interpretation and criticism of theoretical systems. Its particular focus is on how to assess the success of theories in dealing with some specific phenomenon. We are interested in how to differentiate between cases where a theory offers an unsatisfactory acknowledgment of a specified phenomenon and those where a theory offers a deeper, more systematic understanding. We address these metatheoretical issues by developing Parsons's analysis of positive and residual categories in various respects, including a focus on mutual support as the basis of positivity, differentiating synectic (reconcilable) and antinomic (irreconcilable) residual categories, and distinguishing divisions that are central to systems from those between center and periphery. We also consider how this conceptual toolkit can be put into practice.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "A reporter system for the individual detection of hydrogen peroxide and singlet oxygen: its use for the assay of reactive oxygen species produced in vivo. A reporter system for the assay of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was developed in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a plant model organism well suited for the application of inhibitors and generators of various types of ROS. This system employs various HSP70A promoter segments fused to a Renilla reniformis luciferase gene as a reporter. Transformants with the complete HSP70A promoter were inducible by both hydrogen peroxide and singlet oxygen. Constructs that lacked upstream heat-shock elements (HSEs) were inducible by hydrogen peroxide, indicating that this induction does not require such HSEs. Rather, downstream elements located between positions -81 to -149 with respect to the translation start site appear to be involved. In contrast, upstream sequences are essential for the response to singlet oxygen. Thus, activation by singlet oxygen appears to require promoter elements that are different from those used by hydrogen peroxide. ROS generated endogenously by treatment of the alga with metronidazole, protoporphyrin IX, dinoterb or high light intensities were detected by this reporter system, and distinguished as production of hydrogen peroxide (metronidazole) and singlet oxygen (protoporphyrin IX, dinoterb, high light). This system thus makes it possible to test whether, under varying environmental conditions including the application of abiotic stress, hydrogen peroxide or singlet oxygen or both are produced.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Statistics of velocity centroids: effects of density-velocity correlations and non-Gaussianity. We continue with our previous work on statistics of velocity centroids, to retrieve information about the scaling properties of an underlying turbulent velocity field from spectroscopic observations. We use synthetic data sets with extreme effects of velocity-density correlations that we create artificially, which also have a non-Gaussian distribution of fluctuations. We confirm that centroids can be used to obtain the scaling properties of the turbulent velocity when the ratio of the density dispersion to the mean density is less than unity, regardless of velocity-density correlations and non-Gaussianity. It was found that extreme velocity-density correlations can distort the statistics of velocity centroids, impeding the recovery of the turbulent velocity spectral index from centroids. We show that such correlations introduce high-order moments to the maps of centroids, which we disregarded in previous work, but that they are only important when the density dispersion is large in comparison with the mean density. It was also found that non-Gaussian velocity and/or density distort the statistics of centroids too, but to a lower degree than extreme cross-correlations.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Increased numbers of ESAT-6-and purified protein derivative-specific gamma interferon-producing cells in subclinical and active tuberculosis infection. Numbers of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma)-producing cells reactive to ESAT-6 antigen were increased in recent converters to purified protein derivative positivity and in tuberculosis patients but not in unvaccinated or Mycobacterium bovis BCG-vaccinated healthy donors. ESAT-6-reactive IFN-gamma-producing cells in recent converters and tuberculosis patients recognized similar synthetic peptides. Thus, ESAT-6 is a potential candidate for use in detection of early, as well as active, tuberculosis and for control of the disease.", "label": [2, 17, 24]}
+{"token": "Aircraft Complex System Diagnosis Based on Design Knowledge and Real-Time Monitoring Information. In current aircraft maintenance, diagnostic and troubleshooting procedures may sometimes consume great time and energy due to large uncertainty especially for highly integrated systems. This study is intended to reduce the diagnostic uncertainty by considering both design knowledge and operational monitoring information. An aircraft brake system is selected as the typical electromechanical system with frequent fault occurrence. A hierarchical Bayesian network is constructed based on fault mode and effect analysis and system composition. This Bayesian network modeling enables a combination of fault mode and effect analysis on safety analysis as prior knowledge and real-time monitoring events as observation information. A detailed example on posterior update is illustrated followed by sensitivity analyses in parameter setting. This intelligent fault diagnostic approach has the potential to improve the efficiency and accuracy of aircraft system diagnosis.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Measuring the height at the withers of ponies at a competition and at home using a laser device. Measuring the height of ponies at the withers is currently a prerequisite at Federation Equestre Internationale (FEI) competitions. A pony measured at a competition site must not measure more than 151 cm with, or 150 cm without horse shoes. When a pony exceeds the regulated height, it is excluded from participation in the competition. Moreover, the sale value of a pony can decrease dramatically if by height measurement it is designated as a 'horse'. The aim of this Study was firstly to determine whether measuring ponies at the withers with a laser device is repeatable; secondly, to evaluate whether laser measurements are more accurate than use of a conventional measuring stick, and, thirdly, to evaluate the difference in height at the withers between ponies at home and the height of the same ponies at a competition.Fifteen clinically healthy horses and 38 healthy ponies were used in the study. A statistical evaluation was performed to determine whether there was a correlation or a significant difference between measurements (P < 0.01). The repeatability of the laser measurements, the comparison of the use of the laser versus the measuring stick, and of the measurements done at home compared to the competition site were all very high (0.999, 0.0997 and 0.992, respectively; P < 0.01). The mean height measured at a competition was 141.9 +/- 9.0 cm and of the same ponies at home was 142.4 +/- 9.1 cm. This difference was not significantly different, although there was a tendency for ponies measured at home to have a higher height at the withers compared to the same ponies at a competition. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "The Topic of the Jerusalem War in Luis de Miranda and Martin del Barco Centenera. The work proposes an analysis of Chapters IV and IX of Argentina y conquista del Rio de la Plata, the first epic poem about this region, published in 1602 by Martin del Barco Centenera, in dialogue with the so-called Romance of Luis de Miranda, the first poem about the same region, probably written about 1540. This analysis, whose point of departure is the discursive complexity of colonial productions and their multiple horizons of gestation and circulation, considers in a particular way in both texts the presence and rearticulation, in the early colonial- colonial political scene, of a topic of great diffusion in the peninsular literature of the time, that of the siege of Jerusalem. This topic, which refers to the account of Flavius Josephus De bello Iudaico, is shaped on two axes: the destruction of the city as divine punishment and the ravages caused by hunger because of the site.", "label": [3, 25, 27]}
+{"token": "The Many Faces of Spirituality: A Conceptual Framework Considering Belly Dance. While the public's interest in spirituality and the number of people claiming they are spiritual is growing, scholars debate what constitutes spirituality. Much is written about spirituality and its many dimensions corresponding to a variety of human experiences, such as the body, relationships, sense of self, and creativity. However, discussions surrounding spirituality and its different aspects are separated in the literature. The purpose of this paper is to combine these disjointed discussions into a conceptual framework of spirituality, which consists of five dimensions of spirituality related to various areas of human existence. Belly dance, as a spiritual activity, is used to illustrate each dimension. This conceptual framework will ideally sensitize scholars to possible spiritual dimensions relevant to the cases they examine, and/or challenge them to consider new paths that may not appear to be spiritual on the surface. Such examinations will help create a more holistic understanding of spirituality.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Comparison of Chinese and American subjects on the self-administered Waterless Empirical Taste Test. Cultural differences have been reported between the taste sensitivity of persons of Asian and European ancestry, although findings have been mixed. This study sought to determine whether American and Chinese adults perform differently on a novel taste test that requires no water, can be self-administered, and employs a representative of umami as one of its tastants. This 53-trial test was administered to 113 Chinese and 214 Americans. The subjects orally sampled monomer cellulose pads containing one of four dried concentrations of sucrose, citric acid, NaCl, caffeine, and monosodium glutamate and indicated whether a sweet, sour, bitter, salty, brothy, or no taste sensation was perceived. Separate gender by culture analyses of covariance with age as the covariate were performed on the total score and the scores of each taste stimulus. For all test qualities, women outperformed men and test scores declined with age. No difference between American and Chinese subjects was found for the total taste score (p = .129) or for the sucrose (p = .129) or NaCl (p = .368) scores. However, for monosodium glutamate, the scores were 28.40% higher for the Chinese than for the American subjects (p = .024), and for citric acid and caffeine, the scores were 24.12 and 21.79% higher for the American subjects (p's = .001 and .029). The basis for these differences is unclear, although both anatomical (e.g., differences in density or distribution of taste buds) and cultural factors may be involved. Future work is needed to determine the cause of these largely novel findings and whether they generalize to other Chinese and American samples.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Possible polyphase periglaciation and glaciation adjacent to the Moreux impact-crater, Mars. Here, we carry on with this work by focusing on the terrain immediately to the north of the Moreux impact-crater (40-44 degrees N, 43-47 degrees E). The crater is located in northern Arabia Terra, to the south of Protonilus Mensae. It lies astride of and postdates Mars' crustal-dichotomy. The latter is a global geological-boundary that separates the ancient southern-highlands from the relatively younger northern-lowland plains.The cyclicity and temporal succession of glacial-periglacial periods or epochs are keynotes of cold-climate geology on Earth. Relatively recent work within the Mars community has begun to dissect the mid- to higher-latitudinal terrain of Mars for analogical evidence of similar cold-climate cyclicity and succession.Using cross-cutting relationships, relative stratigraphy and crater-size frequency distributions (CSFDs) we identify three glacial and two periglacial periods that are temporally intertwined and differentiated by a suite of features unique to each of these periods. For example, we report and discuss clusters of pingo-like mounds amidst ridge and trough terrain or \\\\'brain terrain\\\\'. On Earth, the former are the work of freeze-thaw cycling; on Mars, the latter are thought to be glacial remnants. In turn, the brain terrain is underlain by small-sized polygons possibly formed by thermal contraction cracking and with margins underlain by degraded ice-wedges. Age estimates derived of CSFDs suggest that the polygonised terrain could as much as similar to 100 Ma, whereas the brain terrain and pingo-like mounds are thought to be similar to 1-similar to 10 Ma. Possible terminal-moraines that intercept brain-terrain fragments point to an even more recent period of glaciation.If the CSFD age-estimates are valid, then the polygons that underlie the brain terrain and incise the basin floors of our study zone could be an order of magnitude older than most of the age estimates associated with polygonised terrain at other locations on Mars. The fact that there are two distinct periods of polygonization and periglacial activity with a wide offset of time within one relatively small study zone also highlights the extent to which the freeze-thaw cycling of water might be rooted as iteratively and as deeply in Mars' geological history as is its glaciation.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Learning from Failure: A Case Study of Where an Extracurricular Science Program Went Wrong. This article re-examines the learning environment in an after-school science program for socio-economically disadvantaged children, attempting to discover why the particular group we studied failed to make significant progress between pre and post program testing, while other groups undergoing the same program elsewhere succeeded. Data composed of in class observations, students' class workbooks and perceptive/cognitive interviews was analyzed qualitatively to construct a picture of the learning environment as experienced by both the students and their student teacher, Liora. Our primary finding revealed a striking dissonance between the program's student-centered theory (based on the tenets of social-constructivism) and the classroom reality enforced by Liora, who ran the lessons primarily as a monologue that left very little room for active student participation. This disparity was further complicated by an ambiguity in Liora's position as an authority figure, wherein she wavered between her predilection for a rigid, authoritative teaching environment and a desire to be her students' friend and confidante.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Dispositions and Bogus Counterexamples: Reply to Lee. This paper discusses Lee's argument that Lewis's reformed conditional analysis of dispositions is preferable to the simple conditional analysis of dispositions. Lee's argument is basically that there are some examples that can be adequately handled by Lewis's analysis but cannot by the simple conditional analysis of dispositions. But I will reveal that, when carefully understood, they spell no trouble for the simple conditional analysis of dispositions, failing to serve a motivating role for Lewis's analysis.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "WRONGFUL LIFE, WRONGFUL DISABILITY, AND THE ARGUMENT AGAINST CLONING. Philosophical problems with the concept of wronging someone in bringing the person into existence, especially the non-identity problem, have been much discussed in connection with forms of assisted reproduction that carry risks of harms either greater than or not otherwise present in natural reproduction. In this essay, I discuss the meaning of claims of wrongful life, distinguishing them from claims of wrongful disability. Attempts to conceptualize wrongful disability in terms of either the harmed existence of the offspring, or the possibility of less harmful alternatives, are found unsatisfactory. A contractualist approach that provides an account of wronging that is independent of harming is considered. Finally, I present a new approach that necessitates an account of reasons for procreation that could justify harm to the offspring. These reasons are not the kind that require or prohibit actions of certain types, but reflect what the agent sees as intrinsically valuable in acting.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "More elections, more burden? On the relationship between elections and public debt in Africa. The political determinants of public indebtedness in developing countries is still generating a lot of interest among academics and policy makers. This paper investigates whether elections influence the public debt dynamics relying on data from 51 African countries spanning 1990 to 2015. The analyses are conducted using the fixed effects and the system Generalized Method of Moments (GMM). The results reveal that although all types of elections increase public debt, only the impact of the presidential elections are significant. The findings are robust irrespective of the estimation technique. The paper recommends African countries to rationalize public resources, particularly in the election years.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Economic evaluation of HADSS (TM) computer program for weed management in nontransgenic and transgenic cotton. Field studies were conducted at four locations in North Carolina in 1998 and 1999 to evaluate the use of the Herbicide Application Decision Support System (HADSS(TM)) for weed management in nontransgenic, bromoxynil-resistant, and glyphosate-resistant cotton. Weed management systems included trifluralin preplant incorporated (PPI) plus fluometuron preemergence (PRE) or no soil-applied herbicides. Postemergence (POST) options included bromoxynil, glyphosate, or pyrithiobac early POST (EPOST) followed by (fb) MSMA plus prometryn late postemergence-directed (LAYBY) or herbicide recommendations given by HADSS. Glyphosate-resistant systems provided control equivalent to or better than control provided by bromoxynil-resistant and nontransgenic systems for smooth pigweed, Palmer amaranth, large crabgrass, goosegrass, ivyleaf morningglory, and fall panicum. Trifluralin PPI fb fluometuron PRE fb HADSS POST provided equivalent or higher levels of weed control and yield than trifluralin PPI fb fluometuron PRE fb bromoxynil, glyphosate, or pyrithiobac EPOST fb MSMA plus prometryn LAYBY. The trifluralin PPI fb fluometuron PRE fb HADSS POST systems controlled large crabgrass at Goldsboro and fail panicum better than HADSS POST-only systems in nontransgenic cotton. Cotton yield and net returns in the glyphosate-resistant systems were always equal to or higher than the nontransgenic and bromoxynil-resistant systems. Net returns were higher for the soil-applied fb HADSS POST treatments in 8 of 12 comparisons with HADSS POST systems without soil-applied herbicides. Early-season weed interference reduced cotton lint yields and net returns in POST-only systems.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "FROM A FISHING VILLAGE TO TOURIST DESTINATION. Economic transitions from fishing into coastal tourism are common in many contemporary coastal communities globally, and particularly in the case of China. Drawing on interviews from a village in Liaoning province in Northeastern China, we use a political economy framework to more systematically understand the drivers and outcomes associated with the transition from fishing to tourism. We find that while state policies and market forces have encouraged shifts away from fishing and into tourism, tourism is currently governed largely by informal institutions informed by social relations and culture. Our findings emphasise how economic transitions from fishing to coastal tourism are mediated by these inter-related and shifting relationships between state, society, and markets.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Inverse algorithm of heat transfer in round billet continuous casting mould. Based on the measured data of mould temperatures during continuous casting of round billet, an inverse problem model was developed. Through identifying the local thermal resistance and its distribution between the mould and the strand, the mould heat flux and the shell thickness profiles were calculated, and the relationship between them was also analyzed. The calculated results could preciously and correctly reflect the characteristics of non-uniform heat transfer around the mould circumference, which provided an applicable method for applying numerical simulation technique to monitor the solidification process and the \\\\'visual mould\\\\' technology in continuous casting.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Density feedbacks mediate effects of environmental change on population dynamics of a semidesert rodent. Population dynamics are the result of an interplay between extrinsic and intrinsic environmental drivers. Predicting the effects of environmental change on wildlife populations therefore requires a thorough understanding of the mechanisms through which different environmental drivers interact to generate changes in population size and structure. In this study, we disentangled the roles of temperature, food availability and population density in shaping short- and long-term population dynamics of the African striped mouse, a small rodent inhabiting a semidesert with high intra- and interannual variation in environmental conditions. We parameterized a female-only stage-structured matrix population model with vital rates depending on temperature, food availability and population density, using monthly mark-recapture data from 1609 mice trapped over 9years (2005-2014). We then applied perturbation analyses to determine relative strengths and demographic pathways of these drivers in affecting population dynamics. Furthermore, we used stochastic population projections to gain insights into how three different climate change scenarios might affect size, structure and persistence of this population. We identified food availability, acting through reproduction, as the main driver of changes in both short- and long-term population dynamics. This mechanism was mediated by strong density feedbacks, which stabilized the population after high peaks and allowed it to recover from detrimental crashes. Density dependence thus buffered the population against environmental change, and even adverse climate change scenarios were predicted to have little effect on population persistence (extinction risk over 100years <5%) despite leading to overall lower abundances. Explicitly linking environment-demography relationships to population dynamics allowed us to accurately capture past population dynamics. It further enabled establishing the roles and relative importances of extrinsic and intrinsic environmental drivers, and we conclude that doing this is essential when investigating impacts of climate change on wildlife populations.", "label": [4, 34, 43]}
+{"token": "Direct ageing experiments on nanometre-scale aluminium alloy samples. Studies of the kinetics of precipitation in aluminium alloys help to understand the role of quenched-in excess vacancies in the ageing process. Investigations of ageing in nanometre-sized samples are valuable because excess vacancies are believed to anneal out quickly while the alloy is still supersaturated with solute atoms. We prepare samples suitable for atom probe tomography (APT) with a sharp tip of some tens of nm radius and verify that they can be solutionised and quenched, after which they are still suitable for APT. The investigated Al-Zn alloy is known to show extremely strong clustering after quenching of the bulk material but we find that this clustering is completely suppressed in solutionised and quenched samples. Precipitation calculations explain this by a fast loss of vacancies, within seconds, during and after quenching. As such calculations also suggest that at elevated temperatures clustering could occur in the thermal equilibrium, we carry out exploratory ageing experiments on APT samples at 100 degrees C and 135 degrees C. No clusters are found in such samples, which could be related to experimental restrictions (Zn losses) or unfavourable nucleation conditions in nm-sized samples. (C) 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Acta Materialia Inc.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "What factors of early-stage innovative projects are likely to drive projects' success? A longitudinal analysis of Korean entrepreneurial firms. Previous studies have identified the factors affecting successful technology commercialization as outcomes of R&D projects. However, most of them have used cross-sectional data, whereas there is a dearth of literature using longitudinal data analysis. Longitudinal analysis is essential for investigating the characteristics of early-stage innovative projects due to the inherent time lag between project evaluation and commercialization. Therefore, this study examines the early-stage project characteristics that can be used as meaningful evaluation criteria for predicting success, particularly in technology commercialization. We collected data on the ex-ante evaluation results and ex-post commercialization results of R&D projects pursued by entrepreneurial firms. We then conducted a logistic regression analysis and identified three market-related factors as significant in driving technology commercialization success in the early stages of technology development: market potential, commercialization plan, and market condition.", "label": [5, 44, 46]}
+{"token": "The Ideal-Type in the Works of Max Weber. The Ideal-Type in the Works of Max Weber. This paper is divided into two parts. The first focuses on inserting the ideal-type into the context of Weber's conception of social reality and methodology. Weber's conception of the ideal-type is compared with Durkheim's conception of the social type. The second part of the paper is devoted to Weber's ideal-type as a methodological construct. It relies on a general definition of the ideal-type and also on a conception of different kinds of the ideal-type: the historical (genetic) ideal-type, the general sociological ideal-type, and the ideal-type of social action. Attention is paid to differences and similarities between these different kinds of the ideal-type. Finally, two applications of the ideal-type are given. Sociologia 2012, Vol. 44 (No. 2: 159-178)", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "MAGNETIC-FIELD POLARITY OF QUIESCENT PROMINENCES. A statistical analysis of magnetographic data on quiescent solar prominences-the distributions of the magnitude of the longitudinal magnetic field (B parallel-to) and of the angle between the long axis of the filament and the line of sight (beta)-is carried out on the basis of observations with a Nikol'skii magnetograph.  On the average, B parallel-to ranges from 3 to 24 G.  The epoch of a preminimum of solar activity (1984-1985) is characterized by several cases with B parallel-to = 27-50 G.  The distribution with respect to beta is multimodal.  A division of prominences into individual families in accordance with this multimodality and a subsequent comparison of the magnetic field polarities of the prominences and the underlying photosphere for each family individually leads to the conclusion that two systems of magnetic fields exist in prominences.  The first system, oreiented opposite to the underlying photospheric field, is directed at a 15-degrees angle to the long axis of the filament and B parallel-to almost-equal-to 15-18 G.  The polarity of the second system of fields coincides with that of the underlying photospheric field and B parallel-to almost-equal-to 5-7 G.  The existence of large-scale motions along a filament at velocities exceeding 3 km/sec is noted.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Representing Gender and Sexual Dissidence in Southern Africa. In this article, I discuss the contours of representational ethics in qualitative research. \\\\'Representational ethics\\\\' refers to a set of principles governing how qualitative researchers portray research participants and the social, cultural, and political contexts research participants inhabit. Using African and postcolonial feminist theorizing, I explore the representational-ethical principles guiding my ethnographic investigation of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender organizing in Namibia and South Africa.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "DIVERSE POPULATIONS OF LEGIONELLA-PNEUMOPHILA PRESENT IN THE WATER OF GEOGRAPHICALLY CLUSTERED INSTITUTIONS SERVED BY THE SAME WATER RESERVOIR. We cultured potable water from seven institutions (six hospitals and one medical school) every 2 weeks for 6 months for Legionella pneumophila.  All of the institutions were located close to each other and received water from the same freshwater source.  Two institutions (the medical school and hospital F, a maternity hospital) never had L. pneumophila isolated from their potable water.  The remaining five had 17 to 72% of their water samples positive for L. pneumophila.  Most of the isolates were serogroup 1; however, in hospital B serogroup 5 accounted for 56% of the isolates.  Oxford and OLDA monoclonal antibody subtypes of L. pneumophila serogroup 1 coexisted in four of the five institutions, while subtype France only was found in one institution.  All 10 isolates from this institution lacked plasmids.  The other four institutions had Legionella populations with plasmid profiles II, III, and VI.  Two of these institutions also had isolated with no plasmids.  The distribution of the plasmid types was significantly different for all institutions except C and D.  The distribution of monoclonal antibody subtypes was significantly different for L. pneumophila isolates recovered from institutions C and D.  There were no characteristics that distinguished the culture-positive institutions from the culture-negative areas.  We conclude that diverse populations of L. pneumophila exist within these institutions despite their geographic proximity and identical potable water source.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "THE CHAIN OF THE PRESENT. POPULISM AND THE CHALLENGE OF HISTORY. Ernesto Laclau and Hannah Arendt agree on some important concepts, such as those of contingency, spatiality of politics, and the feeble, evenemential nature of the latter. This very contiguity of lexicon and concepts highlights by contrast the irreducible difference between two models of historicity and, as we are about to argue, an important limit in the theory and praxis of populism. In Laclaus's theory, in fact, the political event qualifies as an absolute beginning that, although finding the conditions of its possibility in the facticity by which it's surrounded, it drastically detaches itself from the context: this creates a punctiform temporality that, on one hand, leaves behind an unrestrained space for the emergence of the memory intended in an almost mythical dimension, in excess compared to the historiographical discussion; on the other hand, devoid of roots, moving out of the void, this temporality has no outlets on the future, locked inside of the reiteration of the breaking point. In Arendt's theory it is instead possible - by virtue of a deep ambivalence towards the political productivity of history - to find important resources that, while holding the idea of a non-determined action, that is contingent and historically limited, establish the political act in the past - both individual and collective - and at the same time they break the circularity of the present, seeking out stability and durability.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Damage potential of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) on cocoa beans: Effect of initial adult population density and post infestation storage time. The effect of different initial adult population densities of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) at several post infestation storage times on the final adult population density, the percentage of damaged beans, the percentage of weight loss, and the weight of insect feeding residues on cocoa beans was investigated in laboratory experiments. Both factors interactively had highly significant (P < 0.01) effects on variables assessed. The highest mean final adult population density of 129.7 +/- 4.6 was recorded in samples infested with the highest initial adult population density and stored for 150 d, while the least mean adult population density of 10.8 +/- 0.54 was recorded on samples infested with the lowest initial adult population density in samples stored for 30 d. The highest percentage damaged cocoa beans 51.0 +/- 1.21% was recorded in samples infested with the highest initial adult population density, while the least mean percentage damaged beans of 16.9 +/- 1.26% was also recorded on samples infested with the lowest initial adult population density. Similar trends of means were recorded for all the remaining variables. Correlation between factors was significant and positive. Multiple and simple linear regressions analyses were also significant (P < 0.01) and all equations fitted the regression models and perfectly described the relationship between the independent and the dependent variables. Our results show that T. castaneum can impact negatively on both the quantity and quality of stored cocoa within just 30 days of infestation, with the impact increasing with increasing population density and post infestation storage time. (C) 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "A prescription for health: a primary care based intervention to maintain the non-smoking status of young people. Setting-Oxfordshire, UK. Subjects-2942 young people who were initially self declared non-smokers.Design-Randomised controlled trial using postal questionnaires.Results-After a year, smoking uptake was 7.8% in the control group compared with 5.1% in the intervention group (odds ratio (OR) 1.6, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1 to 2.2). Among boys the corresponding results were 5.2% and 2.4% (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.2 to 4.6), and among girls 10.0% and 7.5% (OR 1.4, 95% CI 0.9 to 2.1). Among boys aged 14-15 the uptake rate was 12.8% in the control group compared with 5.4% in the intervention group. However, among girls of the same age the intervention was less effective, with smoking uptake of 15.1% in the control group and 12.8% in the intervention group. The intervention was more effective among young people whose initial attitudes identified them as definite non-smokers than those who were potential smokers.Main outcome measures-Changes in smoking behaviour, attitudes measured after one year.Objectives-To evaluate the effectiveness of primary health care teams in maintaining a group of young people aged 10-15 years as non-smokers.Intervention-Information about smoking, sent under signature of the subject's general practitioner, certificates and posters intended to reinforce neon-smoking behaviour.Conclusions-The intervention substantially reduced smoking uptake among the young people, particularly boys. Primary health care teams can play an important role in maintaining the non-smoking status of their young patients. Confidential postal contact from the doctor direct to the young person at home is influential and cost-effective.", "label": [2, 21, 23]}
+{"token": "Impact cratering: The South American record-Part 2. In the first part of this review of the impact record of South America, we have presented an up-to-date introduction to impact processes and to the criteria to identify/confirm an impact structure and related deposits, as well as a comprehensive examination of Brazilian impact structures. The current paper complements the previous one, by reviewing the impact record of other countries of South America and providing current information on a number of proposed impact structures. Here, we also review those structures that have already been discarded as not being formed by meteorite impact. In addition, current information on impact-related deposits is presented, focusing on impact glasses and tektites known from this continent, as well as on the rare K-Pg boundary occurrences revealed to date and on reports of possible large airbursts. We expect that this article will not only provide systematic and up-to-date information on the subject, but also encourage members of the South American geoscientific community to be aware of the importance of impact cratering and make use of the criteria and tools to identify impact structures and impact deposits, thus potentially contributing to expansion and improvement of the South American impact record.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "News from the '5th international meeting on inflammatory bowel diseases' CAPRI 2010. Two very interesting presentations on the integration of research and clinical care in the near future closed the meeting. These presentations were focused on macrotrends affecting healthcare delivery and research, and the need to innovate traditional infrastructures to deal with these changing trends as well as new opportunities to accelerate scientific knowledge. (C) 2010 European Crohn's and Colitis Organisation. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.A critical analysis of clinical trials and of risk-benefit of biological therapy was presented. The problem of Epstein Barr virus (EBV) and lymphoma in IBD was extensively discussed. Lymphomas can develop in intestinal segments affected by IBD and are in most cases associated with EBV. The reasons of treatment failure were also analyzed both from basic and clinical points of view.How innate and adaptive immunity signaling events can perpetuate chronic inflammation was discussed extensively. Signal transduction pathways provide intracellular mechanisms by which cells respond and adapt to multiple environmental stresses. The identification of these signals has led to a greater mechanistic understanding of IBD pathogenesis and pointed to potentially new therapeutic targets.The cell response in inflammation, including endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress responses, autophagy and inflammasome-dependent events were related to IBD pathogenesis. It was suggested that inflammation-associated ER stress responses may be a common trait in the pathogenesis of various chronic immune and metabolic diseases.The importance of gut flora in intestinal homeostasis and inflammation was reinforced, the concepts of eubiosis and dysbiosis were introduced, and some strategies for reverting dysbiosis to a homeostatic state of eubiosis were proposed. The current status of studies on the human gut microbiota metagenome, metaprotome, and metabolome was also presented.The development of genome-wide association scanning (GWAS) technologies has lead to the discovery of more than 100 IBD loci. Some, as the Th 17 pathway genes, are shared between Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), while other are IBD subtype-specific (autophagy genes, epithelial barrier genes). Disease-specific therapies targeting these pathways should be developed. Epigenetic regulation of the inflammatory response also appears to play an important role in the pathogenesis of IBD.At the \\\\'5th International Meeting on Inflammatory Bowel Diseases selected topics of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including the environment, genetics, the gut flora, the cell response and immunomodulation were discussed in order to better understand specific clinical and therapeutic aspects. The incidence of IBD continues to rise, both in low and in high-incidence areas. It is believed that factors associated with 'Westernization' may be conditioning the expression of these disorders. The increased incidence of IBD among migrants from low-incidence to high-incidence areas within the same generation suggests a strong environmental influence.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Agonist-specific Participation of SOC and ARC channels and of iPLA2 in the Regulation of Ca2+Entry during Oscillatory Responses in Adipocytes. Activation of Ca2+ entry upon cell stimulation by agonists can be accomplished by different mechanisms, including store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) and the action of products of phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)). In view of the existence in adipocytes of two relatively independent pathways of Ca2+ mobilization from intracellular stores, we have studied in the present work whether these pathways are coupled with particular mechanisms of Ca2+ entry into the cell. It is shown that acetylcholine (ACh) induces oscillatory responses of cytosolic Ca2+ concentration independently on SOCE inhibition by YM-58483 or 2-APB. These oscillations were abolished by the addition of La3+, which inhibits both store-operated calcium (SOC) and ARC channels (regulated by arachidonic acid, AA). The responses to ACh were suppressed by AACOCF(3) inhibiting PLA(2) of type IV and VIA (iPLA(2)). Oscillations evoked by fetal bovine serum (FBS) were distinguished by base-line spiking and, in contrast, were terminated by YM-58483 and La3+ but were not dependent on AACOCF(3). The same cell could respond to ACh and FBS at their sequential addition in any order with the intermediate wash. Oscillatory responses of a similar (base or elevated line) form to phenylephrine decayed only gradually after the inhibition of phospholipase C or inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor and were partially attenuated by the inhibitors YM-58483 and La3+ without appreciable influence of AACOCF(3). AA at concentrations 1-10 mu M caused oscillations when added after spontaneous cessation of ACh-induced oscillations or itself, with a discernible effect produced at lower concentrations after ACh. Calmodulin inhibitor R24571 caused oscillations, which could be suppressed by YM-58483 or AACOCF(3) suggesting activation of SOCE and iPLA(2), respectively. Taken together, these results indicate that the mechanism of Ca2+ entry activation depends on the signal pathway involved by an agonist. ACh does not employ SOCE but activates PLA(2) with probable participation of form VIA, which entails the action of its product(s) on ARC channels and likely on lysophospholipid-activated channels. FBS acts through SOCE without participation of PLA(2). These two versions can coexist in the case of phenylephrine.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Effect of processing on the thermal stability of blends based on polyurethane. Part I. The thermal stability of blends of polyurethane with three different elastomers having reactive functional groups has been studied. The blends have been prepared by three different blending techniques, keeping the blending ratio constant. It was found that the thermal stability of the blends was dictated by the blending technique. Blends prepared by the masterbatch technique degraded at a lower temperature. The degradation temperatures were increased when preblending and preheating/preblending techniques were adopted. This may be due to the formation of interchain crosslink bonds between the two elastomer phases, the extent of which was more in the preheated/preblended technique. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Kinematic Aspects in Modeling Large-Amplitude Vibration of Axially Moving Beams. This paper clarified kinematic aspects of motion of axially moving beams undergoing large-amplitude vibration. The kinematics was formulated in the mixed Eulerian-Lagrangian framework. Based on the kinematic analysis, the governing equations of nonlinear vibration were derived from the extended Hamilton principle and the higher-order shear beam theory. The derivation considered the effects of material parameters on the beam deformation. The proposed governing equations were compared with a few previous governing equations. The comparisons show that proposed equations are with higher precision. Besides, the proposed equations can be viewed as the asymptotic governing equations of Lagrange's equations of motion for large displacement. Finally, the corresponding boundary conditions and the comparison between the presented model equation and classical model equation were provided.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "CONSTITUTIONALISING EQUALITY: THE SOUTH AFRICAN EXPERIENCE. Against the backdrop of the proliferation of Bills of Rights, this article seeks to address the conceptual and practical problems in constitutionalising equality. Using South Africa where the constitutional equality guarantee is at the heart of South Africa's nascent democracy, this article analyses how the challenges were met in the South African drafting process and have been developed/problematised through subsequent case law. The article aims to draw attention to the complexities in constitutionalising equality and drawing from the South African experience, the article seeks further to contribute to and inform debates in jurisdictions which have or are in the process of protecting equality via a Bill of Rights. The article is supported in its conclusions by a series of semi-structured interviews.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Recalibration of microwave sounding unit for climate studies using simultaneous nadir overpasses. The measurements from microwave sounding unit (MSU) on board different NOAA polar-orbiting satellites have been extensively used for detecting atmospheric temperature trend during the last several decades. However, temperature trends derived from these measurements are under significant debate, mostly caused by calibration errors. This study recalibrates the MSU channel 2 observations at level 0 using the postlaunch simultaneous nadir overpass (SNO) matchups and then provides a well-merged new MSU 1b data set for climate studies. The calibration algorithm consists of a dominant linear response of the MSU raw counts to the Earth-view radiance plus a smaller quadratic term. Uncertainties are represented by a constant offset and errors in the coefficient for the nonlinear quadratic term. A SNO matchup data set for nadir pixels with criteria of simultaneity of less than 100 s and within a ground distance of 111 km is generated for all overlaps of NOAA satellites. The simultaneous nature of these matchups eliminates the impact of orbital drifts on the calibration. A radiance error model for the SNO pairs is developed and then used to determine the offsets and nonlinear coefficients through regressions of the SNO matchups. It is found that the SNO matchups can accurately determine the differences of the offsets as well as the nonlinear coefficients between satellite pairs, thus providing a strong constraint to link calibration coefficients of different satellites together. However, SNO matchups alone cannot determine the absolute values of the coefficients because there is a high degree of colinearity between satellite SNO observations. Absolute values of calibration coefficients are obtained through sensitivity experiments, in which the percentage of variance in the brightness temperature difference time series that can be explained by the warm target temperatures of overlapping satellites is a function of the calibration coefficient. By minimizing these percentages of variance for overlapping observations, a new set of calibration coefficients is obtained from the SNO regressions. These new coefficients are significantly different from the prelaunch calibration values, but they result in bias-free SNO matchups and near-zero contaminations by the warm target temperatures in terms of the calibrated brightness temperature. Applying the new calibration coefficients to the Level 0 MSU observations, a well-merged MSU pentad data set is generated for climate trend studies. To avoid errors caused by small SNO samplings between NOAA 10 and 9, observations only from and after NOAA 10 are used. In addition, only ocean averages are investigated so that diurnal cycle effect can be ignored. The global ocean-averaged intersatellite biases for the pentad data set are between 0.05 and 0.1 K, which is an order of magnitude smaller than that obtained when using the unadjusted calibration algorithm. The ocean-only anomaly trend for the combined MSU channel 2 brightness temperature is found to be 0.198 K decade(-1) during 1987-2003.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Creep-fatigue lifetime estimation of efficient photovoltaic module ribbon interconnections. As the solar PV harvesting energy system are becoming more important sector of renewable energy day to day, improving the efficiency of the solar PV module and reducing the cost of modules are receiving more attentions of PV module manufacturers. Design of the PV module interconnection ribbons is one of the main focus for developing the efficiency of the PV modules and improving the reliability of the modules. In the last decade, new designs for the PV module interconnection ribbon have been introduced, however, there is still a need to opti-mize their configuration and geometry to achieve higher reliability without dropping the efficiency of the PV modules. Indeed, solely using the wider interconnection ribbons (to provide more joint length) may increase the reliability of the module, but it directly reduces the efficiency of module due to more shading effect. This study provides the results for determining the optimal design for long-term reliability of PV module interconnections. Three main PV module ribbon interconnection designs including Conventional Ribbon (CR), Light-Capturing Ribbon (LCR), and Multi-Busbar (MBB) interconnections are compared in terms of number of cycles to creep -fatigue failure. This study uses the FEM simulation and creep-fatigue reliability formulations to find the effect of the main geometrical parameters on the failure of different PV module ribbon interconnection designs. The finding showed that the MBB interconnections has up to 15 % higher creep-fatigue lifetime compared to the LCR and the CR interconnections.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 32]}
+{"token": "Structural Vulnerability and Problem Drinking among Latino Migrant Day Laborers in the San Francisco Bay Area. Latino migrant day laborers (LMDLs) live under challenging conditions in the San Francisco Bay Area. This study explored day laborer alcohol use guided by a structural vulnerability framework, specifically problem vs. non-problem drinking as perceived by LMDLs and how they cope with or try to avoid problem drinking given their broader environment. The study utilized ethnographic methods including in-depth semi-structured qualitative interviews with 51 LMDLs. Findings revealed the considerable challenge of avoiding problem drinking given socio-environmental factors that influence drinking: impoverished living and working conditions, prolonged separation from home and family, lack of work authorization, consequent distress and negative mood states, and peer pressure to drink. While participants shared strategies to avoid problem drinking, the success of individual-level efforts is limited given the harsh structural environmental factors that define day laborers' daily lives. Discussed are implications for prevention and intervention strategies at the individual, community, national and international levels.", "label": [2, 21, 23]}
+{"token": "Accuracy and precision of estimating age of gray wolves by tooth wear. We evaluated the accuracy and precision of tooth wear for aging gray wolves (Canis lupus) from Alaska, Minnesota, and Ontario based on 47 known-age or known-minimum-age skulls. Estimates of age using tooth wear and a commercial cementum annuli-aging service were useful for wolves up to 14 years old. The precision of estimates from cementum annuli was greater than estimates from tooth wear, but tooth wear estimates are more applicable in the field. We tended to overestimate age by 1-2 years and occasionally by 3 or 4 years. The commercial service aged young wolves with cementum annuli to within +/- 1 year of actual age, but under estimated ages of wolves greater than or equal to 9 years old by 1-3 years. No differences were detected in tooth wear patterns for wild wolves from Alaska, Minnesota, and Ontario, nor between captive and wild wolves. Tooth wear was not appropriate for aging wolves with an underbite that prevented normal wear or severely broken and missing teeth.", "label": [4, 34, 43]}
+{"token": "Deep incarnation: From deep history to post-axial religion. This article presents in broad outline the theological concept of deep incarnation and brings it into dialogue with correlative ideas of deep history and deep sociality. It will be argued that neither Christology, nor evolution, can be properly understood from a chronocentric perspective. Evolution is not only about development but also about the exploration of ecospace. Likewise, a contemporary Christology should explicate incarnation as a divine assumption of the full ecospace of the material world of creation. It will then be argued that an interactionist view of deep history is preferable to the evolutionary cognitive theory of religion (ECTR). Against this background, the paper will explore Jesus of Nazareth's role in the context of post-axial mentalities.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "An examination of electronic resource management in academic libraries in Ghana through the Techniques of Electronic Resource Management (TERMS) framework. The management of electronic resources (ERs) has become a core function of academic libraries and researchers have revealed how academic libraries in developed countries are struggling to successfully manage these resources. The scholarly literature on the management of ERs in libraries has predominantly focused on developed country context. Little research has been conducted on how academic libraries in developing countries are managing their online databases. This paper presents the findings of a study that examines ER workflows and the extent to which ER workflows or the practices of managing online databases in academic libraries in Ghana compare with the Techniques of Electronic Resource Management (TERMS) framework. Data were collected from library staff in two public and two private universities, and consortium executives using semi-structured interviews. The findings revealed that although efforts had been made to follow standard procedures, some components of the TERMS framework were absent in the ER workflow in both public and private case libraries while other aspects of the workflow were responsibilities of parties external to the libraries. Opportunities exist for improving ERM practices in academic libraries in Ghana. In particular, by involving users in the selection and assessment of ERs, increasing promotional activities, and improving the documentation of ER workflow. The findings also revealed interconnections between various stages of TERMS. The findings provide a basis from which academic libraries can improve their practices and extends the application and revision of the TERMS framework to an African context.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Mesozoic building of the Eastern Tianshan and East Junggar (NW China) revealed by low-temperature thermochronology. The Eastern Tianshan and East Junggar orogenic belts are major constituents of the southwestern Central Asian Orogenic Belt. This study applies low-temperature thermochronology to constrain the thermotectonic history of these two domains. Apatite fission track (AFT) dating of Paleozoic basement samples from the Eastern Tianshan and East Junggar dominantly yield Cretaceous (-126-70 Ma) AFT ages, except for two granitic samples from the East Junggar with older ages of-239 and-157 Ma, respectively. Thermal history modeling reveals that the Eastern Tianshan and southern part of the East Junggar experienced moderate to rapid basement cooling throughout the Cretaceous. We interpret it as a far-field effect of accretion and collision along the south Eurasia margin since the Early Cretaceous. Major faults were reactivated and thus may have played an important role in controlling localized fast uplift and cooling. We also dated seven Mesozoic sandstone samples collected from the eastern margin of the Junggar Basin. The detrital AFT age peaks, together with inverse thermal history modeling of the basement, reveal that the East Junggar underwent late Permian to Early Jurassic cooling episodes. These cooling events are thought to be related to post-orogenic transpression along major faults and distal effect of QiangtangEurasia collision. Combined with already published evidence, our new data suggest that the Eastern Tianshan and East Junggar did not undergo significant exhumation during the Cenozoic. (c) 2021 International Association for Gondwana Research. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Effect of Aerobic Exercise on Improving Symptoms of Individuals With Schizophrenia: A Single Blinded Randomized Control Study. Results: In total, 24 participants (72.7%) in the AE group and 22 (75.9%) in the control group completed the study The results indicated that the severities of positive symptoms and general psychopathology in the AE group significantly decreased during the 12 weeks of intervention but did not further significantly change during the 3-month follow-up period The severities of negative symptoms in the AE group decreased significantly after 12 weeks of intervention and continued decreasing during the 3-month follow-up period Interaction effects between time and group on the severities of symptoms on the negative and general psychopathology scales were observed.Introduction: Antipsychotic treatment can improve the symptoms of schizophrenia, however, residual symptoms after antipsychotic treatment are frequent The effects of exercise on the symptoms of schizophrenic patients under antipsychotic treatment are inconclusive The aim of this randomized case-control study was to examine the effects of aerobic exercise (AE) on the symptoms of schizophrenic patients receiving antipsychotic treatment.Methods: In total, 33 and 29 participants being treated with antipsychotics for schizophrenia were randomly assigned into the aerobic exercise (AE) group and the control group, respectively The severities of schizophrenic symptoms were measured using the Chinese version of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) before, immediately after, and 3 months after the intervention in both groups.Conclusion: AE can improve the severities of symptoms on the negative and general psychopathology scales in individuals with schizophrenia being treated with antipsychotics.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "TOTAL WAR AND SOCIAL REFORM: ADMINISTRATING WORK, POPULATION AND LIFE IN THE 'RAVA COMMITTEE' PLAN (1918). The article focuses on the most important Committee for the reform of the Italian welfare state during the twentieth century: the \\\\'Rava Committee\\\\'. It conducts a first time prosopographical study of its members aiming to analyse the ideas and proposals of social reform as well as the agents. The article begins by bringing to light the educational background of the components of the Committee, highlighting the central role of statistical knowledge. Then, it explores its professional composition, which excludes the subaltern classes, as well as the political culture of the members. Finally, the prosopography shows the features of a reform area which crosses traditional political organizations. It is a sort of irregular cloud unified by the aim to address the social question with reforms and therefore to prevent the fracture of society.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Learning novel phonotactics from exposure to continuous speech. Knowledge of phonotactics is commonly assumed to derive from the lexicon. However, computational studies have suggested that phonotactic constraints might arise before the lexicon is in place, in particular from co-occurrences in continuous speech. The current study presents two artificial language learning experiments aimed at testing whether phonotactic learning can take place in the absence of words. Dutch participants were presented with novel consonant constraints embedded in continuous artificial languages. Vowels occurred at random, which resulted in an absence of recurring word forms in the speech stream. In Experiment 1 participants with different training languages showed significantly different preferences on a set of novel test items. However, only one of the two languages resulted in preferences that were above chance-level performance. In Experiment 2 participants were exposed to a control language without novel statistical cues. Participants did not develop a preference for either phonotactic structure in the test items. An analysis of Dutch phonotactics indicated that the failure to induce novel phonotactics in one condition might have been due to interference from the native language. Our findings suggest that novel phonotactics can be learned from continuous speech, but participants have difficulty learning novel patterns that go against the native language.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Effect of chiral dopant and monomer concentrations on the electro-optical response of a polymer stabilized cholesteric texture cell. Polymer stabilized cholesteric texture cells with various chiral and monomer concentrations were fabricated. Electro-optical measurement indicates that the chiral concentration and the monomer concentration significantly influence the hysteresis, threshold voltage and field-on and field-off response times of the cell. The chiral dopant is found to increase the hysteresis width and to decrease the field-off response time of the cell. The monomer is found to decrease the hysteresis width and to increase the field-off response time of the cell. The field-on response time is independent of the monomer concentration and the chiral concentration of the cell. A thinner cell has a smaller hysteresis width.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Three-dimensional modeling of electromagnetic logs from inclined-horizontal wells. The paper presents a new numerical solution to the 3-D forward problem of electromagnetic logging (EML) in inclined-horizontal wells. The solution allows one to incorporate the effect of the well proper, its inclination, the possible eccentricity of the sonde, zones of drilling mud penetration, and transition zones. The solution is based on the fast method of integral equations and uses the technique of embedded meshes. The inferred solution is applied to the calculation of electromagnetic logs for a model of reservoir formation crossed by an inclined-horizontal well. It is shown that groundless optimistic conclusions on the sensitivity of an EML complex to the formation boundaries can be drawn if modeling does not take into account the well effect.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Gothic Modernisms: Modernity and the Postcolonial Gothic in Tayeb Salih's Season of Migration to the North. This article discusses the intersection between modernism and the Gothic, interrogating the conventional periodisation of modernism and extending the scope of both modernist and gothic studies. I propose that Tayeb Salih's Season of Migration to the North is a response to Sudanese postcolonial modernity through the mode of Gothic modernism. The modern Gothic is symptomatic of the contradictions fundamental to modernity as the 'regressive' past continues to haunt the 'progressive' present. I extend my discussion of modernism, modernity and the Gothic to debates around the postcolonial Gothic, considering the various ways in which the uncanny and gothic doubling are paradigmatic of the postcolonial experience. Tayeb Salih's novel is a departure from hegemonic conceptualisations of modernity and modernism, using the Gothic to critique Western metanarratives of historical linearity, progress and modernisation.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Antibiotic resistance in chronic respiratory diseases: from susceptibility testing to the resistome. The development of resistome analysis, i.e. the comprehensive analysis of antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs), is enabling a better understanding of the mechanisms of antibiotic-resistance emergence. The respiratory microbiome is a dynamic and interactive network of bacteria, with a set of ARGs that could influence the response to antibiotics. Viruses such as bacteriophages, potential carriers of ARGs, may also form part of this respiratory resistome. Chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) such as cystic fibrosis, severe asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and bronchiectasis, managed with long-term antibiotic therapies, lead to multidrug resistance. Antibiotic susceptibility testing provides a partial view of the bacterial response to antibiotics in the complex lung environment. Assessing the ARG network would allow personalised, targeted therapeutic strategies and suitable antibiotic stewardship in CRDs, depending on individual resistome and microbiome signatures. This review summarises the influence of pulmonary antibiotic protocols on the respiratory microbiome, detailing the variable consequences according to antibiotic class and duration of treatment. The different resistome-profiling methods are explained to clarify their respective place in antibiotic-resistance analysis in the lungs. Finally, this review details current knowledge on the respiratory resistome related to therapeutic strategies and provides insight into the application of resistome analysis to counter the emergence of multidrug-resistant respiratory pathogens.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Platinum Stability at the Cathode of an Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell. GraphicalThe determination of catalyst stability is as important as the determination of catalyst activity but receives much less attention because of the time required for measurement. Accelerated potential cycling tests do not always reflect the conditions experienced by catalysts operating in a fuel cell environment. Pt cathode electrodes operating at high steady-state potentials (0.8-1 V) in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) have been reported to degrade due to Pt migration. Whether this phenomenon also occurs in anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs) is not clear. In this study, an AEMFC with a Pt on Vulcan (R) carbon (Pt/C) cathode electrode was operated at 0.9 V steady-state potential for 1500 h. The electrode activity measured using an in situ reference electrode was found to decrease with time. Two significant changes in the Pt catalyst were found; the first was that the finely dispersed Pt catalyst agglomerated on the carbon substrate to form large clusters. The second change was that Pt was found in the polymer membrane structure. The results show that AEMFCs have similar stability concerns as PEMFCs regarding Pt catalyst material at cathodes electrodes.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "The Kohonen self-organising map as an alternative to cluster analysis: an application to direct marketing. This paper examines the potential of the Kohonen self-organising map (SOM) in a marketing context. It deals specifically with consumer attitudes towards direct marketing. The SOM belongs to the general class of neural network (NN) models, but differs from the now orthodox way in which NNs are implemented. The major difference is that network learning is 'unsupervised', in which case the SOM is related to clustering methods. The result of an SOM is a two-dimensional grid of related 'prototypes' rather than non-overlapping clusters. The method involves iterative adjustment of the prototypes in such a way as to capture and preserve the properties of the data. We show how the resulting maps offer useful new perspectives.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "Existence theory: Outline for a theory of social behaviour. This article introduces 'existence theory' as a new approach to sociological theory and research. Existence theory starts from the assumption that people organise their lives around a limited set of existential milestones. Cultural expectations are such that without the accomplishment of those milestones, individuals may experience their lives as incomplete. Examples of milestones can include the attainment of formal education, a lasting partnership and the creation of a family, but in general the milestones which are important to individuals and their precise articulation will depend on a variety of cultural and structural factors. The achievement of existential milestones often depends on that of other existential milestones, thereby producing what we call an 'existential ladder'. The article also elaborates on the significance of 'existential urgency' in that, due to a variety of factors (some biological, some cultural and structural), there are time limits on when certain existential milestones ought to be achieved by. In contemporary society, we note that individuals seem to have more choice about which milestones are important to them and when they can be achieved, although we emphasise that this flexibility is unevenly distributed. This then provides a steppingstone towards an elaboration of the power dynamics and inequalities underlying both the experience and the achievement of existential milestones. Finally, this paper shows how existence theory helps to reflect on a variety of social phenomena of contemporary significance: populism in politics, forced migration, and the coronavirus pandemic.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Multilinear forms of Hilbert type and some other distinguished forms. We give some new examples of bounded multilinear forms on the Hilbert spaces l(2) and L-2(0, infinity). We characterize those which are compact or Hilbert-Schmidt. In particular, we study m-linear forms (m >= 3) on l(2) which can be regarded as the multilinear analogue of the famous Hilbert matrix. We also determine the norm of the permanent on K-n, where K = R or C.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "The Short-term Effects of ASPIRA: A Web-based, Multimedia Smoking Prevention Program for Adolescents in Romania: A Cluster Randomized Trial. Methods: Sixteen high schools in Tirgu Mures, Romania were randomized to receive five weekly sessions of the ASPIRA web-based, multimedia program or to a control condition. Socio-demographic data, psychosocial characteristics, and smoking behavior were collected from students at baseline and at 6 months. A hierarchical logistic regression analysis was conducted to test the efficacy of the intervention on smoking initiation and current smoking among 1369 students.Conclusions: ASPIRA, an adapted version of the evidence-based, multimedia ASPIRE program that was originally developed and tested in the United States may decrease smoking initiation among multi-ethnic adolescents in Central and Eastern Europe. Implications: (1). Web-based, multimedia smoking prevention programs may be effective tools to prevent smoking initiation among multi-ethnic adolescent communities in Central and Eastern Europe. (2). The degree of exposure is critical, only high exposure to the multimedia smoking prevention program is associated with reduced smoking initiation.Introduction: Although web-based, multimedia smoking prevention programs have been tested in several high-income countries, their efficacy in Central and Eastern Europe is unknown. The aim of this trial was to assess the short-term effects of ASPIRA, among Romanian and Hungarian speaking ninth graders in Tirgu Mures, Romania. ASPIRA is the Romanian acronym for the translated and adapted version of ASPIRE, \\\\'A Smoking Prevention Interactive Experience,\\\\' an evidence-based smoking prevention program originally developed to prevent tobacco use among high school students in the United States.Results: Never-smoker students in the intervention arm were 35% less likely to report smoking initiation 6 months after the baseline assessment (OR = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.44-0.97). Reduced smoking initiation was observed most notably among students who were exposed to at least 75% of the ASPIRA program. There was no statistically significant effect of the intervention on current tobacco use (OR = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.44-1.46).", "label": [2, 21, 23]}
+{"token": "Obligatory role for PKC delta in PIP2-mediated activation of store-operated TRPC1 channels in vascular smooth muscle cells. Key pointsIn vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), activation of Ca2+-permeable store-operated channels (SOCs) composed of canonical transient receptor potential channel 1 (TRPC1) subunits mediates Ca(2+)entry pathways that regulate contraction, proliferation and migration, which are processes associated with vascular disease. Activation of TRPC1-based SOCs requires protein kinase C (PKC) activity, which is proposed to phosphorylate TRPC1 proteins to promote channel opening by phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2). We investigated the identity of the PKC isoform involved in activating TRPC1-based SOCs in rat mesenteric artery VSMCs. TRPC1-based SOCs were reduced by PKC delta inhibitors and knockdown of PKC delta expression. Store depletion induced interactions between TRPC1 and PKC delta and PKC delta-dependent phosphorylation of TRPC1. Furthermore, generation of store-operated interactions between PIP(2)and TRPC1 and activation of TRPC1-based SOCs by PIP(2)required PKC delta. These findings reveal that PKC delta activity has an obligatory role in activating TRPC1-based SOCs, through regulating PIP2-mediated channel opening. In vascular smooth muscle cells (VMSCs), stimulation of Ca2+-permeable canonical transient receptor potential channel 1 (TRPC1)-based store-operated channels (SOCs) mediates Ca(2+)entry pathways that regulate cell contraction, proliferation and migration, which are processes associated with vascular disease. It is therefore important to understand how TRPC1-based SOCs are activated. Stimulation of TRPC1-based SOCs requires protein kinase C (PKC) activity, with store-operated PKC-dependent phosphorylation of TRPC1 essential for channel opening by phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2). Experimental protocols used to activate TRPC1-based SOCs suggest that the PKC isoform involved requires diacylglycerol (DAG) but is Ca2+-insensitive, which are characteristics of the novel group of PKC isoforms (delta, epsilon, eta, theta). Hence, the present study examined whether a novel PKC isoform(s) is involved in activating TRPC1-based SOCs in contractile rat mesenteric artery VSMCs. Store-operated whole-cell cation currents were blocked by Pico145, a highly selective and potent TRPC1/4/5 channel blocker and T1E3, a TRPC1 blocking antibody. PKC delta was expressed in VSMCs, and selective PKC delta inhibitory peptides and knockdown of PKC delta expression with morpholinos oligomers inhibited TRPC1-based SOCs. TRPC1 and PKC delta interactions and phosphorylation of TRPC1 induced by store depletion were both reduced by pharmacological inhibition and PKC delta knockdown. In addition, store-operated PIP(2)and TRPC1 interactions were blocked by PKC delta inhibition, and PKC delta was required for PIP2-mediated activation of TRPC1 currents. These results identify the involvement of PKC delta in stimulation of TRPC1-based SOCs and highlight that store-operated PKC delta activity is obligatory for channel opening by PIP2, the probable activating ligand.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "Physicochemical properties of beverage emulsion as function of glycerol and vegetable oil contents. The main objective of present study was to investigate the effect of type and concentration of two emulsion components, namely glycerol (0.5, 1 and 1.5% w/w) and vegetable oil (2, 3 and 4% w/w), on average droplet size, polydispersity index, electrophoretic mobility, pH, cloudiness, density and stability of beverage emulsion. The results indicated that the physicochemical properties of beverage emulsions were significantly (p< 0.05) influenced by the addition of different concentration levels of supplementary emulsion components. The magnitude of all physicochemical properties significantly (p < 0.05) increased with increasing the concentration of glycerol from 0.5 to 1.5% (w/w). On the other hand, the increase in vegetable oil content resulted in significant (p < 0.05) increase in polydispersity index, cloudiness and stability of beverage emulsion; while a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in average droplet size and density was observed with increasing the proportion of vegetable oil in basic emulsion formulation. The addition of glycerol resulted in significant (p < 0.05) increase in average droplet size as compared to the control sample and vegetable oil-contained beverage emulsions. The present observation could be due to the positive effect of glycerol on the viscosity of beverage emulsion, thereby reducing the efficiency of homogenization and emulsification processes. The addition of both supplementary components led to undesirable effect on the homogeneity (i.e. higher PDI) of beverage emulsions. Electrophoretic mobility significantly (p < 0.05) increased as the concentration of glycerol or vegetable oil was increased. The significant (p < 0.05) effect of glycerol or vegetable oil on electrophoretic mobility was found to be pH dependent. The results showed that pH value was significantly increased with increasing glycerol or vegetable oil content, thus increasing the degree of electrophoretic mobility.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "THE BEST ARGUMENT FOR 'OUGHT IMPLIES CAN' IS A BETTER ARGUMENT AGAINST 'OUGHT IMPLIES CAN. To argue that \\\\'ought\\\\' implies \\\\'can,\\\\' one can appeal to general principles or to intuitions about specific cases. One general truism that seems to show that \\\\'ought\\\\' implies \\\\'can\\\\' is that obligations must be able to guide action, and putative obligations that are unfulfillable are unable to do so. This paper argues that obligations that are unfulfillable can still guide action, and that moral theories which reject the principle that \\\\'ought\\\\' implies \\\\'can\\\\' are actually better able to account for how obligations guide than theories which endorse \\\\'ought\\\\' implies \\\\'can.\\\\' The paper also argues that any intuitions about specific cases that seem to provide evidence that \\\\'ought\\\\' implies \\\\'can\\\\' do not actually give us this evidence. Rather, these intuitions pose similar problems for theories which accept \\\\'ought\\\\' implies \\\\'can\\\\' as they pose for theories which reject the principle. Some theories which reject \\\\'ought\\\\' implies \\\\'can\\\\' will fit our intuitions at least as well, if not better, than theories which accept it. So, intuitions do not favor accepting that \\\\'ought\\\\' implies \\\\'can,\\\\' and appeal to general principles favors its denial.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Molecular characterization of divergent grapevine Pinot gris virus isolates and their detection in Slovak and Czech grapevines. Analysis of complete genome sequences of three Slovak isolates of grapevine Pinot gris virus (GPGV) showed their low heterogeneity (reaching 1.7 %) and a close relationship to the Italian NC_015782 isolate (4.2-4.5 % divergence). Comparison of Slovak and Italian isolates revealed an unusual accumulation of 21 indel mutations in ORF1, resulting in a localized high divergence in the encoded amino acid sequences. An elevated divergence in the 5' extremity of the GPGV genomes is suggestive of a recombination between Slovak isolates and grapevine berry inner necrosis virus. RT-PCR allowed the frequent detection of closely related GPGV isolates in grapevines from Slovakia and the Czech Republic.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "E-Assessment-A Digital Solution for Promoting e-Governance. Department of Commercial Taxes, Government of Uttar Pradesh, follows one extract from VidurNiti that quotes \\\\'The King should collect his taxes without hurting his subjects even as a bee collects honey without harming the flowers\\\\'. Considering the same, one digital solution VarnijYakar Automation System (VYAS), has been designed and developed for computerization of various services of the department. A person (dealer), who does trading in Uttar Pradesh State, needs to get registered and acquire a Trader Identification Number (TIN) from the Department, if the dealer is liable to pay taxes according to the legal rules of trading. Enforcement division of the department carries out the audit and assessment of dealers with the objective of reducing tax evasion and enhance the State Revenue. E-Assessment is an important automation under VYAS for the purpose of assessing the registered dealers. The assessment is done on the basis of the returns filed by them with respect the sales/purchases done as part of trading in the state of Uttar Pradesh. Integration of E-Assessment and Recovery Challan/Certificate (RC) Registers automation completes the entire assessment procedure. This has eliminated the repetitive task of typing same language for issuing notice/orders for different dealers. It ensures timely delivery of notices/orders to dealers that enable them to take appropriate actions in time so as not to receive penalty or adverse consequences therein. Recovery Challan certificates are issued with raised additional demand as per the returns filed in respective assessment year. Various registers related to assessment like RC-Recovery Challan (Register R3), Court Cases for appeal against RC (Register R6), RC which have got returned (Register R27), Issued notices (R5A register), and Issued orders (R5B register) are also generated. Digitally signed notices and orders are served to dealers on its registered mobile number and email as URL, clicking on which, the notice/order gets displayed to them which they can save as PDF on their mobiles or desktop. The issued notices, order and RCs are made available on personalized Services Portal of dealer. In the country, Uttar Pradesh (UP) is the only State to implement Online Assessment with the feature of issuing digitally signed orders/notices online. The state unit of National Informatics Centre (NIC) (www.nic.in) has extended technical support for this challenging e-governance project.", "label": [5, 44, 46]}
+{"token": "Phylogeny and phenotypic variation in the lichen family Graphidaceae (Ostropomycetidae, Ascomycota). A phylogenetic study of the lichen family Graphidaceae is presented. Most genera of the family, as well as selected representatives of the closely related Thelotremataceae, are included. The results of the Bayesian analysis of combined mt SSU and nuLSU rDNA sequence data were compared with recently introduced concepts of genera. Species of Fissurina and Dyplolabia form a monophyletic group in an unresolved sister-group relationship to other members of Graphidaceae and Thelotremataceae. The family Graphidaceae as currently circumscribed is paraphyletic and we suggest that the name Graphidaceae is used in a broader sense to include members of Thelotremataceae. The concepts of Glyphis, Phaeographis and Platygramme are confirmed by molecular data. Surprisingly, Graphis species are found in two distinct clades, which can only partly be explained by morphology. Hemithecium as recently circumscribed is polyphyletic: H. implicatum, with hyaline spores groups within the Graphis scripta clade, whereas a second Hemithecium species, representing sub-genus Leucogramma with brown spores, forms a well-supported clade with other brown-spored species such as 'Sarcographina' lyphiza, Leiorreuma hypomelaenum and Sarcographa ramificans. The evolutionary pattern of morphological characters of the ascomata such as exciple carbonization, paraphyses types, and ascospore characters (colour, septation, and Lugols reaction) are critically discussed. (c) 2006 The British Mycological Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Power comparison of some tests for detecting a change in the multivariate mean. Using Monte Carlo methods, we compare the power of three tests based on each of N greater than or equal to 2 p-dimensional random vectors x(1),..., x(N) to decide if the means mu (i) of the x(i)'s are all equal against the alternative that a change has occurred at some point r (i.e., mu (1) = mu (2) = (...) = mu (r) not equal mu (r+1) = mu (N)). The vectors x(i) are assumed to have multivariate normal distributions with common unknown covariance matrix Sigma. Two of these tests, a likelihood ratio test and a generalization of Bayes test have been proposed by Srivastava and the third test is a generalization of a test proposed by Sen and Srivastava. It is found that for detecting moderate to large shifts, the test based on the LR statistics performs best when the change occurs near the beginning or the end, while the generalization of Sen and Srivastava's test performs best when the change occurs near the middle. A third test, a multivariate generalization of a univariate Bayes test is slightly inferior. However, for detecting small shifts, or for large sample sizes (N greater than or equal to 60) and moderate p, all three tests perform similarly in the cases we considered. The sequential stopping rule along with pinching-algorithm of Dunn are used to provide tables of simulated percentiles.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Crystallization kinetics of Pb12Ge12Se76 chalcogenide glass. The differential thermal analysis technique is used in testing the crystallization kinetics of Pb12Ge12Se76 glass at different heating rates (2.5, 5, 10, 15, and 20 K/min). The glass is thermally stable. The activation energy for glass transitions E-g using the Kissinger, Augis-Bennett, and Moynihan models is 89.4, 92.1, and 94.7 kJ/mol, respectively. The activation energy of crystallization E-c using the models, Kissinger, Augis-Bennett, Moynihan, Gao et al., Matusita, Friedmann, Flynn-Wall-Ozawa, and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose is 266.7, 271.4, 276.1, 257.4, 270.9, 306.8, 288.7, and 279.3 kJ/mol, respectively. In studying normalized z(alpha) and y(alpha) as functions of conversion for processes of the crystallization peak at different heating rates, the values of alpha(max,z) are 0.657, 0.634, 0.617, 0.612, and 0.639 for rates (2.5-20 K/min) of the average value 0.632, so the JMA model was applied. Also, the values of alpha(max,y) found to be smaller than those of alpha(max,z).", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Body inversion effect without body sense: Insights from deafferentation. Like faces, human bodies are recognized via the configuration of their parts; their recognition is impaired by inversion. Processing of configural relations has been shown to depend on perceptual expertise with certain classes of objects. Because people see their own body and others' bodies frequently, humans are experts in the visual processing of human body postures. In addition, the observer's own on-line, multimodal body representation which heavily relies on current proprioception may play a crucial role in recognizing human body postures. We investigated whether static body posture recognition relied on current proprioceptive inputs or whether visual familiarity and stored body representations were sufficient. IW, who is deafferented (lost cutaneous touch and proprioception from his body), was tested on the recognition of upright and inverted human body postures, faces, and houses. As controls, IW showed an inversion effect for abstract, common, and rare human body postures as well as faces, but not houses. Results rule out a strong contribution of current afferent inputs to the recognition of human postures. The findings are discussed in terms of the role of the body schema in body posture recognition and how other contributions from one's own body may be involved in the visual processing of human bodies. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 5, 17, 50]}
+{"token": "Examining the influences of news use patterns, motivations, and age cohort on mobile news use: The case of Hong Kong. Adopting perspectives from media displacement, complementary uses, and uses and gratifications theories, this study examines the relationships and dynamics between mobile news use and use of other mediums for accessing the news. Findings from a national sample in Hong Kong, which has among the highest mobile phone penetration rates in the world, found support for all perspectives. Those in the 18-34 and 35-54 cohorts were mostly multiplatform users of news, yet subgroup analyses reveal different patterns of complementary uses and displacement. Moreover, results showed that different gratifications predict mobile hard news use and mobile soft news use. Implications and future prospects for mobile news are discussed.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "STRUCTURAL CHANGE IN AN INTERDEPENDENT WORLD: A GLOBAL VIEW OF MANUFACTURING DECLINE. This paper presents a simple model of the world economy, in which productivity gains in manufacturing are responsible for the global trend of manufacturing decline, and yet, in a cross-section of countries, faster productivity gains in manufacturing do not necessarily imply faster declines in manufacturing. In doing so, it aims to draw attention to the common pitfall of using the cross-country evidence to test a closed economy model, and argues for a global perspective; in order to understand cross-country patterns of structural change, one needs a world economy model in which the interdependence across countries is explicitly spelled out. (JEL: F43, O11, O14, O19)", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "The fragmentation patterns of maternal plasma cell-free DNA and its applications in non-invasive prenatal testing. The discovery of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) in maternal plasma has opened up new promises for the development of non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT). Application of cfDNA in NIPT of fetus diseases and abnormalities is restricted by the low amount of fetal DNA molecules in maternal plasma. Fetus-derived cfDNA in maternal plasma are shorter than maternal DNA, thus leveraging the maternal and fetus-derived cfDNA molecules size difference has become a novel and more accurate method for NIPT. However, multiple biological properties such as size distribution of plasma DNA, proportion of fetal-derived DNA and methylation levels in maternal plasma across different gestational ages still remain largely unknown. Further insights into the size distribution and fragmentation pattern of circulating plasma cfDNA will shed light on the origin and fragmentation mechanisms of cfDNA during physiological and pathological processes in prenatal diseases and enhance our ability to take the advantage of plasma cfDNA as a molecular diagnostic tool. In the review, we start by summarizing the research techniques for the determination of the fragmentation profiles of cfDNA in maternal plasma. We then summarize the main progress and findings in size profiles of maternal plasma cfDNA and cffDNA. Finally, we discuss the potential diagnostic applications of plasma cfDNA size profiling.", "label": [2, 21, 19]}
+{"token": "Fiscal consolidation under electoral risk. The European debt crisis has uncovered serious tension between democratic politics and market pressure in contemporary democracies. This tension arises when governments implement unpopular fiscal consolidation packages in order to raise their macroeconomic credibility among financial investors. Nonetheless, the dominant view in current research is that governments should not find it difficult to balance demands from voters and investors because the economic and political costs of fiscal consolidations are low. This would leave governments with sufficient room to promote fiscal consolidation according to their ideological agenda. This article re-examines this proposition by studying how the risk of governments to be replaced in office affects the probability and timing of fiscal consolidation policies. The results show that governments associate significant electoral risk with consolidations because electorally vulnerable governments strategically avoid consolidations towards the end of the legislative term in order to minimise electoral punishment. Specifically, the predicted probability of consolidation decreases from 40 per cent after an election to 13 per cent towards the end of the term when the government's margin of victory is small. When the electoral margin is large, the probability of consolidation is roughly stable at around 35 per cent. Electoral concerns are the most important political determinant of consolidations, leaving only a minor role for ideological concerns. Governments, hence, find it more difficult to reconcile political and economic pressures on fiscal policy than previous, influential research implies. The results suggest that existing studies under-estimate the electoral risk associated with consolidations because they ignore the strategic behaviour that is established in this analysis.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Ionizing radiation and aging: rejuvenating an old idea. This paper reviews the contemporary evidence that radiation can accelerate aging, degenerative health effects and mortality. Around the 1960s, the idea that ionizing radiation caused premature aging was dismissed as the radiation-induced health effects appeared to be virtually confined to neoplasms. More recently, radiation has become associated with a much wider spectrum of age-related diseases, including cardiovascular disease; although some diseases of old age, such as diabetes, are notably absent as a radiation risk. On the basis of recent research, is there a stronger case today to be made linking radiation and aging? Comparison is made between the now-known biological mechanisms of aging and those of radiation, including oxidative stress, chromosomal damage, apoptosis, stem cell exhaustion and inflammation. The association between radiation effects and the free-radical theory of aging as the causative hypothesis seems to be more compelling than that between radiation and the nutrient-sensing TOR pathway. Premature aging has been assessed by biomarkers in calorie restriction studies; yet, biomarkers such as telomere erosion and p16(INK4a) are ambiguous for radiation-induced aging. Some animal studies suggest low dose radiation may even demonstrate hormesis health benefits. Regardless, there is virtually no support for a life span extending hypothesis for A-bomb survivors and other exposed subjects.", "label": [2, 4, 21, 39]}
+{"token": "Fairness and sharing in innovation games: a laboratory investigation. This paper studies whether psychological considerations can prevent agents from adopting potentially Pareto improving innovations. In the innovation game without the sharing option, A chooses whether to introduce an innovation that increases A's payoff, but reduces B's payoff, relative to \\\\'status quo\\\\' payoffs. B then decides whether to accept or reject the innovation. The unique subgame perfect equilibrium based on pecuniary payoffs (innovate, accept) is observed less than one-half of the time. When A can invest resources to share his innovation gains with B, the availability of sharing increases the innovation rate in one of the two payoff treatments. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Feral segmentation: How cultural intermediaries perform market segmentation in the wild. This article extends the S-T-P framework of market segmentation (i.e. segmentation, targeting, and positioning), showing that firms have more sources of segments than previously acknowledged, including the option of integrating feral segments that emerge publicly in the marketplace. While the S-T-P framework currently focuses on ad hoc segmentation tailored for a focal firm and syndicated segmentation made for commercialization to multiple firms, this article introduces feral segmentation in which cultural intermediaries (CIs) coin consumers categories through their familiarity with popular culture. Empirically, the article investigates how CIs constructed the lumbersexual segment, a neologism combining the narcissism of the metrosexual with the roughness of the lumberjack. The findings include a four-step feral segmentation process: (1) Establishing deviance-singling out anomalies that lower the explanatory power of existing segments. (2) Prototyping-sketching profiles that enhance familiarity and allow identification. (3) Anchoring-attaching the segment into public discussions. (4) Vaccination-coining preemptive validations against criticism.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "Understanding Cultural Variations in Outdoor Tourism Behaviours for Outdoor Sport Tourism Development: A Case of the Blue Mountains National Park. Affect valuation theory holds that ideal affect differs from actual affect in that the former refers to a goal whereas the latter refers to a response. More importantly, this theory proposes that culture influences ideal affect, in which Westerners and East-Asians value high- (e.g. excitement) and low-arousal (e.g. relaxing) positive affect, respectively, more than their counterparts. Therefore, this research note aimed to examine the cultural variation in tourism behaviours proposed by the affect valuation theory among outdoor recreation tourists. Structured observations were conducted in Blue Mountains National Park, Australia. The author walked on six trails and recorded the number of walkers encountered by their cultural backgrounds. The results indicated that Western touristsactuallywalked on trails more than East-Asian tourists at an outdoor tourism destination, which supports the affect valuation theory. The theoretical and practical implications were discussed in light of these cultural differences in tourism behaviours.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "The meanings of smoking among Chinese American and Taiwanese American college students. Smoking on college campuses in the United States has increased at an alarming rate since the early 1980s. Smoking rates differ according to students' culture/ethnicity and are linked to levels of acculturation. Little is known concerning the determinants of smoking in college populations. To develop effective smoking interventions targeting college smoking, an understanding of why these populations are taking up tobacco is vital. The meanings with which adolescents imbue smoking have been related to smoking behaviors in adolescent populations. Meanings of particular behaviors are strongly influenced by cultural background and acculturation. Meanings of smoking have not yet been investigated in culturally diverse college-aged populations. This in-depth qualitative investigation examined the meanings of smoking among Chinese and Taiwanese students, who are among the fastest growing populations on U.S. college campuses. These groups were selected to attempt to trace why Asian American students are at higher risk for increased smoking prevalence than any other ethnic group. Personal, functional, and socially relevant meanings emerged as powerful factors that direct smoking behaviors. Because smoking is not accepted as readily in the United States as it is in China and Taiwan, subjects reported experiencing a profound shift in social norms after immigration, which led to a change in meanings of smoking. These changes in meanings precipitated changes in smoking behavior. Smokers reported reducing tobacco use or quitting altogether. Implications of these findings as they relate to patterns of smoking in Chinese American and Taiwanese American populations are discussed.", "label": [2, 21, 23]}
+{"token": "Physicochemical, functional, and nutritional characteristics of stabilized rice bran form tarom cultivar. Extrusion is a multistep thermal process which has been utilized in a wide spectrum of food preparations. The effect of extrusion processing on the physicochemical, nutritional, and functional properties of Tarom cultivar rice bran was studied. However, the color of rice bran was improved by extrusion processing, but the protein content was reduced in the stabilized rice bran, which can be related to the denaturation of protein. Extrusion had also a reduction significant effect on the phytic acid as well as vitamin E in rice bran. However, the content of niacin, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, and folic acid remained unchanged, but the dietary fiber was enhanced which has beneficial health effect on human consumption. In comparison with unstabilized rice bran, water holding capacity was enhanced, but the oil absorption capacity was reduced. Foaming capacity and foaming stability of extruded rice bran was more than that of untreated rice bran, although they were less than that of rice bran protein concentrate/isolate. In general, the extrusion process improves some functional and nutritional properties of rice bran which are valuable to industrial applications and have potential as ingredient in food to improve consumer health.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Minocycline added to subcutaneous interferon-1a in multiple sclerosis: randomized RECYCLINE study. MethodsThis was a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled multicentre study. Within 3 months (1 month) of starting sc IFN -1a 44 g three times weekly, patients with RRMS were randomized to minocycline 100 mg twice daily or placebo, added to sc IFN -1a, for 96 weeks. The primary efficacy endpoint was the time to first qualifying relapse. Secondary efficacy endpoints were the annualized relapse rate for qualifying relapses, the number of new/enlarging T2-weighted lesions and change in brain volume [magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed only in a few selected centres]. In addition, a number of tertiary efficacy endpoints were assessed.Background and purposeCombining different therapies may improve disease control in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). This study assessed the efficacy and safety of minocycline added to subcutaneous (sc) interferon (IFN) -1a therapy.ResultsOne hundred and forty-nine patients received minocycline and 155 received placebo; MRI data were available for 23 and 27 patients, respectively. The time to first qualifying relapse did not differ significantly for minocycline versus placebo (hazard ratio 0.85; 95% confidence interval 0.53, 1.35; log-rank = 0.50; P = 0.48). There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups on other efficacy endpoints, although some numerical trends in favour of minocycline were observed. No unexpected adverse events were reported, but more patients discontinued because of adverse events with minocycline versus placebo.ConclusionMinocycline showed no statistically significant beneficial effect when added to sc IFN -1a therapy.", "label": [2, 17, 21]}
+{"token": "Ecosystem services accounts: Valuing the actual flow of nature-based recreation from ecosystems to people. Natural capital accounting aims to measure changes in the stock of natural assets (i.e., soil, air, water and all living things) and to integrate the value of ecosystem services into accounting systems that will contribute to better ecosystems management. This study develops ecosystem services accounts at the European Union level, using nature-based recreation as a case study and following the current international accounting framework: System of Environmental-Economic Accounting - Experimental Ecosystem Accounting (SEEA EEA). We adapt and integrate different biophysical and socio-economic models, illustrating the workflow necessary for ecosystem services accounts: from a biophysical assessment of nature-based recreation to an economic valuation and compilation of the accounting tables. The biophysical assessment of nature-based recreation is based on spatially explicit models for assessing different components of ecosystem services: potential, demand and actual flow. Deriving maps of ecosystem service potential and demand is a key step in quantifying the actual flow of the service used, which is determined by the spatial relationship (i.e., proximity in the case of nature-based recreation) between service potential and demand. The nature-based recreation accounts for 2012 show an actual flow of 40 million potential visits to 'high-quality areas for daily recreation', with a total value of EUR 50 billion. This constitutes an important contribution of ecosystems to people's lives that has increased by 26% since 2000. Practical examples of ecosystem services accounts, as shown in this study, are required to derive recommendations and further develop the conceptual and methodological framework proposed by the SEEA EEA. This paper highlights the importance of using spatially explicit models for ecosystem services accounts. Mapping the different components of ecosystem services allows proper identification of the drivers of changes in the actual service flow derived from ecosystems, socio-economic systems and/or their spatial relationship. This will contribute to achieving one of the main goals of ecosystem accounts, namely measuring changes in natural capital, but it will also support decision-making that targets the enhancement of ecosystems, their services and the benefits they provide.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Low-quality leadership in a vertically differentiated duopoly with Cournot competition. We model a vertically differentiated duopoly with quantity-setting firms as an extended game in which firms noncooperatively choose the timing of moves at the quality stage, to show that at the subgame, perfect equilibrium sequential play obtains, with the low-quality firm taking the leader's role. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Lewis' Reduction of Modality. I start by reconsidering two familiar arguments against modal realism. The argument from epistemology relates to the issue whether we can infer the existence of concrete objects by a priori means. The argument from pragmatics purports to refute the analogy between the indispensability of possible worlds and the indispensability of unobserved entities in physical science and of numbers in mathematics. Then I present two novel objections. One focusses on the obscurity of the notion of isolation required by modal realism. The other stresses the arbitrary nature of the rules governing the behaviour of Lewisean universes. All four objections attack the reductive analysis of modality that is supposed to be the chief merit of modal realism.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "A Permissive Theory of Territorial Rights. This article explores the justification of states' territorial rights. It starts by introducing three questions that all current theories of territorial rights attempt to answer: how to justify the right to settle, the right to exclude, and the right to settle and exclude with reference to a particular territory. It proposes a permissive' theory of territorial rights, arguing that the citizens of each state are entitled to the particular territory they collectively occupy, if and only if they are also politically committed to the establishment of a global political authority realizing just reciprocal relations. The article is developed by introducing some key features of the permissive theory and by explaining how such an account addresses the questions of settlement, exclusion and particularity in ways that significantly improve on existing rival accounts (most prominently: acquisition theories, legitimacy-based theories and nationalist theories).", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Testing the Evidentiary Value of Police Body-Worn Cameras in Misdemeanor Court. We test whether the presence of police body-worn camera (BWC) evidence impacts case filing, processing, and outcomes, using data from over 50,000 misdemeanor cases charged in the Tempe, Arizona municipal city court (2014-2017). BWCs did not affect case flow but did affect processing and outcomes for most cases. Traffic and drug/alcohol cases involving a BWC were processed more quickly, while traffic and person offense cases with a BWC were less likely to be adjudicated guilty. Defendant and officer demographics were correlated with case processing time and outcomes, but BWCs did not reduce racial/ethnic disparities for any outcomes. BWCs appear to affect case processing and outcomes for some case types, but effects are not straightforward and warrant further research.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Causal necessity, causal sufficiency, and the implications of causative verbs. Against past analyses, we propose that natural language causatives do not universally encode a single, unanalyzable bringing about meaning like Dowty's (1979) CAUSE, but instead draw on an inventory of contrasting causal dependency relations. To illustrate this claim, we focus on the English causative verbs make and cause. We point out a number of differences in their inferential profiles, and argue that these follow from the fact that cause asserts a relation of causal necessity between a cause and its stated effect, while make asserts causal sufficiency. We distinguish these notions from their alethic counterparts: while causal necessity is similar to the notion of counterfactual necessity (Lewis 1973), causal sufficiency has not figured in previous analyses of causal language. We show that analyzing make as a sufficiency causative not only accounts for the similarities and differences between its distribution and that of cause, but also enables us to explain previously puzzling inferences associated with the use of make as opposed to other periphrastic causatives.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "USE OF ECOPHYSIOLOGICAL MODELS FOR CROP-WEED INTERFERENCE - RELATIONS AMONGST WEED DENSITY, RELATIVE-TIME OF WEED EMERGENCE, RELATIVE LEAF-AREA, AND YIELD LOSS. The performance of a mechanistic simulation model of crop-weed competition was evaluated with data on the effects of weed density, relative time of weed emergence, and environmental conditions on crop yield for three different crop-weed combinations. Reductions in crop yields due to weed competition were simulated accurately for all experiments, except for one case in which severe water stress combined with weed competition altered crop morphological development (height and leaf area). The mechanistic model was then used to assess the potential and constraints of two empirical models of crop-weed competition, one based upon weed density and relative time of emergence, and the other on relative leaf area. The empirical model describing the relationship between relative leaf area of the weeds shortly after crop emergence and yield loss appeared to have several advantages for management applications, whereas the mechanistic model is more suited for research purposes.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "The malacological record from the Middle Pleistocene Pianico-Sellere Basin (Bergamo, northern Italy). Non-marine molluscan assemblages from the Pianico-Sellere Basin (southern Alps, northern Italy) have been known since the 19th century. In the present work, new records of freshwater molluscs from the Middle Pleistocene varved lacustrine Pianico Formation are highlighted. Mollusc remains are mainly found in slump deposits, detrital layers and very fine-grained calcitic layers intercalated in the varve succession. Five molluscan assemblages from the Pianico Formation were selected to describe the palaeoenvironment of the sedimentary succession. The assemblages are characterized by freshwater molluscs which proved to be significant for palaeoenvironmental and biostratigraphical reconstructions. Stream and marginal lacustrine conditions are recognized throughout the sedimentary succession and a palaeoclimatic trend, from temperate (corresponding to the well known \\\\'Pianico interglacial phase\\\\') to cool/cold phase, is detected. The palaeoclimatical meaning of the molluscan assemblages is related to the palaeotemperature curve deduced by pollen analysis on the same stratigraphical succession. The occurrence of an extinct representative of the thermophilous genus Tanousia Servain (Gastropoda, Hydrobiidae) is noteworthy, since this taxon provides good information about palaeoecology and biochronology. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "The littoral benthic macroinvertebrate community as a reflection of environmental heterogeneity. Background. The lakes' littoral zone shows high spatial heterogeneity characterized by physical and chemical parameters of the water column and sediment which in the present study allow us to describe the structure and variability of the spatial distribution of the benthic macroinvertebrates (BMI) community of Lake Alchichica, Puebla. At Alchichica, the lake's water level reduction and the presence of al almost continues stromatolites ring has generated a heterogeneous littoral zone with regions in direct contact with the limnetic zone of the lake but in the other extreme, regions totally isolated from it. In this way, the littoral zone allows us to recognize a desiccation process of the lake. Goals. Thus, the study allows us to describe the effects of the desiccation process on the BMI community structure. Methods. Eleven sampling stations were located along the littoral zone. At each station environmental variables were measured and benthic macroinvertebrates were sampled. Results. We identified 21 BMI taxa among which the dominant in density and frequency are the oligochaete Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri and the amphipod Hyalella azteca. Environmentally, the sampling stations could be divided in those stations with open communication with the limnetic zone and others almost or totally separated from the main water body. Conclusions. There is a decline in the taxonomic richness, diversity, maximum diversity, and evenness but not in density, as the communication with the limnetic zone decreases. The sediment texture changes from sandy bottom in the communicated stations to clayed-silt in those isolated which in turn favors a change in the dominant taxon from H. azteca in sandy bottoms to L. hoffmeisteri in silty-clayed bottoms.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "Interpreting culture. Dealing with cross-cultural issues in court interpreting. Interpreters who work in community settings with participants from disparate cultural backgrounds may confront difficulties conveying the source message into the target message accurately due to cross-cultural differences. Such cross-cultural differences can range from pragmalinguistic differences at the discourse level of speech to sociopragmatic differences, which go beyond the utterances. When confronted with such instances, interpreters are almost always unsure of how to react and of what is expected of them. The few studies that have looked at cross-cultural differences in community interpreting clearly show that there is no consistency in the way interpreters approach potential cross-cultural misunderstandings. This paper will present the results of a section of a questionnaire of a larger study, which asked practising legal interpreters whether they alert judicial officers and tribunal members of potential cross-cultural differences, and which also asked judicial officers and tribunal members about their expectations of interpreters in such situations. The results point to a need for greater guidance and clearer protocols for interpreters working in the legal system.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Parametric probabilistic transition systems for system design and analysis. We develop a model of parametric probabilistic transition Systems (PPTSs), where probabilities associated with transitions may be parameters. We show how to find instances of the parameters that satisfy a given property and instances that either maximize or minimize the probability of reaching a certain state. As an application, we model a probabilistic non-repudiation protocol with a PPTS. The theory we develop allows us to find instances that maximize the probability that the protocol ends in a fair state (no participant has an advantage over the others).", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Prediction of XRF analyzers error for elements on-line assaying using Kalman Filter. Determination of chemical elements assay plays an important role in mineral processing operations. This factor is used to control process accuracy, recovery calculation and plant profitability. The new assaying methods including chemical methods, X-ray fluorescence and atomic absorption spectrometry are advanced and accurate. However, in some applications, such as on-line assaying process, high accuracy is required. In this paper, an algorithm based on Kalman Filter is presented to predict on-line XRF errors. This research has been carried out on the basis of based the industrial real data collection for evaluating the performance of the presented algorithm. The measurements and analysis for this study were conducted at the Sarcheshmeh Copper Concentrator Plant located in Iran. The quality of the obtained results was very satisfied; so that the RMS errors of prediction obtained for Cu and Mo grade assaying errors in rougher feed were less than 0.039 and 0.002 and in final flotation concentration less than 0.58 and 0.074, respectively. The results indicate that the mentioned method is quite accurate to reduce the on-line XRF errors measurement. (C) 2012 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of China University of Mining & Technology.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Another new and threatened species of lancehead genus Bothrops (Serpentes, Viperidae) from Ilha dos Franceses, Southeastern Brazil. A new insular species of the genus Bothrops is described from Ilha dos Franceses, a small island off the coast of Espirito Santo State, in southeastern Brazil. The new species differs from mainland populations of B. jararaca mainly by its small size, relative longer tail, relative smaller head length, and relative larger eyes. The new species is distinguished from B. alcatraz, B. insularis and B. otavioi by the higher number of ventral and subcaudal scales, relative longer tail and smaller head. The new species is highly abundant on the island, being nocturnal, semiarboreal, and feeding on small lizards and centipeds. Due its unique and restricted area of occurrence, declining quality of habitat, and constant use of the island for tourism, the new species may be considered as critically endangered.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Paradoxes of international migration and the environment. In this article we analyse the relationship between international migration and environmental degradation. We analyse the case of Zacatecas. We identify three paradoxes: a) some factors such as ecological degradation, scarcity of natural resources or the pressure due to population growth do not explain international migration; on the contrary the causes can be found in the social unsustainability due to production relationships; b) due to migration, the work force is transformed from being a renewable natural resource to a non-renewable one, particularly for the socio-economical dynamics of the place of origin, and c) migration can develop the empowerment of organisations of migrants in tasks related to the reversal of environmental degradation.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "A 15-year climatology of wind pattern impacts on surface ozone in Houston, Texas. Houston is recognized for its large petrochemical industrial facilities providing abundant radicals for tropospheric ozone formation. Fortunately, maximum daily 8-h average (MDA8) surface ozone concentrations have declined in Houston (-0.6 +/- 03 ppbv yr(-1)) during the summers (i.e., May to September) of 2000 to 2014, possibly due to the reductions in precursor emissions by effective control policies. However, it is also possible that changes in meteorological variables have affected ozone concentrations. This study focused on the impact of long-term wind patterns which have the highest impact on ozone in Houston. The analysis of long-term wind patterns can benefit surface ozone studies by 1) providing wind patterns that distinctly changed ozone levels, 2) investigating the frequency of patterns and the respective changes and 3) estimating ozone trends in specific wind patterns that local emissions are mostly involved, thus separating emissions impacts from meteorology to some extent. To this end, the 900-hPa flow patterns in summers of 2000 to 2014 were clustered in seven classes (C1-C7) by deploying an unsupervised partitioning method. We confirm the characteristics of the clusters from a backward trajectory analysis, monitoring networks, and a regional chemical transport model simulation. The results indicate that Houston has experienced a statistically significant downward trend (-0.6 +/- 0.4 day yr(-1)) of the cluster of weak easterly and northeasterly days (C4), when the highest fraction of ozone exceedances (MDA8 > 70 ppbv) occurred. This suggests that the reduction in ozone precursors was not the sole reason for the decrease in ozone exceedance days (-1.5 +/- 0.6 day yr(-1)). Further, to examine the efficiency of control policies intended to reduce the amount of ozone, we estimated the trend of MDA8 ozone in C4 and C5 (weak winds) days when local emissions are primarily responsible for high ambient ozone levels. Both C4 and C5 show a large reduction in the 95th percentile and summertime trends mainly due to effective control strategies. Based on the 5th percentile daytime ozone for Cl (strong southeasterly wind) in coastal sites, this study found that the cleanest air masses that Houston received became more polluted during the summer of 2000-2014 by 1-3 ppbv. Though this study focused on Houston, the analysis method presented could generally be used to estimate ozone trends in other regions where surface ozone is dominantly influenced by both wind patterns and local emissions. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Supply chain management practices in small retailers. Design/methodology/approach - A survey instrument based on existing scales is developed and distributed to small retailers in Upstate New York. A total of 79 valid responses were received. A theoretical model is developed relating implementation of supply chain management practices to performance at both retail and supplier levels. The theoretical model was tested using partial least squares (PLS) methods.Originality/value - This research is the first paper to attempt to empirically test supply chain management practices among small retailers, thus generalizing our understanding of the supply chain management practices in a context not previously studied. Implications for suppliers and retailers are discussed.Findings - This research suggests that supply chain management practices are positively related to performance at both the retail and suppler levels. Moderate implementation levels of supply chain management practices are reported among the small retailers studied.Research limitations/implications - This research employed perceptual performance measures. Future studies can expand on this research by examining objective data on performance metrics at both the retail and supplier level to better quantify costs and benefits of supply chain management in this context.Purpose - The aim of this research is to investigate the adoption and implementation of SCM practices by small retail firms. Past research has established the benefits of SCM practices on performance of large enterprises, but the impact of these practices on small retailers merits attention due to the importance of this sector in the economy and organizational difference due to scale.", "label": [5, 44, 46]}
+{"token": "Combining the fourth-corner and the RLQ methods for assessing trait responses to environmental variation. Assessing trait responses to environmental gradients requires the simultaneous analysis of the information contained in three tables: L (species distribution across samples), R (environmental characteristics of samples), and Q (species traits). Among the available methods, the so-called fourth-corner and RLQ methods are two appealing alternatives that provide a direct way to test and estimate trait-environment relationships. Both methods are based on the analysis of the fourth-corner matrix, which crosses traits and environmental variables weighted by species abundances. However, they differ greatly in their outputs: RLQ is a multivariate technique that provides ordination scores to summarize the joint structure among the three tables, whereas the fourth-corner method mainly tests for individual trait-environment relationships (i.e., one trait and one environmental variable at a time). Here, we illustrate how the complementarity between these two methods can be exploited to promote new ecological knowledge and to improve the study of trait-environment relationships. After a short description of each method, we apply them to real ecological data to present their different outputs and provide hints about the gain resulting from their combined use.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Mycobacterium tuberculosis and non-tuberculous mycobacteria isolates from HIV-infected patients in Guangxi, China. BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis (TB) remains the leading cause of death among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected persons. The prevalence of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) in HIV-infected patients in China is unknown.DESIGN: Samples were collected from two HIV-designated hospitals in Guangxi Province between 2005 and 2008. HIV-infected patients who were culture-positive for mycobacteria were included. Drug susceptibility testing was performed for mycobacterial isolates. NTM species was identified by sequencing, and M. tuberculosis isolates were genotyped using the variable number of tandem repeats method.OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of M. tuberculosis and NTM in HIV-infected patients in Guangxi Province, determine their drug resistance profiles, and evaluate the genotype patterns of M. tuberculosis strains.CONCLUSION: The high frequency of NTM among HIV-infected patients raises concerns about accurate species identification before the determination of appropriate treatment. The potential for TB transmission exists among HIV-infected patients. Intensified screening and effective treatment of TB-HIV co-infected patients is urgently needed.RESULTS: M. tuberculosis and NTM were identified in respectively 117 (53%) and 102 (47%) HIV-infected patients. Drug resistance was found in 27% and multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) in 11% of the patients with TB. Previous treatment for TB was significantly associated with MDR-TB. Twenty (17%) TB patients belonged to eight VNTR-defined clusters.", "label": [2, 21, 24]}
+{"token": "Phosphotransferase activity of acid phosphatases of a Citrobacter sp.. The acid phosphatase of an atypical Citrobacter sp. was purified in two isoforms, designated CPI and CPII, which had different K-m values for glycerol 1-phosphate and glycerol 2-phosphate The enzyme was not inhibited by the end-product glycerol. Enzyme activity was increased in the presence of phosphate acceptor molecules having free hydroxyl groups (glycerol, methanol, ethanol). P-31-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy indicated transfer of the liberated phosphate onto the alcohol, with the de novo production of(e.g.) glycerol l-phosphate by enzyme supplemented with phosphomonoester substrate and glycerol.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Scintillation characteristics of pr-doped Lu3Al5O12 single crystals. Pr-doped Lu3Al5O12 (Pr:LuAG) bulk single crystals were grown by Czochralski method. The crystals were seeded-grown in the < 111 > direction. Dimensions up to 100 mm in length and 1 in in diameter were achieved without cracking. Concentrations of Pr 31 in several parts of grown crystals were measured precisely and segregation coefficients of each crystal were determined. Scintillation light yield of each part of the crystals was measured and dependence on light yield on Pr concentration was determined. Optimum concentration of Pr was clarified and compared to the standard Bi4Ge3O12(BGO) sample; Pr optimum concentration was around 0.2-0.3% and light yield of Pr:LuAG was more than two times higher than BGO. Scintillation decay of Pr:LuAG was measured and a dominant decay time of about 20 ns was evaluated. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 1, 32, 11]}
+{"token": "Calibration and validation of a comprehensive kinetic model of coal conversion in inert, air and oxy-fuel conditions using data from multiple test rigs. This work presents detailed information on pyrolysis and char oxidation for a high-volatile Colombian bituminous coal. The investigation includes experiments at low and high particle heating rates, performed in a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), a drop-tube reactor (DTR), a flat-flame burner (FFB) and a fluidized-bed reactor (FBR). The TGA and DTR data were used when developing and calibrating the kinetic model for the conversion of coal in air and oxy-fuel atmospheres, while the FFB and FBR data were used to validate the resulting mechanism. The proposed model is an updated version of the CRECK-S-C model from the Politecnico di Milano (PoliMi), consisting of a fuel characterization step, coupled with a multi-step kinetic mechanism based on reference coals. Both the devolatilization and heterogeneous char reactions are accounted for and interconnected seamlessly. Key reactions were introduced and the existing reactions were calibrated to account for the particularities of this fuel and the effects of the abundant CO2 concentration in the reactors. The importance of successive gas-phase reactions was observed and a gas-phase kinetic model was coupled to properly simulate such conditions. The resulting model is applied to simulate and systematically evaluate the experimental findings, highlighting the model's features and limitations.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "Coalescence coupling with flocculation in dilute emulsions within the primary and/or secondary minimum. The simplest singlet-doublet emulsions (SDE) exhibit singlet-doublet quasi-equilibrium (s.d.e.) and slow coalescence between doublets. Orthokinetic coagulation and creaming may be eliminated using low-density contrast emulsions. The investigation of the evolution in time of the total number of droplet in such emulsions at SDE was recommended as a standard method to determine the characteristic times of the elementary acts of coalescence (tau(c)) and doublet fragmentation (tau(d)) [J. Disp. Sci. Technol. 19 (1998) 311]. Further improvement of this method and its automation requires discrimination between singlets and doublets in the bulk, which is possible for droplets of approximately 5 mum in size. Simultaneously, the droplet dimension must not be too large as the fragmentation time increases rapidly with the droplet dimension, while it has to be very small in compare to the Smoluchowski time (tau(sm)) to preserve the condition for SDE. It is shown here that this controversy in the demand to the droplet size can be satisfied by a simultaneous decrease in electrolyte concentration, increase in surface potential and decrease in droplet volume fraction. The calculation of the fragmentation time in a wide range of electrolyte concentration, surface potential and particle radius shows that tau(d) may be very small in compare to tau(sm). (increases at small volume fractions) at such large mini-emulsion droplet dimension as it is necessary for a singlet and doublet discrimination. The second experimental difficulty is the discrimination between doublets in the primary (PD) and secondary minimum (SD) using video microscopy, while there is a huge difference in their kinetic behavior in respect to fragmentation and coalescence. The analysis of the domains for PD only, for SD only, and for a coexistence of SD and PD shows that the characterization of mini-emulsions has to be accomplished using experimental conditions corresponding to the domain of SD only. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Simon Stephens, Birdland, and a Few Affects of Neoliberalization. This article explores the ways theatre might inspire a critique of what is arguably most pressing about contemporary neoliberalization-its operation at the level of subjectivity to reform society. The focus in this is Simon Stephens and his play Birdland (2014). Working from extant scholarship that connects Stephens's work to neoliberalism, the article locates the playwright and his work in relation to a specific history of neoliberalization in Britain and argues that Birdland is a timely political drama because it hones in on certain features and affects of neoliberalization, doing so in ways that open a space for engaging critically with key problems engendered by contemporary capitalism.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Total synthesis of (+)-A83586C, (+)-kettapeptin and (+)-azinothricin: powerful new inhibitors of beta-catenin/TCF4-and E2F-mediated gene transcription. Herein we describe our asymmetric total syntheses of (+)-A83586C, (+)-kettapeptin and (+)-azinothricin. We also demonstrate that molecules of this class powerfully inhibit beta-catenin/TCF4- and E2F-mediated gene transcription within malignant human colon cancer cells at low drug concentrations.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Eulerian modeling of photochemical pollutants over the Swiss plateau and control strategy analysis. A three-dimensional Eulerian photochemical model was applied to the Swiss Plateau for the 28-30 July 1993 period to follow the evolution of ozone and other photochemical oxidants. The results of the three-day base case simulation showed good to excellent agreement across the region not only for ozone, nitrogen oxide, nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide, but also for other pollutants such as peroxyacetyl nitrate and hydrogen peroxide. The effect of the boundary and initial conditions were found to be negligible. The next step was to determine quantitatively the effects of differing levels of ROG and NOx controls on O-3 and other photo-oxidant levels. Twelve calculations combining different precursor emission levels were performed in order to simulate the effects of controls on ozone peaks, as well as exposure to the various pollutants. The results suggest that reducing NOx emissions, on a percentage basis, is more effective for lowering both ozone peaks and exposure than is reducing ROG. PAN responds in a similar fashion to ozone. Given the model performance, and the fewer limitations involved in using three-dimensional Eulerian models than other methods, this is a powerful tool for conducting further control strategy evaluations.", "label": [4, 5, 36, 47]}
+{"token": "InvF is required for expression of genes encoding proteins secreted by the SPI1 type III secretion apparatus in Salmonella typhimurium. The expression of genes encoding proteins secreted by the SPI1 (Salmonella pathogenicity island) type III secretion apparatus is known to require the transcriptional activators SirA and HilA. However, neither SirA nor HilA is believed to directly activate the promoters of these genes. invF, the first gene of the inv-spa gene cluster, is predicted to encode an AraC-type transcriptional activator and is required for invasion into cultured epithelial cells. However, the genes which are regulated by InvF have not been identified. In this work, an in-frame deletion in invF was constructed and tested for the expression of Phi(sigD-lacZYA), sipC::Tn5lacZY, and a plasmid-encoded Phi(sicA-lacZYA). SigD (Salmonella invasion gene) is a secreted protein required for the efficient invasion of Salmonella typhimurium into cultured eucaryotic cells. sicA (Salmonella invasion chaperone) is the first gene of a putative operon encoding the Sip/Ssp (Salmonella invasion/Salmonella secreted proteins) invasion proteins secreted by the SPI1 type III export apparatus, invF was required for the expression of the sigD, sicA, and sipC fusions, This is the first demonstration that there is a functional promoter in the intergenic sequence between spaS and sicA, In addition, several proteins were either absent from or found in reduced amounts in the culture supernatants of the invF mutant. Therefore, invF is required for the optimal expression of several genes encoding SPI1-secreted proteins. Genetic evidence is also presented suggesting there is HilA-dependent readthrough transcription from the invF promoter at least through sipC.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Kinetics of chromite vs. ilmenite magnetization during oxidative roasting of ilmenite concentrates. In a paper presented at the Heavy Minerals Conference 2001 a laboratory scale investigation on the beneficiation of an ilmenite containing waste stream by magnetizing roasting was reported(1). This waste stream contained a high concentration of ilmenite, which was contaminated by chromite and other gangue minerals. Interpretation of the results of the investigation was based on the assumption that during magnetizing roasting of an ilmenite concentrate, under the oxidizing conditions, the magnetic properties of the chromite would remain constant. In this article the following hypothesis was tested: The magnetic susceptibility of chromite would remain constant during magnetizing roasting of an ilmenite concentrate under the oxidizing conditions reported by Gouws and Van Dyk(1). The results of this study indicated that the hypothesis is not true. The increase in the magnetic susceptibility is not significant though and it is expected that it will not influence the final ilmenite quality to a large extent. Based on the assumptions that the bulk magnetic susceptibility of the waste stream samples represents that of the ilmenite in the waste stream, and the bulk magnetic susceptibility of UG1 chromite in the waste stream, the results also served to confirm that the waste stream with a high chromite content should be roasted under oxidizing conditions, in a reactor with a well-defined retention time distributions (i.e. a fluidized bed reactor), at a roasting temperature of 750degreesC (rather than the higher temperature ranges of 800degreesC and 850degreesC).", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "A Structural Equation Model for Factors Affecting Eighth Graders' Geometry Achievement. The aim of this study is to examine the predictor and explanatory relationships among eighth-grade students' affective factors of attitude toward geometry, geometry anxiety, and geometry self-efficacy, as well as the cognitive factor of spatial visualization skills, with geometry achievement. This relational survey study was conducted on 487 eighth-grade students during the 2012-2013 academic year. The tools used to collect data are the Attitude toward Geometry Scale, Geometry Anxiety Scale, and Geometry Achievement Test developed by the researchers; the Geometry Self-Efficacy Scale developed by Canturk-Gunhan and Baser; and the Spatial Visualization Test (adapted to Turkish by Yildiz). The researchers developed the model in consideration of the relevant literature. This model tests the direct and indirect relationships among the variables of affective factors, spatial visualization skills, and geometry achievement. The model's fit indices were calculated and these fit indices show the model to have good fit (x(2) = 106.226;.x(2) / df = 2.47; RMSEA = 0.05; CFI = 0.97; NFI = 0.95; NNFI = 0.96). Research reveals the relationship between spatial visualization skills and affective factors, between affective factors and geometry achievement, and between spatial visualization skills and geometry achievement to be positive and significant. Affective factors directly explain 26% of the variance in spatial visualization skills and 35% of the variance in geometry achievement, while indirectly explaining 7% of geometry achievement.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Mechanical behavior analysis of 3D braided composite joint via experiment and multiscale finite element method. This study investigates the mechanical behavior of 3D braided composite truss joints through experiments and a multiscale finite element method. Unit cell models of 3D braided composites, which take into account the yarns, matrix and interface, are established to predict the mechanical properties. A novel damage model based on a modified Tsai-Wu criterion is developed to characterize the progressive damage of the composites. Excellent loading capacities of the joints suggest that 3D braided composites are applicable to complex structural components. The simulation results of the load-displacement curve, strain process, and the damage phenomenology are in good agreement with experimental data. This study also discusses the influence of braiding angle and fiber volume fraction on the loading capacity. The decrease in braiding angle and increase in fiber volume fraction of the composites can improve the loading capacity of the joints.", "label": [1, 11, 12]}
+{"token": "Comparative Analysis of Microbial Communities in Iron-Dominated Flocculent Mats in Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Environments. It has been suggested that iron is one of the most important energy sources for photosynthesis-independent microbial ecosystems in the ocean crust. Iron-metabolizing chemolithoautotrophs play a key role as primary producers, but little is known about their distribution and diversity and their ecological role as submarine iron-metabolizing chemolithotrophs, particularly the iron oxidizers. In this study, we investigated the microbial communities in several iron-dominated flocculent mats found in deep-sea hydrothermal fields in the Mariana Volcanic Arc and Trough and the Okinawa Trough by culture-independent molecular techniques and X-ray mineralogical analyses. The abundance and composition of the 16S rRNA gene phylotypes demonstrated the ubiquity of zetaproteobacterial phylotypes in iron-dominated mat communities affected by hydrothermal fluid input. Electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis and X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) analysis revealed the chemical and mineralogical signatures of biogenic Fe-(oxy) hydroxide species and the potential contribution of Zetaproteobacteria to the in situ generation. These results suggest that putative iron-oxidizing chemolithoautotrophs play a significant ecological role in producing iron-dominated flocculent mats and that they are important for iron and carbon cycles in deep-sea low-temperature hydrothermal environments.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 40]}
+{"token": "Molecular characterization of the bacterial composition in two waste silk refining systems. Spontaneous fermentation is a traditional and ecologically friendly way to purify silk, but the knowledge of the microbial structure in this system is limited. The fermentation liquids (W1 and W2) from two waste silk refining systems were analyzed for their bacterial community and diversity. W1 had higher oil-removing and degumming efficiency than W2, and so was superior for the recovery of waste silk. The bacterial community structures of W1 and W2 were characterized by polymorphisms in the 16S rRNA gene. Two corresponding clone libraries (C1 and C2) were constructed from each system. Using amplified rDNA restriction analysis (ARDRA), 112 randomly selected clones were grouped in 24 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) from C1 and 113 clones were grouped in 20 OTUs from C2. The bacterial diversity of C1 was higher than C2 according to the Shannon-Weaver index. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis indicated that Firmicutes were the most dominant group in both samples, followed by Bacteroidetes. Clones related to Synergistetes were only found in C1. This investigation expands substantially our knowledge of the bacterial composition and diversity in waste silk refining systems. The results also revealed that the silk-spinning system may harbor a bacterial population structure suitable for metagenomic mining for novel bacterial lipase, esterase, and protease.", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "Nearshore submerged wave farm optimisation: A multi-objective approach. To be commercially viable, wave energy converters (WECs) will need to be deployed in arrays or \\\\'wave farms \\\\' to generate significant amounts of energy and to have the costs of these farms minimised. However, when designing a wave farm, there are a number of trade-offs to be made between competing objectives; for example, between the power production potential and installation costs, with the optimal design for one objective not necessarily favourable for the other. In this study, we developed a multi-objective optimisation methodology to allow rigorous evaluation of the trade-offs amongst multiple objectives. We demonstrate the methodology for four objectives: (1) maximising power production, (2) minimising the foundation loads, (3) minimising the number of foundations and (4) minimising the total export cable length required. However, the method is flexible and can be used for optimising a range of other parameters. A case study examining multi-objective optimisation of a wave farm using the developed probability-based evolutionary strategy was conducted for a proposed devel-opment site in Albany, Western Australia. The wave farms were composed of 5, 10 and 20 fully submerged cylindrical point-absorber type WECs similar to Carnegie Clean Energy's CETO-6 device. Simulations show that the optimal layouts preferring maximum power formed a single line perpendicular to the predominant wave direction; the optimal layouts preferring minimum cable length and a minimum number of foundations form multiple lines; whereas the optimal layouts preferring minimum foundation loads formed multiple lines in line with the predominant wave direction. By applying a cost model and non-dominated sorting, the methodology allowed us to quantify the trade-offs between power production and cost.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 36]}
+{"token": "RF-Powered Green Cognitive Radio Networks: Architecture and Performance Analysis. In this letter, we consider an RF-powered green cognitive radio network (RF-GCRN), where a central node, called a power beacon (PB), harvests green energy from ambient sources and wirelessly delivers random harvested energy to cognitive users. Random in-band energy transmission by PB is the only energy source of cognitive users. Performance of this network, with a single pair of secondary users, is analyzed under two spectrum access schemes, i.e., random access and spectrum sensing-based access schemes. Results show feasibility of the RF-GCRN model, if the energy transmission rate is below a certain threshold. This threshold is determined according to maximum tolerable delay of primary user and parameters of spectrum access scheme. Finding a closed form expression for this threshold results in a quite complicated formula, which cannot be helpful in determining feasibility region, due to excessive complexity. Instead, we numerically calculated feasibility regions of both access schemes to facilitate parameter selection process.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Evaluation of the fidelity of isotope records as an environmental proxy in the coral Montastraea. Many studies of climate variability in the Tropical Ocean have used high-resolution chemical tracer records contained in coral skeletons. The complex architecture of coral skeletons may lead to the possibility of biases in coral records and it is therefore important to access the fidelity of coral geochemical records as environmental proxies. Coral skeletal records from the same coral colony, and even the same corallite, may show large variation due to differing extension rates, formational timing of the skeletal elements, colony topography, and sampling resolution. To assess the robustness of the skeletal record, we present delta(13)C and delta(18)O data based on different sampling resolutions, skeletal elements, and coral colonies of Montastraea faveolata species complex, the primary coral used for climate reconstruction in the Atlantic. We show that various skeletal elements produce different isotopic records. The best sampling rate to resolve the full annual range of sea surface temperature (SST) is 40 samples per year. This sampling frequency also consistently recovered SST variability measured at weekly intervals. A sampling rate of 12 times per year recovered 84% of the annual range recording average monthly SST changes through the year. Six samples per year significantly decreased the ability to resolve the annual SST range. The delta(18)O recorded from two adjacent colonies were very similar, suggesting that this isotope can be trusted to record environmental changes. The delta(13)C, on the other hand, remained highly variable, perhaps as a result of the activity of symbiotic algae (zooxanthellae).", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "Europe. Even where legislation governing the welfare of transported animals is adhered to, animals may endure long journeys in cramped conditions and the stress of being handled, mixed, loaded and unloaded. They may also be exposed to regional variations including differences in climate and infrastructure which can further compromise their welfare. Furthermore, inconsistencies in enforcement of transport legislation within the EU and/or ineffective penalties for non-compliance mean that legislation is all too often ignored with serious welfare implications for the transported animals. Reports of welfare infringements en route are not uncommon and include: overstocking; illegal route plans; inadequate road vehicles; and sick, injured and dead animals.Millions of animals are transported long distance (over 8 h) in Europe each year and there has long been concern that this poses serious welfare issues for livestock. These journeys, sometimes in adverse conditions, regularly involve transporting animals thousands of kilometres to slaughter. Routes identified as causing particular problems for animal welfare include those where: horses are transported from Central and Eastern Europe to Southern Italy; pigs are transported from the Netherlands to Southern Italy; and where sheep are imported into Greece.Animal welfare organizations in Europe believe that the long-distance transport of live animals over 8 h should be ended completely and that transportation of animals over these distances should be in carcass form. However, the issue of the live export trade in Europe is complex and multifaceted, influenced by many factors from the economy to the religions and cultures prevalent in the region. Legislative initiatives and action plans to be implemented within the next few years will offer opportunities to improve the welfare of transported livestock and alleviate, if not eradicate, the suffering they can endure on their, sometimes exceptionally long, journeys to slaughter.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "An original approach for gas chromatography-olfactometry detection frequency analysis: Application to gin. Gas Chromatography-Olfactometry (GC-O) is a technique that lies halfway between physicochemical and sensory analysis and involves the perception of volatile flavour compounds, separated by gas chromatography, by the human nose. Of the different GC-O procedures available, detection frequency has been proved to be more rapid and more repeatable, even with an untrained panel. This characteristic regarding the panel is often not considered when dealing with the sensory attributes determined by assessors.An original approach to GC-O using the detection frequency procedure has been developed and tested on two types of gin and made it possible to benefit from sensory data. The panel consisted in 10 assessors (five male and five female) with prior GC-O experience. They generated odour events each time they perceived an odour. In addition, they were asked to provide as precise a description as possible of the smell they perceived. The 2589 odour events thus generated were then grouped into 209 odorant areas using a specially-developed software, based on the closeness of their linear retention indices. These odorant areas were then associated with compounds identified using Gas Chromatography Mass-Spectrometry. The intensity of a compound was defined as the number of odour events in the corresponding odorant area. Thirty height compounds, mostly terpenoids, were identified as having an impact on gin aroma and enabled differentiation of the two products. Among these 38 compounds, those belonging to the two products were described as constituting a \\\\'gin base\\\\', while the others were described as \\\\'typical compounds\\\\'. This procedure also enabled the identification of compounds whose perceived intensity was highly sensitive to changes in concentration. Finally, an odour classification wheel was developed to categorise the descriptors obtained in 12 supercategories. An odour profile was generated for each odorant area, based on the occurrence of a descriptor in a supercategory. These odour profiles were either homogeneous (with one dominant odour) or heterogeneous (with no dominant odour). This approach enabled a quantitative sensory description of the odorant areas generated by GC-O. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Lenses and levels: the why, what and how of measuring health system drivers of women's, children's and adolescents' health with a governance focus. Health systems are critical for health outcomes as they underpin intervention coverage and quality, promote users' rights and intervene on the social determinants of health. Governance is essential for health system endeavours as it mobilises and coordinates a multiplicity of actors and interests to realise common goals. The inherently social, political and contextualised nature of governance, and health systems more broadly, has implications for measurement, including how the health of women, children and adolescents health is viewed and assessed, and for whom. Three common lenses, each with their own views of power dynamics in policy and programme implementation, include a service delivery lens aimed at scaling effective interventions, a societal lens oriented to empowering people with rights to effect change and a systems lens concerned with creating enabling environments for adaptive learning. We illustrate the implications of each lens for the why, what and how of measuring health system drivers across micro, meso and macro health systems levels, through three examples (digital health, maternal and perinatal death surveillance and review, and multisectoral action for adolescent health). Appreciating these underpinnings of measuring health systems and governance drivers of the health of women, children and adolescents is essential for a holistic learning and action agenda that engages a wider range of stakeholders, which includes, but also goes beyond, indicator-based measurement. Without a broadening of approaches to measurement and the types of research partnerships involved, continued investments in the health of women, children and adolescents will fall short.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Accelerating and Strengthening Native American Health Research Through a Collaborative NIH Initiative. This paper is intended to provide an overview of the considerations that informed the development of a National Institutes of Health funding opportunity to promote health and prevent disease in Native Americans, including American Indian, Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian communities. NIH Institute staff thoughtfully considered epidemiologic research findings and feedback from constituents regarding the need for more published research overall and stronger prevention efforts to address persistent health concerns affecting many Native communities. This led to the publication of four funding announcements supported by multiple NIH Institutes and one NIH Office. Through the efforts of researchers, tribal leaders, community collaborators, and NIH leadership and staff, a growing body of knowledge regarding culturally informed approaches to supporting health in Native Americans is emerging. This article describes how staff who developed the funding opportunities envisioned a process to support high impact science through ensuring methodological rigor, responsiveness to prevention needs, and respect for community heritage, values, and history with non-Native peoples. In addition, this article highlights the growth of the researchers and collaborators within a community of scientists expanding the knowledge base further by sharing their research resources, instruments, and strategies for engaging in scientific inquiry that meets the needs of Native communities and those of funding organizations.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Activity of North Jordan soil streptomycete isolates against Candida albicans. Eighteen percent of 116 different isolates of Streptomyces recovered from soils of northern Jordan showed activity against Candida albicans. The recovered isolates were distributed into three groups according to the diameter of the inhibition zone on the agar plate: group 1 (5-10 mm, slightly active); group 2 (11-15 mm, moderately active); and group 3 (16-35 mm, highly active). Isolates of group 3 were further grouped into four sub-groups and were culturally and morphologically identified. The u.v. spectra of the fermentation broth for the isolates in sub-group 4 were determined, and showed absorbance peaks ranging between 230 and 300 nm.", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "The discovery of new Chilean taxa revolutionizes the systematics of Geoplaninae Neotropical land planarians (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida). Two subfamilies of land planarians (Geoplanidae) are endemic to the Neotropical region, namely Geoplaninae (with 29 genera and 346 nominal species, most of which are from Brazil) and its sister-group Timyminae, with only two Chilean species. The systematics of these groups through morphology and molecular data (COI and 28S rDNA genes), including nine new Chilean species, is re-assessed in this study. The great morphological diversity of the Chilean species is congruent with the molecular trees and, accordingly, five new genera (Adinoplana, Harana, Myoplana, Sarcoplana and Transandiplana) are proposed, each characterized by putative synapomorphies. Seven new tribes are also erected (Adinoplanini, Gusanini, Haranini, Inakayaliini, Myoplanini, Polycladini and Sarcoplanini), each one monogeneric, except Geoplanini (which includes all genera under the current concept of Geoplaninae plus the Chilean Transandiplana) and Sarcoplanini (with Sarcoplana and the already known Mapuplana, Pichidamas and Wallamapuplana). Re-diagnoses of Geoplaninae, Timymini, Gusana, Inakayalia, Polycladus and Pichidamas are proposed and biogeographic remarks on Transandiplana are provided", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Accentuation of suicides but not homicides with rising latitudes of Greenland in the sunny months. Results: There were a total of 1351 suicides and 308 homicides. The suicides rate varied from 4.2/100 000 person-years in 1971 to 128.4/100 000 person-years in 1987. The homicide rate varied from 2.1/100000 person-years in 1969-1970 to 34.8/100 000 person-years in 1988. Out of the 1351 suicides, 80.5% were committed by men and 19.5% by women. Median age was 25 years (n = 1351; Range 11-84 years). Violent methods of suicide were used in 95% of all cases (n = 1286). Out of the 308 homicide victims, 61% were men and 39% were women, and 13% were killed in multiple homicide events. There was a significant seasonal variation with peaks in June and troughs in the winter in all suicide cases (n = 1351, r = 0.07; Z = 7.58, p < 0.001), in violent suicides (n = 1286; r = 0.07; Z = 6.97; p < 0,001), in suicides in men (n = 1087; r = 0.07; Z = 5.39; p < 0.002), and in women (n = 264; r = 0.10; Z = 2.36; p < 0.05), but not in homicides nor in consumption of beer. There was a bi-phasic seasonal variation in suicide victims where an alcohol-related condition was included in the death certificate Suicides were more concentrated in the summer months north of the Arctic Circle (n = 577, r = 0.09, Z = 4.45, p < 0.01) than south of it (n = 769, r = 0.07, Z = 3.76, p < 0.002) and most concentrated in North Greenland (n = 33; r = 0.35; Z = 4.11; p < 0.01), where 48% of suicides occurred during the period of constant light. When including astronomical twilight in the constant light period 82% occurred during this time.Methods: Official computerized registers on causes of death in all Greenland during 1968-2002 were used. Sales data on beer from one of the major food store chains for July 2005-June 2006 were examined. Seasonal variation was assessed by Rayleigh's test for circular distributions.Conclusion: There was a concentration of suicides but not homicides in the summer months in all Greenland. The concentration was most pronounced at high latitudes.Background: Seasonal variation in suicides has been shown in many countries. We assessed the seasonality and the variation with latitude in suicides and homicides, and the impact of alcohol on the seasonality in suicides.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Comparison of the performance of two handheld XRF instruments in the study of Roman tesserae from Castulo (Linares, Spain). [GRAPHICS]Cultural Heritage objects are frequently unavailable for transportation to laboratory facilities due to their size, location or local Cultural Heritage preservation regulations. The development of handheld XRF (hXRF) systems has, therefore, proven to be essential in the study of unmovable objects. In this study, two handheld XRF instruments-Bruker (TM) Tracer III SD (R) and Olympus (TM) Innov-X Delta Premium-were compared and evaluated using tesserae from the Mosaico de los Amores (Linares, Spain). Given their portability, the user-friendly nature of their operating systems and their overall performance, both hXRF instruments are highly recommended for in situ campaigns in Cultural Heritage studies. However, the detection limits calculated for each element point towards a better detection of low-Z elements when using the two-beam mode of the Olympus (TM) Innov-X Delta Premium hXRF. This study underlines the importance of systems that allow the analysis of the same point with analytical conditions optimized for different chemical elements.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Synergistic interaction of Auricularia auricula-judae polysaccharide with yam starch: effects on physicochemical properties and in vitro starch digestibility. Thermal stable polysaccharides from Auricularia auricula-judae (AP) have unique molecularstructures and multiple bioactivities. The effects of AP on the physicochemical properties and in vitro starch digestibility of yam starch (YS) were studied. The addition of AP induced a significant increase in the swelling power, solubility, mean volume diameter and adhesiveness as well as a dramatic decrease in the hardness and gumminess (p<0.05). AP showed a strong suppressive effect on in vitro starch digestibility. Higher modulus (G, G) and stiffness parameters (A), and lower order of relaxation function (), were observed in oscillatory rheological measurements, indicating that the gels were more elastic-like and had higher pseudoplasticity in the presence of AP. Furthermore, AP remarkably decreased the syneresis and storage modulus (G), and also retarded the retrogradation process of YS gel at 4 degrees C, revealing a synergistic interaction between AP and YS, which could also be demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Why bother campaigning? Campaign effectiveness in the 2009 European Parliament elections. This paper explores the effectiveness of European Parliament candidates' campaigns. We analyze the relationship between candidates' spending and their likelihood of success, controlling for a range of relevant co-varying factors. We then investigate whether the effects of electoral spending are conditioned by two variables: ballot design and incumbency. We find that, ceteris paribus, spending was positively related to a candidate's likelihood of electoral success in the 2009 campaign, though this effect is small in scale. We also reveal that the electorally positive effects of spending are observable across both 'party-centered' and 'candidate-centered' ballot structures, and that there is some evidence that incumbent spending is less effective than challenger spending. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Effect of different doses of inhaled ciclesonide on lung function, clinical signs related to airflow limitation and serum cortisol levels in horses with experimentally induced mild to severe airway obstruction. Background Inhaled corticosteroids are effective for the treatment of equine asthma but they induce cortisol suppression with potential side effects. Objectives To study the efficacy of ciclesonide, an inhaled corticosteroid with an improved safety profile, on lung function, clinical signs related to airway obstruction, and serum cortisol levels in asthmatic horses exposed to a mouldy hay challenge. Study design Cross-over placebo controlled, blinded, randomised experiment. Methods Sixteen horses were enrolled in three subsequent dose-titration studies (8 horses/study) to investigate the effects of inhaled ciclesonide administered for 2 weeks at doses ranging from 450 to 2700 mu g twice daily or 3712.5 mu g once daily. Systemic dexamethasone (0.066 mg/kg per os) was our positive control. A placebo group was also studied. Lung function and clinical scores were blindly performed before and after 7 and 14 days of treatment. Serum cortisol was measured before and after 3, 5, 7, 10, 14 days of treatment as well as 3 and 7 days post treatment. Results After 7 days, dexamethasone induced a significant reduction in pulmonary resistance (from 2.5 +/- 0.6 at day 0 to 1.1 +/- 0.7 cm H2O/L/s), pulmonary elastance (5.0 +/- 2.6 to 1.2 +/- 1.0 cm H2O/L), and of the weighted clinical score (14.8 +/- 4.7 to 8.0 +/- 4.4). Similarly, ciclesonide 1687.5 mu g twice daily significantly improved pulmonary resistance (2.7 +/- 1.1 to 1.6 +/- 0.8 cm H2O/L/s), pulmonary elastance (5.2 +/- 3.1 to 2.2 +/- 1.3 cm H2O/L), and weighted clinical score (13 +/- 2.9 to 10.8 +/- 4.2). Serum cortisol suppression (<50 nmol/L) systematically occurred with dexamethasone from day 3 of treatment up to day 3 post treatment, but not with ciclesonide at any tested doses. Placebo did not exert any significant beneficial effect. Main limitations Experimentally induced asthma exacerbations in horses might respond differently to treatment than naturally occurring exacerbations. Conclusions Inhaled ciclesonide is an effective treatment for horses with equine asthma. Serum cortisol was unaffected by treatment.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Gamma irradiation on canola seeds affects herbivore-plant and host-parasitoid interactions. As an agricultural modernization, gamma irradiation is an important method for enhancing crop yield and quality. Nevertheless, its use can alter other plant traits such as nutrition and resistance to different biotic/abiotic stresses that consequently affect plant-insect interactions. A tritrophic system was utilized based on two canola mutant lines produced through gamma irradiation (RGS 8-1 and Talaye 8-3). Plutella xylostella (L.), as a worldwide pest of Brassicaceae and Cotesia vestalis (Holiday) as a key biocontrol agent of P. xylostella were examined for the potential indirect effects of canola seed irradiation on the experimental insects' performance when acting on the respective mutant lines. This study showed that physical mutation did not affect plant nitrogen and herbivore-damaged total phenolics; however, phenolic compounds showed greater concentration in damaged leaves than undamaged leaves of both mutant and control plants. The relative growth rate and pupal weight of P. xylostella reared on RGS 8-1 were significantly higher than those reared on the control RGS. There was no significant difference by performance parameters of the parasitoid, C. vestalis, including total pre-oviposition period, adult longevity, adult fresh body weight of males and females, pupal weight, forewing area, and total longevity of both sexes on tested canola cultivars in comparison with their mutant lines. Life table parameters of C. vestalis on mutant lines of both cultivars, RGS and Talaye, were not significantly different from their control treatments. Comprehensive studies should be conducted to find out the mechanisms under which gamma rays affect plant-insect interactions.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Influence of food availability, plant productivity, and indigenous forest use on ranging behavior of the endangered samango monkey (Cercopithecus albogularis schwarzi), in the Soutpansberg Mountains, South Africa. Understanding the determinants of ranging patterns in species susceptible to habitat fragmentation is fundamental for assessing their long-term adaptability to an increasingly human-dominated landscape. The aim of this study was to determine and compare the influence of ground-based food availability, remotely sensed plant productivity, and indigenous forest use on the ranging patterns of the endangered samango monkey (Cercopithecus albogularis schwarzi). We collected monthly ranging data on two habituated samango monkey groups, from February 2012 to December 2016, from our field site in the Soutpansberg Mountains, South Africa. We used linear mixed models to explore how food availability, plant productivity, and indigenous forest use influenced monthly ranging patterns, while controlling for group size, number of sample days and day length. We found that as more areas of high plant productivity (derived from remotely sensed EVI) were incorporated into the ranging area, both total and core monthly ranging areas decreased. In addition, both total ranging area and mean monthly daily path length decreased as more indigenous forest was incorporated into the ranging area. However, we found no effect of either ground-based food availability or remotely sensed plant productivity on ranging patterns. Our findings demonstrate the behavioral flexibility in samango monkey ranging, as samangos can utilize matrix habitat during periods of low productivity but are ultimately dependent on access to indigenous forest patches. In addition, we highlight the potential of using remotely sensed areas of high plant productivity to predict ranging patterns in a small ranging, forest-dwelling guenon, over ground-based estimates of food availability.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Laboratory Measurement of Hydraulic-Fracture Conductivities in the Barnett Shale. In this work, a series of experiments was conducted to measure the conductivity of unpropped natural fractures, propped natural fractures, unpropped induced fractures, and propped induced fractures with a modified American Petroleum Institute (API) conductivity cell at room temperature. Fractures were induced along the natural bedding planes, preserving fracture-surface asperities. Natural-fracture infill was taken into consideration during conductivity measurements. Proppants of various sizes were placed manually between rough fracture surfaces at realistic concentrations. The two sides of the rough fractures either were aligned or were displaced with a 0.1-in. offset. After pressure testing on the system integrity, nitrogen was flowed through the proppant pack or unpropped fracture to measure the conductivity.Horizontal wells that intersect multistage transverse fractures created by low-viscosity fracturing fluid with low proppant loadings are the key to revitalizing production from the Mississippian Barnett shale in the Fort Worth basin in Texas. However, direct laboratory measurements of both natural- and induced-fracture conductivities under realistic experimental-design conditions are needed for reliable well-performance analysis and fracture-design optimization.Results from 88 experiments show that the conductivity of hydraulic fractures in shale can be measured accurately in a laboratory with appropriate experimental procedures and good control over experimental errors. It is proved that unpropped, aligned fractures can provide a conductive path after removal of free particles and debris because of the brittleness and lamination of shale. Moreover, poorly cemented natural fractures and unpropped displaced fractures can create conductivities of up to 0.5 md-ft at formation-closure stress, which is one to two orders of magnitude greater than the conductivity provided by cemented natural fractures and unpropped aligned fractures. This study shows that propped-fracture conductivity increases with larger proppant size and higher proppant concentration. Longer-term fracture-conductivity measurements indicate that, within 20 hours, the fracture conductivity could be reduced by as much as 20%.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Diplomats and Bluffers (Ar. Ach. 61-174): Strategies for a Comic Disruption of Athenian Foreign Policy. In Acharnians -the first old comedy to have been preserved in its entirety- the plot includes from its very beginning a number of specific references pointing to a lexical focus on foreigners and diplomacy: in fact, a number of different legal institutions related to the interaction between Athenians and other alien peoples, such as the Persians or Thracians, is perceived. The first verses of the comedy translate some typical procedures of comic inversion: false outsiders are shown as litigious and unethical, and the nature of diplomatic relations is mocked when the underlying intentions are discovered within the apparent discourse of hospitality: by means of a rhetoric of anti-diplomacy, Aristophanes makes use of humour to unveil the conventional basis inherent to the legal regulation of foreign affairs.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Longevity of Daphnia magna males and females. In many species, males are shorter-lived than females, and, mostly anecdotally, shorter lifespan was also attributed to Daphnia males. This does not necessarily stay in accordance with the biological roles of the sexes in Daphnia. Daphnia females maximize their fitness by maximizing the number of produced offspring, which incurs costs associated with quick attainment of large body size: metabolic costs of fast growth and increased risk of predation. In contrast, Daphnia males maximize fitness by maximizing the number of fertilized females, and seem to follow the strategy that enables them to maximize the lifetime female encounter rate, which should increase with lengthening lifespan. As arguments exist both in favour and against males living longer than females, we tested for differences in physiological lifespan of Daphnia magna males and females. Although maximum observed lifespan was always equal or longer in males than in females, no statistically significant differences were found. The results indicate that Daphnia males should not be considered short-lived anymore.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "Distributed gene clinical decision support system based on cloud computing. Methods: In this paper, we propose a distributed gene clinical decision support system, which is named GCDSS. And a prototype is implemented based on cloud computing technology. At the same time, we present CloudBWA which is a novel distributed read mapping algorithm leveraging batch processing strategy to map reads on Apache Spark.Background: The clinical decision support system can effectively break the limitations of doctors' knowledge and reduce the possibility of misdiagnosis to enhance health care. The traditional genetic data storage and analysis methods based on stand-alone environment are hard to meet the computational requirements with the rapid genetic data growth for the limited scalability.Conclusions: GCDSS is a distributed gene clinical decision support system based on cloud computing techniques. In particular, we incorporated a distributed genetic data analysis pipeline framework in the proposed GCDSS system. To boost the data processing of GCDSS, we propose CloudBWA, which is a novel distributed read mapping algorithm to leverage batch processing technique in mapping stage using Apache Spark platform.Results: Experiments show that the distributed gene clinical decision support system GCDSS and the distributed read mapping algorithm CloudBWA have outstanding performance and excellent scalability. Compared with state-of-the-art distributed algorithms, CloudBWA achieves up to 2.63 times speedup over SparkBWA. Compared with stand-alone algorithms, CloudBWA with 16 cores achieves up to 11.59 times speedup over BWA-MEM with 1 core.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Is there anything new to say about Emile Durkheim and Marcel Mauss?. This review essay presents Marcel Fournier's work on the French school of sociology: the first biography of Marcel Mauss, the edition of Mauss's Ecrits politiques, the annotated edition of Emile Durkheim's Lettres a Marcel Mauss and a new biography of Durkheim. The author analyses the status of biography in the social sciences, discusses the difficulty of this kind of work and presents some results of his research. To the question: 'is there anything new to say about Durkheim and Mauss?', the response is: yes.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Organic Public Sociology in the Pragmatist Perspective: A Multifaceted Approach. This article argues that American pragmatism provides a model for organic public sociology, defined by Michael Burawoy as the sociologist's direct involvement with a group in a collaborative effort to bring about change, which permits and encourages a combined professional research and activist project. I use my project involving medical licensing and disciplinary boards to illustrate how those projects can be successfully combined. I served as a public member, conducted research, and was an advocate for change.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Improving the Kinetic Hydrate Inhibition Performance of 3-Methylene-2-pyrrolidone Polymers by N-Alkylation, Ring Expansion, and Copolymerization. Poly(N-vinyl lactam)s have been the dominant class of kinetic hydrate inhibitor (KHI) polymer for many years in oil and gas flow assurance applications. Recently, we reported on the KHI performance of a new, but closely related, polymer, poly(3-methylene-2-pyrrolidone), P(3M2P). It was suggested that, like poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone), the polymer is not sufficiently hydrophobic for optimum KHI performance. We now report on three improvements to this class: (1) by alkylating the pyrrolidone ring, (2) by expanding the ring size from 5 to 6 atoms, and (3) by copolymerization with more hydrophobic monomers. All new polymers were tested in high pressure rocking cells with a Structure II-forming gas mixture. When methyl, ethyl, and n-propyl groups were introduced onto the pyrrolidone ring, the poly(5-n-propyl-3-methylene-2-pyrrolidone) homopolymer, with the lowest cloud point of the three polymers, showed the best KHI efficacy. Expanding the ring size to the 6-ring piperidone group also lowered the polymer cloud point and improved the KHI performance relative to P(3M2P). Copolymers of 3M2P with N-vinyl caprolactam and N-n-butyl methacrylamide (n-BuMAm) were also synthesized. All copolymers showed good improvements over P(3M2P). The best copolymer was the n-BuMAm:3M2P copolymer with the highest n-BuMAm content and lowest cloud point. The best two copolymers were further investigated at different concentrations (500, 1000, 2500, and 5000 ppm), showing an increase in performance with increasing concentration.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "Afriat's Theorem and some Extensions to Choice under Uncertainty*. The first part of the article reviews the methodology developed by Sydney Afriat for determining whether a finite set of price and quantity data are consistent with utility maximising behaviour by a consumer. Some extensions of his basic model to models of consumer behaviour where the structure of preferences is restricted in some way are also explained. Examples of special structures are homotheticity, separability and quasi-linearity of the utility function. The second half of the article is devoted to developing Afriat-type consistency tests for expected and non-expected utility maximising behaviour.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Freedom and Bonds in Kant. The thesis that I intend to address in this article can be summarized with the idea that positive bonds(1) engender not only dependence, but also freedom and autonomy. Accordingly, it is worth asking what positive human bonds are based on. Or, to phrase the question another way, how can dependence and autonomy be blended when we talk about relationships in terms of bonds, that is, relationships with a special quality of union?I will try to answer these questions through a selection of texts that pay special attention to these issues from Kant's Metaphysics of Morals, Religion within the Boundaries of Mere Reason, and his Lectures on Ethics(2). I will thus briefly address the Kantian concept of freedom and introduce the idea of bonds that, as we will see below, is not as alien to Kantian ethics as it may at first seem.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Incidence and host range of the melon fruit fly Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Central Tanzania. The incidence and host range of the melon fruit fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae, was studied in the Morogoro Region of Central Tanzania between October 2004 and October 2006. Occurrence was limited to low to medium altitude locations. Populations reached a peak in the dry season, between July and September. Host plants belonged mostly to the Cucurbitaceae family, with non-cucurbit hosts being infested occasionally and at low infestation rate. Highly preferred cucurbit hosts were cucumber (Cucumis sativus), melon (Cucumis melo) and watermelon (Citrullus lanatus), while Momordica cf trifoliata was the most important wild host. Bactrocera cucurbitae appeared to dominate most indigenous cucurbit infesters, with the exception of Dacus ciliatus which was still dominant in some cucurbitaceous spp.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Occurrence and Characterization of a 16SrII-D Subgroup Phytoplasma Associated with Parsley Witches' Broom Disease in Iran. During 2010-2013 surveys for the presence of phytoplasma diseases in Yazd province (Iran), a parsley witches' broom (PrWB) disease was observed. Characteristic symptoms were excessive development of short spindly shoots from crown buds, little leaf, yellowing, witches' broom, stunting, flower virescence and phyllody. The disease causative agent was dodder transmitted from symptomatic parsley to periwinkle and from periwinkle to periwinkle by grafting inducing phytoplasma-type symptoms. Expected length DNA fragments of nearly 1800 and 1250bp were, respectively, amplified from naturally infected parsley and experimentally inoculated periwinkle plants in direct polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using phytoplasma primer pair P1/P7 or nested PCR using the same primer pair followed by R16F2n/R16R2 primers. Restriction fragment length polymorphism and phylogenetic analyses of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the phytoplasma associated with PrWB disease in Yazd province belong to 16SrII-D phytoplasma subgroup. This is the first report of association of a 16SrII-related phytoplasma with PrWB disease in Iran.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Checking herbrand equalities and beyond. A Herbrand equality between expressions in a program is an equality which holds relative to the Herbrand interpretation of operators. We show that the problem of checking validity of positive Boolean combinations of Herbrand equalities at a given program point is decidable - even in presence of disequality guards. This result vastly extends the reach of classical methods for global value numbering which cannot deal with disjunctions and are always based on an abstraction of conditional branching with non-deterministic choice. In order to introduce our analysis technique in a simpler scenario we also give an alternative proof that in the classic setting, where all guards are ignored, conjunctions of Herbrand equalities can be checked in polynomial time. As an application of our method, we show how to derive all valid Herbrand constants in programs with disequality guards. Finally, we present a PSPACE lower bound and show that in presence of equality guards instead of disequality guards, it is undecidable to check whether a given Herbrand equality holds or not.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Onset of convection in superfluid He-3-He-4 mixture heated from below. The thermal instability of He-3 - He-4 mixtures caused by heating the liquid,from below has been studied experimentally. The temperature gradients were measured which appeared in the mixture with initial concentration 9.8 % of He-3 below 0.5 K in the presence of different heat flows from the heater at the cell bottom. At a certain critical heat flow the effective thermal conductivity of the liquid was observed to increase sharply which was naturally attributed to the convective heat transfer. It is shown that the thermal convection develops at high temperature gradients. In this case the Rayleigh numbers exceed many orders of magnitude those for heating from above. Thus the convective instability develops in a system in which the light liquid is at the top and where no prerequisite,for instability is seemingly available. The results obtained are analyzed in terms of the theory of convective instability in binary mixtures. It is suggested that the phase separation of superfluid mixtures caused by a heat flow could be a destabilizing factor initiating convection. The vortex formation in superfluid helium and the related turbulent flows appearing at high temperature gradients can be another factor favourable for instability of the liquid.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Constructing collectivity in diversity: online political mobilization of a national LGBT political party. The internet has opened up a space for discussions of queer sexuality and the interconnectivity made possible by internet technologies enables the active exchange of queer ideologies across distant spaces that facilitate the formation of 'queer counterpublics'. But how do cyberqueer movements form a collectivity amid the instability of individual and collective identities and the vulnerabilities and controls posed by new technology mediation? Through the case study of Ladlad, a lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) political party in the Philippines, this paper examines the role of online media in the construction of a queer movement. The article argues that the process of connectivity facilitated by online spaces creates nodes of identification, belonging, and support that symbolically form a collective site of resistance to sources of oppressive power for LGBTs.", "label": [5, 47, 51]}
+{"token": "God and Kant's Suicide Maxim. Kant's argument against suicide is widely dismissed by scholars and often avoided by teachers because it is deemed inconsistent with Kant's moral philosophy. This paper attempts to show a way to make sense of Kant's injunction against suicide that is consistent with his moral system. One of the strategies adopted in order to accomplish my goal is a de-secularization of Kant's ethics. I argue that all actions of self-killing (or suicide) are morally impermissible because they are inconsistent with God's established nature and order. It is argued that the existence of God as the locus of moral value and duty in Kant's moral system, and not belief in God, can explain the consistency of Kant's injunction against suicide. A synergistic view is offered, which rests on three arguments: First, suicide goes against God's authority. Second, suicide is inconsistent with our self-perpetuating nature. Third, suicide goes against the rational will.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Social-cognitive risk factors for violence in psychosis: A discriminant function analysis. It has been proposed that mixed findings in studies investigating social cognition as a risk factor for violence in psychosis may be explained by utilizing a framework distinguishing between social-cognitive tests which measure relatively more basic operations (e.g. facial affect recognition) and measures of more complex operations (mentalizing, metacognition). The current study investigated which social cognitive and metacognitive processes are related to a violent history over and above illness-related deficits. Data from control participants (n = 33), patients with a psychotic disorder and no violent history (n = 27), and patients with a psychotic disorder in a forensic clinic (n = 23) were analyzed utilizing discriminant analysis. Metacognition and associative learning emerged as significant factors in predicting group membership between the three groups. In a follow-up analysis between only the patient groups, metacognitive Self-Reflectivity and Empathic Accuracy emerged as statistically significant predictors of group membership. The control group presented with higher levels of social cognitive and metacognitive capacity than patient groups, and the forensic patient group had lower levels than the non-forensic patient group. Our findings support previous research findings implying impaired metacognitive Self-Reflectivity in particular as a risk factor for violence.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Shape and cross-section optimization of plane trusses subjected to earthquake excitation using gradient and hessian matrix calculations. This article describes a second-order shape and cross-section optimization method of plane truss subjected to earthquake excitation. The method is based on gradient and Hessian matrix calculation. First, the first and second derivatives of dynamic response with respect to design variables are calculated based on the Newmark method. Second, the inequality time-dependent constraint problem is converted into a sequence of appropriately formed unconstrained problems using the integral interior penalty function method. Then, the gradient and Hessian matrix of the integral interior penalty function are computed. Third, Marquardt's method is employed to solve the unconstrained problems. Finally, the new approach is validated through several case studies. The results show that the new optimization method is an efficient and effective approach for minimum weight design of truss structures.", "label": [1, 11, 12]}
+{"token": "DO SURVEYS OVERESTIMATE OR UNDERESTIMATE SOCIOECONOMIC DIFFERENCES IN VOTER TURNOUT? EVIDENCE FROM ADMINISTRATIVE REGISTERS. Surveys generally overestimate the overall level of voter turnout in elections due to both the misreporting of voting and nonresponse. It is sometimes argued that socioeconomic differences in turnout are exaggerated in surveys because social desirability has a more pronounced effect on eligible voters in more advantaged socioeconomic positions. However, the contribution of nonresponse bias has not been taken into consideration in these assessments. Using a register-linked survey with information on the education, occupational social class, income, and voting in the 2015 Finnish parliamentary elections of both respondents and nonrespondents, this study shows that nonresponse bias leads to not only a larger overestimation of the overall level of turnout than social desirability, but also an underestimation of educational, social class, and income-related differences in the propensity to vote. Socioeconomic differences in the probability of voting in register-based data were at least two-thirds larger than differences obtained when using standard survey techniques. This finding implies that socioeconomic inequality in electoral participation is a more pressing social problem than previous evidence might indicate.", "label": [5, 47, 49]}
+{"token": "Associations of Bar and Restaurant Smoking Bans With Smoking Behavior in the CARDIA Study: A 25-Year Study. Indoor smoking bans have often been associated with reductions in smoking prevalence. However, few studies have evaluated their association with within-person changes in smoking behaviors. We linked longitudinal data from 5,105 adults aged 18-30 years at baseline from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study (1985-2011) to state, county, and local policies mandating 100% smoke-free bars and restaurants by census tract. We used fixed-effects models to examine the association of smoking bans with within-person change in current smoking risk, smoking intensity (smoking >= 10 cigarettes/day on average vs. <10 cigarettes/day), and quitting attempts, using both linear and nonlinear adjustment for secular trends. In models assuming a linear secular trend, smoking bans were associated with a decline in current smoking risk and smoking intensity and an increased likelihood of a quitting attempt. The association with current smoking was greatest among participants with a bachelor's degree or higher. In models with a nonlinear secular trend, pooled results were attenuated (confidence intervals included the null), but effect modification results were largely unchanged. Findings suggest that smoking ban associations may be difficult to disentangle from other tobacco control interventions and emphasize the importance of evaluating equity throughout policy implementation.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Frequency of depressive symptoms among female migrant workers in China: associations with acculturation, discrimination, and reproductive health. Results: Between March and June 2017, 232 eligible female participants completed the survey among whom the median age was 34.36 years (standard error 0.43) and 25.58% reported significant depressive symptoms. Significant depressive symptoms were associated with higher education (F-test, P = .006), all four acculturative stress factors (r = 0.15 to r = 0.29), both institutional and interpersonal discrimination (r = 0.29, r = 0.35), age (r = -0.13), and self-rated health (r = -0.19). In multivariate regression analysis of depression scale scores, interpersonal discrimination was the strongest predictor (beta = 0.238, P = .002) among the nine factors identified in bivariate analysis. None of the other predictors (age, self-rated health, education, acculturative stress, and institutional discrimination) showed significant associations with the depression scale. Similar results were obtained for a multivariate logistic regression analysis of a clinically important threshold for depression (<10 versus >= 10 on the depression scale). Only interpersonal discrimination significantly distinguished between clinical depression categories (odds ratio = 2.607 per unit change in the index, P = .001).Conclusions: Migrant women workers in China appear to be at risk for significant depressive symptoms, and interpersonal discrimination appears to be an important risk factor in this setting. Acculturative stress and institutional discrimination may also be relevant risk factors, as suggested in our bivariate analysis, but in our sample, the correlations between the stress and discrimination factors are high enough to compromise identification of unique associations between acculturation stress and depression. Government, community and workplace education, and psychosocial services for migrant women are recommended. (c) 2019 The Royal Society for Public Health. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Objectives: Depression has been associated with numerous adverse health conditions. This study sought to determine the frequency of significant depressive symptoms and whether or not acculturative stress, discrimination, and reproductive health conditions were risk factors for significant depressive symptoms in migrant working women in China.Study design: The design of this study is cross-sectional. Methods: Data were derived from a survey of female migrant workers at three employment sites in Changsha, China. The associations between acculturative stress, discrimination, reproductive health, and risk for significant depressive symptoms were obtained using F-tests for mean differences, correlations, ordinary least squares regression, and logistic regression analysis.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Integrating Technology and a Standards-Based Pedagogy in a Geometry Classroom: A Mature Teacher Deals with the Reality of Multiple Demands and Paradigm Shifts. A mature mathematics teacher (one in the latter stages of a successful career in teaching secondary mathematics) sought support in making a paradigm shift to a technology-integrated pedagogy in the context of a state's emerging standards-based curriculum. The teacher had concerns regarding his ability to make the paradigm shift, but he was willing to make the effort because he believed that integrating technology as an instruction/production tool would increase student achievement in mathematics. This article describes the teacher's experience. Students in two of his three high school geometry classes were introduced to altered teaching methods involving technology. The first class created instructional modules using presentation and Web page software, and a second class used student-created instructional modules. A third geometry class received traditional instruction based on text and lecture. Two topics, angles and circles, were taught using this format. Another topic, lines, was taught traditionally to all three classes. Interestingly, students across the three groups had numerically higher end-of-unit test scores for both lines and circles, much more acceptable to the teacher, than for angles. Recommendations are in order in regard to teacher support for technology integration. (C) 2007 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Analysis of the morphological variation of Doryteuthis sanpaulensis (Cephalopoda: Loliginidae) in Argentinian and Brazilian coastal waters using geometric morphometrics techniques. Shape variation of individuals from three locations, two from Argentina and one from Brazil, was analysed by geometric morphometrics techniques. Individuals were weighed, measured, sexed, assigned to a maturity stage and photographed. For the analysis, two landmark configurations were used: one of nine landmarks (9L) and another of 25 landmarks (25L). To visualise shape variation, a principal component analysis (PCA) on Procrustes coordinates was conducted. The percentage of total shape variation explained by the 9L configuration was 80.5% (PC1: 61% and PC2: 19.5%), while the percentage for the 25L configuration was 76.4% (PC1: 54.8% and PC2: 21.6%). Based on this, shape analyses were performed using only the 9L configuration. The PCA results indicated that specimens show a large overlap between the categories based on sex and maturity stage. When location is considered, squid shape from So Sebastio and Rawson Port were very similar, while in Nuevo Gulf, the presence of two different morphological groups were observed: one similar to So Sebastio and Rawson Port, and the other with a morphology typical of Nuevo Gulf. Thus, two different morphotypes were defined: (i) morphotype of the continental shelf and (ii) morphotype typical of the gulf. The continental shelf morphotype is characterised by larger fins and wider mantle than the gulf morphotype. These results suggest that the morphotypes of Doryteuthis sanpaulensis are adaptations to oceanographic regimens.", "label": [4, 42, 36]}
+{"token": "Preparation of activated carbon nanotube foams loaded with Ag-doped TiO2 for highly efficient photocatalytic degradation under UV and visible light. Titanium oxide (TiO2) has been widely investigated as a photocatalytic material for degradation of organic pollutant in waste water. However, nanosized granular TiO2 nanoparticles are hard to be recycled and re-utilized in water and many cause secondary pollution of water. Hence, we constructed a foam-like photocatalyst, which was composed of carbonaceous support: activated carbon nanotube foams and Ag-doped TiO2 nanoparticles through a method of a template synthesis and carbonization strategy. The as-prepared photocatalyst evidenced to be hierarchical macroporous and mesoporous and exhibited remarkable photocatalytic performance toward the degradation of unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine under UV and visible light. The structure characterization and photocatalytic performance investigation confirmed that the enhanced photoresponse was attributed to the high efficiency of charge separation and the surface plasmon resonance effect of metallic Ag. The adsorption synergetic effect of the hierarchical porous structure also played an important role in photodegradation. The as-prepared photocatalyst showed great potential in the treatment of waste water containing organic pollutant.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "An 'Extended But-For' Test for the Causal Relation in the Law of Obligations. This article explores the question of what character relations must have before the orthodox law of obligations will describe them as 'causal' relations. The article does not purport to identify the metaphysical nature of 'causation'. Instead it provides a non-reductive account of what is essential before the law has described the relation between a specific factor and the existence of a particular indivisible phenomenon as 'causal'. Section 1 presents a simple test for this relation-an 'extended but-for test'-that can be deployed in a straightforward way without engaging with theoretically complex and often problematic accounts of causation based on the notion of sufficient sets, such as Wright's NESS account. Section 2 demonstrates how important principles relating to the separateness of a legal entity and to legal responsibility can resolve theoretical puzzles and in turn illuminate why the orthodox law of obligations does not choose to describe as 'causal' a relation wider than the one identified in this article.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Unconventional GIY-YIG homing endonuclease encoded in group I introns in closely related strains of the Bacillus cereus group. Several group I introns have been previously found in strains of the Bacillus cereus group at three different insertion sites in the nrdE gene of the essential nrdIEF operon coding for ribonucleotide reductase. Here, we identify an uncharacterized group IA intron in the nrdF gene in 12 strains of the B. cereus group and show that the pre-mRNA is efficiently spliced. The Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. pakistani nrdF intron encodes a homing endonuclease, denoted I-BthII, with an unconventional GIY-(X)(8)-YIG motif that cleaves an intronless nrdF gene 7 nt upstream of the intron insertion site, producing 2-nt 3 extensions. We also found four additional occurrences of two of the previously reported group I introns in the nrdE gene of 25 sequenced B. thuringiensis and one B. cereus strains, and one non-annotated group I intron at a fourth nrdE insertion site in the B. thuringiensis ssp. Al Hakam sequenced genome. Two strains contain introns in both the nrdE and the nrdF genes. Phylogenetic studies of the nrdIEF operon from 39 strains of the B. cereus group suggest several events of horizontal gene transfer for two of the introns found in this operon.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Interactive Exploration, Analysis, and Visualization of Complex Phenome-Genome Datasets with ASPIREdb. Identifying variants causal for complex genetic disorders is challenging. With the advent of whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing, computational tools are needed to explore and analyze the list of variants for further validation. Correlating genetic variants with subject phenotype is crucial for the interpretation of the disease-causing mutations. Often such work is done by teams of researchers who need to share information and coordinate activities. To this end, we have developed a powerful, easy to use Web application, ASPIREdb, which allows researchers to search, organize, analyze, and visualize variants and phenotypes associated with a set of human subjects. Investigators can annotate variants using publicly available reference databases and build powerful queries to identify subjects or variants of interest. Functional information and phenotypic associations of these genes are made accessible as well. Burden analysis and additional reporting tools allow investigation of variant properties and phenotype characteristics. Projects can be shared, allowing researchers to work collaboratively to build queries and annotate the data. We demonstrate ASPIREdb's functionality using publicly available data sets, showing how the software can be used to accomplish goals that might otherwise require specialized bioinformatics expertise. ASPIREdb is available at http://aspiredb.chibi.ubc.ca.C (C) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc..", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Phylogenetic Analyses of Microbial Hydrolytic Dehalogenases Reveal Polyphyletic Origin. Hydrolytic dehalogenases form an important class of dehalogenases that include haloacid dehalogenase, haloalkane dehalogenase, haloacetate dehalogenase, and atrazine chlorohydrolase. These enzymes are involved in biodegradation of various environmental pollutants and therefore it is important to understand their phylogeny. In the present study, it was found that the enzymes haloalkane and haloacetate dehalogenases share a common ancestry with enzymes such as carboxyesterase, epoxide hydrolase, and lipases, which can be traced to ancestral alpha/beta hydrolase fold enzyme. Haloacid dehalogenases and atrazine chlorohydrolases have probabaly evolved from ancestral enzymes with phosphatase and deaminases activity, respectively. These findings were supported by the similarities in the secondary structure, key catalytic motifs and placement of catalytic residues. The phylogeny of haloalkane dehalogenases and haloacid dehalogenases differs from 16S rRNA gene phylogeny, suggesting spread through horizontal gene transfer. Hydrolytic dehalogenases are polyphyletic and do not share a common evolutionay history, the functional similarities are due to convergent evolution. The present study also identifies key functional residues, mutating which, can help in generating better enzymes for clean up of the persistent environmental pollutants using enzymatic bioremediation.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 40]}
+{"token": "JESUIT SETTLEMENTS AND COLONIAL POLICY IN BAHIA, EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. This article is about the Indian missions organized by the Jesuits in Bahia during the colonial period and its transformation on villages at the second half of 18th century. The analysis of the documents indicates a special attention of the Portuguese government with the economic and political organization controlled by the missionary orders, along two centuries of catechesis and domination.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "An uncanny philosophy of history: W. G. Sebald's Austerlitz. This essay examines W. G. Sebald's Austerlitz (2001), with the aim of identifying the modes of figuration of time and history in this novel. One argues that the features of Sebald's prose, such as the slowness, the frequent digressions, and the old-fashionedness of the diction and of the narrative tone, aim to produce effects of estrangement, affecting the ordinary modes of time experience which are common to the novel's readers. One also argues that the main character's thoughts about modern temporality are related to Freud's remarks on the \\\\'uncanny\\\\'. In this sense, this essay points out that the \\\\'uncanny\\\\' is for Sebald an unfathomable characteristic of modern historicity, which can only be investigated by means of a \\\\'metaphysics of history\\\\'.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Hot Deformation Behavior and Processing Maps of AA7085 Aluminum Alloy. The flow behavior and processing maps of homogenized AA7085 aluminum alloy were investigated by isothermal hot compression tests in the temperature range of 300 similar to 450 degrees C with strain rates of 0.01 similar to 10 s(-1). Microstructure was characterized using Optical microscopy (OM), electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results show that the superimposed processing maps at different strains exhibit the optimized deformation parameters with the temperature of 390 similar to 450 degrees C and strain rates lower than 0.1 s(-1). Microstructure characterization reveals that dynamic recovery and recrystallization are the main deformation mechanisms in the safe regions. At lower temperature and lower strain rate, the coarsening of particles between epsilon=0.5 and epsilon=0.7 may be responsible for the transformation of processing map from unstability to safe domain.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Movements and group structure of giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) in Lake Manyara National Park, Tanzania. Movements and group structure of giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis were studied in Lake Manyara National Park, northern Tanzania. The giraffe population in Manyara had increased from 60 to 85 individuals between the early 1980s and 1991. This increase may have been the result of an increase in browse availability as a result of a dramatic decline in elephant numbers, and bush encroachment following a series of anthrax epidemics that killed impala. Giraffe densities in Manyara are high compared to other areas within the Masai ecosystem, and Manyara probably serves as a dry season refuge. Females were found in small, yet unstable groups, while males associated randomly with each other. Neither males nor females were confined to single localities, although home ranges were small compared with studies in areas with low giraffe densities. In one area within the park a more stable group was found, and resident males who were probably defending a temporary harem, engaged in necking contests with immigrant males. A comparison with other studies showed that giraffe density, home-range size, mobility and group stability differ across different habitats. The tendency that more stable groups are found in high density areas might be taken as evidence for the occurrence of resource defence polygyny in such areas.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "By-products from the Al-water Reaction for Hydrogen Generation-Evolution and Properties. In this paper, the properties and evolution during the calcination process of hydrolysis by-products from the reaction between Al-based composites and water for hydrogen generation were systematically investigated. The results showed that the main phases of by-products included AlOOH and InSn4. The amorphous product possessed a large Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area with 276.77 m(2)/g and high porosity properties with 0.37 cm(3)/g. The phase transformation of by-products from AlOOH to gamma-Al2O3, delta-Al2O3, and alpha-Al2O3 occurred during the calcination process. It appears that the by-products can be used as raw materials for the preparation of Al2O3 with different crystal structures. Discussion on the properties and evolution of hydrolysis by-products are beneficial to product reuse and recovery. In this way, the cost reduction of hydrogen production via Al-water reaction can be realized, promoting the sustainable development of hydrogen production from Al-water reaction.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Polyamine homoeostasis as a drug target in pathogenic protozoa: peculiarities and possibilities. New drugs are urgently needed for the treatment of tropical and subtropical parasitic diseases, such as African sleeping sickness. Chagas' disease, leishmaniasis and malaria. Enzymes in polyamine biosynthesis and thiol metabolism, as well as polyamine transporters, are potential drug targets within these organisms. In the present review, the current knowledge of unique properties of polyamine metabolism in these parasites is outlined. These properties include prozyme regulation of AdoMetDC (S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase) activity in trypanosomatids, co-expression of ODC (ornithine decarboxylase) and AdoMetDC activities in a single protein in plasmodia, and formation of trypanothione, a unique compound linking polyamine and thiol metabolism in trypanosomatids. Particularly interesting features within polyamine metabolism in these parasites are highlighted for their potential in selective therapeutic strategies.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Enhancing neuroimaging genetics through meta-analysis for Tourette syndrome (ENIGMA-TS): A worldwide platform for collaboration. Tourette syndrome (TS) is characterized by multiple motor and vocal tics, and high-comorbidity rates with other neuropsychiatric disorders. Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), major depressive disorder (MDD), and anxiety disorders (AXDs) are among the most prevalent TS comorbidities. To date, studies on TS brain structure and function have been limited in size with efforts mostly fragmented. This leads to low-statistical power, discordant results due to differences in approaches, and hinders the ability to stratify patients according to clinical parameters and investigate comorbidity patterns. Here, we present the scientific premise, perspectives, and key goals that have motivated the establishment of the Enhancing Neuroimaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis for TS (ENIGMA-TS) working group. The ENIGMA-TS working group is an international collaborative effort bringing together a large network of investigators who aim to understand brain structure and function in TS and dissect the underlying neurobiology that leads to observed comorbidity patterns and clinical heterogeneity. Previously collected TS neuroimaging data will be analyzed jointly and integrated with TS genomic data, as well as equivalently large and already existing studies of highly comorbid OCD, ADHD, ASD, MDD, and AXD. Our work highlights the power of collaborative efforts and transdiagnostic approaches, and points to the existence of different TS subtypes. ENIGMA-TS will offer large-scale, high-powered studies that will lead to important insights toward understanding brain structure and function and genetic effects in TS and related disorders, and the identification of biomarkers that could help inform improved clinical practice.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Membrane distillation-crystallization of seawater reverse osmosis brines. This work aims at investigating the performance, in terms of water recovery and NaCl crystallization kinetics, of a membrane distillation-crystallization (MDC) bench-scale plant operated on brines discharged from a seawater reverse osmosis (RO) unit.Experimental tests carried out on artificial RO concentrates resulted in the production of 21 kg/m(3) of NaCl crystals, exhibiting substantially a ordinary cubic shape with size between 20 and 200 mu m; the final water recovery factor increased up to 90%. Analogous investigations carried out on RO brines from natural seawater were affected by the presence of dissolved organic matter, showing a 20% reduction of the amount of salt crystallized, and a 8% decrease of the transmembrane flux.Growth rate of sodium chloride crystals generated from natural RO brines varied between 0.8 x 10(-8) and 2.8 x 10(-8) m/s; these values were 15-23% lower than those measured for NaCl crystals grown form artificial concentrates. in general, the NaCl crystal size distribution was characterized by a narrow dispersion (coefficient of variation within 35-40%).MDC operations were stable over 100 h as a result of a careful control of supersaturation, polarization phenomena, nucleation process and hydrodynamics. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "Similarities and differences between Lucretius (De rerum natura) and Ovid (Ars amatoria) in the treatment of love. In this article, after addressing some issues pertaining to ancient didactic poetry, we will focus on the similarities and differences between Lucretius and Ovid, as far as their treatment of the love theme in De rerum nature and Ars amatoria is concerned. Whereas some aspects, such as the recommendation concerning the \\\\'lack of exclusivity\\\\' and the emphasis on erotic restraint, appear to bring the two authors together, others, on the other hand, seem to set them apart, such as the importance of preventing love sufferings stressed by Lucretius, as opposed to Ovid's advice of an uncommitted astuteness.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Stationary critical points of the heat flow in the plane. In previous papers [MS 1, 2], we considered stationary critical points of solutions of the initial-boundary value problems for the heat equation on bounded domains in R-N, N greater than or equal to 2. In [MS 1], we showed that a solution u has a stationary critical point O if and only if u satisfies a certain balance law with respect to 0 for any time. Furthermore, we proved necessary and sufficient conditions relating the symmetry of the domain to the initial data u(0); in this way, we gave a characterization of the ball in R-N ([MS 1]) and of centrosymmetric domains ([MS 2]). In the present paper, we consider a rotation Ad by an angle 2pi/d, d greater than or equal to 2 for planar domains and give some necessary and some sufficient conditions on u(0) which relate to domains invariant under A(d). We also establish some conjectures.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "The Strategic Use of International Institutions in Dispute Settlement. How does the existence of an international institution change the strategic calculations of states engaged in an international dispute? This paper investigates the question by modeling an international institution as an alternative to bilateral bargaining for a dispute settlement. The equilibrium results show that only one of the two countries may find the option of appealing to an international institution attractive, and that the institution can influence the bargaining outcome even when it is not directly involved in settling the dispute. Moreover, the results show that countries condition their behavior on the type of the institution that they are dealing with: While a high capacity institution can induce cooperation, a low capacity institution does not. These findings have important implications for WTO reforms and provide an explanation for restrictive membership adopted by many significant international institutions.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Potential of Agroforestry to Provide Wood Resources to Central Asia. Background: Agroforestry systems have the potential to provide timber and wood as a domestic raw material, as well as an additional source of income for rural populations. In Central Asia, tree windbreaks from mainly poplar trees have a long tradition, but were largely cut down as source for fuel wood after the disintegration of the Soviet Union. As Central Asia is a forest-poor region, restoration of tree windbreaks has the potential to provide timber and wood resources to that region. This study aimed to assess the potential of tree windbreaks to contribute to domestic timber and wood production. Methods: This study rests on a GIS-based analysis, in which tree lines (simulated by line shape files) were intersected with cropland area. The tree data to calculate timber and wood volumes stem from a dataset with 728 single trees from a relevant range of climatic conditions. Results: The potential annually available timber volumes from tree windbreaks with 500 m spacing are 2.9 million m(3) for Central Asia as a whole and 1.5 million m(3) for Uzbekistan alone, which is 5 times the current domestic roundwood production and imports of the country. Conclusions: tree windbreaks offer untapped potential to deliver wood resources domestically as a raw material for wood-based value chains.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Relevance of Indentation Test to Characterize Soft Biological Tissue: Application to Human Skin. This contribution presents a new investigation to identify the viscoelastic parameters of soft biological materials using indentation test. The purpose is to present a new independent method on experimental specificities in order to characterize these materials. The identification was done using inverse analysis based on combining finite element (FE) numerical simulations and experimental indentation tests. By considering soft tissues as an isotropic linear viscoelastic material, we firstly validate our proposed FE model via a comparison between analytic and numerical indentation responses. Secondly, the existence and uniqueness of inverse problem solution based on the comparison of numerical/numerical responses is shown. Finally, we validate the stability of the inverse approach using sensitivity analysis by setting up a design of experiment (DOE) technique which proves the relevance of this proposed method. An application is made on the forearm of human skin and shows performances of this proposed method to identify viscoelastic human skin properties in spherical loading-unloading indentation test. This method can be applied to evaluate other viscoelastic materials.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "Regioselective Nucleophilic Alkylation/Arylation of B-H Bonds in o-Carboranes: An Alternative Method for Selective Cage Boron Functionalization. A new protocol for regioselective nucleophilic cage B-H substitution in o-carboranes has been proposed that is complementary to the strategies of transition metal catalysis and electrophilic substitution. Magnesium-mediated site-selective nucleophilic cage B-(3,6)-H and B(9)-H substitution reactions of o-carboranes give a series of B(3,6)-dialkylated and B(9)-alkylated/arylated o-carboranes in high yields. Both steric and electronic factors of cage C substituents play crucial roles in controlling the site selectivity.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Short-term clinical safety profile of brincidofovir: A favorable benefit-risk proposition in the treatment of smallpox. Brincidofovir (BCV, CMX001) is an orally available, long-acting, broad-spectrum antiviral that has been evaluated in healthy subjects in Phase I studies and in hematopoietic cell transplant recipients and other immunocompromised patients in Phase clinical trials for the prevention and treatment of cytomegalovirus and adenovirus infections. BCV has also shown in vitro activity against orthopoxviruses such as variola (smallpox) virus, and is under advanced development as a treatment for smallpox under the US FDA's 'Animal Rule'. The anticipated treatment regimen for smallpox is a total weekly dose of 200 mg administered orally for 3 consecutive weeks. To assess the benefit-to-risk profile of BCV for the treatment of smallpox, we evaluated short-term safety data associated with comparable doses from Phase I studies and from adult and pediatric subjects in the cytomegalovirus and adenovirus clinical programs. When administered at doses and durations similar to that proposed for the treatment of smallpox, BCV was generally well tolerated in both adults and pediatric subjects. The most common adverse events were mild gastrointestinal events and asymptomatic, transient, and reversible elevations in serum trans-aminases. The data presented herein indicate a favorable safety profile for BCV for the treatment of smallpox, and support its continued development for this indication. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 21, 20]}
+{"token": "Structural consequences of mutations associated with idiopathic restrictive cardiomyopathy. Idiopathic restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM, MIM# 115210) is the least common type of cardiomyopathies, often of genetic origin. Recently we described a spectrum of variants-classified as pathogenic, likely pathogenic and variants of unknown significance-in 24 patients suffering from idiopathic RCM. Pathogenic variants, detected in half of the RCM cases, were found in sarcomeric and cytoskeletal genes that have a predominant role in the development of RCM. Here we have analyzed the structural consequences of these missense variants and predicted their effect on the function of three large groups of domains: intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs), fibronectin-type III (FnIII) domains, and immunoglobulin-like (Ig) domains. Our findings indicate that pathogenic mutations are likely to disrupt interdomain interfaces, interfere with protein interactions, and affect protein stability, potentially destabilizing the multi-domain architecture of myofibrils and leading to myocardial stiffness in patients with idiopathic RCM.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "AFRICAN CULTURAL HERMENEUTICS: INTERPRETING THE NEW TESTAMENT IN A CULTURAL CONTEXT. African cultural hermeneutics demonstrates how the gospel can be interpreted and made relevant for African social situations. The aim of this study is to show the influence of African culture on the gospel message. The study began with a discussion of the different names used for Africa in the ancient time and the influence of Egyptian wisdom on Jesus. Since Jesus sojourned in Egypt, he might have appropriated African wisdom and mode of discourse. Similarly, the African concept of the Messiah was known as Messu, Krst, or Karast in Egyptian pantheon. Osiris and Horus are shown as archetypes of Jesus. Thus, the God-king, redeemer, saviour-creator of the New Testament Christology-existed in Africa long before the coming of Jesus. Moreover, monotheism, which has an African background, was introduced by Pharaoh Akhenaton of the nineteenth dynasty in Egypt. The conclusion shows that important themes found in the gospel narratives have their versions in African religion and culture. This reveals that Jesus not only fulfilled Old Testament themes, but also realized African theological aspirations of the distant past.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Gender Imbalance, Marriage Squeeze and Multiple Biological Clocks: Exploring Challenges to the Intergenerational Contract in North India. This paper maps the impact of gender imbalance on intergenerational relations in north India. It uses the idea of multiple biological clocks to understand the impact that gender imbalance and male marriage squeeze have on two categories of persons: \\\\'overage\\\\' unmarried sons and their aging parents, and the inter-generational contract between them within the family-household. De-linking the idea of the biological clock from the female body, this paper demonstrates that social understandings of bodily progression are equally significant for men, who, in the Indian context, need to marry by a certain age, and their elderly parents who need to be cared for. In north India, where family-household unit is the most important welfare and security institution for the elderly, disruptions to household formation due to bride shortage caused by sex ratio imbalance, is subjecting families to severe stress. Families with unmarried sons struggle with anxieties centred on the inability to arrange marriages for aging sons, questions of allocation of household labor, the continuation of family line, and lack of care for the elderly. Based on ethnographic fieldwork in north India, this paper explores the tensions and negotiations between elderly parents and unmarried sons concerning the fulfillment (or lack of it) of the intergenerational contract against the backdrop of gender imbalance. It concludes by discussing the various strategies available to families in crisis that involve shame-faced adoption of domestic and care tasks by unmarried sons or bringing cross-region brides who then provide productive, reproductive, and care labour.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Transfer of baseline reject control to transitivity trials and its effect on equivalence class formation. This study explored the role of baseline reject control on transitivity responding. In Experiment 1, participants learned to respond to a baseline of arbitrary AB and AC conditional relations, and then they were exposed to transitivity-like BC and CB trials in which the correct comparison stimulus was replaced by a novel stimulus (D). Five of 10 participants selected stimulus D, but only 1 showed expansion of the baseline stimulus classes to include the D stimuli. In Experiment 2, the emergence of symmetry and transitivity from baseline relations was assessed before participants were exposed to the transitivity-like trials. Six of 8 participants who showed emergence of equivalence relations selected the D stimuli on transitivity-like trials and provided evidence that baseline classes expanded to include these stimuli. In Experiment 3, these 6 participants selected novel stimuli (E) in additional transitivity-like trials, and all showed that the E stimuli had become members of the previously established classes, which now comprised 5 members. A route for the emergence of transitivity by way of the transfer of baseline between-classes reject control is discussed.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "MICROBES IN FOOD-PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY. There is an increasing understanding that the microbial quality of a certain food is the result of a chain of events. It is dear that the microbial safety of food can only be guaranteed when the overall processing, including the production of raw materials, distribution and handling by the consumer are taken into consideration. Therefore, the microbiological quality assurance of foods is no: only a matter of control, but also of a careful design of the total process chain. Food industry has now generally adapted quality assurance systems and is implementing the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) concept. Rapid microbiological monitoring systems should be used in these cases. There is a need for rapid and simple microbiological tests which can be adapted to the technology and logistics of specific production processes. Traditional microbiological methods generally do not meet these high requirements. This paper discusses the tests, based on molecular biological principles, to detect and identify microbes in food-processing chains. Tests based on DNA technology are discussed, including in vitro DNA amplification like the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method and identifications based on RFLP, RAPD and DNA fingerprinting analysis. PCR-based methodology can be used for the rapid detection of microbes in food manufacturing environments. In addition, DNA fingerprinting methods are suitable for investigating sources and routes of microbial contamination in the food cycle.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Effect of simultaneous treatment combining ultrasonication and rutin on gliadin in the formation of nanoparticles. Proteins, one of the vital nutritional compounds sensitive to the environment, can be modified by interaction with polyphenols. Ultrasonication has been applied for enhancing the functional properties of proteins. In this study, the interactions of gliadin (G) and rutin (R) in the absence and presence of ultrasonication (0, 150, 300, 450, and 600 W) for 20 min were investigated, with a focus on the properties of emulsions prepared by G-R complexes. Ultrasonication improved the interaction, which increased the content of beta-type secondary structure. Ultrasonication at 450 W increased the particle size of the conjugates. For Pickering emulsions, treating the covering of R on G with ultrasonication improves the stability of the G-based emulsion significantly, owing to the strong films formed on the oil-water interfaces. The G-R complexes treated at 450 W ultrasonication formed emulsions that showed higher potential and storage modulus (GMODIFIER LETTER PRIME) and denser microstructures than those of the untreated emulsions. Nevertheless, ultrasound treatment at 600 W weakened the emulsion properties that were stabilized by the conjugates. Ultrasound combined R was shown to be a potential processing technology for changing the protein structure and producing stable emulsions. Practical Application The interactions between proteins and polyphenols are able to preserve the stability of the functional compounds, allow targeted and controlled release, and improve the texture of these complexes employed in the food industry. Improvements in the functional characteristics of the protein-polyphenol complexes so that they possess high emulsifying stability during food processing is a crucial factor for employing them in the food industry. Therefore, the aim of this research is using a soluble complex of gliadin-rutin for the development of its functional characteristics.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "The overvaluing of expertise in discussion partner choice. Since the introduction of economic theory to political science, theorists have argued that discussion could serve as an effective information shortcut if individuals communicate with experts who have similar preferences. Previous experimental and survey studies have found mixed results for the efficacy of social communication, but they have not observed the process of discussion partner selection which is so central to the previous models. This paper presents the results of a group-based experiment that allows for discussion partner selection. We fail to find aggregate enlightenment through social communication: lesser informed subjects are helped by social communication, but better informed subjects are harmed. This result is caused in part because subjects are too willing to seek out more expert discussion partners who have different ex ante preferences.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Le_AN_A and ...Master Manole - LEAN Manufacturing Evolution Value Stream Management. Step 6: Mapping the Future State. The present article continues the Value Stream Management series presenting step 6 (mapping the future state). Based on the current-state analysis performed and on the Lean tools described in the previous articles ([2]), we illustrate the process of mapping the future state which is actually a picture of how the factory should look like in the future. We present the mapping of the future state according to three stages: the customer demand stage, the flow stage and the leveling stage. At each stage some improvement methods are proposed to ensure that the issues encountered after performing the analysis of the current state on the factory-floor are eliminated and that the necessary changes are well implemented.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "Metastatic squamous cell carcinoma with skeletal and spinal cord invasion in an African grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus). Background: Squamous cell carcinoma is a commonly reported neoplasm in avian species. Often locally invasive, it rarely distantly metastasizes. Superficial chronic ulcerative dermatitis (SCUD) is a commonly observed dermatologic condition in companion psittacine birds.Case relevance: This is the first report of a metastatic squamous cell carcinoma invading the vertebral canal and spinal cord resulting in upper motor neuron signs in the pelvic limbs. Chronic inflammation may lead to malignant transformation, and once squamous cell carcinoma has developed, the goal of therapy should be complete surgical excision where possible.Conclusions: Though uncommonly reported, squamous cell carcinoma may distantly metastasize to other parts of the body even with partial or seemingly complete excision. SCUD is still a poorly understood condition and should be further researched to determine etiology and find more effective therapies.Case description: This report describes a case of metastatic squamous cell carcinoma in an African gray parrot (Psittacus erithacus) caused by malignant transformation of an initial SCUD lesion that developed over a 2.5-year period. The right humerus was previously amputated to treat a squamous cell carcinoma, but it recurred in the skin 4 months prior to presentation. The bird presented on referral with pelvic limb paresis, and computed tomography showed a large, more right sided, paraspinal mass involving the right caudal coelom and effacing the lungs, ribs, and vertebral canal, resulting in the presenting neurologic signs. The patient was euthanized, and limited necropsy diagnosed the coelomic mass as a squamous cell carcinoma effacing the liver.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "ACCELERATION, TRANSPORT OF AND RADIATION BY ELECTRONS IN IMPULSIVE PHASE OF FLARES. I review here results of works that we have carried out over the past few years in connection with various manifestations of the impulsive phase of solar flares. The primary goal of this work has been the determination of the characteristics of the accelerated electrons. We take into account various possible interactions that electrons suffer as they traverse the flare plasma and evaluate the expected radiation via several mechanisms. The comparison of these with the observed x-ray, gamma-ray and radio emissions allows us to set constraints on the characteristics of the accelerated electrons and on some properties of the flare plasma. I will describe some of the results we have derived from comparisons with SMM and other observations of flares during the past solar cycle. In particular, I will show that we can set limits on the range and distribution of the accelerated electron spectrum and pitch angle distribution, and on the column depth and field convergence rate of the flaring loop. More complete data and high spatial resolution and polarization observations could be very useful for furthering this kind of work.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "TESTING OF CERAMIC CUTTING TOOLS WITH AN INTERRUPTED CUT SIMULATOR. This article presents a solution for ceramic cutting tools availability in interrupted machining. Experiments were performed on a special fixture-the interrupted cut simulator. This fixture was constructed at our Department of Machining and Assembly within the scope of a project by the Czech Science Foundation. The goals of the tests were to contribute to the wider usage of these cutting materials in machining, especially in interrupted machining. Through the centuries, producers of ceramic cutting tools have taken big steps forward. Namely, increasing durability in maintaining high levels of strength and hardness lends an advantage. Some producers of these materials advise cutting inserts for interrupted machining at the present time [1,2].", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "EFFECTS OF APPLE LEAF ALLELOCHEMISTRY ON TUFTED APPLE BUD MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA, TORTRICIDAE) RESISTANCE TO AZINPHOSMETHYL. The dihydrochalcone glycoside phloridzin is a dominant allelochemical in foliage of apple. This allelochemical varies within and among apple cultivars and can influence distribution and abundance of tufted apple bud moth, Platynota idaeusalis (Walker), in orchards. Laboratory bioassays were used to investigate the influence of phloridzin on tolerance of both susceptible and resistant colonies of P. idaeusalis to the organophosphate insecticide azinphosmethyl. Addition of phloridzin to diet did not influence tolerance of first instars of the susceptible strain to azinphosmethyl. Third instars of the susceptible strain exhibited reduced tolerance to azinphosmethyl in the presence of phloridzin, and this response was associated with inhibition of the activities of glutathione transferase, esterase, and aniline hydroxylation enzymes. Neonate larvae of the resistant strain fed on diet with phloridzin were more tolerant to azinphosmethyl at high insecticide concentrations only. Third instars of the resistant strain were equally tolerant to azinphosmethyl in the presence and absence of phloridzin. Although phloridzin inhibited glutathione transferase activity in resistant larvae, as in the susceptible strain, it increased activity of esterases. Our data provide further evidence that both host-plant allelochemistry and insect selection history influence results of pesticide bioassays.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "The Discontent of Social and Economic Rights. One major objection to social rights is a failure of determining which precise social and economic claims should be granted rights status. The social rights debate has grappled with this 'indeterminacy problem' for quite some time, and a number of proposals have emerged aimed at fixing the content of these rights. In what follows I examine three distinct approaches to fleshing out the idea of a minimum threshold: social rights as the fulfilment of basic needs, social rights as the securing of a minimally decent life and social rights as a requirement of citizenship (a civic minimum). Each of these proposals progressively expands on what the minimum threshold of social rights requires and, conversely, what obligations they generate on part of the state. I will show that none of these approaches is entirely satisfactory and suggest that the social rights debate look elsewhere to determine its content.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "On the relationship between the GLRT and UMPI tests for the detection of signals with unknown parameters. The generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) is widely used in signal processing applications such as image processing, wireless communications, medical imaging, classification, and signal detection. However, the GLRT does not have many known properties, other than that it is invariant, uniformly most powerful invariant (UMPI) for problems that fit the linear model, and asymptotically (N -> infinity) UMPI in general. Since it is invariant, it belongs to the class of tests for which the UMPI test is optimal. In this paper, we consider a general class of detection problems in which unknown signal parameters imply a problem invariance that can be described analytically by orthogonal subgroups. This invariance is natural for problems with unknown signal parameters and, for example, include those of the matched subspace detectors of Scharf and Friedlander. We derive the GLRT and UMPI detectors for this general signal class for the case of Gaussian noise. An expression is found that relates the two test statistics showing the UMPI statistic to be the sum of two terms, one of which is the GLRT. Using this, we find that the GLRT and UMPI tests are asymptotically equivalent as signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) approaches infinity (or as probability of false alarm approaches zero). These results are illustrated by extending an example given by Nicolls and de Jager to show the analytic relationship between the GLRT and UMPI tests. The results indicate that the performance between the tests becomes close at signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) associated with operating points of the receiver operating curve that are typically of interest in signal detection applications.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "The Intersubjective in-between-ness in Young Children's Playfulness. This chapter presents ways of interpreting and understanding intersubjectivity in young children's playful communication. This research focuses on the in-between spaces; the area in and between children connecting, communicating and relating together in play. This is a complex area open to a diverse range of interpretations, as alluded to earlier in chapters \\\\'Framing: Young Children Relating and Playing\\\\' and \\\\'Research Methods: Observing Experience in Two Projects (Parts II and III)\\\\'. This chapter explores the nature of the intra-and inter-subjectively mediated feeling-thoughts that emerge, and are co-created within and between children communicating playfully is a complex focus. Events illuminate processes at play in children's play. We focus on awareness of conscious and unconscious feelingthoughts that are co-created, emerge, and change in a range of events (Benjamin J, Psychoanal Q LXXIII(1): 5-46. doi: 10.1002/j.2167-4086.2004.tb00151.x, 2004; Kirschner SR, Martin J, The sociocultural turn in psychology: the contextual emergence of mind and self. Columbia University Press, New York, 2010; Ogden T, Psychoanal Q LXX111: 167-195, 2004; Psychoanal Perspect 6(1): 22. doi: 10.1080/1551806X.2009.10473034, 2009; Vygotsky LS, Mind in society: the development of higher psychological processes. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1986; Wertsch JV, Voices of the mind: a sociocultural approach to mediated action. Harvester Wheatsheaf, London, 1991; Mind as action. Oxford University Press, New York, 1998).", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Management, operations, and menus in Kaingang indigenous schools participating in the National School Nutrition Program in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Few studies have focused on the National School Nutrition Program (PNAE) in indigenous schools in Brazil. The current study describes the program's operations, management, and menus in 35 Kaingang indigenous schools in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. A cross-sectional study design was used to obtain information on the program through questionnaires submitted to the Regional Educational Offices (CRE) and to the schools. The menus suggested to the schools by the regional offices were obtained. There were no Centers for Indigenous Education in the regional offices. All the assistant principals were indigenous, 26 schools (74.6%) practiced local management of the meal program, and 34 (97.1%) reported purchasing food from local markets. Most cooks (63.9%) had temporary work contracts with the schools and 65.7% were indigenous. Low offerings of vegetables, milk and dairy products were observed in around 60% of the menus, and legumes and fruits low in around 80%. It points out the need for more studies about the indigenous PNAE and intends to support public policies in health, food and nutrition for the national indigenous school.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Retention of iron and zinc in yam flour and boiled yam processed from white yam (D.rotundata) varieties. This study investigated the impact of processing on retention of iron and zinc in D. rotundata. Fresh tubers were processed into boiled yam and yam flour and analyzed for zinc, iron, and physicochemical properties. Percent true retention (% TR) was assessed using paired samples and a formula that compensated for loss or gain of moisture and soluble solids. The retention of iron ranged from 55.5% to 98.7% in boiled yam and 25.2% to 54.9% in yam flour; retention of zinc ranged from 49.3% to 97.5% in boiled yam and 18. 9% to 43.1% in yam flour. The amount of iron retained in boiled yam correlated with the amount in the fresh samples (r =.79), likewise in yam flour (r =.82). A similar trend was observed for zinc. From our study, we conclude that retention of iron and zinc is dependent on the variety and processing method used. The information from this study can be used by food scientists and nutritionists in choosing the appropriate processing to increase the retention of high levels of micronutrient in yams and by the yam breeders to adjust their germplasm breeding activities.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "A statistical geometry approach to length scales in phase field modelling of fracture and strength of porous microstructures. It is found that the fracture load of a homogeneous continuum model (i.e. a macroscopic model) coincides with that of a microstructured model if the length scale parameter is chosen to be the same in both models, while approximate macroscale stiffness and energy release rate are obtained by scaling the properties of the microstructured model with powers of the relative density. The correlation between the micro- and macroscale models is best when the length parameter is chosen as approximately two to three times the average cell size of the microstructure, depending on the relative density - which is also equal to approximately eight times a critical defect length of the Voronoi tessellation, regardless of relative density - as the microstructured material then behaves more like a continuum. If the length scale parameter needs to be smaller than twice the cell size or five times the critical length, the crack path is sensitive to features in the microstructure, and continuum modelling of the porous material cannot be advised. (C) 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.In phase field methods for fracture, versatility is acquired at the cost of the addition of a new parameter, a length scale parameter. The length scale parameter affects notch sensitivity, which in cellular materials is typically related to lengths of the material microstructure. Here, the relation between this length scale parameter and observable microstructural lengths of a cellular material is investigated numerically, specifically lengths derived using statistical geometry of random Voronoi tessellations.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "Determination of helix orientations in a flexible DNA by multi-frequency EPR spectroscopy. Distance measurements are performed between a pair of spin labels attached to nucleic acids using Pulsed Electron-Electron Double Resonance (PELDOR, also called DEER) spectroscopy which is a complementary tool to other structure determination methods in structural biology. The rigid spin label C, when incorporated pairwise into two helical parts of a nucleic acid molecule, allows the determination of both the mutual orientation and the distance between those labels, since C moves rigidly with the helix to which it is attached. We have developed a two-step protocol to investigate the conformational flexibility of flexible nucleic acid molecules by multi-frequency PELDOR. In the first step, a library with a broad collection of conformers, which are in agreement with topological constraints, NMR restraints and distances derived from PELDOR, was created. In the second step, a weighted structural ensemble of these conformers was chosen, such that it fits the multi-frequency PELDOR time traces of all doubly C-labelled samples simultaneously. This ensemble reflects the global structure and the conformational flexibility of the two-way DNA junction. We demonstrate this approach on a flexible bent DNA molecule, consisting of two short helical parts with a five adenine bulge at the center. The kink and twist motions between both helical parts were quantitatively determined and showed high flexibility, in agreement with a Forster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) study on a similar bent DNA motif. The approach presented here should be useful to describe the relative orientation of helical motifs and the conformational flexibility of nucleic acid structures, both alone and in complexes with proteins and other molecules.", "label": [4, 33, 32]}
+{"token": "On Responsibility in the Classroom and the Ubiquity of Politics: Postelection Reflections from the United States and Canada, by Way of the World. The outcome of the recent US election has stirred emotions and become a turning point in history. It has invoked deep reflections on our responsibility as teachers educating future generations of information professionals and affected the North American library and information science (LIS) space. In this space, the United States and Canada share the same foundational values but find themselves in different geopolitical situations implementing these values in practice. In the context of postelection reality, through personal flashbacks and critical scholarly reflections, this article brings together the views of two educators from opposite sides of the border: views on the ubiquity of politics in the classroom, on information as a human right, and on the North American LIS landscape, now divided by more than geographic borders.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "A study on free-standing 3C-SiC bipolar power diodes. A low p-n built-in potential (1.75V) makes 3C-SiC an attractive choice for medium voltage bipolar or charge balanced devices. Until recently, most 3C-SiC had been grown on Si, and power device fabrication had, therefore, been hindered by issues, such as high defect density and limited processing temperature, while devices were necessarily limited to lateral structures. In this work, we present the fabrication and characterization of a vertical PiN diode using bulk 3C-SiC material. A p-type ohmic contact was obtained on Al implanted regions with a specific contact resistance similar to 10(-3) Omega cm(2). The fabricated PiN diode has a low forward voltage drop of 2.7V at 1000A/cm(2), and the on-off ratio at +/- 3V is as high as 10(9). An ideality factor of 1.83-1.99 was achieved, and a blocking voltage of similar to 110V was observed using a single-zone junction termination design.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Activation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 sustains angiogenesis and bcl-2 expression via the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway in endothelial cells. Vascular insufficiency and retinal ischemia precede many proliferative retinopathies and stimulate secretion of various vasoactive growth factors, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and placenta growth factor (PlGF). It is unclear, however, how PIGF, which is elevated in proliferative diabetic retinopathy and is a VEGF homolog that binds only to VEGF receptor (VEGFR)-1, promotes pathological angiogenesis. When primary microvascular endothelial cells were grown on collagen gels, PlGF-containing ligands upregulated Bcl-2 expression and stimulated the formation of capillary-like tube networks that were retained for up to 14 days in culture. The inhibition of VEGFR-1 results in a dramatic decrease in the number of capillary connections, indicating that VEGFR-1 ligands promote branching angiogenesis. In contrast, VEGF-induced tube formations and Bcl-2 expression were significantly decreased at the end of this period. Flow cytometry analysis of annexin-V/propidium iodide-stained cells revealed that PlGF and PlGF/VEGF heterodimer inhibited apoptosis in serum-deprived endothelial cells. These two growth factors stimulated a survival signaling pathway phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), as identified by increased Akt phosphorylation and because blocking PI3K signalling by adenovirus-mediated overexpression of wild-type phosphatase and tensin homolog on chromosome 10 (PTEN) disrupted angiogenesis and decreased Bcl-2 expression by PlGF and PlGF/VEGF heterodimer, whereas a dominant-negative PTEN mutant enhanced endothelial sprout formation and Bcl-2 expression. Together, these findings indicate that PlGF-containing ligands contribute to pathological angiogenesis by prolonging cell survival signals and maintaining vascular networks.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Cytoskeleton and mitochondrial morphology and function. It has been well established that the cytoskeleton is an essential modulator of cell morphology and motility, intracytoplasmic transport and mitosis, however cytoskeletal linkage to the organelles has not been unequivocally demonstrated. Indeed, cytoskeleton appears to be essential in determining and modulating gene phenotype as a function of cellular environment. According to recent studies, the organization of the cytoskeleton network together with associated protein(s) could be essential in regulating mitochondrial function and particularly the permeability of the mitochondrial outer membrane to ADP. The aim of this chapter is to summarize the main properties of the cytoskeletal environment of mitochondria and the possible role(s) of this network in mitochondrial function in myocytes.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "FURTHER PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NEWLY SYNTHESIZED ANIONIC GLYCOCONJUGATES SECRETED BY CULTURED UMR-106 CELLS - EVIDENCE THAT THE MAJOR ANIONIC GLYCOCONJUGATE SECRETED BY THESE CELLS IS SIMILAR TO BONE SIALOPROTEIN II. Following incubation of UMR-106 cells for 48 h in the presence of [H-3]glucosamine and [S-35]sulfate, the newly synthesized anionic glycoconjugates were isolated from the culture medium by cetylpyridinium chloride / ethanol precipitation and further separated by DEAE-Sephacel chromatography into two radiolabelled fractions, a major component, UM I, and a minor component, UM II. UM I appeared to be homogeneous as shown by Sepharose CL-4B chromatography under dissociative conditions, and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It showed a molecular mass of approximately 93 kDa on 4-15% gels. UM I was partially degraded by brief treatment with trypsin, releasing a small, terminal peptide that contained 47.6% of S-35 but no H-3. Treatment of UM I with neuraminidase and 0.1 N H2SO4 (1 h at 80-degrees-C), respectively, released 27% H-3 and 38.4% H-3 plus 41% S-35, suggesting the presence of a significant number of sialic acid residues, as shown by Sephadex G-50 chromatography of the digests. Amino acid analysis showed that the UM I glycoconjugate was rich in acidic amino acids (12.6% aspartic acid and 21.2% glutamic acid residues) and its N-terminal sequence was Phe-Ser-Met-Lys-Asn-Phe-, which is identical to the published N-terminal amino acid sequence of rat bone sialoprotein II. Keratanase treatment of UM I released 26% of the incorporated radioactivity, suggesting the presence of keratan sulfate chains. UM II contained a chondroitinase ABC-sensitive proteoglycan.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Mitochondrial glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase promotes skeletal muscle regeneration. While adult mammalian skeletal muscle is stable due to its post-mitotic nature, muscle regeneration is still essential throughout life for maintaining functional fitness. During certain diseases, such as the modern pandemics of obesity and diabetes, the regeneration process becomes impaired, which leads to the loss of muscle function and contributes to the global burden of these diseases. However, the underlying mechanisms of the impairment are not well defined. Here, we identify mGPDH as a critical regulator of skeletal muscle regeneration. Specifically, it regulates myogenic markers and myoblast differentiation by controlling mitochondrial biogenesis via CaMKK beta/AMPK. mGPDH(-/-) attenuated skeletal muscle regeneration in vitro and in vivo, while mGPDH overexpression ameliorated dystrophic pathology in mdx mice. Moreover, in patients and animal models of obesity and diabetes, mGPDH expression in skeletal muscle was reduced, further suggesting a direct correlation between its abundance and muscular regeneration capability. Rescuing mGPDH expression in obese and diabetic mice led to a significant improvement in their muscle regeneration. Our study provides a potential therapeutic target for skeletal muscle regeneration impairment during obesity and diabetes.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "Detection Rate of Bird Species and What It Depends on: Tips for Field Surveys. Bird counting inevitably suffers from imperfect detection, which varies across species, habitats, period of the day, and seasons. Although various modeling techniques have recently been developed to account for this phenomenon, the biological basis of natural variation in detection remains insufficiently known. This study examined the bird species' detection rate throughout the day, considering their body mass and diet type, concerning the environment and weather characteristics. Species detection rates were significantly affected by the number of individuals of that species but were unrelated to body mass. Overall, species with the highest detection rate were Corn bunting, Blackbird, European robin, House sparrow and Common chiffchaff. Granivores-insectivores and insectivores showed significant differences in detection rates throughout the day among habitats, with higher detection rates in grasslands during the afternoon. Insectivores showed higher detection rates in farmland during midday (warmest time of the day). Granivores, omnivores and scavengers did not show changes in detection rates in different day periods. Such patterns in daily detection rates were significant even when considering abundance and total species richness in each community. Finally, cloudiness was unrelated to the overall detection rate of birds, while temperature and wind affected detection rates in some guilds. Our findings provide some advice for choosing a suitable ornithological sampling method by considering the avian communities composition in combination with the type of environment, the diet of bird species, and the period of the day.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Landau levels in quasicrystals. Two-dimensional tight-binding models for quasicrystals made of plaquettes with commensurate areas are considered. Their energy spectrum is computed as a function of an applied perpendicular magnetic field. Landau levels are found to emerge near band edges in the zero-field limit. Their existence is related to an effective zero-field dispersion relation valid in the continuum limit. For quasicrystals studied here, an underlying periodic crystal exists and provides a natural interpretation to this dispersion relation. In addition to the slope (effective mass) of Landau levels, we also study their width as a function of the magnetic flux and identify two fundamental broadening mechanisms: (i) tunneling between closed cyclotron orbits and (ii) individual energy displacement of states within a Landau level. Interestingly, the typical broadening of the Landau levels is found to behave algebraically with the magnetic field with a nonuniversal exponent.", "label": [4, 1, 32, 11]}
+{"token": "Cladistic analysis of iridoviruses based on protein and DNA sequences. Cladograms of iridoviruses were inferred from bootstrap analysis of molecular data sets comprising all published protein and DNA sequences of the major capsid protein, ATPase and DNA polymerase genes of members of the Iridoviridae family Iridovirus. All data sets yielded cladograms supporting the separation of the Iridovirus, Ranavirus and Lymphocystivirus genera, and the cladogram based on data derived from major capsid proteins further divided both the Iridovirus and Ranavirus genera into two groups. Tests of alternative hypotheses of topological constraints were also performed to further investigate relationships between infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV), an unclassified fish iridovirus for which the complete genome sequence data is available, and other iridoviruses. Cladograms inferred and results of Shimodaira-Hasegawa tests indicated that ISKNV is more closely related to the Ranavirus genus than it is to the other genera of the family.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "LEGITIMACY AND PURPOSE OF PROPERTY INTELECTUAL CHAPTERS IN FREE TRADE AGREEMENTS. An analytical approach of the reality shows an increase in FTAS and a stall in multilateral trade negotiations. The FTAS negotiations are not limited to developed countries. However, developing countries don't establish improvements in standards of intellectual property. Some of the chapters on intellectual property included in FTAS, simply restate the standards of the trips Agreement, while others are aimed at expanding the coverage and scope of international intellectual property rights. This article focuses on studying the legitimacy and purpose of intellectual property chapters of Free Trade Agreements, and the relationship between the chapters on intellectual property and the multilateral World Trade Organization (WTO) to facilitate ftas and the rational limits of intellectual property in the commercial context.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Sleep disturbance is a common feature of Kabuki syndrome. Kabuki syndrome (KS) is a rare epigenetic disorder caused by heterozygous loss of function variants in either KMT2D (90%) or KDM6A (10%), both involved in regulation of histone methylation. While sleep disturbance in other Mendelian disorders of the epigenetic machinery has been reported, no study has been conducted on sleep in KS. This study assessed sleep in 59 participants with KS using a validated sleep questionnaire. Participants ranged in age from 4 to 43 years old with 86% of participants having a pathogenic variant in KMT2D. In addition, data on adaptive function, behavior, anxiety, and quality of life were collected using their respective questionnaires. Some form of sleep issue was present in 71% of participants, with night-waking, daytime sleepiness, and sleep onset delay being the most prevalent. Sleep dysfunction was positively correlated with maladaptive behaviors, anxiety levels, and decreasing quality of life. Sleep issues were not correlated with adaptive function. This study establishes sleep disturbance as a common feature of KS. Quantitative sleep measures may be a useful outcome measure for clinical trials in KS. Further, clinicians caring for those with KS should consider sleep dysfunction as an important feature that impacts overall health and well being in these patients.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Dynamics of a Scalar Population Model with Delayed Allee Effect. A scalar population model with delayed growth rate of Allee effect type is considered in this paper. The stability of equilibria and associated supercritical Hopf bifurcations are analyzed. The basins of attraction of the two locally stable equilibria are characterized in terms of parameter values. In particular, when the time delay is large, the basin of attraction of the persistence equilibrium and limit cycle shrinks to a single point, so a global extinction of population occurs as a combined result of Allee effect and time delay.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "New Functional Aspects of the Atypical Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase VHZ. LDP3 (VHZ) is the smallest classical protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) known to date and was originally misclassified as an atypical dual-specificity phosphatase. Kinetic isotope effects with steady-state and pre-steady-state kinetics of VHZ and mutants with p-nitrophenol phosphate have revealed several unusual properties. VHZ is significantly more active than previously reported but remains one of the least active PTPs. Highly unusual for a PTP, VHZ possesses two acidic residues (E134 and D65) in the active site. D65 occupies the position corresponding to the typical general acid in the PTP family. However, VHZ primarily utilizes E134 as the general acid, with D65 taking over this role when E134 is mutated. This unusual behavior is facilitated by two coexisting, but unequally populated, substrate binding modes. Unlike most classical PTPs, VHZ exhibits phosphotransferase activity. Despite the presence of the Q-loop that normally prevents alcoholysis of the phosphoenzyme intermediate in other classical PTPs, VHZ readily phosphorylates ethylene glycol. Although mutations of Q-loop residues affect this phosphotransferase activity, mutations on the IPD loop that contains the general acid exert more control over this process. A single P68V substitution on this loop completely abolishes phosphotransferase activity. The ability of native VHZ to catalyze transphosphorylation may lead to an imbalance of intracellular phosphorylation, which could explain the correlation of its overexpression with several types of cancer.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "The most typical phytoplankton taxa in four types of boreal lakes. The monitoring of phytoplankton quantities and species composition in Finnish lakes started in the early 1960s. In addition, a substantial number of physical and chemical variables have been measured and recorded from the monitored lakes. The purpose of the present evaluation is to differentiate the phytoplankton taxa of the lakes being classified as acidic, oligotrophic, dystrophic and eutrophic. At present, these four lake types are differentiated on the bases of concentration of total phosphorus (mu g l(-1)), water colour (mg l(-1) Pt), and Secchi-disc transparency. A total of 38 lakes with 163 samples from the years 1984 to 1994 were selected for this study.Cyanoprokaryota Merismopedia warmingiana (M. tenuissima) was abundant in clear and dystrophic acidic lakes whereas Dinobryon divergens (Chrysophyceae) was dominant only in the clear lake types. Oocystis rhomboidea (Chlorophyceae) was also an important species, especially in the dark acidic lakes. In oligotrophic lakes, the phytoplankton biomass was low because of the combined effect of low organism numbers and small cell size of the occurring species. Additional chrysophyceans like Uroglena americana, unidentified Ochromonadales and Dinobryon divergens were especially abundant, as well as Merismopedia warmingiana. In the dystrophic lakes flagellated taxa, such as Cryptomonas spp., Uroglena americana, Ochromonadales and Pseudopedinella spp. dominated. In eutrophic lakes, the cyanoprokaryotes Microcystis aeruginosa, M. viridis and M. wesenbergii, as well as Allabaena flos-aquae and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae dominated both cell numbers and biomass. Some identification problems are also discussed.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "Application of run-on transcription method for studying the regulation of plastid genome expression. This paper describes in detail the main stages of the run-on transcription assay, which permits studying the regulation of the transcription rates for nuclear, chloroplast, and mitochondrial genes. This is very important for understanding the action mechanisms of phytohormones, light, temperature, and other factors. This method includes isolation of DNA-containing organelles, in vitro transcription in their lysates in the presence of labeled P-32-precursors of RNA, isolation of newly synthesized transcripts, and their hybridization with gene-specific DNA fragments fixed on a special membrane. We discuss some possible difficulties in the assay performing and some occasionally met inaccuracies in the result interpretation. In spite of a great potential of this method, it is not essentially applied by Russian researchers, in particular those studying plant biology. The objective of this work was to facilitate a rapid introduction of the run-on transcription method in the practice of scientific research of Russian plant physiologists.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Incorporating prosocial vs. antisocial trait content in Big Five measurement: Lessons from the Big Five Inventory-2 (BFI-2). In three studies, we tried to create a novel scale within the existing Big Five Inventory 2 (BFI-2) structure to measure prosocial vs. antisocial personality traits, like the Dark Triad and honesty-humility. While our new scale converged strongly with dark personality and honesty-humility scales, we failed to establish sufficient discriminant validity vis-a-vis the existing BFI-2 agreeableness domain. Instead, we found that dark traits and honesty-humility were best measured as a facet of agreeableness that correlated strongly with other agreeableness facets and established measures of dark traits and honesty-humility. These findings suggest that honesty-humility and dark personality traits can be measured as opposite facets of a broader agreeablenessantagonism continuum when adopting the BFI-2 (Big Five) domain structure.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Identification of Bacillus kaustophilus, Bacillus thermocatenulatus and Bacillus strain HSR as members of Bacillus thermoleovorans. An aerobic, endospore forming thermophilic microorganism was isolated from a soil sample in Jordan. The cells stained Gram-positive and the cylindrical spores are terminal and wider than the mother cell. Growth occurs at temperature values between 45 degrees C and 70 degrees C, with an optimum at 55 degrees C. The optimum pH for growth is 7.0. The G + C content of the DNA is 50.4 mol% and the sequence analysis of the 16S rDNA shows that the new isolate is phylogenetically closely related to the members of the Bacillus rRNA Group 5. DNA-DNA hybridization studies revealed a high similarity between the new isolate and the thermophilic species of the above mentioned group. A number of thermophilic Bacillus species are combined on the basis of DNA-DNA hybridization data.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 40]}
+{"token": "Seismic graph analysis to aid seismic interpretation. During the seismic interpretation process, geoscientists rely on their experience and visual analysis to assess the similarity between seismic sections. However, evaluating all of the seismic sections in a 3D survey can be a time-consuming task. When interpreters are working on a data set, a common procedure is to divide the cube in increasingly finer grids until they are satisfied with the result of the interpretation. We have developed a method based on graph theory and image texture in which we represent a seismic data set as a complete weighted undirected graph - which we call a seismic graph. The vertices of this graph represent the seismic sections, and the weight of the edges represents the distance between the texture feature vectors of the vertices they connect, allowing for a powerful yet concise representation of potentially large data sets. We have investigated the potential of graph analysis to build an adaptive grid that is more likely to capture the underlying structures present in a survey, providing a tool for a faster and more precise interpretation. The main idea is that such a grid would be finer in regions with more geologic variations and coarser otherwise. To demonstrate the capabilities of our technique, we apply it on a public data set called Netherlands F3. Using our method, we suggest which seismic sections - key sections - should be considered in the interpretation process. The results of our experiments indicate that our methodology has great potential to aid the seismic interpretation process.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Highly accurate stability-preserving optimization of the Zener viscoelastic model, with application to wave propagation in the presence of strong attenuation. This paper concerns the numerical modelling of time-domain mechanical waves in viscoelastic media based on a generalized Zener model. To do so, classically in the literature relaxation mechanisms are introduced, resulting in a set of the so-called memory variables and thus in large computational arrays that need to be stored. A challenge is thus to accurately mimic a given attenuation law using a minimal set of relaxation mechanisms. For this purpose, we replace the classical linear approach of Emmerich & Korn with a nonlinear optimization approach with constraints of positivity. We show that this technique is more accurate than the linear approach. Moreover, it ensures that physically meaningful relaxation times that always honour the constraint of decay of total energy with time are obtained. As a result, these relaxation times can always be used in a stable way in a modelling algorithm, even in the case of very strong attenuation for which the classical linear approach may provide some negative and thus unusable coefficients.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Three-Dimensional Mathematical Modeling of Microbiological Destruction of Bacillus stearothermophilus in Conductive Baby Food Packed in Glass Container. Three-dimensional mathematical model of the heat transfer during the sterilization process of a conductive baby food packed into glass container was built using the finite element technique. The heat transfer model was experimentally validated through processes carried out in water at 121 degrees C. Chi-square and regression lines were obtained for each set of temperatures generated by the model against experimental data. Thermal death parameters, D and z, of Bacillus stearothermophilus in baby food were determined. The results obtained for D value were 32.67, 9.31 and 1.57 minutes at 110, 115 and 121 degrees C, respectively. The z value obtained was 8.32 degrees C. The mass average value was also estimated and experimental processes were carried out at 110 and 115 degrees C in order to validate the microbiological destruction model. For 110 degrees C processes the differences between experimental and predicted results were less than 12% and for 115 degrees C processes these differences were less than 27%.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Long-term response to mood stabilizer treatment and its clinical correlates in patients with bipolar disorders: a retrospective observational study. Background: The efficacy and utility of long-term prophylactic treatment in patients with bipolar disorders (BDs) have not been fully explored. This study aims to estimate the long-term clinical response of patients with BDs to mood stabilizer treatment and to identify the clinical factors associated with that response.Results: Thirty-four percent of the patients were good responders, with a total Alda score of 5 or higher. The treatment response rate did not differ between the lithium and valproate groups, but lithium and valproate combination therapy was associated with poorer response. The number of previous mixed episodes was associated with a worse response (p = 0.026). Of individual symptoms, delusions during manic episodes (p = 0.008) and increased appetite (p = 0.035) during depressive episodes were more common in moderate/poor responders than in good responders. Co-morbid anxiety disorders were more frequently observed in the moderate/poor response group (p = 0.008).Methods: The study subjects consisted of 80 patients with bipolar I or bipolar II disorder who had been receiving treatment with lithium and/or valproate for more than 2 years at a single bipolar disorder clinic. The long-term response to the best treatment option based on treatment algorithms was evaluated using the Alda scale. Clinical characteristics were evaluated on a lifetime basis. Patients were classified into two response groups based on frequentist mixture analysis using the total Alda scale score.Conclusions: Psychotic, mixed, and atypical features of BDs were found to be correlated with long-term treatment outcomes. Lithium and valproate showed similar efficacy but moderate/poor responders preferred to use polypharmacy.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Incidence and predictors of post-ERCP pancreatitis in patients with suspected sphincter of Oddi dysfunction undergoing biliary or dual sphincterotomy: results from the EPISOD prospective multicenter randomized sham-controlled study. Conclusion: The performance of biliary or dual sphincterotomy does not increase the risk of PEP in patients suspected of SOD. However, the high rate of PEP in patients with suspected SOD, despite pancreatic stenting in expert centers, is confirmed in this prospective study. The combined effect of duration of ERCP and sedation type on the development of PEP should be further explored.Background and study aim: Pancreatitis following endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a significant and potentially life-threatening adverse event and is common in patients with suspected sphincter of Oddi dysfunction (SOD). Here we aimed to identify predictors of the risk in this population.Results: PEP occurred in 26 patients, in 10.6% (15/141) in the sphincterotomy arm and 15.1% (11/73) in the sham arm; unadjusted relative risk 0.71 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.34-1.46). PEP rate was not significantly different in patients who received sphincterotomy compared with those undergoing sham treatment. In addition, the proportion was not statistically different in those who received biliary sphincterotomy alone (12/94; 12.8% [95 % CI 6.0%-19.5 %]) compared with dual sphincterotomy (3/47; 6.4% [95 % CI 0.0%-13.4 %]). Multivariate analysis identified an interaction between duration of ERCP and sedation type (P< 0.02).Patients and methods: The Evaluating Predictors and Interventions in SOD (EPISOD) study prospectively enrolled 214 post-cholecystectomy patients with SOD type III in seven US centers. Patients were randomized, using a 2: 1 allocation, to sphincterotomy or sham procedure, irrespective of the results of sphincter of Oddi manometry. Patients in the sphincterotomy armwho had elevated pancreatic sphincter pressure were randomized to biliary only or to dual (biliary and pancreatic) sphincterotomy. All but one patient received prophylactic pancreatic stents, but none received pharmacological prophylaxis. Post ERCP pancreatitis (PEP) was defined as acute pancreatitis within the subsequent 7 days. Blinded research coordinators at each site called patients at 1 week post-procedure.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Oat (Avena sativa) response to imazapic residues. Nomenclature: Imazapic; oats, Avena sativa L. 'Coker 227'.Additional index words: Carryover, crop rotations, herbicide persistence, imidazolinone, plant-back restrictions.Three field trials were conducted in south Georgia under irrigated conditions in 2002/2003 and 2003/2004 to evaluate the effects of imazapic residues on oat growth and yield. Imazapic at 70 g ai/ha was applied during the first weeks of May, June, July, August, and September to bare sod. No additional tillage was performed after the herbicide application. Oats (cv. Coker 227) were planted the first week of October. Oat plant populations were not reduced by any timing of imazapic. Generally, oat plant heights and forage yields were reduced when imazapic was applied in August and September (1-2 mo before planting). Grain yields were not reduced by any timing of imazapic. Results of these tests suggest that the current 18-mo rotational restriction for oats following an application of imazapic could be reduced to 4 mo.Abbreviations: DAP, days after planting.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Production performance and plasma metabolites of dairy ewes in early lactation as affected by chitosan. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of chitosan (CHI) supplementation on production performance and blood parameters in dairy ewes. Twenty-four multiparous Latxa dairy ewes at d 16 of lactation were divided into two groups of 12 ewes each. Ewes were fed one of two experimental concentrates (0.840 kg dry matter/d), control or supplemented with 1.2% CHI, on a dry matter basis. Ewes also had free access to tall fescue hay, water, and mineral salts. The experimental period lasted for 25 d, of which the first 14 d were for treatment adaptation and the last 11 d for measurements and samplings. Supplementation with CHI decreased total (p=0.043) and fescue (p=0.035) dry matter intake (DMI), but did not affect concentrate DMI. Supplementation with CHI, moreover, increased plasma glucose (p=0.013) and BUN concentrations (p=0.035), but did not affect those of non-esterified fatty acids. Dietary supplementation with CHI, however, did not affect milk yield, 6.5% FCM, milk composition, or BW, but it improved dietary apparent efficiency by increasing the milk yield-to-DMI (p=0.055) and 6.5% FCM-to-DMI (p=0.045) ratios. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of chitosan maintained ewe performance while reducing feed intake and improving dietary apparent efficiency.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Obstacles open the door - Negative shocks can motivate individuals to focus on opportunities. By responding to the call for research on negative career shocks and future time perspective, this study regarded internal social capital as a tool of resource retention which shifts attention to negative career shocks' positive effects. We test a moderated mediation model which illustrates the effect of negative career shocks on focus on opportunities-positive dimension of occupational future time perspective. Results revealed that internal social capital acts as the mediator between negative career shocks and focus on opportunities, and organizational embeddedness moderats the mediation effect. The relationship is stronger when individuals are highly embedded in organizations.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "Victimhood Status and Public Attitudes Towards Post-conflict Agreements: Northern Ireland as a Case Study. The rights and needs of victims have become an increasingly controversial issue in post-conflict societies. Yet to date, the views of victims concerning the new political arrangements in post-conflict settlements remain unexplored. Mindful of this omission and using Northern Ireland as a case study, this article investigates the relationship between victimhood status and attitudes towards the new political arrangements of devolved government in Northern Ireland, namely the Assembly and its power-sharing Executive. Based on the 2010 Northern Ireland Election Survey, the results suggest that individual victims those who had directly and indirectly experienced violent instances and perceived themselves as victims are notably more supportive of these new political arrangements and this relationship remains regardless of whether Protestants or Catholics are considered. A key factor in accounting for this phenomenon is their greater endorsement of its systems of governance, or underlying consociational principles of inclusion and decision making, as well as a positive view of its current political leaders. The Northern Ireland evidence suggests that victims can act as moral beacons', providing a positive and inclusive force for political accommodation and societal reconciliation in societies emerging from conflict.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "UV-C-inactivation of microorganisms in naturally cloudy apple juice using novel inactivation equipment based on Dean vortex technology. A novel UV-C irradiation device in laboratory scale was tested for its potential to inactivate bacteria in naturally cloudy apple juice. in this device, liquid flows through a helically wound tubing wrapped around a quartz glass tube containing a 9 W UV lamp with an irradiation intensity of 60 W/m(2) at 254 nm. The equipment was capable of reducing numbers of inoculated Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus brevis from an initial concentration of approximately 10(6) CFU/ml or 10(4) CFU/ml to below detectable limits in commercial naturally cloudy apple juice at a flow rate of 2 l/h, and to well below 1 x 10(2) also at higher flow rates of 4 and 8 1/h. Numbers of Saccharomyces cerevisiae could be reduced from an initial level of ca. 1 x 10(4)-1 X 10(2) CFU/ml or less at flow rates of 2 and 4 l/h. Although E. coli could be effectively inactivated also in self-extracted, as well as industrially processed apple juice, contaminating yeast and lactic acid bacteria were not completely eliminated. (c) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Long-term outcomes of endovenous laser ablation, n-butyl cyanoacrylate, and radiofrequency ablation for treatment of chronic venous insufficiency. Results: A total of 232 patients who had undergone lower limb CVI surgical treatment (EVLA, n = 77; NBCA, n = 73; RFA, n = 82). The mean follow-up time was 67.5 +/- 4.7 months. The procedure duration was significantly shorter for the NBCA group (13.5 minutes) vs that for the EVLA (31.7 minutes) and RFA (27.9 minutes) groups (P = .001). The pain score was highest in the EVLA group (P = .001). The EVLA group had also experienced a significantly greater incidence of complications and a longer time to return to daily activities (P = .001). The post hoc analysis revealed comparable occlusion success among the three groups on the first postoperative day and at 6, 12, and 24 months postoperatively. However, significantly better occlusion rates were found for RFA vs EVLA at 3 and 5 years of follow-up (P = .024 and P = .011, respectively). The success of NBCA and RFA was similar at 3 and 5 years of follow-up (P = .123 and P= .330, respectively).Background: In the present retrospective, single-center study, we evaluated the long-term effectiveness and reliability of endovenous laser ablation (EVLA), endovenous n-butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA) application, and radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in the management of chronic venous insufficiency (CVI).Methods: The medical records of patients who had undergone EVLA, NBCA, or RFA for CVI from January 1, 2014 to January 1, 2017 were reviewed. The medical records included data on sex, age, body mass index, American Society of Anesthesiologists score, and symptoms at admission. The great saphenous vein diameter, CEAP (Clinical, Etiology, Anatomy, and Pathophysiology) classification, and venous clinical severity score were also recorded. All the patients were followed up with physical examinations and color Doppler ultrasound scan at the first week and 6 and 12 months after treatment. After 12 months, the follow-up examinations were performed annually.Conclusions: The outcomes showed similar early postoperative occlusion success among all three CVI treatment techniques. However, RFA resulted in a significantly higher success rate compared with EVLA at 3 and 5 years of follow-up. Additionally, the NBCA and RFA procedures achieved comparable long-term success. However, EVLA was associated with significantly greater complication rates and pain scores and a longer time to return to daily activities. The NBCA procedure had a significantly shorter operation time compared with the other procedures.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Sintering behavior of microstructured gamma-alumina with nanosized gamma-alumina additive. In order to fabricate an alumina ceramics with high density at low sintering temperature, nanosized gamma-Al2O3 powders with average size of 9.7 nm were added to microsized gamma-Al2O3 powders with 2 gm and they were well mixed. Its sintering behavior was studied in the temperature range of 1000 degrees C to 1300 degrees C and in holding time from 1 hour to 10 hours. Compacted samples with a different mixed ratio of nanosized and microsized Al2O3 powders (N/M ratio) were prepared and pressured at 1 GPa in a uniaxial direction. The phase transformation from gamma-Al2O3 to alpha-Al2O3 takes place at 1100 degrees C for 1 hour sintering in all compacted samples. This rate is increased with increasing N/M ratio. The relative density varied from 70% to 95% depending on temperature and N/M ratio. With increasing sintering temperature from 1000 degrees C to 1300 degrees C, it was changed from 70% to 93%. Especially, the relative density was enhanced about 9% higher than that of only microsized sample by only 10 wt% addition of nanosized powders.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "Attitudes towards Heroin Addicts and Addiction in Inter-War Greece. This article concentrates on the 'drug scare' caused by the introduction of heroin to Greece in the inter-war period. It will first retrace the story of heroin's introduction into the Greek drug scene and assess the reasons for its speedy diffusion among drug users. Following this, it will examine some central themes in the discourse on drugs and heroin in particular, such as the actual or projected harm caused to individuals, society, or the nation as a whole. Then the focus will shift to perceptions of heroin and its users, considering broader debates which circulated in Greek inter-war society, for example, the country's identity and its position within two parallel and interrelated conceptual frameworks: traditional vs. modern and 'East' vs. 'West'. The paper will conclude by addressing drug users' self-representations that were influenced, to a certain degree, by the prevailing approaches to drug addiction.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Gender Wage Gap in Lebanon: Explorative Analysis. The analysis of the gender wage gap has been an active subject within the socio-economic domains around the world. Much of this gap occurs at the upper rungs of the organizational ladder, even among females with credentials or achievements to their names. This research attempts to answer the gender wage gap questions related to Lebanon by utilizing an in-depth cluster analysis on gathered data pertaining to all the employees of two Lebanese financial institutions. The results indicate that Lebanon, as other countries of the world, suffers from serious discrimination as to the considerable differences between wages paid for classical \\\\'men's jobs\\\\' and those paid for classical \\\\'women's jobs\\\\'. Moreover, this study shows that common factors for both genders, including years of experience, age, educational level and position, generally cannot be attributes to explain this significant wage gap; it may imply that the said gap is due to culture, traditions and weak governmental policies. Copyright (C) 2015 JAEBR", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Kinetics of solute driven melting and solidification. Following previous investigations of [Rettenmayr M, Warkentin O, Rappaz M, Exner HE. Acta Mater 2001;49:2499-510] on solute driven melting in the Al-Mg-system, a recently developed thermodynamic model [Svoboda J, Gamsjager E, Fischer FD, Fratzl P. Acta Mater 2004;52:959-67] has been applied to describe the kinetics of the melting process. By means of this sharp interface model, which is based on the principle of maximum Gibbs energy dissipation, additional insight into the underlying physics is provided. The characteristics of the melting and resolidification process can be described by considering both diffusion processes in the bulk and interfacial reactions. It is shown that, except for a short initial transient stage when the kinetics of melting is controlled by interfacial reactions, the process is diffusion and convection controlled. (C) 2007 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "FCTC ratification, smoking prevalence, and GDP per capita: lessons for Indonesia and the rest of the world. Background Indonesia's stagnated progress towards tobacco control could be addressed through the implementation of a comprehensive national framework, such as the World Health Organization's (WHO) Framework Convention of Tobacco Control (FCTC). However, national tobacco industry supporters argue that accepting the FCTC will have negative economic implications for the country. These arguments have, thus far, discouraged the Indonesian government from ratifying the FCTC. Drawing from an analysis of the impact of the FCTC on other countries' smoking rates and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita, this study offers empirical evidence against industry arguments concerning the potential negative economic impacts of FCTC adoption. This study applies a two stage least square estimation strategy to unbalanced panel data at country level. In the first stage we estimate the impact of FCTC ratification on smoking rates, and in the second step, we estimate the influence of smoking activity on macroeconomic performance. Results The result of this study shows that FCTC ratification has a negative impact on a country's smoking prevalence. While FCTC ratification positively correlates with reduced smoking prevalence, a decline in smoking prevalence is not related to a decline in GDP per capita. Conclusions The results of this study shows that FCTC ratification, which can be an important driver for more effective tobacco control, does not necessarily have a negative impact on the economy. Instead, FCTC ratification may be beneficial for both health and economic outcomes, as it provides comprehensive guidance for reducing smoking prevalence that take into account social and economic factors.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Vague Comparisons. Some comparisons are hard. How should we think about such comparisons? According to John Broome, we should think about them in terms of vagueness. But the vagueness account has remained unpopular thus far. Here I try to bolster it by clarifying the notion of comparative vagueness that lies at its heart.(1)", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Ecological restoration for future sustainability in a changing environment. Since its emergence in the past decades, restoration ecology has demonstrated an astounding growth as a new discipline of applied science. At the same time, this young discipline has been criticized for its retrospective goals largely based on the past, its fragmented approach, and its idealistic goals, which do not relate to the real world context. Restoration with past-focused, idealistic, and/or ad hoc goals may not work in the future because an ecosystem that is restored for the past environment is not likely to be sustainable in the changing environment of the future, simple recomposition of isolated and fragmented naturalistic patches is not likely to restore ecosystem functions, and unrealistic goals and work plans are not likely to gain public support. We advocate directing the principles and practice of ecological restoration to the future. Future-aimed restoration should acknowledge the changing and unpredictable environment of the future, assume the dynamic nature of ecological communities with multiple trajectories, and connect landscape elements for improving ecosystem functions and structures. In this paper, we discuss the predictability of restoration trajectories under changing environmental conditions, the application of ecological theories to restoration practice, the importance of interdisciplinary approaches and human interventions in ecosystem recovery, and the social context of ecological restoration.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "A Pilot Proteomic Analysis of Salivary Biomarkers in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) prevalence is increasing, with current estimates at 1/68-1/50 individuals diagnosed with an ASD. Diagnosis is based on behavioral assessments. Early diagnosis and intervention is known to greatly improve functional outcomes in people with ASD. Diagnosis, treatment monitoring and prognosis of ASD symptoms could be facilitated with biomarkers to complement behavioral assessments. Mass spectrometry (MS) based proteomics may help reveal biomarkers for ASD. In this pilot study, we have analyzed the salivary proteome in individuals with ASD compared to neurotypical control subjects, using MS-based proteomics. Our goal is to optimize methods for salivary proteomic biomarker discovery and to identify initial putative biomarkers in people with ASDs. The salivary proteome is virtually unstudied in ASD, and saliva could provide an easily accessible biomaterial for analysis. Using nano liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, we found statistically significant differences in several salivary proteins, including elevated prolactin-inducible protein, lactotransferrin, Ig kappa chain C region, Ig gamma-1 chain C region, Ig lambda-2 chain C regions, neutrophil elastase, polymeric immunoglobulin receptor and deleted in malignant brain tumors 1. Our results indicate that this is an effective method for identification of salivary protein biomarkers, support the concept that immune system and gastrointestinal disturbances may be present in individuals with ASDs and point toward the need for larger studies in behaviorally-characterized individuals. (C) 2015 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Bean Common Mosaic Virus and Bean Common Mosaic Necrosis Virus: Relationships, Biology, and Prospects for Control. The closely related potyviruses Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) and Bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNV) are major constraints on common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) production. Crop losses caused by BCMV and BCMNV impact severely not only on commercial scale cultivation of this high-value crop but also on production by smallholder farmers in the developing world, where bean serves as a key source of dietary protein and mineral nutrition. In many parts of the world, progress has been made in combating BCMV through breeding bean varieties possessing the I gene, a dominant gene conferring resistance to most BCMV strains. However, in Africa, and in particular in Central and East Africa, BCMNV is endemic and this presents a serious problem for deployment of the I gene because this virus triggers systemic necrosis (black root disease) in plants possessing this resistance gene. Information on these two important viruses is scattered throughout the literature from 1917 onward, and although reviews on resistance to BCMV and BCMNV exist, there is currently no comprehensive review on the biology and taxonomy of BCMV and BCMNV. In this chapter, we discuss the current state of our knowledge of these two potyviruses including fundamental aspects of classification and phylogeny, molecular biology, host interactions, transmission through seed and by aphid vectors, geographic distribution, as well as current and future prospects for the control of these important viruses.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "ACTION OF THE HYPOCHLORITE OF SODIUM IN THE CONTROL OF THE Erysiphe diffusa ON SOY. The aim of this research was to verify the action of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) in the control of Erysiphe diffusa in soybean plants applied alone or mixed to a fungicide. NaOCl was applied eight times during crop cycle in parcels that received the product in concentrations of 0,2; 0,4 and 0,6%, applied alone, and applied with fungicide, in only two applications. There was a control parcel and a fungicide parcel for comparison. It was not observed statistical differences among treatments in the comparison of the development of the disease in the parcels treated with NaOCl alone, fungicide and NaOCl mixed to a fungicide. It is suggested that more research should be done with NaOCl to evaluate its potential for fungus control.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "Time will tell: interaction effects of franchising percentages and age on franchisor mortality rates. Drawing from franchising and organizational ecology literatures, we hypothesize that franchising provides benefits to franchisors by addressing issues of adverse selection, moral hazard, holdup, obsolescence, and senescence. We assert that, over time, these benefits increase such that the more a franchise chain utilizes franchisees rather than company-owned outlets, the greater the franchising benefits accrue to the franchisor. We test our propositions by studying the mortality rates of 393 franchise organizations in the U.S. automotive products and services sector over the 21-year time period 1985-2005, using proportional hazard analysis. We find that older franchise chains with higher percentages of franchised units have lower mortality rates than older franchise chains with lower percentages of franchised units. We also find that younger franchise chains with higher percentages of franchised units have higher mortality rates than younger franchise chains with lower percentages of franchised units.", "label": [5, 44, 46]}
+{"token": "Preferences for single-party versus multi-party governments. The literature on comparative political institutions highlights a tradeoff between majoritarian/plurality and proportional/consensus models of democracy. The former arrangement is said to enhance having governing parties held accountable. The latter is said to promote representation of a range of views, with a coalition of multiple parties governing. A tradeoff may be that the representativeness of multi-party coalitions can make it difficult for voters to hold government accountable, while single-party governments that facilitate accountability might fail to represent a range of parties in government. The ability of voters to respond to such differences is, however, subject to some skepticism given that the public opinion literature finds serious limits on a person's ability to know basic facts about political institutions, let alone have preferences for governments that reflect democratic norms of accountability and representativeness. We assess public preferences for single versus multi-party governments and find evidence of systematic preferences that suggests people may link democratic norms of accountability and representativeness to the governmental system that promotes the respective norm. Preferences are also associated with the party system that people are familiar with.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "The Man, the Woman and the Whale: Exploring the Politics of the Possible in Zakes Mda's The Whale Caller. Zakes Mda's The Whale Caller is set in the Western Cape village of Hermanus, which proves to be an idyllic place only for tourists and rich South Africans, framing a story of doomed love for its three chief protagonists, Saluni, the otherwise nameless Whale Caller, and Sharisha, a female whale. The Whale Caller revolves around a love story with a timely narrative which, at a point in South African history when some influential voices have been suggesting that we draw a line below the list of past wrongs, serves as a reminder of the work still to be done, at a local level, in facing the effects of apartheid. The liminal figure that creates The Whale Caller is, on one level, the story of a love triangle with, whimsically, a whale as one of the parties involved. On another level it interrogates the past by focusing on two people whose relationship has been scarred by their marginalised status within the South African context. As so often in Mda's work, his satire is misleadingly mild, his whimsicality a stalking horse for his unwavering focus on the texture of life in the often forgotten interstices of our society. The violent ending of the narrative, with the death of two of the three main \\\\'characters\\\\', is Mda's dark reminder of how unaddressed dysfunctionality may eventually resolve itself.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Rank-Order Consistency and Profile Stability of Self- and Informant-Reports of Personal Values in Comparison to Personality Traits. This study compares the three-year rank-order consistency of informant-reports of values with stability estimates of self-rated values as meta-analytically reviewed and within the same sample. Whether the hierarchy of values attributed to an individual is as stable as in target's self-reports was assessed with profile correlations. Self-and informant-reports of personality traits were available for direct comparison. Results indicated that informant-reports of values were not less stable across time than self-rated values or than other-ratings of traits. This was true for the relative position of a person within a sample as well as the relative ordering of these measures within the same individuals. The observed longitudinal stability of informant-reports of values implies that they can serve as a reliable source of information. Moreover, the temporal stability of value/trait profiles was found to predict subjective well-being.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Association of Low-Frequency and Rare Coding-Sequence Variants with Blood Lipids and Coronary Heart Disease in 56,000 Whites and Blacks. Low-frequency coding DNA sequence variants in the proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 gene (PCSK9) lower plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), protect against risk of coronary heart disease (CHD), and have prompted the development of a new class of therapeutics. It is uncertain whether the PCSK9 example represents a paradigm or an isolated exception. We used the \\\\'Exome Array\\\\' to genotype >200,000 low-frequency and rare coding sequence variants across the genome in 56,538 individuals (42,208 European ancestry [EA] and 14,330 African ancestry [AA]) and tested these variants for association with LDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides. Although we did not identify new genes associated with LDL-C, we did identify four low-frequency (frequencies between 0.1% and 2%) variants (ANGPTL8 rs145464906 [c.361C>T; p.Gln121*], PAFAH1B2 rs186808413 [c.482C>T; p.Ser161Leu], COL18A1 rs114139997 [c.331G>A; p.Gly111Arg], and PCSK7 rs142953140 [c.1511G>A; p.Arg504His]) with large effects on HDL-C and/or triglycerides. None of these four variants was associated with risk for CHD, suggesting that examples of low-frequency coding variants with robust effects on both lipids and CHD will be limited.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Argentina's Military Dictatorship (1943-1946). Fear, Rejection and Mistrust in Uruguay. This paper examines the Uruguayan government position about Argentina's military dictatorship between 1943 and 1946. The role played by the. United States was of utmost importance providing guidelines for the foreign policy of the small country. As the conflict between Argentina and the United States democracy got aggravated, Uruguay got more support from its new powerful ally, as well as protection from the expansionism of its neighbor, and from the Peronism 's rise to power.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Superelasticity of micropillar of single crystalline Fe3Pt. Mechanical behaviors of partly ordered (S similar to 0.75) single crystalline Fe-25Pt (at%) micropillars were studied by compressive tests in the [001] direction. The pillar with the diameter of 400 nm exhibited recoverable strain of similar to 10.8% at room temperature. The recoverable strain is most likely caused by the stress-induced martensitic transformation from the face-centered-cubic (FCC) phase to the body-centered-tetragonal (BCT) phase although the thermally-induced transformation to the BCT phase does not occur down to 4.2 K. In this alloy superelasticity occurs in a wide temperature window of more than 200 K.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "Histone hyperacetylation in maize in response to treatment with HC-toxin or infection by the filamentous fungus Cochliobolus carbonum. HC-toxin, the host-selective toxin produced by the filamentous fungus Cochliobolus carbonom, inhibits maize (Zea mays L.) histone deacetylases (HDs) in vitro. Here we show that HDs are also inhibited by HC-toxin in vivo, as demonstrated by the accumulation of hyperacetylated forms of the core (nucleosomal) histones H3.1, H3.2, H3.3, and H4 in both maize embryos and tissue cultures. Hyperacetylation of H4 and all isoforms of H3 in tissue cultures of inbred Pr (genotype hm/hm) occurred at 10 ng/mL (23 nM). The effect was host-selective; acetylation of histones in the near-isogenic inbred Pr1 (genotype Hm/Hm) did not occur in tissue cultures or embryos treated with 0.2 mu g/mL or 10 mu g/mL HC-toxin, respectively. Hyperacetylation of histone H4 in embryos of Pr1 began to occur at 50 mu g/mL HC-toxin, and 200 mu g/mL HC-toxin caused equal hyperacetylation in Pr and Pr1 embryos. Hyperacetylated core histones, especially of the isoforms of histone H3, accumulated in leaves of inbred Pr, but not Pr1, after infection by toxin-producing strains of C. carbonum. Accumulation of hyperacetylated histones began at 24 h after inoculation, before the development of visible disease symptoms. Hyperacetylation of H2A or H2B histones were not detected in any of the studies. The results are consistent with HD being a primary site of action of HC-toxin.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Progress on the Problem of Evil. A standard reaction to the problem of evil is to look for a greater good that can explain why God (with the traditional attributes) might have created this world instead of a seemingly better one which has no (or less) evil. This paper proposes an approach we call the Moral Progress Approach: Given the value of progress, a non-perfect world containing evil may be preferable to a perfect world without evil. This makes room for the possibility that this world, with all its evil, may be preferable to a world with less evil. We argue that our proposal is different from apparently similar views such as soul-making theodicy.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "DETERMINATION OF THE NONLINEARITY PARAMETER OF THE LIQUID USING SPHERICAL FINITE-AMPLITUDE PHOTOACOUSTIC PULSE. A method for measurement of the nonlinearity parameter B / A of liquids by means of a spherical finite-amplitude photoacoustic pulse is described. The photoacoustic pulse is generated by the laser-induced breakdown mechanism. The relation between B / A and the decrement of rise time of wavefront of the acoustic pulse during its propagation is given. The nonlinearity parameter of water is obtained by the present method.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Peptidomic analysis of the anterior temporal lobe and corpus callosum from schizophrenia patients. Schizophrenia is a complex disorder hypothesized to develop from a combination of genetic, neurodevelopmental, and environmental factors. Molecules that are directly involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and may serve as biomarker candidates can be identified with \\\\'omics\\\\' approaches such as proteomics and peptidomics. In this context, we performed a peptidomic study in schizophrenia postmortem brains, to our knowledge the first such study in schizophrenia patients. We investigated the anterior temporal lobe (ATL) and corpus callosum (CC) by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and a label-free ion quantification technique based on data-dependent acquisition (DDA). Results indicated alterations in a specific intracellular neurogranin peptide in both the ATL and CC and a decrease of PepH, a fragment of his tone H2B type 1-H intracellular peptide, in the ATL. PepH was tested in serum-deprived Neuro2A cells and showed a protective effect against cell death. Cells were also challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and PepH was able to prevent the endotoxic effects of LPS. Our data suggest that specific intracellular peptides are altered in schizophrenia patients. The potential biological activity of PepH supports intracellular peptides as novel targets in the study not only of schizophrenia but also of other neuropsychiatric diseases.Biological significance: Psychiatric disorders are considerably more difficult to diagnose in their early stages. Usually, by the time the diagnosis is clear and clinical treatment can be started, the disorder is already established and thus of greater severity. Consequently, the scientific community has been searching for biomarker candidates that can aid the early detection of such disorders and for novel therapeutics to improve treatment or at least delay disease progression. Moreover, key molecules involved in the establishment of psychiatric diseases may help the understanding of their pathogenesis and thus drive the development of more effective treatments. The present work screened peptides that might be possible novel targets to control cell machinery in schizophrenia and identified an intracellular peptide with potential cytoprotective activity. To our knowledge, this is the first peptidomic study in schizophrenia patients. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Last Stop in Lwow: Janowska as a Hybrid Camp. The Janowska camp complex in Lwow, which was responsible for the murder of at least 80,000 Jews, has received relatively little academic treatment. The camp is of particular interest due to its hybrid nature as slave labor camp, transit camp, and dedicated killing site. Using a wide variety of source materials and approaches, this article details and analyzes these connected functions, arguing that this unique combination of activities reveals many new insights into our typology of camps as well as the role of Janowska in the Holocaust in Galicia.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Adaptive Relay Selection Scheme Based on Bayesian Inference (AS-BI) for Cooperative Communication in 5G Networks. In this paper, a Bayesian inference-based relay selection scheme, also called Adaptive Selection on Bayesian Inference (AS-BI) for cooperative networks in 5G networks is invoked. This scheme works on the principle of Amplify-and-Forward (AF) protocol which selects the most optimal relay towards the destination. This paper proposed a probabilitybased relay selection scheme in which posterior probability is calculated for the selection of relay node based on the prior and conditional probabilities. The proposed scheme has been accepted as optimal solution for relay selection, which significantly enhances the network performance by reducing (BER) for constant SNR.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "3-D System-on-System (SoS) Biomedical-Imaging Architecture for Health-Care Applications. This paper presents the implementation of a 3-D architecture for a biomedical-imaging system based on a multilayered system-on-system structure. The architecture consists of a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor image sensor layer, memory, 3-D discrete wavelet transform (3D-DWT), 3-D Advanced Encryption Standard (3D-AES), and an RF transmitter as an add-on layer. Multilayer silicon (Si) stacking permits fabrication and optimization of individual layers by different processing technology to achieve optimal performance. Utilization of through silicon via scheme can address required low-power operation as well as high-speed performance. Potential benefits of 3-D vertical integration include an improved form factor as well as a reduction in the total wiring length, multifunctionality, power efficiency, and flexible heterogeneous integration. The proposed imaging architecture was simulated by using Cadence Spectre and Synopsys HSPICE while implementation was carried out by Cadence Virtuoso and Mentor Graphic Calibre.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
+{"token": "The visual system prioritizes locations near corners of surfaces (not just locations near a corner). When a new visual object appears, attention is directed toward it. However, some locations along the outline of the new object may receive more resources, perhaps as a consequence of their relative importance in describing its shape. Evidence suggests that corners receive enhanced processing, relative to the straight edges of an outline (corner enhancement effect). Using a technique similar to that in an original study in which observers had to respond to a probe presented near a contour (Cole et al. in Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 27:1356-1368, 2001), we confirmed this effect. When figure-ground relations were manipulated using shaded surfaces (Exps. 1 and 2) and stereograms (Exps. 3 and 4), two novel aspects of the phenomenon emerged: We found no difference between corners perceived as being convex or concave, and we found that the enhancement was stronger when the probe was perceived as being a feature of the surface that the corner belonged to. Therefore, the enhancement is not based on spatial aspects of the regions in the image, but critically depends on figure-ground stratification, supporting the link between the prioritization of corners and the representation of surface layout.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "A novel approach for determining optimal number and placement of static var compensator device to enhance the dynamic performance in power systems. Increasing in the scale and complexity of interconnected power systems was because of the growth of electricity demands, leading to multiple electromechanical oscillations despite having support of the power system stabilizer (PSS). Therefore, the dynamic performance of the existing networks should enhance. One type of flexible alternating current transmission system devices, namely the static var compensator (SVC), can be installed at the buses to maintain and/or control particular parameters of the electrical power system by exchanging capacitive and/or inductive current. However, the performance of SVC device highly depends upon its parameters, sizes, and suitable number and location in the power network. Hence, the optimal location for SVC has become a key issue; in this paper, we propose a novel approach for the suitable number and location for SVC by using critical energy analysis based on the Gramian matrices that the solution framework applied an algorithm based on the Lyapunov equations and the balanced realization technique. The optimal placement is determined by (1) analyzing the small-signal stability to seek number of feasible locations and (2) comparing these feasible locations by analyzing the transient stability through various simulation cases. The effectiveness of the proposed method is compared with the other optimal method and verified on the 39-bus New England system by the simulation results based on the power system simulation engineering (PSS/E) and MATLAB programs. The obtained result shows that the SVC is installed at the single or multi-location having the total maximum Gramian energy.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Protease inhibitor-containing antiretroviral treatment and tuberculosis: can rifabutin fill the breach?. OBJECTIVE: To assess how to best manage co-administration of rifabutin (RFB) and human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) protease inhibitor (PI) containing antiretroviral treatment (ART). Recommended for initial anti-tuberculosis treatment, rifampicin (RMP) lowers PI concentrations below therapeutic levels, posing significant challenges for ART. As RFB has little effect on PI concentrations, it could be an alternative to RMP.CONCLUSION: RFB is effective and safe in combination with the PIs studied, cost-saving for co-therapy with currently recommended boosted PIs, and may have a pivotal role in the roll-out of ART. Further research into a daily dose of RFB to simplify dosing regimens and developing fixed-dose combinations can enhance the public sector roll-out of ART.RESULTS: Eleven clinical studies were identified, comprising 1543 TB patients treated with RFB; 980 (64%) were living with HIV. RFB was as safe and effective as RMP, including in 313 patients receiving co-administered ART (unboosted PIs included indinavir, nelfinavir or saquinavir; a minority received ritonavir [RTV] boosted amprenavir or saquinavir). The total cost for 6 months of all HIV and TB treatment containing RTV-boosted lopinavir (LPV) and RFB is US$410, compared to US$455 if RMP is used with LPV super-boosted with RTV. Our model suggests that demand for RFB in LMICs could be between 10 000 and 18 000 courses by 2012.METHODS: A review of the scientific literature on the safety and efficacy of RFB for adult tuberculosis (TB) treatment was conducted, focusing on ART-TB co-therapy. A cost comparison was performed between treatment regimens, and estimates of the burden of TB disease in patients on ART were used to model RFB demand in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).", "label": [2, 21, 24]}
+{"token": "Nonlinear modelling of a point-absorber wave energy converter based on the weak-scatterer approximation. In this study, a nonlinear time-domain model based on the weak-scatterer approximation is developed to investigate the hydrodynamic performance of a point-absorber wave energy converter (WEC). The simplified WEC consists of a floating cylindrical buoy with a hemispherical bottom, a single tether and a power take-off (PTO) system. The efficiency and survivability of the WEC are analysed by the proposed numerical model in moderately steep regular waves and focused wave groups, respectively. The effects of wave steepness on the power absorption of the WEC and the PTO force are highlighted in the study of regular wave tests by comparison with a linear frequency-domain model, and the influence of the PTO damping coefficient on the performance is discussed. Then the survivability of the WEC in focused wave groups is analysed and validated against the published experimental data. It appears that in terms of the motion responses of the buoy and the mooring force, the present results have a satisfactory agreement with the experimental data. The time-frequency characteristics of the motion responses of the buoy are further analysed based on wavelet transforms.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 36]}
+{"token": "Developments of nondestructive techniques for evaluating quality attributes of cheeses: A review. Scope and approach: Considering the rapid development of novel nondestructive techniques, relevant literatures in the past 15 years (2004-2018) are reviewed in this paper. The main quality attributes of cheese and the importance of evaluating these attributes are discussed. The principles, developments and applications of computer vision (CV), computed tomography (CT), X-ray system, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), fluorescence spectroscopy, near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, hyper-spectral imaging (HSI), Raman imaging, ultrasonic and acoustic sensing and other nondestructive techniques are discussed in this review.Key findings and conclusions: Among all nondestructive techniques used for cheese quality evaluation, fluorescence spectroscopy is the most used method for classification, NIR spectroscopy is mainly used for predicting chemical components, FTIR spectroscopy shows the greatest scope of applications, while CV, X-ray and MRI are only used for monitoring eye growth. HSI and Raman imaging begins to attract research interest, and synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy gradually replaces front-face fluorescence spectroscopy, whereas CV is no longer applied to cheese evaluation and literatures about NIR spectroscopy also becomes less in recent years. It is hoped that this review should provide information on current research gaps and set some directions for future studies.Background: Cheese is produced around the world in a wide range of flavours, varieties, textures, and shapes, which can be used as a final product in human diet, and as an important ingredient in various foods. With consumer's continuing demand for quality cheese as well as increasing challenge from production facing the industry, nondestructive techniques are increasingly used to evaluate cheese quality.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Hyperspectral Image Classification Based on Novel Hybridization of Spatial-Spectral-Superpixelwise Principal Component Analysis and Dense 2D-3D Convolutional Neural Network Fusion Architecture. We propose a hybridized technique named Spatial-Spectral-Superpixelwise PCA-based Dense 2D-3D CNN Fusion Architecture (3SPCA-D-2D-3D-CNN), that deals with the detailed and complex study of dimensionality reduction and classification of Hyperspectal images (HSI). Our work is 2-fold: At first (1), 3SPCA is applied on raw HSI that adopts superpixels-based local reconstruction to filter the images, whereas PCA-based supplementary global features acquire the relevant and low-dimensional local features. Every HSI pixel is reconstituted by the pixels of its closest neighbors in the same superpixel block to reduce noise and improve spatial information. Next, PCA is conducted on every zone and the full HSI to get local and global features. The local-global and spatial-spectral properties are then concatenated. Secondly (2), the D-2D-3D-CNN fusion architecture is made up of three 3D convolution blocks, two 2D convolution blocks with varied kernel sizes and filters, and four fully connected (FC) dense layers, totaling nine distinguishing and information-enriched features. These features can generate precise class labels and apply them to the appropriate landcovers. The proposed method has been applied to three publicly available HSI landcover datasets, the Indian Pines, the Salinas Valley, and the Pavia University. It achieved respectively 98.33%, 99.99%, and 98.73% average accuracy scores. Due to its improved Feature Extraction capacity from a limited number of training samples and its classification performance with fewer epochs, this method outperforms other relevant state-of-the-art CNN-based methods.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Integrity and continuity allocation for the RAIM with multiple constellations. The allocation of integrity and continuity is crucial for the performance of integrity monitoring when multiple failure modes from multiple constellations have to be monitored. Using the four-state Markov model to link the integrity parameters, an optimal allocation algorithm for the slope-based receiver autonomous integrity monitoring is developed under the minimization criterion of protection level. The test based on a simulated dual constellation with various failure rates has shown that, when compared with other typical algorithms, the proposed algorithm can achieve a worldwide protection level decrement by at least 12.1% when the mean time between failures of each system is less than 10(3) h.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 infect the mouse pituitary gland and induce apoptotic cell death. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infected the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland resulting in cytopathic changes following intravenous (i.v.) inoculation of male mice. Both HSV type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) were isolated from pituitary gland following i.v. infection, but not after intraperitoneal inoculation. HSV-infected pituitary cells were microscopically visible beginning at 24 h or 48 h following i.v. inoculation and were localized in the anterior pituitary. In both HSV-1 and -2 infections the pituitary lesions were apoptotic, as determined by light and electron microscopy, TUNEL, and DNA gel electrophoresis. However, the pituitary infection does not appear to be life-threatening since pituitary lesions were also observed following i.v. infection with HSV-1 strain -GC which possesses low virulence. These results suggest that the pituitary gland is one of the target organs of HSV infection.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Determination of gas hydrate safety margin using specific gravity data of salt or organic inhibitor aqueous solution. Injection of gas hydrate inhibitors at the upstream of oil/gas pipelines is normally based on the calculated/measured hydrate stability zone, worst case scenarios for pressure and temperature conditions, water cut, and the inhibitor loss to the nonaqueous phases. In many cases, high safety margins are used to account for the uncertainties in the above factors and minimize the gas hydrate formation risks as no means of controlling and monitoring are generally available along the pipelines and/or downstream to assess the degree of hydrate inhibition. In this work, the possibility of predicting the hydrate safety margin from specific gravity data of aqueous solutions is investigated using a feed-forward artificial neural network method with a modified Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. The method, which has been developed for various salts (NaCl, KCl, CaCl(2), KBr, NaBr) and organic inhibitors (methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol, glycerol) aqueous solutions, considers the changes in specific gravity of aqueous solution for estimating the hydrate stability zone. Independent data (not used in training and developing of the neural network) are used to examine the reliability of this tool. The predictions of this method are found to be in acceptable agreement with the independent experimental data, demonstrating the reliability of the artificial neural network method for estimating the hydrate safety margin using specific gravity data of salt or organic inhibitor aqueous solutions.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "On the profitability of self-sabotage. We demonstrate how a supplier can enhance his expected profit by intentionally increasing his expected production costs or limiting his ability to reduce these costs. Such self-sabotage benefits the supplier when it induces a buyer to implement a more favourable procurement policy, i.e., one that motivates the supplier to deliver cost-reducing effort systematically rather than selectively. We also demonstrate how the seemingly inefficient persistent implementation of a procurement contract that does not change as the prevailing environment changes can reduce procurement costs by deterring self-sabotage.Resume Rentabilite de l'auto-sabotage. Dans cet article, nous expliquons la facon dont un fournisseur peut ameliorer ses previsions de benefices soit en augmentant ses couts de production, soit en limitant sa capacite a les reduire. Un tel auto-sabotage beneficie au fournisseur des lors que la man oe uvre incite l'acheteur a mettre en place une politique d'approvisionnement plus favorable, c'est a dire qui encourage le fournisseur a faire des efforts systematiques plutot que selectifs en matiere de reduction des couts. Nous montrons egalement en quoi la mise en oe uvre systematique d'un contrat d'approvisionnement, en apparence inefficace et intangible dans un environnement en mutation, peut permettre de reduire les couts d'approvisionnement en dissuadant de telles man oe uvres d'auto-sabotage.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "TWO TYPES OF LEGAL UNCERTAINTY. Law-and-economics scholars analyse legal uncertainty as a choice between rules and standards. In doing this, they focus on individual laws that regulate and sanction conduct, or what Hart would call 'primary rules'. Hart also spoke of 'secondary rules', that is, rules that determine the validity and precedence of other rules. Here, I introduce secondary rules into the law-and-economics framework. Two types of uncertainty emerge. I call the one covered in the literature 'applicative uncertainty' and the 'new' one 'hierarchic uncertainty'. I show that the two always co-exist and, further, that there is a trade-off between them. I sketch out the economics of that tradeoff and I discuss its implications for legal certainty in general.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Tetrachloroethylene dechlorination using a consortium of coimmobilized methanogenic and methanotrophic bacteria. A commensal system of the aerobic methanotroph Methylosinus sporium with anaerobic methanogens was obtained using cell coimmobilization in a chitasan-lignosulfonate matrix and applied for the dechlorination of tetrachloroethylene (PCE) under coupled anaerobic/aerobic conditions. Due to the oxygen gradient in a bean of immobilized cells, anaerobic transformation of PCE into lower chlorinated compounds was coupled with aerobic dechlorination of these intermediates. At a PCE loading rate of 42.9 mg PCE L-R(-1) day(-1) and an oxygenation rate of 4.9 l O-2/L-R(-1) day(-1), the mineralization efficiency of the commensal system was 88% as opposed to 38% in the control system which was not inoculated with the methanotrophs. The dechlorination rates were 6.7 and 3.0 mg PCE g(-1) VSS day(-1) for the commensal and central systems, respectively. (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science Inc.", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "Stability and performance issues of a relay assisted multiple access scheme with MPR capabilities. In this work, we study the impact of a relay node to a network with a finite number of users-sources and a destination node. We assume that the users have saturated queues and the relay node does not have packets of its own; we have random access of the medium and the time is slotted. The relay node stores a source packet that it receives successfully in its queue when the transmission to the destination node has failed. The relay and the destination nodes have multi-packet reception capabilities. We obtain analytical equations for the characteristics of the relay's queue such as average queue length, stability conditions etc. We also study the throughput per user and the aggregate throughput for the network. (c) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 37]}
+{"token": "Self-Locating Belief and Updating on Learning. Self-locating beliefs cause a problem for conditionalization. Miriam Schoenfield (2016) offers a solution: that on learning E, agents should update on the fact that they learned E. However, Schoenfield is not explicit about whether the fact that they learned E is self-locating. I will argue that if the fact that they learned E is self-locating then the original problem has not been addressed, and if the fact that they learned E is not self-locating then the theory generates implausible verdicts which Schoenfield explicitly rejects.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Real versus ideal': Utopia and the Early Modern Satirical Tradition. A partir d'etudes de la satire dans rUtopie de More, cet article cherche d ancrer plus solidetnent ce texte utopique dans la tradition satirique de la premiere modernite, tradition qui s'est graduellement dissociee de la definition generale du genre satirique basee sur la satire classique romaine. Les points principaux de l'analyse tnetteni en lumibre Ia fonction pedagogique, !'engagement dialogique avec le lecteur et !'esprit de refortne sociale, qui transforment la satire en y integrant la pens& utopique en tans que facon d'exprimer le blame (d'une rake serieusement deficiente) et la louange (d'un mode hautement souhaitable d'exister). Le chef-d'oeuvre de More occupe une place centrale dans ce developpetnent de Ia satire des debuts de la modernite, lorsqu'll est situe dam les contextes qui le precedent immediatement le corpus de la Nef des fous -, et le suivent glorieusement - laeuvre de Francois Rabelais.Building on previous studies of satire in 'Thomas More's Utopia, this article aims at situating More's founding text of utopian literature more firmly in the early modern satirical tradition, a tradition that gradually dissociated itself from its conventional generic definition informed by classical Roman verse satura Key concerns of the analysis touch on the pedagogical function, the dialogic engagement with the reader, and the social reforming spirit that transform satire into a mode and help it incorporate the utopian mindset into its characteristic juxtaposition of blame (of a heavily flawed reality) and praise (of a desirable ideal state of existence). More's masterpiece is essential in illustrating and promoting this development of early modern satire, as references to an immediate predecessor-the Ship of Fools corpus-as well as a famous successor-Francois Rabelais-demonstrate.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Sphingomonas turrisvirgatae sp nov., an agar-degrading species isolated from freshwater. A yellow pigmented and agar-pitting colony was isolated from a water sample obtained from a drainage ditch within a disused system of constructed wetlands. The strain was purified and named MCT13(T). This rod-shaped, Gram-negative, oxidase-and catalase-positive, aerobic, non-spore-forming, and non-motile strain formed round colonies and grew optimally at pH 7.5 +/- 0.2, at 28-30 degrees C on LB agar, with 0-0.5% NaCl. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis placed the MCT13(T) isolate within the Sphingomonas (sensu stricto) cluster. The DNA G+C content was 65.3 %. The only observed ubiquinone was Q10. The major fatty acids included C-17 : 1 omega 6c and C-18 : 1 omega 7c/C-18 : 1 omega 6c. The major polar lipids were sphingoglycolipid, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. The major polyamine was spermidine. The 16S rRNA gene phylogenetic analysis performed on the whole sequence, showed the closest relative of MCT13(T) to be Sphingomonas koreensis (98.52 %); however, there are several genotypic and phenotypic differences between the novel isolate and the type strain JSS26(T) of S. koreensis. On the basis of these results, strain MCT13(T) represents a novel species in the genus Sphingomonas, for which the name Sphingomonas turrisvirgatae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is MCT13(T) (=DSM 105457(T)=BAC RE RSCIC 7(T)).", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Central and Peripheral Vision Loss Differentially Affects Contextual Cueing in Visual Search. Visual search for targets in repeated displays is more efficient than search for the same targets in random distractor layouts. Previous work has shown that this contextual cueing is severely impaired under central vision loss. Here, we investigated whether central vision loss, simulated with gaze-contingent displays, prevents the incidental learning of contextual cues or the expression of learning, that is, the guidance of search by learned target-distractor configurations. Visual search with a central scotoma reduced contextual cueing both with respect to search times and gaze parameters. However, when the scotoma was subsequently removed, contextual cueing was observed in a comparable magnitude as for controls who had searched without scotoma simulation throughout the experiment. This indicated that search with a central scotoma did not prevent incidental context learning, but interfered with search guidance by learned contexts. We discuss the role of visuospatial working memory load as source of this interference. In contrast to central vision loss, peripheral vision loss was expected to prevent spatial configuration learning itself, because the restricted search window did not allow the integration of invariant local configurations with the global display layout. This expectation was confirmed in that visual search with a simulated peripheral scotoma eliminated contextual cueing not only in the initial learning phase with scotoma, but also in the subsequent test phase without scotoma.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Neuroplasticity and Motor Rehabilitation in Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review on MRI Markers of Functional and Structural Changes. Objective: To summarize and critically analyze studies applying MRI markers of functional connectivity and structural changes to assess the effect of motor rehabilitation on brain neuroplasticity in MS.<br></p>Results: Seventeen out of 798 papers were selected, of which 5 applied structural MRI (4 diffusion tensor imaging, 1 volumetric measurements), 7 applied functional fMRI (5 task-related fMRI, 2 resting-state fMRI) whereas the remaining 5 applied both structural and functional imaging.<br></p><br></p>Discussion: The considerable data heterogeneity and the small sample sizes characterizing the studies limit interpretation and generalization of the results. Overall, motor rehabilitation promotes clinical improvement, paralleled by positive adaptive brain changes, whose features and extent depend upon different variables, including the type of rehabilitation approach. MRI markers of functional and structural connectivity should be implemented in studies testing the efficacy of motor rehabilitation. They allow for a better understanding of neuroplastic mechanisms underlying rehabilitation-mediated clinical achievements, facilitating the identification of rehabilitation strategies tailored to patients' needs and abilities.</p><br></p><br></p>Background: Motor rehabilitation is routinely used in clinical practice as an effective method to reduce progressive disability gain in multiple sclerosis (MS), but rehabilitation approaches are typically unstandardized, and only few studies have investigated the impact of rehabilitation on brain neuroplasticity.<br></p><br></p>Methods: Literature search was performed using PubMed and EMBASE, selecting studies having as a subject motor rehabilitation and advanced MRI techniques investigating neuroplasticity in adult patients affected by MS.<br></p>", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "Grain sorghum desiccation: Impacts on plant and grain dry-down. Desiccants have been used in many crops to aid in late-season dry-down, hasten harvest, and improve harvest efficiency. Glyphosate, the primary desiccant used in grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production, can be effective at drying the crop but has been noted to have issues completely desiccating plants. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of various desiccant products on grain sorghum dry-down and yield. Field trials were conducted at Goodwell and Stillwater, Oklahoma, in 2017 and 2018. Five desiccation treatments were applied at approximately 30% seed moisture, with dry-down time, grain yield, and foreign material evaluated in this study. It was found that the use of desiccants aided in a more rapid and greater dry-down of the sorghum plant in both Goodwell and Stillwater locations, with the glyphosate and glyphosate/saflufenacil applications showing the greatest drydown. As opposed to plant moisture, grain moisture was not consistently influenced by desiccation treatments. Due to mild late-season weather, grain yield was increased from the use of desiccants at the Stillwater location primarily as a result of increased harvest efficiency. Overall, it was found that both glyphosate and the combination of glyphosate with saflufenacil provide better dry-down compared with saflufenacil, carfentrazone, and sodium chlorate desiccants alone. In most sorghum production systems, glyphosate would be adequate in terms of dry-down and control of late-season weeds; however, if saflufenacil were to become labeled, it could provide an option for growers in certain production systems, such as those with problematic weeds.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "FIRST RESULTS FROM THE La Silla-QUEST SUPERNOVA SURVEY AND THE CARNEGIE SUPERNOVA PROJECT. The La Silla/QUEST Variability Survey (LSQ) and the Carnegie Supernova Project (CSP II) are collaborating to discover and obtain photometric light curves for a large sample of low-redshift (z < 0.1) Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia). The supernovae are discovered in the LSQ survey using the 1 m ESO Schmidt telescope at the La Silla Observatory with the 10 square degree QUEST camera. The follow-up photometric observations are carried out using the 1 m Swope telescope and the 2.5 m du Pont telescopes at the Las Campanas Observatory. This paper describes the survey, discusses the methods of analyzing the data, and presents the light curves for the first 31 SNe Ia obtained in the survey. The SALT 2.4 supernova light-curve fitter was used to analyze the photometric data, and the Hubble diagram for this first sample is presented. The measurement errors for these supernovae averaged 4%, and their intrinsic spread was 14%.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Did Savary of Mauleon participate in Alfonso IX's failed siege of Caceres in 1218?. This paper assesses the evidence on whether Savary of Mauleon could have been present in the attempted conquest of Caceres by King Alfonso IX of Leon around the autumn of 1218. This paper also explains the possible reasons that might have encouraged the participation of this Poitevin nobleman in Iberian wars against the Almohads. It also attempts to contextualise Savary's alleged involvement in Iberia in relation to his political and military career before and after the events of the Fifth Crusade.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "AGONIST ACTIVATION OF TRANSFECTED HUMAN M1-MUSCARINIC ACETYLCHOLINE-RECEPTORS IN CHO CELLS RESULTS IN DOWN-REGULATION OF BOTH THE RECEPTOR AND THE ALPHA SUBUNIT OF THE G-PROTEIN GQ. CHO cells stably transfected with cDNA encoding the human MI muscarinic acetylcholine (HM1) receptor were treated with the cholinergic agonist carbachol at various concentrations for differing times. Levels of the HM1 receptor and of a range of G-proteins were subsequently measured. Carbachol treatment of the transfected cells caused a substantial down-regulation of cellular levels of the alpha subunit of G(q) (G(q)alpha), but did not significantly alter cellular levels of the a subunits of G(s) or G(i)2. A small decrease in levels of G-protein beta-subunit was also produced. Parallel assessment of agonist-induced down-regulation of the HM1 receptor demonstrated that it was lost in concert with the G-protein. Similar concentrations of carbachol (5 muM) were required to produce half-maximal stimulation of inositol phosphate generation and loss of each of the HM1 receptor and G(q)alpha, and half-maximal losses of both receptor and G(q)alpha were produced by 3 h of treatment with 1 mM-carbachol. By contrast, treatment of the non-transfected parental CHO cells, which do not express detectable levels of the receptor, with carbachol had no effect on cellular G(q)alpha levels. Concurrent treatment of the HM1-expressing CHO cells with carbachol and cycloheximide indicated that suppression of protein synthesis de novo did not mimic the effect of carbachol, and hence even complete inhibition of transcription of the G(q)alpha gene and/or translation of pre-existing G(q)alpha mRNA could not account for the agonist-induced effect. We have previously noted that cellular levels of both G(s)alpha [McKenzie and Milligan (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 17084-17093] and the alpha subunits of the pertussis-toxin-sensitive G-proteins G(i)1, G(i)2 and G(i)3 [Green, Johnson and Milligan (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 5206-5210] can be regulated in certain cell systems by agonist activation of receptors expected to interact with these G-proteins. These results demonstrate that the same is true of G(q)alpha and suggest that agonist-induced co-ordinate loss of receptors and associated G-proteins may be a more common feature than has been appreciated to date.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Factors affecting the adoption of HRIS by the Bangladeshi banking and financial sector. Human Resources Information Systems (HRIS) has become a global HR practice in the developed nations for its strategic contributions. However, developing nations such as Bangladesh seemed to face challenges in deploying HRIS in different sector especially in Banking and financial sector. This study attempted to identify the salient factors affecting adoption of HRIS by Bangladeshi banking and financial sector through applying the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) model. A structured questionnaire, designed based on the model construct, applied to pull data from 300 participants in the various banking and financial organization in Bangladesh. These data were analyzed through SmartPLS 3.0. We found social influence of market leader and behavioral intention of the management of the organization have a significant effect on the intent to adopt HRIS. However, social influence found to have both direct as well as partially mediated (by behavioral intention) effect on the adoption of HRIS. The findings suggest the practitioners to adopt the HRIS to gain the first mover advantage to avoid the bandwagon effect that make the HRIS-related competitive advantage evaporate quickly. The researchers in future may conduct a cross-cultural study to see whether the same variables are influencing the adoption of HRIS in the other culture and the country or may include more variables in the study to accommodate the ever-changing technology and human preferences.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "Tantalum-coated stents. Adherent porous tantalum coatings on Nitinol stents have been found to resist corrosion while leaving thermomechanical properties of the stents unchanged.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "Digital Heritage Systems: The ARCO Evaluation. This chapter describes the evaluation methods conducted for a digital heritage system, called ARCO (Augmented Representation of Cultural Objects), which examines the tools and methods used for its evaluation. The case study describes the knowledge acquired from several user requirement assessments, and further describes how to use this specific knowledge to provide a general framework for a holistic virtual museum evaluation. This approach will facilitate designers to determine the flaws of virtual museum environments, fill the gap between the technologies they use and those the users prefer and improve them in order to provide interactive and engaging virtual museums. The proposed model used not only quantitative, but also qualitative evaluation methods, and it is based on the extensive evaluations of the ARCO system by simple end-users, usability experts and domain experts. The main evaluation criteria were usability, presence, and learning.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "The Effect of Money Denomination on Prosocial Behavior: Through the Perspective of Metaphorical Cognitive Theory. Based on metaphorical cognitive theory, this research did four experiments to examine whether and how one important feature of money, denomination, could influence prosocial behavior. Study 1 was an experiment with a sample size of 209 undergraduates (M-age = 18.97) showed that a larger denomination enhanced the probability of participants engaging in prosocial behavior rather than with a smaller denomination. Study 2 collecting data from 269 undergraduates (M-age = 18.50) further showed that larger denominations condition inspired more prosocial behavior than the control condition; and the small denominations condition produced similar levels of prosocial behavior to the control condition. Study 3 used single factor design with a sample size of 192 undergraduates (M-age = 20.49) repeated the results of Study 2. Furthermore, Study 3 excluded an important alternative explanation that the value rather than the denomination influenced prosocial behavior. Last, Study 4 applied a factorial design experiment with a sample size of 132 undergraduates (M-age = 20.92) which demonstrated that generosity mediated the effect of denomination on prosocial behavior; the effect of denomination on prosocial behavior did not depend on money priming methods. Finally, theoretical and practical implications were discussed.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "You Can Talk about Your Cat, but You Can Also Talk about Your God: Witnessing in Hermeneutical-Communicative Worldview Education. This paper explores the function of teachers' witnessing of faith in worldview education in the context of diversity in the classroom. Pollefeyt described three teaching roles for hermeneutical-communicative worldview education: moderator, specialist, and witness. These roles aim to support students in their personal worldview identity development. However, witnessing seems to be associated with the transmittal of a specific tradition. We explore Pollefeyt's intentions with witnessing and his didactical application. We deepen his perspective with Ricoeur's philosophical and biblical explorations of testimony which help to clarify witnessing and to position this didactical role in the interreligious educational space of vulnerability and hospitality. In closing, witnessing is related to the concepts of authenticity, moral agency, role model and self-disclosure to show its relationship to more general aspects of teaching.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Lecania falcata, a new species from Spain, the Canary Islands and the Azores, close to Lecania chlorotiza. Lecania chlorotiza and L. falcata, described here as new from Spain/Navarra, the Canary Islands and the Azores, do not belong to Lecania s. str. They belong to a strongly supported clade comprising Bacidia, Bacidina, Scutula and Toninia when examined with maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian inferences using mtSSU, nuLSU and nuITS sequences. This clade represents the Bacidiaceae and is included in the Ramalinaceae s. lat. Most genera included in that family need further work before a new genus can possibly be described for Lecania chlorotiza and L. falcata.", "label": [4, 0, 39, 9]}
+{"token": "Attitude and Entrepreneurial Intention in Business Administration and Public Accounting Students. Multiple studies show that diverse variables influence the disposition of subjects to perform some action, in that sense and based on the theory of planned behavior (rcp), this work seeks to describe the level of intention to create companies owned by university students and how this is affected by their perception of the stimuli and barriers involved in it. In this sense, a sample of 246 students of business administration and public accounting was taken from the North Headquarters of Cauca of the Universidad del Valle in Colombia, a geographical area that has historically presented economic and social problems. The descriptive results show that around 70% of the students were interested in being entrepreneurs, being their main motivation to undertake family and personal security and what most discourages the lack of capital for it; meanwhile, the differences in means and linear regressions applied as statistical techniques confirm that the greater the global motivation, the greater the entrepreneurial intention in people. The conclusion of the article is that, due to the rewards they receive, for small cities' future professionals, business activity is also an essential development alternative.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "Mechanomics: an emerging field between biology and biomechanics. Cells sense various in vivo mechanical stimuli, which initiate downstream signaling to mechanical forces. While a body of evidences is presented on the impact of limited mechanical regulators in past decades, the mechanisms how biomechanical responses globally affect cell function need to be addressed. Complexity and diversity of in vivo mechanical clues present distinct patterns of shear flow, tensile stretch, or mechanical compression with various parametric combination of its magnitude, duration, or frequency. Thus, it is required to understand, from the viewpoint of mechanobiology, what mechanical features of cells are, why mechanical properties are different among distinct cell types, and how forces are transduced to downstream biochemical signals. Meanwhile, those in vitro isolated mechanical stimuli are usually coupled together in vivo, suggesting that the different factors that are in effect individually could be canceled out or orchestrated with each other. Evidently, omics analysis, a powerful tool in the field of system biology, is advantageous to combine with mechanobiology and then to map the full-set of mechanically sensitive proteins and transcripts encoded by its genome. This new emerging field, namely mechanomics, makes it possible to elucidate the global responses under systematically-varied mechanical stimuli. This review discusses the current advances in the related fields of mechanomics and elaborates how cells sense external forces and activate the biological responses.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "The UPC Agreement and the Unitary Patent Regulation-construction and application. The Unified Patent Court will open its doors in April 2017. Many questions of construction and application regarding the Unitary Patent Regulation (UPR) and the Unified Patent Court Agreement (UPCA) have come up in the process of preparing for the necessary ratifications and for the side-laws to both instruments still in the process of completion. The author, having been member of the UPCA Rules of Procedure (UPCARoP) drafting committee and currently serving as member of the expert panel for the Preparatory Committee, wants to share his views on possible answers to these questions with the patent community.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Virulence and Genomic Feature of Multidrug Resistant Campylobacter jejuni Isolated from Broiler Chicken. The aim of this study was to reveal the molecular mechanism involved in multidrug resistance and virulence of Campylobacter jejuni isolated from broiler chickens. The virulence of six multidrug resistant C. jejuni was determined by in vitro and in vivo methods. The de novo whole genome sequencing technology and molecular biology methods were used to analyze the genomic features associated with the multidrug resistance and virulence of a selected isolate (C. jejuni 1655). The comparative genomic analyses revealed a large number of single nucleotide polymorphisms, deletions, rearrangements, and inversions in C. jejuni 1655 compared to reference C. jejuni genomes. The co-emergence of Thr-86-1Ie mutation in gyrA gene, A2075G mutation in 23S rRNA gene, tetO, aphA and aadE genes and pTet plasmid in C. jejuni 1655 contributed its multidrug resistance to fluoroquinolones, macrolides, tetracycline, and aminoglycosides. The combination of multiple virulence genes may work together to confer the relative higher virulence in C. jejuni 1655. The co-existence of mobile gene elements (e.g., pTet) and CRISPR-Cas system in C. jejuni 1655 may play an important role in the gene transfer and immune defense. The present study provides basic information of phenotypic and genomic features of C. jejuni 1655, a strain recently isolated from a chicken displaying multidrug resistance and relatively high level of virulence.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Spectral aerosol extinction (SpEx): a new instrument for in situ ambient aerosol extinction measurements across the UV/visible wavelength range. We introduce a new instrument for the measurement of in situ ambient aerosol extinction over the 300700 nm wavelength range, the spectral aerosol extinction (SpEx) instrument. This measurement capability is envisioned to complement existing in situ instrumentation, allowing for simultaneous measurement of the evolution of aerosol optical, chemical, and physical characteristics in the ambient environment. In this work, a detailed description of the instrument is provided along with characterization tests performed in the laboratory. Measured spectra of NO2 and polystyrene latex spheres (PSLs) agreed well with theoretical calculations. Good agreement was also found with simultaneous aerosol extinction measurements at 450, 530, and 630 nm using CAPS PMex instruments in a series of 22 tests including nonabsorbing compounds, dusts, soot, and black and brown carbon analogs. SpEx measurements are expected to help identify the presence of ambient brown carbon due to its 300 nm lower wavelength limit compared to measurements limited to longer UV and visible wavelengths. Extinction spectra obtained with SpEx contain more information than can be conveyed by a simple power law fit (typically represented by Angstrom exponents). Planned future improvements aim to lower detection limits and ruggedize the instrument for mobile operation.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Exchanging looks: care relations, class and gender. Responding to P. Molinier's work, this article looks to explore the continuities and ruptures between the care situation in the French institution analysed by the author, and our own research field in Sao Paulo, involving female social workers. First we examine how access to the field produces distinct relational configurations between researchers, interlocutors and the research subject. This is followed by an exploration of how care work reveals particular features when agents and users have the same social background, and their actions are developed in the same context.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Old Marley Married a Chinese Writer': Towards an Aesthetics of Confident Intertextuality. In exploring how intertextuality functions in two Christmas tales published in Suchen Christine Lim's recent collection of short stories, The Lies that Build a Marriage: Stories of the Unsung, Unsaid and Uncelebrated in Singapore (2007), this article aims to reassess recent developments in Singaporean writing that promise to open up an aesthetics of intertextuality. This new aesthetic engagement with literary legacies forms part of an important move away from the increasingly problematic issue of postcolonial self-exoticisation. Instead, such self-reflexive fiction critically and often self-ironically dissects the multifarious potential of literary traditions. \\\\'Christmas Memories of a Chinese Stepfather\\\\' and \\\\'Christmas at Singapore Casket\\\\' play with an established genre in order to render this interpretative adaptation a vehicle not so much simply of current issues, but of their careful interrogation.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Diketone cleaving enzyme Dke1 production by Acinetobacter johnsonii - optimization of fermentation conditions. The main objective of this work was the optimization of the production of the novel dioxygenase diketone cleaving enzyme (Dke 1) from Acinetobacter johnsonii. Acetylacetone was used as an inducer for enzyme production. In the first step, the growth medium was optimized by using screening designs for finding the optimal carbon and nitrogen source. In the second step, a genetic algorithm was used to optimize the concentrations of all medium components. After six generations the stopping criterion was reached and a growth medium was obtained which produced sixteen times more enzyme than the starting medium. In the next step, an addition profile for the inducer acetylacetone was developed to further increase enzyme production by using a genetic algorithm. In this case, after four generations the stopping criterion was fulfilled. By using the obtained optimal addition profile Dkel activity was enhanced from 826 to 2584UI(-1). In comparison to the starting conditions activity could even be increased by a factor of 50. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "Effects of land use disturbance on seed banks of riparian forests in southern Manitoba. Riparian forests have been adversely affected by human land use and are threatened across North America. Seed banks play an important role in the maintenance and regeneration of forests, yet effects of land use and fragmentation on forest seed banks remain poorly understood. In 1998 and 1999, we assessed impacts of human disturbance on the diversity and species composition of seed banks in upland portions of riparian forests along an urban-rural gradient in southern Manitoba. Twenty-five forest fragments were categorized according to the following land-use: urban, suburban, high-intensity rural, low-intensity rural, and relatively undisturbed reference classes. Seeds of weedy and exotic species were positively associated with fragmentation, high levels of disturbance, and dry alkaline soils. Seed bank species diversity was lower in urban sites than in rural sites, and the similarity of urban to reference sites was significantly lower than that of rural to reference sites. In contrast, the proportion of exotic to native species richness was highest in seed banks of urban sites. Exotic species Hackelia virginiana and Poa pratense were associated with urban and suburban sites, respectively. Six exotic species were unique to urban sites; these included Hesparis matronalis and Plantago major. In contrast, many of the frequently encountered native species were absent from urban sites; these included Anemone canadensis and Rubus idaeus. These changes in seed bank may affect the ability of riparian forests to recover from adverse impacts associated with urban development and agriculture.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Analysis of the microphysical properties of a stratiform rain event using an L-Band profiler radar. This paper investigates spatial and temporal distributions of the microphysical properties of precipitating stratiform clouds based on Doppler spectra of rain particles observed by an L-band profiler radar. The retrieval of raindrop size distributions (RSDs) is accomplished through eliminating vertical air motion and isolating the terminal fall velocity of raindrops in the observed Doppler velocity spectrum. The microphysical properties of raindrops in a broad stratiform region with weak convective cells are studied using data collected from a 1320-MHz wind profiler radar in Huayin, Shaanxi Province on 14 May 2009. RSDs and gamma function parameters are retrieved at altitudes between 700 and 3000 m above the surface, below a melting layer. It is found that the altitude of the maximum number of raindrops was closely related to the surface rain rate. The maximum number of large drops was observed at lower altitudes earlier in the precipitation event but at higher altitudes in later periods, suggesting decreases in the numbers of large and medium size raindrops. These decreases may have been caused by the breakup of larger drops and evaporation of smaller drops as they fell. The number of medium size drops decreased with increasing altitude. The relationship between reflectivity and liquid water content during this precipitation event was Z = 1.69x10(4) M (1.5), and the relationship between reflectivity and rain intensity was Z = 256I (1.4).", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Pc5 geomagnetic pulsations, pulsating particle precipitation, and VLF chorus: Case study on 24 November 2006. The event (24 November 2006, similar to 0400-0500 UT) of the simultaneous observations of Pc5 ULF geomagnetic pulsations, electron precipitation (CNA riometer absorption), and whistler-mode chorus, as well as solar wind (SW) and IMF parameters have been analyzed based on the data from IMAGE magnetometers, Finnish riometer array, and temporal VLF station. The visible correlation between the simultaneous occurrence of several minutes scale patches of chorus and pulsating CNA enhancements was found. The dynamic spectra of the riometer data showed a maximum at similar to 3.5 mHz in the first half-hour interval and at similar to 2.0 mHz in the second one, while the ULF pulsation spectra exhibit these two maxima in both intervals simultaneously. In the first time interval, the Pc5 pulsations at similar to 3.5 mHz demonstrated the typical FLR feature. The SW dynamic pressure fluctuations showed a broad (1.5-3.5 mHz) spectral maximum in the first interval; however, in the second one, the simultaneous oscillations at similar to 2.0 mHz were observed in SW pressure and in IMF Bz. The similar similar to 2.0 mHz peak has been found in the spectra of Pc5 pulsations from auroral zone to the equator, in riometer absorption, and in VLF chorus power. We suggest that the modulation of particle precipitation and whistler-mode chorus patches was caused by the 2.0 mHz compressional component of Pc5 poloidal geomagnetic pulsations driven in the magnetosphere by SW dynamic pressure and IMF Bz disturbances.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Negative Exposure: Watching Another Woman Subjected to Dominant Male Behavior During a Math Interaction Can Induce Stereotype Threat. This research examined whether simply watching videos of a man behaving dominantly toward a woman during a math-related interaction hurts women's math performance. Men and women watched videos of male-female interactions related to math (stereotype-relevant) or studying (stereotype-neutral) in which the male was dominant, the female was dominant, or the two were equally dominant. Women who watched a video of a dominant male in a math interaction showed reduced math performance and had greater worries about confirming negative in-group math stereotypes than when the video showed a studying interaction; however, women who watched a video of a man and woman equal in dominance or a dominant female did not show such performance decrements and worries. These effects did not occur for men. This work suggests that brief video exposure to male dominant behavior aimed at a female in a math context can lead women to experience stereotype threat and underperform.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Curriculum of Secondary School teachers training. Many relevant decisions have been taken along this process. One of them has been the extension of teacher training, now included in the five-year master program and the conception of teachers as professionals with the right and the duty of developing their work in educational centres.The Finnish education system has received world attention as it has come out top in PISA studies. Finnish fifteen-year-old children have been the first ones as regards their scientific and mathematical skills, literacy and problems resolution. Few children have to be included in the lowest categories of PISA study Likewise, differences among high schools are small.These results have been mainly achieved because of the implementation of a courageous educational policy and the excellence of teaching competence. Educational policy has been focused on the establishment of equity while promoting a comprehensive school model.The structure and contents of teachers training, including Secondary School teachers, is intended to be focused on research as well as on an evidence-oriented practice. It means, on the one hand, that teachers learn to carry out their work following an analytical and open approach. On the other hand, they reach to conclusions based on observation and experience, and gradually develop teaching and learning environments.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "AffectiveTDA: Using Topological Data Analysis to Improve Analysis and Explainability in Affective Computing. We present an approach utilizing Topological Data Analysis to study the structure of face poses used in affective computing, i.e., the process of recognizing human emotion. The approach uses a conditional comparison of different emotions, both respective and irrespective of time, with multiple topological distance metrics, dimension reduction techniques, and face subsections (e.g., eyes, nose, mouth, etc.). The results confirm that our topology-based approach captures known patterns, distinctions between emotions, and distinctions between individuals, which is an important step towards more robust and explainable emotion recognition by machines.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Behind the Scenes and Screens Insights into the Human Dimension of Covert and Cyberbullying. This qualitative study explores the human dimension of two subtypes of bullying in an Australian schooling context. Individuals' knowledge, understanding, and experiences of covert (behind the scenes) and cyber (behind the screens) bullying were explored through stories of what has actually been occurring in and around their schools. Participants were adolescent students (n = 20), teachers (n = 10) and school counselors (n = 6) from a variety of schools across Adelaide, South Australia. They recounted stories about covert and cyberbullying from their social networks and schooling contexts, giving authentic \\\\'voice'' to these behaviors. Each narrative was uploaded to a dedicated website, contributing to an online \\\\'storybook,'' and providing information rich cases that enabled \\\\'issues of central importance'' (Patton, 1987) to emerge. Narrative and thematic analyses revealed that covert and cyberbullying have much in common, but that cyberbullying in particular evoked strong negative feelings and emotions which included fear, as well as disruption to and dislocation from the participants' relationships. Participants indicated that the power differential was clearly understood and there was a clear sense of helplessness associated with cyberbullying. In particular, cyberbullying was found to operate both covertly and overtly via e-technologies, across school and home boundaries.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "The role and mechanism of triethanolamine in simultaneous absorption of NOx and SO2 by magnesia slurry combined with ozone gas-phase oxidation. A novel absorption method was developed and used for the simultaneous removal of SO2 and NOx whereby triethanolamine (TEA)-modified magnesia was utilized as an absorption slurry and combined with gas-phase oxidation by ozone. TEA was first used as the additive to magnesia slurry to facilitating the aqueous absorption of NOx and SO2. The injection of O-3 increased the solubility of NOx considerably. Furthermore, the addition of TEA facilitated the absorption of NOx in wet combined desulfurization and denitrification processes. In addition, experiments on operating factors included initial pH, TEA concentration, and the effect of SO2 were performed in this study. The results show that after the addition of TEA to a magnesium-based slurry, the absorption efficiency of NO2 improved to almost 100% under alkaline conditions. However, the improvement effect of TEA was less evident in acidic conditions. Based on studies of operating factors and product analysis, the reaction mechanism of TEA-assisted magnesia slurry absorption was proposed. Under alkaline conditions, TEA served as the radical scavenger, terminated the excessive oxidation of sulfite, and then strongly promoted the reaction between NO2- and SO32-. Furthermore, TEA could react with NO2 and SO2 directly, and its alkalinity was beneficial for the absorption of NO2 and SO2. In acidic conditions, TEA reacted with H+ and formed H+-N(CH2CH2OH)(3), and the antioxidant capability of TEA would be lost.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "Existence and multiplicity for a system of fractional higher-order two-point boundary value problem. The purpose of this paper is to establish some results on the existence of multiple positive solutions for a system of nonlinear fractional order two-point boundary value problem. The main tool is a fixed point theorem of the cone expansion and compression of functional type and five functional fixed point theorem. Some examples are also presented to illustrate the availability of the main results.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "PASSIVE AND ACTIVE MATERNAL SMOKING DURING PREGNANCY, AS MEASURED BY SERUM COTININE, AND POSTNATAL SMOKE EXPOSURE .2. EFFECT ON NEURODEVELOPMENT AT AGE 5 YEARS. The authors sought to determine the neurobehavioral effects of prenatal exposure to maternal active smoking and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), assessed by maternal serum cotinine level, and of postnatal exposure to smoke based on maternal report. Five-year-old children (n = 2,124) who were participants in the Child Health and Development Studies in Oakland, California, between 1964 and 1967 were evaluated with the use of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) and the Raven Coloured Progressive Matrices Test, and also assessed on a behavioral rating scale completed by the mother that included questions on activity level. Children of ETS-exposed women did not differ from children of other nonsmokers on neurobehavioral assessment. Children whose mothers smoked during pregnancy had somewhat higher adjusted Raven (p = 0.10) and PPVT scores (p = 0.06) than children of nonsmokers, although they did not differ in their activity level (p = 0.32). However, children smoke-exposed during childhood did have lower adjusted Raven (p = 0.01) and PPVT scores (p = 0.16), and were rated more active by their mothers (p = 0.04). These differences may be attributed to uncontrolled confounding of sociobehavioral variables. However, the authors cannot rule out the possibility that ETS exposure during childhood may be more hazardous to neurodevelopment than prenatal exposure.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Migration distance as a selective episode for wing morphology in a migratory insect. Results: Using 613 monarch butterflies that were collected on the Mexican wintering grounds between 1976 -2014, we tested whether monarch wing traits were associated with migratory distance from their natal areas in eastern North America (migration range: 774-4430 km), as inferred by stable-hydrogen (delta H-2) and -carbon (delta C-13) isotopic measurements. Monarchs that migrated farther distances to reach their overwintering sites tended to have longer and larger wings, suggesting positive selective pressure during migration on wing length and area. There was no relationship between migration distances and either roundness or aspect ratio.Conclusions: Our results provide correlative evidence that the migratory period may act as a selective episode on monarch butterfly wing morphology, although selection during other portions of the annual cycle, as well as extensive mixing of individuals from various natal locations on the breeding grounds, likely counteracts directional selection of migration on morphology.Background: Selective pressures that occur during long-distance migration can influence morphological traits across a range of taxa. In flying insects, selection should favour individuals that have wing morphologies that increase energy efficiency and survival. In monarch butterflies, differences in wing morphology between migratory and resident populations suggest that migratory populations have undergone selection for larger (as measured by length and area) and more elongated (as measured by roundness and aspect ratio) forewings. However, selection on wing morphology may also occur within migratory populations, particularly if individuals or populations consistently migrate different distances.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Corpora amylacea and heat shock protein 27 in Ammon's horn sclerosis. Increased numbers of corpora amylacea have been observed in the resected mesial temporal lobe of many patients with complex partial seizures (CPS) and Ammon's horn sclerosis (AHS). Several hear shock proteins (MSPs) are induced by seizures and have been suggested as an etiologic factor in the formation corpora amylacea. We quantified corpora amylacea and HSP27-immunoreactive astrocytes in temporal lobe specimens from patients with CPS (28 AWS: 10 non-AHS) and in 5 autopsy controls. Corpora amylacea were increased in each sector of Ammon's horn in the AHS group, significantly so in CA, and CA, (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0097, respectively), compared with the non-AHS group, although there was considerable variability among the specimens. We found HSP27 to be significantly but nonspecifically increased in the resected temporal lobe specimens from all patients with CPS, regardless of the underlying pathology. HSP27 was not, however, expressed within the corpora amylacea, and did not correlate with the number of corpora amylacea in any of the 9 mesial and lateral temporal lobe areas examined.", "label": [2, 17, 21]}
+{"token": "Seasonality of Tuberculosis. Objectives: This study was designed to review previous studies and analyse the current knowledge and controversies related to seasonal variability of tuberculosis (TB) to examine whether TB has an annual seasonal pattern. Study Design and Methods: Systematic review of peer reviewed studies identified through literature searches using online databases belonging to PubMed and the Cochrane library with key words \\\\'Tuberculosis, Seasonal influence\\\\' and \\\\' Tuberculosis, Seasonal variation\\\\'. The search was restricted to articles published in English. The references of the identified papers for further relevant publications were also reviewed. Results: Twelve studies conducted between the period 1971 and 2006 from 11 countries/regions around the world (South Western Cameroon, South Africa, India, Hong Kong, Japan, Kuwait, Spain, UK, Ireland, Russia, and Mongolia) were reviewed. A seasonal pattern of tuberculosis with a mostly predominant peak is seen during the spring and summer seasons in all of the countries (except South Western Cameroon and Russia). Conclusions: The observation of seasonality leads to assume that the risk of transmission of M. tuberculosis does appear to be the greatest during winter months. Vitamin D level variability, indoor activities, seasonal change in immune function, and delays in the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis are potential stimuli of seasonal tuberculosis disease. Additionally, seasonal variation in food availability and food intake, age, and sex are important factors which can play a role in the tuberculosis notification variability. Prospective studies regarding this topic and other related subjects are highly recommended.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "E-commerce in Least Developing Countries: Summary Evidence and Implications!. We undertook a review and classification of research on electronic commerce (e-commerce) in developing countries. We analyzed 181 articles published in a broad range of journals covering e-commerce, global information technology, and development issues. The analysis provides a roadmap that not only indicates the current state of e-commerce for development research but also identifies gaps and priorities for future research. This will be of significant value to both academics and practitioners who are working on, or plan to work on, e-commerce in developing countries.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "Serological evidence of H9N2 avian influenza virus exposure among poultry workers from Fars province of Iran. Methods: 100 poultry workers and 100 healthy individuals with no professional exposure to poultry took part in this study. Serum samples were tested for antibodies against two distinct H9N2 avian influenza viruses, which showed different phylogenetic clustering and important molecular differences, such as at the amino acid (aa) position 226 (Q/L) (H3 numbering), using haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and microneutralization (MN) assays.Background: Since the 1990s, influenza A viruses of the H9N2 subtype have been causing infections in the poultry population around the globe. This influenza subtype is widely circulating in poultry and human cases of AI H9N2 have been sporadically reported in countries where this virus is endemic in domestic birds. The wide circulation of H9N2 viruses throughout Europe and Asia along with their ability to cause direct infection in mammals and humans, raises public health concerns. H9N2 AI was reported for the first time in Iran in 1998 and at present it is endemic in poultry. This study was carried out to evaluate the exposure to H9N2 AI viruses among poultry workers from the Fars province.Results: Results showed that 17 % of the poultry workers were positive for the A/chicken/Iran/10VIR/854-5/2008 virus in MN test and 12 % in HI test using the titer >= 40 as positive cut-off value. Only 2 % of the poultry workers were positive for the A/chicken/Iran/12VIR/9630/1998 virus. Seroprevalence of non exposed individuals for both H9N2 strains was below 3 % by both tests. Statistical analyses models showed that exposure to poultry significantly increases the risk of infection with H9N2 virus.Conclusions: The results have demonstrated that exposure to avian H9N2 viruses had occurred among poultry workers in the Fars province of Iran. Continuous surveillance programmes should be implemented to monitor the presence of avian influenza infections in humans and to evaluate their potential threat to poultry workers and public health.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Dynamical modelling of river deltas on Titan and Earth. The surface of Titan hosts a unique Earth-like environment with lakes and rivers, and active 'hydrologic' cycle of methane. We investigate sediment transport in Titanian rivers and deposition in Titanian lakes with particular attention to formation of river deltas. The obtained results are compared with analogous terrestrial processes. The numerical model based on Navier-Stokes equations for depth-integrated two dimensional turbulent flow and additional equations for bed-load and suspended-load sediment transport was used in our research. It is found that transport of icy grains in Titanian rivers is more effective than silicate grains of the same size in terrestrial rivers for the same assumed total discharge. This effect is explained theoretically using dimensionless form of equations or comparing forces acting on the grains. Our calculations confirm previous results (Burr et al., 2006. Icarus. 181, 235-242). We calculate also models with organic sediments of different densities, namely 1500 and 800 kg m(-3). We found substantial differences between materials of varying densities on Titan, but they are less pronounced than differences between Titan and Earth. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "ASSESSING UNIFORMITY OF TOTAL MIXED RATIONS. Whole shelled corn, black beans, white beans, and fuzzy whole cotton seed were used as tracers in blended total mixed rations to assess uniformity. Tracers were placed in varied locations of two mixers, but under the conditions of these experiments, tracer placement did not affect the coefficient of variation (CV; the uniformity measurement). This is an indication of mixer performance. With a paddle mixer blending a beef ration which did not have much long particle mass, each tracer performed similarly; as mixing time increased from 180 to 600 s, the CV did improve at a rate of 1% reduction per minute - starting at 24.8% with 180 s of mixing. With a reel-type mixer and a dairy ration containing 19% particle mass longer than 19 mm, the type of tracer affected CV. Slick tracers (corn, white beans, black beans) had higher CVs (28%, 33%, and 33%, respectively) than fuzzy whole cotton seed (18%); counts of slick tracers also decreased as the mixer emptied The clingy whole cotton seed tracer suggested a more uniform blend (lower CV) and there was not a tendency for increase, nor decrease, in cotton seed counts as the mixer emptied For the stationary reel mixer, increasing mixing time from 350 to 1100 s did not reduce CV. Uniformity of size particle size distribution among samples was better than uniformity of countable tracers for both mixers.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "MRI features of canine hemangiosarcoma affecting the central nervous system. Hemangiosarcoma is the most common metastatic tumor involving the brain in dogs but detailed published descriptions of the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features are lacking. The objective of this multi-center, retrospective case series study was to describe MRI characteristics of canine hemangiosarcoma affecting the central nervous system (CNS). Medical records of seven referral institutions were retrospectively reviewed. Dogs were included if they had a histopathologically confirmed diagnosis of hemangiosarcoma affecting the CNS and undergone an MRI of the brain and/or vertebral column. Lesions were independently evaluated by two observers. Twenty dogs met the inclusion criteria and one dog had both intracranial and intramedullary hemangiosarcoma. Consistent MRI features included heterogeneous (17/21) lesions in all sequences with mainly mixed signal intensity (12/21), presence of susceptibility artifact on T2*w (15/16), associated moderate to severe perilesional edema (21/21), and moderate to strong (20/21) heterogeneous (14/21) or ring-like (6/21) contrast enhancement. Intracranial hemangiosarcoma was frequently multiple and intra-axial, affecting consistently the telencephalon and no differences in MRI features were found between primary and metastatic hemangiosarcoma. This is the first MRI description of primary intracranial hemangiosarcoma and primary intracranial epithelioid hemangiosarcoma. Vertebral hemangiosarcomas were segmental poorly marginated polyostotic and highly aggressive lesions invading the thoracic vertebral canal and paraspinal tissues. Epidural hemangiosarcomas were single and well-marginated lesions in the thoracolumbar and/or lumbar region. Intramedullary hemangiosarcomas were cervical, metastatic in origin, and frequently (3/4) accompanied by intracranial lesions. These described MRI features will aid early identification of hemangiosarcoma guiding subsequent diagnostics and therapeutics.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Active and intelligent packaging in meat industry. Scope and approach: To achieve longer shelf life, active packaging and intelligent packaging have been developed to change the conditions of the package, impart information, monitor the product supply chain, and provide anti-counterfeit functionality. This will effectively enhance food safety and quality and consequently increase the product value, convenience, and consumer satisfactions. This review analyzes the recent developments in active and intelligent packaging in the meat industry, in both research and commercial domains. The global patents and future research trends are also discussed.Background: Microbial contamination and lipid and protein oxidation are major concerns for meat and meat products in terms of food safety and quality deterioration. The meat quality and safety properties are highly dependent on packaging materials and technologies.Key findings and conclusions: Active and intelligent packaging offer great opportunities for enhancing meat safety, quality, and convenience, and consequently decrease the number of retailer and consumer complaints. Some important factors such as legislation concerns (e.g. migration of active substances from packaging materials, labelling), economics and consumers' preferences should be considered to successfully implement antimicrobial and intelligent packaging solutions in the meat industry. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Not one republic but many: a study of the theoretical bases of Peruvian republicanism, 1821-1834. The article seeks to explore three strands of Peruvian republicanism between 1821 and 1834. One of these was the \\\\'patria cientifica\\\\' [scientific homeland] which flourished within the heart of the Sociedad Patriotica de Lima. This was represented by a group of scientific men, headed by Hipolito Unanue and among whom Jose Gregorio Paredes played a leading role. The second strand was of a legal-philosophical character due to its emphasis on concepts like freedom and sovereignty, and was forged in discussions over the possibility of either a constitutional monarchy or a strictly republican regime whose main spokesman was the Trujillo lawyer Jose Faustino Sanchez Carrion. Militarized republicanism, the third category of thought discussed in this article, arose as a response to the problem of the war against the Spanish empire and was the brainchild of soldiers of the Republic like Domingo Nieto.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Whose Interest Really Matters? The Role of NGOs' Representatives within Local Advisory Councils in Poland. The article shows the results of empirical research conducted among members of advisory councils operating in Polish cities. The study covers five types of councils: councils of NGOs, senior citizen councils, councils for residents with disabilities, labor market councils, and sports councils. The author focuses mainly on advisory council members who are also NGO representatives. Thus, they have a twofold role: a member of a collegial advisory body, which is supposed to consult local authorities, and a representative of an NGO. The article aims to reveal the motives for engaging NGOs' representatives in social council activities. Considering the specific character of the NGO sector in Poland, one may expect that membership within social councils will become an arena for pushing the interests of NGOs. However, research results show that the motivations for involvement in social council activities do not have clientelistic patterns. The members of the councils are motivated by similar factors as in other forms of prosocial activity, which may be divided into normative, rational, and affiliative-prestigious. Council members are aware of their double role. They, therefore, distance themselves from the possibility of achieving individual (private) benefits or benefits for the NGO they are associated with. Their membership in councils is motivated primarily by a sense of duty to the group or the organization they represent or local authorities, taking part in the decision-making, and being a member of the prestigious group of experts they consider advisory councils to be.", "label": [5, 47, 49]}
+{"token": "Critical temperature for massive transformation in ultra-low-carbon Fe-C alloys. The kinetics of the isochronal austenite (gamma) -> ferrite (alpha) transformation for a series of ultra-low-carbon Fe-C alloys (with a carbon concentration from 0.001 to 0.05 at.%) were investigated for cooling rates in the range of 5-20 K min(-1) using high-resolution dilatometry. The rate of formation of the product (ferrite) phase as a function of time exhibits maxima. The first transformation-rate maxima pertain to diffusion-controlled ferrite growth, whereas the last, main transformation-rate maximum corresponds to massive transformation. The thus determined critical temperatures, at and below which massive transformation takes place, are always below the T(0) temperatures, where the Gibbs energy of the (metastable) austenite equals that of (metastable) ferrite of the same carbon concentration, and are also below the ferrite solvus temperatures for carbon concentrations below about 0.01 at.% C and above the ferrite solvus temperatures for carbon concentrations above about 0.01 at.% C.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Characterization of the cross-resistance mechanism to herbicides inhibiting acetyl coenzyme-A carboxylase in itchgrass (Rottboellia cochinchinensis) biotypes from Bolivia. Whole-plant greenhouse bioassays and absorption, translocation, and metabolism experiments were conducted to investigate the resistance and cross resistance patterns and resistance mechanism of itchgrass (Rottboellia cochinchinensis) biotypes from Bolivia to herbicides that inhibit the enzyme acetyl coenzyme-A carboxylase. Varying levels of resistance to haloxyfop-R-methyl and sethoxydim were found in the biotypes designated as San Pedro and Yapacani and cross-resistance among graminicides was confirmed. The resistance indices (RI) for haloxyfop-R-methyl based on the GR(50) values (herbicide dose required to inhibit growth by 50%) for these biotypes were 33.4 and 44.3, respectively. For the sethoxydim, the RI values were 9.3 and 4.7, respectively. The rate of [C-14] sethoxydim absorption was similar in the resistant and susceptible biotypes at 6, 12, 48 and 96 h after treatment (HAT); there was no significant difference in the amount of [C-14]sethoxydim uptake among biotypes. No differences in the translocation or metabolism of [C-14] sethoxydim were observed between resistant and susceptible biotypes at any interval after application. In in vitro ACCase assays, the concentrations of sethoxydim required to inhibit ACCase activity by 50% (I-50) were substantially higher (about 11 times) for the two resistant biotypes compared to the reference biotype, indicating that the resistant itchgrass biotypes have an ACCase that is relatively insensitive to the graminicides. These results suggest that cross resistance in itchgrass biotypes is conferred by a reduced sensitivity of the target enzyme. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "FEELINGS OF GUILT IN MAJOR DEPRESSION - CONCEPTUAL AND PSYCHOMETRIC ASPECTS. A new scale for the evaluation of feelings of guilt is described. Two types of guilt feeling were of potential interest: 'delusional' guilt or shame (experienced in relation to one's actions), and 'affective' guilt (a more general feeling of unworthiness). Reliability and validity analyses for the first (15-item) version of the scale were performed in three separate and contrasting clinical samples. The second and final (seven-item) version was tested in another sample of major depressives and in normal controls. The HRSD was used as a measure of severity throughout. The BDI and Widlocher psychomotor retardation scale were also used as external criteria for the seven-item scale. Exploratory factor analysis of this sample yielded two factors - 'cognitive/attitudinal' and 'mood/feeling' - of which only the first correlated with scores for psychomotor retardation. It is suggested that these two factors represent two forms of guilt, but that only the former is related to a putative dopaminergic disorder. Guilt scores and measures of severity were not correlated. It is suggested that feelings of guilt should be considered as a behavioural marker for a subtype of depression.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Controlling Grass Weeds on Hard Surfaces: Effect of Time Intervals between Flame Treatments. An experiment was conducted on a specially designed hard surface to study the impact of time interval between flaming treatments on the regrowth and flower production of two grass weeds. The goal of this experiment was to optimize the control of annual bluegrass and perennial ryegrass, both species that are very difficult to control without herbicides. Aboveground biomass from 72 plants per treatment was harvested and dry weights were recorded at regular intervals to investigate how the plants responded to flaming. Regrowth of the grasses was measured by harvesting aboveground biomass 2 wk after the second flaming treatments that were implemented at different time intervals. Flaming treatments decreased plant biomass of both species and also the ratio of flowering annual bluegrass plants. However, few plants were killed. The first flaming treatment affected aboveground biomass more than the second flaming treatment. A treatment interval of 7 d provided the greatest reduction in regrowth of perennial ryegrass, whereas the effect of treatment interval varied between the first and second repetitions of this experiment for annual bluegrass. In general, short treatment intervals (3 d) should be avoided, as they did not increase the reduction of aboveground biomass compared with the 7-d treatment interval. Knowledge on the regrowth of grass weeds after flaming treatments provided by this study can help improve recommendations given to road keepers and park managers for management on these weeds.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "EFFECT OF OVERCOOKED SOYBEAN-MEAL ON TURKEY PERFORMANCE. Three turkey growth experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of overcooked soybean meal (SBM) on BW gain and gain:feed ratio (FE).  On two occasions soybean meals were custom prepared by changing the temperature and the retention time (RT) of the desolventizer-toaster unit at a commercial soybean processing plant.  Three different meals were produced for each occasion mainly by altering RT from normal to approximately 1.35 and 2.43 times normal operating conditions (designated SBM1 to 3 on the first occasion and SBM4 to 6 on the second occasion).  For SBM1 to 6, urease activities were .06, .00, .00, .20, .01 and .00 DELTA-pH, protein solubilities in .1 M borate at 40 C were 44, 45, 16, 44, 32, and 24%, and protein solubilities in .2% KOH were 86, 84, 76, 90, 85, and 85%, respectively.It is concluded that SBM did not show a detrimental effect on turkey growth until it was overcooked by 2.4 times the normal conditions.  The usual operating conditions in a commercial processing plant are well within the range for producing adequate SBM for poultry feed.In two sequential long-term experiments, SBM1 to 3 were fed to turkeys from 0 to 8 wk, then a control (normal processing conditions, SBMF), was fed to the all treatment groups from 8 to 12 wk of age.  The SBM4 to 6 were fed from 12 to 18 wk of age after rerandomizing treatment allocation of replicate pens.  In the first trial, poults fed SBM3 showed significantly reduced BW gain from 3 wk on and a lower FE shown at 9 wk.  No difference in BW gain and FE was observed in the trial from 12 to 18 wk.  In a 15-day, short-term experiment starting with 3-day-old poults and feeding diets containing SBM2 to 6, BW gain and FE did not differ among treatment groups.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Physical conditions in the neutral interstellar medium at z=2.43 toward Q2348-011. Aims. We aim at deriving the physical conditions in the neutral gas associated with damped Lyman-alpha systems using observation and analysis of H-2 and C I absorptions.The gas in H-2-bearing components is found to be cold but still hotter than similar gas in our Galaxy (T > 130 K, instead of typically 80 K) and dense (n similar to 100-200 cm(-3)). There is an anti-correlation (R = -0.97) between the logarithm of the photo-absorption rate, log beta(0), and log N(H-2)/N(C I) derived for each H-2 component. We show that this is mostly due to shielding effects and imply that the photo-absorption rate beta(0) is a good indicator of the physical conditions in the gas. We find that the gas is immersed in an intense UV field, about one order of magnitude higher than in the solar vicinity. These results suggest that the gas in H-2-bearing DLAs is clumpy, and star-formation occurs in the associated object.Results. Molecular hydrogen was detected in seven components in the first four rotational levels (J = 0-3) of the vibrational ground state. Absorption lines of H-2 J = 4 (resp. J = 5) rotational levels are detected in six (resp. two) of these components. This leads to a total molecular fraction of log f similar or equal to -1.69(-0.58)(+0.37). Fourteen components are needed to reproduce the metal-line profiles. The overall metallicity is found to be -0.80, -0.62, -1.17 +/- 0.10 for, respectively, [Si/H], [S/H] and [Fe/H]. We confirm the earlier findings that there is a correlation between log N(Fe II)/N(S II) and log N(Si II)/ N(S II) from different components indicative of a dust-depletion pattern. Surprisingly, however, the depletion of metals onto dust in the H-2 components is not large in this system: [Fe/S] = -0.8 to -0.1.Methods. We obtained a high-resolution VLT-UVES spectrum of the quasar Q2348-011 over a wavelength range that covers most of the prominent metal and molecular absorption lines from the log N(H I) = 20.50 +/- 0.10 damped Lyman-alpha system at z(abs) = 2.4263. We detected H-2 in this system and measured column densities of H-2, CI, CI*, CI**, Si II, P II, S II, Fe II, and Ni II. From the column density ratios and, in particular, the relative populations of H-2 rotational and C I fine-structure levels, we derived the physical conditions in the gas (relative abundances, dust-depletion, particle density, kinetic temperature, and ionising flux) and discuss physical conditions in the neutral phase.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Drain-Voltage Balance and Phase-Shifted PWM Control Schemes for High-Efficiency Parallel-String Dimmable LED Drivers. An LED driver consisting of dimmable current balancing circuits (CBCs) and a boost converter with drain voltage balance (DVB) and phase-shifted pulsewidth modulation (PSPWM) control schemes is presented. To reduce the power loss on conventional linear current regulators, CBCs are employed. The DVB control scheme is proposed to maintain a desired constant voltage across the CBCs, so as to increase current balance and achieve high efficiency of the CBCs. Thus, the bus voltage of the boost converter is adaptively regulated based on the DVB control. The PSPWM control scheme can alleviate the variation of the bus current provided by the boost converter. As a result, the transient ripple of the bus voltage can be reduced when the light-emitting diode (LED) strings are turned on and off. Furthermore, the utilization of DVB control is increased when the PWM dimming duty cycle becomes lower. The experimental results demonstrate that the minimum voltage among the CBCs is always kept at the lowest constant level while maintaining the required current passing through the LED strings. The efficiency of the CBCs is kept almost the same for different LED currents and is over 95%. Thus, a high-efficient parallel-string dimmable LED driver with simple circuitry can be achieved.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
+{"token": "Exclusive quality - Why exclusive distribution may benefit the TV-viewers. Sports organizations, Hollywood studios and TV channels grant satellite and cable networks exclusive rights to televise their matches, movies and media contents. Exclusive distribution prevents viewers from watching attractive programs and reduces the TV-distributors incentives to compete in prices.This paper demonstrates that exclusive distribution may also give providers of contents incentives to invest in higher quality and, as a result, force competitors to reduce their prices. Exclusive distribution may benefit all viewers, including those who are excluded. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Modeling effects of harvest on firefly population persistence. North American fireflies in the genus Photinus are commercially harvested to extract the enzyme luciferase, despite the availability of a synthetic recombinant enzyme. Our goal was to examine the potential effects of harvesting on Photinus population persistence. Using estimated demographic parameters for Photinus, we developed a stochastic simulation population model to understand combined effects of demography, harvest rate, delayed larval development, and environmental stochasticity on population persistence of fireflies. With no harvest and low environmental stochasticity, modeled populations tended to reach carrying capacity. We found that average population size of adult fireflies decreased with increasing harvest rate and increasing environmental stochasticity. At the highest modeled growth rate (lambda = 2.8) the population failed to persist only when environmental stochasticity was high and harvest rate was >= 60%. Once harvest was introduced, only populations with high growth rates consistently persisted. Long-term, sustainable Photinus harvest rates based on survey data suggest that harvest rates >10% are acceptable only if lambda > 1.6. Our modeling results suggest that Photinus populations might tolerate low harvest levels, although in the absence of more precise data on vital rates and the amount of environmental stochasticity, the exact level is unknown. To further examine sustainability, harvest rates should be monitored and standardized surveys conducted to document firefly population changes. (c) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Ophelia, more or less. Intersemiotic reinterpretations of a Shakespearean character. Ophelia, Shakespeare's most tragic heroine, seems to be the character who has generated much more enthusiasm on the part of visual artists than on the part of literary critics. Consequently, there are a high number of artefacts, produced starting with the nineteenth century, which have been inspired by Hamlet's unfortunate bride. Of this assortment of artefacts, we have picked some to deal with here. In analysing them, we survey through the history of the heroine's representation in various visual media, comment on them from the point of view of intersemiotic translation, and verify, in broad lines, the hypothesis that they may be tributary to a number of factors ranging from some connected to the artist's own identity and subjective interpretation of the original to factors connected to more general stereotypes, beliefs, attitudes, and socio-cultural trends.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Creative gentrification in Quito. The case of La Floresta new cultural centrality. From a phenomenological and hermeneutic approach, the main goal of this paper is to analyze the productive effects since the arrival of the creative class to the pericentral neighborhood of La Floresta (Quito), a social group consolidated in the area during the Revolucion Ciudadana administration (2007-2015). In the first part, a bibliographic review is carried out regarding the gentrification produced by artists, students, or the new middle class in general; and the peculiarities are presented of the constitution of the middle-class in Ecuador. In the second part, the results of the research are exposed, based on the analysis of census indicators, stakeholder interviews and a direct observation of land uses and its practices. It is concluded that the intensification of economic and social flows in the neighborhood supposes the constitution of La Floresta as a cultural centrality. A revaluation process that ends up triggering the displacement of the \\\\'social preservationists\\\\' and the consolidation of a \\\\'new creative class\\\\'. From a multiscale approach, it warns about a possible revaluation process in the areas surrounding the cultural centrality, a cascade effect that could generate new gentrification effects.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "DRUG WARS: A NEW GENERATION OF GENERIC PHARMACEUTICAL DELAY. Thirty years ago, Congress ushered in a new and miraculous era in medicine with the creation of the Hatch-Waxman system for approval of generic drugs. The progress, however, has not been without resistance. This Article presents an overview of three generations of games pharmaceutical companies play to keep generics off the market and maintain monopoly pricing. In \\\\'Generation 1.0,\\\\' branded companies simply pay generics to delay entering the market, reaping billions of dollars of benefit. \\\\'Generation 2.0\\\\' involves paying for delay through multiple side deals that camouflage the value of the payment. Generation 2.0 also includes what this Article refers to as \\\\'boy scout clauses\\\\' agreements to behave honorably that actually mask anticompetitive collusion. The newest generation, however, moves from collusion to obstruction. Generation 3.0 uses administrative processes, regulatory schemes, and drug modifications to prevent generics from getting to market. Some of these schemes have now made the news as debates rage over pharmaceutical pricing.Society, however, cannot necessarily blame companies for engaging in behavior that is strongly in their economic self-interest. One cannot expect mice to run in the appropriate direction if the cheese is located at the other end. Thus, this Article's goals are two-fold: first, to shine light on the complex behaviors as they are unfolding, and second, to explore the contours of how new approaches could be structured. To paraphrase one former FDA commissioner, we do not want the most creative activity at pharmaceutical companies to take place in the legal department. And after thirty years of experience with Hatch-Waxman, it is time for the next phase.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Diversity of the CD8(+) T-cell response to herpes simplex virus type 2 proteins among persons with genital herpes. Cytolytic T cells play a major role in controlling herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infections in humans. In an effort to more thoroughly evaluate the response to HSV-2 directly, ex vivo, we developed an enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay that utilized pools of overlapping synthetic peptides presented by autologous dendritic cells to purified CD8(+) T cells. Donor response rates to individual open reading frames (ORFs) ranged from fewer than 5% responding to as many as 70% responding, with the greatest frequency of responses (by ORF) being directed against UL39, UL25, UL27, ICP0, UL46, and UL47 in descending order of frequency. HSV-2-seropositive subjects responded to as few as 3 or as many as 46 of the 48 ORFs tested, with a median of 11 ORFs recognized. HLA-B*07 expression correlated with stronger responses overall that were directed primarily against UL49 and UL46. Cumulative precursor frequencies in the blood ranged from 500 to almost 6,000 HSV-2 spot-forming units/10(6) CD8(+) T cells. The magnitude and breadth of the response in the infected population were greater than previously appreciated. Whether this variability in the CD8(+) T-cell response within individuals is associated with the frequency of viral reactivation warrants further study.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "A way forward? The impact of interculturalism on intergroup relations in culturally diverse nations. Various diversity ideologies including assimilation, colorblindness, and multiculturalism have been promoted with mixed results about their costs and benefits. In the current research, we consider the impact of a new diversity ideology, interculturalism, discussed and debated by political philosophers and policy-makers as the \\\\'way forward.\\\\' Across three experiments (N = 1230) in two ethnically diverse nations, we examined the causal impact of promoting interculturalism on intergroup relations. Data revealed that interculturalism reduced outgroup prejudice, increased willingness to engage in intergroup contact, improved implicit attitudes, and increased behavioral trust and cooperation relative to controls. Reductions in essentialist beliefs partially mediated the impact of interculturalism, highlighting one psychological mechanism underlying the benefits of interculturalism. However, interculturalism was found to be no better than multiculturalism in its impact on intergroup relations in two of three experiments. Collectively, these studies suggest that interculturalism may be a promising new diversity strategy for improving intergroup relations.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Power series inequalities via a refinement of the Schwarz inequality. In this paper, we obtain some inequalities for functions defined by a power series with nonnegative coefficients. In order to obtain these inequalities, a refinement of the Schwarz inequality in inner product spaces is utilized. Natural applications for some elementary functions of interest are also provided.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Variation and quantification among a target set of phosphopeptides in human plasma by multiple reaction monitoring and SWATH-MS2 data-independent acquisition. Human plasma contains proteins that reflect overall health and represents a rich source of proteins for identifying and understanding disease pathophysiology. However, few studies have investigated changes in plasma phosphoproteins. In addition, little is known about the normal variations in these phosphoproteins, especially with respect to specific sites of modification. To address these questions, we evaluated variability in plasma protein phosphorylation in healthy individuals using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) and SWATH-MS2 data-independent acquisition. First, we developed a discovery work-flow for phosphopeptide enrichment from plasma and identified targets for MRM assays. Next, we analyzed plasma from healthy donors using an analytical workflow consisting of MRM and SWATH-MS2 that targeted phosphopeptides from 58 and 68 phosphoproteins, respectively. These two methods produced similar results showing low variability in 13 phosphosites from 10 phosphoproteins (CVinter < 30%) and high interpersonal variation of 16 phosphosites from 14 phosphoproteins (CVinter > 30%). Moreover, these phosphopeptides originate from phosphoproteins involved in cellular processes governing homeostasis, immune response, cell-extracellular matrix interactions, lipid and sugar metabolism, and cell signaling. This limited assessment of technical and biological variability in phosphopeptides generated from plasma phosphoproteins among healthy volunteers constitutes a reference for future studies that target protein phosphorylation as biomarkers.", "label": [4, 33, 39]}
+{"token": "Frequency and determinants of poststroke dementia in Chinese. Background and Purpose - Both dementia and stroke are major health problems in Chinese societies. Stroke is a frequent cause of dementia. Only a few studies have been published on poststroke dementia (PSDE), none of which has investigated a consecutive stroke cohort in Asian patient populations. The objective of this study was to examine the prevalence and clinical correlates of PSDE in Chinese stroke patients in Hong Kong.Results - Fifty-five participants (20%) had PSDE. Univariate analysis found that PSDE was associated with age; level of education; prestroke Rankin Scale score; prestroke Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE) score; National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) best language score, dysarthria score, and total score; urinary incontinence; cortical infarct; leukoaraiosis; bilateral lesions; number of lesions; involvement of middle cerebral artery circulation; and cerebral atrophy index. Multivariate logistic regression suggested that prestroke IQCODE score, NIHSS total score, leukoaraiosis, involvement of middle cerebral artery territory, and cerebral atrophy index were independent risk factors of PSDE. After removal of 22 patients with prestroke dementia, which was defined as a prestroke IQCODE score greater than or equal to 4.0, the frequency of PSDE dropped to 15.5%. Furthermore, involvement of the middle cerebral artery territory and cerebral atrophy index were replaced by level of education and bilateral lesions as independent predictors in the final logistic model.Methods - Two hundred eighty stroke patients consecutively admitted to the medical wards of a university-affiliated regional hospital were interviewed by a psychiatrist 3 months after stroke. The presence of dementia and vascular dementia was diagnosed according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, 4th edition. In addition, a wide range of demographic and clinical variables were examined.Conclusions - PSDE is common among Chinese stroke patients in Hong Kong. Its frequency is comparable to that in white populations. The clinical determinants of PSDE, after the exclusion of patients with prestroke dementia, include premorbid level of cognitive function, severity of stroke, leukoaraiosis, level of education, and bilateral lesions.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Structural breaks and the equilibrium real effective exchange rate of China: A NATREX approach. This paper investigates the equilibrium real effective exchange rate for the Chinese RMB during the post-reform period, 1982-2010. We extend the NATREX model in several important perspectives and apply it for the first time to China. A wide range of economic fundamentals that are unique to the Chinese economy is introduced into the model. We construct a unique set of quarterly data and employ unit root and cointegration tests that can account for multiple endogenous structural breaks. In addition, to capture the evolution of China's foreign trade pattern, we employ time-varying (i.e. 3-year average) trade weights to construct the real effective exchange rate. We find two structural breaks in the cointegration relationship (in 1988 and 1992). Effective terms of trade, demographic factors, liquidity constraints and government investment are significant determinants of the equilibrium real effective exchange rate. The RMB was overvalued against a basket of 14 currencies until mid-1980s. During 1986-2010, it was undervalued in most years except after the Asian financial crisis in 1997. We have found persistent undervaluation from 2004 onwards. However, the misalignment rates are much lower than those reported by previous studies and the undervaluation rate actually declined sharply in 2008. The undervaluation rate rose modestly in 2009 and sharply in 2010, though it is still lower than what has been suggested by other studies. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "When is the electric vehicle market self-sustaining? Evidence from Norway. This paper investigates whether the world's most mature electric vehicle (EV) market in Norway has overcome critical mass constraints and can achieve sustainable long-term equilibria without subsidies. We estimate a structural model that allows for multiple equilibria emerging from the interdependence between EV demand and charging station supply. We first estimate the resulting indirect network effects using an instrumental variable approach. Then, we simulate long-term market outcomes for each of the 422 Norwegian municipalities. We find that almost 20% of all municipalities faced critical mass constraints in the earliest stage of the market. Half of them are effectively trapped in a zero-adoption equilibrium. However, in the maturing market, all municipalities have passed critical mass. Overall, about 60% of the Norwegian population now lives in municipalities with a high-adoption equilibrium, even if subsidies were removed. This suggests that critical mass constraints do no longer justify the provision of subsidies.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "The output legitimacy of international organizations and the global public interest. In this article I seek to expand our understanding of the output legitimacy of international organizations (IOs). At the conceptual level, I refute the widespread view that output legitimacy is just a synonym for organizational effectiveness or efficiency. I argue instead that output legitimacy has an important democratic dimension. The touchstone of democratic output legitimacy' is the extent to which systems of governance produce results that cater to the public interest. Accordingly, the democratic output legitimacy of IOs can be understood in terms of their ability to safeguard the global public interest. This ability hinges upon their capacity to keep powerful factions in check, protect human rights, and safeguard a high epistemic quality of decisions. Attaining these qualities may require shielding IOs to some extent from the input dimension of the international political process. I do not, however, unconditionally praise de-politicization of IOs. I engage with the problem of technocratic paternalism, which is imminent when decision-making based on assumed citizen interests escapes confrontation with articulated citizen interests. The challenge is to devise global governance arrangements that enable an encompassing debate over the substance of the global public interest when needed, while keeping pressure from powerful factions at bay.", "label": [5, 47, 49]}
+{"token": "EVALUATING THE CONSISTENCY AND TAXONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF CHELIPED AND OTHER MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS THAT POTENTIALLY ALLOW IDENTIFICATION OF SPECIES OF THE GENUS PERISESARMA DE MAN, 1895 (BRACHYURA, SESARMIDAE). Recent studies suggest that the family Sesarmidae represents a monophyletic taxon, but within-family taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships need to be resolved. One of the most speciose and taxonomically complex genera of this family is Perisesarma. Only a few characters allow to discriminate between species of this genus. Among them, the number and shape of male dactylar tubercles and number of teeth of the pectinated crests are the main diagnostic features. A review of these key characters indicates some intraspecific variability which sometimes renders identification difficult. The present study shows that male dactylar tubercles and pectinated crests are in principle good diagnostic characters at species level in the genus Perisesarma, but in several cases show some overlap among species, due to intraspecific variability. New morphological characters should be considered, but in this study we show that the morphology of gonopods and the gastric mill are not informative enough for identification.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "Assessment of Personality Functioning: Validity of the Operationalized Psychodynamic Diagnosis Axis IV (Structure). Background:The assessment of personality functioning has recently become a focus of psychiatric diagnostics. The interview-based Operationalized Psychodynamic Diagnosis (OPD-2) provides a 'structure axis' for the assessment of personality functioning. Methods: One hundred twenty-four psychiatric patients were diagnosed by means of the Structured Clinical Interviews for DSM-IV (SCID-I and SCID-II), underwent OPD-2 interviews, and completed 9 questionnaires. Results:The OPD-2 structure axis shows good interrater reliability (intraclass correlation = 0.793). Correlations between the OPD-2 structure axis domains and a priori selected questionnaire scales were of medium size and significant. Patients with a personality disorder (PD) showed significantly worse personality functioning than those without. In cluster B PD, personality functioning was more severely impaired than in cluster C PD. Discussion: The OPD-2 structure axis shows good reliability as well as concurrent and discriminant validity and can be recommended for clinical use and research purposes. (C) 2013 S. Karger AG, Basel", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Simmel's Radical Psychosociology of the Modern: Intersubjectivity and Emancipation. The purpose of this article is to explore Simmel's radical psychosociology of modernity. To this end, we address the intersubjective constitution of individuals in Simmel and deal with the concept of the psychological expansion of roles, qualities and individuality. We then address the tension between the modern social and the modern individual, mask and shame, and the question of sociability and \\\\'alienated sociability.\\\\' The analysis and the integral interpretation of the psycho-sociological foundations of Simmel's work allow us to conclude the article by stressing the potentialities of this approach to analyze the relationships between intersubjectivity and emancipation.", "label": [5, 47, 51]}
+{"token": "Practice approaches to combat child trafficking in trafficking-sensitive areas in Ghana: Experiences of practitioners involved in child trafficking interventions. Objective: Efforts to identify child traffickers, rescue victims of Child Trafficking (CT) and facilitate a smooth reunification of children with their families remain important child protection components of the CT crisis in Ghana. This study utilizes the experiences of practitioners in three (3) regional offices of a Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) - International Needs Ghana, that is at the forefront of implementing national strategies aimed at protecting and safeguarding the welfare of children.Method: We solicited the views of 15 practitioners involved in CT interventions on the approaches used to identify traffickers and rescue and care for trafficked children in Ghana. Evidence was gathered by means of semi-structured qualitative interviews. Narratives from the practitioners were organized using NVivo and analyzed thematically following reflexive thematic analysis procedures.Results: The study identified three inter-connected approaches used by practitioners to rescue and protect victims of trafficking. These include the following: 1) community engagements and participatory efforts, 2) The use of private investigators, 3) The provision of aftercare support to rescued children through placing them in care homes where they are prepared for reunification with their families.Conclusion: Based on these, the findings recommend the intensification of trafficking awareness campaigns in rural communities where education is lacking. The National Commission for Civic Education (NCCE) has been identified as an appropriate national body to spearhead such a mandate. Considering that some traffickers are protected by communities, it is recommended that government and non-profits make efforts at creating awareness in communities about the dangers of shielding traffickers through community durbars and informative sessions during cultural festivities like the \\\\'Hogbetsotso\\\\' festival, \\\\'Asogli Yam Festival\\\\', and the \\\\'Odwira\\\\' festival. Findings also point to the need for state and non-state institutions to prepare poor families financially for the return of their trafficked children through equipping them with technical and vocational skills like bead making, soap making, weaving and carpentering. Finally, the study recommends the incorporation of trauma informed treatments in the curriculum training of professionals like social workers and psychologists, to ensure that they provide evidence-based services for children in after-care.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Nonlinear dynamics of loaded visco-hyperelastic spherical shells. In this paper, the nonlinear dynamic behaviors, especially, limit cycles and chaos, are investigated for the spherical shell composed of a class of visco-hyperelastic materials subjected to uniform radial loads at its inner and outer surfaces. To include the thickness effect, a more general model compared with the membrane and thin plate is proposed to investigate the dynamic characteristics of the visco-hyperelastic structure. Then, the coupled integro-differential equations describing the radially symmetric motion of the spherical shell are derived in terms of the variational principle and the finite viscoelasticity theory. Due to both the geometrical and physical nonlinearities, there exists an asymmetric homoclinic orbit for the hyperelastic structure. Particularly, under constant loads, the system converges to a stable equilibrium point, and the convergence position and speed are closely related to both the initial condition and the viscosity because of the existence of different basins, while under periodic loads, some complex phenomena, such as the limit cycles and chaos, are found, and the chaotic phenomena are analyzed by the bifurcation diagram and Lyapunov exponent. Moreover, by numerical analyses, parametric studies are carried out to illustrate the effects of viscosity, load amplitude, external frequency and initial condition.", "label": [1, 15, 12]}
+{"token": "Canine intrahepatic biliary disease - what have we learned?. The intrahepatic biliary tract is essential for physiologic homeostasis. Disease that results in aberrant function can have serious deleterious consequences and result in considerable morbidity and mortality. This review aimed to summarise clinically relevant updates on intrahepatic biliary disorders in dogs including human corollaries.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Scaling parameters in frustrated systems: Spin glasses and relaxor ferroelectrics. Through analysis of low-field AC susceptibility data in relaxor ferroelectric and magnetic spin glass solids, the key parameters of activation energy, E-A, and freezing temperature, T-f, were extracted from the Vogel-Fulcher dependence of the maxima. At higher temperatures the deviation temperature, T-D, was obtained from departure of the high temperature Curie-Weiss behavior. Collectively, these parameters were found to scale across different compounds and solid solutions for both the magnetic spin glasses and relaxor ferroelectrics.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Stagnant lid convection with temperature-dependent thermal conductivity and the thermal evolution of icy worlds. Convection is an efficient process to release heat from planetary interiors, but its efficiency depends on the detailed properties of planetary mantles and materials. A property whose impact has not yet been studied extensively is the temperature dependence of thermal conductivity. Because thermal conductivity controls heat fluxes, its variations with temperature may alter heat transfer. Here, I assess qualitatively and quantitatively the influence of temperature-dependent thermal conductivity on stagnant lid convection. Assuming that thermal conductivity varies as the inverse of temperature (k proportional to 1/T) which is the case for ice Ih, the main component of outer shells of solar System large icy bodies, I performed numerical simulations of convection in 3-D-Cartesian geometry with top-to-bottom viscosity and conductivity ratios in the ranges 10(5) <= Delta eta <= 10(8) and 1 <= R-k <= 10, respectively. These simulations indicate that with increasing R-k, and for given values of the Rayleigh number and Delta eta, heat flux is reduced by a factor R-k(0.82), while the stagnant lid is thickening. These results have implications for the structures and thermal evolutions of large icy bodies, the impact of temperature-dependent conductivity being more important with decreasing surface temperature, T-surf. The heat fluxes and thermal evolutions obtained with temperature-dependent conductivity are comparable to those obtained with constant conductivity, provided that the conductivity is fixed to its value at the bottom or in the interior of the ice shell, that is, around 2.0-3.0 W m(-1) K-1, depending on the body. By contrast, temperature-dependent conductivity leads to thicker stagnant lids, by about a factor 1.6-1.8 at Pluto (T-surf = 40 K) and a factor 1.2-1.4 at Europa (T-surf = 100 K), and smaller interior temperatures. Overall, temperature-dependent thermal conductivity therefore provides more accurate descriptions of the thermal evolutions of icy bodies.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Impact of Type II Spicules in the Corona: Simulations and Synthetic Observables. The role of type II spicules in the corona has been a much debated topic in recent years. This paper aims to shed light on the impact of type II spicules in the corona using novel 2.5D radiative MHD simulations, including ionneutral interaction effects with the Bifrost code. We find that the formation of simulated type II spicules, driven by the release of magnetic tension, impacts the corona in various manners. Associated with the formation of spicules, the corona exhibits (1) magneto-acoustic shocks and flows, which supply mass to coronal loops, and (2) transversal magnetic waves and electric currents that propagate at Alfven speeds. The transversal waves and electric currents, generated by the spicule's driver and lasting for many minutes, are dissipated and heat the associated loop. These complex interactions in the corona can be connected with blueshifted secondary components in coronal spectral lines (red-blue asymmetries) observed with Hinode/EIS and SOHO/SUMER, as well as the EUV counterpart of type II spicules and propagating coronal disturbances observed with the 171 angstrom and 193 angstrom SDO/AIA channels.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Seismicity characterization of the Maravatio-Acambay and Actopan regions, central Mexico. We studied the seismic activity in the Maravatio-Acambay and Actopan regions in Central Mexico. These regions are of great importance due to the occurrence of shallow crustal normal-faulting earthquakes that caused widespread destruction near their epicenter and as far away as Mexico City. That was the case of the 19 November 1912 Acambay (M-w 6.9). We determined statistical seismicity characteristics such as the Bath's law (the size of largest aftershock with respect to that of the mainshock), the b-value and p-value. For the Maravatio aftershock sequence, we obtained a b-value of 0.88 and p-value of 0.68. Based on reported seismicity, we obtained a b-value of 1.12 for the Actopan region. We estimated the size of the largest aftershock of the Acambay event in the range of 4.7 < M-w < 5.9. By using the fragment asperity model, we also performed the analysis of the magnitude distribution. The analysis showed similar values for the non-extensivity parameter (q-value): q = 1.6465 and q = 1.6555 for the Maravatio aftershock sequence and for the seismicity in the Actopan region, respectively. The similitude in the q values could be associated with the similarities in the tectonic environment. In this model, the constant of proportionality (a) between released energy and the size of fragments showed that more energy is released for the Maravatio aftershock sequence than for the regular seismicity rate in the Acambay region. Finally, we analyzed the relation of the seismicity and the tectonic environment by quantifying the seismic coupling and the thickness of the seismogenic layer. The estimated seismogenic layer for the Maravatio-Acambay and Actopan regions are 14.6 km and 20.8 km, respectively. The seismic coupling coefficient at the Venta the Bravo fault in the Maravatio-Acambay region and Actopan region are 0.21 and 0.46, respectively. Our estimation of the seismic coupling coefficients shows that the regions can be classified as low-to-intermediate-coupling zones. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Latitudinal variation in structure and function of conspicuous reef fish assemblages along the western Gulf of California. The Gulf of California is characterized by great biodiversity, high biological productivity and important fisheries. Studies on community structure of the reef fish fauna in the region have been conducted mainly in central and southern areas and, except for a few studies that have focused on cryptic species, there are no comparisons of the fish assemblages along this 1,600 km sea. In this study, we examine how diversity and community structure of rocky reef fishes vary with the latitude in the north, central and southern part of the west side of the Gulf of California. We conducted stationary visual censuses in observation cylinders (5 m radius) in 6 locations between Bahia de los Angeles (29 degrees N) and Los Cabos (22 degrees N) and estimated the following ecological descriptors and indexes: species richness, abundance, Shannon diversity, Pielou evenness, average taxonomic distinctness, and average trophic level. In addition, we used ordination analysis to determine the degree of similarity among study areas. Our results identified 3 distinct zones: north (29 degrees N), central (27 degrees N to 24 degrees N) and south (24 degrees N to 22 degrees N).", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "The role of low-mass star clusters in forming the massive stars in DR 21. We have studied the young low-mass pre-main sequence (PMS) stellar population associated with the massive star-forming region DR 21 by using archival X-ray Chandra observations and by complementing them with existing optical and infrared (IR) surveys. The Chandra observations have revealed for the first time a new highly extincted population of PMS low-mass stars previously missed in observations at other wavelengths. The X-ray population exhibits three main stellar density peaks, coincident with the massive star-forming regions, being the DR 21 core the main peak. The cross-correlated X-ray/IR sample exhibits a radial 'Spokes-like' stellar filamentary structure that extends from the DR 21 core towards the northeast. The near-IR data reveal a centrally peaked structure for the extinction, which exhibits its maximum in the DR 21 core and gradually decreases with the distance to the N-S cloud axis and to the cluster centre. We find evidence of a global mass segregation in the full low-mass stellar cluster, and of a stellar age segregation, with the youngest stars still embedded in the N-S cloud, and more evolved stars more spatially distributed. The results are consistent with the scenario where an elongated overall potential well created by the full low-mass stellar cluster funnels gas through filaments feeding stellar formation. Besides the full gravitational well, smaller scale local potential wells created by dense stellar sub-clusters of low-mass stars are privileged in the competition for the gas of the common reservoir, allowing the formation of massive stars. We also discuss the possibility that a stellar collision in the very dense stellar cluster revealed by Chandra in the DR 21 core is the origin of the large-scale and highly energetic outflow arising from this region.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Quantitative analysis of EAAT4 promoter activity in neurons and astrocytes of mouse somatic sensory cortex. EAAT4-eGFP BAC reporter transgenic adult mice were used to detect EAAT4 gene expression in individual cells of cerebral cortex, and eGFP fluorescence was measured to compare EAAT4 promoter activity in different cells. Most eGFP+ cells were neurons; only rare GFAP+ profiles were eGFP+. About 10% of NeuN+ cells was eGFP+, and the percentage of NeuN/eGFP co-localization varied from 2 to 20% of NeuN+ cells throughout cortical layers: layers I and II-III showed the highest values of co-localization, layer IV the lowest. The intensity of eGFP fluorescence did not exhibit laminar variations. Finally, we observed that EAAT4 promoter activity in cortical neurons was 10% of that measured in cerebellar Purkinje cells, i.e., the cells displaying the highest intensity in the CNS. These results extend our knowledge on EAAT4 expression in the cerebral cortex of adult mice, and suggest that the role of EAAT4 in cortical glutamatergic transmission may be more important than previously thought. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "Bandgap characteristics of a tensegrity metamaterial chain with defects. Mechanical metamaterials with tunable bandgaps are promising solutions for wave control and vibration mitigation under various frequency scales. For the metamaterials consisting of tensegrities, their bandgaps are currently regulated through the prestresses or loads. In this Letter, we propose a novel and powerful approach to tune the bandgap characteristics of tensegrity metamaterials by introducing structural defects. The metamaterial is constructed using truncated regular octahedral tensegrities (TROTs) and circular plates as elementary cells. An analytical model is established for evaluating the effective stiffness of TROT under uniaxial loads. Using both Bloch theorem-based simulations and frequency response tests, we show that the proposed chain without defects can hold a bandgap. Interestingly, we find that the introduction of structural defects leads to several flat branches within the bandgap, namely defect states. These defect states are localized and determined by the damage degree of cells and total number of damaged cells. The tensegrity metamaterials with designed defect states are expected to hold a variety of applications, for instance, in the fields of exploiting advanced isolators and novel filters. (c) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 15, 11, 12]}
+{"token": "Grapevine row orientation affects light environment, growth, and development of black nightshade (Solanum nigrum). Row orientation in vineyards can affect the quantity of light intercepted by the crop's canopy. Consequently, the light available to weeds growing under the canopy might also be affected, with potential implications for their physiology, growth, and productivity. This hypothesis was tested in 2003 and 2004 in a central California vineyard having rows oriented east-west (EW) and north-south (NS) in a randomized complete block design. In April of both years, potted black nightshade seedlings were placed under grapevines of both row orientations and grown for about 10 wk. Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) at the weed canopy zone (WCZ) of NS rows was bimodal, with peaks occurring at about 09:30 A.M. and 4:30 P.M. At those times, PAR approached 500 mu mol m(-2) s(-1) (between 30 and 40% of full sun). In contrast, maximum PAR in the WCZ of EW rows was generally less than 75 mu mol m(-2) s(-1) throughout the day. The ratio of red to far-red light was also greater in NS than EW rows in the morning and afternoon. In both row orientations, PAR was suboptimal for nightshade because maximum net photosynthesis occurred at light levels ! 500 mu mol m(-2) s(-1), but nightshade in the NS rows had higher net photosynthetic rates than those in EW rows when subjected to higher ambient PAR. Stem extension and phenology of nightshade was not affected by vine row orientation, but plants in EW rows had greater leaf areas, leaf area ratios, leaf weight ratios, and lower specific leaf weights than plants in NS rows. Berry mass, seeds per berry, and estimated seed production was 40, 7, and 20% lower, respectively, for plants in the EW than in the NS rows. Dry mass and total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) of nightshade roots were also 25 and 45% lower, respectively, in EW than in NS plants. Thus, grapevine row orientation may affect nightshade fecundity by reducing light in the WCZ.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Multicomponent Kinematics in a Massive Filamentary Infrared Dark Cloud. To probe the initial conditions for high-mass star and cluster formation, we investigate the properties of dense filaments within the infrared dark cloud (IRDC) G035.39-00.33 (G035.39) in a combined Very Large Array and Green Bank Telescope mosaic tracing the NH3 (1, 1) and (2, 2) emission down to 0.08 pc scales. Using agglomerative hierarchical clustering on multiple line-of-sight velocity component fitting results, we identify seven extended velocity-coherent components in our data, likely representing spatially coherent physical structures, some exhibiting complex gas motions. The velocity gradient magnitude distribution peaks at its mode of 0.35 km s(-1) pc(-1) and has a long tail extending into higher values of 1.5-2 km s(-1) pc(-1), and it is generally consistent with those found toward the same cloud in other molecular tracers and with the values found toward nearby low-mass dense cloud cores at the same scales. Contrary to observational and theoretical expectations, we find the nonthermal ammonia line widths to be systematically narrower (by about 20%) than those of N2H+ (1-0) line transition observed with similar resolution. If the observed ordered velocity gradients represent the core envelope solid-body rotation, we estimate the specific angular momentum to be about 2. x. 10(21) cm(2) s(-1), similar to the low-mass star-forming cores. Together with the previous finding of subsonic motions in G035.39, our results demonstrate high levels of similarity between kinematics of a high-mass star-forming IRDC and the low-mass star formation regime.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "A Kantian intuitionism. Kant famously said that one could not do morality a worse disservice than to derive it from examples, and this pronouncement, taken together with his formulations and explanations of the categorical imperative, has led some critics to regard him as too abstract. Ross, by contrast, has been widely viewed as taking individual cases of duty to have a kind of epistemic priority over principles of duty, and some of his critics have thus considered him insufficiently systematic, or even dogmatically limited to deliverances of intuition. This paper arises from the conviction that understanding of the categorical imperative may be enhanced by reflection on Rossian principles, and conversely, Kant and other systematic philosophers who have done moral philosophy in the grand style have had too little faith in intuitive singular moral judgement: Ross and other intuitionists have had too little faith in comprehensive moral theory. Drawing in part on an independent account of self-evidence and its relation to intuition, the paper shows how a Rossian view can be integrated with a Kantian moral theory in a way that yields the major benefits of both positions: the moral unification possible through the categorical imperative and other notions prominent in Kantian ethics, and the relative closeness to moral practice of Rossian principles.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Equine herpes virus 2 infection in horse populations in Poland. The prevalence of Equine herpesvirus 2 (EHV-2) infections in the horse populations in Poland was investigated. Peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) of 139 horses were tested. The animals were divided into four groups: clinically healthy horses, horses suffering from respiratory disorders. mares with a recent abortion and horses with diagnosed ataxia. Thirty-four virus isolates were obtained from leukocytes of the tested animals by cocultivation with equine dermal cells and were identified as EHV-2 by PCR using primers for the gB gene of EHV-2 and/or primers for the sequence located upstream of the gene homologous to the equine interleukin 10 (IL-10) gene. These results indicate that EHV-2 is prevalent in horse populations in Poland. As the virus was most frequently isolated from horses with respiratory disorders its etiological importance may be considered.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Role for interferon-gamma in rat strains with different susceptibility to experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis. Experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) is caused by autoantibodies against the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) at the neuromuscular postsynaptic membrane and represents an animal model of myasthenia gravis in human. Recent studies highlighted the roles of TH1 cytokines (IFN-gamma, IL-12), rather than TH2 cytokines (IL-4), in the pathogenesis of EAMG by using homozygous (-/-) knockout mice with an EAMG-susceptible genetic background. To further evaluate a role for IFN-gamma, we injected recombinant rat IFN-gamma (rrIFN-gamma) at the time of immunization with AChR in complete Freund's adjuvant to EAMG-susceptible Lewis rats and EAMG-resistant Wistar Furth (WF) rats. RrIFN-gamma enhanced Lewis rat EAMG. The exacerbated muscular weakness was associated with higher levels of anti-AChR IgG and enhanced TNF-alpha responses. Anti-AChR IgG antibody levels were augmented to a similar extent as in Lewis rats, however, the identical immunization and IFN-gamma injection induced only mild and transient EAMG in WF rats due to the default TH3 phenotype development and inherent low TH1 responses, We conclude that IFN-gamma plays a major role in the pathogenesis of EAMG in the Lewis rat, but fails to break disease resistance in the WF rat. (C) 2000 Academic Press.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "Prevalence of polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia. Polycythemia vera (PV) and essential thrombocythemia (ET) are common types of myeloproliferative disorders (MPD), the prevalence of which has not been well documented in the United States. Recent breakthroughs in the molecular etiology of these disorders and the accelerated development of targeted pharmacotherapeutics to treat them underscore the need to define the affected population. In this study, we obtained health claims data from major commercial insurance payers in Connecticut and the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services to estimate the prevalence of PV and ET. Specifically, logistic regression was utilized to develop algorithms to predict the probability that an individual with claims suggestive of MPD truly has PV or ET, and the algorithms were then applied to health claims to estimate the number of PV and ET patients in Connecticut. As of 2003, the age-standardized prevalence was 22 per 100,000 and 24 per 100,000 for PV and ET, respectively, in Connecticut. Applying the age-specific prevalence of PV and ET to the entire US population resulted in an estimated total of 65,243 patients with PV and 71,078 patients with ET in the United States in 2003. This study is the first to assess the prevalence of PV and ET in a large US population. Given the large number of individuals afflicted with these diseases and the fact that demographic changes alone will further increase the burden of these diseases in the foreseeable future, it is imperative to conduct more systematic research into the etiology and treatment of PV and ET.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "A review and comparative analysis of the risk-needs-responsivity, good lives, and recovery models in forensic psychiatric treatment. Forensic mental health care primarily focuses on aspects of safety. Treatment is involuntary, and personal rights are highly restricted. Both direct and indirect coercion and significant power imbalances can impede not only the psychological state of inpatients but also their treatment motivation and the therapeutic process in general. However, successful treatment is essential to enable patients to regain their freedom. Therefore, the question arises whether and how health professionals, without disregarding the potential risks, can enable forensic psychiatric patients to experience meaningfulness and self-efficacy in their lives. In offender rehabilitation, the Risk-Need-Responsivity (RNR) model and Good Lives Model (GLM) are widely established theories. The RNR model focuses not only on the risk of recidivism but also on those needs of a person that provoke or prevent criminal behavior and the individual's ability to respond to various kinds of interventions. In contrast, the GLM aims to reduce the risk of re-offending by enabling an individual to live a \\\\'good life,\\\\' i.e., a meaningful and fulfilling life. Originally developed in correctional services, i.e., for offenders without severe mental disorders, both the RNR model and the GLM have also been tested in forensic psychiatric treatment contexts. The Recovery Model is based on the concept of personal recovery in mental health care and is understood as the development of a sense of purpose and mastery in one's own life during the process of coping with the sequelae of a mental disorder. It is a central element of rehabilitation in general, but is also being increasingly applied in forensic psychiatric treatment settings. This review aims to compare the central concepts of the three models, in particular regarding personal development, and the current evidence for their efficacy in mentally disordered offenders.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Psychosocial interventions for internalised stigma in people with a schizophrenia-spectrum diagnosis: A systematic narrative synthesis and meta-analysis. is acknowledged that people with a schizophrenia-spectrum diagnosis experience higher levels of stigma compared to any other mental health diagnosis. As a consequence, their experience of internalised stigma is likely to be the most detrimental and pervasive. Internalised stigma interventions have shown some benefits in those who experience serious mental illness including those with a schizophrenia-spectrum diagnosis. A systematic narrative review and meta-analysis were conducted examining the efficacy of internalised stigma interventions for people with a schizophrenia-spectrum diagnosis. Randomised Controlled Trials, controlled trials, and cohort studies were included and assessed against quality criteria. The search identified 12 studies; 7 randomised controlled trials, 3 cohort studies and 2 controlled trials. A variety of psychosocial interventions were utilised with the majority employing Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT), psychoeducation and social skills training. The core outcomes used to examine the efficacy of the intervention were internalised stigma, self-esteem, empowerment, and functioning. The meta-analysis revealed an improvement in internalised stigma favouring the internalised stigma intervention but was not significant (5 RCTs, n=200). Self-efficacy and insight were significantly improved favouring the internalised stigma intervention. Internalised stigma interventions show promise in those with schizophrenia-spectrum diagnoses. Existing interventions have demonstrated small effects and employed small samples. Large scale RCTs are required to further develop the evidence base of more targeted interventions. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Testing Interactive Effects of Commitment and Perceived Change Advocacy on Change Readiness: Investigating the Social Dynamics of Organizational Change. In a study of the social dynamics in organizational change, the present research examined whether employees who are more committed to their top managers, supervisors, and workgroups have greater change readiness than those with lower commitment. Moreover, the study investigated whether the associations between commitment and change readiness depend on the perceived advocacy of change by commitment targets. Using data from 220 blue-collar workers, results showed higher change readiness among employees with greater commitment, and, as predicted, the commitment was more strongly related to change readiness when the target of one's commitment had greater change advocacy. Conversely, the positive effects of commitment on change readiness disappeared or even turned negative if the target's change advocacy was low. Therefore, change managers should try to enhance change support among relevant commitment targets, or foster commitment to groups that advocate for change. Overall, the study contributes to our understanding of the role of commitment in the context of organizational change, by identifying specific conditions under which commitment is linked to change readiness.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "Is Poverty Stochastic or Structural in Nature? Evidence from Rural India. The rationale of this study is to bring in a new area of poverty measurement based on household's access to basic assets from across Indian States. The major drawback of the average income based measure of poverty is that it is unable to distinguish between the structural and stochastic nature of poverty. This paper applies the asset based framework to poverty to distinguish the relationship between structural and stochastic poverty. The paper has used data from the India Human Development Survey 2005. The results indicate the importance of asset formation for long term poverty reduction. There is a need for targeting pointed policies towards the identified structural poor and stochastic non-poor as they are the most vulnerable and need asset building.", "label": [5, 47, 51]}
+{"token": "Analysing chemical attraction of gravid Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto with modified BG-Sentinel traps. Conclusion: Minor modifications of the BG-Sentinel (TM) mosquito trap turned it into a powerful bioassay tool for evaluating the orientation of gravid mosquitoes to putative oviposition substrates using olfaction. This study describes a useful tool for investigating olfactory attraction of gravid An. gambiae s.s. and provides additional evidence that gravid mosquitoes of this species are attracted to and can be baited with attractive substrates such as organic infusions over a distance of several metres.Methods: BG-Sentinel (TM) mosquito traps that use fans to dispense odourants were modified to contain aqueous substrates. Choice tests with two identical traps set in an 80 m(2) screened semi-field system were used to analyse the catch efficacy of the traps and the effectiveness of the bioassay. A different batch of 200 gravid An. gambiae s.s. was released on every experimental night. Choices tested were (1) distilled versus distilled water (baseline) and (2) distilled water versus soil infusion. Further, comparisons were made of distilled water and soil infusions both containing 150 g/l of Sodium Chloride (NaCl). Sodium Chloride is known to affect the release rate of volatiles from organic substrates.Background: Cues that guide gravid Anopheles gambiae sensu lato to oviposition sites can be manipulated to create new strategies for monitoring and controlling malaria vectors. However, progress towards identifying such cues is slow in part due to the lack of appropriate tools for investigating long-range attraction to putative oviposition substrates. This study aimed to develop a relatively easy-to-use bioassay system that can effectively analyse chemical attraction of gravid Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto.Results: When both traps contained distilled water, 45 % (95 confidence interval (CI) 33-57 %) of all released mosquitoes were trapped. The proportion increased to 84 % (95 CI 73-91 %) when traps contained soil infusions. In choice tests, a gravid female was twice as likely to be trapped in the test trap with soil infusion as in the trap with distilled water (odds ratio (OR) 1.8, 95 % CI 1.3-2.6). Furthermore, the attraction of gravid females towards the test trap with infusion more than tripled (OR 3.4, 95 % CI 2.4-4.8) when salt was added to the substrates.", "label": [2, 17, 21]}
+{"token": "An accurate mathematical model predicting number of dengue cases in tropics. Dengue fever is a systemic viral infection of epidemic proportions in tropical countries. The incidence of dengue fever is ever increasing and has doubled over the last few decades. Estimated 50million new cases are detected each year and close to 10000 deaths occur each year. Epidemics are unpredictable and unprecedented. When epidemics occur, health services are over whelmed leading to overcrowding of hospitals. At present there is no evidence that dengue epidemics can be predicted. Since the breeding of the dengue mosquito is directly influenced by environmental factors, it is plausible that epidemics could be predicted using weather data. We hypothesized that there is a mathematical relationship between incidence of dengue fever and environmental factors and if such relationship exists, new cases of dengue fever in the succeeding months can be predicted using weather data of the current month. We developed a mathematical model using machine learning technique. We used Island wide dengue epidemiology data, weather data and population density in developing the model. We used incidence of dengue fever, average rain fall, humidity, wind speed, temperature and population density of each district in the model. We found that the model is able to predict the incidence of dengue fever of a given month in a given district with precision (RMSE between 18- 35.3). Further, using weather data of a given month, the number of cases of dengue in succeeding months too can be predicted with precision (RMSE 10.4-30). Health authorities can use existing weather data in predicting epidemics in the immediate future and therefore measures to prevent new cases can be taken and more importantly the authorities can prepare local authorities for outbreaks.Dengue fever is a systemic viral infection of epidemic proportions in tropical countries. The incidence of dengue fever is ever increasing and has doubled over the last few decades. Estimated 50 million new cases are detected each year and close to 10000 deaths occur each year. Epidemics are unpredictable and unprecedented. When epidemics occur, health services are over whelmed leading to overcrowding of hospitals. At present there is no evidence that dengue epidemics can be predicted. We developed a mathematical model using machine learning technique to predict dengue epidemics. We used Island wide dengue epidemiology data, weather data and population density in developing the model. We found that the model is able to predict the incidence of dengue fever of a given month in a given district with precision. Further, using weather data of a given month, the number of cases of dengue in succeeding months too can be predicted with precision. Health authorities can use existing weather data in predicting epidemics in the immediate future and therefore measures to prevent new cases can be taken and more importantly the authorities can prepare local authorities for outbreaks.Author summary", "label": [2, 17, 21, 24]}
+{"token": "Martha Rosler's Protest. This essay reconsiders the photomontages that Martha Rosler began making in the late 1960s to protest the war in Vietnam. Typically understood as a means of protest against the spatial mechanics of domination-against the mediated production of the difference between the home front and the war front or the \\\\'here\\\\' and \\\\'there\\\\' that drives modern warfare-the photomontages, this essay argues, also engage the temporal politics of protest. The problem of how to be \\\\'in time,\\\\' \\\\'to be present,\\\\' the problem that frames street photography and its critical history, is at the center of this essay and, it contends, Rosler's protest. By drawing out this critical framework, this essay addresses the still-urgent questions that Rosler's photomontages pose: When is the time of protest? Does protest happen now? Is there still time for protest?", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Ingmar Bergman, archivist. In his autobiographical writings, Ingmar Bergman dismissed the value of collecting and saving materials from his personal and professional life. Yet he saved an enormous amount of personal and professional material, which was collected in a room in his island home on Faro, Sweden. The material was transferred to the Swedish Film Institute and catalogued in the Ingmar Bergman Archives. The article suggests that Bergman's archiving project served as a response to his own mortality, a theme also evident in his late films and autobiographical writings.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Studies on Japanese botryllid ascidians. IV. A new species of the genus Botryllus with a unique colony shape, from the vicinity of Shimoda.. The morphology and life history of a strange and unidentified botryllid ascidian were investigated. This ascidian was first collected from the stony shore of Ebisu Island in Shimoda, a city on Izu peninsula in central Japan. Unlike other botryllid ascidians, whose colonies are flat and smooth, this ascidian's colonies are rugged. In each colony, zooids are arranged into several oval systems, each of which has a thick part containing zooids and very thin parts that do not. The arrangement of ovary and testis in this species is the same as in other species of the genus Botryllus; the ovary is situated anterior to the testis. The embryo of this ascidian develops in the peribranchial cavity of its mother zooid without any brooding organs, as is the case with Botryllus scalaris and Botryllus puniceus. Meanwhile, the results of cut colony assay experiments did not show the existence of colony specificity in this ascidian. Even when two syngeneic colonies were brought into contact at their growing edges, none fused together. On the other hand, when two colonies were brought into contact with each other at their cut surfaces, they always fused into a single colony, regardless of their origin. Therefore, this species may be the only species that lacks colony specificity among the botryllids studied so far.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Feeding ecology of the mysid, Mesopodopsis wooldridgei, in a temperate estuary along the eastern seaboard of South Africa. Feeding ecology of the mysid, Mesopodopsis wooldridgei, was investigated at six stations in the Kariega estuary during summer (November) 1999 using in vitro incubations and the gut fluorescent technique. Three functional feeding groups were examined, adults (> 15 mm), immatures (6-8 mm) and juveniles (<4 mm). Individual levels of gut p ment concentration for adults and immatures ranged from 0.8 to 1.4 ng pigment per individual (ind.(-1)) and between 0.3 and 1.2 ng pigment ind.(-1), respectively. Among the juveniles, gut pigment concentrations ranged from 0.1 to 0.3 ng pigment ind.(-1). Gut evacuation rates for adults and immatures were 0.90 and 0.98 h(-1) respectively. Juvenile gut evacuation rates were equivalent to 1.38 h(-1). Losses of pigment during digestion were 53, 67 and 78% for adults, immatures and juveniles. Carbon derived from the consumption of phytoplankton for adults, immatures and juveniles ranged from. 1.06 to 1.77, from 1.40 to 3.39 and from. 0.19 to 0.56 mug C ind.(-1) day(-1). Clearance rates of the three Size classes feeding on microzooplankton were on average 29, 12 and 6 ml ind.(-1) h(-1) for adults, immatures and juveniles. These rates correspond to an ingestion rate of between 0.7 and 1.66 mug C ind.(-1) day(-1) for adults and between 0.21 and 0.63 mug C ind.(-1) day(-1) for immatures. Total carbon ingested by juveniles feeding on microzooplankton corresponded to between 0.12 and 0.31 mug C ind.(-1) day(-4). Carbon derived from the consumption of copepod nauplii and copepodids were equivalent to between 0.8 and 3.5 mug C ind.(-1) day(-1) for adults and between 0.4 and 1.05 mug C ind.(-1) day(-1) for immatures. Juveniles did not feed on copepod nauplii. Results of the investigation suggest that the diet of M. wooldridgei in the Kariega. estuary changes with development. This is probably due to the inability of larger individuals to feed on the small phytoplankton cells (< 10 mum) which dominate total chlorophyll a in the estuary.", "label": [4, 42, 36]}
+{"token": "Assessment for learning and skills development: the case of large classes. In addition to teaching professional awareness, the PS course seeks to develop a range of transferable personal skills, which are highly sought after by employers. This dual objective has played a key part in shaping the way the PS course teaching, learning and assessment strategy has been developed. Over three years, input from students, academic staff across the six Engineering departments, the Engineering Council UK, external examiners and prospective employers, has helped to adapt the course to optimize the effectiveness of the learning outcomes and to control the heavy demand associated with large classes on teaching and assessment resources. Finally, a brief evaluation of the new method is provided with possible further improvements.It is widely accepted that assessment has a great influence on the quality of learning. Assessment can be a powerful tool for improving students' learning and motivation. It also helps in developing a positive and supportive learning environment. The present paper briefly outlines the original assessment arrangements for a cross-department programme at the University of Bristol, Faculty of Engineering before describing the process of reviewing these arrangements and designing a more developmental teaching, learning and assessment framework. The programme is called Professional Studies ( PS) and has become compulsory for all six branches of Engineering taught at Bristol. The total Engineering undergraduate population of around 800 students attends the PS course every year. PS is crucial for Engineering degrees to be accredited by the respective professional bodies, such as I. Mech. E., Inst. Civil Eng. and Inst. Aero. Eng.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Production of highly concentrated vinegar in fed-batch culture. Vinegars of 170 g acetic acid l(-1) were obtained by fed-batch fermentation. Acetobacter grew up to a limit of 120 g acetic acid l(-1). Beyond this value, the total number of cells, approx. 10(8) m(-1), decreased systematically irrespective of fermentation parameters.", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "Cold and warm electrons at comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Conclusions. The warm (5-10 eV) electron population observed throughout the mission is interpreted as electrons retaining the energy they obtained when released in the ionisation process. The sometimes observed cold populations with electron temperatures below 0.1 eV verify collisional cooling in the coma. The cold electrons were only observed together with the warm population. The general appearance of the cold population appears to be consistent with a Haser-like model, implicitly supporting also the coupling of ions to the neutral gas. The expanding cold plasma is unstable, forming filaments that we observe as pulses.Context. Strong electron cooling on the neutral gas in cometary comae has been predicted for a long time, but actual measurements of low electron temperature are scarce.Aims. Our aim is to demonstrate the existence of cold electrons in the inner coma of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko and show filamentation of this plasma.Methods. In situ measurements of plasma density, electron temperature and spacecraft potential were carried out by the Rosetta Langmuir probe instrument, LAP. We also performed analytical modelling of the expanding two-temperature electron gas.Results. LAP data acquired within a few hundred km from the nucleus are dominated by a warm component with electron temperature typically 5-10 eV at all heliocentric distances covered (1.25 to 3.83 AU). A cold component, with temperature no higher than about 0.1 eV, appears in the data as short (few to few tens of seconds) pulses of high probe current, indicating local enhancement of plasma density as well as a decrease in electron temperature. These pulses first appeared around 3 AU and were seen for longer periods close to perihelion. The general pattern of pulse appearance follows that of neutral gas and plasma density. We have not identified any periods with only cold electrons present. The electron flux to Rosetta was always dominated by higher energies, driving the spacecraft potential to order -10 V.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Impact of chitosan embedded with postbiotics from Pediococcus acidilactici against emerging foodborne pathogens in vacuum-packaged frankfurters during refrigerated storage. The objective of the study was to carry out characterization of postbiotics from Pediococcus acidilactici and to assess their efficacy (50% and 100%) in combination with chitosan (0.5 and 1%) against Escherichia coli O157: H7, Salmonella Typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes on frankfurters during refrigerated storage for 35 days. High amounts of total phenolic content (1708.15 +/- 93.28 mg GAE/L) and carboxylic acids, which comprised 74.89% of the total volatiles, were found in the postbiotics. On day 0, the postbiotic-chitosan combinations decreased the E. coli O157:H7, L. monocytogenes and S. Typhimurium counts ranging from 1.58 to 3.21 log(10) compared to the control in frankfurters (P < 0.05). Total viable count and number of lactic acid bacteria were effectively reduced in all treatment groups (P < 0.05), and postbiotic and chitosan treatments did not cause any changes in pH and color of the frankfurters. In conclusion, postbiotic-chitosan combinations can be used to reduce the risks that might be associated with E. coli O157:H7, L. monocytogenes, and S. Typhimurium in frankfurters.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "EFFECTS OF SOIL TILLAGE AND HERBICIDES ON WEEDS AND WINTER WHEAT YIELDS. The effects of three tillage systems and the post-emergence chemical weed control of annual broad-leaved weeds in winter wheat were studied on lessive pseudogley soil in north-eastern Croatia from 2001 to 2006. Total weed biomass on untreated plots was the lowest in continuous mouldboard ploughing (49.8 g m(-2)), medium in chisel ploughing (90.9 g m(-2)) and highest in continuous disk harrowing (187.3 g m(-2)) with statistically significant differences (P < 0.01). The most abundant weeds were annual broad-leaved species of Matricaria inodora, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Galium aparine, and Stellaria media, which constituted 57, 56 and 41% of total weed biomass in mouldboard-, chisel ploughing and disk harrowing, respectively. Three herbicide mixtures of 5% iodosulfuron - methyl sodium + 15% mefenpyr-diethyl; 12% fluoroglycofene-ethyl + 6% triasulfuron and 54% 2,4-D ethylhexyl ester + 0.5% metosulam in low doses provided a successful biomass control of dominant annual broad-leaved weeds (89-100% control). Herbicide treatments gave significantly higher yields than untreated controls with an average yield increase of 3, 11 and 7% in mouldboard-, chisel ploughing and disk harrowing, respectively. The yields did not differ among herbicide mixtures. Compared to the highest yield with mouldboard ploughing (6.1 t ha(-1)), average yield depressions with chisel ploughing and disk harrowing were 3 and 5%, respectively.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "Emotions and the Microfoundations of the Arab Uprisings. In any political setting, a few people will defy political authority. The main challenge for theories of rebellion is to explain when and why others join en masse. Scholarship on social movements typically develops answers to this puzzle on the basis of either of two microfoundations. Explanations that conceptualize individuals as utility-maximizers contend that they protest as a means to other ends. Explanations that see individuals as driven by values and beliefs suggest that people protest for the inherent benefit of voicing dissent. Both perspectives generate compelling explanations. Yet how do purposeful individuals act when utilitarian calculations and cherished values recommend contrary courses of action? Why might an actor prioritize one or the other at different points in time? Taking on these questions, I argue for an approach to microfoundations that focuses on emotions. Emotions such as fear, sadness, and shame promote pessimistic assessments, risk aversion, and a low sense of control. Such dispiriting emotions encourage individuals to prioritize security and resign to political circumstances, even when they contradict values of dignity. By contrast, anger, joy, and pride promote optimistic assessments, risk acceptance, and feelings of personal efficacy. Such emboldening emotions encourage prioritization of dignity and increase willingness to engage in resistance, even when it jeopardizes security. When instrumentality and values offer different answers to the question of whether to resign or rebel, therefore, emotions can shift individuals toward one or the other. I ground this argument in findings from the neurosciences and illustrate it with evidence from the 2011 uprisings in Tunisia and Egypt and the absence of an uprising in Algeria.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "A Colossal Republic: The Union of Colombia, Access to the Pacific, and the Utopia of Global Trade, 1819-1830. The leaders of Gran Colombia faced the problem of imagining and creating a nation that would integrate an enormous and mountainous territory and its people into a coherent political entity. To that effect, as well as to justify the union of Venezuela, Nueva Granada, and Quito, they created discourses, representations, and symbolisms referring to geography. In addition, they constructed a utopia of Colombia as pillar of global trade. Access to the Pacific Ocean and opening an interoceanic route were central to this project, in both symbolic and practical terms. This gave rise to tensions between the local political economies and the legislation designed in Bogota. The Guayaquil-Panama regional axis tested the limits of central power by showing the importance of the Pacific region in the early stages of the republican experience.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "A 1.8-V 22-mW 10-bit 30-MS/s pipelined CMOS ADC for low-power subsampling applications. This paper describes a 10-bit 30-MS/s subsampling pipelined analog-to-digital converter (ADC) that is implemented in a 0.18 mu m CMOS process. The ADC adopts a power efficient amplifier sharing architecture in which additional switches are introduced to reduce the crosstalk between the two opamp-sharing successive stages. A new configuration is used in the first stage of the ADC to avoid using a dedicated sample-and-hold amplifier (SHA) circuit at the input and to avoid the matching requirement between the first multiplying digital-to-analog converter (MDAC) and flash input signal paths. A symmetrical gate-bootstrapping switch is used as the bottom-sampling switch in the first stage to enhance the sampling linearity. The measured differential and integral nonlinearities of the prototype are less than 0.57 least significant bit (LSB) and 0.8 LSB, respectively, at full sampling rate. The ADC exhibits higher than 9.1 effective number of bits (ENOB) for input frequencies up to 30 MHz, which is the twofold Nyquist rate (fs/2), at 30 MS/s. The A DC consumes 21.6 mW from a 1.8-V power supply and occupies 0.7 mm(2), which also includes the bandgap and buffer amplifiers. The figure-of-merit (FOM) of this ADC is 0.26 pJ/step.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Characterization of Pathogenic CD8(+) T cells in Chlamydia-Infected OT1 Mice. Chiamydia trachomatis is a leading infectious cause of infertility in women due to its induction of lasting pathology such as hydrosalpinx. Chlamydia muridarum induces mouse hydrosalpinx because C. muridarum can both invade tubal epithelia directly (as a first hit) and induce lymphocytes to promote hydrosalpinx indirectly (as a second hit). In the current study, a critical role of CD8(+) T cells in chlamydial induction of hydrosalpinx was validated in both wild type C57BL/6J mice and OT1 transgenic mice. OT1 mice failed to develop hydrosalpinx partially due to the failure of their lymphocytes to recognize chlamydial antigens. CD8(+) T cells from naive C57BL/6J mice rescued the ability of recipient OT1 mice to develop hydrosalpinx when naive CD8(+) T cells were transferred at the time of infection with Chlamydia. However, when the transfer was delayed for 2 weeks or longer after the Chiamydia infection, naive CD8(+) T cells no longer promoted hydrosalpinx. Nevertheless, CD8(+) T cells from mice immunized against Chiamydia still promoted significant hydrosalpinx in the recipient OT1 mice even when the transfer was delayed for 3 weeks. Thus, CD8(+) T cells must be primed within 2 weeks after Chiamydia infection to be pathogenic, but, once primed, they can promote hydrosalpinx for >3 weeks. However, Chlamydia-primed CD4(+) T cells failed to promote chlamydial induction of pathology in OT1 mice. This study optimized an OT1 mouse-based model for revealing the pathogenic mechanisms of Chlamydia-specific CD8(+) T cells.", "label": [2, 17, 24]}
+{"token": "THREE-DIMENSIONAL STEREOSCOPIC ANALYSIS OF A CORONAL MASS EJECTION AND COMPARISON WITH UV SPECTROSCOPIC DATA. A three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of the 2007 May 20 partial-halo coronal mass ejection (CME) has been made using STEREO/EUVI and STEREO/COR1 coronagraphic images. The trajectory and kinematics of the erupting filament have been derived from Extreme Ultraviolet Imager (EUVI) image pairs with the \\\\'tie-pointing\\\\' triangulation technique, while the polarization ratio technique has been applied to COR1 data to determine the average position and depth of the CME front along the line of sight. This 3D geometrical information has been combined for the first time with spectroscopic measurements of the O VI lambda lambda 1031.91, 1037.61 line profiles made with the Ultraviolet Coronagraph Spectrometer (UVCS) on board the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory. Comparison between the prominence trajectory extrapolated at the altitude of UVCS observations and the core transit time measured from UVCS data made possible a firm identification of the CME core observed in white light and UV with the prominence plasma expelled during the CME. Results on the 3D structure of the CME front have been used to calculate synthetic spectral profiles of the O VI lambda 1031.91 line expected along the UVCS slit, in an attempt to reproduce the measured line widths. Observed line widths can be reproduced within the uncertainties only in the peripheral part of the CME front; at the front center, where the distance of the emitting plasma from the plane of the sky is greater, synthetic widths turn out to be similar to 25% lower than the measured ones. This provides strong evidence of line broadening due to plasma heating mechanisms in addition to bulk expansion of the emitting volume.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Editors' Review and Introduction: Lying in Logic, Language, and Cognition. We describe some recent trends in research on lying from a multidisciplinary perspective, including logic, philosophy, linguistics, psychology, cognitive science, behavioral economics, and artificial intelligence. Furthermore, we outline the seven contributions to this special issue of topiCS.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Coseismic ionospheric disturbances triggered by the Chi-Chi earthquake. At 17:47 UT on 20 September 1999, a large earthquake of magnitude M-w 7.6 struck the central Taiwan near a small town of Chi-Chi. The ground-based receivers of the global positioning system (GPS) in the Taiwan area detected coseismic ionospheric disturbances (CIDs) in the total electron content (TEC) triggered by the Chi-Chi earthquake. When the CIDs travel away from the origin on the Earth surface and then propagate into the ionosphere, their amplitudes and periods generally become smaller and longer, respectively. Moreover, two global grid searches, adapting the ray-tracing and the beam-forming techniques, have been used to analyze the observed GPS TEC. We have not only estimated the average speed of the CIDs propagating in the atmosphere and ionosphere but also determined the location of CID origin on the Earth surface by using the two techniques. The results show that the observed CIDs result from shock-acoustic waves triggered by sudden and large vertical motions of the Chi-Chi earthquake.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Weed management with pyrithiobac preemergence in bromoxynil-resistant cotton. An experiment was conducted at two locations in Georgia and one location in North Carolina during 1994 and 1995 to evaluate weed management systems utilizing pyrithiobac applied preemergence (PRE) in conventional-tillage bromoxynil-resistant cotton. Weed management systems evaluated included different combinations of pyrithiobac PRE, bromoxynil or bromoxynil plus MSMA applied early postemergence (EPOST), bromoxynil applied postemergence (POST), and cyanazine plus MSMA applied late postemergence-directed (LAYBY). Pyrithiobac PRE improved control of Florida beggarweed, pitted morningglory, prickly sida, sicklepod, and spurred anoda compared with systems that did not include pyrithiobac PRE. Averaged across locations, pyrithiobac PRE increased cotton lint yields 330 kg ha(-1). Bromoxynil applied EPOST or POST increased weed control and cotton lint yield. Bromoxynil EPOST, POST, or EPOST plus POST did not control sicklepod. The addition of MSMA to bromoxynil EPOST improved sicklepod control. Two applications of bromoxynil controlled more pitted morningglory and sicklepod than one application. Control of all dicotyledonous weeds was increased by cyanazine plus MSMA LAYBY, and this treatment increased yields at A locations. Cotton was not injured by pyrithiobac PRE or by bromoxynil applied EPOST or POST, but temporary visual injury was observed with EPOST treatments of MSMA.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Creating Value through the Performing Arts Festival: The Multi-Stakeholder Approach. 'Value' is an important and developing research topic in the field of marketing; however, the research on how value is co-created through stakeholders' interaction remains limited. This study argues that an arts festival as a collective art production acts as a platform through which the stakeholders co-create value. By employing the publically-funded Huashan Living Arts Festival in Taiwan, which focuses on performing arts, as a case for collecting longitudinal data, this study explores how the stakeholders interact to co-create and obtain value. The findings reveal that value is co-created through the interactions between the stakeholders, rather than by a single stakeholder, in an arts festival. A proposed framework of value co-creation identifies the process and stakeholders' interaction with regard to a performing arts festival, from a macro-level context.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "DETERMINATION OF FLUNARIZINE IN PLASMA BY LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY-ELECECTROSPRAY TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETRY. This study presents a sensitive and selective liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the quantification of flunarizine (FLU) in human plasma. The mass spectrometer was operated in the selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode using the protonated molecule to ionic fragment combinations of m/z 404.50 > 203.00 (FLU) and m/z 369.40 > 167.00 for cinarizine (internal standard-IS) with short run times (2.5 min). The peak areas ratio of the analyte and IS were used for quantification of FLU. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was 0.30 ng mL(-1). The assay exhibited a linear dynamic range of 0.30-150.00 ng mL(-1) with a determination coefficient (r(2)) of at least 0.98. The precisions were less than 8.42% and 6.36% for the intra-batch and inter-batch variation at 0.90, 60.00 and 120.00 ng mL(-1), respectively. This method is suitable for bioequivalence studies accordingly to FDA guidelines.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "The role of acceleration and locality in the twin paradox. We study the role of acceleration in the twin paradox. From the coordinate transformation that relates an accelerated and an inertial observer we find that, from the point of view of the accelerated observer, the rate of the differential lapses of time depends not only on the relative velocity, but also on the product of the acceleration and the distance between the observers. However, this result does not have a direct operational interpretation because an observer at a certain position can measure only physical quantities that are defined at the same position. For local measurements, the asymmetry between the two observers can be attributed to the fact that noninertial coordinate systems, contrary to inertial coordinate systems, can be correctly interpreted only locally.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Numerical investigation on gas production from Shenhu (China): Influence of layer inclination and horizontal inhomogeneities. Worldwide methane hydrate exploration activities have entered a new stage after the real extraction tests in Japan (2013, 2017) and China (2017). However, from the current technological development stage to the next commercial production stage, there still exist a wide gap: complex underground reservoir conditions and flow parameters. Therefore, the target of the current study is to investigate the effects of layer inclination and horizontal reservoir parameter inhomogeneities on the gas production. It is found that for 10 degrees inclination of model, the equivalent permeability show 50% decrease to achieve the same production rate. The horizontally-set \\\\'inner column\\\\' and \\\\'outer column\\\\' (with changes in porosity from 0.20, 0.38, 0.50; and 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 for hydrate saturation) have different trends: for cases with horizontal porosity changes, the production rate difference happens in the mid-term (>300 d) observation; for cases with horizontal hydrate saturation changes, the production differs in each case from the production initiation. For real production trial, such inhomogeneity effects have to be considered in order to estimate the initial production and to maintain stable production in the long-term.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "Molecular characterization and temporal expression analyses indicate that the MIC (Meloidogyne Induced Cotton) gene family represents a novel group of root-specific defense-related genes in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). The molecular events underlying the resistance of Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) to the root-knot nematode (RKN) are largely unknown. In this report, we further characterize the previously identified MIC3 gene including the identification of 14 related MIC cDNAs in nematode-infected roots of allotetraploid cotton that show > 85% identity with MIC3. A time-course analysis of RKN infection in resistant and susceptible cotton lines showed that maximum MIC transcript accumulation occurred immediately prior to the phenotypic manifestation of resistance. MIC expression was not induced by mechanical wounding or by virulent reniform nematode infection. MIC expression was undetectable in cotton leaves undergoing a hypersensitive response to Xanthomonas campestris. A time-course analysis of defense gene expression (PR10, ERF5, CDNS, LOX1, POD4, POD8) in resistant and susceptible cotton roots showed that RKN infection specifically elicits the induction of MIC in resistant roots and not other common defense-signaling pathways. These results suggest that cotton resistance to RKN involves novel defense-signaling pathways and further supports the idea that the MIC genes are intimately involved in this resistance response and represent a group of root-specific defense-related genes in cotton.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "A Multiactivity Latent Attrition Model for Customer Base Analysis. Customer base analysis is a key element in customer valuation and can provide guidance for decisions such as resource allocation. Yet extant models often focus on a single activity, such as purchases from a retailer or donations to a nonprofit organization. These models do not consider other ways that an individual may engage with an organization, such as purchasing in multiple brands or contributing user-generated content. In this research, we propose a framework to generalize extant models for customer base analysis to multiple activities. Using the data from a website that allows users to purchase digital content and/or post digital content at no charge, we develop a flexible \\\\'buy 'til you die\\\\' model to empirically examine how the two activities are related. Compared with benchmarks, our model more accurately forecasts the future behavior for both types of activities. In addition to finding evidence of coincidence between the activities while customers are \\\\'alive,\\\\' we find that the latent attrition processes are related. This suggests that conducting one type of activity is informative of whether customers are still alive to conduct another type of activity and, consequently, affects inferences of customer value.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of the Abiotic-Stress-Responsive LACS Gene Family in Soybean (Glycine max). Long-chain acyl-CoA synthases (LACSs) are a key factor in the formation of acyl-CoA after fatty acid hydrolysis and play an important role in plant stress resistance. This gene family has not been research in soybeans. In this study, the soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) whole genome was identified, the LACS family genes of soybean were screened, and the bioinformatics, tissue expression, abiotic stress, drought stress and co-expression of transcription factors of the gene family were analyzed to preliminarily clarify the function of the LACS family of soybean. A total of 17 LACS genes were screened from soybean genome sequencing data. A bioinformatics analysis of the GmLACS gene was carried out from the aspects of phylogeny, gene structure, conserved sequence and promoter homeopathic element. The transcription spectra of GmLACSs in different organs and abiotic stresses were used by qRT-PCR. The GmLACS genes, which co-expresses the significant response of the analysis of drought stress and transcription factors. The results showed that all soybean LACS have highly conserved AMP-binding domains, and all soybean LACS genes were divided into 6 subfamilies. Transcriptome analysis indicated that the gene-encoding expression profiles under alkali, low temperature, and drought stress. The expression of GmLACS9/15/17 were significantly upregulated under alkali, low temperature and drought stress. Co-expression analysis showed that there was a close correlation between transcription factors and genes that significantly responded to LACS under drought stress. These results provide a theoretical and empirical basis for clarifying the function of LACS family genes and abiotic stress response mechanism of soybean.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "SOME BEHAVIORAL-ASPECTS OF COW-CALF RELATIONSHIPS IN A HERD OF BEEF-CATTLE IN SEMI-CONFINEMENT. Behavioural observation was made on a herd of 6 dehorned Japanese Black Cows and their calves during 3 consecutive days (0900-1700 h, exclusive of 1500-1530 h) to investigate the cow-calf relationships and the social interactions between cows within the herd when kept together in a dry-lot. The intensive nursing incidents and maternal lickings occurred between 0900 and 1000 h and between 1530 and 1700 h. It appeared that such a relatively high-level behavioural synchronization was related to feed delivery time. The average number of nursing events per cow was 5.1; the average time spent nursing 32.2 min; the average nursing time per bout 7.9 min and the average number of maternal lickings 10.4. Older calves suckled less frequently, spent relatively less time suckling and more suckling time per bout. Dams of older calves also licked their own calves less frequently. Cows had a significantly higher frequency of lickings toward their own calves than that toward other cows (P = 0.05). A total of 35 interruptions of nursing (vs 92 nursing events) induced by agonistic encounters between dams was observed. Interrupted nursing occurred more frequently between 1400 and 1500 h.  There was a close negative association between social order and the number of interrupted nursings (tau = -0.966, P < 0.01), suggesting that cows lower in the order suffered more interruptions of nursing and their calves were in relatively stressful condition.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "The target projection dynamic. We study the target projection dynamic, a model of learning in normal form games. The dynamic is given a microeconomic foundation in terms of myopic optimization under control costs due to a certain status-quo bias. We establish a number of desirable properties of the dynamic: existence, uniqueness and continuity of solution trajectories, Nash stationarity, positive correlation with payoffs, and innovation. Sufficient conditions are provided under which strictly dominated strategies are wiped out. Finally, some stability results are provided for special classes of games. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "MAXIMUM-ENTROPY METHOD AS APPLIED IN QUASI-CRYSTALLOGRAPHY. Quasi-crystal structures via deciphering diffraction data in the high-dimensional space approach suffer from truncation and background effects, which result from the computation of the inverse Fourier transform of the data.  Detailed modelling remains difficult because the shape of the atomic hypersurfaces requires an infinite number of parameters to be properly specified.  As an alternative, more fruitful approach, the maximum-entropy method provides useful details of the high-dimensional density map and allows proper renormalization of diffraction patterns.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Separation of chromium(VI) using modified ultratiltration charged carbon membrane and its mathematical modeling. Supported non-interpenetrating modified ultrafiltration carbon membrane has been prepared by gas phase nitration using NO, (mixture of NO and NO2) at 250 degrees C and subsequently aminated in the second step using hydrazine hydrate at 60 degrees C. Separation experiments on the chromic acid solution have been carried out using unmodified (giving 96% rejection), nitrated (giving 84% rejection) and aminated (giving 88% rejection) carbon membrane. The water flux of the modified membrane however, has been found to increase by two times compared to that for the unmodified membrane with only 12% loss in rejection. This work presents a transport mathematical model through cylindrical charged capillaries of the membrane based on two-dimensional space charge model consisting of Nernst-Planck equation for ion transport and non-linear Poisson-Boltzmann equation for the radial distribution of potential. The solutions of these non-linear equations are computationally intensive and the difficulty has been overcome by a series solution of the Poisson-Boltzmann equation for the charge distribution. The effective pore size and non-dimensional pore wall potential of the membranes have been determined using this model by fitting the experimental data of the separation. The effective pore radius of the unmodified, nitrated and aminated carbon membranes are found to be 2.0, 2.8 and 3.3 nm respectively, which are less than the average pore size value determined from the molecular weight cut-off experiment and indicates the partial blocking of the pores by chromate ions. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 33]}
+{"token": "Two new marine Gastrotricha from the Indian Ocean coast of South Africa. The study is part of a larger research programme aimed at shedding light on the gastrotrich communities of the subtropical east coast province of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. In previous papers, faunistic and preliminary taxonomic data on marine and freshwater gastrotrichs found in the iSimangaliso Wetland Park, were reported. Here two new interesting marine macrodasyidan species in the families Dactylopodolidae and Thaumastodermatidae are described based on observations carried out on living specimens and using differential interference contrast microscopy. The two novel species are named in honor of two great South African icons recently deceased: Nadine Gordimer and Nelson Mandela. Dactylopodola nadine sp. n. is the third species in the genus to bear red eye-spots; it can easily be distinguished from the closely-related red-eyed D. baltica and D. roscovita by its smaller size (Total length = 230 mu m vs 275 mu m vs 450 mu m, respectively) and the lower number of adhesive tubes of the anterior, lateral and posterior series (on each side: 3, 4 and 4 vs 5, 6 and 8 vs 2, 9 and 12-15). Pseudostomella mandela sp. n. is a fairly large species (up to 481 mu m in length), with a cuticular covering made up of tetrancres and relatively long caudal pedicles (up to 44 mu m in length). The most evident autoapomorphic trait of the new species is the presence of 7 pairs of 'cirrata' tubes, two emerging in a lateral position along the pharyngeal region and five from the dorsolateral sides of the trunk. Additional relevant taxonomic characters include: 4 tubes of the anterior series, 11 tubes of the ventrolateral series and 3 tubes of the posterior series per side, 5 papillae on the dorsal margin and 6 papillae on the ventral margin of the oral palps. The high number of putative new species discovered among the South African gastrotrich fauna during our relatively short survey, highlights the relevance of this region with regard to the diversity of this group and stresses once again the importance of investigating new geographic areas in order to improve our understanding of global gastrotrich biodiversity and species richness.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Effects of sugars on germination and mycelium growth of Fusarium Oxysporum. In earlier study, carbohydrates content and types were isolated and identified in root exudates of different cucumber cultivars, The soluble sugars (glucose and sucrose) in root exudates increased with the resistance to Fusarium oxysporum. Thus we studied the effects of application of different concentrations of exogenous glucose and sucrose (to simulate the soluble sugar content in root exudates from different cucumber cultivars) on spore germination, mycelial growth and mycelial biomass of Fusarium oxysporum. The applied sugars (glucose and sucrose) stimulated the spore germination and mycelial growth of mycelium of Fusarium oxysporum and the stimulation was concentration dependent.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "A method of aligning peak lists generated by gas chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry. We report a method for the peak list alignment of gas chromatography high resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry data. The alignment is performed in a z-score transformed retention time domain to standardize chromatographic peak distribution across samples. A mixture score is developed to assess the similarity between two peaks by simultaneously evaluating the mass spectral similarity and the closeness of retention time. An analysis of experimental data acquired under three different flow rates indicates that the proposed method is able to correctly align the heterogeneous data. The effectiveness of method is further validated by analyzing experimental data of multiple mixtures of metabolite extract from mouse liver with 28 spiked-in acids. All of the detected spiked-in acids were correctly aligned. A statistical test correctly detected the concentration differences of the spiked-in compounds between sample groups using the alignment table. The area under curve (AUC) value in the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve is larger than 0.85 in all three of the compared sample groups, indicating a high accuracy of peak alignment and supporting the potential application of the proposed method for metabolomics projects such as biomarker discovery.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Fungal recognition by mammalian fibrinogen-related proteins. Fungi are ubiquitous eukaryotic micro-organisms present in virtually all environmental habitats. Although rarely pathogenic to the healthy population, many fungal species are capable of causing human disease in immunocompromised individuals. Thus, fungal infections remain a significant cause of morbidity and mortality, with rising prevalence accompanying the worldwide increase in immunosuppression-based therapies. Therefore, better understanding of the mutual interactions between the protective host mechanisms and the invading fungi remains of critical importance. The innate immune system constitutes the first line of defence against exogenous insults. The innate antifungal immunity is mediated through recognition of specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by a broad panel of host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), responsible for mounting adequate protective responses. In this review, we describe fungal PAMPs as well as a selection of PRRs able to recognize them. We focus on the members of the fibrinogen-related domain (FReD) protein family that have been shown to recognize fungi-derived molecules: ficolins, fibrinogen C domain containing 1 (FIBCD1) and tenascin-C. We describe their structure, their binding targets and their established as well as putative biological functions related to fungal recognition and immunity.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "Localization of landmarks and bands in the karyotype of Sus scrofa domestica. Comparison between different classifications. Representative RBG-banded chromosomes of Sus scrofa domestica and diagrammatic representation of the banding patterns at the 600 band stage are presented. Comparison between different classification systems has been performed. It is suggested that the data presented can be applied to gene mapping, localization of chromosome aberrations, comparative cytogenetics, and translation between different classification systems.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Sensitivity model for prediction of bead geometry in underwater wet flux cored arc welding. To investigate influence of welding parameters on weld bead geometry in underwater wet flux cored arc welding (FCAW), orthogonal experiments of underwater wet FCAW were conducted in the hyperbaric chamber at water depth from 0.2 m to 60 m and mathematical models were developed by multiple curvilinear regression method from the experimental data. Sensitivity analysis was then performed to predict the bead geometry and evaluate the influence of welding parameters. The results reveal that water depth has a greater influence on bead geometry than other welding parameters when welding at a water depth less than 10 m. At a water depth deeper than 10 m, a change in travel speed affects the bead geometry more strongly than other welding parameters.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "THE CABILDO OF CATAMARCA BETWEEN THE COLONY AND THE REVOLUCION DE MAYO. The Cabildos were local governing bodies with prominent importance during the colonial period for the Spanish Monarchy. Their transcendence continued in the territory of Rio de la Plata when the revolutionary process of 1810 began. In the present work, we examine the relevance of this institution in the analysis of the changes and continuities occurred in the Cabildo of Catamarca during the first years after the May Revolution, focalizing in: the affairs discussed in it, the main characteristics of its members and the impact of the revolutionary process in this institution.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Phase-dependent reversal of the crossed conditioning effect on the soleus Hoffmann reflex from cutaneous afferents during walking in humans. We previously demonstrated that non-noxious electrical stimulation of the cutaneous nerve innervating the contralateral foot modified the excitability of the Hoffmann (H-) reflex in the soleus muscle (SOL) in a task-dependent manner during standing and walking in humans. To date, however, it remains unclear how the crossed conditioning effect on the SOL H-reflex from the contralateral foot is modified during the various phases of walking. We sought to answer this question in the present study. The SOL H-reflex was evoked in healthy volunteers by an electrical test stimulation (TS) of the right (ipsilateral) posterior tibial nerve at five different phases during treadmill walking (4 km/h). A non-noxious electrical stimulation was delivered to the superficial peroneal nerve of the left (contralateral) ankle similar to 100 ms before the TS as a conditioning stimulation (CS). This CS significantly suppressed the H-reflex amplitude during the early stance phase, whereas the same CS significantly facilitated the H-reflex amplitude during the late stance phase. The CS alone did not produce detectable changes in the full-wave rectified electromyogram of the SOL. This result indicates that presynaptic mechanisms driven by the activation of low-threshold cutaneous afferents in the contralateral foot play a role in regulating the transmission between the Ia terminal and motoneurons in a phase-dependent manner. The modulation pattern of the crossed conditioning effect on the SOL H-reflex may be functionally relevant for the left-right coordination of leg movements during bipedal walking.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "Activation of adenoviral gene expression by protein IX is not required for efficient virus replication. The adenovirus (Ad) protein IX (pIX) is a minor component of the Ad capsid and is in part responsible for virion stability; virions lacking pIX are heat labile and lose their infectivity if the DNA content is greater than similar to35 kb. More recently, pIX has been identified as a transcriptional activator and, in transient-transfection assays, was shown to enhance expression from the E1A, E4, and major late Ad promoters by as much as 70-fold. In this study, we examined the role of pIX's ability to activate transcription during Ad replication. In transient-transfection assays, pIX had a minimal effect on expression from the E1A promoter, increasing expression by only 1.4-fold. We used helper-dependent Ad vectors, which had all Ad protein coding sequences deleted with the exception of E1A and which had capsids that either contained or lacked pIX, to show that pIX derived from decapsidation of the infecting virion does not influence expression of E1A. Similarly, expression of pIX from the Ad genome did not alter the expression levels of E1A. Viruses that had pIX deleted showed a threefold reduction in virus yield and expression of late genes compared to those of a similar virus which encoded pIX. This phenotype could not be rescued by growing the virus in cells which constitutively express pIX. Our results indicate that, although pIX can affect transcription from a variety of viral promoters, it does not appear to play a significant role in activation of Ad promoters during normal Ad replication.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Potentiating prostate cancer immunotherapy with oncolytic viruses. The clinical effectiveness of immunotherapies for prostate cancer remains subpar compared with that for other cancers. The goal of most immunotherapies is the activation of immune effectors, such as T cells and natural killer cells, as the presence of these activated mediators positively correlates with patient outcomes. Clinical evidence shows that prostate cancer is immunogenic, accessible to the immune system, and can be targeted by antitumour immune responses. However, owing to the detrimental effects of prostate-cancer-associated immunosuppression, even the newest immunotherapeutic approaches fail to initiate the clinically desired antitumour immune reaction. Oncolytic viruses, originally used for their preferential cancer-killing activity, are now being recognized for their ability to overturn cancer-associated immune evasion and promote otherwise absent antitumour immunity. This oncolytic-virus-induced subversion of tumour-associated immunosuppression can potentiate the effectiveness of current immunotherapeutics, including immune checkpoint inhibitors (for example, antibodies against programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1), programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PDL1), and cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4)) and chemotherapeutics that induce immunogenic cell death (for example, doxorubicin and oxaliplatin). Importantly, oncolytic-virus-induced antitumour immunity targets existing prostate cancer cells and also establishes long-term protection against future relapse. Hence, the strategic use of oncolytic viruses as monotherapies or in combination with current immunotherapies might result in the next breakthrough in prostate cancer immunotherapy.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Int22h1/Int22h2-mediated Xq28 duplication syndrome: de novo duplications, prenatal diagnoses, and additional phenotypic features. Int22h1/Int22h2-mediated Xq28 duplication syndrome is a relatively new X-linked intellectual disability syndrome, arising from duplications of the subregion flanked by intron 22 homologous regions 1 and 2 on the q arm of chromosome X. Its primary manifestations include variable cognitive deficits, distinct facial dysmorphia, and neurobehavioral abnormalities that mainly include hyperactivity, irritability, and autistic behavior. Affected males are hemizygous for the duplication, which explains their often more severe manifestations compared with heterozygous females. In this report, we describe the cases of nine individuals recently identified having the syndrome, highlighting unique and previously unreported findings of this syndrome. Specifically, we report for the first time in this syndrome, two cases with de novo duplications, three receiving prenatal diagnosis with the syndrome, and three others having atypical versions of the duplication. Among the latter, one proband has a shortened version spanning only the centromeric half of the typical duplication, while the other two cases have a nearly identical length duplication as the classical duplication, with the exception that their duplication's breakpoints are telomerically shifted by about 0.2 Mb. Finally, we shed light on two new manifestations in this syndrome, vertebral anomalies and multiple malignancies, which possibly expand the phenotypic spectrum of the syndrome.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Building and enhancing library services: Patrons' awareness of, and engagement with social media in academic libraries in Ghana. This study sought to examine academic libraries' patrons' level of awareness of, and engagement with social media in the use of academic libraries services in Ghana. The study employed the cross-sectional survey whereby quantitative data were collected from a total of 417 respondents, who consisted of students and library staff from public, private and technical universities in Ghana. Findings indicated that the academic libraries have adopted and used a number of social media applications, with Facebook and instant messaging as the most popular and frequently used platforms, for the provision and access to library services and resources as well as for contacting the academic libraries. However, the level of awareness, extent of use, as well as the level of engagement with the platforms was low as social media tools adopted by the libraries were not prevalent among the library patrons. Recommendations and conclusions based on the research findings are offered in the paper. This study uses a cross-sectional survey, with the data being collected at a specific point in time. However, due to rapid technological change and trends, future research studies could consider longitudinal studies to investigate the adoption and use of social media in academic libraries across time and environment. The analysis of social media use for academic library services from both the library staff and library patrons' perspectives will inform decisions on how to improve the use of such platforms for effective and efficient library services delivery and access.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "The built environment and health: Impacts of pedestrian-friendly designs on air pollution exposure. In the wake of the growing popularity of pedestrian-oriented community designs, it is timely to assess potential risk trade-offs of such urban planning strategies. Pedestrian-friendly designs are currently being called for and implemented in the US to tackle in particular problems associated with insufficient physical activity in the population. Unintended consequences may emerge, however, especially due to potential increases in the inhalation of pollutants as the population walking or cycling in polluted environments increases. A risk assessment of such built environment transformations was undertaken to evaluate quantitatively the competing risks and benefits of community design changes in active travel. A simulation model, built incorporating research from the fields of transportation, environmental sciences and exposure analysis, is applied to a case study area that undergoes hypothetical urban transformations. We find that the simulated population experiences roughly the same number of days in a year with decreases as number of days with increases in energy expenditure or inhalation of pollutants. In the 5% of days with greatest shifts, PM10 inhalation was shown to increase by 175% or more, while the 5% of days of greatest decreases exhibited reductions of 45% or more (with similar results for ozone). Of particular concern, some individuals are shown to double their intake of the pollutants on high pollution days. However, uncertainty in the estimates is high. In particular, interpretations are very different according to the approach used to characterize year-long activity patterns. This innovative risk assessment uncovers critical gaps in the literature that must be further researched to allow essential comprehensive analyses of planning decisions. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Justice, trust and employee reactions: an empirical examination of the HRM system. Practical implications - The study has clear implications for both managers and decision makers, because it suggests that employees are more committed and satisfied when the HRM system is more consistent and distinctive, more rewarding and provides opportunities for training.Purpose - The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of an integrated HRM system (content, process and climate) on employee reactions (motivation, commitment, work engagement, and organizational citizenship behaviour (OCB)), through the mediating role of organizational justice (distributive, procedural and interactional) and organizational trust (integrity, competence and dependability), which has not been fully studied in the past.Originality/value - The theoretical significance of the study is important, because it suggests that both the content and the process of HR practices, as perceived by employees, strongly influence employees' reactions, such as motivation, commitment, work engagement and organizational citizenship behaviour OCB.Design/methodology/approach - The study is based on a national sample of 133 organizations from the public and private sectors in Greece and on data obtained from 1,061 employees. The statistical method employed is structural equation modelling.Research limitations/implications - The study does not allow for dynamic causal inferences because the data was collected using a questionnaire at a single point in time. Furthermore, the findings of the study may not generalize across borders, because the study was applied in the Greek context, which has different labour relations with respect to other countries.Findings - The findings of the study suggest that the HRM process has a higher impact on employee reactions than HRM content. Additionally, the findings support the idea that procedural and distributive justice are related more to trust dependability and integrity, and that procedural justice is a better predictor of employee reactions than distributive justice.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "The role of the grain boundary plane in cubic polycrystals. This paper presents an appraisal of investigations which feature statistics of grain boundary plane distributions in polycrystals. The approach taken is to set the review against a background which includes the significance of the grain boundary plane parameter and several methodologies for its investigation in both bicrystals and polycrystals, including high resolution electron microscopy and computer simulation. The digest of data in polycrystals is analysed in the light of tilt and twist characteristics, boundary plane reorientation, the occurrence of low-index boundary planes and correlation with boundary properties. It emerges that the key factors which control the crystallography of boundary planes are the combined effects of material type, twinning (where applicable), microtexture, proximity to a coincidence site lattice and boundary plane inclination with respect to the macroscopic specimen geometry. Grain boundary plane engineering, wherein CSL categorisation is secondary to boundary plane crystallography. is recommended as a more advanced approach and its feasibility is demonstrated. (C) 1998 Acta Metallurgica Inc.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Cytology of the lower respiratory tract in horses: An updated review. The diagnosis of respiratory diseases in horses can be difficult due to the nonspecific nature of the clinical signs, which overlap between the different diseases. Cytological examination of the respiratory secretions is a helpful diagnostic tool that, when combined with clinical features and other diagnostic techniques, has the potential to improve diagnostic accuracy significantly. This review article should help readers to become familiar with the cytology of the normal respiratory tract and with the cytopathological abnormalities associated with common respiratory disorders in horses.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Environmental factors affecting numbers of pink-footed geese Anser brachyrhynchus utilising an autumn stopover site. For huntable waterbird species, the autumn migration strategy may be important for their fitness, as their behaviour and environmental factors may influence their exposure to hunting mortality. Hunting activity may also reduce the access to food resources which may be limited in the wintering areas, thereby affecting winter survival. In this study we assessed the possible influence of food resources, weather conditions, inter-specific competition and hunting intensity (as a measure of possible disturbance) on abundance and distribution of pink-footed geese Anser brachyrhynchus at their main autumn stopover site in Norway. The results show that food resources in term of spilt cereal grain were abundant, even by the time the geese had moved on. Snow cover did not limit the food availability during the main migratory period. Inter-specific competition with greylag geese Anser anser reduced food supplies locally and appeared to be increasing. Goose hunting intensity varied among sites and our data indicate a negative relationship between hunting intensity and the rate at which geese consumed the food resources. Collectively, our results suggest that the majority of pink-footed geese leave the stopover area earlier than they would otherwise, when hunting intensities are high. In the case of pink-footed geese, population consequences of disturbance is not a concern at present; however, an international species management plan calls for 1) keeping disturbance low in areas where geese do not cause conflicts with agriculture to prevent them being pushed to areas with problems, and 2) increased harvest to reduce and stabilise the population size. Both objectives can be met by reducing hunting disturbance in mid-Norway and it is recommended that a better local organisation of hunting is implemented.", "label": [4, 34, 43]}
+{"token": "A comparative study between two protocols for DNA extraction from bones. In this study, we compared two protocols, modified organic phenol-chloroform and the extraction protocol described in Edson et al. [5], for DNA extraction from 20 bones exhumed and not exhumed from casework, including challenging samples from highly degraded skeletal remains. This work showed that, comparing the two protocols, modified organic phenol-chloroform protocol was more efficient regarding the amount of DNA recovered and the quality of profiles obtained. The protocols used in this study require between 1 and 2 g of bone powder. The same bone samples are currently being tested with protocols that require less starting bone material such as full demineralization protocols. As data from these tests are concluded, we will compare the results of all protocols tested. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.In some situations such as mass fatality incidents, homicides, armed conflicts, war crimes, genocides, crimes against humanity and terrorism, DNA typing from bones may be the only method of human identification able to identify missing persons. The choice of the protocol for DNA extraction from bone samples may be decisive for the results of DNA typing and for the identification. Some extracting protocols use large amounts of bone material and other protocols use less starting material. The best protocols should use a smaller amount of bone, a smaller volume of reagents and should have fewer inhibition problems while resulting in high quality of profiles recovered.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "STABILITY OF RUNGE-KUTTA METHODS USED IN MODULAR INTEGRATION. A pair of Runge-Kutta methods is applied to a system of ordinary differential equations in a modular fashion known as time point relaxation. For a class of two by two linear systems with constant coefficients, the concept of coupling stability is introduced. This is one way of measuring the loss of stability due to the decoupling of the system into two scalar subsystems. The strategy for handling the interactions between the two modules is controlled by a parameter, where certain choices of the parameter correspond to the Gauss-Jacobi and Gauss-Seidel method. Results are obtained for the case when Runge-Kutta methods in general are applied with only one iteration per time-step. The case with several iterations is investigated for the well-known theta-methods.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "THE IDENTIFICATION OF IDEAL SOCIAL MEDIA INFLUENCERS: INTEGRATING THE SOCIAL CAPITAL, SOCIAL EXCHANGE, AND SOCIAL LEARNING THEORIES. The biggest challenge in fostering social commerce is to stimulate the willingness of social media influencers (SMIs) to create unboxing reviews of products and to impact customers' attitudes and purchase intentions. This study integrated the social exchange and social capital theories to construct a model for investigating SMIs' willingness to create unboxing reviews. In addition, this study employed the social learning theory to quantify the impact of word-of-mouth on customers' attitudes and purchase intentions. The results may aid in the identification of the motivations underlying SMIs' willingness to create unboxing reviews and the factors that influence customers' attitudes and purchase intentions. The implications of theory, practice, and future research are also discussed.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "Interdisciplinary Research in Rajasthan, India: Exploring the Role of Culture and Art to Support Rural Development and Water Management. This paper examines the role of art and culture in supporting rural development in the context of critical water challenges. It focuses on an interdisciplinary network and research programme conducted in 2018 with the village of Jhakhoda, in Rajasthan, India. The village has experienced years of declining water quality and has recently turned to rainwater harvesting and other conservation measures as a means to address water challenges. The research team sought to support local NGO and village efforts through creative, regionally specific forms of cultural activity. Through our project, we found that arts approaches can contribute to changes in the way people understand water and environmental challenges and can play a significant role in working towards sustainable water futures.", "label": [4, 5, 36, 47]}
+{"token": "LOG AND HARMONICALLY LOG-CONVEX FUNCTIONS RELATED TO MATRIX NORMS. In this article, we introduce the concept of harmonically log-convex functions, which seems to be strongly connected to unitarily invariant norms. Then, we prove Hermite-Hadamard inequalities for these functions. As an application, we present many inequalities for the trace operator and unitarily invariant norms.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Human myoblast engraftment is improved in laminin-enriched microenvironment. Background. One major challenge in developing cell therapy for muscle diseases is to define the best condition for the recipient's muscle to niche donor cells. We have examined the efficiency of human myoblast transplantation in an immunodeficient animal model, after local irradiation, as well as the potential impact of laminin on myoblast behavior.Methods. Human myoblasts were injected into preirradiated tibialis anterior muscles from immunodeficient mice. The donor cell engraftment, proliferation, and laminin content within the transplanted muscles were evaluated by immunocytochemistry. Additionally, the effect of laminin upon myoblast proliferation, migration, and survival was ascertained in vitro.Conclusions. We show that local irradiation enhances the laminin content in the host muscle microenvironment and provides a better engraftment of human myoblasts. In addition, laminin increases myoblast proliferation, survival, and migration in vitro. These data provide combined in vivo and in vitro evidence that laminin status should be taken into account when designing experimental and clinical cell therapy strategies for muscle disease.Results. Engraftment of human myoblasts into the skeletal muscle of immunodeficient Rag2(-)/gamma c(-)/C5(-) mice presubjected to local irradiation provided the best niche for myoblast engraftment, as demonstrated by the number of viable and proliferating donor cells found in the host muscle. Local irradiation significantly enhanced laminin deposition within the recipient's muscle and donor cells were preferentially located in laminin-enriched areas. The same batch of myoblasts used for in vivo injections also responded to laminin in vitro with increased proliferation and cell survival, as well as an improved migratory response.", "label": [2, 17, 21]}
+{"token": "Pointillist, Cyclical, and Overlapping: Multidimensional Facets of Time in Online Learning. Pointillist time and learning takes place in \\\\'dots\\\\' of actions that consist of small, discrete moments (e. g., tweeting). Producing, receiving, and sharing ideas in this context are separate points in each actor's timeline. Cyclical time and learning emerges from intensive periods, which are highly visible in online forums. This construct reveals itself through interactions that often exist in multiple online environments. Overlapping time and learning involves various configurations of linear, pointillist, and cyclical layers, which are mainly evident through the simultaneous uses of social communication technologies.Pointillist, cyclical, and overlapping time constructs enable new orientations for conceptualizing time in pedagogy. In this article we also introduce de-, re-, and en-modes of these pedagogies that connect with approaches to meet the needs of learners for individualization, personalization, and cyborgization.A linear, sequential time conception based on in-person meetings and pedagogical activities is not enough for those who practice and hope to enhance contemporary education, particularly where online interactions are concerned. In this article, we propose a new model for understanding time in pedagogical contexts. Conceptual parts of the model will be employed as a \\\\'cultural technology\\\\' to help us relate to evolving phenomena, both physical and virtual. We label these constructs as pointillist, cyclical, and overlapping times.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Curriculum Leadership in the Terrain of Curriculum Changes: A Case of Primary School Principals in Vhumbedzi Circuit in Limpopo, South Africa. The paper reports on an empirical data collected from primary schools principals on the effect of curriculum changes in the South African education system. Using both quantitative and qualitative research approaches, the paper explores the roles of principals as curriculum leadership. The paper situates the roles of principals within critical theory propositions to determine the extent to which the principals embrace change. The findings of the paper indicate that for successful implementation, principals should be able to question their position as curriculum leaders. However, if no effort is made to enhance the interest of the principals during curriculum development, the schools will operate on a presumed consensus apparently led by principals.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Narcissus late season yellows virus and Vallota speciosa virus found infecting domestic and wild populations of Narcissus species in Australia. Isolates of Narcissus late season yellows virus (NLSYV) were identified from domestic and wild Narcissus populations at incidences of 66 and 49%, respectively. NLSYV was also detected in one plant of Clivea miniata. Comparisons of nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the coat protein genes of NLSYV isolates showed that they formed three distinct phylogenetic groups, including one not seen before. Vallota speciosa virus was detected in one domestic population of Narcissus sp. where it infected 70% of the plants. This is the first report of these viruses in Australia, and of NLSYV infecting C. miniata.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Off-Flavours and Unpleasantness Are Cues for the Recognition and Valorization of Organic Wines by Experienced Tasters. The drivers of consumer acceptance concerning organic wines are not well understood. In particular, among wine professionals, there are anecdotal evidences claiming that consumers accept off-flavours that would not be tolerated if the wines were conventionally produced. Therefore, the aim of this study was to shed further light on this issue by tasting blind wines of both types of production using a tasting panel comprised by experienced individuals of several nationalities. The tasted wines were both conventional and organic and were with and without off-flavours. The same wines were evaluated in three tasting sessions where the given information was: (1) all wines were conventional, (2) all wines were organic, and (3) tasters were asked to guess the mode of production. A group of untrained tasters also rated the same organic wines in an informed session. The results showed that wines were significantly better scored and were given a higher willingness to pay value in the \\\\'organic\\\\' session. In addition, the experienced tasting panel produced a list of the most frequent sensory descriptors. When tasters were asked to guess the mode of production, wines that were supposed to be organic received a higher citation of off-flavours, such as \\\\'oxidized\\\\', \\\\'reductive\\\\', and \\\\'animal/undergrowth\\\\'. Moreover, an overall emotional response of unpleasantness was associated with the recognition of organic wines in the \\\\'guess\\\\' session. Untrained tasters rated the same organic wines with lower liking scores and were willing to pay less. In conclusion, off-flavours and their unpleasantness worked as a cue to identify wines supposed to be organic by experienced tasters. Their corresponding higher valorization could be explained by the psychological halo effect induced by the organic label. Contrarily, consumers did not show this halo effect, depreciating wines with unpleasant flavours irrespective of their mode of production.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Risk Factors for Death in Dogs Treated for Esophageal Foreign Body Obstruction: A Retrospective Cohort Study of 222 Cases (1998-2017). Animals: A total of 222 dogs were treated for EFB obstruction at an emergency and referral hospital between March 1998 and March 2017.Hypothesis/Objectives: To evaluate short-and long-term outcomes, and analyze risk factors for death in dogs with EFB obstruction. We hypothesized duration of entrapment and treatment type would affect outcome.Background: Limited data exist describing risk factors for death, and long-term outcomes in dogs with esophageal foreign body (EFB) obstruction.Methods: Medical records for dogs with EFB were retrospectively evaluated.Results: Foreign material most frequently was osseous (180/222 [81%]), with distal esophagus the most common location (110/222 [49.5%]). Duration of clinical signs was not associated with risk of death (OR = 1.08, 95% CI 0.99-1.17; P = 0.2). Entrapment was treated by endoscopy (204/222 [91.8%]), surgery after endoscopic attempt (13/222 [5.9%]), and repeat endoscopy after surgery was recommended but declined (5/222 [2.3%]). In-hospital case fatality rate was 11/222 (5%). Risk of death was significantly higher with surgery (OR = 20.1, 95% CI 3.59-112.44; P = 0.001), and 5/5 (100%) of dogs died if undergoing endoscopy after surgery was recommended but declined. Increasing numbers of postprocedural complications (OR = 3.44, CI 2.01-5.91; P < 0.001), esophageal perforation (OR = 65.47, CI 4.27-1004.15; P = 0.003), and postprocedure esophageal hemorrhage (OR = 11.81, CI 1.19-116.77; P = 0.04) increased in-hospital risk of death. Esophageal strictures were reported in 4/189 (2.1%) of survivors available for follow-up.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Death is uncommon in canine EFB; however, treatment type affects outcome, and these data should be used to guide decision-making in dogs with EFB.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Plant compounds that induce polychlorinated biphenyl biodegradation by Arthrobacter sp. strain B1B. Plant compounds that induced Arthrobacter sp, strain B1B to cometabolize polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were identified by a screening assay based on the formation of a 4,4'-dichlorobiphenyl ring fission product, A chemical component of spearmint (Mentha spicata), l-carvone, induced Arthrobacter sp. strain BIB to cometabolize Aroclor 1242, resulting in significant degradation of 26 peaks in the mixture, including selected tetra- and pentachlorobiphenyls. Evidence for PCB biodegradation included peak disappearance, formation of a phenylhexadienoate ring fission product, and chlorobenzoate accumulation in the culture supernatant. Carvone was not utilized as a growth substrate and was toxic at concentrations of greater than 500 mg liter(-1) Several compounds structurally related to l-carvone, including limonene, p-cymene, and isoprene, also induced cometabolism of PCBs by Arthrobacer sp, strain B1B, A structure-activity analysis showed that chemicals with an unsaturated p-menthane structural motif promoted the strongest cometabolism activity. These data suggest that certain plant-derived terpenoids may be useful for promoting enhanced rates of PCB biodegradation by soil bacteria.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 40]}
+{"token": "The Human Cytomegalovirus Protein UL37 Exon 1 Associates with Internal Lipid Rafts. The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) protein UL37 exon 1 (pUL37x1), also known as viral mitochondrion-localized inhibitor of apoptosis (vMIA), sequentially traffics from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) through mitochondrion-associated membranes (MAMs) to the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM), where it robustly inhibits apoptosis. Here, we report the association of pUL37x1/vMIA with internal lipid rafts (LRs) in the ER/MAM. The MAM, which serves as a site for lipid transfer and calcium signaling to mitochondria, is enriched in detergent-resistant membrane (DRM)-forming lipids, including cholesterol and ceramide, which are found in lower concentrations in the bulk ER. Sigma 1 receptor (Sig-1R), a MAM chaperone affecting calcium signaling to mitochondria, is anchored in the MAM by its LR association. Because of its trafficking through the MAM and partial colocalization with Sig-1R, we tested whether pUL37x1/vMIA associates with MAM LRs. Extraction with methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (M beta CD) removed pUL37x1/vMIA from lysed but not intact cells, indicating its association with internal LRs. Furthermore, the isolation of DRMs from purified intracellular organelles independently verified the localization of pUL37x1/vMIA within ER/MAM LRs. However, pUL37x1/vMIA was not detected in DRMs from mitochondria. pUL37x1/vMIA associated with LRs during all temporal phases of HCMV infection, indicating the likely importance of this location for HCMV growth. Although detected during its sequential trafficking to the OMM, the pUL37x1/vMIA LR association was independent of its mitochondrial targeting signals. Rather, it was dependent upon cholesterol binding. These studies suggest a conserved ability of UL37 proteins to interact with cholesterol and LRs, which is functionally distinguishable from their sequential trafficking to mitochondria.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Formation and structure of egg capsules in scale insects (Hemiptera, Coccinea) - I. Ortheziidae. The paired ovaries of the investigated species are composed of 20-30 ovarioles of a telotrophic-meroistic type. Each ovariole is subdivided into an apical tropharium (= trophic chamber) and a vitellarium. that contains a single developing oocyte. This oocyte is surrounded by a mono-layered follicular epithelium that is responsible for synthesis of precursors of egg envelopes. In Orthezia, synthesis and secretion of precursors of egg envelopes ( = choriogenesis) and accumulation of reserve substances in the oocyte cytoplasm ( = vitellogenesis) start at the same time. The egg capsule is composed of two envelopes: an internal, thick vitelline envelope and an external, very thin chorion. The egg surface is covered with numerous, irregularly arranged waxy filaments of spiral shape. Eggs are devoid of the micropylar, aeropylar and hydropylar openings. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Kinetics of CuO/SiO2 and CuO/Al2O3 oxygen carriers for chemical looping combustion. Copper oxide supported on silica and supported on alumina are often used as oxygen carriers for chemical looping combustion owing to their very high reduction rates at lower temperatures and their very good mechanical and chemical stability at temperatures below 1000 degrees C compared to other oxygen carriers. In this work, a comprehensive experimental study has been carried out to better understand the reaction mechanism and quantitatively describe the reaction kinetics of the oxygen uncoupling reaction and the reduction and oxidation reactions under different reaction conditions.Regarding the CuO on Al2O3, The maximum temperature reached was 1000 degrees C in thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) without observing any sintering or melting effects. It can be due to the good stability with the Al2O3 support and the relatively small amount of CuO (13%). However, for CuO/SiO2 (70% CuO), the maximum temperature tested in the TGA was 900 degrees C, since at higher temperatures the sample was melting, due to the lower melting point of Cu.The main results of the study can be summarized as: (i) the oxygen uncoupling and reduction/oxidation of CuO/SiO2 and CuO/Al2O3 has been elucidated; (ii) a grain model that can describe the oxygen uncoupling and reduction reactions of CuO for different operating conditions has been developed; (iii) a pseudo-homogeneous grain model that can describe the redox kinetics of CuO/SiO2 and CuO/Al2O3 has been developed. (C) 2017 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY licenseFirst, the oxygen uncoupling and reduction reaction kinetics of the CuO/SiO2 oxygen carrier was studied. A shrinking core type model (SCM) was developed that can well describe the oxygen uncoupling reaction rate and final conversion. Subsequently, a SCM and a simplified pseudo-homogeneous model was developed to describe the reduction kinetics of CuO/SiO2. Subsequently, the study was extended to investigate the reduction kinetics of CuO/Al2O3, where it was observed that the formation of tenorite spinel (CuAl2O4) and cuprite spinel (CuAlO2) strongly affects the overall reduction kinetics. Assuming that the reduction of CuO to Cu is independent of the support, the pseudo-homogeneous model was extended to include the reduction and oxidation kinetics of the spinel compounds, with which the experimentally determined redox kinetics could be well described.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "Tubular microporous alumina structure for demulsifying vegetable oil/water emulsions and concentrating macromolecular suspensions. A microstructure composed of alumina-silica (mullite, 3Al(2)O(3)center dot 2SiO(2)) was molded into tubes to be used in a microfiltration process for separating water/vegetable oil emulsions and to concentrate macromolecular suspensions. The microporous tubes were produced by the precipitation method using raw material supplied by Rhodia do Brasil Ltda, and sintered at a final temperature of 1450 degrees C. The microporous medium was characterized by mercury porosimetry and by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Most of the samples showed average pore sizes ranging from 0.3 to 20 mu m, which the literature indicates as appropriate for the demulsification of macroemulsions. The microfiltering performance of the tubes was evaluated using emulsified mixtures of water and vegetable oil (sunflower and soybean) and macromolecular mixtures of xanthan and guar gum suspensions (molecular weight of 10(6) Da), under transmembrane pressures of 1.5-5.0 bar and a turbulent crossflow regime (Re> 10.000). The process was then repeated and the tubes' performance compared with that of a commercial membrane of German origin with a nominal pore size of 0.4 mu m. The quality of the permeate, from the standpoint of carbon retention in the mixtures, was evaluated based on measurements of the total organic carbon (TOC) and the pH. In the case of mixtures in suspension, the microporous tubes exhibited better carbon retention than the membrane. In the case of the emulsified mixtures, carbon retention exceeded 90%, and the demulsifying process achieved results compatible with those reported in the literature. (C) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "Dual function of polysialic acid during zebrafish central nervous system development. Polysialic acid (PSA), a carbohydrate epitope attached to the neural cell adhesion molecule, serves as a modulator of axonal interactions during vertebrate nervous system development. We have used PSA-specific antibodies and whole-mount immunocytochemistry to describe the spatiotemporal expression pattern of PSA during zebrafish central nervous system development. PSA is transiently expressed on all cell bodies and, except for the posterior commissure, it is not found on axons. Floorplate cells in the spinal cord and hindbrain strongly express PSA throughout development. Enzymatic removal of PSA leads to a defasciculated growth pattern of the posterior commissure and also affects distinct subsets of commissural axons in the hindbrain, which fail to cross the midline. Whereas the disordered growth pattern of hindbrain commissures produced by PSA-removal could be mimicked by injections of soluble PSA, the growth of axons in the posterior commissure was unaffected by such treatment. These results suggest that there are distinct mechanisms for PSA action during axon growth and pathfinding in the developing zebrafish CNS.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "DIVERSITY AND POPULATION-DYNAMICS OF METHANOGENIC BACTERIA IN A ANTIGRANULOCYTES CONSORTIUM. Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket bioreactor granules were used as an experimental model microbial consortium to study the dynamics and distribution of methanogens. Immunologic methods revealed a considerable diversity of methanogens that was greater in mesophilic granules than in the same granules 4 months after a temperature shift from 38 to 55-degrees-C. During this period, the sizes of the methanogenic subpopulations changed with distinctive profiles after the initial reduction caused by the shift. Methanogens antigenically related to Methanobrevibacter smithii PS and ALI, Methanobacterium hungatei JF1, and Methanosarcina thermophila TM1 increased rapidly, reached a short plateau, and then fell to lower concentrations that persisted for the duration of the experiment. A methanogen related to Methanogenium cariaci JR1 followed a similar profile at the beginning, but it soon diminished below detection levels. Methanothrix rods weakly related to the strain Opfikon increased rapidly, reaching a high-level, long-lasting plateau. Two methanogens related to Methanobrevibacter arboriphilus AZ and Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum DELTA-H emerged from very low levels before the temperature shift and multiplied to attain their highest numbers 4 months after the shift. Histochemistry and immunohistochemistry revealed thick layers, globular clusters, and lawns of variable density which were distinctive of the methanogens related to M. thermoautotrophicum DELTA-H, M. thermophila TM1, and M. arboriphilus AZ and M. soehngenii Opfikon, respectively, in thin sections of granules grown at 55-degrees-C for 4 months. Mesophilic granules showed a different pattern of methanogenic subpopulations.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 40]}
+{"token": "Carbon management for sustainability of an intensively managed rice-based cropping system. Integration of a crop between the dry and wet season is known to capture nitrate-N which otherwise is lost upon flooding. Often a transition crop is of short duration and its biomass is incorporated into the soil as green manure. Although N dynamics as influenced by transition crop have been studied, not much is known about carbon dynamics and its residue management. Experiments conducted in four farmers' fields in the Philippines utilizing a rice- (Oryza sativa L.) sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) system aimed to determine the effects of different transition crops like indigo (Indigofera tinctoria L.), indigo plus mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) and corn (Zea mays L.) grown during the dry-to-wet (DTW) transition on total and labile C pools. The decrease in labile C with cropping ranged from 6% to 21% and increase with residue incorporation ranged from 18% to 37% at different sites, but total C remained unchanged. The labile C balance indicated a loss of up to 1,438 kg halt due to farming practices and a gain of up to 3,077 kg ha(-1) with residue addition. Catch crop residue management in intensive rice-based cropping systems can play a role in maintaining soil health, as indicated by the improvement in labile C. Labile C is sensitive to soil management practices, and thus provides a better measurement of C dynamics in the short to medium term than total C alone.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Consumers' Emotion Attitudes towards Organic and Conventional Food: A Comparison Study of Emotional Profiling and Self-Reported Method. Emotions represent a major driver behind a consumption behavior. It may provide more important information beyond consumers' preferences. This study contributes to a better understanding of the discrepancy in emotion attitudes towards organic versus conventional food using a cognitive survey and real food consumption experience. An emotional profiling under informed and uninformed condition, a cognitive survey, and a rapid forced-choice test were carried out with 46 consumers. Our work detected a yawning gap in consumers' declared emotion attitudes in the cognitive survey and elicited emotion attitudes in the food consumption experience. Results showed that consumers exaggerate their positive emotion attitudes towards organic over conventional and their negative emotion attitudes towards conventional over organic. Even though consumers expressed higher negative emotion attitudes towards conventional food than organic in a cognitive survey, during the emotional profiling they had nearly equal emotion attitudes towards both conventional and organic samples. Moreover, positive declared emotions in a cognitive survey formed a good predictor of the final choice of conventional products over organic under time pressure. However, preferences, declared emotion, as well as elicited emotion attitudes were less useful as predictors of organic choice under time pressure. These results show the importance of taking into consideration the type of applied method when investigating consumers' emotion attitudes towards organic and conventional products.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "New thermophilic prokaryotes with hydrolytic activities. Thermophilic microorganisms are capable of growing on polymeric substrates and have been intensively studied for their enzymes, thermostable hydrolases (glycosidases, proteinases, lipases), which have important applications in many fields of bioindustry: production of detergents, food processing, paper and textile industry, biofuel formation from organic wastes, etc(1). The advantages of thermostable enzymes application are in their higher stability not only against temperature, but also against high or low pH, presence of detergents, etc. High temperature increases solubility of substrates(2), thus making them more available, and significantly decreases the contamination risks. Many highly stable hydrolases, produced by thermophilic bacteria and archaea have been discovered(3-6); however, due to continuous industrial demand and our knowledge that natural environments are a significant reservoir of genetic and hence functional diversity(7), new thermophilic organisms producing hydrolytic enzymes are still of high interest. Here we present our achievements in isolation of novel thermophilic bacteria and archaea with various hydrolytic activities.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Exploring Heritage of a Hill State - Himachal Pradesh, in India. Tourism is a powerful economic development tool which creates jobs, provides new business opportunities and strengthens local economies. Starting with the local culture and already existing communities and geographies, tourism developments can enhance the interesting and unique aspects of a location. Using local traditions, beliefs, and resources reinforces the cultural heritage of a location, making these new areas thriving cultural hubs. These communities hold the social values of the residents that connect them to their culture and history, and they also promote the education of these values, which attracts tourists and visitors who are interested in understanding local culture. This increased flow of people boosts local businesses, which in turn supports the community by building a strong economic foundation, allowing the local culture to flourish and create an even more vibrant community. It is now well admired worldwide that development and management of tourism at any destination or place, requires a multi-dimensional approach (strengthen the institutional capacity, engage with multiple stakeholders, establish appropriate protocols and systems). When cultural heritage tourism development is done right, it also helps to protect our nation's natural and cultural treasures and improve the quality of life for residents and visitors. Linking tourism with heritage and culture can do more for local economies than promoting them separately. This article explores the ethnic heritage and emphasizes on the holistic tourism development approach after considering the various heritage tourism resources available in the state.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "UNSHAKEABLE FOUNDATIONS. \\\\'Nothing short of a miracle\\\\' is een apt paraphrasing of Georges-Henri Dumont's description of the 1848 survival of Belgium's constitutional system and its monarchy. The Belgian regime survived the 1848 pan-European revolutionary wave with limited political measures, thanks to its liberal Constitution. Contrarily, the Dutch got a new Constitution and the French king Louis-Philippe's regime, although its 1830 Charte had been an example for Belgium's Constitution, was overthrown and turned into a republic. However, Belgium's miraculous institutional survival did serve as a wake-up call, initiating a symbolic reaffirmation of the Constitution by the liberal Rogier government. This article sheds new light on what it calls a constitutional semi-religious cult by focusing on the post-1848 visual and popular political communication and legitimation of Belgium's constitutional system. The imagery resulting from these measures ranges from traditional nineteenth-century media such as monuments, sculptures, prints and medals to more specific material such as an illustrated Constitution and a ceremonial sugar cake. By means of qualitative iconological interpretation, it is possible to analyse this imagery within its political and legal context and as part of the country's constitutional culture or Verfassungskultur. Scrutinizing the specific iconography of the imagery representing the Constitution, its Articles and its monarchy demonstrates how the 1848 non-revolution did have consequences in Belgian political thought, how abstract concepts such as constitutional monarchy and freedom of the press were made visual for a broad audience, and how initial consensus between Catholics and liberals in their reaction to the French February revolution turned into criticism on various aspects of Rogier's constitutional cult and its most visible remains : the Congress Column in Brussels.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "LDC Infrastructure Development in the Era of 'Nationalistic Rhetoric': Do International Investments Agreements Still Mitigate Sovereign Risk and If Not, Does It Matter?. In the last five years, however, worldwide political support for IIAs seems to be waning, as nationalism and populism threatens to replace globalism and multiculturalism as the dominant economic and political theories in the USA, Europe and Great Britain. In a global political landscape dominated by nationalistic rhetoric, we are unlikely to see continued popular support for the protection of foreign companies against national interests by way of IIAs. We are likely to see not only fewer new IIAs, but conceivably governments revoking their agreement to existing IIAs coupled with waning support for ICSID arbitrations. The author submits, however, that there will not necessarily be a marked increase in sovereign risk as a direct result, and that LDCs will continue to provide worthwhile markets and opportunities for infrastructure development.Less Developed Countries (LDCs) provide enormous opportunities for companies involved in the development of infrastructure. LDCs couple significant need with often insufficient 'in country' capability or expertise, meaning that foreign companies willing to expand operations into LDCs can find interesting and profitable opportunities. International infrastructure development naturally brings with it the sovereign risks associated with contracting with the government of a LDC. During the last thirty years, governments of LDCs have actively sought the execution of International Investment Agreements (IIAs) with other nations in an attempt to mitigate the appearance of sovereign risk and encourage greater international investment. This has included encouraging foreign companies in the delivery of infrastructure projects.The author submits that IIAs never in any event provided complete protection, and that protection against sovereign risk remains available through the underlying contract and in many cases, through political risk insurance. Further, international participants should look at projects with shorter timeframes to secure the return on investment, and avoiding taking sole risk on project by operating in joint ventures.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Schelling and the three Epochen of the process of self-determination of the absolute in the System of 1800. Paper on the meaning and classification of the three Epochen that Schelling distinguishes in the self-development of self-consciousness, in the System des transzendentalen idealism of 1800. This is presented in relation to his personal biography and his period of philosophical formation. The objective is to show in what sense Schelling defends in the System that it will be precisely in the effort to want to know of the philosopher that the absolute becoming aware of himself, not in the objective concept (what Hegel will objectively in response to this work of Schelling), but in wanting to know and wanting to know itself.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Integrating macro-prudential policy: central banks as the 'third force' in EU financial reform. In recent years, policy-makers and financial authorities have established an intricate, multi-level framework for 'macro-prudential' policy-making in the European Union. This article argues that central banks have acted as a 'third force' in this process, determining the balance between national and supranational authority and ensuring their own predominance in the macro-prudential policy field. The article demonstrates central banks' policy entrepreneurship through three phases in the creation of the macro-prudential framework: the negotiations surrounding the establishment of the European Systemic Risk Board in 2008-2010; the elaboration of a legal and organisational framework for the use of macro-prudential instruments in the banking sector in 2011-2012; and the creation of the Single Supervisory Mechanism in 2012-2014. Central banks' influence derived from their perceived expertise in relation to financial stability, their existing delegated authority, and specific advantages stemming from the networked structure of their interactions with each other and supranational policy-makers.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Length-weight relationships and condition factor of five marine fish species from Bushehr Province, Persian Gulf, Iran. Length-weight relationships (LWRs) and condition factor were estimated for five economical marine fish species collected monthly using a hand line (hook sizes: 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11) and gillnet (stretched mesh sizes: 13, 14 and 15 cm) in the artisanal vessels from the fishing grounds of Bushehr province located in the Persian Gulf, Iran during October 2018 to June 2019. The LWRs for the fish species were W = 0.0144L(3.071) (R-2 = 0.99) for S. persicus, W = 0.0329L(2.962) (R-2 = 0.985) for P. maculosus, W = 0.0275L(2.873) (R-2 = 0.976) for U. helvola, W = 0.0296L(2.867) (R-2 = 0.968) for C. chrysophrys and W = 0.0387L(2.859) (R-2 = 0.982) for P. orbicularis. The estimated range for a was between 0.0144 and 0.0389, and for b was between 2.859 and 3.071. Length and weight ranges for S. persicus (L = 16.2-36.3 cm, W = 84.8-838.5 g), P. maculosus (L = 12.2-48.3 cm, W = 63.7-2648 g), U. helvola (L = 18.9-44.6 cm, W = 124.5-1558.8 g), C. chrysophrys (L = 11.4-67.5 cm, W = 28.5-4935.2 g), and P. orbicularis (L = 17.6-56.2 cm, W = 121.7-3352.4 g) are wider than reported in previous studies. Also, K values were 1.82 +/- 0.12 for S. persicus, 2.35 +/- 0.11 for P. maculosus, 1.87 +/- 0.16 for U. helvola, 1.94 +/- 0.23 for C. chrysophrys and 2.29 +/- 0.31 for P. orbicularis. The information about LWRs of Scarus persicus and Uraspis helvola are reported for the first time in the Persian Gulf. The results obtained can be beneficial as basic information for fisheries management and improvement of the technical performance of biologists in future studies.", "label": [4, 42, 36]}
+{"token": "H-NS suppresses pilE intragenic transcription and antigenic variation in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Initially, pilE transcription in Neisseria gonorrhoeae appeared to be complicated, yet it was eventually simplified into a model where integration host factor activates a single -35/-10 promoter. However, with the advent of high-throughput RNA sequencing, numerous small pil-specific RNAs (sense as well as antisense) have been identified at the pilE locus as well as at various pilS loci. Using a combination of in vitro transcription, site-directed mutagenesis, Northern analysis and quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis, we have identified three additional non-canonical promoter elements within the pilE gene; two are located within the midgene region (one sense and one antisense), with the third, an antisense promoter, located immediately downstream of the pilE ORF. Using strand-specific qRT-PCR analysis, an inverse correlation exists between the level of antisense expression and the amount of sense message. By their nature, promoter sequences tend to be AT-rich. In Escherichia coli, the small DNA-binding protein H-NS binds to AT-rich sequences and inhibits intragenic transcription. In N. gonorrhoeae has mutants, pilE antisense transcription was increased twofold, with a concomitant decrease in sense transcript levels. However, most noticeably in these mutants, the absence of H-NS protein caused pilE/pilS recombination to increase dramatically when compared with WT values. Consequently, H-NS protein suppresses pilE intragenic transcription as well as antigenic variation through the pilE/pilS recombination system.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "The practice and theory of British counterinsurgency: the histories of the atrocities at the Palestinian villages of al-Bassa and Halhul, 1938-1939. This article details two largely unreported atrocities by British forces operating against Arab rebels during the Arab revolt, 1936-9, at the Palestinian villages of al-Bassa and Halhul. It then examines the militarylegal system that underpinned and authorised British military forces operating in aid of the civil power, suggesting that the law in place at the time allowed for a level of reprisals and punitive actions, such as happened at alBassa and Halhul. The article does not conclude that the law allowed for atrocities but it does argue that it gave a basic form and understanding to an operational method that was brutal and could lead to atrocities. It thus tests the idea in much of the literature on counterinsurgency that the British were restrained and used minimum force when compared to other colonial and neo-colonial powers fighting insurgents.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Enriched-Bromine Surface State for Stable Sky-Blue Spectrum Perovskite QLEDs With an EQE of 14.6%. Halogen vacancies are of great concern in blue-emitting perovskite quantum-dot light-emitting diodes because they affect their efficiency and spectral shift. Here, an enriched-bromine surface state is realized using a facile strategy that employs a PbBr2 stock solution for anion exchange based on Cd-doped perovskite quantum dots. It is found that the doped Cd ions are expected to reduce the formation energy of halogen vacancies filled by the external bromine ions, and the excess free bromine ions in solution are enriched in the surface by anchoring with halogen vacancies as sites, accompanied with the shedding of surface long-chain ligands during the anion exchange process, resulting in a Br-rich and \\\\'neat\\\\' surface. Moreover, the surface state exhibits good passivation of the surface defects of the controlled perovskite QDs and simultaneously increases the exciton binding energy, leading to excellent optical properties and stability. Finally, the sky-blue emitting perovskite quantum-dot light-emitting diodes (QLEDs) (490 nm) are conducted with a record external quantum efficiency of 14.6% and current efficiency of 19.9 cd A(-1). Meanwhile, the electroluminescence spectra exhibit great stability with negligible shifts under a constant operating voltage from 3 to 7 V. This strategy paves the way for improving the efficiency and stability of perovskite QLEDs.", "label": [4, 1, 33, 15, 32, 11]}
+{"token": "A novel hydrodynamic model for conical spouted beds based on streamtube modeling approach. The streamtube modeling technique adopted with a new approach and a hydrodynamic model is presented for conical spouted beds. None of the required empirical equations in the well-known streamtube model are needed to predict hydrodynamic parameters. The hydrodynamic parameters for three zones including spout, annulus, and fountain are determined based on the mass and momentum conservation equations.The locus of the streamlines is predicted together with the hydrodynamic parameters of the bed. Only a single empirical equation, which is the bed voidage at the minimum fluidization condition, is needed to solve the model. The model uses a one-dimensional formulization, nevertheless, the method is capable of predicting the radial distribution of air and solid velocities inside the spouted bed. The interparticle interactions of the solids are taken into account based on the granular kinetic theory. The simulated particle velocity profile in annulus shows reasonable agreement with the experimental results. The model is also successful in calculating fountain height (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "Pattern formation in diffusive excitable systems under magnetic flow effects. We study the spatiotemporal formation of patterns in a diffusive FitzHugh-Nagumo network where the effect of electromagnetic induction has been introduced in the standard mathematical model by using magnetic flux, and the modulation of magnetic flux on membrane potential is realized by using memristor coupling. We use the multi-scale expansion to show that the system equations can be reduced to a single differential-difference nonlinear equation. The linear stability analysis is performed and discussed with emphasis on the impact of magnetic flux. It is observed that the effect of memristor coupling importantly modifies the features of modulational instability. Our analytical results are supported by the numerical experiments, which reveal that the improved model can lead to nonlinear quasi-periodic spatiotemporal patterns with some features of synchronization. It is observed also the generation of pulses and rhythmics behaviors like breathing or swimming which are important in brain researches. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "TEACHER PORTFOLIO: ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS, FUNCTIONS, STRUCTURE AND RECOMMENDATIONS. The issue is relevant due to the fact that the idea of designing, developing and implementing Teacher Portfolio is associated with new understanding of the goals in modern education, i.e. facilitating person's skills development that helps him build his own educational and professional development strategy in a continuously changing environment, forming different competencies including realization of personal potential, self-education, desire and ambition for continuing professional development and learning throughout life. The article highlights the main directions in the research related to portfolio design and use. It considers the contradictions that have determined the reasons for a portfolio and its potential. The paper gives the author's interpretation of 'teacher portfolio' concept, disclosed the essential characteristics of Teacher Portfolio, identifies its goals, general and specific objectives, and distinguishes its functions. It considers the structure of Teacher Portfolio, its main sections and content that reflects the main areas of teacher's professional activities, reveals his philosophy of teaching and allows to demonstrate his achievements and results through these activities. The author enlists the following principles Teacher Portfolio is focused on: complexity, reliability, consistency and continuity, optimal combination of openness and privacy. The practical significance of the study is based on practical recommendations it gives to a teacher for creating and developing a successful portfolio. The paper is addressed to teachers and school authorities, teachers of pedagogical high education institutions, teacher trainers, and teaching personnel working in the system of further teachers' development.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "To travel or not to travel: 'Weather' is the question. Modelling the effect of local weather conditions on bus ridership. While the influence of weather on public transport performance and ridership has been the topic for some research, the real-time response of transit usage to variations in weather conditions is yet to be fully understood. This paper redresses this gap by modelling the effect that local weather conditions exert on hourly bus ridership in sub-tropical Brisbane, Australia. Drawing on a transit smart card data set and detailed weather measurements, a suite of time-series regression models are computed to capture the concurrent and lagged effects that weather conditions exert on bus ridership. Our findings highlight that changes in particularly temperature and rainfall were found to induce significant hour-to-hour changes in bus ridership, with such effects varying markedly across both a 24 h period and the transit network. These results are important for public transport service operations in their capacity to inform timely responses to real-time changes in passengers' travel demand induced by the onset of particular weather conditions.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Onion inspired hydrate-phobic surfaces. Hydrate plugging in gas-and oil-production and transport systems has long been a critical challenge. Traditional hydrate mitigation strategies through applying chemicals and thermal destabilization are costly and eco-unfriendly. Passive anti-hydrate surfaces with potential to enable self-removal of hydrates are desired. Surpris-ingly, thin onion film peeled off from an onion bulb scale is found to have low hydrate adhesion, thanks to the porous structures and the surface cuticle layer. Subsequently, through mimicking the bio-properties of an actual onion film, a hydrate-phobic onion inspired surface with super low hydrate adhesion strength is fabricated. By engineering abundant pores below smooth surface, the onion inspired surface dramatically decreases the cyclopentane (CyC5) hydrate adhesion strength from 95 kPa to 4.7 kPa. The onion inspired surface also main-tains super low hydrate adhesion (8.7 kPa) after 20 hydrating/de-hydrating cycles. Furthermore, the perfor-mance of this new hydrate-phobic surface is enhanced by integrating a regenerable artificial cuticle layer, which enables even lower hydrate adhesion (2.9 kPa). Therefore, the onion inspired surface can provide alternative solutions for future hydrate mitigation.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "A juicy orange makes for a tastier juice: The neglected role of visual material perception in packaging design. In an online experiment, 400 participants, each assigned to one condition, rated expected naturalness, healthiness, quality, sweetness and tastiness of the juice, package attractiveness and willingness to buy. Finally, they rated juiciness of the orange for all four images.The present study shows the importance of material perception and food texture appearance in the imagery of food packaging. We suggest that knowledge from vision science on image features and material perception should be integrated into the process of packaging design.Using image cues found to trigger juiciness perception of oranges depicted in 17th century paintings, we designed four orange juice packages by manipulating the highlights on the pulp (present vs. absent) and the state of the orange (unpeeled vs. peeled).Food appearance sets intentions and expectations. When designing packaged food much attention is devoted to packaging elements like color and shape, but less to the characteristics of the images used. To our awareness, no study has yet investigated how the appearance of the food shown on the package affects consumers' preferences. Often, orange juice packages depict an orange. Juiciness being one of the most important parameters to assess oranges' quality, we hypothesized that an orange with a juicier appearance on the package would improve the overall evaluation of the juice.A one-way ANOVA showed a significant effect of the highlights on juiciness. A MANOVA showed that the presence of highlights, both in isolation and in interaction with the peeled side, also significantly increased expected quality and tastiness of the juice.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "A modal extension of weak generalisation predicate logic. We introduce a new axiomatic system of modal logic, BM, extending classical first order logic by adding the binary modal symbol \\\\'\\\\' intended to simulate the metamathematical provability predicate \\\\'proves\\\\' of classical logic. We demonstrate via examples how BM can be used to write equational proofs of first order classical theorems, and show that this ability hinges on a \\\\'conservation result\\\\': BM proves A > B for classical A and B iff A proves B holds classically. We introduce appropriate Kripke semantics with respect to which we prove BM is sound and complete. As a corollary we prove the above mentioned conservation result.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Effect of forage conservation method, concentrate level and propylene glycol on intake, feeding behaviour and milk production of dairy cows. The current study was conducted to establish effects on animal performance due to differences in forage composition resulting from conservation method could be compensated for by increases in concentrate feeding or supplements of a gluconeogenic substrate, Thirty-two Finnish Ayrshire dairy cows were used in a cyclic change-over experiment with four 21-day experimental periods and a 4 X 2 X 2 factorial arrangement of treatments to evaluate the effects of forage conservation method, concentrate level and propylene glycol (PG), and their interactions, on intake,feeding behaviour and milk production. Experimental treatments consisted of four conserved forages offered ad libitum, supplemented with two levels of a cereal-based concentrate (7 or 10 kg/day) and PG (0 and 210 g/day) offered as three meals of equal size. Forages were prepared from primary growths of timothy and meadow fescue swards and ensiled using no additive (NA), an inoculant enzyme preparation (IE) or a formic-acid based (FA) additive or conserved as hay 1 week later. Cows given silage-based diets had higher (P < 0.001) forage dry-matter (DM) intakes (mean increase 0.76 kg/day), spent less (P < 0.001) time eating and chewing (mean response -159 and -119 min/day, respectively) and produced more (P < 0.05) energy-corrected milk (ECM), milkfat and milk lactose (respective mean responses 1.52, 0.098 and 0,033 kg/day) than animals given hay-based diets. Use Of an additive during ensiling further improved (P < 0.05) silage DM intake, ECM yield and milk protein secretion (mean 0.72, 0.70 and 0.038 kg/day, respectively). Dietary inclusion of PG decreased forage DM intake for hay, IE and FA silage-based diets (mean -0.14, -0.16 and -0.42 kg/day, respectively) but elicited positive responses (mean 0.57 kg/day) for cows given NA silage. Furthermore, PG supplementation had no (P > 0.05) effects on ECM yield or milk protein output but depressed (P < 0.05) mean milk fat content from 46.6 to 45.6 g/kg. Increases in concentrate feeding were associated with a reduction in the total amount of time cows spent eating, chewing and ruminating and elicited (P < 0.001) mean DM intake, ECM yield, milk fat and milk protein responses of 1.5, 1.62, 0.061 and 0.064 kg/day, respectively. Use of a gluconeogenic substrate or increases in concentrate feeding were unable to compensate for variations in animal performance due to forage conservation method.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Recycling of vitrimer blends with tunable thermomechanical properties. Vitrimers are a new class of thermosetting polymers that can be thermally processed through bond exchange reactions (BERs) without losing network integrity. In engineering applications, the tunability of their thermomechanical properties is highly desirable to meet the requirements of different working conditions. Here, we report a simple composite-based strategy that avoids complex chemistry to prepare vitrimer blends with tunable thermomechanical properties by virtue of the good weldability of base vitrimers. Effects of processing parameters (such as temperature and time) on the properties of recycled vitrimer blends are experimentally investigated. A computational model that accounts for the random distribution of component vitrimer particles is developed to predict the thermomechanical properties of the recycled vitrimer blends with various compositions. Good agreement is achieved between theoretical prediction and experiment. Parametric studies are further conducted by employing the computational model to explore the designability and provide some basic principles to guide the design of recycled vitrimer blends. Reasonable recyclability of the vitrimer blends is verified by multiple generations of recycling experiments.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "A Dark State of Affairs': Hajj Networks, Pan-Islamism, and Dutch Colonial Surveillance during the Interwar Period. During the 1920's and 30's, the Dutch colonial government worked together with the Dutch-owned shipping conglomerate Kongsi Tiga to control hajj maritime networks linking the Netherlands East Indies and the Middle East. This was a period of increasing Dutch anxiety over weakening imperial dominion in Southeast Asia and both the colonial administration and colonial businesses feared Muslim religious networks would expose colonial subjects to anti-imperial and pan-Islamic ideas while abroad. It was vital for Dutch shipping companies to maintain segregated and highly policed spaces onboard to uphold Kongsi Tiga's monopoly over shipping between the Netherlands East Indies and Jeddah and to counter threats to Dutch hegemony more generally. Worried that \\\\'dangerous\\\\' passengers, such as Hadrami Arabs and Meccan sheikhs, would influence the general \\\\'spirit\\\\' of Indonesian pilgrims onboard by encouraging anti-colonial, nationalistic, and pan-Islamic sentiments, Kongsi Tiga systematically segregated passengers along racial, ethnic, and class lines. Racial and religious categories also informed Kongsi Tiga's reactions to indigenous shipping initiatives by Indonesian Muslims. Proposals put forth by Muslim organizations such as Muhammidiyah, were swiftly undermined by the combined forces of Dutch shipping companies and the colonial administration who worked together to maintain a Dutch monopoly over hajj shipping, not only for financial profit, but to foster Dutch control over transnationally mobile colonial subjects. This article reveals the unique and vital role shipping companies played in expanding colonial politics, culture, and society across transoceanic spaces and reconceptualizes our geographic understanding of empire as inhabiting the overlooked oceanic spaces between metropole and colony.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Effect of Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Plus Regional Hyperthermia on Long-term Outcomes Among Patients With Localized High-Risk Soft Tissue Sarcoma The EORTC 62961-ESHO 95 Randomized Clinical Trial. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Open-label, phase 3 randomized clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy and toxic effects of neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus regional hyperthermia. Adult patients (age >= 18 years) with localized soft tissue sarcoma (tumor >= 5 cm, French Federation Nationale des Centers de Lutte Contre le Cancer [FNCLCC] grade 2 or 3, deep) were accrued across 9 centers (6, Germany; 1, Norway; 1, Austria; 1, United States) from July 1997 to November 2006. Follow-up ended December 2014.IMPORTANCE Patients with soft tissue sarcoma are at risk for local recurrence and distant metastases despite optimal local treatment. Preoperative anthracycline plus ifosfamide chemotherapy improves outcome in common histological subtypes.CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Among patients with localized high-risk soft tissue sarcoma the addition of regional hyperthermia to neoadjuvant chemotherapy resulted in increased survival, as well as local progression-free survival. For patients who are candidates for neoadjuvant treatment, adding regional hyperthermia may be warranted.OBJECTIVE To analyze whether the previously reported improvement in local progression-free survival by adding regional hyperthermia to neoadjuvant chemotherapy translates into improved survival.INTERVENTIONS After stratification for tumor presentation and site, patients were randomly assigned to either neoadjuvant chemotherapy consisting of doxorubicin, ifosfamide, and etoposide alone, or combined with regional hyperthermia.RESULTS A total of 341 patients were randomized, and 329 (median [range] age, 51 [18-70] years; 147 women, 182 men) were eligible for the intention-to-treat analysis. By December 2014, 220 patients (67%; 95% CI, 62%-72%) had experienced disease relapse, and 188 (57%; 95% CI, 52%-62%) had died. Median follow-up was 11.3 years. Compared with neoadjuvant chemotherapy alone, adding regional hyperthermia improved local progression-free survival (hazard ratio [HR], 0.65; 95% CI, 0.49-0.86; P = .002). Patients randomized to chemotherapy plus hyperthermia had prolonged survival rates compared with those randomized to neoadjuvant chemotherapy alone (HR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.54-0.98; P = .04) with 5-year survival of 62.7% (95% CI, 55.2%-70.1%) vs 51.3% (95% CI, 43.7%-59.0%), respectively, and 10-year survival of 52.6% (95% CI, 44.7%-60.6%) vs 42.7% (95% CI, 35.0%-50.4%).MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary end point was local progression-free survival. Secondary end points included treatment safety and survival, with survival defined from date of randomization to death due to disease or treatment. Patients lost to follow-up were censored at the date of their last follow-up.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Cellular Mechanisms of Hepatoprotection Mediated by M2-Like Macrophages. Results: For the mouse conditioned medium experiment, stronger expression of cleaved caspase 3 and higher Bax/Bcl- 2 mRNA ratio were found in M1 macrophages pretreated with M2 CM compared to those in M1 macrophages pretreated with MO or M1 CM. Similarly, exposure of HL-7702 and HepG2 cells to either MO or M1 CM had no significant effect on cell apoptosis. Nevertheless, the frequency of hepatocyte apoptosis was substantially reduced in HL-7702 (from 32.23 +/- 2.99 to 15.37 +/- 0.69 for Annexin V+/PI+ staining, p<0.01) and HepG2 cells (from 36.1 +/- 7.26 to 15.2+1.2 for Annexin V+/PI+ staining, p<0.01) with M2 CM pretreatment.Conclusions: M2-like macrophages exert their hepatoprotective effect by promoting M1-like macrophage apoptosis but protecting against hepatocyte apoptosis.Material/Methods: Macrophages were isolated from control mice (MO macrophages), then polarized into M1 or M2 phenotype us- ing IFN-gamma or IL-4, respectively. Conditioned media (CM) from MO, Ml, and M2 macrophages were harvested and applied to M1 macrophages. Cell apoptosis was evaluated by immunostaining and real-time PCR. Similarly, human monocyte-derived macrophages were isolated and polarized, then MO, Ml, and M2 CM were applied to HL-7702 or HepG2 cells followed by apoptosis induction. Cell apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry.Background: Acute liver injury in the setting of hepatic fibrosis is an intriguing and still unsettled issue. We previously have demonstrated the protective effects conferred by M2-like macrophages in the fibrotic liver. In the present work, we further decipher the cellular mechanisms governing this hepatoprotection.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "CONTINUITY AND CHANGE: AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY IN THE ERA OF DONALD TRUMP THROUGH THE LENS OF ROLE THEORY. Since Donald Trump's inauguration in the office, there have appeared many articles dealing with changes and shifts in the American foreign policy (see, for example Ikenberry 2018; Drezner 2019 or Jervis et al. 2018). There have been ongoing discussions, whether and to what degree the rhetoric of Donald Trump really corresponded with his political actions and whether and to what degree the American foreign policy had really changed. This article tried to contribute to this debate by applying the role theory approach to determine the changes and continuity in the American foreign policy. Using the Holsti's (1970) and Le Prestre's (1997) approach to role theory, it examined the changes in the American national role conceptions. The article aimed at detecting key categories of national role conceptions under Harry Truman ' s and Donald Trump ' s administration. The obtained results from these two eras were compared and subsequently evaluated through statistical analysis. The results show that despite some minor changes, national role conceptions which define and stabilize the political actions of the USA in the international system, were similar both in Harry Truman and Donald Trump era. These findings may support the assertions of the authors who argue that the American foreign policy shows some distinct similar traits in the long run. Further research may be aimed at detailed discourse analysis of national roles, which may provide more detailed insight in the development of the respective national roles.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Determining the Proper Standard of Causation to Support a Conviction Under 18 U.S.C. 1347 When Healthcare Fraud 'Results in Death. The circuit courts of appeals are currently divided as to the appropriate standard of causation required by the \\\\'results in death\\\\' language of the healthcare-fraud statute, 18 U.S.C. 1347. Because the Sixth Circuit's proximate-cause standard respects fundamental principles of causation, acknowledges the key distinctions between this statute and narrower drug statutes, and comports with other courts' interpretations of penalty-enhancing statutes, this Note argues that Congress should clarify the statutory language or the Supreme Court should resolve the matter by explicitly adopting the Sixth Circuit's proximate-cause standard.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Grasshopper Fecundity Responses to Grazing and Fire in a Tallgrass Prairie. Grasshopper abundance and diversity vary with management practices such as fire and grazing. Understanding how grasshopper life history traits such as fecundity respond to management practices is key to predicting grasshopper population dynamics in heterogeneous environments. Landscape-level experimental fire and bison grazing treatments at the Konza Prairie Biological Station (Manhattan, KS) provide an opportunity to examine how management affects grasshopper fecundity. Here we report on grasshopper fecundity for nine common species at Konza Prairie. From 2007 to 2009, adult female grasshoppers were collected every 3 wk from eight watersheds that varied in fire and grazing treatments. Fecundity was measured by examining female reproductive tracts, which contain a record of past and current reproductive activity. Body size was a poor predictor of fecundity for all species. Despite large differences in vegetation structure and composition with management regime (grazing and fire interval), we observed little effect of management on grasshopper fecundity. Habitat characteristics (grasshopper density, vegetation biomass, and vegetation quality; measured in 2008 and 2009) were better predictors of past fecundity than current fecundity, with species-specific responses. Fecundity increased throughout the summer, indicating that grasshoppers were able to acquire sufficient nutritional resources for egg production in the early fall when vegetation quality is generally low. Because fecundity did not vary across management treatments, population stage structure may be more important for determining population level reproduction than management regime at Konza Prairie.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "The Epistemological Aspects in the Historical Works of Don Bates. The object of this paper is to systematize an epistemological framework of analysis derived from Don Bates's extended essay \\\\'Medicine and The Soul of Science,\\\\' and apply that framework to a number of problems connected to medical knowledge, addressed in previous research by the author. The paper also draws from Bates's earlier work, especially the two-part \\\\' Closing the Circle\\\\' on William Harvey and the reception of his ideas by his contemporaries, and from contrasting and comparing it to the work of philosophers and historians of science who tackled similar problems, most notably Ludwik Fleck, Thomas Kuhn, and Ian Hacking. The resulting framework is based on three main concepts: constructed coherencing, the unproblematic background knowledge (UBK), and the mechanical mind. The paper closes with an application of that framework to the discussion of knowledge in medicine and the definition of diseases.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Feeding behavior of the spittlebug Deois flavopicta (Homoptera : Cercopidae) on wild and cultivated host plants. We studied the movement and feeding behavior of nymphs of the grass feeding spittlebug Deois flavopicta Stal to evaluate the role of host plant species on the spatial distribution of the nymphs. The inter- and intraplant foraging patterns of the nymphs contributed to their patchy distributions. The young nymphs, despite their weak motility, moved from the hatching spot and chose feeding sites. They tend to move less when host plants were present. Plant quality near hatching sites influenced the movement pattern of newly hatched nymphs. Egg densities at the oviposition sites did not influenced the movement of newly hatched nymphs. The distribution of nymphs in relation to differences in host species and shoot age of host plant was studied in the field and in multiple choice experiments. Both young and old nymphs preferred plants of the introduced host in the genus Brachiaria over the native grass Axonopus marginatus (Trinius) Chase. The nymphs fed gregariously on buds and young shoots as first and second instars and in small groups of third, fourth, and fifth instars on old shoots of different sizes. These patterns of attack may he related to differences in tissue hardness or amino acid content between young and old shoots, and between host species. Nymphal survivorship was higher on B. ruziziensis, the preferred host plant. In addition, survivorship of newly hatched nymphs was higher on young buds and shoots compared with old shoots. The possible consequences of nymphal feeding behavior on population dynamics are discussed.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Ion-assisted low-temperature (<=150 degrees C) epitaxial growth of TiN on Cu by reactive magnetron sputter deposition. TiN films were grown at less than or equal to 150 degrees C on polycrystalline Cu substrates, with grain sizes of 10-30 mu m, by magnetically-unbalanced reactive magnetron sputtering in mixed Ar/N-2 discharges. The applied negative substrate bias V-s and the ion/metal ratio J(i)/J(Ti) incident at the growing film (>96% of the ions were Ar+) were varied independently: V-s=0-300 V with J(i)/J(Ti)=0.4, and J(i)/J(Ti)=0.4-9 with V-s=100 V. Films grown with J(i)/J(Ti)=0.4 were polycrystalline, with average grain sizes (d) much smaller than underlying Cu grains, and underdense. Increasing V-s, at J(i)/J(Ti)=0.4, increased [d] from 10 to 20 nm and resulted in densification, although intercolumnar boundaries remained partially voided. Unbiased J(i)/J(Ti)=0.4 films were randomly oriented while biased samples grew epitaxially with the underlying grains for thicknesses up to similar to 30 nm before the growth front gradually broke down locally to initiate competitive columnar growth. In sharp contrast, TiN films grown with J(i)/J(Ti)greater than or equal to 4 and V-s=100 V were found to be dense and to grow completely epitaxially over entire Cu grains. In addition to (001) ''cube-on-cube'' epitaxy, more complex relationships were observed on differently oriented Cu grains in which the TiN overlayers exhibited self-organized crystallographic tilts and/or rotations in order to reduce interfacial misfit and, hence, long-range epitaxial strain. Examples are (001)(TiN)parallel to(011)(Cu) with [100](TiN)parallel to[2(1) over bar1$](Cu) and (011)(TiN)parallel to(011)(Cu) with [0(1) over bar1$](TiN)parallel to[100](Cu).", "label": [4, 1, 32, 11]}
+{"token": "CLOSED-LOOP OPTIMAL FUZZY REASONING AND ITS ROBUSTNESS ANALYSIS. Optimal fuzzy reasoning introduces the idea of optimization into fuzzy reasoning, which treats fuzzy reasoning as a process of optimization rather than logical inference. The fuzzy rule base, the fuzzy reasoning method, and the corresponding reasoning goals/constraints define the three distinct ingredients of fuzzy reasoning. Closed-loop optimal fuzzy reasoning introduces the idea of optimization and feedback into fuzzy reasoning. It provides a full framework for treating fuzzy reasoning as a control problem, and presents a feasible way for improving performances of fuzzy reasoning. Robustness is an important topic in the control field. In the previous papers, robustness of fuzzy reasoning had been discussed based on the random fuzzy relation matrix and/or fuzzy premise, and Monte Carlo simulation results display (closed-loop) optimal fuzzy reasoning can improve robustness. In this chapter, firstly introduce two kinds of closed-loop optimal fuzzy reasoning methods based on the idea of adaptive and filter respectively; secondly provide a typical model from applications of fuzzy control for discussing the robustness of fuzzy reasoning methods, where linear rule base and standard triangle membership functions are used; thirdly compare robustness of different fuzzy reasoning methods based on the above model and select the method based on different control goals. It can be expected that closed-loop optimal fuzzy reasoning methods can be used for modeling and control of complex systems and for decision-making under complex environments.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "GiovanBattistaDellaPorta andFrancisBacon on the creative power of experimentation. This special issue brings to the attention of the scholarly community some of the common features and some of the subtle, but important, differences between Francis Bacon's and Giovan Battista Della Porta's ways of dealing with the reading, selecting, enacting, and recording of recipes. Focusing on questions of genre, intellectual and material context, strategies of research, and strategies of performing recipes, the four papers of this special issue address two major issues. First, they shed new light on the relationship between Della Porta'sMagia naturalisand Francis Bacon'sSylva sylvarum. Second, they show that in the recording of their experimental practices, Bacon and Della Porta depart from the traditional \\\\'recipe format\\\\' and discover new avenues of experimental research.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "The African Swine Fever Isolate ASFV-Kenya-IX-1033 Is Highly Virulent and Stable after Propagation in the Wild Boar Cell Line WSL. We describe the characterization of an African swine fever genotype IX virus (ASFV-Kenya-IX-1033), which was isolated from a domestic pig in western Kenya during a reported outbreak. This includes the efficiency of virus replication and in vivo virulence, together with genome stability and virulence, following passage in blood macrophages and in a wild boar lung cell line (WSL). The ASFV-Kenya-IX-1033 stock retained its ability to replicate in primary macrophages and retained virulence in vivo, following more than 20 passages in a WSL. At the whole genome level, a few single-nucleotide differences were observed between the macrophage and WSL-propagated viruses. Thus, we propose that the WSL is suitable for the production of live-attenuated ASFV vaccine candidates based on the modification of this wild-type isolate. The genome sequences for ASFV-Kenya-IX-1033 propagated in macrophages and in WSL cells were submitted to GenBank, and a challenge model based on the isolate was developed. This will aid the development of vaccines against the genotype IX ASFV circulating in eastern and central Africa.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Imported inputs and privatization in downstream mixed oligopoly with foreign ownership. This paper examines welfare implications of privatization in a mixed oligopoly with vertically related markets, where an upstream foreign monopolist sells an essential input to public and private firms located downstream in the domestic country. The impact on domestic welfare of privatizing the downstream public firm is shown to contain three effects. The first is an output distortion effect, which negatively affects welfare since privatization decreases the production of final good for consumption. The second is an input price lowering effect resulting from a decrease in derived demand for the input. When the level of privatization increases, a decrease in final good production lowers input demand, causing input price to decline and domestic welfare to increase. The third is a rent-leaking effect associated with foreign ownership in the downstream private firm. The rival domestic firm strategically increases its final good production, causing profits accrued to foreign investors to increase and domestic welfare to decline. Without foreign ownership in the downstream private firm, the optimal policy toward the public firm is complete privatization as the output distortion effect is dominated by the input price lowering effect. With foreign ownership, however, complete privatization can never be socially optimal due to the additional negative impact on domestic welfare of the rent-leaking effect. We further discuss implications for domesticwelfare under different privatization schemes (e.g., selling the privatization shares to the upstream foreign monopolist or to the rival domestic firm).", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Photometry of the five marginally studied open clusters Collinder 74, Berkeley 27, Haffner 8, NGC 2509, and VdB-Hagen 4. Aims. We aim to obtain the basic parameters of these objects, which in some cases are still disputed in the literature. In the case of VdB-Hagen 4 we provide the first estimate of its fundamental parameters, while for Ha. ner 8 we present the first CCD photometry.Results. The analysis we carried out allowed us to solve a few inconsistencies in the literature regarding Ha. ner 8 and NGC 2509. Collinder 74 is found to be significantly older than reported before. VdB-Hagen 4 is a young open cluster located more than 20 kpc from the Galactic center. Such an extreme distance is compatible with the cluster belonging to the Norma-Cygnus arm.Context. The stellar populations in the outer Galactic disk are a subject of wide interest nowadays. To contribute to a better picture of this part of the Galaxy, we have studied the nature of five marginally investigated star clusters (Collinder 74, Berkeley 27, Ha. ner 8, NGC 2509, and VdB-Hagen4) by means of accurate CCD photometry in the V and I passbands. These clusters are in fact located in the third Galactic quadrant.Methods. The analysis is based on the comparison between field stars decontaminated color magnitude diagrams and stellar models. Particular care is devoted to the the assessment of the data quality and the statistical field star decontamination. The Padova library of stellar isochrones is adopted in this study.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Equinoctial asymmetry in the zonal distribution of scintillation as observed by GPS receivers in Indonesia. We investigate the azimuthal distribution of amplitude scintillation observed by Global Positioning System (GPS) ground receivers at Pontianak (0.0 degrees S, 109.3 degrees E; magnetic latitude: 9.8 degrees S) and Bandung (6.9 degrees S, 107.6 degrees E; magnetic latitude: 16.7 degrees S) in Indonesia in March and September from 2011 to 2015. The scintillation is found to occur more to the west than to the east in March at both stations, whereas no such zonal difference is found in September. We also analyze the zonal scintillation drift as estimated using three closely spaced single-frequency GPS receivers at Kototabang (0.2 degrees S, 100.3 degrees E; magnetic latitude: 9.9 degrees S) in Indonesia during 2003-2015 and the zonal thermospheric neutral wind as measured by the CHAMP satellite at longitudes of 90 degrees-120 degrees E during 2001-2008. We find that the velocities of both the zonal scintillation drift and the neutral wind decrease with increasing latitudes. Interestingly, the latitudinal gradients of both the zonal scintillation drift and the neutral wind are steeper in March than in September. These steeper March gradients may be responsible for the increased westward altitudinal and latitudinal tilting of plasma bubbles in March. This equinoctial asymmetry could be responsible for the observed westward bias in scintillation in March, because the scintillation is more likely to occur when radio waves pass through longer lengths of plasma irregularities in the plasma bubbles.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Passage kinetics of internal and external markers in lactating dairy cows. Particle passage kinetics in dairy cows was assessed using acid detergent fibre (ADF) associated N-15 as an internal marker and chromium (Cr) mordanted grass silage, ytterbium (Yb) labelled grass silage and dysprosium (Dy) labelled faccal particles as external markers. Kinetic parameters were estimated using two-compartment models assuming gamma time-dependent (G3) passage rate in the first compartment and age-independent (G1) in the second compartment. Parameter estimates were consistent between ADF-N-15 and Cr, but for Yb and Dy the total mean retention time and retention time in the age-independent compartment was shorter.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Partners no more: Relational transformation and the turn to litigation in two conservationist organizations. The rise in litigation against administrative bodies by environmental and other political interest groups worldwide has been explained predominantly through the liberalization of standing doctrines. Under this explanation, termed here \\\\'the floodgate model,\\\\' restrictive standing rules have dammed the flow of suits that groups were otherwise ready and eager to pursue. I examine this hypothesis by analyzing processes of institutional transformation in two conservationist organizations: the Sierra Club in the United States and the Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel (SPNI). Rather than an eagerness to embrace newly available litigation opportunities, as the \\\\'floodgate\\\\' model would predict, the groups' history reveals a gradual process of transformation marked by internal, largely intergenerational divisions between those who abhorred conflict with state institutions and those who saw such conflict as not only appropriate but necessary to the mission of the group. Furthermore, in contrast to the pluralist interactions that the \\\\'floodgate model\\\\' imagines, both groups' relations with pertinent agencies in earlier eras better accorded with the partnership-based corporatist paradigm. Sociolegal research has long indicated the importance of relational distance to the transformation of interpersonal disputes. I argue that, at the group level as well, the presence or absence of a (national) partnership-centered relationship determines propensities to bring political issues to court. As such, well beyond change in groups' legal capacity and resources, current increases in levels of political litigation suggest more fundamental transformations in the structure and meaning of relations between citizen groups and the state.", "label": [3, 5, 26, 51]}
+{"token": "National Culture, Economy, and Customer Lifetime Value: Assessing the Relative Impact of the Drivers of Customer Lifetime Value for a Global Retailer. Customer lifetime value (CLV), a metric used in many industries, is based on the cumulated cash flow a customer accrues during his or her lifetime. Firms have used CLV as a basis for formulating and implementing customer-specific strategies; however, these can vary across countries because of each country's cultural and economic influences. Typically, CLV is computed with three components: purchase frequency, contribution margin, and marketing costs. In this study, the authors demonstrate that national cultural dimensions affect the drivers of purchase frequency and contribution margin and that economic factors influence the components of CLV directly. They use customer-level transaction data from a global retailer for a random sample of customers in 30 representative countries over a six-year period. They estimate the model using a seemingly unrelated regression approach while accounting for the heterogeneity of customers across countries and the endogeneity of marketing costs incurred by the firm. The results indicate that global retailers should pay attention to the dimensions of national culture and economic conditions because of their differential impact on CLV.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "Description of a new species of Foenatopus Smith (Hymenoptera, Stephanidae), with a key to the species from Vietnam. Foenatopus meridionalis Ge & Tan, sp. nov., as the first species of the genus Foenatopus Smith, 1861 discovered from southern Vietnam, is reported and illustrated in detail. The key to the species of Foenatopus from Vietnam is compiled. A distribution map of the Vietnamese species is provided.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Electricity as an effective weed control tool in non-crop areas. While weed management is often thought of as an agricultural issue, weeds are also problematic for homeowners, public space managers and utilities. In these situations, weeds are typically hand-pulled, mechanically treated or managed via herbicides. Hand pulling and mechanical treatments are labour-intensive, and all control methods may have unintended off-target impacts, necessitating new alternatives for weed control. We have developed a method of using electricity to effectively manage unwanted plants. A series of experiments was conducted with the aim of developing operating protocols with consideration to specific scenarios: we tested a system on Morus alba (mulberry) and Ulmus pumila saplings, determined the response of Tamarix spp. (tamarisk) to different electricity doses, evaluated electricity as pre-emergent weed control in xeriscaping, and tested the ability of electricity to prevent climbing growth by the vine Convolvulus arvensis (field bindweed). Tests on M. alba and U. pumila demonstrated that low doses of electricity applied over several days are effective in killing trees up to 20 cm in diameter. The Tamarix experiment showed that the plants displayed typical dose-response characteristics with higher doses leading to less plant growth. Results of the pre-emergent weed control experiment demonstrated the excellent ability of electricity to prevent weed growth, with treated plots having a mean weed cover of 4% compared to 94% in control plots after 4 months. Finally, electricity was shown to be 100% effective in preventing C. arvensis from climbing poles. Our results indicate that electricity is a viable alternative to manual, mechanical or chemical methods for small tree control, pre-emergent weed control in xeriscaping, and prevention of climbing weeds.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "PARADOXES OF TEMPORALITY: REMEMBERING PEASANT UPRISINGS 100 YEARS LATER. The article problematizes the phenomena of memory and oblivion of the Civil War peasant revolts in Russian society, through the case studies of the regions of Tyumen and Tambov. Specifically, studied were memorial narratives about the events that took place in the 1920s. These narratives revealed some temporal shifts, whereby the respondents would unexpectedly start to talk about other epochs instead of the events in question. Here, various ways of dealing with time can be considered part of trying to understand the past in a situation when social memory is almost gone, but specific events are still remembered and seen as quite significant.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Cross- cutting issues, intraparty dissent and party strategy: The issue of European integration in the House of Commons. When do legislative opposition parties use wedge issues to attack the government? In this article, I focus on the issue of European integration and its impact on party strategy in the 1992-1997 British House of Commons. Utilizing both voting and rhetorical data, the analysis reveals that both government and opposition were split on the issue, and thus the opposition was not able to use it. This, I argue, stems from the complexity of the issue, i.e. the fact that it combines redistributive cleavages with pre- and post-material ones, which cannot be suppressed by party leaders. The results demonstrate the importance of taking into consideration both the government's and the opposition's cohesion in modeling party strategies. Further, the combination of voting and rhetorical data adds to our understanding of the dimensionality and structure of partisan ideologies in Europe.We have won more elections than any party in Britain because we are the most united and the most determined party in Britain. Over the same period Labour has been the most divided and the most undisciplined party. That is why they have lost, and lost, and lost, and lost again. Sir Norman Fowler, Conservative Party Chairman, 1992 Party Conference.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "PROTHROMBOTIC EVENTS IN THE PRODROMAL STAGES OF ACUTE LAMINITIS IN HORSES. Prothrombotic changes occurring in the prodromal stages of carbohydrate-induced laminitis were investigated. Hemostatic alterations were evaluated by determining platelet counts, platelet survival, activated partial thromboplastin time, one-stage prothrombin time, and monocyte procoagulant activity. Thrombosis of vessels in the hoof wall was evaluated by contrast arteriography and histologic examination. Of 5 horses, 4 became lame between 28 and 52 hours after carbohydrate administration. Mean platelet count in laminitis-affected horses was lower throughout the prodromal stages of laminitis, compared with that in control horses, but differences were not statistically significant. However, survival of indium-111-labeled platelets was less than the value in control horses by 6 hours after carbohydrate administration. Arteriography of disarticulated feet revealed marked reduction in blood supply to hooves in laminitis-affected horses. Histologic examination of the laminar dermis disclosed microthrombi in venules of the laminar dermis in 2 of 4 affected horses. Statistically significant changes in prothrombin time were not observed, and changes in activated partial thromboplastin time were slight and occurred only at the onset of lameness. Statistically significant changes in monocyte procoagulant activity were not observed. Plasma endotoxin-like activity was not detected in laminitis-affected horses. These data indicate that platelet survival was decreased within the first 6 hours after induction of carbohydrate-induced laminitis, but systemic activation of the coagulation system was not detected.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "A Sec14p-nodulin domain phosphatidylinositol transfer protein polarizes membrane growth of Arabidopsis thaliana root hairs. Phosphatidylinositol (Ptdlns) transfer proteins (PITPs) regulate signaling interfaces between lipid metabolism and membrane trafficking. Herein, we demonstrate that AtSfh1p, a member of a large and uncharacterized Arabidopsis thaliana Secl4p-nodulin domain family, is a PITP that regulates a specific stage in root hair development. AtSfh1p localizes along the root hair plasma membrane and is enriched in discrete plasma membrane domains and in the root hair tip cytoplasm. This localization pattern recapitulates that visualized for Ptdlns(4,5)P-2 in developing root hairs. Gene ablation experiments show AtSfh1p nullizygosity compromises polarized root hair expansion in a manner that coincides with loss of tip-directed Ptdlns(4,5)P2, dispersal of secretary vesicles from the tip cytoplasm, loss of the tip f-actin network, and manifest disorganization of the root hair microtubule cytoskeleton. Derangement of tip-directed Ca2+ gradients is also apparent and results from isotropic influx of Ca2+ from the extracellular milieu. We propose AtSfh1p regulates intracellular and plasma membrane phosphoinositide polarity landmarks that focus membrane trafficking, Ca2+ signaling, and cytoskeleton functions to the growing root hair apex. We further suggest that Sec14p-nodulin domain proteins represent a family of regulators of polarized membrane growth in plants.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Discovery and Functional Evaluation of Ciliary Proteins in Tetrahymena thermophila. The ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila is an excellent model system for the discovery and functional studies of ciliary proteins. The power of the model is based on the ease with which cilia can be purified in large quantities for fractionation and proteomic identification, and the ability to knock out any gene by homologous DNA recombination. Here, we include methods used by our laboratories for isolation and fractionation of cilia, in vivo tagging and localization of ciliary proteins, and the evaluation of ciliary mutants.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "When students offer explanations without the teacher explicitly asking them to. The act of explaining can help students to develop new understandings of mathematical ideas, construct rules for solving problems, become aware of misunderstandings or a lack of understanding and develop their mathematical communication. Their explanations can also offer opportunities for a teacher to understand more fully what the students are thinking. Yet, previous research has focused mainly on tasks, questions and other teacher actions that prompt student explanations and on generalising what counts as an explanation. Using a conversation analytic approach, transcripts of mathematics lessons from different schools and different teachers were analysed, looking specifically at the interactions where students gave explanations. This paper describes two interactional contexts where students gave explanations without being explicitly asked for one by the teacher. The structures and content of the interactions in which these student explanations occur reveal further ways in which teachers can encourage students to offer explanations beyond asking how or why questions. We suggest that awareness of the underlying structures of interactions is likely to leave the teacher better equipped to exploit such situations as they arise in their classrooms.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Dissipative instability in a partially ionised prominence plasma slab. Aims. We aim to investigate the nature of dissipative instability appearing in a prominence planar thread filled with partially ionised plasma in the incompressible limit. The importance of partial ionisation is investigated in terms of the ionisation factor and the wavelength of sausage and kink waves propagating in the slab.Methods. In order to highlight the role of partial ionisation, we have constructed models describing various situations we can meet in solar prominence fine structure. Matching the solutions for the transversal component of the velocity and total pressure at the interfaces between the prominence slab and surrounding plasmas, we derived a dispersion relation whose imaginary part describes the evolution of the instability.Conclusions. The present study improves our understanding of the complexity of dynamical processes and stability of solar prominences and the role partial ionisation in destabilising the plasma. We showed the necessity of two-fluid approximation when discussing the nature of instabilities: waves in a single fluid approximation show a great deal of stability. Our results clearly show that the problem of partial ionisation introduces new aspects of plasma stability with consequences on the evolution of partially ionised plasmas and solar prominences, in particular.Results were obtained in the limit of weak dissipation. We have investigated the appearance of instabilities in prominence dark plumes using single and two-fluid approximations. Results. Using simple analytical methods, we show that dissipative instabilities appear for flow speeds that are less than the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability threshold. The onset of instability is determined by the equilibrium flow strength, the ionisation factor of the plasma, the wavelength of waves and the ion-neutral collisional rate. For a given wavelength and for ionisation degrees closer to a neutral gas, the propagating waves become unstable for a narrow band of flow speeds, meaning that neutrals have a stabilising effect. Our results show that the partially ionised plasma describing prominence dark plumes becomes unstable only in a two-fluid (charged particles-neutrals) model, that is for periods that are smaller than the ion-neutral collision time.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "The influence of galactic outflows on the formation of nearby dwarf galaxies. We show that the gas in growing density perturbations is vulnerable to the influence of winds outflowing from nearby collapsed galaxies that have already formed stars. This suggests that the formation of nearby galaxies with masses less than or similar to 10(9) M. is likely to be suppressed, irrespective of the details of galaxy formation. An impinging wind may shock-heat the gas of a nearby perturbation to above the virial temperature, thereby mechanically evaporating the gas, or the baryons may be stripped from the perturbation entirely if they are accelerated to above the escape velocity. We show that baryonic stripping is the most effective of these two processes, because shock-heated clouds that are too large to be stripped are able to radiatively cool within a sound crossing time, limiting evaporation. The intergalactic medium temperatures and star formation rates required for outflows to have a significant influence on the formation of low-mass galaxies are consistent with current observations, but may soon be examined directly via associated distortions in the cosmic microwave background and with near-infrared observations from the Next Generation Space Telescope, which may detect the supernovae from early-forming stars.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Supporting agile innovation and knowledge by managing human resource flexibility. Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study the implications of managing human resource (HR) flexibility and absorptive capacity (AC) of knowledge for the implementation of agile innovation methods in the new product development (NPD) process of manufacturing firms. Design/methodology/approach To achieve this, the authors have carried out a meta-analysis by defining first a research question that determines the design of bibliometric data and compilation. The study question is: How firms can support agile initiatives in innovation considering their HR flexibility and AC? The Web of Science Collection has been consulted in three steps with several search strings. The analysis of 161 references without duplicities in the period 1997-2021 provides the foundations for exploring the research question. Findings The authors propose research hypotheses to analyze the interrelationship between HR flexibility, AC and agile innovation according to the literature-based discussion. The authors have identified and develop metrics to pilot the transition to agile that have been also adapted to specific innovation departures points before the transition. The authors also propose and discuss some organizational changes and practical guidelines to pilot transitions to agile that should be useful to the firm's strategic decision of implementing the most adequate type of agile innovation. Originality/value Even though flexibility and innovation are very important needs for many firms, agile schemes are still under-studied topics in the NPD of manufacturing firms. There are no specific studies in the literature that analyze the interrelationship between HR flexibility, AC and agile innovation, identifying common aspects and different approaches. Thus, this study is of original nature and the developed managerial tools, composed of metrics and organizational changes, will be useful to managers and permitted the authors to achieve the proposed goal.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "Cloransulam antagonizes annual grass control with aryloxyphenoxypropionate graminicides but not cyclohexanediones. Field, greenhouse, and laboratory studies were conducted to examine the potential for antagonism of postemergence graminicides when tank-mixed with cloransulam and to determine the role of herbicide absorption and translocation in observed antagonistic responses. Cloransulam antagonized annual grass control with aryloxyphenoxypropionate herbicides fluazifop-P, quizalofop, and the prepackaged formulation of fluazifop-P plus fenoxaprop. Cloransulam did not affect annual grass control with the cyclohexandiones clethodim and sethoxydim. In the greenhouse, increasing the rate of the graminicides was a more effective strategy for overcoming antagonism for quizalofop than for fluazifop-P or fluazifop-P plus fenoxaprop, and success was species dependent. Annual grass control with clethodim, sethoxydim, and glyphosate was not adversely affected by tank mixtures with cloransulam. Control of large rhizome johnsongrass was initially reduced when cloransulam was mixed with sethoxydim, fluazifop-P plus fenoxaprop, or quizalofop. By 6 wk after treatment, control of rhizome johnsongrass was antagonized only when cloransulam was mixed with sethoxydim. Rainfall within 1.5 h of application reduced johnsongrass control with glyphosate and sethoxydim but did not affect activity of the other herbicides. Absorption of C-14-fluazifop-P and C-14- quizalofop into broadleaf signalgrass was not affected by cloransulam 6 or 24 h after treatment. Translocation of C-14-fluazifop-P to broadleaf signalgrass shoot tissue above and below the treated leaf was decreased when fluazifop-P was combined with cloransulam. Translocation of quizalofop was not affected by cloransulam.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Effect of operational parameters on anaerobic co-digestion of dairy cattle manure and agricultural residues: A case study for the Kahramanmaras region in Turkey. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of temperature and hydraulic retention time (HRT) on anaerobic co-digestion/biomethanation of cattle manure and agricultural residues (clover, grass and wheat straw). For this purpose, 12 semi-continuous reactors, fed with/without agricultural residues, were operated under varied temperature (10 +/-, 20 +/- and 35 +/- 1 degrees C) and HRT (20 and 30 days) conditions. During the experimental study, all reactors were fed once on a daily basis and operated with an organic loading rate of 3 g volatile solids (VS)/L x d. Daily biogas production, pH, biogas composition, volatile fatty acids, chemical oxygen demand and solids' (dry matter andVS) concentrations were analyzed. Results indicate that the effect of agricultural residue addition did not influence the rate and extent of biomethanation of cattle manure. An effect of temperature was clearly observed on reactor performance for both operational HRTs of 20 and 30 days. At 35 +/- 1 degrees C, reactors produced 299-324 mL biogas/g VS added, whereas this value remained between 87-138 mL biogas/g VS for the reactors run at 20+ degrees C. The results were comparable to the studies performed on anaerobic digestion of cattle manure in terms of both methane production yield (39-182 mL CH4/g VS added) and dry matter reduction efficiencies (33-51%).", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "1998 PSA residential address: The value of sociology. What is the value-added character of sociology? In an era of change and unease in higher education, can a case be made for sociology in terms of intellectual and scholarly substance rather than in terms of bureaucratic and political considerations? As a scholarly and instructional activity, what is the value of sociology beyond what other disciplines have to offer? I address these questions affirmatively in this paper by identifying and elaborating four distinctive foci of the sociological eye that together frame the window onto the world that sociology provides. These distinctive features are a focus on the relational connections among the constituent elements of the objects of sociological analysis; a focus on the socially contextual embeddedness of those objects of analysis; a focus on vexing social conditions and processes construed as social problems; and an ironic perspective, that is, a penchant for discerning and illuminating the incongruous, unexpected, discrepant aspects of social life. I argue that these foci are more pronounced in sociology than in other social sciences and that together they congeal into a window onto the social world that is unique among the social sciences and humanities, thus accounting for the value-added character of sociology.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Astrosphaeriella from Taiwan, including two new species. A modified generic concept is adopted in the study of ascomycetes referred to Astrosphaeriella from Taiwan. Seven species, including two new species, are described and illustrated. A key to the Taiwan species is also provided. Those species with striate ascospores are found to constitute a distinct group within Astrosphaeriella and can readily be distinguished from the other species in Astrosphaeriella.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Asymptotic estimates for a perturbation of the linearization of an equation for compressible viscous fluid flow. We prove a priori estimates for a linear system of partial differential equations originating from the equations for the flow of a barotropic compressible viscous fluid under the influence of the gravity it generates. These estimates will be used in a forthcoming paper to prove the nonlinear stability of the motionless, spherically symmetric equilibrium states of barotropic, self-gravitating viscous fluids with respect to perturbations of zero total angular momentum. These equilibrium states as well as the non-stationary solutions occupy part of space, and a constant pressure is assumed on the free surface, but no surface tension.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Accurate Analytical BER Performance for ZF Receivers Under Imperfect Channel in Low-SNR Region for Large Receiving Antennas. Most analytical work for zero-forcing (ZF) receivers are conducted for small-scale multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems in large signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) region and under small channel estimation error conditions. Using large receiving antennas, systems are expected to work in the low-SNR region and under large channel estimation error. In these conditions, we observe an obvious mismatch between the existing analytical results and the simulations. In this letter, we derive an accurate analytical bit error rate (BER) expression for ZF receivers under imperfect channel estimation. We show that our results match nicely with the simulations in small-scale and large-scale MIMO systems, even when large channel estimation error presents.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "CARDIAC ADENYLATE DEAMINASE - MOLECULAR, KINETIC AND REGULATORY PROPERTIES UNDER PHOSPHATE-FREE CONDITIONS. Adenylate deaminase (EC 3.5.4.6) may help to regulate the adenine nucleotide catabolism characteristic of such disease states as myocardial ischaemia. We report analysis of the molecular, kinetic and allosteric properties of rabbit heart adenylate deaminase when extracted and purified under phosphate-free conditions (i.e., with Hepes/KOH). The enzyme's subunit molecular mass (similar to 81 kDa), pI (6.5), substrate specificity for 5'-AMP, and activation by K+ were identical in the absence or presence of phosphate. At each chromatographic step during isolation without phosphate, cardiac adenylate deaminase showed a lower apparent activity as compared with the enzyme prepared with phosphate present. Kinetic constants for the phosphate-free rabbit heart adenylate deaminase preparation (K-m 0.54 mM AMP; V-max 1.4 mu mol/min per mg of protein) were similar to 10-fold lower than those of the enzyme isolated with phosphate. The same irreversible decrease in kinetic constants could be achieved by dialysing phosphate from the phosphate-containing enzyme preparation. The relationship between enzyme activity and substrate concentration was sigmoidal in the presence of phosphate, but hyperbolic in its absence. Cardiac adenylate deaminase under phosphate-free conditions was no longer allosterically activated by ATP and ADP, yet remained inhibitable by GTP. Enzyme inhibition by the transition-state mimic coformycin was not influenced by phosphate status. The phosphate-free preparation of rabbit heart adenylate deaminase was markedly labile and extremely susceptible to proteolysis by trypsin or chymotrypsin. The inactivation kinetics and fragmentation pattern in response to controlled proteolysis depended on whether the enzyme had been isolated with or without phosphate present, suggesting a conformational difference between the two enzyme preparations. These data constitute direct evidence that the absence of phosphate irreversibly converts cardiac adenylate deaminase into a pseudoiso-enzyme with distinct kinetic, regulatory and stability properties.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Making Connoisseurship 'Something Like an Exact Science': Berenson and Photography. Since its invention, photography has revolutionized the documentation of art. The author investigates how technological advancements of photography between 1880 and 1930 transformed Bernard Berenson's methodology in connoisseurship and art historical research in general. The paper analyzes Berenson's writings and examines the origin and development of different sections of the photograph archive that the American art historian created. Key findings include the organization of photography campaigns, the partnership with other art historians and photographers, and the acquisition of black-and-white photographic prints made with newly developed techniques before the advent of color photography.[This article expands on a paper presented at the Technological Revolutions and Art History Symposium held online in November 2020.]", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "A Transforming Path - The Pilgrims' Songs. This article introduces the composition of the Pilgrim Psalms (120-134). Psalm 122 plays a key role in this. Jerusalem, the destination of the trip, will be a stop on the way. The pilgrimage to the place of faith becomes a path to the points of suffering in society. The background comes into view with Psalm 123, a psalm lacking an expression of trust, the low point of the entire trip. It begins the spiritual work that always occurs in places of faith: The language of power and the language of religion have become intermingled and perverted perceptions of God. Psalm 123 counteracts this misunderstanding of God by addressing God. In Psalm 123 the power and nature of prayer can be experienced intensely. Prayer is the discovery of God's surrender to us humans and an act of freedom in relation to the existing balance of power.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Climatic and anthropogenic forcing of prehistorical vegetation succession and fire dynamics in the Lago di Como area (N-Italy, Insubria). Combined pollen, charcoal and modeling evidence from the Insubria Region suggests that fire was a major driver of late Holocene vegetation change. However, the extent and timing of fire response dynamics are not clear yet. We use lacustrine sediments from Lago di Como (N-Italy, S-Alps) to assess if the reconstructed vegetation and fire dynamics were relevant at large scales and if they coincided in time with those observed at smaller sites. The lake, due to its size (142 km(2)) and economic potential, was very attractive for early land use and human presence in this area is well documented since ca. 10,000 yrs ago (Mesolithic). We used pollen, plant macrofossils and charcoal to reconstruct the vegetation composition and fire activity. During the Younger Dryas and the Early Holocene until ca. 8000 cal BP natural dynamics prevailed. Subsequently, land use and slash-and-burn activities increased at the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition and became widespread around ca. 6500 cal BP. Microscopic charcoal and numerical analyses demonstrate that anthropogenic fires had a determinant influence on long-term vegetation dynamics at regional scales in Insubria. Microscopic charcoal and pollen and spores indicative of land use show that human pressure intensified after ca. 5300 cal yr BP and even more since ca. 4300 cal yr BP. Our results suggest that important species which disappeared or were strongly reduced by land use and fire (e.g. Abies alba, Tilia, Ulmus) will potentially reestablish in the Lago di Como area and elsewhere in Insubria, if land abandonment initiated in the 1950s will continue. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Are tariffs bad for growth? Yes, say five decades of data from 150 countries. The empirical evidence on the growth effects of import tariffs is sparse in the literature, notwithstanding strong views held by the public and politicians. Using an annual panel of macroeconomic data for 151 countries over 1963-2014, we find that tariff increases are associated with an economically and statistically sizeable and persistent decline in output growth. Thus, fears that the ongoing trade war may be costly for the world economy in terms of foregone output growth are justified. (c) 2020 The Society for Policy Modeling. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Analysis of the capsule biosynthetic locus of Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica A1 and proposal of a nomenclature system. A 16-kbp DNA region that contains genes involved in the biosynthesis of the capsule of Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica Al has been characterized. The gene cluster can be divided into three regions like those of the typical group II capsule biosynthetic clusters in gram-negative bacteria, Region 1 contains four genes (wa, wzm, wzf,and wza) which code for an ATP-binding cassette transport apparatus for the secretion of the capsule materials across the membranes, The M, haemolytica Al wzt and wzm genes were able to complement Escherichia call kpsT and kpsM mutants, respectively, Further, the ATP binding activity of Wzt was demonstrated by its affinity for ATP-agarose, and the lipoprotein nature of Wza was supported by [H-3] palmitate labeling, Region 2 contains six genes; four genes (orf1/2/3/4) code for unique functions for which no homologues have been identified to date. The remaining two genes (nmaA and nmaB) code for homologues of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine-2-epimerase and UDP-N-acetylmannosamine dehydrogenase, respectively. These two proteins are highly homologous to the E, call WecB and WecC proteins (formerly known as RffE and RffD), which are involved in the biosynthesis of enterobacterial common antigen (ECA), Complementation of an E, call rffE/D mutant with the M, haemolytica Al nmaA/B genes resulted in the restoration of ECA biosynthesis, Region 3 contains two genes (wbrA and wbrB) which are suggested to be involved in the phospholipid modification of capsular materials.", "label": [2, 17, 24]}
+{"token": "Transparency, price-dependent demand and product variety. This paper revisits the relationship between transparency on the consumer side and product variety. We show that due to lower price-cost margins more transparency is welfare-improving. This result is achieved even though product variety may be reduced. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Research Note: The Relationship between Rejection of Christianity and Non-traditional Beliefs among Adolescents in Wales. It is a common conception that traditional religious beliefs are giving way to non-traditional religious beliefs. Drawing on a sample of 279 13-16-year-olds in North Wales, this research note explores the relationship between rejecting traditional religious beliefs (operationalised by the Francis and Greer Rejection of Christianity Scale) and belief in non-traditional religious phenomena (operationalised by the Williams Index of Paranormal Belief). The results demonstrate that there is a negative correlation between rejection of Christianity and paranormal beliefs, indicating that those who reject traditional religious beliefs are not necessarily more prone to embrace non-traditional religious beliefs. The implications for future research are explored.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Dynamic Alteration Schemes of Real-Time Schedules for I/O Device Energy Efficiency. Many I/O devices provide multiple power states known as the dynamic power management (DPM) feature. However, activating from sleep state requires significant transition time and this obstructs utilizing DPM in nonpreemptive real-time systems. This article suggests nonpreemptive real-time task scheduling schemes maximizing the effectiveness of the I/O device DPM support. First, we introduce a runtime schedulability check algorithm for nonpreemptive real-time systems that can check whether a modification from a valid schedule is still valid. By using this, we suggest three heuristic algorithms. The first algorithm reorders the execution sequence of tasks according to the similarity of their required device sets. The second one gathers dispersed short idle periods into one long idle period to extend sleeping state of I/O devices and the last one inserts an idle period between two consecutively scheduled tasks to prepare the required devices of a task right before the starting time of the task. The suggested schemes were evaluated for both the real-world task sets and the hypothetical task sets with simulation and the results showed that the suggested algorithms produced better energy efficiency than the existing comparative algorithms.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Fin-de-Siecle Yeats: Artistry and affect in 'The Cap and Bells. There have been various interpretations of W.B. Yeats's \\\\'The Cap and Bells\\\\', but little attention has been paid to those elements of its organization which make it effective as poetry. This article is concerned less with what the poem means than with how it means, through the choice and placement of words, phrases, and images in a sequence that not only tells a story but shapes it so as to engage our feelings. The essence of this verbal artefact lies in the emotional progression, conveyed with consummate skill, from frustrated longing to fulfilment. Comparison between the version that Yeats first published in The National Observer in 1894 and the revised version included in The Wind Among the Reeds (1899) reveals Yeats's increased technical skill.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Pediatric visceral leishmaniasis diagnosis in Tunisia: comparative study between optimised PCR assays and parasitological methods. There has been a steady increase of visceral leishmaniasis during the past 20 years in Tunisia. In this study, we assess the value of two optimised PCR versus those of classical methods for the diagnosis of human visceral leishmaniasis. 106 samples were collected from 53 cases of pediatric visceral leishmaniasis. Peripheral blood end bone marrow samples were analysed both by parasitological methods (direct examination, leukocytoconcentration (LCC) and culture) and by PCR methods with two primer pair (R221/R332 and Lei 70L/Lei 70R). We diagnosed visceral leishmaniasis in all patients: 44 cases were diagnosed by culture (83 %), 42 by direct examination of bone marrow (79 %), 17 by LCC (32 %), and 53 positive cases with both PCR assays (R221/R332 and/or Lei 70L/Lei 70R) 100 % Regarding each PCR assay, for blood samples, the difference between the sensitivities of PCR Lei 70L/Lei 70R (86,8 %) and PCR R221 /R332 (17 %) is statistically significant with p-value 0.025. For bone morrow, the sensitivities of the two PCR methods were respectively 96,2 % Lei 70L/Lei 70R) and 75,5 % (R221/R332). On the whole, PCR Lei 70L/Lei 70R was more effective than PCR R221/R332 and conventional methods for the two biological samples. Moreover, the requirement of less invasive sample using blood has the advantage of being repeatable for screening and for post therapeutic monitoring.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "The path to equilibrium in sequential and simultaneous games: A mousetracking study. We study in the laboratory three-, four- and six-player, dominance solvable games of complete information. We consider sequential and simultaneous versions of games that have the same, unique Nash equilibrium, and we use mousetracking to understand the decision making process of subjects. We find more equilibrium choices in the sequential version than in the simultaneous version of the game and we highlight the importance of attentional measures. Indeed, depending on the treatment, equilibrium behavior is 30 to 80 percentage points higher for subjects who look at all the payoffs necessary to compute the Nash equilibrium and for those who look at payoffs in the order predicted by the sequential elimination of dominated strategies than for subjects who do not. Finally, the sequence of lookups reveals that subjects have an easier time finding the player with a dominant strategy in the sequential timing than in the simultaneous timing. However, once this player is found, the unraveling logic of iterated elimination of dominated strategies is performed (equally) fast and efficiently under both timings. (C) 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Association between Serum Osteocalcin Levels and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Women. Background and Aims: Osteocalcin was found to have a significant role in insulin resistance. Insulin resistance is considered a pathophysiological mechanism of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, the relationship between serum osteocalcin level and NAFLD is not well known. Methods: A total of 7,067 women undergoing abdominal ultrasonography, bone mineral density, and serum osteocalcin level measurement were analyzed. Results: Serum osteocalcin level was independently associated with menopausal status, bone mineral density, calcium, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase, fasting blood glucose, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase,gamma-glutamyltransferase, and NAFLD. When women were grouped according to their menopausal status and bone mineral density, the serum osteocalcin level showed an independent inverse association with NAFLD in premenopausal women without osteopenia or osteoporosis (n = 2,941) [odd ratio (OR): 0.94, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.91-0.96, p < 0.001] and postmenopausal women without osteopenia or osteoporosis (n = 2,155) (OR: 0.96, 95% CI: 0.95-0.98, p < 0.001), however, not in premenopausal (n = 308) or postmenopausal women (n = 1,663) with osteopenia or osteoporosis. Conclusions: The serum osteocalcin level was an independent factor associated with NAFLD, especially for women with normal bone mineral density. (c) 2015 S. Karger AG, Basel", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Information Equality for Individuals with Disabilities: Does It Exist?. Drawing on the author's experience as an information professional for individuals with disabilities, this article discusses the challenges faced by both library users and staff in obtaining and providing information to this community. It poses four questions: Where do individuals with disabilities fit into diversity studies? Do individuals with disabilities come into our libraries? If not, why not? What can we do for current staffs to make sure they are prepared to serve the disabled of their communities? How can we prepare our future information professionals to provide high-quality services to individuals with disabilities? There is and will be a greater demand from individuals with disabilities for equal library services given an aging population and the technological advances that make equal services possible. We cannot consider ourselves information professionals until we understand this community, their needs, and how we provide for those needs.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Commitment, Norm-Governedness and Guidance. A number of philosophers have argued that there is a basic problem in the no-guidance argument against content normativism. The problem is that the argument restricts the essential normativity of intentional states to the formation of these states being guided by certain norms. But it is suggested that the essential norm-governedness of intentional states can be equally plausibly construed as the assessability of these states by norms, which does not imply complying with them. Although I concur with the problem diagnosed in the no-guidance argument, I take issue with the alternative conception of normativity which is put forward. In its stead, I argue that considering intentional states as commitments whose discharging requires complying with certain norms is preferable because it both respects the insight provided while remaining unscathed by the problems besetting this conception of normativity.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "CO2 laser and its use in veterinary ophthalmology. The LASER (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) is a power source discovered in the late 50's that is used in many fields and has evolved steadily since then, getting many types of lasers depending on its the wavelength. This breakthrough couldn't miss having applications in medicine. This article refers to the different types of lasers and their characteristics, dealing more specifically with the CO2 laser, working at a wavelength of 10.600 nm in the non-visible spectrum not visible, and their applications in veterinary ophthalmology and our clinic experience.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Alkali grass resists salt stress through high [K+] and an endodermis barrier to Na+. In order to understand the salt-tolerance mechanism of alkali grass (Puccinellia tenuiflora) compared with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), [K+] and [Na+] in roots and shoots in response to salt treatments were examined with ion element analysis and X-ray microanalysis. Both the rapid K+ and Na+ influx in response to different NaCl and KCl treatments, and the accumulation of K+ and Na+ as the plants acclimated to long-term stress were studied in culture- solution experiments. A higher K+ uptake under normal and saline conditions was evident in alkali grass compared with that in wheat, and electrophysiological analyses indicated that the different uptake probably resulted from the higher K+/Na+ selectivity of the plasma membrane. When external [K+] was high, K+ uptake and transport from roots to shoots were inhibited by exogenous Cs+, while TEA (tetraethylammonium) only inhibited K+ transport from the root to the shoot. K+ uptake was not influenced by Cs+ when plants were K+ starved. It was shown by X-ray microanalysis that high [K+] and low [Na+] existed in the endodermal cells of alkali grass roots, suggesting this to be the tissue where Cs+ inhibition occurs. These results suggest that the K+/Na+ selectivity of potassium channels and the existence of an apoplastic barrier, the Casparian bands of the endodermis, lead to the lateral gradient of K+ and Na+ across root tissue, resulting not only in high levels of [K+] in the shoot but also a large [Na+] gradient between the root and the shoot.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Neo-liberalizing spaces and subjectivities: Reinventing New Zealand universities. Consistent with an ongoing experience of neo-liberal experimentation, tertiary sector reform in New Zealand is being driven by the ambition to re-create universities in a qualitatively new form. We argue that, through calculative practices, New Zealand universities are being positioned and are positioning themselves in the neo-liberalizing spaces Of university education. In turn, these calculative practices are giving rise to new views of the university and altering the behaviours of staff and students. We draw attention not only to the constitutive power of calculative practices, but also to the political contestations that surround them. Our conclusion is that, because of these contestations, the spaces and subjectivities of the neo-liberalizing university are multiple and controdictory. The attempted reinvention of New Zealand universities will have varied effects and give rise to multiple political forms.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "We believe the error theory. Bart Streumer thinks that we cannot believe the global normative error theory. Streumer's argument presupposes a Cartesian theory of belief fixation. The Cartesian theory entails that we can understand a proposition without believing it. But the Cartesian theory of belief fixation is false, and the Spinozan theory is true. The Spinozan theory of belief fixation entails that we cannot understand a proposition without believing it. The present paper argues that Streumer's claim is false, and we can believe the global normative error theory because the Spinozan theory is correct. The paper then applies the Spinozan theory of belief fixation to the \\\\'Now what?\\\\' problem for global normative error theory and responds to objections.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Detrital zircon geochronology and grain-size analysis of a similar to 2800 Ma Mesoarchean proto-cratonic cover succession, Slave Province, Canada. Detrital zircon populations of five quartzite samples of the similar to 2800 Ma Central Slave Cover Group, Slave Province, have been investigated to explore regional lithostratigraphic correlation/diachroneity. maximum depositional ages. ages of underlying basement, and general provenance issues. A total of 346 grains were analyzed by sensitive high resolution ion microprobe for U-Pb ages and by digital image analysis for grain size. Ages of individual grains range from 3918 to 2808 Ma and define several important modes, notably at similar to 3400 Ma, 3150 Ma, 2950 Ma, and 2826 Ma. Although the samples show significant differences, suggesting localized rather than well-mixed sediment provenances (supported by grain-size statistics), some modes are shared among the samples in a pattern that supports regional correlation. Nevertheless, the ages of the youngest detrital modes. in conjunction with independent age constraints from a parallel study, indicate either diachroneity in the cessation of quartz arenite deposition across the realm of the Central Slave Cover Group or a difference in basement domains. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Evaluation of the adaptability of dairy goats in the Brazilian semi-arid region with the aid of infrared thermography. The objective of this study was to evaluate the adaptability of dairy goats with aid of infrared thermography in the environmental conditions of the Brazilian semiarid region. Were used 36 female goats, with a mean of 2.5 years and an average weight of 45 kg, distributed in a completely randomized design 2 x 2 in a factorial arrangement; two genotypes (Anglo Nubian and Alpine Brown) and two shifts (morning and afternoon), with 18 repetitions. Analysis of variance showed that the shift had significant effect (P<0.05) on rectal temperature (RT), average surface temperature (AST) and thermal gradients, but the breed had no significant effect (P>0.05) and there was no significant interaction between breed and shift. With respect to physiological parameters: respiratory rate (RR) and surface temperature of the muzzle of cinnamon there was significant effect of breed and shift and significant interaction between breed and shift (P<0.05). Positive correlations between physiological parameters and room temperature and negative correlation between thermal gradients and more parameters. The Anglo Nubian breed had become more adapted to the semi-arid environmental conditions representing a good alternative for breeding programs. The Alpine breed increased respiratory effort required to dissipate heat and maintain homeothermy, proving to be more demanding regarding system creation and management in the semi-arid climatic conditions.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Leishmania major large RAB GTPase is highly immunogenic in individuals immune to cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis. Conclusion: We showed that rLmlRAB protein and its divergent carboxy-terminal part induced a predominant Th1 response in individuals immune to L. major or L. infantum. Our results suggest that rLmlRAB and rLmlRABC proteins are potential cross-species vaccine candidates against cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis.Results: Both rLmlRAB and rLmlRABC induced high significant levels of IFN-gamma in CCLm, HHRLm and HHRLi groups. Phenotype analysis of rLmlRAB and rLmlRABC-stimulated T cells in CCLm individuals showed a significant increase in the percentage of specific IFN-gamma-producing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. rLmlRAB induced significant granzyme B levels in CCLm and HHRLm. Low but significant granzyme B levels were detected in naive group. IL-10 was detected in immune and naive individuals.Methods: PBMC were isolated from individuals cured of L. major (CCLm) or from healthy individuals. The latter were subdivided into high or low IFN-gamma responders. Healthy high IFN-gamma responders, considered as asymptomatics, were living in an endemic area for L. major (HHRLm) or L. infantum (HHRLi). Healthy low IFN-gamma responders (HLR) were considered as naive controls. Cells from all volunteers were stimulated with rLmlRAB or rLmlRABC. Cytokines were analysed by CBA and ELISA and phenotypes of IFN-gamma-producing cells were analysed by flow cytometry.Background: We previously identified a Leishmania (L.) major large RAB GTPase (LmlRAB), a new atypical RAB GTPase protein. It is highly conserved in Leishmania species while displaying low level of homology with mammalian homologues. Leishmania small RAB GTPases proteins have been involved in regulation of exocytic and endocytic pathways whereas the role of large RAB GTPases proteins has not been characterized yet. We report here the immunogenicity of both recombinant rLmlRAB and rLmlRABC, in individuals with immunity against L. major or L. infantum.", "label": [2, 17, 21]}
+{"token": "Symbiont flexibility in subalpine rock shield lichen communities in the Southwestern USA. Fungal selectivity (range of potential partners) for algal symbionts has been found to vary in lichen associations. Although a large number of studies have focused on the taxonomy and evolution of fungi in the speciose parmelioid clade (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota), fungal-algal interactions in this ecologically and evolutionarily diverse group remain largely unexplored. In this study we investigated the algal symbionts of Xanthoparmelia fungi in western North America. We generated sequence data from a total of 58 rock shield lichens (Xanthoparmelia fungi + Trebouxia algae) collected across three sites in a subalpine community in southern Utah, USA. We explored the role of substrates, secondary metabolite variation, phenotype-based Xanthoparmelia species, mycobiont genetic population clusters, and site-specific differences in structuring assemblages of algae. Our results indicate that Xanthoparmelia fungi associate with a broad range of Trebouxia lineages in a local, subalpine habitat. Most algae sampled form part of the diverse Trebouxia 'arboricola/gigantea' clade, while a small number of algae from outside of this clade were also found to associate with the Xanthoparmelia species investigated here. Our results also revealed multiple Trebouxia lineages within the T. 'arboricola/gigantea' clade that have not been previously recognized. Furthermore, accumulation curves suggested that additional algal diversity in rock shield lichen communities in the sampled subalpine habitat may be recovered with increased sampling. Overall, we found no clear association of algal clades with traditional phenotype-based Xanthoparmelia species, mycobiont genetic population clusters, distinct extrolites, or substrates. However, our data revealed significant genetic structuring of Trebouxia communities in separate subalpine meadow areas in a relatively homogeneous subalpine community. Significant site-specific differences in Trebouxia diversity in rock shield lichen communities and low selectivity suggest that photobiont flexibility may play an important role in overall successful colonization of rock shield lichens across a wide array of habitats in western North America.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Standing to Punish the Disadvantaged. Many philosophers and legal theorists worry about punishing the socially disadvantaged as severely as their advantaged counterparts. One philosophically popular explanation of this concern is couched in terms of moral standing: seriously unjust states are said to lack standing to condemn disadvantaged offenders. If this is the case, institutional condemnation of disadvantaged offenders (especially via hard treatment) will often be unjust. I describe two problems with canonical versions of this view. First, its proponents groundlessly claim that disadvantaged offenders may be punished as severely as advantaged ones, even though such punishment is unjust in light of the state's loss of standing. Second, and more importantly, moral standing arguments prohibit states from blaming advantaged as well as disadvantaged offenders. This unwelcome outcome suggests that standing approaches incorrectly analyze the source of moral misgivings about punishing the disadvantaged. I conclude that those who share such concerns should put standing accounts aside.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "THE UNEXPECTEDLY BRIGHT COMET C/2012 F6 (LEMMON) UNVEILED AT NEAR-INFRARED WAVELENGTHS. We acquired near-infrared spectra of the Oort cloud comet C/2012 F6 (Lemmon) at three different heliocentric distances (R-h) during the comet's 2013 perihelion passage, providing a comprehensive measure of the outgassing behavior of parent volatiles and cosmogonic indicators. Our observations were performed pre-perihelion at R-h = 1.2 AU with CRIRES (on 2013 February 2 and 4), and post-perihelion at R-h = 0.75 AU with CSHELL (on March 31 and April 1) and R-h = 1.74 AU with NIRSPEC (on June 20). We detected 10 volatile species (H2O, OH* prompt emission, C2H6, CH3OH, H2CO, HCN, CO, CH4, NH3, and NH2), and obtained upper limits for two others (C2H2 and HDO). One-dimensional spatial profiles displayed different distributions for some volatiles, confirming either the existence of polar and apolar ices, or of chemically distinct active vents in the nucleus. The ortho-para ratio for water was 3.31 +/- 0.33 (weighted mean of CRIRES and NIRSPEC results), implying a spin temperature > 37 K at the 95% confidence limit. Our (3 sigma) upper limit for HDO corresponds to D/H < 2.45 x 10(-3) (i.e., < 16 Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water, VSMOW). At R-h = 1.2 AU (CRIRES), the production rate for water was Q(H2O) = 1.9 +/- 0.1 x 10(29) s(-1) and its rotational temperature was Trot similar to 69 K. At Rh = 0.75 AU (CSHELL), we measured Q(H2O) = 4.6 similar to 0.6 x 1029 s-1 and T-rot = 80 K onMarch 31, and 6.6 +/- 0.9 x 10(29) s(-1) and T-rot = 100 K on April 1. At R-h = 1.74 AU (NIRSPEC), we obtained Q(H2O) = 1.1 +/- 0.1 x 10(29) s(-1) and T-rot similar to 50 K. The measured volatile abundance ratios classify comet C/2012 F6 as rather depleted in C2H6 and CH3OH, while HCN, CH4, and CO displayed abundances close to their median values found among comets. H2CO was the only volatile showing a relative enhancement. The relative paucity of C2H6 and CH3OH (with respect to H2O) suggests formation within warm regions of the nebula. However, the normal abundance of HCN and hypervolatiles CH4 and CO, and the enhancement of H2CO, may indicate a possible heterogeneous nucleus of comet C/2012 F6 (Lemmon), possibly as a result of radial mixing within the protoplanetary disk.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Efficacy and biosafety assessment of neuropeptide CAPA analogues against the peach-potato aphid (Myzus persicae). Insect CAPA neuropeptidesare considered to affect water and ion balance by mediating the physiological metabolism activities of the Malpighian tubules. In previous studies, the CAPA-PK analogue 1895 (2Abf-Suc-FGPRLamide) was reported to decrease aphid fitness when administered through microinjection or via topical application. However, a further statistically significant decrease in the fitness of aphids and an increased mortality could not be established with pairwise combinations of 1895 with other CAPA analogue. In this study, we assessed the topical application of new combinations of 1895 with five CAPA-PVK analogues on the fitness of aphids. We found that 1895 and CAPA-PVK analogue 2315 (ASG-[beta L-3]-VAFPRVamide) was statistically the most effective combination to control the peach potato aphid Myzus persicae nymphs via topical application, leading to 72% mortality. Additionally, the combination (1895+2315) was evaluated against a selection of beneficial insects, that is, a pollinator (Bombus terrestris) and three natural enemies (Chrysoperla carnea, Nasonia vitripennis, and Adalia bipunctata). We found no significant influence on food intake, weight increase, and survival for the pollinator and the three representative natural enemies. These results could facilitate to further establish and generate CAPA analogues as alternatives to broad spectrum and less friendly insecticides.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "A tangent finite-volume direct averaging micromechanics framework for elastoplastic porous materials: Theory and validation. In this communication, we present a reformulated finite-volume direct averaging micromechanics (FVDAM) framework for periodic multiphase materials with elastic-plastic phases. The original elastoplastic version is formulated using the secant stiffness matrix approach, which requires a computationally intensive solution procedure of the governing differential equations. For the first time, the reformulation makes use of the tangent plasticity matrix approach that incorporates linearities to the unit cell boundary value problem. The tangential FVDAM theory is implemented using a quasi-Newton-Raphson strategy that quantifies errors in the evaluation of surfaceaveraged stresses due to the linearization, hence allowing large load increments. The tangential formulation is vigorously and fully assessed vis-`a-vis the secant approach for porous unit cells on several aspects, including the convergence of the algorithmic implementation with mesh and step sizes, solution accuracy, and computation times. The reformulation simplifies the solution to the governing differential equations relative to its predecessor, albeit at the cost of more computational efforts for the reforming and reinverting of the global tangent stiffness matrix (or the so-called tangent operator). Additionally, advantages of the FVDAM theory relative to the classical finite-element homogenization are highlighted. The tangent FVDAM is employed to demonstrate the plasticity-triggered architectural effects in the response of periodic porous materials under different loading modes. The common mechanisms responsible for differences in the elastic-plastic response are attributed to the effective and hydrostatic stress alteration in the matrix phase. The current work paves the ground for the incorporation of FVDAM into readilyavailable commercial computational tools through the user material subroutines that are based on tangent stiffness approaches, which will produce a paradigm shift for FVDAM to solve the challenging multiscale structural problem.", "label": [1, 15, 11, 12]}
+{"token": "An Ancient City on the Eastern Coast of Caspian Sea. This article is devoted to preliminary studies of the Karakabak site. This is the only one urban-type settlement used as a trade and handicraft center in the Aral-Caspian region during 3rd-5th centuries AD on the northern branch of the Silk Road. Different types of ceramics (handbuilded and made with the help of a potter-wheel), metal objects and waste products of metal production, coins, glass personal ornaments, bones of birds, fishes and other animals were discovered during investigation of three homestead-type buildings and dumps. The results obtained allow us to clarify chronological boundaries of occupation and the status of the settlement, and to include the east coast of the Caspian Sea into the group of sites used to create connections between nomad populations from the Transvolga territory and the south Urals on the one hand and western regions of Middle Asia on the other. The way of land-planning, presence of streets, abundance of evidence corresponding to different types of activities, and presence of the strong construction (the wall 500 m long and the moat) indicate the urban status of Karakabak. Besides, the data concerning specificities of houses construction with use of stones and mudbricks was obtained for the first time.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "CONTENT ANALYSIS AND ONLINE NEWS Epistemologies of analysing the ephemeral Web. In this article, we argue that digital media pose such challenges for analysing media content adequately that the established approach does not work as intended, reflecting underlying assumptions inherited from analogue media formats. We review two relatively new forms of the content analysis method-big data and liquid content analysis- and juxtapose these with established content analysis. In addition, we detail how these two methods tackle content analysis pillars such as mode of analysis, sampling, sampling size, variable design, unit of analysis, measuring point(s), access/capture/storing, conclusions/generalizability and the key agent doing the actual work. We summarize the article by arguing that established content analysis is insufficient for digital media but that common standards, protocols and procedures are yet to be developed for these new approaches to digital journalism research.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "The Death of Data in Neoliberal Times. We need new ways of making the everyday world visible through disruptive empirical methodologies that privilege social justice and utopian acts of critical imagination.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Evaluation of the use of the inhibition esterases activity on Apis mellifera as bioindicators of insecticide thiamethoxam pesticide residues. A trial was carried out to estimate the LC50 and esterase activity of Apis mellifera L. honeybees after the application of the insecticide thiamethoxam. In insects this product mimics acetylcholine at the central system ganglia. The estimated LC50 were as follows: for oral toxicity: 4.70 x 10(-5), 7.40 x 10(-5), 8.14 x 10(-5), 10.10 x 10(-5) mg/mL for the ages of newly emerged, 7, 14 and 21 days, respectively; for contact toxicity, 3.21, 3.50 and 4.51 mg/mL for newly emerged individuals and for the ages of seven and 14 days, respectively. Electrophoretic analysis showed a decrease in the activity of esterases 1, 2, 4 and 5 due to contact and oral toxicity, suggesting that alteration in the activity of those isozymes can be used to detect the presence of insecticide thiamethoxam pesticide residues.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "The role of social capital in the relationship between human capital and career mobility Moderator or mediator?. Purpose - This study aims to examine what kind of role social capital plays in the relationship between human capital and career outcomes, with a particular focus on testing the mediation and moderation models.Design/methodology/approach - Using data compiled from 111 employees at three financial institutions in Taiwan, social capital was measured by employees based on network in-degree centrality, and development potential was measured by supervisors.Originality/value - Support for the authors' mediation model suggests that both social capital and careers literature can be enhanced though integration. It follows that future research on career outcomes would benefit from the inclusion of social capital variables.Findings - Results showed that the effects of human capital on developmental potential were fully mediated by social capital. Moreover, employees with firm-specific human capital, managerial positions and longer tenure, received higher potential evaluations by their supervisors through their central positions.Research limitations/implications - The study shed light on the direct and significant effects of social capital on developmental potential, while human capital should translate into social capital to get positive career outcomes. That is, it is social capital that transforms human capital into workplace gains, e.g. producing positive career outcomes and increasing supervisors' perception of potential.Practical implications - Employees should make best use of social capital transformed from human capital to obtain positive career outcomes in the organizations.", "label": [5, 44, 46]}
+{"token": "Developing an Online Tool to Measure Social Network Structure and Perceived Social Support Amongst Autistic Students in Higher Education: A Feasibility Study. The academic, daily-living, and social challenges all students face during university transition can become magnified for many autistic students, who might struggle to adapt to changes in their social network structure (SNS) and perceived social support (PSS). This study assessed the development, feasibility, and convergent validity of a novel online tool (Social Network and Perceived Social Support-SNaPSS) designed to quantitatively and qualitatively evaluate SNS and PSS during university transition. SNaPSS demonstrated good feasibility for completion amongst autistic students (Study 1, n=10, 17-19years), and adequate convergent validity against other PSS, autism symptom severity, and social anxiety measures amongst autistic (n=28) and typically developing students (Study 2, n=112, 17-19years). Broader implications of SNaPSS to measure SNS/PSS are discussed.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Three-fast-searchable graphs. In the edge searching problem, searchers move from vertex to vertex in a graph to capture an invisible, fast intruder that may occupy either vertices or edges. Fast searching is a monotonic internal model in which, at every move, a new edge of the graph G must be guaranteed to be free of the intruder. That is, once all searchers are placed the graph G is cleared in exactly vertical bar E(G)vertical bar moves. Such a restriction obviously necessitates a larger number of searchers. We examine this model, and characterize graphs for which 2 or 3 searchers are sufficient. We prove that the corresponding decision problem is NP-complete. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Association of Jacobsen syndrome and bipolar affective disorder in a patient with a de Novo 11q terminal deletion. We report on a young woman with Jacobsen syndrome(JBS) who was admitted to our psychiatric department because of a bipolar affective disorder (BPAD). Chromosome analysis was performed due to the fact that she had mental retardation, short stature, and subtle facial anomalies. A deletion of the distal long arm of chromosome I I was found. A detailed mapping of the deletion breakpoint by quantitative real time PCR revealed-a true terminal 11q deletion of approximately 8 Mb corresponding to the karyotype 46,XX,del(11)(q24.2). Polymorphic DNA marker analysis showed that the deletion is located on the paternal chromosome. Additionally, laboratory investigations revealed a low platelet count and magnetic resonance imaging of the brain showed white matter T2 hyperintensities in frontotemporal regions, which are unlikely to result from a demyelinating process as indicated by localized proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing a BPAD in a case with JBS. (c) 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Influence of wind speed on optical properties of aerosols in the marine boundary layer measured by ship-borne DePolarization Lidar in the coastal area of Korea. Shipboard measurements of microphysical and optical properties of marine boundary-layer aerosols were performed around the Korean Peninsula from 2 to 5 December 2009. The measurements were conducted aboard the Korean icebreaking research vessel Araon during cruise tracks in the East Sea of Korea near Busan and Pohang. This paper describes the results of optical aerosol measurements acquired with a Depolarization Lidar (DPL) and an optical particle counter (OPC) and data on meteorological parameters. Backward trajectory analyses indicate that two different aerosol characteristics according to different pathways of air mass were encountered during the cruise. We find a high correlation between wind speeds across the east coast of Korea and extinction coefficient, depolarization ratio and mass concentration Correlation coefficient (R-2) are 0.57, 0.52 and 0.67, respectively. The increase of extinction coefficient, depolarization ratio and number concentration with wind speed may have been caused by the increase of sea-salt aerosol production and transport. Crown Copyright (C) 2013 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 5, 36, 47]}
+{"token": "Performing the Archive: History and Memory in Recent German Theatre. Drawing on Robin Bernstein's theory of \\\\'scriptive things\\\\' in Racial Innocence, this essay interrogates Diana Taylor's distinction, in The Archive and the Repertoire, between the objects and texts of history and the embodied practices of memory. Two recent productions from the German theatre Rimini Protokoll's 50 Aktenkilometer (50 kilometers of dossiers) and Hans-Werner Kroesinger's Vermauern (To wall up) show how performance can productively engage attributes assigned to the archive and the repertoire. In contrast to the narratives of German reunification in Berlin's museums and memorials, also examined in the essay, the works by Rimini Protokoll and Kroesinger encourage a critical attitude toward the past. The productions use the objects and documents of museums and archives as scriptive things to be consciously re-performed or resisted; thereby, Rimini Protokoll and Kroesinger work to grant agency to their audiences, encouraging participants to interpret the scripts presented to them. Although the productions discussed,belong to the distinctly post-reunification German sphere, the methods of examining how performances utilize the \\\\'scriptive past\\\\' can be applied more generally to other national and cultural contexts.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Imperfectly perfect universe? Emerging natural order in Thomas Aquinas. Scientific data indicate that violence is involved in the emergence of higher forms of life from lower forms. This seems incompatible with the God of Christian revelation, who is the source of love and mercy. Current attempts to explain this tension usually focus on two approaches: the 'gift of freedom' (McLeish) or the 'only way' theory (Southgate). I will argue that Thomas Aquinas' understanding of nature is able to provide an interesting framework for the challenges posed by the way of the appearance of life. The article will present Aquinas' theology of nature, which seems to fit perfectly with the current state of scientific knowledge, especially when considering the relationship between God and creation. Contribution: The article shows that the problem of the interpretation of paradise in the Christian tradition may be related to the influence of the Neoplatonic tradition, which reduces paradise to the idealistic sphere. Attention is drawn to the concept of perfection, which does not mean the absence of any disvalue in the natural world, but is a relational concept. The death of animals and natural evil need not be explained by moral evil, but requires a broader interpretation of the value of the natural order.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Wettability of molten Sn-Bi-Cu solder on Cu substrate. The wetting behavior of a new Sn-Bi-Cu Pb-firee solder on Cu substrate was investigated by sessile drop method under an Ar-H-2 flow in the temperature range from 493 K to 623 K. The contact angle curves tested at 548 K and 623 K are found to fit exponential rule very well. However. the contact angle curve tested under493 K is not well consistent with exponential rule, for which the spreading course may be classified into three stages. Equilibrium contact angles between Sn-Bi-Cu solder and Cu substrate decrease monotonously with the increase in temperature, which are 28 degrees, 24 degrees and 18 degrees at 493 K. 548 K and 623 K, respectively. The results show that 69.5Sn30Bi-0.5Cu/exhibits good wettability on Cu substrate. Intermetallics formed at the 69.5Sn-30Bi-0.5Cu/Cu interface are identified as Cu6Sn5 adjacent to the solder and Cu3Sn adjacent to the Cu substrate, respectively. Formation of intermetallic seems to improve strong wetting of the substrate by the solder. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 1, 32, 11]}
+{"token": "VLSI Architectures for the 4-Tap and 6-Tap 2-D Daubechies Wavelet Filters Using Algebraic Integers. This paper proposes a novel algebraic integer (AI) based multi-encoding of Daubechies-4 and -6 2-D wavelet filters having error-free integer-based computation. Digital VLSI architectures employing parallel channels are proposed, physically realized and tested. The multi-encoded AI framework allows a multiplication-free and computationally accurate architecture. It also guarantees a noise-free computation throughput the multi-level multi-rate 2-D filtering operation. A single final reconstruction step (FRS) furnishes filtered and down-sampled image outputs in fixed-point, resulting in low levels of quantization noise. Comparisons are provided between Daubechies-4 and -6 designs in terms of SNR, PSNR, hardware structure, and power consumptions, for different word lengths. SNR and PSNR improvements of approximately 30% were observed in favour of AI-based systems, when compared to 8-bit fixed-point schemes (six fractional bits). Further, FRS designs based on canonical signed digit representation and on expansion factors are proposed. The Daubechies-4 and -6 4-level VLSI architectures are prototyped on a Xilinx Virtex-6 vcx240t-1ff1156 FPGA device at 282 MHz and 146 MHz, respectively, with dynamic power consumption of 164 mW and 339 mW, respectively, and verified on FPGA chip using an ML605 platform.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Distance from riparian edge reduces brood parasitism of southwestern willow flycatchers, whereas parasitism increases nest predation risk. The southwestern willow flycatcher (Empidonax traillii extimus) is a federally endangered subspecies that breeds in increasingly fragmented and threatened habitat. We examined whether temporal and habitat characteristics were associated with risk of predation and probability of brood parasitism by brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater) on flycatcher nests at 6 sites in southern Nevada and northwestern Arizona, USA. For nest predation, we found the most support for a model that included date and an interaction between parasitism status and nesting stage. Daily nest survival decreased from 0.87 (95% CI?=?0.810.93) to 0.78 (95% CI?=?0.720.84) through the season for parasitized nests but remained relatively constant for unparasitized nests (0.93, 95% CI?=?0.910.95 to 0.92, 95% CI?=?0.9193). Parasitized nests had lower survival than non-parasitized nests during the incubation (0.85, 95% CI?=?0.840.86 vs. 0.92, CI?=?0.910.93) and nestling (0.79, 95% CI?=?0.770.81 vs. 0.91, 95% CI?=?0.900.92) stages. Of the variables included in our parasitism candidate models, model-averaged coefficients and odds ratios supported only distance to habitat edge; odds of parasitism decreased 1% for every 1?m from the habitat edge. Nests greater than 100?m from an edge were 50% less likely to be parasitized as those on an edge, however, only 52 of 233 nests (22%) were found at this distance. Where management and conservation goals include reducing nest losses due to parasitism, we recommend restoration of habitat patches that minimize edge and maximize breeding habitat further from edges. At sites where cowbirds have been documented as important nest predators, controlling cowbirds may be one option, but further study of the link between parasitism and nest predation and the identification of major nest predators at specific sites is warranted. (C) 2011 The Wildlife Society.", "label": [4, 34, 43]}
+{"token": "Relationship between surface structure and separation performance of poly(ether sulfone) ultra-filtration membranes blended with surface modifying macromolecules. The poly(ether sulfone) (PES) membranes were prepared by blending of two types of surface modifying macromolecules (SMMs)-charged (cSMM) and fluorinated (fSMM). Also, membranes were fabricated in three different conditions: (1) at room temperature (RT) without air-exposure period (the period between film casting and immersion into coagulation bath), (2) at RT with 3 min air-exposure period and (3) at 90 degrees C with 3 min air-exposure period. The performances and physico-chemical characteristics of the membranes were evaluated. Membrane surface became more hydrophilic when cSMM was blended while more hydrophobic when fSMM was blended. Detailed analysis of the surface free energy demonstrated that the hydrophilic surface was resulted form strong Lewis base (solid)-acid (liquid) interaction while hydrophobic surface was resulted from the weak Lifshitz-van der Waals interaction. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) results could be interpreted by considering the orientation of nodule aggregates at the membrane surface under the casting bar and its relaxation during the air-exposure period between the film casting and immersion to the gelation bath. The pore size of the membranes measured by AFM was much larger than the pore size obtained by filtration experiment. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "Cost of illness for outpatients attending public and private hospitals in Bangladesh. Conclusion: Overall, public hospital patients, who tend to be the poorest, bear a larger economic burden of illness and treatment than relatively wealthier private hospital patients. The large economic impacts of illness need a public policy response which at a minimum should include a national health insurance scheme as a matter of urgency.Results: The costs of illness are significant for many of Bangladesh citizens. The direct costs are relatively minor compared to the large indirect cost burden that illness places on households. These indirect costs are mainly the result of time off work and foregone wages. Private hospital patients have higher average direct costs than public hospital patients. However, average indirect costs are higher for public hospital patients than private hospital patients by a factor of almost two. Total costs of outpatients are higher in public hospitals compared to private hospitals regardless of patient's income, gender, age or illness.Methods: The study used face to face interviews at three hospitals (one public and two private) to elicit cost data from presenting outpatients. Other socio-economic and demographic data was also collected. A sample of 252 outpatients were randomly selected and interviewed. The total cost of outpatients comprises direct medical costs, non-medical costs and the indirect costs of patients and caregivers. Indirect costs comprise travel and waiting times and income losses associated with treatment.Background: A central aim of Universal Health Coverage (UHC) is protection for all against the cost of illness. In a low income country like Bangladesh the cost burden of health care in tertiary facilities is likely to be significant for most citizens. This cost of an episode of illness is a relatively unexplored policy issue in Bangladesh. The objective of this study was to estimate an outpatient's total cost of illness as result of treatment in private and public hospitals in Sylhet, Bangladesh.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Effects of Adjuvants, Halosulfuron, and Grass Herbicides on Cucurbita spp. Injury and Grass Control. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate pumpkin cultivar injury and control of three grass species from rank-mixtures of halosulfuron with either clethodim or sethoxydim in combination with nonionic surfactant (NIS), crop-oil concentrate (COC), methylated seed oil (MSO), and high-surfactant oil concentrate (HSOC). Pumpkin injury, in the form of chlorosis and visual growth reduction, was 13 to 21% by 7 d after treatment (DAT) for all pumpkin cultivars. The specific adjuvant used with halosulfuron did not influence pumpkin injury or final plant dry weight. Pumpkin growth reduction at 21 DAT from halosulfuron was less than 9% for all pumpkin cultivars with the least growth reduction (5% or less) observed with Cucurbita pepo 'Howden', C. pepo 'Appalachian', and Cucurbita moschata 'Libby's Select', The efficacy of sethoxydim or clethodim on large crabgrass was antagonized by the addition of halosulfuron with NIS or COC. However, only combinations of serhoxydim and halosulfuron with COC or MSO were antagonistic on smooth crabgrass. Giant foxtail dry weight reduction was decreased 4 to 24% by the addition of halosulfuron to sethoxydim with NIS and clethodim regardless of adjuvant. Although the frequency and magnitude of grass antagonism was variable, the use of clethodim and MSO with halosulfuron most often provided the greatest level of grass control compared with sethoxydim or other adjuvants.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Systematic identification of A-to-I RNA editing in zebrafish development and adult organs. A-to-I RNA editing is a common post transcriptional mechanism, mediated by the Adenosine deaminase that acts on RNA (ADAR) enzymes, that increases transcript and protein diversity. The study of RNA editing is limited by the absence of editing maps for most model organisms, hindering the understanding of its impact on various physiological conditions. Here, we mapped the vertebrate developmental landscape of A-to-I RNA editing, and generated the first comprehensive atlas of editing sites in zebrafish. Tens of thousands unique editing events and 149 coding sites were identified with high-accuracy. Some of these edited sites are conserved between zebrafish and humans. Sequence analysis of RNA over seven developmental stages revealed high levels of editing activity in early stages of embryogenesis, when embryos rely on maternal mRNAs and proteins. In contrast to the other organisms studied so far, the highest levels of editing were detected in the zebrafish ovary and testes. This resource can serve as the basis for understanding of the role of editing during zebrafish development and maturity.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Clinical and radiological features of symptomatic central nervous system tuberculomas. Tuberculomas may present with meningitis, may lead to meningitis, or may develop during the treatment of TBM. In this study, we report a series of 22 adult cases of symptomatic central nervous system tuberculomas, in eight of them tuberculomas were coexisting with TBM on admission and in 14 of them symptomatic tuberculomas developed during anti-tuberculosis therapy. We also aimed to compare the clinical, laboratory and outcome data of the 14 TBM patients that developed symptomatic tuberculomas, with the data of 41 TBM that did not, under the same treatment regimen. Most of the patients developed symptomatic tuberculomas in the first 6 weeks of treatment. Five patients developed late tuberculomas. The characteristics of tuberculomas and the role of corticosteroids in TBM patients are discussed. In conclusion, although steroids may diminish neurologic symptoms and improve outcome, tuberculomas may appear during the course of anti-tuberculosis and steroid treatment. Because of the possibility of late development of tuberculomas after initial successful treatment, all TBM patients need to be followed-up carefully for a long period.", "label": [2, 17, 21]}
+{"token": "Variation in carbon isotope discrimination in relation to plant performance in a natural population of Cryptantha flava. Few studies of phenotypic selection have focused on physiological traits, especially in natural populations. The adaptive significance of plant water-use efficiency, the ratio of photosynthesis to water loss through transpiration, has rarely been examined. In this study, carbon isotopic discrimination, Delta, an integrated measure of water-use efficiency, was repeatedly measured in juveniles and adults in a natural population of the herbaceous desert perennial Cryptantha flava over a 4-year period and examined for plasticity in Delta, consistency between years in values of Delta, and evidence for selection on Delta phenotypes. There was significant concordance in Delta values among the 4 years for adult plants and significant correlations in Delta values measured in different years for juveniles and adults combined. The wettest year of the study, 1998, proved an exception because Delta values that year were not correlated with Delta values in any other year of the study. Consistency in Delta measured on the same plants in different years could indicate genotypic variation and/or consistency in the water status of the microhabitats the plants occupied. Two forms of plasticity in Delta were also evident; mean seasonal values were correlated with precipitation the preceding autumn, and Delta values also declined with plant size, indicating increasing water-use efficiency. Phenotypic selection was evident because in the first year of the study juvenile plants that would survive until year five averaged lower Delta values than did those that failed to survive. During the driest year, 2000, Delta was significantly negatively correlated with adult plant size, measured as the number of leaf rosettes, but the negative relationship between Delta and the number of flowering stalks, a more direct measure of fitness, was not significant. These results suggest that the direction of phenotypic selection on Delta changes as plants grow.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Labeling an egg parasitoid, Anagrus epos (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), with rubidium within an overwintering refuge. French prune trees provide overwintering habitat for the egg parasitoid Anagrus epos Girault (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), an important natural enemy of the the grape leafhopper, Erythroneura elegantula Osborn (Homoptera: Cicadellidae). French prune trees were treated with rubidium during the fall of 1991-1993 to assess the potential for obtaining an elemental label in overwintering A. epos. Multiple applications of 5,000-ppm solutions of RbCl to French prune foliage from late August to early October resulted in increases in foliar rubidium content of up to 200 times the naturally occuring concentration. Rubidium content of adult prune leafhoppers, Edwardsiana prunicola Edwards (Homoptera: Cicadellidae), collected from treated trees was up to 130 times the naturally occurring level. Naturally occuring rubidium content of A. epos was 0.052 ng Rb per individual based on a sample of 498 wasps collected from 3 separate, untreated grape vineyards. Mean rubidium content was 0.205 ng Rb in A. epos collected in the spring directly from French prune trees that had been treated in the fall with RbCl. This is 3.9 times the background level and indicates successful labeling of overwintering A. epos. However, there was substantial overlap in rubidium content between A. epos from treated trees and those from untreated sites. A. epos reared from rubidium-enriched host eggs and maintained in the lab on a mixture of honey and water exhibited minimal decay of the elemental label during the adult lifetime. Success of this labeling approach has made possible the direct study of the dispersal of A. epos from treated French prune tree refuges into adjacent grape vineyards.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "A sustainable method for germanium, vanadium and lithium extraction from coal fly ash: Sodium salts roasting and organic acids leaching. The paper proposes an environmentally friendly process for recovering germanium, lithium, and vanadium from coal fly ash (CFA) using thermal pretreatment and hydrometallurgy. To this end, three sets of experiments were conducted: parameter screening, optimization, and kinetic modeling. The Taguchi method was employed to develop screening tests and ascertain the most influential parameters. The salt type (NaCl, NaNO3, Na2CO3, Na2SO4), the CFA/salt ratio, the organic acid type (malic, oxalic, citric, and acetic acids), the acid concentration, and the processing time were investigated. The results indicated that while the acid type has the most significant effect on the leaching process, the salt/CFA ratio has the least effect on metal recoveries. The second set of experiments used response surface methodology (RSM) to optimize the dissolution process and obtain the highest recoveries of Ge, Li, and V. Additionally, mathematical models were suggested to predict the metals recoveries. Citric acid and NaCO3 were selected as the optimal leaching and roasting agents. The optimum condition to obtain maximum recoveries was 0.5 M citric acid, a CFA/NaCO3 ratio of 1:0.5, and a leaching time of 60 min. During the final set of experiments, four tests were conducted under optimal conditions at various temperatures for kinetic modeling and activation energy calculation. At 30 degrees C, the highest recoveries for Ge, V, and Li were 98.15%, 75.31%, and 97.30%, respectively. The \\\\'interfacial transfer and diffusion across the product layer\\\\' model was discovered to govern leaching kinetics. The activation energies for Ge, V, and li were 24.50 kJ/mol, 34.16 kJ/mol, and 49.82 kJ/mol, respectively.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "Effect of different concentrations of O-2 under inert and CO2 atmospheres on the swine manure combustion process. The oxy-fuel combustion of swine manure has been evaluated by thermogravimetric-mass spectrometric analysis. Manure samples showed a two-stage decomposition profile. The first stage is related to devolatilization of the sample and the second stage involved oxidation of the char formed in situ. Replacement of the inert carrier gas by CO2 did not seem to affect the first stage. However, this change in carrier gas delayed the oxidation of the samples during the second stage. This finding is mainly attributed to the slower transfer of thermal energy to the fuels in CO2/O-2 atmospheres. The increase in the oxygen partial pressure in the reaction medium had a marked effect on the oxidation stage by shifting the process to lower temperatures (from 514 to 478 degrees C and from 525 to 475 degrees C for Ar/O-2 and CO2/O-2, respectively). The kinetics of the process were evaluated by the integral iso-conversional method of KissingerAkahira-Sunose (KAS). The two aforementioned stages were clearly identified as two regions of apparent activation energy were obtained. A similar profile was found for the gaseous products released in the process in both atmospheres, as evidenced by a distribution with two emission peaks, which is consistent with the two combustion regions. However, the formation of light products such as H-2, CO and CH4 was favored on using high proportions of CO2 (similar to 80 vol.%). (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "Backwash sequence optimization of a pilot-scale ultrafiltration membrane system using data-driven modeling for parameter forecasting. Optimizing the backwashing procedure of ultrafiltration membranes poses novel challenges in regards to the modeling and simulation of the fouling process. Traditional modeling approaches the problem through a physical and chemical understanding of the complicated fouling phenomena. In this study, a large amount of data has been collected from a pilot-scale ultrafiltration membrane system treating spent filter backwash water at a water treatment plant. Environmental variables and operational parameters including temperature, hydraulic pressure, water turbidity, etc. are monitored continuously. This work focuses on revealing the hidden nonlinear relationships of these variables via data driven methodologies without building a first principles process model. Machine learning tools are used to establish a connection between environmental variables, dynamic parameters, the efficiency of foulant removal through backwashing, and the increase rate of foulants. The prediction performance is compared to regression models including linear regression, artificial neural networks, and random forests. Our data driven model of the fouling dynamics is then used for optimization purposes, in particular, to optimize the backwashing sequence timing by applying tools from stochastic dynamic programming. Optimized backwash performance is compared with experimental data acquired via a fixed interval sequence and shows a more efficient schedule at less cost and with lower membrane resistance. This work establishes a full pipeline of data processing, model building, and operational optimization. The only requirement for employing our methodology is the collection of operational data, in order to identify the membrane dynamics. The reported methodology offers a great potential for implementation on large-scale ultrafiltration applications, which can improve energy consumption and elongate membrane life.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 33]}
+{"token": "Consumption and Developmental Capacity of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) on the Sugarcane Aphid (Melanaphis sacchari Zehntner) in Puebla, Mexico. The capacity for consumption and development of Chrysoperla carnea larvae fed Melanaphis sacchari and eggs of Sitotroga cerealella was evaluated under laboratory conditions. The average number of M. sacchari nymphs consumed by the different larval stages of C. carnea was different; the first larval stage consumed 13.9 nymphs, the second 32.2, and the third 93.5. The duration of the larval stages was not different in both treatments. The larval-adult period, pupal and longevity of the adults were shorter, when the larvae were fed nymphs of M. sacchari. The survival of C. carnea adults was greater when fed eggs of S. cerealella (65.5%). Fecundity increased when larvae fed on S. cerealella eggs (23 eggs per female per day), in comparison when fed nymphs of M. sacchari (18 eggs per female per day); fertility was not different in both treatments. These results suggest that Chrysoperla cornea can develop, complete its biological cycle, and reproduce in a normal way, when fed as a larval stage with nymphs of M. sacchari. Chrysoperla cameo can be considered as a potential species for biological control of M. sacchari, especially using second- and third-instar larvae releases, due to greater prey consumption, although it is necessary to do additional field evaluations to complement this information.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "A new write assist technique for SRAM design in 65 nm CMOS technology. In this paper, a new write assist technique for SRAM arrays is proposed. In this technique, to improve the write features of the SRAM cell, a negative voltage is applied to one of the bitlines in the SRAM cell while another bitline is connected to a boosted voltage. Improved write features are attributed to the boosting scheme from both sides of the SRAM cell. This technique is applied to a 10T-SRAM cell with transmission-gate access devices. The proposed design gives 2.7 x, 2.1 x faster write time, 82% and 18% improvement in write margin compared with the standard 8T-SRAM cell with and without write assist, respectively. All simulations have been done in TSMC 65 nm CMOS technology. The proposed write assist technique enables 10T-SRAM cell to operate with 24% lower supply voltage compared with standard 8T-SRAM cell with negative bitline write assist. Due to the improved supply voltage scalability a 33% leakage power reduction is achieved. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 37]}
+{"token": "ROMAN AUXILIARY FORTS IN DALMATIA: THE CASE OF TILURIUM. The legionary fortress of Tilurium (village of Gardun near Trilj in Croatia) has been the subject of archaeological excavations from 1997; and until now, four monographs have been published dealing with the material found in the campaigns from 1997 to 2010. One of the main achievements of these excavations is definitely the confirmation that the stone objects inside the fortress were not built prior to the reign of Claudius; which is something that has also been noted in the case of Burnum, the second legionary fortress in Dalmatia. However, previously there was no knowledge of the auxiliary forts near the fortress of Tilurium, which, of course, should have been expected, especially considering the case of the fortress of Burnum, for which we know was strengthened with four auxiliary forts, built probably during the reign of Claudius. In this paper, the author reveals the remains of the Roman auxiliary fort located on a karstic plateau above the river Cetina, approx. 550 meters south of the legionary fortress of Tilurium. It is highly evident that the fort controlled the crossing over the river Cetina, situated below the pre-Roman hillfort of Svalinova Gradina in Caporice. According to the information from the ancient itineraries, it is most likely that the road station of Pons Tiluri should be located around that river crossing.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER-STABLE AND UNSTABLE SUBTYPES. There have been criticisms that the criteria for antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) are over-dependent on criminal behavior. This study aimed to identify unrelated criteria of social and behavioral problems and instability, and to investigate their associations in a representative household sample of adults in the UK. Approximately one third of adults with ASPD did not fulfill any of the criteria for instability. They were less aggressive and involved in illegal activities but expressed less remorse for their behaviors. Instability in ASPD was mediated primarily through comorbid anxiety disorders and borderline personality disorder. The concept of Secondary Psychopathy, which has not generally been applied to ASPD, demonstrated many similarities to the unstable subtype.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Rational Design on Chemical Regulation of Interfacial Microstress Engineering by Matching Young's Modulus in a CsPbBr3 Perovskite Film with Mechanical Compatibility toward Enhanced Photoelectric Conversion Efficiency. Thermodynamically induced tensile stress in the perovskite film will lead to the formation of atomic vacancies, seriously destroying the photovoltaic efficiency stability of the perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Among them, cations and halide anions vacancies are unavoidable; these point vacancies are considered to be a major source of the ionic migration and perovskite degradation at the crystal boundary and surface of the perovskite films. Here, we use choline bromide to modify the perovskite film by occupying the atomic defects in the CsPbBr3 perovskite film. The results show that the zwitterion quaternary ammonium ions and bromide ions in choline bromide can simultaneously occupy the Cs+ cation and Br- anions vacancies in the perovskite film by the ionic bonding effect, for which the defect-state density on the surface of the perovskite film can be significantly reduced, leading to the effective enhancement of carrier lifetime. In addition, the residual stress at the crystal boundary can be effectively reduced by lowering the Young's modulus in the CsPbBr3 perovskite film. As a result, the optimized device achieves a photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) of 9.06% with an increase of 41.1% compared to the control device with a PCE of 6.42%. Most importantly, the newborn thermal stress due to thermal expansion during heat working conditions can be transferred from the polycrystalline perovskite to the carbon layer by the matched Young's modulus, thus resulting in improved stability perovskite film under environmental conditions. The work provides new insights for preparing high-quality perovskite films with low defect-state density and residual stress.", "label": [1, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "Genome-wide association meta-analyses combining multiple risk phenotypes provide insights into the genetic architecture of cutaneous melanoma susceptibility. Most genetic susceptibility to cutaneous melanoma remains to be discovered. Meta-analysis genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 36,760 cases of melanoma (67% newly genotyped) and 375,188 controls identified 54 significant (P < 5 x 10(-8)) loci with 68 independent single nucleotide polymorphisms. Analysis of risk estimates across geographical regions and host factors suggests the acral melanoma subtype is uniquely unrelated to pigmentation. Combining this meta-analysis with GWAS of nevus count and hair color, and transcriptome association approaches, uncovered 31 potential secondary loci for a total of 85 cutaneous melanoma susceptibility loci. These findings provide insights into cutaneous melanoma genetic architecture, reinforcing the importance of nevogenesis, pigmentation and telomere maintenance, together with identifying potential new pathways for cutaneous melanoma pathogenesis.Meta-analysis of 36,760 cases and 375,188 controls identifies 54 loci associated with susceptibility to cutaneous melanoma. Further analysis combining nevus count and hair color GWAS results provide insights into the genetic architecture of melanoma.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Epstein-Barr virus DNA in cerebrospinal fluid from an immunocompetent man with herpes simplex virus encephalitis. Herpes simplex virus 1 meningo-encephalitis was ascertained in a 63-year-old immunocompetent man. To determine the duration of the persistence of herpesvirus DNA in the central nervous system, the cerebrospinal fluid was periodically monitored by polymerase chain reaction for 53 days. In addition to HSV-1, Epstein - Barr virus DNA was detected in the cerebrospinal fluid 9 days after disease onset. The possible meaning of the Epstein-Barr virus DNA finding is discussed.", "label": [2, 17, 20]}
+{"token": "The Fall and Rise of the Antitrust Class Action. Jurisdictions all over the world are experimenting with different forms of collective actions in order to provide compensation for large numbers of victims with small claims in competition cases. This article surveys two nearly simultaneous developments: the cautious development of collective actions in competition cases outside the United States and the narrowing of class actions in the United States. This article then focuses on the key issue that will determine the fate of the nascent movement toward collective actions, namely the need for an opt-out mechanism to provide proper incentives with the collective assertion of small value claims. We conclude that, as a matter of both theory and practice, opt-in mechanisms are merely an inadequate form of joinder ill suited for collective actions in competition cases.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Lentivirus gene transfer in murine hematopoietic progenitor cells is compromised by a delay in proviral integration and results in transduction mosaicism and heterogeneous gene expression in progeny cells. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1-based lentivirus vectors containing the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene were used to transduce murine Lin(-) c-kit(+) Seal(+) primitive hematopoietic progenitor cells. Following transduction, the cells were plated into hematopoietic progenitor cell assays in methylcellulose and the colonies were scored for GFP positivity. After incubation for 20 h, lentivirus vectors transduced 27.3% +/- 6.7% of the colonies derived from unstimulated target cells, but transduction was more efficient when the cells were supported with stem cell factor (SCF) alone (42.0% +/- 5.5%) or SCF, interleukin-3 (IL-3), and IL-6 (53.3 +/- 1.8%) during transduction. The, vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein-pseudotyped MGIN oncoretrovirus control vector required IL-3, IL-6, and SCF for significant transduction (39.3 +/- 9.4%). Interestingly, only a portion of the progeny cells within the lentivirus-transduced methylcellulose colonies expressed GFP, in contrast to the homogeneous expression in oncoretrovirus-transduced colonies. Secondary plating of the primary GFP(+) lentivirus vector-transduced colonies revealed vector PCR+ GFP(+) (42%), vector PCR- GFP(-) (46%), and vector PCR+ GFP(-) (13%) secondary colonies, indicating true genetic mosaicism with respect to the viral genome in the progeny cells. The degree of vector mosaicism in individual colonies could be reduced by extending the culture time after transduction and before plating into the clonal progenitor cell assay, indicating a delay in the lentiviral integration process. Furthermore, supplementation with exogenous deoxynucleoside triphosphates during transduction decreased mosaicism within the colonies. Although cytokine stimulation during transduction correlates with higher transduction efficiency, rapid cell division after transduction may result in loss of the viral genome in the progeny cells. Therefore, optimal transduction may require activation without promoting intense cell proliferation prior to vector integration.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Inhibition of neuronal Na+ channels by the novel antiepileptic compound DCUKA: Identification of the diphenylureido moiety as an inactivation modifier. In a previous analysis of existing antiseizure compounds, we suggested that a common diphenylureido moiety was responsible for the activity-dependent, Na+ channel blocking actions of these drugs (L. D. Snell et al., 2000, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 292: 215227). Thus the novel diphenylureido compound [N,N-(diphenyl)-4-ureido-5,7-dichloro-2-carboxyquinoline] DCUKA was developed to incorporate the diphenylureido pharmacophore into a structure that also acted as an NMDA receptor antagonist. DCUKA has previously been shown to have antiepileptic properties in animals, and in the present study the actions of DCUKA on Na+ currents were characterized using transfected cells that stably expressed the rat brain Na(v)1.2 channel isoform. In whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings, DCUKA reduced Na+ currents in a dose- and membrane potential-dependent fashion, with an apparent 1:1 stoichiometry of drug-channel interaction. Characterization of the effects of DCUKA on Na+ channel function strongly suggested that DCUKA acts by enhancing Na+ channel inactivation. Thus in the presence of DCUKA, Na(v)1.2 channels showed reduced availability in steady-state inactivation protocols, displayed use-dependent inhibition, and were slower to recover from inactivation than untreated channels, while DCUKA showed no significant interaction with the open state of the channel. As previously postulated for the anticonvulsants carbamazepine and phenytoin, these results could be well explained by a model in which the drug preferentially interacts with the fast inactivated state of the channel. Finally, DCUKA was generally more efficacious than carbamazepine in modifying sodium channel behavior. Thus the diphenylureido moiety identified by a structural analysis of classic anticonvulsants appears to be important to the inactivation-specific Na+ channel inhibition by this class of antiseizure agents. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA).", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "THEMASTERED PAST? Collective Memory Trends in Germany since Unification. The Federal Republic of Germany-both before and after 1989-has been influenced deeply by collective memories of the Nazi period and the Holocaust, a seemingly \\\\'unmasterable past.\\\\' In a first phase after unification, memory trends, which had their origin in the mid 1980s, continued, but a second period, beginning around the 1999 move of the capital back to Berlin, however, witnessed the erosion of this older trend and the delayed rise of new memory dynamics. Substantively, there have been three vectors of memory concerning Nazi crimes, German suffering, and the period of division, especially regarding the German Democratic Republic. In this article, I outline the major collective memory dynamics and debates, first from a qualitative and then from a more quantitative perspective where I analyze the holdings of the German National Library. I conclude that an intense period of memory work characterized the postunification years, but the peak of concern was reached several years ago and the German future will be much less beholden to the past. Given inevitable normalizing trends and the unintended consequences of the hegemony of Holocaust memory, Germany's difficult historical legacy increasingly appears to be disappearing or even mastered.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Tide-related Changes in mRNA Abundance of Aromatases and Estrogen Receptors in the Ovary and Brain of the Threespot Wrasse Halichoeres trimaculatus. The threespot wrasse (Halichoeres trimaculatus; Family Labridae) is a common coral reef species of the Indo-Pacific Ocean. Given that this species spawns daily at high tide (HT), we hypothesized that endocrine changes in relation to gonadal development are synchronized with the tidal cycle. To test this, we examined the transcript abundance of two cytochrome P450 aromatases (cyp19a and cyp19b) and two estrogen receptors (er alpha and er beta) in the ovary and brain of this species in response to tidal change. When fish were collected around four tidal points [low tide (LT), flood tide (FT), high tide (HT), and ebb tide (ET)], gonadosomatic index and oocyte diameter increased around HT and FT, respectively. Ovulatory follicles were observed in ovaries around HT. Real-time quantitative polymerase-chain reaction revealed that mRNA abundance of cyp19a and er alpha, but not er beta, in the ovary increased around ET and HT, respectively. On the other hand, mRNA levels of cyp19b in the forebrain were significantly higher around FT. Increases of er alpha and er beta mRNA abundance around FT were observed in all areas of the brain and the midbrain, respectively. The changes in mRNA abundance of key genes involved in reproduction at specific tidal cycles, along with the development of the vitellogenic oocytes in the ovary, support our hypothesis that synchronization of endocrine changes to the tidal periodicity plays a role in the gonadal development of this species. We hypothesize that conversion of testosterone to E2 in the brain may be associated with the spawning behavior given that the wrasse exhibits group spawning with a territory-holding male around HT.", "label": [4, 42, 36]}
+{"token": "Large-Scale Bicycle Flow Experiment: Setup and Implementation. Cycling research at the operational behavioral level is limited, mainly because of the lack of empirical data. To overcome this data shortage, we performed a controlled, large-scale cycling experiment in the Netherlands. In this paper we describe the methodology for setting up and implementing such an experiment, from the motivation of its design using a conceptual model describing cyclist behavior to adjustments that were required during the experiment. The main contribution of this paper is, therefore, to be used as a guide in future experimental data collections. Moreover, we present the characteristics of the participants and their bicycles, and provide a qualitative description of phenomena observed during the experiment. Finally, we elaborate on the potential that the collected dataset holds for future research into understanding and modeling operational cycling behavior.", "label": [1, 5, 15, 47]}
+{"token": "Improving Teacher Education Programs. In this paper, the authors review current practices in pre-service teacher education. They suggest that radical improvements are possible and that, if practiced, would help mediate many of the pressures young teachers face. To do so, the authors: 1) outline the experiences of young teachers to consider how teachers might thrive in a difficult vocation; 2) share recent research in the area of in-service teacher professional learning (including their own) as a way to inform teacher education programs; and 3) to use these research findings to suggest possible changes and improvements to pre-service teacher education programs. Synthesizing the research, the authors generate a \\\\'To Do List\\\\' of activities they believe should become part of pre-service education programs. They believe such instruction can become essential career foundations for teachers that would help build Master Teachers, would help stem the exodus from teaching, and would help our teacher education programs begin to educate teachers for the wellness of long and healthy careers.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Temporal, Spatial, Sexual and Environmental Regulation of the Master Regulator of Sexual Differentiation in C. elegans. Sexual differentiation is controlled by diverse master regulatory factors across the animal kingdom. The transcription factor TRA-1 is the master regulator of somatic sexual differentiation in the nematode C. elegans, where it was reported to be expressed sex-specifically in the non-gonadal soma of hermaphrodites. Using a gfp-tagged allele of tra-1. we reveal unanticipated dynamics of TRA-1 protein expression in five dimensions: space, time, sex, environment, and subcellular localization. We show temporal regulation of TRA-1 protein accumulation in somatic tissues with different onsets of expression in different tissue types, indicating that sexual identity is not uniformly imposed. In hermaphrodites, neuronal expression is initially highly restricted and then increases variably between individuals during larval development until reaching panneuronal expression in the fourth larval stage. Unexpectedly, TRA-1 also accumulates in a subset of sex-shared neurons in the male. Additionally, a food signal is required to turn on TRA-1 expression in the intestine, and environmental stressors shut off TRA-1 expression in the entire non-gonadal soma, suggesting that somatic sexual differentiation may be affected by external conditions. We show that, in contrast to the protein degradation mechanisms that control TRA-1 accumulation in the adult, the temporal, sexual, and spatial specificities of TRA-1 accumulation during development are regulated transcriptionally. A nuclear hormone receptor, daf-12, previously implicated in developmental timing in C. elegans, contributes to temporal accumulation of TRA-1 in the nervous system. Our studies reveal a mosaic and dynamic nature of sexual identity acquisition and uncover hormonal control mechanisms for sexual differentiation of the brain.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Contracts with Framing. We study a model of contracts in which a profit-maximizing seller uses framing to influence buyers' purchasing behavior. Framing temporarily affects how buyers evaluate different products, and buyers can renege on their purchases after the framing effect wears off. We characterize the optimal contracts with framing and their welfare properties in several settings. Framing that is not too strong reduces total welfare in regulated markets with homogenous buyers, but increases total welfare in markets with heterogenous buyers when the proportion of buyers with low willingness to pay is small.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Approximate Theoretical Investigations on Isosceles Triangular Dielectric Resonator Antennas and Experimental Validation. Theoretical and experimental investigations on isosceles theta(i) - theta(i) - phi(i) triangular dielectric resonator antennas (TDRAs) are presented here for TM mode for the first time. Trilinear transformation is slightly modified to obtain the approximate solutions for eigenfunction and eigenvalue. Limitations of the theory are discussed. Closed form expression is given here to predict the resonant frequency with a maximum error of 4%. It is found that isosceles TDRA produces a peak in the broadside direction at fundamental TMz 101 and higher order TM103z modes. Three isosceles TDRAs having theta(i) = 60 degrees, 70 degrees, and 75 degrees are fabricated for experimental validation.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
+{"token": "Impairment of Leaf Photosynthesis After Insect Herbivory or Mechanical Injury on Common Milkweed, Asclepias syriaca. Insect herbivory has variable consequences on plant physiology, growth, and repdroduction. In some plants, herbivory reduces photosynthetic rate (Pn) activity on remaining tissue of injured leaves. We sought to better understand the influence of leaf injury on Pn of common milkweed, Asclepias syriaca (Asclepiadaceae), leaves. Initially, we tested whether Pn reductions occured after insect herbivory or mechanical injury. We also (1) examined the duration of photosynthetic recovery, (2) compared mechanical injury with insect herbivory, (3) studied the relationship between leaf Pn with leaf injury intensity, and (4) considered uninjured leaf compensatory Pn responses neighboring and injured leaf. Leaf Pn was significantly reduced on mechanically injured or insect-fed leaves in all reported experiments except one, so some factors(s) (cardiac glycoside induction, reproductive investment, and water stress) likely interacts with leaf injury to influence whether Pn impairment occurs. Milkweed tussock moth larval herbivory, Euchaetes egle L. (Arctiidae), impaired leaf Pn more severely than mechanical injury in one experiment. Duration of Pn impairment lasted > 5 d to indicate high leaf Pn sensitivity to injury, but Pn recovery occured within 13 d in one experiment. The degree of Pn reduction was more severe from E. egle herbivory than similar levels of mechanical tissue removal. Negative linear relationships characterized leaf Pn with percentage tissue loss frm singly E. egle-fed leaves and mechanically injured leaves and suggested that the signal to trigger leaf Pn impairment on remaining tissue of an injured leaf was amplified by additional tissue loss. Finally, neighboring uninjured leaves to an E. elge-fed leaf had a small (approximate to 10%) degree of compensatory Pn to partly offset tissue loss and injured leaf Pn impairment.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Reinforcement of CFRP single lap joints using metal laminates. Despite the recent increase in composite usage for structural applications, the susceptibility to delamination failure of these materials is still seen as a big limitation for a more widespread and efficient use of the materials. A technique aiming to reduce delamination by reinforcing composite adherends with aluminium laminates, inspired by the concept of Fibre Metal Laminates (FMLs), is proposed for single lap joints using two different epoxy-based adhesives. Unlike FMLs, the suggested reinforced joints, known as Composite Metal Laminates (CML), are not reinforced throughout the transverse direction but only at the adherends edges. An adequate performance is displayed for quasi-static (1 mm/min) and impact conditions (3 m/s). Delamination could not be avoided, but was delayed for the reinforced configurations, substantially increasing the failure loads. A numerical model using a finite element analysis is developed, and numerical and experimental results are compared. Additionally, since the performance of the technique is dependent on the mechanical properties of the adhesive used, a method is proposed to determine the minimum metal laminate thickness required for a positive performance of the reinforced joints when compared to a basic CFRP-only single lap joint (SLJ).", "label": [1, 11, 12]}
+{"token": "Synchrotron radiation applications to past volcanism archived in speleothems: An overview. Precise dating and correlation of past key volcanic eruptions over a wide geographic area in archives of past climate variability is necessary to support a direct causality between volcanism and climate changes. Research has mostly focused on ice cores and varved sediments, which capture a record of volcanic eruptions in geochemistry and the presence of tephra and criptotephra. Precisely dated cave carbonate deposits, collectively known as speleothems are other valuable palaeoclimate archives, and encode information on past volcanism in their sulphate concentration variability. Due to the physical characteristic of speleothems, detection of sulphate concentration variability requires techniques capable of high spatial resolution, very low limit of detection (ppm to ppb) and low background noise. Synchrotron radiation-based (SR) micro X-ray fluorescence (mu XRF) and X-ray absorption near-edge spectrometry prove to be one of the most effective techniques to detect short-lived pulses of sulphate concentration increase, which may be interpreted as being related to atmospheric load due to volcanic eruptions. Here, we provide an overview of existing work as well as a novel interpretation of a SR mu XRF-based sulphate series in an annually laminated stalagmite with robust chronology. Sulphate concentration peaks in the years 1815-1816,1844 and 1947, possibly coinciding with Tambora, Krakatau, and Hekla eruptions. It is concluded that sulphate concentration in speleothems expand the potential to correlate volcanic eruption events at a global scale. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Alkaline sulphide leaching of tennantite in copper flotation concentrates to selectively dissolve arsenic. High-arsenic copper flotation concentrates, in which the major arsenic-bearing mineral was tennantite, were leached with an alkaline sulphide system. At a pulp density of 5 wt% solids with 100-150 g/L Na2S and 50 g/L NaOH, over 91 wt% As was dissolved within 2 h at 100 degrees C. From concentrates containing 3.4-4.9 wt% As, leach residues containing <0.5 wt% As were obtained making them suitable as a smelter feed without a penalty for arsenic. Copper dissolution ranged from 16 to 22 wt% Cu, with significant amounts of calcium, iron and sulphur also dissolved. In a leach at 34.0 wt% solids, excellent arsenic extraction was obtained (97.9 wt% As), but the levels of copper, calcium, and iron dissolution were 0.5, 1.1, and 0.2 wt%, respectively, meaning excellent selectivity for arsenic was achieved. X-ray diffraction and electron probe microanalyses indicated the mechanism for arsenic dissolution from tennantite, and bornite abundance in the residue.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Crisis? What crisis? Cross-cultural psychology's appropriation of cultural psychology. Whereas cross-cultural psychology and cultural psychology have been distinguished as separate projects for decades, talk about their possible collaboration is becoming increasingly common. Several scholars have described their differences as essentially non-oppositional and the latest Handbook of Cultural Psychology combines articles from both research traditions. This paper scrutinizes these consolidating efforts first by tracing historically how the two accounts of culture (cultural and cross-cultural) developed, and second, by examining whether their long-standing epistemological premises allow for the kind of collaboration advocated by some scholars. We argue that attempts to combine the disciplines come primarily from cross-cultural psychologists who appear increasingly challenged by cultural and indigenous psychological approaches. Attempts at a merger have been twofold: on the one hand, cross-cultural psychologists who seek to preserve the status of their discipline have expanded its scope to include cultural theorists; on the other hand, cross-cultural scholars persuaded by cultural theories are creating a new blend of 'experimental cultural psychology' that seeks to accommodate both programs. These proposals, in our view, exemplify a cross-cultural discipline in crisis, struggling to account for a growing cultural psychology. We conclude that the overlapping interests between cross-cultural and cultural scholars make this a propitious time for cross-disciplinary dialogue.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "The Normativity of Prudence. Kant's account of \\\\'precepts of prudence\\\\' raises a striking interpretive puzzle. On the one hand, he presents such precepts as normative-practical rules; on the other hand, he relegates them to theoretical philosophy. I argue that to render these two strands coherent, we must assume that our empirical nature is a \\\\'source of normativity\\\\' for us: prudence is normative for us just because we have an \\\\'unconditional\\\\' empirical desire for obtaining happiness, a maximum of pleasant sensations. Since rules of prudence cognize the means for causing a state of affairs that we desire and value insofar as we are receptive natural beings, these rules do not presuppose the active self-legislation of practical reason. Hence they belong to the theoretical cognition of nature.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "The Circulation of Grief in English Women's WWII Correspondence. Focusing on epistolary depictions of domestic dangers and children's deaths, this article examines how English women used letter-writing to request support in response to traumatic wartime experiences. A theoretical framework is offered for understanding how letters function as a method of peer support. This framework combines Nancy Fraser's theory of subaltern counterpublics, Lauren Berlant's concept of intimate publics and Aimee Morrison's work on digital affective communities to understand how letters were emotionally beneficial to women. Next, by appealing to Narrative Psychiatry (John P. Wilson and Jacob D. Lindy, and SuEllen Hamkins) the author explores how various images and symbols within women's correspondence demonstrate their efforts to process and articulate their experiences of trauma, anxiety, and grief, in response to wartime events. In closing, the author considers how witnessing as a collaborative activity between a speaker and a listener, as theorized by Dori Laub, is translated into women's wartime epistolary relationships.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Multiple Linear Regression for Extracting Phrase Translation Pairs. Phrase translation pairs are very useful for bilingual lexicography, machine translation system, crosslingual information retrieval and many applications in natural language processing. Phrase translation pairs are always extracted from bilingual sentence pairs. In this paper, we extract phrase translation pairs based on word alignment results of Chinese-English bilingual sentence pairs and parsing trees of Chinese sentences, in order to decrease the influence of the grammar disagreement between Chinese and English. Discriminative features for phrase translation pairs are proposed to evaluate extracted ones in this paper, including translation literality, phrase alignment probability and phrase length difference. Multiple linear regression model combined with N-best strategy will be employed to filter phrase translation pairs, in order to improve the evaluating and filtering performance. Experimental results indicate that the filtering performance of phrase alignment probability is best in three kinds of discriminative features for evaluating Chinese-English phrase translation pairs. After multiple linear regression model combined with N-best strategy is used, its F1 achieves 86.24%.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Polyclonal antibody preparations from avian origin as a feed additive to beef cattle: ruminal fermentation during the step-up transition diets. LAY SUMMARYFeedlot cattle are fed high-grain diets that require a transition period with gradual increasing amounts of grain. Those diets are associated with changes in microbial populations of the gastrointestinal tract in favor of bacteria that can contribute to cause metabolic disorders by reducing ruminal pH. Feed additives are compounds added to the diet of feedlot cattle to improve animal health and performance by minimizing the effects of microbial changes. An alternative product, polyclonal antibody preparations (PAP), have emerged as a possible tool to ameliorate the effects of high-grain diets on cattle health and performance. Therefore, this research investigated the effects of PAP during diet transition to a high-grain in beef cattle. It was concluded that feeding PAP contributed to increase ruminal pH, which could result in reduced risks of metabolic diseases.This study investigated the effects of feeding an avian-derived polyclonal antibody preparation (PAP; CAMAS, Inc.) against Streptococcus bovis, Fusobacterium necrophorum, and lipopolysaccharides (40%, 35%, and 25% of the preparation, respectively) on ruminal fermentation [pH, ammonia-N (NH3-N), lactate, and volatile fatty acids (VFA)] of beef steers during a 21-d step-up diet adaptation. Eight ruminally cannulated Angus crossbred beef steers (658 +/- 79 kg of body weight) were assigned in a crossover design to be transitioned from a diet containing ad libitum bermudagrass hay [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] plus 0.45 kg/d (as fed) of molasses with 0 (CON) or 3 g of PAP (PAP) to a high-grain diet. Transition consisted of three 7-d steps of increased inclusion of cracked corn (35%, 60%, and 82% of the diet DM for STEP1, STEP2, and STEP3, respectively). On each transition day and 7 d after STEP3 (STEP3-7d), ruminal fluid samples were obtained every 3 h for 24 h. Feeding 3 g of PAP daily increased (P < 0.01) average ruminal pH during STEP3 compared with CON steers (5.6 vs. 5.4 +/- 0.05, respectively). During STEP1, NH3-N concentration was greater (P < 0.01; 9.4 vs. 6.8 +/- 0.74 mM, respectively), and time (min/d) and area (time x pH) of ruminal pH below or equal to 5.2 was lesser (P <= 0.03) for steers consuming PAP compared with steers assigned to CON treatment (33.4 vs. 73.3 +/- 21.7 min/d and 187.4 vs. 406.3 +/- 119.7 min x pH/d, respectively). Steers consuming PAP had greater acetate:propionate ratio at 0, 3, and 6 h relative to diet change compared with CON (2.42, 2.35, 2.29 vs. 1.66, 1.79, and 1.72 +/- 0.17, respectively), whereas butyrate molar proportions increased (P = 0.02; 17.1 vs. 11 +/- 1.58 mol/100 mol for CON and PAP, respectively) when PAP was not fed at STEP2. Total ruminal lactate concentrations were not affected by PAP feeding (P > 0.11). In conclusion, feeding 3 g/d of polyclonal antibody preparation against S. bovis, F. necrophorum, and lipopolysaccharides was effective in increasing ruminal pH, A:P ratio, and NH3-N concentrations, possibly attenuating the risks of ruminal acidosis in steers during the step-up transition from forage to high-grain diets.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "DUAL SYMBOLIC CLASSIFICATION AND THE PRIMARY EMOTIONS - A PROPOSED SYNTHESIS OF DURKHEIM SOCIOGENIC AND PLUTCHIKS PSYCHOEVOLUTIONARY THEORIES OF EMOTIONS. Durkeim's and Mauss's proposal that emotions play a causal role in the emergence of dual-symbolic classification schemes is evaluated by analysing two of their three case studies of dual classification - that of the Australian Aborigines and the 'divinatory compass' of trigrams associated with the ancient Chinese text I Ching. Because Durkheim and Mauss attempted no cIassification of the emotions, their model remains conceptually underspecified and untested. Plutchik, in contrast, provides psychoevolutionary classification of the emotions but does not provide for his 'stimulus' social content. Through a theoretical synthesis of the sociogenic and psychoevolutionary perspectives of Durkheim and Plutchik, respectively it is argued that a model sufficient for analysis of the classification-emotion linkage can be obtained and applied to two Durkheim-Mauss case studies. A study of Durkheim's Elementary Forms supporting his hypothesis that interaction rituals result in an effervescence of sentiment is explicated in terms of at least seven of Plutchik's eight primary emotions. The divinatory compass of eight trigrams is found to be structurally isomorphic to Plutchik's 'wheel' of primary emotions.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Running the distance: A call to perseverance. Jeremiah 1: 17-19 brings to a conclusion the call narrative of the prophet Jeremiah and contains the residual memory of the words of Yahweh by which the prophet lived across a lifetime of ministry. An analysis of the text reveals a charge/threat and assurance/encouragement framework that helped to embolden and sustain Jeremiah as he lived under a withering calling to speak all of the words of Yahweh against powerful people on all sides. It also probes for elements that empowered Jeremiah to emerge and re-emerge through his personal struggles to go the distance and fulfill his charge. These words also yield insight into how a prophet who lived through much abuse and loneliness could endure and grow more resilient. Jeremiah is presented as a model for those who would live out a calling amid challenges and conflict. The article addresses the strengthening process that enables some to go the distance in ministry at a time when so many are bailing out.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "A Random Walk Down Maple Lane? A Critique of Neoclassical Consumption Theory with Reference to Housing Wealth. The development of the permanent income/life cycle consumption hypothesis was a key blow to Keynesian and Kaleckian economics, and, according to George Akerlof, it 'set the agenda' for modern neoclassical macroeconomics. This paper focuses on the relationship of housing wealth to neoclassical consumption theory and, in particular, the degree to which homes can be treated collectively with other forms of 'permanent income.' The neoclassical analysis will be evaluated as a partly normative and partly positive one, in recognition of the dual function of the neoclassical theory of rationality. The paper rests its critique primarily on the distinctive role of homes in social life; theories that fail to recognize this role jeopardize the social and economic goods at stake. Since many families do not own large amounts of assets other than their places of residence, these issues have important ramifications for the relevance of consumption theory as a whole.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Frequency and pattern of radiological and laboratory investigations in patients with mental illnesses: A study from North Rajasthan. Background: There are widespread perceptions that excessive and unnecessary investigations are done in many patients with mental illnesses. There are no studies from India looking into this issue.Study Design and Settings: A cross-sectional study in a community outreach clinic, a district level psychiatric hospital, and psychiatry outpatient clinic of a medical college.Materials and Methods: 160 newly registered patients seeking treatment at these settings were assessed using a semi-structured pro forma regarding various investigations that they had undergone before seeking the current consultation. Frequency of investigations was analyzed.Results: About 47.5% of patients had at least one of the three brain investigations done. EEG, CT head, and MRI brain had been done in 37.5%, 20.0%, and 8.8% of the patients, respectively. Only 1.8% of the patients had blood tests done before current consultation.Aims: (i) To study the frequency and pattern of various investigations such as electroencephalography (EEG), computerized tomography (CT) scan of head, magnetic resolution imaging (MRI) scan of brain, and blood investigations carried out by the previous doctors on patients seeking treatment in three different settings. (ii) To study the socio-demographic and clinical correlates of investigations carried out on these patients.Conclusion: This study results raise question whether certain investigations such as EEG and CT head were carried out excessively and blood investigations were done infrequently. Further studies on larger samples with prospective study design to evaluate the appropriateness of current practices of carrying out investigations in patients presenting with psychiatric symptoms are required.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Minimum crosstalk channel routing. As technology advances, interconnection wires are placed in closer proximity and circuits operate at higher frequencies., Consequently, reduction of crosstalk between interconnection wires becomes an important consideration in VLSI design. In this paper, we study the gridded channel routing problem with the objective of satisfying crosstalk constraints for the nets. We proposed a new approach to the problem which utilizes existing channel routing algorithms and improves upon the routing results by permuting the routing tracks. The permutation problem is proven to be NP-complete. A novel mixed ILP formulation and effective procedures for reducing the number of variables and constraints in the mixed ILP formulation are then presented. The new algorithm is tested on three large benchmark circuits as well as many randomly generated circuits. The experimental results are very promising.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 37]}
+{"token": "Local rigidity of quasi-regular varieties. For a G-variety X with an open orbit, we define its boundary. X as the complement of the open orbit. The action sheaf S(X) is the subsheaf of the tangent sheaf made of vector fields tangent to partial derivative X. We prove, for a large family of smooth spherical varieties, the vanishing of the cohomology groups H(i) (X, S(X)) for i > 0, extending results of Bien and Brion (Compos. Math. 104:1-26, 1996). We apply these results to study the local rigidity of the smooth projective varieties with Picard number one classified in Pasquier (Math. Ann., in press).", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Recovery of chromite fines from wastewater streams by column flotation. In the Western Chrome Mine in South Africa, the process water stream contains approximately 3% chromite fines (< 100 mum), which report to the tailings dam. This results in resource loss and water contamination. Consequently, in this paper, the effects of pH, as well as the influence of anionic and cationic collectors on the floatability of chromite fines in columns, were investigated. Electrokinetic studies were used to elucidate the mechanism of collector adsorption and the findings were correlated with the optimal flotation conditions. The presence of the aqueous metal species Al3+, Cr3+, Fe3+ and Mg2+ resulting from the dissolution of chromite appeared to have a significant influence on the flotation of chromite fines. These species were found to adsorb on chromite surfaces and shift the point of zero charge (PZC) of the chromite. The optimal recovery of chromite fines was observed at a pH of approximately 4 for anionic flotation and 11 for cationic flotation. In column flotation tests for the fresh wastewater stream containing 3% chromite fines, a recovery and grade of approximately 40% and 43.5%, respectively were obtained with sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) flotation. A recovery and grade of approximately 32% and 45%, respectively were obtained with cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTMAB) flotation. Both cationic and anionic flotation deteriorated with an increase in aging of the chromite. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Testosterone's Negative Relationship With Empathic Accuracy and Perceived Leadership Ability. Two studies examine the relationship between naturally occurring levels of circulating testosterone and empathic accuracy. In Study 1, the authors find that higher endogenous levels of testosterone are negatively related to the accuracy with which people infer the thoughts and feelings of others. In Study 2, the authors use 360 data collected in the field to show that individuals with higher levels of endogenous testosterone are evaluated by their real-world professional colleagues as functioning with lower levels of empathic accuracy. Furthermore, the authors report evidence that this negative relationship between testosterone and perceived empathic accuracy has downstream consequences for perceptions of one's leadership skills and abilities.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "The role of cultivars in managing weeds in dry-seeded rice production systems. Dry-seeded rice (DSR) is an emerging production system in Asia. However, weeds are a major biological constraint in the success of DSR production. Although newly available herbicides may provide satisfactory weed control in DSR, an excessive use of herbicides may increase the risk of herbicide resistance and shifts towards problematic weed species. Cultural management practices with the integrated use of cultivars could be exploited to reduce selection pressure and delay herbicide resistance in weeds. The lack of suitable weed-competitive cultivars, however, has been a major constraint in this direction and there is a need to exploit the role of rice cultivars for weed management in DSR. The traits that are likely to be most helpful for weed management in direct seeding include seed germination in anaerobic conditions and tolerance of early submergence for uniform crop establishment, high and early seedling vigour with rapid leaf area development during the early vegetative stage for weed suppression, cultivars having an allelopathic effect, and herbicide-resistant rice cultivars. (c) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "The Big Five Inventory-2 in China: A Comprehensive Psychometric Evaluation in Four Diverse Samples. The Big Five Inventory-2 (BFI-2) has received wide recognition since its publication because it strikes a good balance between content coverage and brevity. The current study translated the BFI-2 into Chinese, evaluated its psychometric properties in four diverse Chinese samples (college students, adult employees, adults treated for substance use, and adolescents), and compared its factor structure with those obtained from two U.S. samples. Across two studies, the Chinese BFI-2 demonstrated good reliability (Cronbach's alpha and test-retest reliability), structural validity, convergent/discriminant validity, and criterion-related validity at the domain level. At lower levels of analyses, some facets and negatively worded items functioned better among participants with higher than those with lower education levels. Implications, limitations, and future directions are discussed.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Micro Raman spectroscopy (MRS) and energy dispersive x-ray microfluorescence (mu EDXRF) analysis of pigments in the Iberian cemetery of Tutugi (from the fourth to the third century bc, Galera, Granada, Spain). Recent archaeological research on the Iberian cemetery of Tutugi (from fourth to third century bc), in the administrative term of Galera (Granada, Spain), has granted access to a range of materials revealing major features of Iberian culture. The only information available on pigments in the Iberian culture refers to domestic ceramic and the inside covering of burials. This paper expands on the previous discussion by incorporating pigment studies of the decoration of highly symbolic ceramic vessels, a funerary urn and a glass paste vessel of three burials of the cemetery of Tutugi. Regarding the method, the pigment study relied on the mineralogical and elemental analysis using non-destructive spectroscopic techniques such as micro Raman spectroscopy (MRS) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Microfluorescence (mu EDXRF). These studies are used more and more frequently for research on archaeological items for their advantages over other techniques. The results obtained indicate the use of hematite, cinnabar and gypsum in the decoration of ceramic vessels. The pigments used for the urn were made with hematite, gypsum and amorphous carbon. Naples yellow and Egyptian blue were used as pigments in the fragment of glass paste vessel. Overall, joint use of MRS and mu EDXRF provides highly valuable data on the processes used for pigment-making, on the use of certain minerals that are highly symbolic among Iberians, such as cinnabar, and provides new evidence for the preservation of archaeological items retrieved from the burial site. Copyright (C) 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Factor Structure and Psychometric Properties of the Work-Family Balance Scale in an Urban Chinese Sample. The purpose of this study was to explore the factor structure of the Work-Family Balance Scale (WFBS) and examine its reliability and validity in use in the urban Chinese population. The scale was validated using a sample of 605 urban Chinese residents from 7 cities. Exploratory factor analysis identified two factors: work-family conflict and work-family enrichment. The WFBS showed adequate reliability and concurrent validity. The WFBS is a reliable and valid instrument to measure work-family balance for Chinese working parents. However, further examination of the scale is needed.", "label": [5, 47, 51]}
+{"token": "The clinical utility of structural neuroimaging in first-episode psychosis: A systematic review. Background: Australian and US guidelines recommend routine brain imaging, either computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging, to exclude structural lesions in presentations for first-episode psychosis. The aim of this review was to examine the evidence for the appropriateness and clinical utility of this recommendation by assessing the frequency of abnormal radiological findings in computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging scans among patients with first-episode psychosis. Methods: PubMed and Embase database were searched from inception to April 2018 using appropriate MeSH or Emtree terms. Studies were included in the review if they reported data on computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging scan findings of individuals with first-episode psychosis. No restriction on the geographical location of the study or the age of participants was applied. We calculated the percentage of abnormal radiological findings in each study, separately by the two diagnostic methods. Results: There were 16 suitable studies published between 1988 and 2017, reporting data on an overall 2312 patients with first-episode psychosis. Most were observational studies with a retrospective design and the majority examined patients with computed tomography. While structural abnormalities were a relatively common finding, these rarely required clinical intervention (range across studies: 0-60.7%; median: 3.5%) and were very rarely the cause of the psychotic symptoms (range: 0-3.3%; median: 0%). Only 2 of the 16 studies concluded that brain imaging should be routinely ordered in first-episode psychosis. Conclusion: There is insufficient evidence to suggest that brain imaging should be routinely ordered for patients presenting with first-episode psychosis without associated neurological or cognitive impairment. The appropriate screening procedure for structural brain lesions is conventional history-taking, mental status and neurological examination. If intracranial pathology is suspected clinically, a magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography scan should be performed depending on the clinical signs, the acuity and the suspected pathology. National guidelines should reflect evidence-based data.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Virus Adaptation and Selection Following Challenge of Animals Vaccinated against Classical Swine Fever Virus. Vaccines against classical swine fever have proven very effective in protecting pigs from this deadly disease. However, little is known about how vaccination impacts the selective pressures acting on the classical swine fever virus (CSFV). Here we use high-throughput sequencing of viral genomes to investigate evolutionary changes in virus populations following the challenge of naive and vaccinated pigs with the highly virulent CSFV strain \\\\'Koslov\\\\'. The challenge inoculum contained an ensemble of closely related viral sequences, with three major haplotypes being present, termed A, B, and C. After the challenge, the viral haplotype A was preferentially located within the tonsils of naive animals but was highly prevalent in the sera of all vaccinated animals. We find that the viral population structure in naive pigs after infection is very similar to that in the original inoculum. In contrast, the viral population in vaccinated pigs, which only underwent transient low-level viremia, displayed several distinct changes including the emergence of 16 unique non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that were not detectable in the challenge inoculum. Further analysis showed a significant loss of heterogeneity and an increasing positive selection acting on the virus populations in the vaccinated pigs. We conclude that vaccination imposes a strong selective pressure on viruses that subsequently replicate within the vaccinated animal.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Play It Again: Partner Choice, Reputation Building and Learning From Finitely repeated Dilemma Games. Often the fuller the reputational record people's actions generate, the greater their incentive to earn a reputation for cooperation. However, inability to wipe clean' one's past record might trap some agents who initially underappreciate reputation's value in a cycle of bad behaviour, whereas a clean slate could have been followed by their reforming' themselves. In a laboratory experiment, we investigate what subjects learn from playing a finitely repeated dilemma game with endogenous, symmetric partner choice. We find that with a high cooperation premium and good information, investment in cooperative reputation grows following exogenous restarts, although earlier end-game behaviour is observed.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Role of dendritic cell-pathogen interactions in the immune response to pulmonary cryptococcal infection. This review discusses the unique contributions of dendritic cells (DCs) to T-cell priming and the generation of effective host defenses against Cryptococcus neoformans (C.neo) infection. We highlight DC subsets involved in the early and later stages of anticryptococcal immune responses, interactions between C.neo pathogen-associated molecular patterns and pattern recognition receptors expressed by DC, and the influence of DC on adaptive immunity. We emphasize recent studies in mouse models of cryptococcosis that illustrate the importance of DC-derived cytokines and costimulatory molecules and the potential role of DC epigenetic modifications that support maintenance of these signals throughout the immune response to C.neo. Lastly, we stipulate where these advances can be developed into new, immune-based therapeutics for treatment of this global pathogen.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Rumination and overgeneral autobiographical memory as mediators of the relationship between attachment and depression. This study examined the potential mediating roles of the cognitive risk factors of rumination and overgeneral memory in explaining the relationship between insecure attachments (avoidant and anxious) and depression. One hundred African American outpatient psychiatric patients completed the Experiences in Close Relationships Scale, the Ruminative Response Scale, the Diagnostic Inventory for Depression, and the Autobiographical Memory Test. Results supported a mediating role for rumination, but not for overgeneral memory. Implications of the findings for African Americans are considered. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Clustering-based reliability assessment of smart grids by fuzzy c-means algorithm considering direct cyber-physical interdependencies and system uncertainties. The steadily growing deployment of cyber systems in smart grids (SGs) has highlighted the impacts of cyber-physical interdependencies (CPIs). Although much attention has been paid to the reliability evaluation of SGs considering the system uncertainties and CPIs by Monte Carlo simulation (MCS), the computation time is one of the essential challenges of MCS-based methods. This research tries to overcome the discussed challenge by developing a new clustering-based reliability evaluation method considering the direct CPIs (DCPIs) and stochastic behaviors of renewable distributed generation units (RDGUs) and the demand side. In the proposed method, the Fuzzy c-means (FCM) clustering algorithm has been used to reduce the number of scenarios for uncertain parameters besides the DCPIs. Determining the appropriate alternatives for the number of clusters of stochastic parameters in various cases based on cyber network topologies, DG technologies, and the penetration levels of RDGUs is another contribution of this paper. Test results of applying the proposed method to an actual test system illustrate the advantages of the proposed clustering-based method. The comparison of the proposed method with MCS shows the computation time could be reduced from 21658 s to 210 s (99%), while less than 1% EENS error appears. (C) 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
+{"token": "Laparoscopic obliteration of the nephrosplenic space using polypropylene mesh in five horses. Clinical Relevance-Laparoscopic placement of polypropylene mesh leads to obliteration of the nephrosplenic space within 4 weeks and should prevent entrapment of viscera in the nephrosplenic space.Conclusion-Laparoscopic mesh placement was easily performed, well tolerated, and provided excellent fibrous obliteration of the nephrosplenic space. The single important complication observed was a mesenteric adhesion of the descending colon to the mesh in 1 horse.Results-Mean time for laparoscopic mesh placement was 104 minutes. None of the horses had signs of colic and at 4 weeks all mesh implants were covered by fibrous tissue. One horse had a descending colon mesenteric adhesion to the mesh. At necropsy, the fibrous tissue covering the mesh had adhered to itself and pulled the splenic capsule and perirenal fascia into close apposition. Each mesh implant was firmly adhered to the spleen, nephrosplenic ligament, and perirenal fascia.Methods-One laparoscope and 2 instrument portals were made on the left side of the horse. The nephrosplenic space was measured and appropriately sized polypropylene mesh was inserted and attached to the dorsolateral splenic capsule and perirenal fascia using helical titanium coils. All horses had repeat laparoscopy 4 weeks later and were necropsied at intervals 4-14 weeks after mesh placement.Study Design-Descriptive experimental study.Objective-To report a laparoscopic technique for insertion of polypropylene mesh in the nephrosplenic space in horses and evaluate outcome.Animals-Five healthy mature horses.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Ultrasonographic comparison of adhesions induced by two different methods of gastropexy in the dog. Ultrasonography was used to compare adhesions induced by two different methods of gastropexy in 16 dogs. An incisional gastropexy technique was used in eight dogs (group 1) and a 'modified' gastropexy technique in the remaining eight (group 2). The length and thickness of the gastropexy and the peristaltic activity of the stomach were measured ultrasonographically and compared between groups. Measurements for the two groups were taken in the early postoperative interval (two to four days), intermediate postoperative interval (eight to 20 days) and late postoperative interval (57 to 79 days). Both techniques were equally successful in forming permanent adhesions at two months postoperatively and there was no recurrence of gastric dilatation and volvulus. The length and thickness of the gastropexy were similar for both groups at two months postoperatively and there were no surgical complications with either technique. The modified gastropexy provides a technique that can easily be performed by a single surgeon, with no increased operative time or duration of anaesthesia, and with the formation of a permanent adhesion.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "To move or to perish: the importance of exercise during musculoskeletal development in the horse. Horses have always been kept because of their locomotive capacities and the principal goal of horse breeding is to produce optimally performing equine athletes. However, wastage figures are relatively high and have a severe impact on both equine welfare and economic performance of the equine industry. Orthopaedic injuries are by for the most common cause of wastage in all equestrian activities. Some of the frequently affected musculoskeletal tissues, such as articular cartilage and (flexor) tendon, are known to have very limited regenerative capacity, which makes prevention a much more effective strategy than improvements of therapeutic interventions. A potential way to enhance prevention of musculoskeletal injury is to increase the resistance to injury of the tissues concerned by improving their biomechanical characteristics. There is increasing evidence that biomechanical loading (i.e. exercise) in the early juvenile phase ploys a crucial role in the determination of biochemical and structural tissue characteristics of the musculoskeletal system and hence of biomechanical qualities. Several field trials have shown that withholding exercise will retard the normal development of the musculoskeletal system, creating a delay that cannot be made up for after a certain age because of the rapidly decreasing remodelling rate of collagen. To ensure an adequate conditioning of the musculoskeletal system, foals need to have an exercise load that is at least equivalent to what they would get when exercising freely at posture. In more recent experiments, in which the effect of additional exercise to this basic workload was investigated, it was shown that even a relatively minor increase in workload could be effective in enhancing and accelerating the normal maturation process of musculoskeletal tissues. No adverse effects of extra early conditioning exercise have been observed thus far, but it is not yet clear whether there will be a long-term protective effect for musculoskeletal injury or not.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Allozyme differentiation of the forms of the spotted souslik (Spermophilus suslicus Guld, 1770, Rodentia) with different chromosome sets. Eleven enzyme and four nonenzyme protein systems controlled by 25 loci were electrophoretically analyzed in the allopatric karyotypic forms (2n = 34 and 2n = 36) of the spotted souslik Spermophilus suslicus. Genetic variability and differentiation for the forms with different chromosome sets were estimated. Two discriminative loci (Alb and Tf) for the studied chromosome forms were found. The UPGMA dendrogram was constructed, which summarizes genetic (allozyme) relationships found for the forms of the spotted souslik with different chromosome sets. Subdividing the species into two karyotypic forms was shown to be followed by differentiating these forms at the allozyme level.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "New genetic markers reveal population genetic structure at different spatial scales in the opportunistic polychaete Pygospio elegans. Identifying population genetic structure can shed light on how life history characteristics of opportunistic species affect population turnover and (re)colonization of disturbed habitats. Plasticity in life history traits can be particularly important for opportunistic species. In this study, we investigated population genetic structure of two populations of Pygospio elegans, an opportunistic polychaete worm. The populations represented extremes of the range of habitats P. elegans exploits: a subtidal brackish site where P. elegans is found at lower densities associated with seagrass patches; and a disturbed mudflat in a marine tidal environment where P. elegans can reach very high densities with patchy distribution. Eight novel microsatellite loci were isolated from P. elegans for the genetic studies. We found higher genetic diversity in the mudflat, which could be due to larger population size, opportunistic behaviour, or the predominantly planktonic larval production of P. elegans in this population. No genetic structure was found within the seagrass patch in the Archipelago Sea (SW Finland) where samples were separated by 5-15 m. However, low structure was observed in the Bay of Somme, mudflat (France) where samples were separated by approx. 100 m. When the two locations were compared, high genetic differentiation was observed, indicating restrictions on gene flow between the sea areas. The microsatellite loci were highly polymorphic and proved to be useful tools for investigating the genetic diversity and genetic structure in P. elegans at different spatial scales, despite deviations from Hardy-Weinberg expectations at some loci.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "Electric Springs for Reducing Power Imbalance in Three-Phase Power Systems. Electric springs have been used previously in stabilizing mains voltage fluctuation in power grid fed by intermittent renewable energy sources. This paper describes a new three-phase electric spring circuit and its new operation in reducing power imbalance in the three-phase power system of a building. Based on government energy use data for tall buildings, the electric loads are classified as critical and noncritical loads so that building energy model can be developed. The proposed electric spring is connected in series with the noncritical loads to form a new generation of smart loads. A control scheme for such smart loads to reduce power imbalance within the building's electric power system has been evaluated initially with an experimental prototype and then in a system simulation study. The results have confirmed the effectiveness of the new three-phase electric springs in reducing power imbalance and voltage fluctuation, making the building loads adaptive to internal load changes and external mains voltage changes.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Pontibacter populi sp nov., isolated from the soil of a Euphrates poplar (Populus euphratica) forest. A Gram-negative-staining, rod-shaped, non-motile and pink bacterial strain was isolated from the soil of a Populus euphratica forest located in Xinjiang, China. The strain, designated strain HYL7-15(T), was subjected to a taxonomic analysis using a polyphasic approach. 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses indicated that the isolate belonged to the phylum Bacteroidetes and was related to the genus Pontibacter, with sequence similarities ranging from 93.1 to 95.0 % with other species of the genus Pontibacter. Strain HYL7-15(T) contained MK-7 as the predominant menaquinone and its DNA G+C content was 44.9 mol%. The major cellular fatty acids of the novel strain were iso-C-15:0 (16.49 %), iso-C-17:0 3-OH (10.96 %) and summed feature 4 (comprising anteiso-C-17:1 B and/or iso-C-17:1 I, 18.46 %). The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG); diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG), three unknown aminophospholipids (APLs) and two unknown phospholipids (PLs) were also detected. On the basis of the evidence presented, it is concluded that strain HYL7-15(T) represents a novel species of the genus Pontibacter, for which the name Pontibacter populi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is HYL7-15(T) (=CCTCC AB 206239(T)=NRRL B-59488(T)).", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "EXACT SOLUTIONS OF LINEAR RIEMANN-LIOUVILLE FRACTIONAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS WITH IMPULSES. Linear Riemann-Liouville fractional differential equations with impulses are studied in the case of scalar equations and the case of systems. Both cases are considered: the case when the lower limit of the fractional derivative is fixed on the whole interval of consideration and the case when the lower limit of the fractional derivative is changed at any point of impulse. Two types of initial conditions and impulsive conditions are applied to set up initial value problems for fractional differential equations with impulses. Explicit formulas for the solutions are obtained. The Mittag-Leffler function and the matrix generalization of the fractional exponential function are applied.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Formation of a series of [{methylphenylenebis(terpyridine)}(n)Ru-n-1(II)] (n=2-6) oligomers in a single-pot reaction. A series of oligomeric [{methylphenylenebis(terpyridine)}(n) -Ru-n-1(II)] complexes, where n = 2-6, possessing metal-free terpyridine end groups was formed and isolated from a single-pot reaction. These oligo complexes were analyzed by H-1 NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Macrocyclization of combinations of these oligomers gave rise to the known hexagonal metallomacrocycle 7. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) data of these linear oligomers are discussed and compared to that of the corresponding metallomacrocycle 7. Diffusion coefficients were obtained by means of the Randles-Sevcik equation. (c) Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Influence of malt composition on the quality of a top fermented beer. The beer is a widely consumed drink, appreciated for its sensory characteristics, and it also contains beneficial compounds for health derived from its raw materials. In this work, the influence of coloured malt on the main quality parameters of a top-fermenting beer was evaluated. The beers were produced increasing the percentage of coloured malt (0, 5, 15% Caraamber (R)) respect to the pale ale base malt. The beers had an alcohol content ranging from 6.2 to 6.8 vol%; the results highlighted a deeper colour, increased bitterness and turbidity in beer with the highest amount of Caraamber malt. This latter showed the highest polyphenols (453.8 mg GAE/L) and antioxidant activity (840.1 mu mol TE/L) and, on the other hand, the lowest foam stability. The volatiles profile showed a higher amount of aldehydes and ketones in beer with the highest percentage of caramel malt but the lowest in higher alcohols and esters. No differences were found in the fruity-esters, alcoholic and caramel sensory notes; while the beer made with 15% of coloured malt was perceived sweeter and with less fruity citrus notes than other beer samples.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Preliminary report on the apparent breaking of resistance of a a transgenic plum by chip bud inoculation of plum pox virus PPV-S. Five transgenic clones of Prunus domestica L. containing plum pox virus (PPV) coat protein (CP) gene and one non-transformed control clone were challenged with PPV-S in the field. Symptoms developed on C2, C3, C4, C6 and B70146 but not C5 trees inoculated by chip budding (CBI) (2/2, 212, 1/1, 2/2 and 2/2, positive/inoculated) in the first summer after inoculation. However, in the second year, symptoms appeared on CBI C5 trees. The presence of the virus in the plants was confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent ass ay (ELISA) and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-P CR) amplification of a fragment of viral polymerase gene. During two years, symptoms of infection developed on 3 to 4 of 8 non-inoculated trees of clones C2, C3, C4, C6 and B70146. Eight non-inoculated C5 trees remained symptomless and ELISA-negative as of spring 1998, in spite of the presence of aphid vectors and inoculum sources.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Teaching Inequalities: Using Public Transportation and Visual Sociology to Make It Real. In this article, we describe an adaptation of Nichols, Berry, and Kalogrides's Hop on the Bus exercise. In addition to riding the bus, we incorporated a visual component similar to that developed by Whitley by having students conduct a sociological, photographic exercise after they disembarked. Qualitative and quantitative assessment data show that taken together, these exercises enhance students' awareness and sociological understanding of social inequalities, especially income inequalities. Specifically, the activities make abstract concepts real to students, make more obvious inequalities that often go unnoticed, help students better understand how structural barriers affect individuals' daily lives and contribute to broader social inequalities, and to some degree, dispel stereotypes of marginalized groups.", "label": [5, 48, 51]}
+{"token": "Multidisciplinary Design Optimization and Analysis of Hydrazine Monopropellant Propulsion System. Monopropellant propulsion systems are widely used especially for low cost attitude control or orbit correction (orbit maintenance). To optimize the total propulsion system, subsystems should be optimized. Chemical decomposition, aerothermodynamics, and structure disciplines demand different optimum condition such as tank pressure, catalyst bed length and diameter, catalyst bed pressure, and nozzle geometry. Subsystem conflicts can be solved by multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) technique with simultaneous optimization of all subsystems with respect to any criteria and limitations. In this paper, monopropellant propulsion system design algorithm is presented and the results of the proposed algorithm are validated. Then, multidisciplinary design optimization of hydrazine propulsion system is proposed. The goal of optimization can be selected as minimizing the total mass (including propellant), minimizing the propellant mass (maximizing the Isp), or minimizing the dry mass. Minimum total mass, minimum propellant mass, and minimum dry mass are derived using MDO technique. It is shown that minimum total mass, minimum dry mass, and minimum propellant mass take place in different conditions. The optimum parameters include bedloading, inlet pressure, mass flow, nozzle geometry, catalyst bed length and diameter, propellant tank mass, specific impulse (Isp), and feeding mass which are derived using genetic algorithm (GA).", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Cephalopod fisheries: A future global upside to past overexploitation of living marine resources? Results of an international workshop, 31 August-2 September 1997, Cape Town, South Africa. Management strategies for cephalopod fisheries present similar challenges to those encountered in fisheries for finfish. Peculiarities of cephalopod life cycles and the fact that cephalopod fisheries can benefit from management experiences gained in other fisheries may help to preclude mistakes and management failures. During a three-day workshop, features of cephalopod biology, recommended areas of research and key conclusions for management were identified and points of differences between cephalopods and fish were highlighted. Among these, life-cycle understanding, spatial distribution, stock-recruitment relationship and age determination/growth studies were identified as key priorities for research. Physiological and genetic approaches to understanding basic aspects of the life cycle, and their importance for understanding population dynamics, were stressed. Similarly, theoretical ecology has a role to play in management, e.g. the role of a spatial distribution strategy in survival. Environmental studies are also emerging as being important in the possible prediction of population trends through links that operate at the level of spawning biology. In the interim, cephalopods can be managed using similar principles to those applied to short-lived fish species. Among these, constant proportion harvest strategies were identified as the most effective.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "The influence of relationship intention and population group on South African cell phone users' positive attitude towards complaining. As most customers do not voice their dissatisfaction to service providers following service failures, it is important to identify those customers most likely to do so. Since customers with positive attitudes toward complaining are the most likely to voice their dissatisfaction, identifi able customer characteristics - such as customers' relationship intentions and population group - influencing such attitudes can be an efficient way to acquire feedback from customers. This study accordingly investigated the influence of relationship intention and population group on cell phone users' positive attitude towards complaining to their cell phone network providers. By means of non-probability convenience sampling, 605 respondents from South Africa's Johannesburg metropolitan area participated in this study. The results indicate that population group as well as relationship intention practically significantly influence respondents' positive attitude towards complaining. Despite this finding, no interaction effect was found between respondents' population group and relationship intention on positive attitude towards complaining.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "Part 1. Predicting the Pilling Tendency of the Cotton Interlock Knitted Fabrics by Regression Analysis. This study, it was aimed to determine the equations and models for estimating the pilling propensity of interlock knitted fabrics. Seven different cotton blends supplied from different spinning mills, yarns in 3 different yarn counts (Ne 20, Ne 30 and Ne 40) and in 3 different twist coefficients (alpha e=3.2, 3.6 and 4.0) were produced. Interlock knitted fabrics were manufactured in three different fabric tightness values from each of the produced yarns. The pilling tendencies of the fabrics were tested according to EN ISO 12945-2 standard by a Martindale pilling and abrasion device. The PillGrade Objective Pilling Grading System, based on the image analysis principle, was used for evaluating the pilling propensity of the fabrics. By using this system, the pilling degree of the fabrics, total pill number, total weighted pill number, average pill area, and average pill height of the fabrics were measured. Fiber features determined by an AFIS PRO 2 instrument with the samples taken from the cotton roving were used as independent variables for the regression analysis. Moreover, yarn unevenness, yarn twist, yarn count, yarn hairiness, and fabric cover factor values were included in the equations as independent variables; and by considering each of the pilling features measured by PillGrade as a dependent variable, multivariate linear regression equations were determined and the availability of the equations was investigated in detail statistical analyses.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "Serum metabolomic analysis of feline mammary carcinomas based on LC-MS and MRM techniques. Introduction: To date, there have been no panoramic studies of the serum metabolome in feline mammary carcinoma. As the first such study, metabolomics techniques were used to analyse the serum of cats with these tumours. Three important metabolic pathways of screened differential metabolites closely related to feline mammary carcinomas were analysed to lay a theoretical basis for further study of the pathogenesis of these carcinomas. Material and Methods: Blood in a 5-8 mL volume was sampled from twelve cats of the same breed and similar age (close to nine years on average). Six were feline mammary carcinoma patients and six were healthy. L glutamate, L alanine, succinate, adenine, hypoxanthine, and inosine were screened as were alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism, the tricarboxylid acid (TCA) cycle, and purine metabolism. Data were acquired with LC-MS non-target metabolomics, multiple reaction monitoring target metabolomics, and multivariate statistical and bioinformatic analysis. Results: Expression of five of the metabolites was upregulated and only inosine expression was downregulated. Up- and downregulation of metabolites related to glycometabolism, potentiation of the TCA cycle, greater content of lipid mobilisation metabolites, and abnormality of amino acid metabolism were closely related to the occurrence of the carcinomas. Conclusion: These findings provide a new direction for further study of the mechanisms associated with cat mammary neoplasms.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Characterization of Preg-Robbing Carbonaceous Minerals from the Shuiyindong Carlin-Type Gold Deposit Via Spectroscopic Techniques. With over 260 tons of gold reserves, the Shuiyindong gold mine is one of the largest Carlin-type gold deposits in China. A particular challenge in the processing of the ore is the presence of carbonaceous compounds, which can cause substantial losses in recoveries via the preg-robbing and adsorption of gold. To investigate the structural properties of the native carbon and to compare between different characterization techniques for such compounds, pre- and post-flotation mineral samples containing 0.9-4.8% non-carbonate carbon from the Shuiyindong mine have been examined via mineralogical and thermogravimetric approaches, as well as spectroscopic techniques, including X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), near-edge X-ray absorption fine edge structure spectroscopy (NEXAFS), solid-state C-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and preg-robbing measurements. NEXAFS and DRIFT yielded the most reliable results, indicating that 60-75% of the organic carbon in all samples consist of aliphatic alkenes with substantial unsaturated content, highly similar to activated carbon, with the remainder being graphitic and humic. Speciation by XPS was sub-optimal due to spectral overlaps between graphitic and aliphatic carbon, and between carboxylic and carbonate functionalities, while NMR spectroscopy could not provide reliable speciation of the carbon groups. The preg-robbing strength was strongly correlated to the aliphatic content and structural disorder in the carbon, while no such relationship was found with the graphitic and humic content.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Analysis of gene functions in Maize chlorotic mottle virus. Gene functions of strains of Maize chlorotic mottle virus, which comprises the monotypic genus Machlomovirus, have not been previously identified. In this study mutagenesis of the seven genes encoded in maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV) showed that the genes with positional and sequence similarity to their homologs in viruses of related tombusvirid genera had similar functions. p50 and its readthrough protein pill are the only proteins required for replication in maize protoplasts, and they function at a low level in trans. Two movement proteins, p7a and p7b, and coat protein, encoded on subgenomic RNA1, are required for cell-to-cell movement in maize, and p7a and p7b function in trans. A unique protein, p31, expressed as a readthrough extension of p7a, is required for efficient systemic infection. The 5' proximal MCMV gene encodes a unique 32 kDa protein that is not required for replication or movement. Transcripts lacking p32 expression accumulate to about 1/3 the level of wild type transcripts in protoplasts and produce delayed, mild infections in maize plants. Additional studies on p32, p31 and the unique amino-terminal region of p50 are needed to further characterize the life cycle of this unique tombusvirid. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Microbiology of deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Before the discovery of deep-sea hydrothermal vents in 1977, the deep sea was perceived as a cold, dark, high-pressure and nutrient-poor environment inhabited by psychrophilic, oligotrophic and barotolerant-to-barophilic microbial communities. By contrast, deep-sea-vent areas are warm-to-hot and inhabited by animal communities whose density may reach 50 kg m(-2). Invertebrates living in these warm biotopes are in endosymbiotic relationships with autotrophic sulphur-oxidizing bacteria. in the hot areas of the ecosystem, temperatures often reach 350 degrees C, and precipitation produces mineral structures (black smokers) that contain thermophilic microorganisms.", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "Theoretical approaches to forensic entomology: II. Mathematical model of larval development. The present study represents the sequence of an overall theoretical approach to model phenomena of interest for forensic entomology. In particular in this paper, a mathematical model that describes the larval development is advanced for blowflies, which are usually the first to find a decomposing corpse. Data on development times for stages and instars of blowflies in experimental conditions have become the baseline information often used to estimate the age of maggots by interpolating these data against on-site conditions. This information on larval development is relevant to estimates of post-mortem interval (PMI) in forensic investigations.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Fibromyalgia Syndrome - Updated S3 Guidelines. Patients with chronic widespread pain often present with musculo-skeletal pain and therefore often initially contact an orthopaedist. For these patients fibromyalgia syndrome is an important differential diagnosis. Recommendations for the diagnosis of and therapy for fibromyalgia syndrome based on the recent German S3 guidelines for fibromyalgia syndrome (AWMF registration number 041/004) are outlined in this paper. These guidelines were developed under the coordination of the German interdisciplinary association for pain management DIVS and two patient support groups. The history of a typical symptom complex and the exclusion of relevant somatic causes for the pain are epecially relevant for the diagnosis of fibromyalgia syndrome. Besides the exclusion of relevant orthopaedic causes for the pain, psycho-social aspects should always be evaluated. According to the modified ACR criteria 2010, chronic widespread pain and accompanying sleep disturbances and a physical as well as mental state of exhaustion lead to the diagnosis of fibromyalgia syndrome. It is not mandatory to check tender points (ACR 1990 criteria). A graduated treatment approach depending on the severity level of the fibromyalgia syndrome in the individual patient is recommended. Active treatment options (aerobic training, meditative movement therapies, strength training) should be preferred to any drug therapy in the long-term treatment of fibromyalgia. If indicated, amitryptiline or duloxetine may be used to treat accompanying depressive or generalised anxiety disorder. Muscle relaxant medication, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and strong opioids should be avoided. The multimodal pain therapy considering all psycho-social aspects is a promising treatment option for fibromyalgia syndrome of moderate to high severity.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Effects of solar UV radiation on germination of conchospores and morphogenesis of sporelings in Porphyra haitanensis (Rhodophyta). The effects of ultraviolet radiation (UVR 280-400 nm) on the germination of Porphyra haitanensis conchospores and on the growth and morphogenesis of the subsequent sporelings were investigated by culturing the released conchospores under natural sunlight from 29 September to 6 October 2005. Germination increased with time and was faster when UV-B was excluded using cut-off filters. There were significant negative effects of UV-B radiation on growth and cell division of sporelings, with decreases up to 18% for thallus length, between 6 and 18% for thallus width, up to 29% for thallus area, and between 6 and 14% for cell size as compared to PAR-controls. UV-A had a significant positive effect on morphogenesis, enhancing the formation of sporelings with cells dividing transversely; on the other hand, UV-B delayed the formation of such sporelings. We also tested the effects of solar UVR on the growth of P. haitanensis juveniles and found no significant effects. Our results indicate that UV-A has an important role in the germination and morphogenesis of the species, but on the other hand, sporelings of P. haitanensis are more sensitive to UV-B radiation than juveniles.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "The Importance of Discount Rate and Trustfulness of A Local Currency for the Development of Local Tourism. Local currencies have been used to achieve local economic, social and environmental goals that are not attained by national currencies. Thus, they can also be applied as a mean of the regional development focused on the development of the local tourism. However, trustworthiness and costs of local currencies have been some of the main impediments in their widely usage. Therefore, discount rates that practitioners (including municipal authorities and governments) of local currencies present for potential users might play a key role to deal with these issues. Within this context, this research intends to assess the relationship between discount rates that potential users demand to use local currencies (a paper-based and a digital) and their trust to these currencies. To hit this target, a questionnaire survey was directed to 407 employees of a regional business in Cieszyn Silesia region and the responses were analyzed by binary logistic regression test in SPSS Statistical Software. The results confirm that potential users with more trust to local currencies have more tendencies to demand higher discount rates. Cultural values, occupational status, age, income levels of respondents and potential roles of governments and local authorities in local currency implementations might be the reasons of these findings.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Novel radio-photoluminescence materials and applications. Radio-photoluminescence (RPL) is a phenomenon whereby a new luminescent centre is generated in a material by the interaction of an ionizing radiation with the medium. Despite the usefulness of RPL, e.g. in radiation measurements, there are only a limited number of RPL materials available today, which limits our understanding of the phenomenon as well as extending its use for new applications. In recent investigations, a large number of new RPL material systems have been proposed for radiation measurements. In particular, Sm-based RPL is one of the most intensively studied alternative systems, which shows RPL properties owing to the intravalence reduction of the Sm ion (Sm3+ -> Sm2+) induced by ionizing radiation. The generated Sm2+, as well as Sm3+, acts as a luminescent centre and shows photoluminescence, typically around 700 nm. This approach has enabled us to explore a wider range of material choices and to find a new application of RPL. An example is microbeam radiation therapy (MRT), which requires the measurement of extremely large radiation dose distributions at a microscopic scale. Such a new class of RPL is not only limited to Sm-based materials but also to those doped with other rare earth ions (e.g., Eu and Yb) and undoped materials. (C) 2021 The Ceramic Society of Japan. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "Turning the lens in the study of precarity: On experimental social psychology's acquiescence to the settler-colonial status quo in historic Palestine. This review examines the coloniality infused within the conduct and third reporting of experimental research in what is commonly referred to as the 'Israeli-Palestinian conflict'. Informed by a settler colonial framework and decolonial theory, our review measured the appearance of sociopolitical terms and critically analysed the reconciliation measures. We found that papers were three times more likely to describe the context through the framework of intractable conflict compared to occupation. Power asymmetry was often acknowledged and then flattened via, for instance, adjacent mentions of Israeli and Palestinian physical violence. Two-thirds of the dependent variables were not related to material claims (e.g. land, settlements, or Palestinian refugees) but rather to the feelings and attitudes of Jewish Israelis and Palestinians. Of the dependent measures that did consider material issues, they nearly universally privileged conditions of the two-state solution and compromises on refugees' right of return that would violate international law. The majority of the studies sampled Jewish-Israeli participants exclusively, and the majority of authors were affiliated with Israeli institutions. We argue that for social psychology to offer insights that coincide with the decolonization of historic Palestine, the discipline will have to begin by contextualizing its research within the material conditions and history that socially stratify the groups.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Incentive compatibility and differentiability: New results and classic applications. We provide several generalizations of Mailath's (1987) [9] result that in games of asymmetric information with a continuum of types incentive compatibility plus separation implies differentiability of the informed agent's strategy. The new results extend the theory to classic models in finance such as Leland and Pyle (1977) [8], Glosten (1989) [4], and DeMarzo and Duffie (1999) [3], that were not previously covered. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "On the harm from mergers in input markets. This paper examines the additional social harm done by mergers in input markets that lead to higher prices, when those increases are then passed downstream through other distribution stages that are themselves imperfectly competitive. It is shown that measures of deadweight loss coming from simply looking at the (derived) upstream demand curve - as usually done in merger cases - can greatly understate the true deadweight loss generated through the distribution channel. These results have important implications for competition authorities reviewing mergers, particularly when they trade off the harm to competition (added deadweight loss) and merger-generated efficiencies. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "The epistemology of ethical sentimentality. The paper exposes a peculiar sentimentalistic view on moral judgments: an explanation of moral life following the suggestions of David Hume in his \\\\'science of human nature\\\\'. The characteristic point of the humean sentimentalism is the admission of a differentiation between the original emotions, directly perceived, and the reflex sentiments expressed in the moral judgments. This differentiation is not admitted in emotivism and in extreme sentimentalism of some kinds of naive expressivism. The essay defends the merit of this epistemological sentimentalism specially as a way for the justification of the moral choices and evaluations in opposition with ethical rationalism. Hume's pages offer many suggestions on the specific passages of a sentimentalistic check of the acceptability of a moral judgment. The article is a systematic attempt of reconstruction of this passages as a contribution to the contemporary discussion on meta-ethics.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Knowledge-Sharing Networks: Language Diversity, Its Causes, and Consequences. Although it is recognized that diversity influences knowledge sharing between employees, there is very little empirical research on the relationship between language diversity and knowledge sharing in the organizations. In this context, this study adopts network perspective and explores linguistic composition of personal knowledge-sharing networks, its causes and consequences. A survey was conducted involving 403 participants in different subsidiaries of a multinational organization. Hierarchical regression analysis was used to test the effect of language diversity in department, language attitude, and linguistic association on language diversity in personal knowledge-sharing networks. Moreover, analysis of variance was performed to analyze whether employees with multilingual knowledge-sharing networks differ from employees with monolingual knowledge-sharing networks in terms of their knowledge sharing behavior and performance. Regression analysis showed that language diversity in the immediate department and employees' linguistic association in the organization significantly affects the language diversity in employees' personal knowledge-sharing networks. However, against expectations, language attitude did not have any effect. Moreover, analysis of variance results show that there is no difference in knowledge-sharing behavior of employees who have multilingual or monolingual knowledge-sharing networks. However, the employees with multilingual knowledge-sharing networks perform better than those with monolingual knowledge-sharing networks in the organization. Copyright (C) 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "Numerical analysis on the similarity between steel ladles and hot-water models regarding natural convection phenomena. The similarity between steel ladles and hot-water models regarding natural convection phenomena has been systematically analysed through examination of the numerical solutions of turbulent Navier-Stokes partial differential equations governing the phenomena in question. The numerical solutions have been obtained by using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation method. Key similarity criteria for non-isothermal physical modelling of steel ladles with hot-water models have been derived aswhere the subscripts m and p stand for the water model and the prototype steel ladle, respectively. Accordingly, appropriate conditions fulfilling the above criteria, such as model size, water temperature, time scale factor and the scale factor of boundary heat loss fluxes, have been proposed and discussed. As a result, water models with geometry scales between 1/5 and 1/3 and using hot-water of temperature higher than 45 degrees C are appropriate for simulating natural convection phenomena in steel ladles.Fr-m=Fr-p and (betaDeltaT)(m)=(betaDeltaT)(p)", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "CONVEX-OPTIMIZATION AND THE EPI-DISTANCE TOPOLOGY. Let GAMMA(X) denote the proper, lower semicontinuous, convex functions on a Banach space X, equipped with the completely metrizable topology-tau of uniform convergence of distance functions on bounded sets. A function f in GAMMA(X) is called well-posed provided it has a unique minimizer, and each minimizing sequence converges to this minimizer. We show that well-posedness of f is-an-element-of GAMMA(X) is the minimal condition that guarantees strong convergence of approximate minima of tau-approximating functions to the minimum of f . Moreover, we show that most functions in <GAMMA(X), tau-aw> are well-posed, and that this fails if GAMMA(X) is topologized by the weaker topology of Mosco convergence, whenever X is infinite dimensional. Applications to metric projections are also given, including a fundamental characterization of approximative compactness.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Growth performance, carcass traits and meat quality of heavy lambs reared in a warm or cold environment during winter. Pouliot, E., Gariepy, C., Theriault, M., Avezard, C., Fortin, J. and Castonguay, F. W. 2009. Growth performance, carcass traits and meat quality of heavy lambs reared in a warm or cold environment during winter. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 89: 229-239. The goal of this study was to evaluate the impact of winter rearing environment on the growth performance and meat quality of heavy lambs. Half of sixty-four Dorset lambs (32 males and 32 females) were raised in each of two different environments: warm and cold with average temperature of 10.9+/-0.7 degrees C and -2.0+/-5.2 degrees C, respectively. The lambs were slaughtered at live weights of 41-45 kg for females and 46-50 kg for males. Cold environment had no adverse effect on either growth performance or carcass quality. The rate of longissimus dorsi muscle deposition (P = 0.049) and its depth at slaughter (P = 0.027) were rather greater in lambs reared in the cold environment and a higher proportion of oxidoglycolytic fibres (P = 0.047) was also observed in this muscle. Rearing environment had only a minor effect on the organoleptic qualities, with the cold environment promoting juiciness of the meat (P = 0.043). Therefore, cold environment rearing such as used in this study represents an economic advantage for lamb producers by reducing the costs associated with the construction of insulated barns, while maintaining growth performance, as well as carcass and meat quality.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Speech, Speaker and Speaker's Gender Identification in Automatically Processed Broadcast Stream. This paper presents a set of techniques for classification of audiosegments in a system for automatic transcription of broadcast programs. The task consists in deciding a) whether the segment is to be labeled as speech or a non-speech one, and in the former case, b) whether the talking person is one of the speakers in the database, and if not, c) which gender the speaker belongs to. The result of the classification is used to extend the information provided by the transcription system and also to enhance the performance of the speech recognition module. Like the most of the state-of-the-art speaker recognition systems, the proposed one is based on Gaussian Mixture Models (GMM). As the number of the database speakers can be large, we introduce a technique that speeds up the identification process in significant way. Furthermore, we compare several approaches to the estimation of GMM parameters. Finally, we present the results achieved in classification of 230 minutes of real broadcast data.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Droplet spectra and high-speed wind tunnel evaluation of air induction nozzles. A series of air induction nozzles were tested in a high-speed wind tunnel. Droplet size spectra were measured for four air induction nozzles (IDK-120-01, IDK-120-02, IDK-120-03 and IDK-120-04) each at three spray pressures (0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 MPa) and seven different air velocities (121.7, 153.4, 185.5, 218.4, 253.5, 277.5 and 305.5 km.h(-1)). The measurement distance (0.15, 0.25 and 0.35 m) from the nozzle orifice was found to be important for the atomization of the droplets. The response surface method was used to analyze the experimental data. The results indicated that Dv(0.1) and Dv(0.5) of the droplets decreased quasi-linearly with increased wind speed, while Dv(0.9) was affected by the quadratic of wind speed. Dv(0.1), Dv(0.5) and Dv(0.9) of the droplets were all proportional to the orifice size, and were not markedly influenced by the spray pressure. The percentage of the spray volume consisting of droplets with a diameter below 100 mu m (% < 100 mu m) was found to be quadratically related to wind speed, and was not markedly influenced by the spray pressure and orifice size. However, the effect of the orifice size on the % < 200 mu m could not be ignored.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "Contributions of Candida albicans Dimorphism, Adhesive Interactions, and Extracellular Matrix to the Formation of Dual-Species Biofilms with Streptococcus gordonii. Fungal and bacterial populations coexist in the oral cavity, frequently forming mixed-species biofilms that complicate treatment against polymicrobial infections. However, despite relevance to oral health, the bidirectional interactions between these microbial populations are poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the interactions between the fungal species Candida albicans and the bacterial species Streptococcus gordonii as they coexist in mixed-species biofilms. Specifically, the interactions of different C. albicans mutant strains deficient in filamentation (efg1 Delta/Delta and brg1 Delta/Delta), adhesive interactions (als3 Delta/Delta and bcr1 Delta/Delta), and production of matrix exopolymeric substances (EPS) (kre5 Delta/Delta, mnn9 Delta/Delta, rlm1 Delta/Delta, and zap1 Delta/Delta) were evaluated with S. gordonii under different conditions mimicking the environment in the oral cavity. Interestingly, our results revealed that growth of the biofilm-deficient C. albicans als3 Delta/Delta and bcr1 Delta/Delta mutant strains in synthetic saliva or with S. gordonii restored their biofilm-forming ability. Moreover, challenging previous observations indicating an important role of morphogenetic conversions in the interactions between these two species, our results indicated a highly synergistic interaction between S. gordonii and the C. albicans filamentation-deficient efg1 Delta/Delta and brg1 Delta/Delta deletion mutants, which was particularly noticeable when the mixed biofilms were grown in synthetic saliva. Importantly, dual-species biofilms were found to exhibit increase in antimicrobial resistance, indicating that components of the fungal exopolymeric material confer protection to streptococcal cells against antibacterial treatment. Collectively, these findings unravel a high degree of complexity in the interactions between C. albicans and S. gordonii in mixed-species biofilms, which may impact homeostasis in the oral cavity.IMPORTANCE Microbial communities have a great impact in health and disease. C. albicans interacts with multiple microorganisms in the oral cavity, frequently forming polymicrobial biofilms. We report on the synergistic interactions between C. albicans and the Gram-positive bacterium S. gordonii, for which we have examined the different contributions of adhesive interactions, filamentation, and the extracellular matrix to the formation of dual-species biofilms. Our results demonstrate that growth in the presence of the bacterium can restore the biofilm-forming ability of different C. albicans mutant strains with defects in adhesion and filamentation. The mixed-species biofilms also show high levels of resistance to antibacterial and antifungal antibiotics, and our results indicate that the fungal biofilm matrix protects bacterial cells within these mixed-species biofilms. Our observations add to a growing body of evidence indicating a high level of complexity in the reciprocal interactions and consortial behavior of fungal/bacterial biofilms.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Coupled effects of impact and orogeny: Is the marine Lockne crater, Sweden, pristine?. Our current understanding of marine-impact cratering processes is partly inferred from the geological structure of the Lockne crater. We present results of a mapping campaign and structural data indicating that this crater is not pristine. In the western part of the crater, pre-impact, impact, and post-impact rocks are incorporated in Caledonian thrust slices and are subjected to folding and faulting. A nappe outlier in the central crater depression is a relic of the Caledonian nappe cover that reached a thickness of more than 5 km. The overthrusted crater is gently deformed. Strike of strata and trend of fold axes deviate from standard Caledonian directions (northeast-southwest). Radially oriented crater depressions, which were previously regarded as marine resurge gullies formed when resurging seawater erosively cut through the crater brim, are interpreted to be open synclines in which resurge deposits were better preserved.The presence of the impact structure influenced orogenesis due to morphological and lithological anomalies of the crater: i) a raised crater brim zone acted as an obstacle during nappe propagation, (ii) the occurrence of a central crater depression caused downward sagging of nappes, and (iii) the lack of an appropriate detachment horizon (alum shale) within the crater led to an enhanced mechanical coupling and internal deformation of the nappe and the overthrusted foreland. Preliminary results of 3-D-analogue experiments suggest that a circular high-friction zone representing the crater locally hinders nappe propagation and initiates a circumferentially striking ramp fault that delineates the crater. Crustal shortening is also partitioned into the crater basement and decreases laterally outward. Deformation of the foreland affected the geometry of the detachment and could be associated with the activation of a deeper detachment horizon beneath the crater. Strain gradients both vertically and horizontally result in non-plane strain deformation in the vicinity of the crater. The strain tensors in the hanging and foot walls may deviate up to 900 from each other and rotated by up to 45 degrees with respect to the standard regional orientation. The observed deflection of strata and fold axes within the Lockne crater area as revealed by field mapping is in agreement with the pattern of strain partitioning shown in the analogue models.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Study of the Impact Between a Triple Junction Space Solar Cell and the Antenna Integrated on Top of It. Solid and meshed patch antennas integrated on the cover glass of a commercial space solar cell were examined. The effect of the solar cell on the antenna was analyzed and validated. The impact of the antenna on the efficiency of the solar cell was quantified through experiments. It has been found that while the active semiconductor junction in a solar cell severely reduces the gain of the antenna in many space communication bands, the electrode lattice in the solar cell can potentially act as an isolation between the solar cell and the antenna, preventing the gain worsening. The effect of the lattice also promises a potential application in lab-grown solar cells such that one may carefully design the size and number of the electrodes to ensure the best gain for the integrated antenna. The main factor that impacts the efficiency of the solar cells was found to be the cover glass rather than the shadow from the antenna. These results can serve as design guidelines when integrating optically transparent antennas on solar panels of small satellites to reduce payload and to achieve reliable communication link. One may balance the selection of solar cells, cover glass, and antenna geometry to achieve the optimal link budget.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
+{"token": "The differences in the financial performance of manufacturing companies in Indonesia before and after ISO 9000 implementation. This research was initiated by a desire to prove the sceptical views about the benefits of ISO 9000 in manufacturing industries, especially in Indonesia. This study was conducted by examining financial performance through basic financial assessment ratio standards of 27 listed manufacturing companies in the Indonesian Stock Exchange, at the stage prior to the ISO 9000 implementation, at the stage of efforts of implementation and at the stage of three years after the implementation. The first test, using McNemar's test, shows that there was no significant impact of ISO 9000 towards the financial performance before and after the implementation. However, the second test, using Cochran's Q, shows that all sample companies with more consistency became more efficient and faster, hence increasing financial performance, even though speed and quantity varied in each sample, and vice versa.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "Meridional Variations of C2H2 in Jupiter's Stratosphere From Juno UVS Observations. Plain Language Summary The Ultraviolet Spectrograph instrument on the Juno mission to Jupiter is primarily used to study the planet's ultraviolet auroras, but also records reflected sunlight from the planet's upper atmosphere. These ultraviolet reflected sunlight observations can be used to measure the abundances of different gases in Jupiter's stratosphere. In this study, we focus on one prominent molecule, acetylene, and study how its abundance varies with latitude. We find that its abundance decreases toward Jupiter's poles, which agrees with previous results obtained from studying the same molecule with infrared observations.The Ultraviolet Spectrograph (UVS) instrument on the Juno mission records far-ultraviolet reflected sunlight from Jupiter. These spectra are sensitive to the abundances of chemical species in the upper atmosphere and to the distribution of the stratospheric haze layer. We combine observations from the first 30 perijoves of the mission in order to study the meridional distribution of acetylene (C2H2) in Jupiter's stratosphere. We find that the abundance of C2H2 decreases toward the poles by a factor of 2-4, in agreement with previous analyses of mid-infrared spectra. This result is expected from insolation rates: near the equator, the UV solar flux is higher, allowing more C2H2 to be generated from the UV photolysis of CH4. The decrease in abundance toward the poles suggests that horizontal mixing rates are not rapid enough to homogenize the latitudinal distribution.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Straddling Languages': Aspects of the Translational and the Transnational in the Work of Afrikaans Authors Breyten Breytenbach, Marlene van Niekerk and Antjie Krog. This article proceeds from the vantage point that the \\\\'transnational\\\\' and the \\\\'translational\\\\' are important concepts when discussing the processes of cultural literary signification taking place under the various conditions of displacement and migration the world has witnessed throughout the course of history. The article explores the notion of \\\\'translational literature\\\\' (as defined by Wail Hassan) as a means to mediate between different languages and to connect cultures. Translational texts foreground, perform and problematise the act of translation by \\\\'straddling\\\\' two languages in their construction and presentation. The article proceeds from the vantage point of texts written in the minor language Afrikaans, but constructed and presented in such a way that they include or reach out to other languages. The focus falls on the way in which texts by Breyten Breytenbach (Oorblyfsel/Voice Over 2009), Marlene van Niekerk (De sneeuwslaper 2009, Die sneeuslaper 2010) and Antjie Krog (Mede-wete 2014, Synapse 2014) try to straddle the divide between Afrikaans and languages such as Arabic, English, Dutch and Xhosa. It looks at the way in which these texts stage the act of translation as a way of declaring solidarity with other cultural groups, exploit the connection with other languages to revitalise Afrikaans and also demonstrate the failure of translation.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "IBERIAN APPROACHES TO ASTRONOMY DURING THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY. The aim of this work is to describe different kinds of astronomical and astrological works written in the sixteenth century, with special emphasis on Portuguese and Spanish texts. This period is especially relevant in the development of astronomical culture in Portugal and Spain, since this was the age of the great overseas explorations, when astronomical navigation became of fundamental importance. The astronomical culture of that time involved ancient and new concepts, and old revisited narratives about the cosmos and its influence in many facets of the sublunary world. The present research describes the influence and transformation of the classical and medieval astronomical culture in the specific context of sixteenth century Iberian texts. There were different publics involved in the production and study of those works, such as navigators, priests, physicians, farmers, astrologers and scholars. Those different aspects of astronomical and astrological knowledge were not distinct, there was a significant overlap between them; and the educated public required some broad acquaintance with those several approaches. Some popular treatises, called Chronographia, or Reportorio dos tempos, provided astronomical and astrological information required by the general public. This overview of those sources can contribute to a better and more comprehensive understanding of the astronomical culture in that period.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Seismic assessment and retrofitting of existing structure based on nonlinear static analysis. Seismic assessment and retrofitting of existing structure is a complicated work that typically requires more sophisticated analyses than performing a new design. Before the implementation of a Code for seismic design of buildings (GBJ 11-89), not enough attention has been paid on seismic performance of structures and a great part of the existing reinforced concrete structures built in China have been poorly designed according to the new version of the same code (GB 50011-2010). This paper presents a case study of seismic assessment of a non-seismically designed reinforced concrete building in China. The structural responses are evaluated using the nonlinear static procedure (the so-called pushover analysis), which requires its introduction within a process that allows the estimation of the demand, against which the capacity is then compared with. The capacity of all structural members can be determined following the design code. Based on the structural performance, suitable retrofitting strategies are selected and implemented to the existing system. The retrofitted structure is analyzed again to check the effectiveness of the rehabilitation. Different types of retrofitting strategy are discussed and classified according to their complexity and benefits. Finally, a proper intervention methodology is utilized to upgrade this typical low-rise non-ductile building.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Measuring the welfare cost of climate change policies: A comparative assessment based on the computable general equilibrium model GEMINI-E3. Most present conceptual and applied analysis is based on the case of a single domestic household-consumer. Taking into account several consumers raises new challenges, concerning equity but even more fundamentally the mere definition of fiscal distortion, which have not yet been really addressed.Measuring the welfare cost of climate change policies is a real challenge, raising difficult issues of micro- and macro-economics: cost-benefit analysis on the one hand, foreign trade and international specialization on the second hand. At the domestic level the possible existence of distortions, in particular in the fiscal system, may either increase or alleviate the welfare cost of a climate change policy, as illustrated by the debate on \\\\'double dividend\\\\'. Effects on the prices in international markets and distorted competition between countries committed to abate (Annex B) and uncommitted countries affect both the sharing of the burden, in particular through the change in the terms of trade, and the allocation of activities with the frequently waved threat of \\\\'delocalization\\\\'. Based on a companion theoretical analysis, the present paper aims at putting order in the welfare analysis of climate change policy and to present and compare various estimations, issuing from macro- or computable general equilibrium models. Beside the global welfare cost, the paper focuses on the marginal abatement cost and its relation to the carbon price.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "A framework for priority-setting in climate smart agriculture research. Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) is widely promoted as an approach for reorienting agricultural development under the realities of climate change. Prioritising research-for-development activities is crucial, given the need to utilise scarce resources as effectively as possible. However, no framework exists for assessing and comparing different CSA research investments. Several aspects make it challenging to prioritise CSA research, including its multi-dimensional nature (productivity, adaptation and mitigation), the uncertainty surrounding many climate impacts, and the scale and temporal dependencies that may affect the benefits and costs of CSA adoption. Here we propose a framework for prioritising agricultural research investments across scales and review different approaches to setting priorities among agricultural research projects. Many priority-setting case studies address the short- to medium-term and at relatively local scales. We suggest that a mix of actions that span spatial and temporal time scales is needed to be adaptive to a changing climate, address immediate problems and create enabling conditions for enduring change.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "TOWARDS A COMMON FRAMEWORK OF COLLECTIVE REDRESS IN EUROPE? AN UPDATE ON THE LATEST INITIATIVES OF THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION. The essay describes the main contents of the Recommendation and the Communication issued in June 2013 by the European Commission on the topic of collective redress with the view to outlining a set of common and harmonized principles that should inspire Member States in their respective regulations on group actions for the judicial enforcement of rights granted under EU law.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Sudanian versus Zambezian woodlands of Africa: Composition, ecology, biogeography and use. Both biogeography and land use change explain the vegetation differences between the two regions. Knowledge of factors underlying vegetation adaptations and change provide a basis for sustainable resource use through integrated multiple-use systems.The SW and ZW share a number of families, genera and species. The ZR counts at least 8500 plant species, of which 54% are endemic, while there are possibly no more than 2750 plant species in the SR. Three distinct woodland types are ecologically important and clearly differentiated in the ZW. However, combined effect of the wide tolerances of the species and the gradual change in the climate in the SZ, makes it difficult to recognize distinct woodland systems. The presence of great rifts and swells in the Zambezian part of Africa, explain in part the difference in the vegetation composition and the high diversity and plant endemism in the Zambezian zones. In both Regions, use of woodland and the associated ecological impacts are quite similar.The Sudanian woodlands (SW) and Zambezian woodlands (ZW) of Africa cover two extensive vegetation zones in Africa. The main question is how similar or different are their woodlands. This paper aims to synthesize available information on woodlands of the Sudanian (SR) and Zambezian (ZR) regions in terms of: i) their floristics and ecology, ii) main drivers of change, iii) their socio-economic relevance to local populations, and iv) how resource use affects the main drivers.This synthesis deals with 141 publications, including 94% research articles and books on Sudanian and Zambezian woodlands of Africa. Google Scholar's search engine were used. Inclusion criteria comprised the geographical focus (Sudanian and Zambezian regions), the ecosystem type (woodland), and the type of information reported in the studies (ecology, socio-economic and biogeography aspects). The overall results were categorized as addressing either ecological or socio-economic aspects of woodlands.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "A relational-theoretic approach to get solution of nonlinear matrix equations. In this study, we consider a nonlinear matrix equation of the form X = Q + Sigma(m)(i=1) A(i)*G(X)A(i) where Q is a Hermitian positive definite matrix, A,* stands for the conjugate transpose of an n x n matrix A(i)* and G is an order-preserving continuous mapping from the set of all Hermitian matrices to the set of all positive definite matrices such that G(O) = O. We discuss sufficient conditions that ensure the existence of a unique positive definite solution of the given matrix equation. For this, we derive some fixed point results for Suzuki-FG contractive mappings on metric spaces (not necessarily complete) endowed with arbitrary binary relation (not necessarily a partial order). We provide adequate examples to validate the fixed-point results and the importance of related work, and the convergence analysis of nonlinear matrix equations through an illustration with graphical representations.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Transcriptomic response during phage infection of a marine cyanobacterium under phosphorus-limited conditions. The transcriptomic responses of bacteria to environmental stresses have been studied extensively, yet we know little about how the stressed cells respond to bacteriophage infection. Here, we conducted the first whole transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) study of stressed bacteria to phage infection by infecting the marine picocyanobacterium ProchlorococcusNATL2A with cyanomyovirus P-SSM2 under P limitation, a strong selective force in the oceans. Transcripts of the P-acquisition genes in the uninfected cells were enriched after P limitation, including the high-affinity phosphate-binding protein gene pstS. They were still enriched in the infected cells under P-limited conditions. In contrast, transcripts of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase and ribosomal protein genes were depleted in the uninfected cells after P limitation but were enriched during phage infection of P-starved cells. Cyanophage P-SSM2 contains pstS, and pstS and its adjacent gene g247 of unknown function were the only phage genes that were enriched under P-limited conditions. We further found that the host pstS transcript number per cell decreased after infection, however, it was still much higher in the P-limited infected cells than that in the nutrient-replete cells. Moreover, phage pstS transcript number per cell was approximate to 20 times higher than the host copy, which may help maintain the host phosphate uptake rate during infection.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Asymmetric synthesis of homoallylic amines and functionalized pyrrolidines via direct amino-crotylation of in situ generated imines. The asymmetric synthesis of functionalized homoallylic amines and silyl functionalized pyrrolidines through the Lewis acid promoted condensation of chiral (E)-crotylsilanes with sulfonyl imines and in situ generated N-acyl imines is described. We had anticipated that this bond construction could be used in the asymmetric synthesis of the N-terminal amino acid subunit of the nikkomycins. Aryl sulfonyl imines condense with chiral silane reagents in the presence of BF3.OEt2 to form homoallylic arylsulfonyl amines with useful levels of syn selectivity. For cases involving aryl N-acyl imines we have learned that the temperature controls the course of the reaction. For instance, at temperatures of -78 degreesC or below the major product is the pyrrolidine, while at higher temperatures (-30 to -20 degreesC) the homoallylic amine is produced. For the cases studied, the [3+2]-annulation is limited to aryl imine derivatives, as alkyl- and branched- imines failed to produce the pyrrolidine derivatives: higher reaction temperatures promote the conversion of the annulation product to the homoallylic amines. In double stereodifferentiating reactions with in situ generated imines, good levels of selectivity were achieved in the formation of secondary amines bearing syn-anti and syn-syn stereochemical triads. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Complications associated with instrumented lumbar surgery in patients with liver cirrhosis: a matched cohort analysis. METHODS: Between 1997 and 2009, patients with liver cirrhosis who had undergone instrumented lumbar surgeries for degenerative lumbar disease were studied. All data were compared with those for gender-, age-, and diagnosis-matched nonliver cirrhosis patients.PURPOSE: To review the results of instrumented lumbar surgery in patients with liver cirrhosis and determine the surgical risk factors in this group of patients.BACKGROUND: There is no information in the English literature on the outcome of liver cirrhotic patients who have undergone instrumented lumbar surgery.CONCLUSIONS: The rate of complications after instrumented lumbar surgery was significantly higher in patients with cirrhosis than in control patients, especially in those with 6 or more Child-Turcotte-Pugh points. The surgeon should counsel these patients on the possibility of developing early complications. Several factors were associated with surgical complications and should be addressed by the spine surgeons before or when they perform these elective instrumented lumbar surgeries. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.RESULTS: Liver cirrhotic patients had significantly lower preoperative hemoglobin, white blood cell counts, platelets, and albumin levels and higher prothrombin time and bilirubin level. Instrumented lumbar surgery was associated with significantly more blood loss, a longer hospital stay, and more complications in patients with liver cirrhosis compared with control patients. The final satisfactory rate was higher in the control group but without statistical difference (85% vs. 65%, p=.240). In the cirrhotic group, 22 patients (76%) were Child Class A and 7 patients (24%) were Child Class B; 12 patients developed one or more complications. Patients with Child Class B had a significantly higher incidence of complications than those with Child Class A (p=.006). In patients with Child Class A, those with a score of 6 also had a significantly higher incidence of complications than those with a score of 5 (p<.001). Female gender (p=.035), a low level of albumin (p=.002), presence of ascites (p=.029), and increased blood loss (p=.044) were associated with a higher risk of complications.STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective study for comparison between two cohorts (liver cirrhosis vs. nonliver cirrhosis).PATIENT SAMPLE: Fifty-eight patients.OUTCOME MEASURES: Child-Turcotte-Pugh scale was used to assess the patients' hepatic functional reserve. The clinical outcomes were evaluated by the five-grade patient-centered general outcome assessment questionnaire. Any event that led to reoperation, requirement of intensive care, prolonging of the hospital stay (more than 14 days), or admission after discharge within 30 days of surgery was defined as a perioperative complication.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "The relationship between consumer ethnocentrism, cosmopolitanism and product country image among younger generation consumers: The moderating role of country development status. Although the differences between developed and developing countries have been extensively studied in the context of globalization strategies, few studies have so far been conducted on the relationship between country development status and the possession by countries of a favorable (or unfavorable) product country image (PCI). Moreover, the results of such studies to date have been inconclusive. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the moderating role of country developmental status on PCI coupled with two antecedents of PCI, namely consumer ethnocentrism and cosmopolitanism. The paper also distinguishes between the PCI of the home and foreign country images of respondents. We test a new model that incorporates these constructs with a sample of 2655 younger generation consumers. The results show that country development status moderates some relationships but does not moderate others. These findings have significant implications for international companies from both developed and developing countries when developing global strategy. (C) 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "Evaluation and modeling of physical and physiological damage to wheat seeds under successive impact loadings: Mathematical and neural networks modeling. Threshing wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) at high speeds is the main reason behind abnormal seedlings and vigor reduction of the seeds. This problem is expected to be severe in head-stripper combines with successive impact loadings of stripping and threshing units. The aim of this study was to simulate the effects of impact velocities (IV), number of impact loadings (NL), and seed moisture content (MC) on percentage of physical damage (PPD) and percentage of loss in germination (PLG) to wheat seeds. Modeling the correlation between dependent and independent variables was performed using mathematical and artificial neural networks (ANN). The result showed that all the three independent variables significantly influenced PPD and PLG (P = 0.01). Increasing the IV from 5 to 30 m s(-1) caused an increase in PPD and PLG from 0.17 to 35.8% and from 0.37 to 19.9%, respectively. It was found that the seeds with higher MC could better withstand physical and physiological damage than those with lower MC. With an increase in NL from 1 to 3 times, the mean values of PPD and PLG were increased by 2.9 and 2.6 times, respectively. An ANN model with two hidden layers, trained with a back-propagation algorithm, successfully learned the relationship between the input and output variables. In comparison with regression models, ANN performed better when predicting PPD and PLG to wheat seeds.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "Immunisation Using Novel DNA Vaccine Encoding Virus Membrane Fusion Complex and Chemokine Genes Shows High Protection from HSV-2. Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 infections cause high unmet disease burdens worldwide. Mainly HSV-2 causes persistent sexually transmitted disease, fatal neonatal disease and increased transmission of HIV/AIDS. Thus, there is an urgent requirement to develop effective vaccines. We developed nucleic acid vaccines encoding a novel virus entry complex stabilising cell membrane fusion, 'virus-like membranes', VLM. Two dose intramuscular immunisations using DNA expression plasmids in a guinea pig model gave 100% protection against acute disease and significantly reduced virus replication after virus intravaginal challenge. There was also reduced establishment of latency within the dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord, but recurrent disease and recurrent virus shedding remained. To increase cellular immunity and protect against recurrent disease, cDNA encoding an inhibitor of chemokine receptors on T regulatory cells was added and compared to chemokine CCL5 effects. Immunisation including this novel human chemokine gene, newly defined splice variant from an endogenous virus genome, 'virokine immune therapeutic', VIT, protected most guinea pigs from recurrent disease and reduced recurrent virus shedding distinct from a gD protein vaccine similar to that previously evaluated in clinical trials. All DNA vaccines induced significant neutralising antibodies and warrant evaluation for new therapeutic treatments.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Spatial Footprints of Storm Surges Along the Global Coastlines. We perform the first global analysis of the spatial footprints of storm surges, using observed and simulated storm surge data. Three different techniques are applied to quantify the spatial footprints: clustering analysis, percentage of co-occurrence, and joint probability analysis. The capability of the simulated data to represent the observed storm surge footprints is demonstrated. Results lead to the identification of coastline stretches prone to be impacted simultaneously by the same storm surge events. The spatial footprint sizes differ around the globe, partially conditioned by the geography of the coastline, that is, more irregular coastlines consist of a larger number of different storm surge clusters with varying footprint sizes. For the northwestern Atlantic, spatial footprints of storm surges vary when specifically accounting for tropical cyclones, using storm track information in the storm surge simulations. Our results provide important new insights into the spatial footprints of storm surges at the global scale and will help to facilitate improvements in how coastal flood risk is identified, assessed, and managed, by taking these spatial features into account.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Civil Society, Political Mobilization, and the Impact of HIV Scale-Up on Health Systems in Brazil. This article examines the role of civil society in shaping HIV and AIDS policies and programs in Brazil. It focuses on the historical context of the redemocratization of Brazilian society during the 1980s, when the initial response to the epidemic took shape, and emphasizes the role of social movements linked to the progressive Catholic Church, the sanitary reform movement in public health, and the emerging gay. rights movement in the early response to the epidemic in Brazil. It highlights the broad-based civil society coalition that took shape over the course of the 1990s and the political alliances that were built up shortly after the 1996 International AIDS Conference in Vancouver, Canada, to pass legislation guaranteeing the right to access to antiretroviral treatment. It emphasizes the continued importance of civil society organizations-in particular, AIDS-related nongovernmental organizations-and leading AIDS activists in exerting continued pressure to guarantee the sustainability, of treatment access and the impact that action focused on HIV and AIDS has had on the Brazilian public health system more broadly, particularly through strengthening health infrastructures and providing a model for health-related social mobilization.", "label": [2, 17, 24]}
+{"token": "Husserl's Concept of the Vorwelt and the Possible Annihilation of the World. In this paper I explore a curious phenomenon discussed in Husserl's later manuscripts under the name \\\\'pre-world?.\\\\' This notion arises in the context of his ongoing development of a genetic phenomenology, i.e., a phenomenology that is concerned with the dynamics of conscious life, concerning both the generation of new meaning for consciousness and new dimensions of conscious life. The pre-world is one such dimension. I explore it here in two stages. First, I consider the initial unsavoriness of the very idea of a pre-world, whose metaphysical implications are suspect, on the surface. Nevertheless, I show that the pre-world puts the subject in contact with reality in a very special sense that should remedy this worry. Second, I show how the notion of the pre-world re-opens Husserl's thought of the possible annihilation of the world from Ideas I. In fact, it explains the possibility, by revealing its experiential ground.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "A new species of Metaspathius (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Mesostoinae) from New Zealand. Metaspathius gorgasoma Quicke & Ward sp. n. is described from specimens collected from litter samples. It is mainly characterised by the mesoscutum being strongly declivous anteriorly, a derived morphological feature not found in congeners. Wing structure of the new species including shape and loss of posterior longitudinal flexion lines (claval furrows) of both fore and hind wings indicate its close relationship with M. hemipterus Belokobylskij from which it is distinguished.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "On the difficulty of understanding education as a challenge to become self-active. The author analyzes the concept of education as a \\\\'challenge to become an autonomous agent\\\\' In the first part, he examines the interaction theoretical version of this concept in J. G. Fichte's early philosophy of law, in which it is meant to form the basis for the foundation of both the concept of societal law and of the concept of education. The second part focusses on the action-theoretical reading of this concept in D. Benner's praxeological theory of education.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Wellbore collapse pressure analysis under supercritical carbon dioxide drilling condition. Compared with the conventional drilling methods, supercritical carbon dioxide used in drilling and completion has considerable potentials and many advantages. However, it is found in the research and practice that there are yet many basic problems to be solved. Wellbore stability is one of them. Firstly, in this paper, on the basis of Span & Wagner equation, combined with unique physical properties of supercritical carbon dioxide, parameters such as temperature and pressure in the wellbore while the supercritical carbon dioxide drilling are calculated. Secondly, the heat and mass transfer effect between the supercritical carbon dioxide and the formation has been studied, and the temperature change near the wellbore formation and stress change near the wellbore have been obtained. Thus, pore pressure change near the wellbore has been obtained. When the depth reaches 1500 m, the downhole temperature will be 12 K lower than the wellbore temperature, and the pore pressure will increase to 20 Mpa as the supercritical carbon dioxide seeps into the formation. Thirdly, mechanical properties change rules when rocks are soaked in the supercritical carbon dioxide are obtained through experiments. The compressive strength decreases by 64%, the elastic modulus increases by 153%, and the poisson ratio decreases by 8%. Based on the above research, the wellbore collapse pressure model has been established. It is revealed that the wellbore collapse pressure rises from 9.17 Mpa to 16.26 MPa with the increase of time, which is still lower than the bottom pressure and cannot lead to instability. Meanwhile, the bottom collapse failure index keeps positive and increases gradually with the increase of time. It means that there is no wellbore enlargement. Therefore, the results have verified the wellbore stability while the supercritical carbon dioxide drilling. It has laid a solid foundation for the future development of supercritical carbon dioxide drilling.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Heterotrophic and Autotrophic Microbial Populations in Cold Perennial Springs of the High Arctic. The saline springs of Gypsum Hill in the Canadian high Arctic are a rare example of cold springs originating from deep groundwater and rising to the surface through thick permafrost. The heterotrophic bacteria and autotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (up to 40% of the total microbial community) isolated from the spring waters and sediments were classified into four phyla (Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria) based on 16S rRNA gene analysis; heterotrophic isolates were primarily psychrotolerant, salt-tolerant, facultative anaerobes. Some of the isolates contained genes for thiosulfate oxidation (soxB) and anoxygenic photosynthesis (pufM), possibly enabling the strains to better compete in these sulfur-rich environments subject to long periods of illumination in the Arctic summer. Although leucine uptake by the spring water microbial community was low, CO2 uptake was relatively high under dark incubation, reinforcing the idea that primary production by chemoautotrophs is an important process in the springs. The small amounts of hydrocarbons in gases exsolving from the springs (0.38 to 0.51% CH4) were compositionally and isotopically consistent with microbial methanogenesis and possible methanotrophy. Anaerobic heterotrophic sulfur oxidation and aerobic autotrophic sulfur oxidation activities were demonstrated in sediment slurries. Overall, our results describe an active microbial community capable of sustainability in an extreme environment that experiences prolonged periods of continuous light or darkness, low temperatures, and moderate salinity, where life seems to rely on chemolithoautotrophy.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 40]}
+{"token": "An Update on Canine Adenovirus Type 2 and Its Vectors. Adenovirus vectors have significant potential for long- or short-term gene transfer. Preclinical and clinical studies using human derived adenoviruses (HAd) have demonstrated the feasibility of flexible hybrid vector designs, robust expression and induction of protective immunity. However, clinical use of HAd vectors can, under some conditions, be limited by pre-existing vector immunity. Pre-existing humoral and cellular anti-capsid immunity limits the efficacy and duration of transgene expression and is poorly circumvented by injections of larger doses and immuno-suppressing drugs. This review updates canine adenovirus serotype 2 (CAV-2, also known as CAdV-2) biology and gives an overview of the generation of early region 1 (E1)-deleted to helper-dependent (HD) CAV-2 vectors. We also summarize the essential characteristics concerning their interaction with the anti-HAd memory immune responses in humans, the preferential transduction of neurons, and its high level of retrograde axonal transport in the central and peripheral nervous system. CAV-2 vectors are particularly interesting tools to study the pathophysiology and potential treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, as anti-tumoral and anti-viral vaccines, tracer of synaptic junctions, oncolytic virus and as a platform to generate chimeric vectors.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "The spermatozoa of Hirudinea with examples from three different taxa. The ultrastructure of mature spermatozoa from three leech species, Haemadipsa zeylanica (Moquin-Tandon, 1826) (Haemadipsidae), Theromyzon tessulatum (Muller, 1774) and Placobdella costata (Fr. Muller, 1846) (Glossiphoniidae), was investigated by means of transmission electron microscopy. While the three species showed the general features of hirudinid spermatozoa, considerable variation was found in nearly all characters examined: the anterior acrosome varied in length and in shape; the nuclei also varied in size and show a very complicated shape which is maintained for the whole length in the two glossiphonids, while in the haemadipsid, it showed two different morphological regions. The single mitochondrion, which is surrounded by an electron-dense sheath, is straight in H and T. tessulatum, but twisted in P. costata. The flagellum in the three studied species is of the prominent central sheath type. The basal body is absent in the three species and the central apparatus of the flagellum was observed penetrating to the mitochondrion. By comparing the present data with those from \\\\'oligochaeta\\\\', Branchiobdellida and Acanthobdellida, we found that only the presence of an anterior acrosome characterizes the true leeches and at present should be regarded as an autapomorphic character of Euhirudinea. (c) 2015 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "The application of Kohonen neural networks to diagnose calibration problems in atomic absorption spectrometry. In atomic absorption spectrometric measurements calibration lines are measured daily. These lines are not always acceptable. They can, for instance, contain outliers, have a bad precision or can be curved. To evaluate the quality of those lines a method which gives a fast diagnosis is recommended. In this study the use of Kohonen neural networks was examined as an automated procedure to classify these calibration lines. The results were compared with those obtained using a decision support system which uses classical statistical methods to classify the lines. The prediction capabilities of both approaches relative to a visual inspection and classification was found to be comparable, or even slightly better for the Kohonen networks, depending on the training set used. For both techniques a prediction error rate of < 10% was obtained, relative to a visual classification. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "The genetic structure of the Belgian population. Conclusions: This is the first study on the genetic structure of the Belgian population and its regional variation. The Belgian genetic structure mirrors its geographic location in Europe with regional differences and clear signs of recent migration.Results: To obtain a representative genetic dataset of the Belgian population, participants in the 2013 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) were invited to donate saliva samples for DNA analysis. DNA was isolated and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were determined using a genome-wide SNP array of around 300,000 sites, resulting in a high-quality dataset of 189 samples that was used for further analysis. A principal component analysis demonstrated the typical European genetic constitution of the Belgian population, as compared to other continents. Within Europe, the Belgian population could be clearly distinguished from other European populations. Furthermore, obvious signs from recent migration were found, mainly from Southern Europe and Africa, corresponding with migration trends from the past decades. Within Belgium, a small north-west to south-east gradient in genetic variability was noted, with differences between Flanders and Wallonia.Background: National and international efforts like the 1000 Genomes Project are leading to increasing insights in the genetic structure of populations worldwide. Variation between different populations necessitates access to population-based genetic reference datasets. These data, which are important not only in clinical settings but also to potentiate future transitions towards a more personalized public health approach, are currently not available for the Belgian population.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "THE RESEARCH OF AUTOHESION PROPERTIES OF SINTERING BURDEN. The results of investigations show that the usage of an aqueous solution of dispersed lime as a binder has a significant effect not only on the autohesion of a heterogeneous mixture of slug raw materials but also the stability of the optimal grain fineness of the pelletized burden during sintering. As a consequence, it provides high specific productivity of agglomeration.This article shows the results of laboratory research of burden grain fineness optimization with adding of binders.The properties of widely used binders are investigated within the laboratory research. They are bentonite, liquid glass, YPEEN, amino-acrylate, lime milk. The properties of binders are defined by pelletization of the sinter burden mixture components. These components are used as adding, as the establishment of their influence on the ability to pelletization and comparative analysis of the indicators for the purpose of selection and possible use in production conditions. To assess the autohesive properties, a basic experiment is performed without the additives. The amount of binder additives is determined within the limits while not affecting the cost of the technological process.The burden of sinter production is represented by dispersed bulk solids which consist of gravitational-magnetic concentrate of Lisakovsk (GMCI.), concentrate of the Sokolovsk-Sarbaisk ore mining and processing enterprise, Atasu ore burden fields, Atansor, Kentobe and other, combined flux and coke slack.The aim of research is to demonstrate how scientifically justified technological solution is able to increase and keep the permeability of pellet agglomerative sinter during caking in the conditions of using a mixture with a low autohesion characteristic of dissimilar and dispersed bulk solids. Due to this process it is able to increase specific productivity of sinter machines. For laboratory research bulk solids mixture was used which would correspond to the components and composition of averaged sinter production data of Arcelor Mittal Temirtau JSC in 2016.The usage of Lisakovsk ore mining and processing enterprise concentrates in sinter burden is accompanied by a decrease of the sinter machines specific productivity of Arcelor Mittal Temirtau JSC. The specific productivity is less than 0.8 t/mlhour, whereas the sinter machines of world leading and Arcelor Mittal companies work with the specific productivity of 1.0 - 1.3 t/m(2). hour. The low specific productivity of sintering machines is defined with low burden permeability. The gravitational-magnetic concentrate of Lisakovsk consists of oolites in amount of 93-94%. Their dimensions are 0.2 divided by 0.8 mm. The concentrate is keeping low autohesion properties and influence on low permeability and low productivity of burden.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Sign language interpreting on Chinese TV: a survey on user perspectives. Sign language interpreting (SLI) on television has become a regular and relatively widespread type of media interpreting in China, with over 170 TV channels now airing sign language interpreted programmes daily or weekly. This research surveys the Chinese d/Deaf community on the general reception of these programmes, their comprehension levels and their perspectives on its quality. The research aims at revealing the gap between the programme makers' intentions and the reality experienced by the d/Deaf viewers, as well as examining the possible cross-modality differences in quality perceptions. The survey findings reveal the low ratings of the programmes and any issues with quality, which the authors hope will draw the attention of programme makers and interpreters and help direct resources to the correction of the current status quo, thus truly improving the access of China's 20 million d/Deaf people to information.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Creation, Evolution, and the Boundaries of Science: The Debate in the United States. This article draws on the debates over evolution in the United States to explore efforts to define and defend the boundaries of science. When the first organized opposition to evolution appeared in the early 1920s, antievolutionists insisted that evolution should not be taught because its speculaitve nature placed it outside the boundaries of science. By the last quarter of the century, however, they had largely abandoned that position in favor of arguing that creationism and intelligent design should themselves be regarded as science. This dramatic shift reflected a major reinterpretation of the U.S. Constitution, especially the First Amendment, which states, \\\\'Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion\\\\'. Until after World War II the U.S. Supreme Court limited the application of this provision to the federal government. That practice began to change in the late 1940s, when the Court began applying First Amendment restrictions against the establishment of religion to the individual states and public school districts by way of the 14th Amendment; by the early 1960s it was asserting a goal of \\\\'neutrality\\\\' with regard to religion in public education. Because teaching \\\\'bad science\\\\' does not violate the Constitution, opponents of creationism have embraced the tactic of demonstrating that creation-science and Intelligent Design are essentially religious doctrines - and thus that teaching them in public schools is unconstitutional.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Analysis of ovarian and adrenal activity in Namibian cheetahs. Captive breeding of cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) has had limited success because a high percentage of captive females exhibit a lack of ovarian activity. This study examined concentrations of ovarian and adrenal hormones in wild-caught cheetahs (n = 3) housed in large outdoor enclosures on private game ranches in Namibia. Cheetahs were monitored for a 16-month period to investigate the effect of season on ovarian and adrenal function. Secretory profiles of oestradiol, progestagen, and cortisol metabolites were quantified non-invasively using faecal steroid analysis. All three cheetahs exhibited ovarian activity; however, none cycled continuously. Periods of anoestrus occurred during overlapping periods between August and December 1994, but not during the same time period in 1995. Mean duration of the oestrous cycle, oestrus period and baseline concentrations of reproductive hormones were consistent with those observed in other captive cheetah populations. Concentrations of faecal corticoids were lower than those from captive cheetahs in North America. There was no correlation between adrenal activity and ovarian function. Spontaneous ovulation was documented in one cheetah. These findings support those of earlier studies that even under natural and, therefore, presumably ideal environmental conditions, reproductive activity in captive cheetahs is not continuous.", "label": [4, 34, 43]}
+{"token": "Improvement of the performance of the ultrafiltration of bentonite suspensions using a swirling decaying annular flow: comparison with tangential plane and axial annular flows. The limiting flux induces a performance limitation of ultrafiltration systems, the understanding of this phenomenon and the ability to predict the limiting flux are essential for improving the design and operation of ultrafiltration processes. A new cell design, an annular cell fitted with a tangential inlet, which induces a swirling decaying flow, is tested. Performances of this ultrafiltration unit configuration are compared with two other more classical geometries: a simple plane unit and an annular cell involving mainly axial flow. The cross-flow ultrafiltration of dilute suspensions of bentonite is studied under specific operating conditions in the three different configurations of filtration cells. The improvement of the permeation flux in the swirling cell, compared with that measured in the two other configurations, can reach 70% for a wall velocity gradient of 800 s(-1). This enhancement is highly linked to the removal of particles deposited at the membrane surface owing to the three-dimensional fluid flow involved in this particular cell. The bentonite deposit is compressible and characteristics of particles accumulation at the membrane surface are investigated. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V.. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 33]}
+{"token": "Methodological Incommensurability and Epistemic Relativism. This paper revisits one of the key ideas developed in The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. In particular, it explores the methodological form of incommensurability which may be found in the original edition of Structure. It is argued that such methodological incommensurability leads to a form of epistemic relativism. In later work, Kuhn moved away from the original idea of methodological incommensurability with his idea of a set of epistemic values that provides a basis for rational theory choice, but do not constitute an algorithm for such choice. The paper also explores the sceptical basis for the epistemic relativism of the original view that Kuhn proposes in Structure. It suggests that the main sceptical rationale for such relativism may be avoided by a particularist and naturalist conception of epistemic normativity. When this approach is combined with the appeal to external methodological standards endorsed by the later Kuhn and his critics, the epistemic relativism of Structure may be completely repudiated.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "An IoT-enabled intelligent automobile system for smart cities. In our world of advancing technologies, automobiles are one industry where we can see improved ergonomics and feature progressions. Artificial Intelligence (AI) integrated with Internet of Things (IoT) is the future of most of the cutting-edge applications developed for automobile industry to enhance performance and safety. The objective of this research is to develop a new feature that can enhance the existing technology present in automobiles at low-cost. We had previously developed a technology known as Smart Accident Precognition System (SAPS) which reduces the rate of accidents in automobile and also enhance the safety of the passengers. Current research advances this technique by integrating Google Assistant with the SAPS. The proposed system integrates several embedded devices in the automobiles that monitor various aspects such as speed, distance, safety measures like seatbelt, door locks, airbags, handbrakes etc. The real-time data is stored in the cloud and the vehicle can adapt to various situations from the previous data collected. Also, with the Google Assistant user can lock and unlock, start and stop, alert and do various automated tasks such as low fuel remainder, insurance remainders etc. The proposed IoT enabled real-time vehicle system can detect accidents and adapt to change according to various conditions. Further, with RFID keyless entry authentication the vehicle is secure than ever before. This proposed system is much efficient to the existing systems and will have a great positive impact in the automobile industry and society. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 37]}
+{"token": "Controversies for electoral reform. Argentina, 1873. The paper examines one of the most intense debates on electoral reform raised in the Argentine Congress. Those disputes shed light on the different ideas prevailing on the issue, and on the intention of attempting several alternatives to correct what was considered harmful to the political order. The paper discusses the most important aspects of the proposed reform and evaluates the obstacles and resistances encountered during its final drafting.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "A longitudinal study of the effects of problematic smartphone use on social functioning among people with schizophrenia: Mediating roles for sleep quality and self-stigma. Background and aims: Individuals with schizophrenia may often experience poor sleep, self-stigma, impaired social functions, and problematic smartphone use. However, the temporal relationships between these factors have not been investigated. The present study used a longitudinal design to examine potential mediating roles of poor sleep and self-stigma in associations between problematic smartphone use and impaired social functions among individuals with schizophrenia. Methods: From April 2019 to August 2021, 193 individuals with schizophrenia (mean [SD] age = 41.34 [9.01] years; 88 [45.6%] males) were recruited and asked to complete three psychometric scales: the Smartphone Application-Based Addiction Scale to assess problematic smartphone use; the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index to assess sleep quality; and the Self-Stigma Scale-Short Scale to assess self-stigma. Social functioning was evaluated by a psychiatrist using the Personal and Social Performance Scale. All measures were assessed five times (one baseline and four follow-ups) at three-month intervals between assessments. Results: General estimating equations found that problematic smartphone use (coefficient = - 0.096, SE = 0.021; P < 0.001), sleep quality (coefficient = -0.134, SE = 0.038; P < 0.001), and self-stigma (coefficient = -0.612, SE = 0.192; P = 0.001) were significant statistical predictors for social functioning. Moreover, sleep quality and self-stigma mediated associations between problematic smartphone use and social functioning. Conclusion: Problematic smartphone use appears to impact social functioning longitudinally among individuals with schizophrenia via poor sleep and self-stigma concerns. Interventions aimed at reducing problematic smartphone use, improving sleep, and addressing self-stigma may help improve social functioning among individuals with schizophrenia.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Accounting for turbulence in the Colombian underworld. Organized crime groups (OCGs) fight against each other even if it harms their businesses and exposes them to law enforcement authorities. Why do some groups refrain from fighting, while others operate in the incessantly violent underworld? To explain this puzzle, we propose that the underworld conflict is related to the strategies of extra-legal governance adopted by OCGs. We suggest that such strategies have origins in the availability of resources within the groups reach at their entrance into the underworld. More specifically, OCGs with access to easily extractable resources develop limited governance, which leaves them vulnerable to internal and external challenges. OCGs without access to easily extractable resources invest in extended governance, reducing their risk of underworld conflict. This article illustrates this hypothesis in the comparative case study of the Colombian organized crime, supported by new quantitative data.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "The 12-ethynylmonocarba-closo-dodecaborate anion as a versatile ligand for Cu(i) alkyne and heterobimetallic Cu(i)/M(ii) (M = Pd, Pt) alkynide complexes. The anionic monocarborane alkyne [12-(HC?C)-CB11H11](-) was employed as a ligand towards Cu(i) to form terminal alkyne complexes. Spectroscopic methods and X-ray crystallography allowed for a detailed structural analysis of complexes with nitrogen ligands, which are the first examples featuring carborane-C?CH -> metal pi coordination. Addition of phosphines to compound 2 afforded homoleptic Cu(i) complexes [Cu(PR3)(n)](+) (4), in which case the carborane becomes a non-coordinating anion. Polymeric acetylide 5 was obtained in almost quantitative yield from 2 and proved to be a suitable precursor to heterobimetallic Cu(i)/M(ii) (M = Pd, Pt) alkynide complexes with side-on and end-on coordination to the metal centers.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Experimental characterization and modeling of the temperature and rate dependent shear behaviour of powder-impregnated glass fiber/PA66 woven semipregs. This study focuses on the characterization of the in-plane shear response of a novel powder-impregnated, non consolidated PA66/glass semipreg to evaluate its forming behaviour. The effects of temperature and rate on the behaviour of the semipreg and the preconsolidated material were investigated using bias-extension tests. Results obtained show an increase in shear stress with decreasing temperature and increasing rate, with the semipreg exhibiting a lower sensitivity to the test speed. An increase of the flow distance to impregnate the yarns, due to infra-ply sliding mechanisms specific to the powder-impregnated semipreg, is observed. A model based on a hypoelastic approach with temperature and rate dependence is proposed to represent the material behaviour. Isothermal simulations of the bias-extension test are conducted. Results show a good agreement between the model and experimental data in terms of force and shear angle prediction.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "Heterogeneous Effects of Development Aid on Violent Unrest in Postwar Countries: Village-Level Evidence from Nepal. Many countries experience massive aid surges when civil wars end. However, operational contexts tend to remain particularly sensitive due to a combination of persisting local-level cleavages and low-quality state institutions. Consequently, aid provision risks inciting distributional conflicts and violent unrest-most notably when resources are injected into areas of high social heterogeneity or particularly weak state administration. I investigate this argument in the case of postwar Nepal. I combine geo-coded aid data with village-level information on various forms of violent unrest, as well as on social demographics and institutional quality. The panel analyses indicate positive short-term effects of aid on social unrest. More fine-grained estimations reveal that this effect is driven by a short-term escalation of violence against nonstate actors-in particular in ethnically fractionalized villages under the administration of weakly performing local-level state institutions. Descriptive cross-country analyses indicate that aid may have similar violence-inducing effects in other postwar contexts.", "label": [5, 47, 49]}
+{"token": "STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF IDEALS OVER P-k lambda I. Several facts hold similarly as on k, for instance, the bounded ideal is a nowhere Q- point. However some differences exist such as the bounded ideal is isomorphic to another ideal. We state the suffcient condition for ideals to be Q-points and the weakly normal ideals selective.We try to take a first step to a theory of the structural properties of ideals over P-k lambda, that was studied in detail by Baumgartner, Taylor and Wagon [1] for k. In defining the basic notions, P-points, Q-points, and selective ideals, we put importance on the behavior of the function on P-k lambda to the bounded ideal and RudinKeisler ordering.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Contribution of B cells to cortical damage in multiple sclerosis. Multiple sclerosis is associated with lesions not just in the white matter, but also involving the cortex. Cortical involvement has been linked to greater disease severity and hence understanding the factor underlying cortical pathology could help identify new therapeutic strategies for multiple sclerosis. The critical role of B cells in multiple sclerosis has been clarified by multiple pivotal trials of B-cell depletion in people with multiple sclerosis. The presence of B-cell rich areas of meningeal inflammation in multiple sclerosis has been identified at all stages of multiple sclerosis. Leptomeningeal inflammation is associated with greater extent of cortical demyelination and neuronal loss and with greater disease severity. Recent studies have identified several potential mechanisms by which B cells may mediate cortical injury including antibody production, extracellular vesicles containing neurotoxic substances and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Additionally, B cells may indirectly mediate cortical damage through effects on T cells, macrophages or microglia. Several animal models replicate the meningeal inflammation and cortical injury noted in people with multiple sclerosis. Studies in these models have identified Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibition and type II anti-CD20 antibodies as potential agents that can impact meningeal inflammation. Trials of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies in people with multiple sclerosis have unsuccessfully attempted to eliminate B cells in the leptomeninges. New strategies to target B cells in multiple sclerosis include Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibition and cell-based therapies aimed at B cells infected with Epstein-Barr virus. Future studies will clarify the mechanisms by which B cells mediate cortical injury and treatment strategies that can target B cells in the leptomeninges and CNS parenchyma.Bhargava et al. review the role that B cells play in mediating cortical demyelination and neuronal damage. They review evidence linking B cells to cortical injury, potential mechanisms by which B cells may mediate oligodendrocyte and neuronal death and treatment strategies that could be used to target pathogenic B cells.", "label": [2, 17, 21]}
+{"token": "The relationship of validly published names to legitimate and illegitimate names in the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes. The International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes defines validly published names, legitimate names and illegitimate names, but does not clearly define the inter-relationship between them. Clarification is required.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Measurements with silicon photomultipliers of dose-rate effects in the radiation damage of plastic scintillator tiles in the CMS hadron endcap calorimeter. Measurements are presented of the reduction of signal output due to radiation damage for two types of plastic scintillator tiles used in the hadron endcap (HE) calorimeter of the CMS detector. The tiles were exposed to particles produced in proton-proton (pp) collisions at the CERN LHC with a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, corresponding to a delivered luminosity of 50 fb(-1) . The measurements are based on readout channels of the HE that were instrumented with silicon photomultipliers, and are derived using data from several sources: a laser calibration system, a movable radioactive source, as well as hadrons and muons produced in pp collisions. Results from several irradiation campaigns using Co-60 sources are also discussed. The damage is presented as a function of dose rate. Within the range of these measurements, for a fixed dose the damage increases with decreasing dose rate.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Weed seed mortality in soils with contrasting agricultural management histories. It has been proposed that cropping systems can be managed to promote the development of soil microbial communities that accelerate weed seed mortality We examined soil fungal and bacterial communities, soil C:N ratio, soil particle size fractions, and weed seed mortality in soil from fields with over 10 yr of five contrasting management histories with the objective of determining if seed mortality could be explained by differences in soil properties. Seed mortality of giant foxtail and velvetleaf were greatest in soil from the conventionally managed systems and lowest in soil from a reduced input system. Principal-components analysis of soil microbial communities, as determined through denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of polymerase chain reaction-amplified ribosomal RNA genes (PCR-DGGE), showed distinct differences in the composition of fungal and bacterial communities among the study soils. The first principal component of the 18S rDNA PCR-DGGE analysis of fungal community composition showed a strong negative correlation with both giant foxtail (- 0.52, P < 0.05) and velvetleaf (- 0.57, P < 0.01) seed mortality, as did ordination with nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMS) [giant foxtail (- 0.54, P < 0.01) and velvetleaf (- 0.60, P < 0.01)], suggesting that seeds of the two species were affected similarly by changes in the soil fungal community. For giant foxtail, weed seed mortality was also positively correlated (r = 0.48, P < 0.05) with the first NMS axis of the bacterial 16S rDNA analysis. None of the other measured soil properties were significantly correlated with weed seed mortality. Thus, for the soils tested here, management history, microbial community composition, and weed seed mortality were linked. To extend these results to the field, more work is needed to identify components of the fungal and bacterial communities that are active in seed degradation, and to develop conservation biocontrol recommendations for these species.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Novel reconstruction of the extrahepatic biliary tree with a biosynthetic absorbable graft. Methods: Study subjects were 11 mongrel hounds. Utilizing an open approach, the common bile duct was transected in each animal. A 1-cm graft of a synthetic bioabsorbable prosthesis was interposed over a 5-Fr pancreatic stent and sewn in place as an interposition tube graft with absorbable sutures. Intraoperative cholangiograms and monthly liver function tests were completed. Animals were killed at 6, 7, 8, 10 and 12 months.Objectives: The reference standard technique for the reconstruction of the extrahepatic biliary tree is Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy. This procedure is not without complications and may not be feasible in some patients. This project sought to evaluate a novel approach for repairing common bile duct injuries with a biosynthetic graft. This allows for the reconstruction of the anatomy without necessitating an intestinal bypass.Conclusions: Biliary reconstruction using a synthetic bioabsorbable prosthetic as an interposition tube graft is feasible based on initial results.Results: The first five animals were killed early in the process of protocol development. One animal developed obstructive symptoms and was killed on postoperative day 14. The next five animals were longterm survivors without evidence of clinically significant graft stenosis. Mean alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin were normal, at 140 U/l and 0.2 mg/dl, respectively. Histology showed the complete replacement of the graft with native tissue at 6 months.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "New Testament Rhetorical Narratology: An Invitation toward Integration. We are witnessing these days a remarkable rapprochement between the study of rhetoric and the study of narrative. Indeed, these two approaches to New Testament texts are apparently so different that in 2008, Vernon Robbins could lament the \\\\'widespread consensus\\\\' among scholars that it is \\\\'not possible to formulate a systematic rhetorical approach to narrative portions of the Gospels and Acts.\\\\' And yet, this bifurcation has been shortsighted. It is not only possible but also necessary and beneficial to bring the resources and insights of narratology into conversation with the resources and insights of rhetorical criticism. This article participates in the move to build bridges across the theoretical crevasses that have divided \\\\'New Testament rhetoric\\\\' and \\\\'New Testament narrative.\\\\' First, I take a panoramic view, broadly outlining several reasons that the dividing lines continue to hold currency in New Testament scholarship, and why these views are misguided. I then propose that we reimagine the boundaries of the \\\\'New Testament and rhetoric\\\\' to include narrative as a mode of persuasion in and of itself, using resources from the literary subfield of rhetorical narratology. Finally, I offer a brief analysis of the uses of speech and silence in Acts 15: 1-35 in order to demonstrate how the tools of rhetorical narratology can help us to think in fresh ways about the rhetorical force of New Testament narratives.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Mission Impossible? Thinking What Must be Thought in Heidegger and Deleuze. In this paper, I discuss and compare the (im) possibility of thinking that which is most worth our thought in Deleuze's What Is Philosophy? (1994) and Heidegger's course lectures in What Is Called Thinking? (2004). Both authors criticize the history of philosophy in similar ways in order to reconsider what should be taken as the nature and task of philosophical thinking. For Deleuze, true thinking is the creation of concepts, but what is most worth our thought in fact cannot be thought. For Heidegger, Being calls on us think, and to think rightly is to be underway toward thinking itself, a grateful heeding of Being. In this paper I explore the very possibility to think that which is most worth our thought. I will argue that although for both authors proper thinking as such is possible, thinking what is most worth our thought seems remarkably both possible as impossible.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "ScFv Antibody-induced Translocation of Cell-surface Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan to Endocytic Vesicles EVIDENCE FOR HEPARAN SULFATE EPITOPE SPECIFICITY AND ROLE OF BOTH SYNDECAN AND GLYPICAN. Cellular uptake of several viruses and polybasic macromolecules requires the expression of cell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) through as yet ill defined mechanisms. We unexpectedly found that among several cell-surface-binding single chain variable fragment (scFv) anti-HS antibody (alpha HS) clones, only one, AO4B08, efficiently translocated macromolecular cargo to intracellular vesicles through induction of HSPG endocytosis. Interestingly, AO4B08-induced PG internalization was strictly dependent on HS 2-O-sulfation and appeared independent of intact N-sulfation. AO4B08 and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-Tat, i.e. a well known cell-penetrating peptide, were shown to compete for the internalizing PG population. To obtain a more detailed characterization of this pathway, we have developed a procedure for the isolation of endocytic vesicles by conjugating AO4B08 with superparamagnetic nanoparticles. [S-35] sulfate-labeled HSPG was found to accumulate in isolated, AO4B08-containing vesicles, providing the first biochemical evidence for intact HSPG co-internalization with its ligand. Further analysis revealed the existence of both syndecan, i.e. a transmembrane HSPG, and glycosyl-phosphatidyl-inositol-anchored glypican in purified vesicles. Importantly, internalized syndecan and glypican were found to colocalize in AO4B08-containing vesicles. Our data establish HSPGs as true internalizing receptors of macromolecular cargo and indicate that the sorting of cell-surface HSPG to endocytic vesicles is determined by a specific HS epitope that can be carried by both syndecan and glypican core protein.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "The Universal and the Particular Christian Unity in a Post-Modern World. The Netherlands' Catholic Reformed text on the Church, local and universal, is an important contribution to international ecumenical discussions, informed by the particular context of the history of these churches in the low countries. This essay focuses on the importance of the theme and the method of this dialogue, and its contribution to understanding how the ecumenical movement is contextualized and communicated through the educational priorities of the churches. The essay relates this text, from a particular national dialogue, to the international Reformed Catholic dialogue and to issues of the wider ecumenical movement.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Testing for Discrimination: Teaching Audit Studies in Quantitative Methods Courses. This article demonstrates a method for teaching students to conduct audit studies of discrimination. The assignment can be used in courses on quantitative methods, race, gender, or other topics. Audit studies test for unequal treatment by having otherwise identical pairs of people who vary on a single trait, such as race or gender, apply for the same sets of opportunities, such as apartment vacancies or job openings. Once intricate and expensive to conduct, the online shift of the past 15 years has streamlined the approach, enabling researchers to execute audits via email. I show how to lead students through designing and conducting original audit studies. I present evidence that this approach yields significant engagement, builds students' abilities, and produces excellent work.", "label": [5, 48, 51]}
+{"token": "Fascists or revolutionaries? Left and right politics of the rural poor. This article compares rural Support for authoritarian populism in the new, democracies in western Europe and Latin America. Literature on mass-based peasant revolutions Sees the rural poor as revolutionaries, but an earlier, Marxist view saw them as counter-revolutionary. What call we expect of rural people in new democracies? The article examines four cases of rural Support for authoritarian populism and contrasts them with patterns of peasant leftism. Two factors explain the difference: (1) background factors (economic and social relations, the nature of land tenure) and (2) foreground factors (political leadership, organizational style, and rhetoric). The article considers these conclusions for the contemporary international context and draws implications for democratization today.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "THE DIFFICULT CONSTRUCTION OF A REPUBLICAN INSTITUTION. THE CHAMBER OF REPRESENTATIVES DURING THE GOVERNMENT OF JOSE MARIA PAZ. CORDOBA, TOWARDS 1830?. This paper study the power legislative of Cordoba during period of Jose Maria Paz. This paper study the profite the legislator and working legilative. The power legislative respect some rule of the constitution, Coexist the irregularity and the acceptation of the law. The bossism have relation intricate with the power legislative and with the republic.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Contending with conversion: Reflections on the reformation of Lucius the ass. It is often said that at the conclusion of Apuleius' Metamorphoses, Lucius \\\\'converts\\\\' to the cult of the goddess Isis. This article contends, however, that the polytheistic Greco-Roman world had no concept of religious conversion in the manner of monotheistic societies. The experience of Lucius was henotheistic.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Contrasting Explanations for Understanding and Regularizing Model Adaptations. Many of today's decision making systems deployed in the real world are not static-they are changing and adapting over time, a phenomenon known as model adaptation takes place. Because of their wide reaching influence and potentially serious consequences, the need for transparency and interpretability of AI-based decision making systems is widely accepted and thus have been worked on extensively-e.g. a very prominent class of explanations are contrasting explanations which try to mimic human explanations. However, usually, explanation methods assume a static system that has to be explained. Explaining non-static systems is still an open research question, which poses the challenge how to explain model differences, adaptations and changes. In this contribution, we propose and (empirically) evaluate a general framework for explaining model adaptations and differences by contrasting explanations. We also propose a method for automatically finding regions in data space that are affected by a given model adaptation-i.e. regions where the internal reasoning of the other (e.g. adapted) model changed-and thus should be explained. Finally, we also propose a regularization for model adaptations to ensure that the internal reasoning of the adapted model does not change in an unwanted way.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "The neotype designation for Podismopsis gynaemorpha Ikonnikov, 1911 (Orthoptera: Acrididae). The grasshopper genus Podismopsis Zubowsky, 1900 consists of 39 species distributed in Europe (Switzerland, Austria, Montenegro, and Romania), Russia (European part, Siberia, Far East), Mongolia, China, Korea, and Japan (Zubowsky, 1900; Lu et al., 2011; Storozhenko, 2021; Cigliano et al., 2021). One of them, Podismopsis gynaemorpha Ikonnikov, 1911, was described from Evseevka village (Russia, Primirskii krai) based on two males (Ikonnikov, 1911). Majority of types of the species described by Ikonnikov are deposited in the collection of the Zoological Museum of the Moscow State University (Storozhenko, 1990) while a part of type specimens are stored in the collections of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg. I carefully examined both these collections and found that the syntypes of Podismopsis gynaemorpha are lost. Here the neotype of this species is designated, described and illustrated for stability of nomenclature and according to Article 75 of the Code (ICZN, 1999).", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Effect of harvest date on combustion related fuel properties of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.). Spring harvesting significantly improved relevant combustion fuel properties such as moisture content, alkali and ash content and heating value in comparison with autumn harvest. Major fuel properties were not influenced by choice of cultivar or geographical location.Energy crops can increase biomass availability for large-scale biomass-fired heat, power and CHP plants, which can contribute greatly to mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions. Industrial fibre hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is a potential high biomass and energy yielding crop intended for use as solid biofuel, but its fuel properties are insufficiently characterised.Hemp was grown in two independently planned field studies 900 km apart, in southern and northern Sweden. The northern field trials comprised two seasons, two locations and four different cultivars of hemp, while the southern field trial included one hemp variety and one season. Mineral elemental composition (C, H, O, N, S, Cl, Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Rb, Se, Si, Sn, Sr and Zn), heating value, moisture content and initial ash deformation temperature were determined on samples taken between autumn and spring.Spring-harvested industrial hemp was found to have high initial ash deformation temperatures and a mineral composition similar to that of willow and coniferous wood, indicating that the ash resulting from its combustion will have a low risk of slagging and fouling. Relevant combustion fuel properties were superior to those of other available agricultural biomass feedstocks, such as cereal straw, miscanthus and reed canary grass (straw fuels). Therefore, hemp is a suitable solid biofuel for large-scale CHP plants and small-scale heating boilers as pellets or briquettes. This study characterised hemp as a solid biofuel, but large-scale combustion tests and an economic analysis are needed to determine the competitiveness of hemp compared with other sources of biomass. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "Weed Species Trait Selection as Shaped by Region and Crop Diversity in Organically Managed Spring Cereals. Weeds remain a challenge in organic arable farming, as well as supply ecosystem services. The aim is to control weed densities while hosting a diverse and manageable weed community, preventing domination of few deleterious species. Therefore, we want to understand how specific species are stimulated, and which traits are selected for. This study focuses on crop diversity hypothesizing that (1) regions and (2) crop diversity function as filters for specific weed species traits. We conducted a weed monitoring in spring cereals over 2 years on organic farms in five northern European regions. Management and weed trait variables collected for the occurring species allowed an RLQ fourth-corner analysis. The weed communities were regionally specific, but trait selection was not observed, except in Latvia. Hence, the regional species pool provided different species with similar traits. Crop diversity within the management of spring cereals, such as undersowing and cereal frequency in the rotation, affected weed traits. The number of years under organic production selected no traits, although species numbers are known to increase. Hence, general weed species diversity increased, irrespective of traits. We conclude that organic management may support the agility within the weed community against selection of species and act as a buffer rather than as filter.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "Neuropsychological functioning in youth with obsessive compulsive disorder: An examination of executive function and memory impairment. Preliminary research suggests neuropsychological deficits in youth with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) similar to those in adults; however, small samples and methodological confounds limit interpretation. We aimed to examine the rates and clinical correlates of cognitive sequelae in youth with OCD, focusing on executive functioning and memory abilities. Youth ages 7-17 years with OCD (N=96) completed a hypothesis-driven neuropsychological battery (including the Rey-Osterreith Complex Figure, California Verbal Learning Test, and subtests of the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System and Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning) that primarily assessed executive functioning, memory and processing speed. Cognitive sequelae were identified in 65% of youth (37% using a more stringent definition of impairment). Magnitude of cognitive sequelae was not associated with OCD severity or age; however, greater neuropsychological impairments were found amongst youth prescribed atypical neuroleptics and those diagnosed with comorbid tic disorders. Comorbidity burden was associated with presence of neuropsychological impairment, but was not specific to any single test. Findings suggest that the presence of cognitive sequelae is prevalent amongst treatment-seeking youth with OCD. Deficits were found in executive functioning and non-verbal memory performance but these impairments were not associated with OCD severity. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "EXISTENCE AND UNIQUENESS OF SOLUTIONS FOR A SYSTEM OF IMPULSIVE DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS ON THE HALF-LINE. In this paper, we study the existence and uniqueness, continuous dependence on initial conditions and the boundedness of solutions for a system of impulsive differential equations using the fixed point approach in vector Banach spaces. The compactness and u.s.c. of operator solutions are also investigated.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Biophoton distress flares signal the onset of the hypersensitive reaction. Detection of biophoton emission, a natural bioluminescence, has emerged as a non-destructive method to mark the onset of the hypersensitive resistance reaction in Arabidopsis, bean and tomato. Rapid biophoton emission in Arabidopsis requires an intact R-gene signalling network and increased levels of cytosolic calcium and nitric oxide. The burst of biophotons precedes macroscopic symptoms by several hours and its timing is characteristic for specific gene-for-gene interactions. The ability to monitor biophoton emission from whole plants in real time should allow detailed dissection of plant defence responses.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Using Intermediate-Luminosity Optical Transients (ILOTs) to reveal extended extra-solar Kuiper belt objects. We suggest that in the rare case of an Intermediate-Luminosity Optical Transient (ILOT) event, evaporation of extra-solar Kuiper belt objects (ExtraKBOs) at distances of d approximate to 500 - 10000 AU from the ILOT can be detected. If the ILOT lasts for 1 month to a few years, enough dust might be ejected from the ExtraKBOs for the infrared (IR) emission to be detected. Because of the large distance of the ExtraKBOs, tens of years will pass before the ILOT wind disperses the dust. We suggest that after an ILOT outburst, there is a period of months to several years during which IR excess emission might hint at the existence of a Kuiper belt analog (ExtraK-Belt).", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Molecular approaches to study the insect gut symbiotic microbiota at the 'omics' age. Insect gut symbiotic microbiota play essential roles in the growth, development, pathogenesis and environmental adaptation of host insects. The molecular and systems level analysis of insect gut symbiotic microbial community will allow us to discover novel biocatalysts for biomass deconstruction and to develop innovative strategies for pest management. We hereby review the various molecular biology techniques as applied to insect gut symbiont analysis. This review aims to serve as an informative resource for experimental design and research strategy development in the field. We first discuss various strategies for sample preparation and their pros and cons. The traditional molecular techniques like DGGE, RFLP and FISH are covered with respect to how they are applied to study the composition, diversity and dynamics of insect gut symbiotic microbiota. We then focus on the various 'omics' techniques. The metagenome analysis together with the recent advancements in next-generation sequencing will provide enormous sequencing information, allowing in-depth microbial diversity analysis and modeling of pathways for biological processes such as biomass degradation. The metagenome sequencing will also enable the study of system dynamics and gene expression with metatranscriptome and metaproteome methods. The integration of different 'omics' level data will allow us to understand how insect gut works as a system to carry out its functions. The molecular and systems-level understanding will also guide the reverse design of next-generation biorefinery.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "ALE analyses of localization in wave propagation problems. The computational modelling of localization of deformation in cohesive-frictional materials must be carried out in a proper, accurate and efficient manner. A proper solution can be obtained by using an enriched material description such as a non-local damage model or Perzyna's viscoplasticity model. However, still a large number of finite elements is needed for an accurate description of the localization zone. To improve efficiency, mesh adaption is applied here by means of the Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) technique. The ALE technique must typically be applied in combination with an enriched material model. Otherwise, the use of a standard model gives a zero-width solution of the localization zone and therefore remeshing results in a continuing decrease of finite element size. Implementation of this method requires the addition of convective forces in the equations of motion, transport of the state variables and the formulation of a remeshing strategy. The remeshing strategy heavily determines the success of the ALE method. Three examples of wave propagation have been treated and it is shown that a suitable remeshing strategy in combination with an enriched material model leads to proper, accurate and efficient analyses of the localization process. (C) 1998 John Wiley & Sons. Ltd.", "label": [1, 11, 12]}
+{"token": "Dynamics of algebras in quantum unstable systems. We introduce a dynamical evolution operator for dealing with unstable physical process, such as scattering resonances, photon emission, decoherence and particle decay. With that aim, we use the formalism of rigged Hilbert space and represent the time evolution of quantum observables in the Heisenberg picture, in such a way that time evolution is nonunitary. This allows to describe observables that are initially noncommutative, but become commutative after time evolution. In other words, a non-abelian algebra of relevant observables becomes abelian when times goes to infinity. We finally present some relevant examples.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "A new method of detecting time expressions for E-mail messages. Although E-mail systems are one of the most useful communication tools for business, education, etc,. It is very useful filtering supports for users to pick up important messages or to neglect unnecessary messages. This paper presents a method of determining the time priority for E-mail messages. Multi-attribute rules are defined to detect complex time expressions and a set pattern-matching machine is proposed. It enables us to protect missing messages with important time information because the presented method can classify and rank them according to time priority measurement automatically. From the simulation results of determining time priority, the presented pattern-matching method is from about 4 times faster than the traditional string pattern-matching method. From the results of filtering 5,172 sentences, precision and recall of the presented method becomes 95% and 96%, respectively. From the experimental results of determining 10 highest messages among 100 E-mail, filtering time is from 9.7 to 16.6 faster than that of a non-filtering method.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Experimental Investigation on Propane Hydrate Dissociation by High Concentration Methanol and Ethylene Glycol Solution Injection. The dissociation behaviors of propane hydrate by high concentration alcohols inhibitors injection were investigated. Methanol (30.0, 60.1, 80.2, and 99.5 wt %) and ethylene glycol (30.0, 60.1, 69.8, 80.2, and 99.5 wt %) solution were injected, respectively, as alcohols inhibitors in 3.5 L transparent reactor. It is shown that the average dissociation rates of propane hydrate injecting methanol and ethylene glycol solution are 0.02059-0.04535 and 0.0302-0.0606 mol.min(-1).L-1, respectively. The average dissociation rates increase with the mass concentration increase of alcohols solution, and it is the biggest when 99.5 wt % ethylene glycol solution was injected. The presence of alcohols accelerates gas hydrate dissociation and reduces the total need of external energy to dissociate the hydrates. Density differences act as driving force, causing the acceleration effects of ethylene glycol on dissociation behaviors of propane hydrate are better than that of methanol with the same injecting flux and mass concentration.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "Linking on the Internet and Copyright Liability: A Clarion Call for Doctrinal Clarity and Legal Certainty. Should they fall within the purview of Art. 3(1) of the EU Information Society Directive and be subject to potential primary/direct liability (as opposed to accessory/indirect liability)?Prompted by the decisions of the CJEU in Svensson and GS Media, this paper attempts to unmask the potential copyright liability of an internet user who engages in hyperlinking, framing and/or inline linking from a principled and conceptually coherent perspective. The overall discourse in this paper will be guided by the following two questions:Do these forms of online activity constitute acts of communication (or making available) in the first instance?It is hoped that this paper will offer a rational view of the ongoing debate (and provide sensible answers to these questions) by drawing on the established jurisprudence of the courts in Europe, the UK and elsewhere, as well as by having regard to the various interpretations of the concept of \\\\'publication'' in the law of defamation (in particular, Canadian law).", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Monetary Policy Responses to Covid-19: A Comparison with the 2008 Crisis and Implications for the Future of Central Banking. The policy responses of major central banks to the Covid-19 financial and economic crisis were faster, larger, and broader in scope than those in response to the 2008 global financial crisis. This article explains in detail the conventional and unconventional measures adopted by the U.S. Federal Reserve and reviews similar measures adopted by the Bank of England, the Bank of Canada, the European Central Bank and the Bank of Japan. Apart from lowering interest rates and acting as lenders of last resort to financial institutions, these central banks embraced large scale asset purchases as a core crisis fighting tool, with the corresponding expansion in balance sheet that they entail. The article connects this change in emphasis in central bank intervention to the normalization of shadow banking, or market-based financial intermediation, that happened between the two crises. Other extensions of the role of central banks made possible by the scope of the policy responses to Covid-19, including direct support to sectors beyond the financial industry, are also explored.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Polarization dependence of four-wave mixing in a degenerate two-level system. Nearly degenerate four-wave mixing (NDFWM) within a closed degenerate two-level atomic transition is theoretically and experimentally examined. Using the model presented by Lezama er at [Phys. Rev. A 61, 013801 (2000)] the NDFWM spectra corresponding to different pump and probe polarization cases are calculated and discussed. The calculated spectra are compared to the observation of NDFWM within the 6S(1/2)(F = F)-->6P(3/2)(F = 5) transition of cesium in a phase conjugation experiment using magneto-optically cooled atoms.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "On the simplest (2+1) dimensional integrable spin systems and their equivalent nonlinear Schrodinger equations. Using a moving space curve formalism, geometrical as well as gauge equivalence between a(2+1) dimensional spin equation (M-I equation) and the (2+1) dimensional nonlinear Schrodinger equation (NLSE) originally discovered by Calogero, discussed then by Zakharov and recently rederived by Strachan, have been established. A compatible set of three linear equations are obtained and integrals of motion are discussed. Through stereographic projection, the M-I equation has been bilinearized and different types of solutions such as line and curved solitons, breaking solitons, induced dromions, and domain wall type solutions are presented. Breaking soliton solutions of (2+1) dimensional NLSE have also been reported. Generalizations of the above spin equation are discussed. (C) 1998 American Institute of Physics. [S0022-2488(98)00504-0].", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Nonlinear effects of glutamate and KCl on glutamate toxicity in cultured rat cerebellar neurons. Nonlinear responses to toxin exposure have been observed in multiple cell types and organisms across a wide array of phyla. High dose toxin exposures inhibit or kill biological systems, while low dose exposures can stimulate survival mechanisms. We examined the effects of low (10(-3), 10(-5), 10(-7), and 10(-9) M) and ultra-low (10(-25) and 10(-61) M) KCl and glutamate pretreatment (72 h) against glutamate toxicity in rat cerebellar neurons. Ultra-low dilutions (10(-31), 10(-61), and 10(-401)) of an Arnica montana mother tincture were also investigated for their neuroprotective potentials. Viability was significantly enhanced in neurons pretreated with either 10(-3) M glutamate (10.6%) or 10(-9) M KCl (6.3%). None of the toxins evaluated displayed significant toxicity at the concentrations indicated. The protective effect of glutamate is likely mediated through activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, whereas low dose KCl might confer neuroprotection through enhanced alteration of Na+/K+ receptor dynamics. This is the first time high dose glutamate tolerance has been shown along with low dose KCl, and is consistent with previous reports demonstrating tolerance induced by low dose toxin exposure.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "How Golden Parachutes Unfolded: Diffusion and Variation of a Controversial Practice. We contribute to a growing focus on variation in diffusion processes by examining the ways in which contested practices are modified as they spread among adopters. Expanding on prior diffusion accounts, we argue that the extensiveness and similarity of a practice will vary in response to both population- and organization-level mechanisms. To examine these issues, we study variation in \\\\'golden parachute\\\\' contracts, a controversial corporate governance practice that emerged and spread widely during the hostile takeover wave of the 1980s. Using a concept network approach to analyze the composition of parachute plans, we find evidence of mechanisms that both increase and decrease extensiveness and variation of golden parachutes. Our findings hold implications for accounts of practice diffusion over contested terrain by revealing substantial variation in the course of diffusion.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "EVALUATION OF THE COORDINATION BETWEEN CHINA'S TECHNOLOGY AND ECONOMY USING A GREY MULTIVARIATE COUPLING MODEL. As extremely complex interactions exist in the process of economic research and development, a novel grey multivariable coupling model called CFGM(1,N) is proposed to evaluate the coordination degree between China's technology and economy with limited information. This proposed model improves the aggregation in GM(1,N) model through the Choquet integral among.-fuzzy measure, which can reflect interactions among factor indexes. Meanwhile, it can estimate the coordinate parameters via the whale optimization algorithm and obtains the coupling coordination degree combining with grey comentropy. To verify the proposed model, a case study using a dataset from China's technology and the economic system is conducted. The CFGM(1,N) model has a better performance in the convergence and interpretability, as compared to the three heuristic algorithm and two classical approaches. Our finding suggests that China's technology and the economic system is still relatively coordinated. Results also reveal that there exists strong negative cooperation between the comprehensive human input and the comprehensive capital investment in this system.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Evidence that selective changes in the lipid composition of raft-membranes occur during respiratory syncytial virus infection. We examined the structure of lipid-raft membranes in respiratory syncytial virus infected cells. Cholesterol depletion studies using methyl-beta-cyclodextrin suggested that membrane cholesterol was required for virus filament formation, but not inclusion bodies. In addition, virus filament formation coincided with elevated 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase expression, suggesting an increase in requirement for endogenous cholesterol synthesis during virus assembly. Lipid raft membranes were examined by mass spectrometry, which suggested that virus infection induced subtle changes in the lipid composition of these membrane structures. This analysis revealed increased levels of raft-associated phosphatidylinositol (Pl) and phosphorylated Pl during RSV infection, which correlated with the appearance of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate and phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate (PlP(3)) within virus inclusion bodies, and inhibiting the synthesis of PlP(3) impaired the formation of progeny virus. Collectively, our analysis suggests that RSV infection induces specific changes in the composition of raft-associated lipids, and that these changes play an important role in virus maturation. (c) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Phonetic and functional aspects of speech laughter: towards an expressive cognitive phonology. Taking speech laughter as an example, an approach towards cognitive phonology is sketched. Data from the Scottish Corpus was compared to earlier findings from spoken German. Both used pitch contours to express speech laughter, but several other mechanisms, including amplitude variation and vowel lengthening, were found in the Scots data. There was a relationship between the form and function of speech laughter, and substantial individual variation in the repertoire of forms employed by speakers.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Clinical effectiveness of a web-based peer-supported self-management intervention for relatives of people with psychosis or bipolar (REACT): online, observer-blind, randomised controlled superiority trial. Background The Relatives Education And Coping Toolkit (REACT) is an online supported self-management toolkit for relatives of people with psychosis or bipolar designed to improve access to NICE recommended information and emotional support. Aims Our aim was to determine clinical and cost-effectiveness of REACT including a Resource Directory (RD), versus RD-only. Methods A primarily online, observer-blind randomised controlled trial comparing REACT (including RD) with RD only (registration ). Participants were UK relatives aged > = 16, with high distress (assessed using the GHQ-28), and actively help-seeking, individually randomised, and assessed online. Primary outcome was relatives' distress (GHQ-28) at 24 weeks. Secondary outcomes were wellbeing, support, costs and user feedback. Results We recruited 800 relatives (REACT = 399; RD only = 401) with high distress at baseline (GHQ-28 REACT mean 40.3, SD 14.6; RD only mean 40.0, SD 14.0). Median time spent online on REACT was 50.8 min (IQR 12.4-172.1) versus 0.5 min (IQR 0-1.6) on RD only. Retention to primary follow-up (24 weeks) was 75% (REACT n = 292 (73.2%); RD-only n = 307 (76.6%)). Distress decreased in both groups by 24 weeks, with no significant difference between the two groups (- 1.39, 95% CI -3.60, 0.83, p = 0.22). Estimated cost of delivering REACT was 62.27 pound per person and users reported finding it safe, acceptable and convenient. There were no adverse events or reported side effects. Conclusions REACT is an inexpensive, acceptable, and safe way to deliver NICE-recommended support for relatives. However, for highly distressed relatives it is no more effective in reducing distress (GHQ-28) than a comprehensive online resource directory.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "How to make do with one verb: a corpus-based contrastive study of DO and MAKE. This paper compares DO/MAKE in several related European languages, some having two different verbs at their disposal (e.g. do and make in English) and others having to make do with just one verb (e.g. French faire). Using translation cot-pus data, we demonstrate that, while there are similarities between some of these verbs (especially when the languages belong to the same group, i.e. have either one or two verbs), there are also considerable differences in the functions these verbs can perform or the preferences they exhibit, which results in a generally low degree of equivalence in translations, Our study also presents some results from an experiment aiming to establish the cognitively most salient functions of the different verbs. These results confirm the existence Of differences among DO/MAKE verbs, and also show that frequency in language does not necessarily imply salience in the mind.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Online Virtual Machine Placement for Increasing Cloud Provider's Revenue. Cost savings have become a significant challenge in the management of data centers. In this paper, we show that, besides energy consumption, service level agreement (SLA) violations also severely degrade the cost-efficiency of data centers. We present online VM placement algorithms for increasing cloud provider's revenue. First, First-Fit and Harmonic algorithm are devised for VM placement without considering migrations. Both algorithms get the same performance in the worst-case analysis, and equal to the lower bound of the competitive ratio. However, Harmonic algorithm could create more revenue than First-Fit by more than 10 percent when job arriving rate is greater than 1.0. Second, we formulate an optimization problem of maximizing revenue from VM migration, and prove it as NP-Hard by a reduction from 3-Partition problem. Therefore, we propose two heuristics: Least-Reliable-First (LRF) and Decreased-Density-Greedy (DDG). Experiments demonstrate that DDG yields more revenue than LRF when migration cost is low, yet leads to losses when SLA penalty is low or job arriving rate is high, due to the large number of migrations. Finally, we compare the four algorithms above with algorithms adopted in Openstack using a real trace, and find that the results are consistent with the ones using synthetic data.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "NEXMIF encephalopathy: an X-linked disorder with male and female phenotypic patterns. Purpose Pathogenic variants in the X-linked gene NEXMIF (previously KIAA2022) are associated with intellectual disability (ID), autism spectrum disorder, and epilepsy. We aimed to delineate the female and male phenotypic spectrum of NEXMIF encephalopathy. Methods Through an international collaboration, we analyzed the phenotypes and genotypes of 87 patients with NEXMIF encephalopathy. Results Sixty-three females and 24 males (46 new patients) with NEXMIF encephalopathy were studied, with 30 novel variants. Phenotypic features included developmental delay/ID in 86/87 (99%), seizures in 71/86 (83%) and multiple comorbidities. Generalized seizures predominated including myoclonic seizures and absence seizures (both 46/70, 66%), absence with eyelid myoclonia (17/70, 24%), and atonic seizures (30/70, 43%). Males had more severe developmental impairment; females had epilepsy more frequently, and varied from unaffected to severely affected. All NEXMIF pathogenic variants led to a premature stop codon or were deleterious structural variants. Most arose de novo, although X-linked segregation occurred for both sexes. Somatic mosaicism occurred in two males and a family with suspected parental mosaicism. Conclusion NEXMIF encephalopathy is an X-linked, generalized developmental and epileptic encephalopathy characterized by myoclonic-atonic epilepsy overlapping with eyelid myoclonia with absence. Some patients have developmental encephalopathy without epilepsy. Males have more severe developmental impairment. NEXMIF encephalopathy arises due to loss-of-function variants.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Epidermoid cyst of the third ventricle. A case report. We report a case of epidermal (or epidermoid) cyst, in a 36-year-old man which developed in the third ventricle. Clinical manifestations were headaches and memory disturbances. On CT scan the tumor occupied the entire third ventricle but was mainly developed on the left side. On CT reconstructed images, the floor of the third ventricle was clearly visible. Using a trans-ventricular approach, the tumor, closely related to the left part of hypothalamus, was totally removed. Later on, because of persistent hydrocephalus, a ventricular shunt was inserted. An aseptic meningitis occurred and resolved spontaneously. The patient exhibited a postoperative transitory Korsakoff's syndrome. postoperative endocrine investigations showed hypopituitarism. Some intra-ventricular epidermal cysts have been reported, especially involving the fourth ventricle. Their development into the third ventricle is unusual, and in early reports their precise origin appears doubtful. Although they have no characteristic radiological features, the location of epidermal cysts is clearly defined by the CT scan and especially MRI. It would be possible to totally remove epidermal cysts of the third ventricle, avoiding the risk of recurrence.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Electron heating in the measurement of electron temperature by Thomson scattering: Are thermal plasmas thermal?. Thomson scattering measurements have yielded electron temperatures T-e up to 7000 K greater than the ion temperature in 1 bar thermal plasmas. To account for laser heating of electrons, T-e was measured as a function of laser pulse energy, and an unperturbed T-e obtained by linear extrapolation to zero pulse energy. It is shown that the absorption of laser energy by the electrons, and the cooling of the electrons by collisions and radiative emission, depend strongly on T-e. Considering all these processes gives T-e values that are in much closer agreement with the ion temperature.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "In the beginning was the doing: the premises of the practical syllogism. If practical reasoning deserves its name, its form must be different from that of ordinary (theoretical) reasoning. A few have thought that the conclusion of practical reasoning is an action, rather than a mental state. I argue here that if the conclusion is an action, then so too is one of the premises. You might reason your way from doing one thing to doing another: from browsing journal abstracts to reading a particular journal article. I motivate this by sympathetically re-examining Hume's claim that a conclusion about what ought to be done follows only from an argument one of whose premises is likewise about what ought to be done.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Marital status and happiness: A 17-nation study. The literature an marital status and happiness has neglected comparative analysis, cohabitation and gender-specific analysis. It is not clear if the married-happiness relationship is consistent across nations, if it is stronger than a cohabitation-happiness link, and if it applies to hath genders. We address these issues using data from 17 national surveys. A multiple I egression analysis determined that the relationship between marital status and happiness holds ill 16 of the 17 nations and the strength of the association does not vary significantly in 14 of rite 17 nations. Being married was 3.4 times more closely tied to the variance in happiness than was cohabitation, and marriage increases happiness equally among men and women. Marriage may affect happiness through two intervening processes: the promotion financial satisfaction and the improvement of health. These intervening processes did not replicate for cohabitants.", "label": [5, 47, 51]}
+{"token": "Scintigraphic evaluation of metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints in clinically sound horses. The purpose of this study was to describe the pattern of radiopharmaceutical uptake in the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) and metatarsophalangeal (MTP) (fetlock) joints in clinically sound horses. Scintigraphic images from 29 clinically normal horses were evaluated. All the images were assessed subjectively. The lateral views were assessed quantitatively using vertical line profiles through the center of the joint, and mean ratios of radiopharmaceutical uptake were calculated from regions of interest around the third metacarpal or metatarsal bones, and the proximal phalanx and proximal sesamoid bones. From the vertical tine profiles, in the majority of forelimbs (65%) the peak activity of radiopharmaceutical distribution was at the proximal region of the proximal phalanx, with a significantly lower activity within the condyles of the third metacarpal bone. However, in 84% of hindlimbs there was a broader profile peak incorporating the condyles of the third metatarsal bone and the proximal aspect of the proximal phalanx, indicating a more generalized even uptake of radiopharmaceutical across the MTP joint. When the regions of interest were compared between front and hindlimbs, there was no significant difference between proximal phalanx and proximal sesamoid bones, but the distal condyles of the third metacarpal bone of the forelimb had significantly lower radiopharmaceutical activity than hindlimbs (P < 0.04). In lateral images, the mean forelimb ratios tended to be higher in the left MCP joint compared with the right (P = 0.069). In hindlimbs, the mean ratios tended to be higher in the right MTP joint than the left (P = 0.052). There was no significant effect of age.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Imperial Projecting in Virginia and Venezuela Copper, Colonialism, and the Printing of Possibility. When metals are mentioned in early American histories, they tend to be the fabled gold of New World spaces (\\\\' El Dorado\\\\'), or the silver bullion of world trade (reales). But less noble metals tell equally important stories about the colonial past. This article analyzes promotional literatures from seventeenth-century Virginia and Venezuela to show how two writers converted a moment of currency crisis in early modern Europe and uneven metallic trade with Asia and Africa into new modes of imperial projecting in the early Americas. Over time, John Smith and Manuel Gayta ' n de Torres told and retold their stories, shaping their visions of colonial settlement into proposals that both reinforced and challenged their audiences' desires. They followed the malleable potential of copper metals and the three stages of copper metallurgy to shape new narratives of possibility for indigenous, African, and European communities in Tsenacommacah and Cocorote, and to cast these narratives into diverse textual forms, such as shape poems, maps, paintings, relations, and histories.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Pulmonary Embolism and Amniotic Fluid Embolism in Pregnancy. Amniotic fluid embolism and pulmonary embolism are 2 of the most common causes of maternal mortality in the developed world. Symptoms of pulmonary embolism include tachycardia, tachypnea, and shortness of breath, all of which are common complaints in pregnancy. Heightened awareness leads to rapid diagnosis and institution of therapy. Amniotic fluid embolism is associated with maternal collapse. There are currently no proven therapies, although rapid initiation of supportive care may decrease the risk of mortality.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Trityl-nitroxide biradicals as unique molecular probes for the simultaneous measurement of redox status and oxygenation. Novel trityl-nitroxide biradicals were synthesized and exhibited enhanced sensitivity and stability for rapid and simultaneous measurement of redox status and oxygenation by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "CLONAL RELATIONSHIPS AMONG ESCHERICHIA-COLI SEROGROUP-06 ISOLATES FROM HUMAN AND ANIMAL INFECTIONS. The clonal relationship of thirty E. coli strains of 0 antigen serotype 06 isolated from human, dog, pig or cow infections were investigated. Two main clones with serotypes 06:H1 or 06:H31, H- were identified. Isolates from humans, dogs, pigs and cows were found in both clones, indicating that animals are a possible source for human extraintestinal Escherichia coli strains. Two human ETEC (06:H16) and two pig isolates (06:H10) were not related to the 06:H1 or 06:H31, H- E. coli clones.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Assessing the axial buckling load of a pressurized orthotropic cylindrical shell through vibration correlation technique. Traditional buckling experiments of imperfection-sensitive structures like cylindrical shells can cause the permanent failure of the specimen. Nevertheless, an experimental campaign is crucial for validation of the design and numerical models. There is, therefore, interest in nondestructive methods to estimate the buckling load of such structures from the prebuckling stage. The vibration correlation technique allows determining the buckling load without reaching the instability point. Recently, a novel empirical vibration correlation technique based on the effects of initial imperfections on the first vibration mode demonstrated interesting results when applied to composite and metallic unstiffened cylindrical shells. In this context, this paper explores this novel approach for determining the axial buckling load of a metallic orthotropic skin-dominated cylindrical shell under internal pressure, which represents a simplified downscaled model of a launcher propellant tank. An experimental campaign consisting of buckling tests and noncontact vibration measurements for different axial load levels is conducted considering the specimen without and with three different internal pressure levels. The experimental results validate the above-mentioned vibration correlation technique for determining the axial buckling load of pressurized cylindrical shells. Moreover, finite element models are calibrated in order to evaluate the frequency variation within a broader and dense range of the axial loading leading to an assessment of the considered maximum load level and number of load steps as related to the deviation of the estimation. The results corroborate the applicability of the vibration correlation technique as a nondestructive experimental procedure to assess the axial buckling load of imperfection-sensitive orthotropic skin-dominated cylindrical shells under internal pressure.", "label": [1, 15, 12]}
+{"token": "Operational experience with a mathematical model for temperature prediction in secondary steelmaking. A previous study has reported the development of flow and thermal model for gas purged ladle and validation of the same by comparison with literature. This paper presents further development of an integrated process model from tapping at LD to teeming at tundish location. The model was tuned and validated with plant data. The model shows a match of temperature within (+/- 5 degreesC) between prediction and measurement for most of heat data. The model was then used to carry out sensitivity test for the various important process parameters in order to find out quantitative influence of these on steel temperatures. The findings have been reported here.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Applications of the Discrete Element Method for Gas Hydrate-Bearing Sediments: Recent Advances and Perspectives. The understanding of the mechanical properties of hydrate-bearing sediments (HBSs) is fundamental to the safe and efficient exploitation of natural gas hydrates. HBSs are granular materials composed of detrital mineral particles and hydrates. The inherent heterogeneity, discontinuity, and anisotropy cannot be effectively treated by continuum-based numerical methods. The discrete element method (DEM) has been widely used for modeling geomaterials, such as soils and rocks. Recently, it has been increasingly applied to study the mechanical properties of HBSs at the particle level. This paper presents a comprehensive review of recent advances in studies of simulating hydrate-bearing sediment models using the DEM, including complex hydratebearing models and their applications. The contact models and micromechanical parameters used in the DEM models are summarized, and the various applications, including laboratory tests, submarine landslides, and hydraulic fracturing, are discussed. In addition, the advantages and challenges for future studies are discussed. This review is beneficial to help researchers thoroughly understand the state-of-the-art DEM modeling of HBSs.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "ALTERNATIVES TO KINSHIP? TETRARCHS AND THE DIFFICULTIES OF REPRESENTING NON-DYNASTIC RULE. Throughout Roman history, members of the imperial family featured regularly in central coinage, on reliefs and statues, and in inscriptions - both in Rome and the provinces. Roman emperorship was a de facto dynastic system, which explains the sustained emphasis on imperial fathers, mothers, wives and children. Only very rarely was lineage wholly ignored. This posed major problems for imperial representation under the so-called Tetrachy; an explicitly non-dynastic imperial system, not organised by bloodline but governed through collegiate rule. How could such 'corporate government' present itself in a society that was used to dynastic terminology when indicating predecessors and intended successors? This article explores some of the alternative modes through which tetrarchic representation aimed to present non-dynastic rule, and shows how these alternatives proved ultimately unsuccessful. Apparently, the constraints of tradition in imperial imagery were too stringent to overcome.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "First mesocosm experiments to study the impacts of ocean acidification on plankton communities in the NW Mediterranean Sea (MedSeA project). There is a growing international interest in studying the effects of ocean acidification on plankton communities that play a major role in the global carbon cycle and in the consumption of atmospheric CO2 via the so-called biological pump. Recently, several mesocosm experiments reported on the effect of ocean acidification on marine plankton communities, although the majority were performed in eutrophic conditions or following nutrient addition. The objective of the present study was to perform two mesocosm experiments in the oligo- to meso-trophic Northwestern Mediterranean Sea during two seasons with contrasting environmental conditions: in summer 2012 in the Bay of Calvi (Corsica, France) and in winter 2013 in the Bay of Villefranche (France). This paper describes the objectives of these experiments, the study sites, the experimental set-up and the environmental and experimental conditions during the two experiments. The 20-day experiment in the Bay of Calvi was undoubtedly representative of summer conditions in the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea with low nutrient and chlorophyll a concentrations, warm waters and high surface solar irradiance. In contrast, the winter experiment, which was reduced to 12 days because of bad weather conditions, failed to reproduce the mesotrophic conditions typical of the wintertime in this area. Indeed, a rapid increase in phytoplankton biomass during the acidification phase led to a strong decrease in nitrate concentrations and an unrealistic N and P co-limitation at this period of the year. An overview of the 11 other papers related to this study and published in this special issue is provided. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 42, 36]}
+{"token": "The oxidation, fate and effects of iron during on-site bioremediation of groundwater contaminated by a mixture of polychlorophenols. Kinetics of simultaneous iron and polychlorophenol (CP) oxidation by groundwater enriched cultures were studied in laboratory and during actual remediation in order to reveal the fate and effects of iron on aerobic on-site bioremediation of boreal groundwater. 2, 4,6-tri-(TCP), 2, 3,4,6-tetra-(TeCP) and pentachlorophenol (PCP) were degraded in fluidized-bed bioreactor (FBR) by over 99%, over 99%, and over 96%, respectively. The oxygen consumption rate for CP-biodegradation was 1.31 mumol DO L-1 min(-1) and 0.29 mumol DO L-1 min(-1) for iron oxidation, i.e. approximately 12% of the oxygen was consumed by iron oxidation during normal FBR operation. Mineralization of CPs was confirmed by DOC removal and chloride release of 158% and 78%, respectively. Excess DOC removal was due to partial degradation of the natural organic matter (NOM) (1.1 mg L-1 or 24% DOC removal) in the groundwater. Removal of NOM consumed 0.91 mumol DO L-1 min(-1). Iron oxidation in the FBR was over 94% of which chemical Fe(II) oxidation accounted for up to 10%. Fe(III) partially accumulated (58 to 69%) in the system. The TCP- and CP-biodegradation consumed DO at two times higher rates than the Fe( II) oxidation in both, laboratory and full-scale, respectively. The batch assays at various TCP and Fe( II) ratios and DO concentrations showed simultaneous oxygen consumption by TCP and Fe-oxidizers and that increased Fe concentrations do not outcompete the bioremediation of CP's for available oxygen.", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "Effect of combining mosquito repellent and insecticide treated net on malaria prevalence in Southern Ethiopia: a cluster-randomised trial. Background: A mosquito repellent has the potential to prevent malaria infection, but there has been few studies demonstrating the effectiveness of combining this strategy with the highly effective long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs). This study aimed to determine the effect of combining community-based mosquito repellent with LLINs in the reduction of malaria.Methods: A community-based clustered-randomised trial was conducted in 16 rural villages with 1,235 households in southern Ethiopia between September and December of 2008. The villages were randomly assigned to intervention (mosquito repellent and LLINs, eight villages) and control (LLINs alone, eight villages) groups. Households in the intervention villages received mosquito repellent (i.e., Buzz-Off (R) petroleum jelly, essential oil blend) applied every evening. The baseline survey was followed by two follow-up surveys, at one month interval. The primary outcome was detection of Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, or both parasites, through microscopic examination of blood slides. Analysis was by intention to treat. Baseline imbalances and clustering at individual, household and village levels were adjusted using a generalized linear mixed model.Results: 3,078 individuals in intervention and 3,004 in control group were enrolled into the study. Compared with the control arm, the combined use of mosquito repellent and LLINs significantly reduced malaria infection of all types over time [adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) = 0.66; 95% CI = 0.45-0.97]. Similarly, a substantial reduction in P. falciparum malaria infection during the follow-up surveys was observed in the intervention group (aOR = 0.53, 95% CI = 0.31-0.89). The protective efficacy of using mosquito repellent and LLINs against malaria infection of both P. falciparum/P. vivax and P. falciparum was 34% and 47%, respectively.Conclusions: Daily application of mosquito repellent during the evening followed by the use of LLINs during bedtime at community level has significantly reduced malaria infection. The finding has strong implication particularly in areas where malaria vectors feed mainly in the evening before bedtime.", "label": [2, 17, 21]}
+{"token": "Application of irrelevance of state-wise dominated alternatives (ISDA) for identifying candidate processing strategies and behavioural choice rules adopted in best-worst stated preference studies. The majority of stated choice experiments using best-worst responses do not control for the way in which the respondents process the attributes offered in each choice scenario. We speculate that various candidate processing strategies (CPS) are possible, but in practice the analyst is likely to choose one CPS and to assume that it is adopted by the respondents in modelling best-worst data. This decision is usually based on model goodness-of-fit measures and/or the order of the best worst questions under a certain behavioural choice rule, typically utility maximisation. This paper proposes the use of the irrelevance of state-wise dominated alternative (ISDA) axiom as a theoretical benchmark to identify the CPS and the behavioural choice rule respondents are most likely to adopt (at least up to a probability). An empirical assessment using a road pricing reform dataset collected in Sydney suggests that a test based on an incidence of compliance with ISDA produces more convincing evidence than a test that is based on goodness of fit measures. The results suggest that respondents seem to process the information and respond to the worst question first, even though it is structured after the best question. Individual heterogeneity in the way they process the information is also examined and a way to capture this through a latent class model is promoted.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Use of court-ordered supervised disulfiram therapy at DVA medical centers in the United States. Having reported high adherence to court-mandated disulfiram treatment, we hypothesized that other Department of Veterans Affairs (DVA) medical centers would report frequent use of this modality. Telephone interviews with DVA substance abuse clinics in 48 of the 50 states matched the national DVA frequencies. Phone survey responders reported disulfiram prescription as never/rarely 63%, sometimes 32%, and often 5%, while court-ordered disulfiram was used never/rarely 95%, sometimes 3%, and often 2%. Nationally, disulfiram prescriptions covered only 0.07% of all veterans seen. These data suggest a need for a re-evaluation of disulfiram as an underused treatment for alcohol dependence.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Testing metric equivalence in cross-national strategy research: An empirical test across the United States and Japan. We propose a conceptual and analytical framework for assessing metric equivalence in cross-national strategy research. We illustrate this framework by testing the equivalence of measurement models for a set of strategy constructs across the United States and Japan. Results of a two-group LISREL analysis conducted on a data set of 447 interorganizational relationships reveal that some constructs have strong cross-national equivalence, while others need content respecification or reconceptualization. We discuss implications and offer suggestions about how to conduct empirical strategy research in cross-national settings. Copyright (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [5, 44, 46]}
+{"token": "Dual sensor streamer technology used in Sleipner CO2 injection monitoring. CO2 has been injected into the saline aquifer Utsira Fm at the Sleipner field since 1996. In order to monitor the movement of the CO2 in the sub-surface, the seventh seismic monitor survey was acquired in 2010, with dual sensor streamers which enabled optimal towing depths compared to previous surveys. We here report both on the time-lapse observations and on the improved resolution compared to the conventional streamer surveys. This study shows that the CO2 is still contained in the subsurface, with no indications of leakage. The time-lapse repeatability of the dual sensor streamer data versus conventional data is sufficient for interpreting the time-lapse effects of the CO2 at Sleipner, and the higher resolution of the 2010 survey has enabled a refinement of the interpretation of nine CO2 saturated layers with improved thickness estimates of the layers. In particular we have estimated the thickness of the uppermost CO2 layer based on an analysis of amplitude strength together with time-separation of top and base of this layer and found the maximum thickness to be 11 m. This refined interpretation gives a good base line for future time-lapse surveys at the Sleipner CO2 injection site.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "The Stalinist Subject and Mikhail Bulgakov's The Master and Margarita. The article argues that Bulgakov's The Master and Margarita critiques the dominant Soviet ideology of the 1930s from a position that is at the same time informed by a Stalinist subjectivity. Recent work on Soviet subjectivity suggests that the Stalinist subject was produced from a hybrid of messianic spirituality and liberal self-fashioning. Bulgakov's novel provisionally separates these two worldviews into the two worlds of his novel-Moscow and Jerusalem. The article demonstrates that the narrative structures of the novel's two plots create two different subject positions. In Moscow, the narrative presupposes the existence of an omnitemporal omniscience, and characters are treated as corporal beings, to be unmasked and punished for their sins as in the End of Days. In Jerusalem, the narrative adheres to the conventions of historical realism, and the hero, Pontius Pilate, is developed as a modern, liberal subject. The article concludes that Bulgakov presents these worlds ambivalently-finding fault and hope in both. Rather than read Bulgakov's novel as a liberal critique of Soviet culture, the article hopes to facilitate a recognition of how a fragmented Stalinist subject position can provide the material for a great work of art.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "A survey of classical methods and new trends in pansharpening of multispectral images. There exist a number of satellites on different earth observation platforms, which provide multispectral images together with a panchromatic image, that is, an image containing reflectance data representative of a wide range of bands and wavelengths. Pansharpening is a pixel-level fusion technique used to increase the spatial resolution of the multispectral image while simultaneously preserving its spectral information. In this paper, we provide a review of the pan-sharpening methods proposed in the literature giving a clear classification of them and a description of their main characteristics. Finally, we analyze how the quality of the pansharpened images can be assessed both visually and quantitatively and examine the different quality measures proposed for that purpose.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Positive commutators, Fermi golden rule and the spectrum of zero temperature Pauli-Fierz Hamiltonians. We perform the spectral analysis of a zero temperature Pauli-Fierz system for small coupling constants. Under the hypothesis of Fermi golden rule, we show that the embedded eigenvalues of the uncoupled system disappear and establish a limiting absorption principle above this level of energy. We rely on a positive commutator approach introduced by Skibsted and pursued by Georgescu-Gerard-Moller. We complete some results obtained so far by Derezinski-Jaksic on one side and by Bach-Frohlich-Sigal-Soffer on the other side. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "TRAIN OF THE SAVANNAH: GROWING OR NOT GROWING?. The purpose of this study is to expose a dilemma which afflicts many entrepreneurs, that is whether to expand or not their business. The option to grow may signify the end of a desired lifestyle. The option for no expansion may signify the languishing of the company. It is presented the case of Maneco, creator of the firm Trem do Cerrado, who takes sustainability as a philosophy of life. Data were collected through interviews with the entrepreneur and the case may be utilized for entrepreneurship and small business management courses.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "From molecule to diagnostic tool: Theileria annulata surface protein TaSP. Isolation and characterization of the Theileria annulata macroshizont stage protein TaSP showed that this parasite surface membrane protein is a highly antigenic protein suitable for the development of diagnostic tools for tropical theileriosis. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of circulating antibodies against Theileria annulata was established and validated using the recombinantly expressed TaSP protein. The ELISA has subsequently been applied for cross-sectional surveys to determine the distribution and prevalence of tropical theileriosis in Sudan.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "FAST ALGORITHMS FOR PHONE CLASSIFICATION AND RECOGNITION USING SEGMENT-BASED MODELS. In this paper we present methods for reducing the computation requirements of joint segmentation and recognition of phones using the stochastic segment model (SSM). Our approach to the problem is twofold: first, we present a fast segment classification method that reduces computation by a factor of two to four, depending on the confidence of choosing the most probable model. Second, we propose a split-and-merge segmentation algorithm as an alternative to the typical dynamic-programming solution of the segmentation and recognition problem, with computation savings increasing proportionally with model complexity. Although our current recognizer uses context-independent phone models, the results that we report on the TIMIT data base for speaker-independent joint segmentation and recognition are comparable to those of systems that use context information.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "The distribution and spreading pattern of Dermacentor reticulatus over its threshold area in the Czech Republic-How much is range of this vector expanding?. Host-seeking Dermacentor reticulatus ticks were detected by flagging method at 46 localities at south-east part of the Czech Republic, in the basins of rivers Morava and Dyje. Exact northwest distribution limits of D. reticulatus were defined in this area for the first time. Detailed prediction map of probabilities of D. reticulatus occurrence was obtained using GIS analysis. Spatial model delimited a south-north gradient in probability across the studied area, with highest probabilities above 0.8 in its southernmost part. Abundance of D. reticulatus varied markedly between localities in interval 0.33-222 of ticks per flag per hour. The highest abundances were in flooded areas at lower streams, towards upper streams abundance and density of these ticks decreased. Females prevailed in samples with population sex ratio of 0.413, significantly deviating from parity. Larvae and nymphs of this species were not detected by flagging. Although D. reticulatus range expansion probably did not reach such a degree as reported in other countries, these ticks became very abundant in some parts of studied area. Since spreading of vector-borne diseases became a problem in Europe, the knowledge of their exact recent geographic ranges is important for future modelling of their shift predictability. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 0, 17, 10]}
+{"token": "Desulfurobacterium thermolithotrophum gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel autotrophic, sulphur-reducing bacterium isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent. A thermophilic, anaerobic, strictly autotrophic, sulphur-reducing bacterium, designated BSA(T) (T = type strain), was isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal chimney sample collected at the mid-Atlantic ridge. Gram-negative cells occurred singly or in pairs as small highly motile rods. Spores were not observed. The temperature range for growth was 40 to 75 degrees C, with an optimum at 70 degrees C, The ph range for growth at 70 degrees C was from 4.4 to 7.5, with an optimum around 6.0. The sea salt concentration range for growth was 15-70 g l(-1) with an optimum at 35 g l(-1). Elemental sulphur, thiosulphate and sulphite were reduced to hydrogen sulphide. Sulphate and cystine were not reduced. The G+C content of the genomic DMA was 35 mol%. Phylogenetic analyses of the 16S rRNA gene indicated that the strain was a member of the domain Bacteria and formed a branch that was almost equidistant from members of the orders Aquificales and Thermotogales, The new organism possesses phenotypic and phylogenetic traits that do not allow its classification as a member of any previously described genus; therefore, it is proposed that this isolate should be described as a member of a novel species of a new genus, Desulfurobacterium gen. nov., of which Desulfurobacterium thermolithotrophum sp. nov, is the type species. The type strain is BSA(T) (= DSM 11699(T)).", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Revealing the X-ray variability of AGN with principal component analysis. We analyse a sample of 26 active galactic nuclei (AGN) with deep XMM-Newton observations, using principal component analysis (PCA) to find model-independent spectra of the different variable components. In total, we identify at least 12 qualitatively different patterns of spectral variability, involving several different mechanisms, including five sources which show evidence of variable relativistic reflection (MCG-6-30-15, NGC 4051, 1H 0707-495, NGC 3516 and Mrk 766) and three which show evidence of varying partial covering neutral absorption (NGC 4395, NGC 1365 and NGC 4151). In over half of the sources studied, the variability is dominated by changes in a power-law continuum, both in terms of changes in flux and power-law index, which could be produced by propagating fluctuations within the corona. Simulations are used to find unique predictions for different physical models, and we then attempt to qualitatively match the results from the simulations to the behaviour observed in the real data. We are able to explain a large proportion of the variability in these sources using simple models of spectral variability, but more complex models may be needed for the remainder. We have begun the process of building up a library of different principal components, so that spectral variability in AGN can quickly be matched to physical processes. We show that PCA can be an extremely powerful tool for distinguishing different patterns of variability in AGN, and that it can be used effectively on the large amounts of high-quality archival data available from the current generation of X-ray telescopes. We will make our PCA code available upon request to the lead author.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Effect of starter culture sourdough prepared with Lactobacilli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the quality of hull-less barley-wheat bread. The aim of the present study was to investigate the microbial and technological characterization of barley-wheat flour (with 25%, 50%, 75% wheat flour added) breads made from hull-less barley sourdough that was prepared with a starter culture of Lb. plantarum SAB15, Lb. brevis SAB31 and S. cerevisiae SAM1-4. The yeasts isolated from spontaneous hull-less sourdough were sequenced with 26S rRNA gene via identification of the dominant species of S. cerevisiae with FTIR. Hull-less barley, with 13.6% protein, 1.47% ash, 66.15% water absorption and 21 ml sedimentation value, was added to wheat flour and protein, water absorption, and ash values decreased while sedimentation values increased. Hull-less barley-wheat bread samples containing starter culture was obtained with higher volume, specific volume and lower hardness than breads containing spontaneous culture. Especially breads with 25% and 50% barley mix were found to be the best ratios for hull-less barley bread. Although bread containing 75% and 100% barley flour scored low, those containing starter culture scored positively in terms of hardness and chewiness, and were accepted by consumers. With more barley added, there was higher a* and lower b* in the bread, while the breads with starter culture were found to be less yellow and red.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Kant's Racism. After a long period of comparative neglect, in the last few decades growing numbers of philosophers have been paying attention to the startling contrast presented between Kant's universal moral theory, with its inspiring enlightenment ideas of human autonomy, equality and dignity and Kant's racism. Against Charles Mills, who argues that the way to make Kant consistent is by attributing to him a threshold notion of moral personhood, according to which some races do not qualify for consideration under the categorical imperative, I argue that Kant cannot be made consistent on race, and that rather than trying to make him so, we should use the example of Kant's racism to tell us something about the nature of racism. I argue that Kant's own moral philosophy and moral psychology in fact give some materials for thinking about his racism, and about racism.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "The Impact of a Communitywide Smoke-Free Ordinance on Smoking Among Older Adults. MethodsIntroductionSmoking rates among older respondents failed to change, despite significant decreases in smoking rates in the entire adult population. Furthermore, attitudes toward smoking in public did not change between the 2 surveys for either of the groups.Communitywide health status surveys were mailed out to northern Larimer County residents recruited via random-digit dialing in 2001 and 2004. Secondary data analysis was conducted for respondents living in Fort Collins, comparing the entire sample with a subsample of adults aged 50 years or older. Univariate analyses were used to determine differences in self-reported cigarette smoking between the groups across the 2 surveys. Multivariate logistic regression models estimated differences in smoking status and in attitudes toward acceptability of public smoking between the 2 survey administrations, controlling for demographic correlates.ConclusionDifferent factors may influence the decision to stop smoking for older adults and younger adults. We recommend the use of multiple approaches on different ecological levels to ensure that communitywide antismoking intervention efforts reach all population segments.ResultsClean-air and smoke-free ordinances have been shown to reduce the prevalence of smoking among the overall population, but their effects on the smoking prevalence among older adults deserves further attention. We examined changes in self-reported cigarette smoking and in attitudes toward smoking after the implementation of such ordinances in Fort Collins, Colorado, in 2003.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Mammary Gland Carcinosarcoma in a New Zealand White Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Discussion: The carcinosarcoma is a neoplasia characterized as containing a mixed cell population with malignant proliferation of both mesenchymal and epithelial-like cells. Although the carcinosarcoma is rare in the domestic species, their origin has been discussed in two theories: 1) multiclonal theory suggests that the epithelial and the mesenchymal components originated from two or more stem cells; 2) the monoclonal theory suggests that the epithelial and the mesenchymal components originated from totipotential neoplastic cells play multiple potential pathways of terminal differentiation. Abnormal level of growth and Prolactin hormones is one cause to breast tumors. Recent evidence supports the speculation that prolonged hyperprolactinemia leads to malignancy, given the case of ductal carcinoma in one woman who, after incomplete pituitary adenomectomy, was hyperprolactinemic for 15 years. This physiologic relationship and disease progression are important to consider in clinical diagnosis and management of these cases in rabbits. Although some studies were not showed any difference in level of mentioned hormones. In spite of being rare in rabbit, the carcinosarcoma should always be considered in the different diagnoses of the mammary neoplasias, mainly of those undifferentiated neoplasias.Case: An eight-month-old, female New Zealand white rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) weighing 1.9 kg was referred to Tabriz university veterinary hospital for acute swelling on the abdomen and history of mammary mass. The complete blood count was within the reference ranges. The rabbit had been slightly depressed and anorectic. At clinical examination, the patient presented a huge lobulated mass in the mammary gland area. Clinical signs were included: emaciation and hardness in moving. Due to unfavorable prognosis the rabbit was euthanized and afterward complete mastectomy was performed. At necropsy, a non-infiltrative multilobulated mass were observed in the chirurgic area. The mass didn't infiltrate into the skin, subcutaneously and adjacent to the musculature and it was moved easily. The neoplasia was solid, firm, and yellow-brownish. Tissue samples of the tumor were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin, embedded in paraffin, cut at 5 mu m, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin and masson trichrome. Microscopically, the neoplasm had a solid pattern and was composed of a heterogeneous cell population, mainly pleomorphics. Polyhedral cells showing ovoid or vesicular nuclei with prominent nucleoli and abundant lightly acidophilic cytoplasm resembling epithelial cells were observed. Cells with scant cytoplasm and elongated or oval nuclei containing inconspicuous nucleoli resembling mesenchymal cell were also observed. There were also neoplastic areas with a myxoide matrix. Some young cartilage pieces were observed in the tumor. In some parts of the tumor a very dense fibrous connective tissue was observed. Based on the histological findings, the diagnosis of mammary carcinosarcoma was confirmed. Other organs showed normal histological characteristics.Background: Carcinosarcoma of the breast (metaplastic, biphasic metaplastic, metaplastic sarcomatoid carcinoma, sarcomatoid carcinoma) is an aggressive, rare neoplasm that has been reported to account for 0.08-0.2% of all breast malignancies. Mammary carcinosarcoma is rare in rabbits. Carcinosarcoma is a neoplasia composed of cells morphologically resembling malignant epithelial components and cells resembling malignant connective tissue elements. In spite of the rarity in rabbits, carcinosarcoma should always be considered in the different diagnoses of the mammary neoplasias, especially those of undifferentiated neoplasias.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "The Chief Justice as Executive JUDICIAL CONFERENCE COMMITTEE APPOINTMENTS. This article is the first comprehensive empirical study of chief justice appointments to the Judicial Conference committees of the US Courts, entities with influence over substantive public and legal policy. Using a newly created database of all judges appointed to serve on Judicial Conference committees between 1986 and 2012, the results indicate that a judge's partisan alignment with the chief justice matters, as do personal characteristics such as race, experience on the bench, and court level. These results support claims that Judicial Conference committee selection, membership, and participation may present a vehicle for advancing the chief justice's individual political and policy interests.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "The selectivity, voltage-dependence and acid sensitivity of the tandem pore potassium channel TASK-1: contributions of the pore domains. We have investigated the contribution to ionic selectivity of residues in the selectivity filter and pore helices of the P1 and P2 domains in the acid sensitive potassium channel TASK-1. We used site directed mutagenesis and electrophysiological studies, assisted by structural models built through computational methods. We have measured selectivity in channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes, using voltage clamp to measure shifts in reversal potential and current amplitudes when Rb+ or Na(+)replaced extracellular K+. Both P1 and P2 contribute to selectivity, and most mutations, including mutation of residues in the triplets GYG and GFG in P1 and P2, made channels non-selective. We interpret the effects of these-and of other mutations-in terms of the way the pore is likely to be stabilised structurally. We show also that residues in the outer pore mouth contribute to selectivity in TASK-1. Mutations resulting in loss of selectivity (e.g. I94S, G95A) were associated with slowing of the response of channels to depolarisation. More important physiologically, pH sensitivity is also lost or altered by such mutations. Mutations that retained selectivity (e.g. I94L, I94V) also retained their response to acidification. It is likely that responses both to voltage and pH changes involve gating at the selectivity filter.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "Electrical surge-protection devices for industrial facilities - A tutorial review. Industrial facilities are becoming more and more dependent on computer control of their processes, and as a consequence, require an increase in cleanliness and reliability of the electrical power supply system. Electromechanical subsystems are being replaced by electronic logic. Harmonic interference, welding, variable speed drives, and other \\\\'in plant\\\\' noise have reliable mitigation procedures. However, lightning and other external sourced power disturbances rank high on the list of 'uncontrollable\\\\' events that have shut down facilities in recent years. This paper provides an overview of the causes of power-line surges and their consequences for an industrial plant. The relevant international surge-protection standards will be briefly reviewed, and their differences will be analyzed. Different technologies utilized in the implementation of various commercially available surge-protection devices will be presented, followed by a comparative analysis. Finally, the latest trends and the most promising technologies in surge-protection systems as well as their ability to overcome the problems associated with conventional protection devices will be overviewed, and experimental data based on field trials are reported.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
+{"token": "Elevational changes in the avian community of a Mesoamerican cloud forest park. Harboring many range-restricted and specialized species, high elevation tropical cloud forests are diverse habitats represented in many protected areas. Despite this, many such areas receive little practical protection from deforestation and land conversion. Moreover, montane species may be more sensitive to climate change owing to various factors affecting community assembly across elevational gradients. Few studies have used annual monitoring to assess how biological communities in cloud forests may be shifting in response to habitat or climate change or assessed the efficacy of protected areas in buffering these effects. We analyzed avifaunal community trends in a 10-yr dataset of constant-effort bird point-count data in a cloud forest national park in Honduras, Central America. We found that species richness and diversity increased at higher elevations, but decreased at lower elevations. Abundances of most dietary and forest-dependency groups exhibited similar trends, and many key cloud forest species shifted upslope and/or increased in abundance. Taken together, our results suggest that the avian community is moving upslope and species composition is changing. Results for species richness and diversity were similar when only nondegraded transects were considered, suggesting the role of climate change as an important driver. At lower elevations, however, many species may be negatively affected by increased habitat degradation, favoring species with low forest dependency. Continued habitat conversion and climate change could push the cloud forest bird community further upslope, potentially resulting in increased competition, mortality, and even extirpation of some species. Increased protection is unlikely to mitigate the effects of climate change.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "The Epistemic Good of Epistemic Responsibilist Virtues. The question of whether it is a necessary feature of intellectual virtues that they lead to a higher ratio of true to false beliefs has been a continuous controversy. The aim of this paper is to clarify what the instrumental value of intellectual responsibilist virtues amounts to. By spelling out what makes virtues epistemically good in terms of inquiry, a view can be offered that not only elucidates the theoretical and practical demands of intellectual virtues, but that also provides a plausible account of what comprises the instrumental value of responsibilist virtues.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Association of Lectin Pathway Protein Levels and Genetic Variants Early after Injury with Outcomes after Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: A Prospective Cohort Study. The lectin pathway of the complement system has been implicated in secondary ischemic/inflammatory injury after traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, previous experimental studies have yielded conflicting results, and human studies are scarce. In this exploratory study, we investigated associations of several lectin pathway proteins early after injury and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) with outcomes after severe TBI (mortality at 14 days [primary outcome] and consciousness assessed with the Glasgow Coma Scale [GCS] at 14 days, disability assessed with the Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended [GOSE] at 90 days). Forty-four patients with severe TBI were included. Plasma levels of lectin pathway proteins were sampled at 6, 12, 24, and 48 h after injury and eight mannose-binding lectin (MBL) and ficolin (FCN) 2 SNPs were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and genotyping, respectively. Plasma protein levels were stable with only a slight increase in mannose-binding protein-associated serine protease (MASP)-2 and FCN2 levels after 48 h (p < 0.05), respectively. Neither lectin protein plasma levels (6 h or mean levels) nor MBL2 genotypes or FCN2 variant alleles were associated with 14 day mortality or 14 day consciousness. However, FCN2, FCN3, and MASP-2 levels were higher in patients with an unfavorable outcome (GOSE 1-4) at 90 days (p < 0.05), whereas there was no difference in MBL2 genotypes or FCN2 variant alleles. In particular, higher mean MASP-2 levels over 48 h were independently associated with a GOSE score < 4 at 90 days after adjustment (odds ratio 3.46 [95% confidence interval 1.12-10.68] per 100 ng/mL increase, p = 0.03). No association was observed between the lectin pathway of the complement system and 14 day mortality or 14 day consciousness. However, higher plasma FCN2, FCN3, and, in particular, MASP-2 levels early after injury were associated with an unfavorable outcome at 90 days (death, vegetative state, and severe disability) which may be related to an increased activation of the lectin pathway.", "label": [2, 17, 21]}
+{"token": "Impact of human resource development training on crop damages by wild animals in developing countries: experimental evidence from rural Pakistan. Based on a 4-year panel dataset of households collected in rural Pakistan, we examine the impact of a randomised intervention on households' capacity to reduce income losses due to attacks by wild boars. We find that the intervention to teach indigenous techniques of scaring and trapping and modern ones of drugs to induce infertility was highly effective in eliminating the crop-income loss immediately after the intervention, but effects disappeared later. Our finding suggests the difficulty in technology transfer through the training or the high implicit cost in implementing the treatment. Therefore, the intervention was not sustainable at the household level.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "The Analysis of the Influence of Technological Parameters on the Grinding Temperature in the Single-Pass Grinding Process of Solid Carbide End Mill Flutes. A method of the measurement of temperature and grinding force components during flute grinding of solid carbide end mills was presented. The tests were performed using two diamond grinding wheels: with a resin bond (S1) and with a metal bond (S2). A diamond grinding wheel of 1A1 type and a rectangular cross-section was used. An ultrafine grained carbide with a grain size of 0.2 to 0.5 mu m, characterized by high hardness (1730 HV30) and very high tensile strength (4600 MPa) was used. The flutes were grinded in one pass, thus replacing rouging and finishing. The temperature of grinding was recorded using thermocouple type K, NiCr-Ni. The measurement of fortes was conducted using a rotary piezoelectric dynamometer. Surface topography was recorded with the Alicona lnfiniteFocus G4 microscope. The experiment was planned in Design-Expert 13 software. Mathematical models were developed, describing the relationships between the grinding speed and the feed rate as a function of the grinding temperature, grinding force and roughness parameters of the flute. For both grinding wheels, the Fn grinding force was recorded in the range of 28-110 N. the temperature in the range of 32-200 degrees C and surface roughness Sa in the range of 0.31-0.76 mu m. The best grinding result, in terms of low grinding forces and temperatures was achieved for the grinding wheel with the metal bond (S2). For the resin grinding wheel (S1), for the selected technological parameters, grinding burn occurred.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Dejection at In-Group Defeat and Schadenfreude Toward Second- and Third-Party Out-Groups. It has been argued that the emotional pain of being outshone by a second party leads to the malicious pleasure of schadenfreude when this second party subsequently suffers a misfortune. However, direct tests of this idea are rare, especially at the intergroup level. Thus, the authors presented participants with their country's defeat in international competition by a second party and then presented this second party as failing. Participants' dejection at their in-group's defeat led to schadenfreude toward the second party. Consistent with the notion that it affirms the self, schadenfreude toward the second party was associated with positive evaluation of the in-group. Dejection at defeat by a second party also led to schadenfreude toward a third party who had not defeated the in-group. Schadenfreude toward the third party was associated with negative evaluation of the third party rather than positive evaluation of the in-group. As such schadenfreude toward the third party was more malicious.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Molecular detection of bean common mosaic and bean common mosaic necrosis potyviruses and pathogroups. Partial nucleotide sequences of selected isolates of bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) and bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNV) were determined. Based on these sequences and previously published sequence data, a reverse transcription, polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in combination with restriction endonuclease analyses, was developed for molecular detection of BCMV, BCMNV and some viral pathogroups (PG). Specific detection of the two viruses was accomplished by constructing two virus-specific primer pairs that amplified a PCR product specific for each virus. By application of RT-PCR, four BCMV-PG-V isolates were differentiated from isolates of BCMV pathogroups I, II, IV and VII. Distinction of two BCMNV pathogroups (PG-III and PG-VI) was achieved by restriction enzyme XbaI digestion of BCMNV PCR products. However, no combination of tested restriction enzymes distinguished all five recognized BCMV pathogroups. A primer pair Dts/Uny15 proved to be specific for BCMV pathogroup PG-V. Thus, by a combination of RT-PCR and restriction enzyme analyses, it was possible: to differentiate both viruses, two pathogroups of BCMNV, and one pathogroup of BCMV from the others.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Anaerobic digestion of cornmeal - the effect of crude enzyme extract and co-digestion with cow manure. This study examined the effect of a crude enzyme extract, containing mainly starch-degrading enzymes, on cornmeal (Zea mays) hydrolysis. This was followed by an investigation of the effect of enzymatic treatment for the anaerobic digestion of this biomass. Cornmeal and cow manure were also co-digested, and both batch and semi-continuous experiments were performed. The enzymatic pretreatment of cornmeal resulted in a yield of 65 +/- 5% reducing sugars, with 1:10 w/v (grams of dry substrate per mililiters of enzyme extract) enzyme load at 45 degrees C for 48 h. There was an 8% enhancement of methane production observed during the batch assays, both when cornmeal hydrolysate was digested and when enzymes were added directly to the digester. Synergetic effects were found when co-digesting cornmeal and cow manure, leading to higher methane yield (280 NmL gVS(-1)) than that (200 NmL gVS(-1)) calculated based on the methane potential of the individual substrates. Regarding long-term effects, the laboratory-scale semi-continuous experiments also demonstrated that the co-digestion of cornmeal and cow manure (1:1 volatile solid (VS) basis) led to a stable process reaching an organic loading rate of 3 g VS L day(-1) and achieving a daily methane production of 1280.12 +/- 99.4 NmL CH4/day. However, when cornmeal was investigated in mono-digestion, and the enzyme extract was directly added during semi-continuous digestion of cornmeal, volatile fatty acid (VFA) accumulation was observed, leading to a decrease in pH, and no significant enhancement of the conversion into methane was observed. (c) 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd", "label": [2, 1, 18, 15]}
+{"token": "Functional impact of intramolecular cleavage and dissociation of adhesion G protein-coupled receptor GPR133 (ADGRD1) on canonical signaling. GPR133 (ADGRD1), an adhesion G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) whose canonical signaling activates GaS-mediated generation of cytosolic cAMP, has been shown to be necessary for the growth of glioblastoma (GBM), a brain malignancy. The extracellular N terminus of GPR133 is thought to be autoproteolytically cleaved into N-terminal and C-terminal fragments (NTF and CTF, respectively). However, the role of this cleavage in receptor activation remains unclear. Here, we used subcellular fractionation and immunoprecipitation approaches to show that the WT GPR133 receptor is cleaved shortly after protein synthesis and generates significantly more canonical signaling than an uncleavable point mutant GPR133 (H543R) in patient-derived GBM cultures and HEK293T cells. After cleavage, the resulting NTF and CTF remain noncovalently bound to each other until the receptor is trafficked to the plasma membrane, where we demonstrated NTF-CTF dissociation occurs. Using a fusion of the CTF of GPR133 and the N terminus of thrombin-activated human protease-activated receptor 1 as a controllable proxy system to test the effect of intramolecular cleavage and dissociation, we also showed that thrombin-induced cleavage and shedding of the human protease-activated receptor 1 NTF increased intracellular cAMP levels. These results support a model wherein dissociation of the NTF from the CTF at the plasma membrane promotes GPR133 activation and downstream signaling. These findings add depth to our understanding of the molecular life cycle and mechanism of action of GPR133 and provide critical insights that will inform therapeutic targeting of GPR133 in GBM.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "When Death Is Compelling. Research on terror management theory has found evidence that people under mortality salience strive to live up to activated social norms and values. Recently, research has shown that mortality salience also increases adherence to the norm of reciprocity. Based on this, in the current paper we investigated the idea that mortality salience influences persuasion strategies that are based on the norm of reciprocity. We therefore assume that mortality salience should enhance compliance for a request when using the door-in-the-face technique - a persuasion strategy grounded in the norm of reciprocity. In a hypothetical scenario (Study 1), and in a field experiment (Study 2), applying the door-in-the-face technique enhanced compliance in the mortality salience condition compared to a control group.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Five patients with a chromosome 1q21.1 triplication show macrocephaly, increased weight and facial similarities. Recurrent rearrangements of chromosome 1q21.1 that occur as a consequence of non-allelic homologous recombination (NAHR) show considerable variability in phenotypic expression and penetrance. Chromosome 1q21.1 deletions (OMIM 612474) have been associated with microcephaly, intellectual disability, autism, schizophrenia, cardiac abnormalities and cataracts. Phenotypic features in individuals with 1q21.1 duplications (OMIM 612475) include macrocephaly, learning difficulties, developmental delay, intellectual disability and mild dysmorphic features. Half of these patients show autistic behavior. For the first time, we describe five patients, including monozygotic twins, with a triplication of the 1q21.1 chromosomal segment. Facial features common to all patients include a high, broad forehead; a flat and broad nasal bridge; long, downslanted palpebral fissures and dysplastic, low-set ears. Likely associated features include macrocephaly and increased weight. We observed that the triplications arose through different mechanisms in the patients: it was de novo in one patient, inherited from a triplication carrier in two cases, while the father of the twins is a 1q21.1 duplication carrier. The de novo triplication contained copies of both maternal alleles, suggesting it was generated by a combination of inter- and intra-chromosomal recombination. (C) 2015 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Physical therapy for critically ill veterinary patients .2. The musculoskeletal system. Physical therapy is often overlooked early in the management of critically ill small animals; yet it can play an important role in preventing complications, improving patient comfort, and reducing the length and cost of hospitalization. Part I of this two-part presentation, which was published in the June issue of Compendium, discussed the importance of physical therapy for critically ill small animals and described chest physical therapy in detail. This part discusses Physical therapy techniques for the musculoskeletal system. Massage reduces excess fluid in. interstitial: and joint spaces, increases circulation to paralyzed musculature, and mobilizes tissues that are abnormally adherent to adjacent structures. It can also provide some pain relief and general relaxation. Bandaging can help prevent or reduce edema in the extremities; it is particularly helpful for patients with hypoproteinemia or vasculitis. Range-of-motion exercises main-tain existing mobility and muscle elasticity, improve circulation, and decrease edema. Any patient that can stand and walk should he encouraged to do so. To save staff time, clients can be encouraged to perform some of these procedures for hospitalized animals.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "CORRELATION OF FILIFORM HAIR POSITION WITH SENSORY AFFERENT MORPHOLOGY AND SYNAPTIC CONNECTIONS IN THE 2ND INSTAR COCKROACH. An attempt is made to relate the distribution of filiform hairs on the cercus of the second instar cockroach, Periplaneta americana, to the morphology and patterns of synaptic connectivity of their afferents. We studied the most distal 25 of the 39 filiform hairs which are commonly present. Filiform afferent arborizations were stained by cobalt filling from the cell body in the cercus. Three fundamental arbor types were found, two similar to those of the first instar medial (M) and lateral (L) afferents, and a third, novel type. L-type arbors could be divided into four subtypes. The most obvious correlate of arbor type is the circumferential position of the hair on the cercus. The proximodistal position of the sensillum within each cercal segment is also a determinant of its arbor. By comparison of hair positions and afferent morphologies, we were able to ascribe homologies between the second instar hairs and members of adult longitudinal hair columns. The patterns of monosynaptic connections between afferents and giant interneurons (GIs) 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6 were determined by recording synaptic potentials in GIs evoked by direct mechanical displacement of individual filiform hairs. Latency from stimulus onset to the rise phase of the first excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) was used as the criterion of monosynapticity. The EPSP amplitudes of the two original L and M afferents are halved in the second instar, in the absence of a significant decrease in GI input resistance. The other afferents can be divided into two basic classes: those which input to G15 (M-type), and those which input to G13 and G16 (L-type). The former is correlated with a central or medial position, while the latter is associated with a group of afferents situated laterally on the cercus. In segments 3 and 4, input to GIs 1 and 2 also correlates with a medial cercal position, however, in the more proximal segments 5 and 6, afferents at all positions input to these interneurons. The occurrence of afferents of identical morphology and similar connectivity in equivalent positions in different segments suggests that each sensory neuron is determined by its two-dimensional position within a segment. The presence of afferents with the same morphology which display proximodistal differences in synaptic connectivity, and of other afferents which have M-type connectivity despite L-type morphology, means that anatomy is generally a poor predictor of synaptic connectivity.", "label": [2, 4, 17, 43]}
+{"token": "Water vapor sorption-desorption hysteresis in glassy surface films of mucins investigated by humidity scanning QCM-D. Experiments: We use a recently developed humidity scanning (HS) QCM-D method to obtain water sorption-desorption isotherms of mucin films under controlled conditions where water diffusion is not the limiting factor, neither in the vapor phase nor in the glassy mucin film.Findings: We present new results on the water sorption-desorption behavior of glassy mucin films with nanoscale thicknesses. Despite the fact that water diffusion is not the limiting factor, the sorption-desorption branches show clear hysteresis effects that are similar to those typically observed in bulk samples. The hydration-induced glass transition, resolved from monitoring the rheological behavior of the films, is shown to be in excellent agreement with the onset of the sorption-desorption hysteresis. We suggest that the hysteresis effect is related to a difference in dynamical and structural properties of the glassy materials depending on the hydration history of the films. (C) 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Hypothesis: Investigating the origin of water sorption-desorption hysteresis in glassy biopolymers is important for understanding the properties of biological barriers, such as the mucus epithelium. In general, hysteresis is a result of a complex interplay between diffusion of water and relaxation of the polymer matrix. Our hypothesis is that for thin films, typical for quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) experiments performed in gas phase with defined relative humidity, the diffusion limitation is eliminated and hysteresis results only from relaxation of the polymer matrix.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Measuring impact and creating change: a comparison of the main methods for social enterprises. Purpose There is currently a wide range of methods for measuring social impact. Each method uses specific indicators, mainly because of the diverse characteristics of social enterprises (SEs) and the type of impact that is analysed, thus hindering the definition of a single, shared measurement system and, at the same time, prompting the proliferation of countless alternative methods. Many enterprises experience difficulties in selecting the best method to carry out the measurement process correctly. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to filling in conceptual gaps inherent to measuring impact and value creating in the domain of social entrepreneurship (SE), as well as equipping the social entrepreneur with better knowledge of the methodologies available for measuring impact and supporting their decision-making process. Design/methodology/approach The aims of this paper are, therefore, threefold: to identify the common conditions of how to measure social impact (literature); to analyse how measurement is actually undertaken in practice (process); and to compare the four main methodologies, among the numerous ones, that have been developed to measure the impact generated by SEs so far (methods and comparison). The authors compared four of the most commonly used methodologies in the field of social impact measurement, analysing advantages, disadvantages and application fields. They evaluated whether a method can be considered preferable to others in each case. Findings The paper demonstrated the high fragmentation that characterised the existing literature concerning the measurement of social impact and the wide range of methodologies used, thus leading to a great confusion in regard to the selection of the most appropriate methodology for the pursuit of one's own ends. This often discourages the undertaking of the measurement process. The analysis used in this paper leads us to conclude that the social return on investment method is more popular than the other three alternatives. Research limitations/implications There are significant deficiencies in methodologies adopted, and researchers must use innovative, situated approaches that fit with the SE literature. The authors concluded that for the future, there is a need to do a SLR in a disciplined way. Further research is strongly recommended in this area, to provide more comparative studies of existing methods. It is hoped that enterprises can be directed towards using a limited range of formal methods that can capture the diversity of the various application cases, thus making it possible to compare different situations: a limited range of formal methods that can capture the diversity of the SEs considered and the impacts generated will be promoted. Practical implications The authors also want to analyse how the SEs concretely realise the measurement of their impact that often do not use the formal methodologies presented in the literature but rather tools created by thead hoccompanies on the basis of their specific needs. Originality/value This paper makes a theoretical contribution to the literature of the theory on social value within the SE field by having regard to how to measure social impact. It partially responds to Choi and Majumdar's (2014) andHlady-Rispal and Servantie's (2016)calls for the development of a theory of measuring social value.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "Cancer registries in Africa 2014: A survey of operational features and uses in cancer control planning. A questionnaire survey of all active population based cancer registries in sub-Saharan Africa obtained information on their characteristics (size, staffing, funding), methods of working, the nature of any links between registries and their respective Health Authorities (national and/or local), and the use of their data in research or cancer control planning. 23/25 registries (92%) responded. Sources of direct funding and estimated amounts from each source were established, and suggest that it is approximately US$8-9 per case registered. Almost half of the funding is used for routine data collection, processing and analysis. Staffing levels vary, partly as a function of the registry size (approximately one FTE per 300 cases registered). Most data collection is active, using multiple sources (median 10 per registry), and is largely paper-based (abstraction onto paper forms), although all use the computer system CanReg (c) for data entry, storage and analysis. Most reporting by the registries is remarkably timely, and in general, their results are widely used by health authorities and other stakeholders in planning and evaluating services, while research output is much more variable. These registries are the source of almost all the existing information on cancer incidence and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa, as published in IARC's Globocan.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Restricted dispersal in a long-distance migrant bird with patchy distribution, the great reed warbler. In patchily distributed species dispersal connects local populations into metapopulations. Reliable quantifications of dispersal are therefore crucial to understanding the population dynamics and genetic structure of such metapopulation systems. The great reed warbler (Acrocephalus arundinaceus) inhabits eutrophic lakes and has a patchy breeding distribution. In this study we investigated the dispersal pattern of the great reed warbler based on an extensive capture-recapture effort covering a large census area (22,500 km(2)). At two adjacent breeding sites (10 km apart) in southern Central Sweden, the \\\\'main study area\\\\', we ringed the majority of adult and nestling great reed warblers between 1902 and 1999. In 1998 and 1999, we opportunistically searched for territorial males at the majority of the Swedish breeding sites, and were able to examine about 56% of all males in the region. Analyses of recaptured males demonstrated that philopatry predominated. Sixty-nine percent of the recruiting nestlings returned to breed in the main study area (their natal area), and 92% of the resighted adults were found at the same breeding locality in both study years. Breeding dispersal was significantly more restricted than natal dispersal. Additional data on natal and breeding dispersal within the main study area in 1992-1999 suggested that females were as philopatric as males. The overall high level of philopatry, with only occasional longer dispersal distances documented, yielded a root-mean-square dispersal distance of 33 km per generation. High philopatry, short dispersal distances and similar dispersal patterns of male and female great reed warblers contrast the findings among birds in general, but conform to data of species having patchy breeding habitat and isolated populations. Restricted dispersal suggests limited gene flow even among several Swedish populations, which is in line with some previous findings of the population ecology of the great reed warbler: (1) structured mtDNA lineages among European populations (2) small-scale population differences in song patterns; and (3) low genetic variation and occurrence of inbreeding depression in our main study population.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Observation of Charge Generation via Photoinduced Stark Effect in Mixed-Cation Lead Bromide Perovskite Thin Films. Extensive transient absorption studies on hybrid organic-inorganic lead halide perovskites have elucidated many optical properties important for their device performance. Despite the enormous progress, the derivative shaped photoinduced absorption feature in transient spectra that is above the bandgap has many explanations, including the photoinduced Stark effect, where the bandgap is blue shifted due to a local electric field generated by charges. In this work, we employ broad band transient absorption and two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy (2DES) to examine the early transient events after photoexcitation of [CH(NH2)(2)](0.83) Cs0.17PbBr3 (FA(0.83)Cs(0.17)PbBr(3)). 2DES resolves a photomodulation feature at the excitation energy of the exciton, suggesting the presence of a dipole field created by a polaron pair shifting the exciton transition to higher energies. As this polaron pair dissociates over 200 fs, the exciton transition shifts to higher energies over the same time scale, evidenced by the 2DES diagonal energy spectra. Given that the observations are well explained in terms of the Stark effect, our work provides extra grounds to support the Stark effect assignment of the above-gap photoinduced absorption. Furthermore, our study reports on the time scale of charge generation, contributing to the fundamental understanding of mixed-cation lead bromide perovskite photophysics.", "label": [4, 1, 33, 15, 32, 11]}
+{"token": "Distributed Bragg reflectors based on chalcogenide glasses for chemical optical sensing. Distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) based on chalcogenide glasses showing stopbands in the near-infrared range were designed and fabricated by thermal evaporation combined with the oblique angle deposition technique. This technique allows the deposition of alternate thin films of predetermined optical constants, leading to the fabrication of multilayer structures of tailored optical behaviour based entirely on a single glass composition. Moreover, exploratory work has been performed by determining the spectral shift of the DBRs due to chemical infiltration within their nanoporosity. These promising experimental results suggest that the chalcogenide-based reflectors can be used in the field of chemical sensing.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Semantics and Pragmatics of Humor. This article presents the state of the art of semantic-pragmatic research on humor. The developments in the field are seen as fanning out from two central concepts: the linguistic version of the incongruity/resolution theory of humor (script opposition) and the methodological claim that such a theory was a theory of humor competence. The developments of the theory of humor competence and, more recently, of work on humor performance are seen as lying at the opposite ends of a continuum, with various approaches positioning themselves along that axis. It is argued that a theory encompassing both competence and performance is necessary for the study of humor.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Coke production and demand today and tomorrow - face up to the reality?. Nobody in the public talked about coke some years ago. The renaissance of the coking industry came with the drastic increase of world steel- and ironmaking, especially in China, accompanied by an increasing demand for coke. The peak of this evolution is not yet seen. The question arises how a further increasing demand for coke can be supplied. In 2004 approximately 52% of the identified world cokemaking capacities are older than 20 years, 26% are older than 30 years. The average age of all existing coke batteries is 22 years. New cokemaking capacities are expected to be built in large amounts in China but China may at the present growth rates possibly consume nearly all domestically produced coke.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Legionella indianapolisensis sp nov., isolated from a patient with pulmonary abscess. Case: A 68-year-old male presented to an Indianapolis-area hospital with pulmonary disease; upon workup, he was found to have influenza A. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was also submitted for conventional bacterial culture and Legionella culture. The patient was prescribed a broad-spectrum antibiotic and recovered.Background: To date, at least 50 species of Legionella have been described. These organisms are ubiquitous in nature and have been isolated from diverse ecological environments, including man-made structures such as cooling towers and spas. Legionellae have also been isolated from human and veterinary clinical specimens, and their roles in disease are well-established. This report describes the isolation of a novel Legionella species from a respiratory specimen from a patient with influenza and suspected pulmonary embolus.Results: A Legionella-like bacterium was isolated on buffered charcoal yeast extract agar, and mass spectrometry and comparative 16S rRNA gene sequencing inconclusively identified the isolate as a Legionella sp. Further analysis of the 16S rRNA gene confirmed the strain to be a new species, related to Legionella hackeliae. Physiochemical and morphological testing were used to confirm the discovery of a novel species, Legionella indianapolisensis sp. nov., type strain SMNF-IS. (C) 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Society for Infectious Diseases.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Varieties of contemporary democratic breakdown and regression: A comparative analysis. The goal of this article is to understand which combinations of explanatory conditions account for the qualitative differences within forms of democratic breakdown (i.e., transition from democracy to a hybrid or authoritarian regime) and democratic regression (i.e., transition within democracy through a loss of democratic quality). The analysis focuses particularly on the specific features of those processes of change ending up with a transition from democratic rule, compared to those producing a simple loss of democratic quality within the democratic regime. Applying two-step fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA), the study aims to integrate different types of explanatory factors, offering a fresh and comprehensive perspective on this phenomenon.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Nonlinear free vibration analysis of rotating composite Timoshenko beams. Linear and nonlinear free vibrations of rotating composite Timoshenko beams are investigated in this paper. The formulation is based on the assumptions of Timoshenko beam theory and the nonlinear von-Karman strain-displacement relationships. The updated equations of motion about the prestressed configuration are obtained from the three-coupled partial differential equations of motion. The differential transform method is implemented to find the prestressed configuration due to centrifugal forces. The Galerkin discretization approach is applied to the linearized updated equations of motion to determine the linear normal modes and the associated natural frequencies of the rotating composite Timoshenko beam. The rotation speed and number of layers variation effects on the flapping natural frequencies are studied and the necessity of employing the Timoshenko beam model for the composite beams is illustrated. The direct multiple scales method is applied to the three-coupled nonlinear updated partial differential equations for the nonlinear vibration study especially on the flapping backbone curves. The number of layers variation effects is investigated on the three lowest flapping backbone curves. The present results are validated with the previous literature results. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 11, 12]}
+{"token": "Variation of phytoplankton assemblages along the Mozambique coast as revealed by HPLC and microscopy. This study is an integrated overview of pigment and microscopic analysis of phytoplankton communities throughout the Mozambican coast. Collected samples revealed notable patterns of phytoplankton occurrence and distribution, with community structure changing between regions and sample depth. Pigment data showed Delagoa Bight, Sofala Bank and Angoche as the most productive regions throughout the sampled area. In general, micro-sized phytoplankton, particularly diatoms, were important contributors to biomass both at surface and sub-surface maximum (SSM) samples, although were almost absent in the northern stations. In contrast, nano- and pico-sized phytoplankton revealed opposing patterns. Picophytoplankton were most abundant at surface, as opposed to nanophytoplankton, which were more abundant at the SSM. Microphytoplankton were associated with cooler southern water masses, while picophytoplankton were related to warmer northern water masses. Nanophytoplankton were found to increase their contribution to biomass with increasing SSM. Microscopy information on the genera and species level revealed the diatoms Chaetoceros spp., Proboscia alata, Pseudo-nitzschia spp., Cylindrotheca closterium and Hemiaulus haukii as the most abundant taxa of the micro-sized phytoplankton. Discosphaera tubifera and Emiliania huxleyi were the most abundant coccolithophores, nano-sized phytoplankton. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 42, 36]}
+{"token": "Herpes Simplex Virus Protein Kinases US3 and UL13 Modulate VP11/12 Phosphorylation, Virion Packaging, and Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt Signaling Activity. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway plays key roles in diverse cellular activities and promotes cell growth and survival. It is therefore unsurprising that most viruses modify this pathway in order to facilitate their replication and spread. Previous work has suggested that the herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) tegument proteins VP11/12 and US3 protein kinase modulate the PI3K/Akt pathway, albeit in opposing ways: VP11/12 binds and activates Src family kinases (SFKs), is tyrosine phosphorylated, recruits PI3K in an SFK-dependent fashion, and is required for HSV-induced phosphorylation of Akt on its activating residues; in contrast, US3 inhibits Akt activation and directly phosphorylates downstream Akt targets. We examined if US3 negatively regulates Akt by dampening the signaling activity of VP11/12. Consistent with this hypothesis, the enhanced Akt activation that occurs during US3-null infection requires VP11/12 and correlates with an increase in SFK-dependent VP11/12 tyrosine phosphorylation. In addition, deleting US3 leads to a striking increase in the relative abundances of several VP11/12 species that migrate with reduced mobility during SDS-PAGE. These forms arise through phosphorylation, strictly require the viral UL13 protein kinase, and are excluded from virions. Taken in combination, these data indicate that US3 dampens SFK-dependent tyrosine and UL13-dependent serine/threonine phosphorylation of VP11/12, thereby inhibiting VP11/12 signaling and promoting virion packaging of VP11/12. These results illustrate that protein phosphorylation events mediated by viral protein kinases serve to coordinate the roles of VP11/12 as a virion component and intracellular signaling molecule.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Deindustrialization and poverty: Manufacturing decline and AFDC recipiency in Lake County, Indiana 1964-93. We combine a historical case study approach with a multivariate time series analysis to examine one of the consequences of the decline of the steel industry in Lake County,, Indiana, from 1964 to 1993. Specifically, we investigate how deindustrialization contributed to the county's impoverishment, measured by the percentage of the population receiving Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC). We find that the loss of manufacturing jobs, especially steel jobs, triggered a rise in AFDC recipiency rates. The growth in service jobs during the period does little to offset the negative impact of lost steel jobs. We further find that the deleterious impact of lost steel jobs on AFDC recipiency is greatest after 1980, the period of heaviest job loss in Lake County's steel industry. These results persist even after including several control variables that represent plausible alternative explanations for Lake County's rise in AFDC recipiency. We discuss the implications of our analyses for better understanding the link between deindustrialization and poverty.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "A new strategy for the shelf life extension of fresh noodles by accurately targeting specific microbial species. Fresh noodles are subjected to rapid spoilage, mainly due to the microorganism, which adversely affect their shelf life. In this study, we developed a new specific strategy by targeting microbial species to extend the shelf life of fresh noodles. We found that at 4 degrees C, 15 degrees C, 25 degrees C and 37 degrees C, the shelf life of fresh noodles were 5, 1, <1 and < 1 days based on total viable count (TVC) and molds, respectively. The microflora in fresh noodles evolved from Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas (4 degrees C) to Pantoea, Bacillus, Staphylococcus, and Lactobacillus (15 degrees C), then to Bacillus, Pantoea, Staphylococcus and Lactobacillus (25 degrees C), and finally to Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Lactobacillus and Pantoea (37 degrees C) at genus level proved by high-throughput sequencing. Total forty-five microbial species at different temperatures were isolated and identified, fourteen of which were picked out to screen food preservatives. E. faecalis was the hardest bacteria for protamine to be inhibited in the fresh noodles. The combination of 0.1% glycerol monooctanoate (GMC) +0.1% protamine extended the shelf life of fresh noodles from 1d to 3d at 25 degrees C and from 7d to 28d at 4 degrees C. P. agglomerans and E. faecalis, E. faecium and E. durans were responsible for deterioration of the fresh noodles at 4 degrees C and at 25 degrees C, respectively. Additionally, MIC test showed the chitosan lactate had anti-bacteria abilities towards both E. faecalis and P. agglomerans. The results showed that the combination of chitosan lactates + protamine + GMC increased the shelf life of the fresh noodles from 1d to 4d at 25 degrees C due to the synergistic inhibition of P. agglomerans and E. faecalis. It was the first time aiming at specific target strains to develop new preservatives. With this new approach, the storage accuracy and efficiency of fresh noodles can be improved.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Antecedents and Patterns of Suicide Behavior in First-Admission Psychosis. Background: Persons with psychotic illnesses have an increased risk for suicide, especially early in the illness. Sufficient knowledge allowing for early recognition is lacking. Objectives: To describe suicide behaviors before and during the 4 years following first psychiatric hospitalization, examine associations of demographic and psychiatric risk factors, and develop a suicide risk index. Method: Data came from the Suffolk County Mental Health Project, a first-admission cohort (n = 529). Cox regression was used to study associations of risk factors to suicide behaviors; a summary suicide behavior risk index was also tested. Results: Prior to first admission, 28.0% (n = 148) of the cohort had attempted suicide. During the 4-year follow-up, 13.6% (n = 72) of the cohort attempted suicide (29.7% of those with previous attempts and 7.3% making their first attempt) and 3 respondents died of suicide. The significant predictors at index admission of subsequent attempts were prior attempts or ideation, severity of depressive symptoms and thought disorder, lifetime substance abuse, and younger age. Suicide ideation was predicted by the same variables with the addition of insight into illness and with the exception of age at admission. A 3-category risk index was created; 61.1% of those who made a suicide attempt were in the highest risk group (n = 44/72). Conclusion: The current study confirms and extends previous research showing that risk factors early in the course of illness are predictive of subsequent ideation and attempts. The risk index may be a useful adjunct in identifying individuals likely to benefit from preventive interventions.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Surface aided polarization reversal in small ferroelectric particles. Polarization reversal in ferroelectric particles driven by a pulsed electric field is examined theoretically using Landau-Devonshire-Khalatnikov theory. A significant reduction in reversal times is shown to be possible if certain surface properties and size criteria are met. The surface properties are also shown to control the magnitude of the applied field needed for irreversible switching. An interesting signature of surface effects is found in the switching current. The theory predicts that the switching current for small ferroelectric particles can exhibit double peaks as a function of time. The size and relative times of the peaks provide specific information on the magnitude and rate of surface reversal dynamics. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Myoclonic status epilepticus and cerebellar hypoplasia associated with a novel variant in the GRIA3 gene. AMPA-type glutamate receptors (AMPARs) are postsynaptic ionotropic receptors which mediate fast excitatory currents. AMPARs have a heterotetrameric structure, variably composed by the four subunits GluA1-4 which are encoded by genes GRIA1-4. Increasing evidence support the role of pathogenic variants in GRIA1-4 genes as causative for syndromic intellectual disability (ID). We report an Italian pedigree where some male individuals share ID, seizures and facial dysmorphisms. The index subject was referred for severe ID, myoclonic seizures, cerebellar signs and short stature. Whole exome sequencing identified a novel variant in GRIA3, c.2360A > G, p.(Glu787Gly). The GRIA3 gene maps to chromosome Xq25 and the c.2360A > G variant was transmitted by his healthy mother. Subsequent analysis in the family showed a segregation pattern compatible with the causative role of this variant, further supported by preliminary functional insights. We provide a detailed description of the clinical evolution of the index subjects and stress the relevance of myoclonic seizures and cerebellar syndrome as cardinal features of his presentation.", "label": [2, 21, 19]}
+{"token": "Total Transformation': Why Kant Did Not Give up on Education. In this essay I argue that Kant remained committed to the necessity and fundamental importance of education throughout his career. Like Johann Bernhard Basedow (1724-90), Kant holds that a total transformation' of schools is necessary, and he holds this view not only in the 1770s but in his later years as well. In building my case I try to refute two recent opposing interpretations - Reinhard Brandt's position that Kant's early education enthusiasm' was later replaced by a politics enthusiasm, and Manfred Kuehn's view that the increasing importance of autonomy in Kant's mature ethics leads him to de-emphasize education.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "The Case for Symmetry in Creditors' Rights. Using an original framework for evaluating bankruptcy rules, this Article casts doubt on the efficiency of legal arrangements that give some creditors an absolute advantage over others in the division of a debtor's assets. Such arrangements, which I classify as asymmetrical, are widely used in the modern economy, and include the secured loan, American general partnership, and guaranty contract. In contrast, symmetrical arrangements, which include the corporation and common law partnership, confer no absolute advantage, because they give each creditor group a prior claim to a distinct debtor asset pool. I demonstrate that symmetrical arrangements produce lower debt appraisal costs, more efficient creditor monitoring, and speedier bankruptcy proceedings; they also are less conducive to exploitation of creditors such as tort victims who do not adjust to subordination of their claims. These results indicate that lawmakers could create social wealth by reforming asymmetrical arrangements to be symmetrical. The Article concludes by showing how symmetry is superior to previous proposals for reforming the Secured loan.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Evidence for a cutoff in the frequency distribution of solar flares from small active regions. In this paper, we present evidence that active regions with small sunspot areas have an upper limit to the energy of the hares they produce. This result is consistent with predictions of the avalanche model of Lu et al.There are no statistically significant differences between the frequency distributions of flares with peak count rates greater than or similar to 10(3) counts s(-1) grouped according to the other region characteristics studied.We used data from the Hard X-Ray Burst Spectrometer on the Solar Maximum Mission to study differences in the frequency distributions of solar hares as grouped by active region characteristics. The active region parameters considered were the total sunspot area, the longitudinal extent, the Mount Wilson class, and the McIntosh class.We also find that, in all cases, large complex regions appear to produce a lower percentage of low-energy events than do smaller, simpler regions. It is possible that this effect is the result of biases against observations of low count rate flares and the determination of their locations.We find that there are significantly fewer high count rate flares (greater than or similar to 10(4) counts s(-1) above 60 keV) from regions with small sunspot areas (0-500 microhemispheres) than would be expected from a power-law extrapolation from the frequency distribution of flares with peak rates greater than 50 counts s(-1) above 60 keV. This is not found in the distribution of flares produced by regions with large sunspot areas (600-3600 microhemispheres). Using our analysis of the data and the predictions of the avalanche model we calculated a limit to the energy of a flare that can be produced by an active region with given sunspot area.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Optimization of cutting conditions using artificial neural networks and the Edgeworth-Pareto method for CNC face-milling operations on high-strength grade-H steel. Computer Numerical Control (CNC) face milling is commonly used to manufacture products from high-strength grade-H steel in both the automotive and the construction industry. The various milling operations for these components have key performance indicators: accuracy, surface roughness (Ra), and machining time for removal of a unit volume min/cm(3) (T-m). The specified surface roughness values for machining each component is achieved based on the prototype specifications. However, poor adherence to specifications can result in the rejection of the machined parts, implying extra production costs and raw material wastage. An algorithm using an artificial neural network (ANN) with the Edgeworth-Pareto method is presented in this paper to optimize the cutting parameter in CNC face-milling operations. The set of parameters are adjusted to improve surface roughness and minimal unit-volume material removal rates, thereby reducing production costs and improving accuracy. An ANN algorithm is designed in Matlab, based on a 3-10-1 Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP), which predicts the Ra of the workpiece surface to an accuracy of +/- 5.78% within the range of the experimental angular spindle speed, feed rate, and cutting depth. An unprecedented Pareto frontier for Ra and T-m was obtained for the finished grade-H steel workpiece using an ANN algorithm that was then used to determine optimized cutting conditions. Depending on the production objective, one or the other of two sets of optimum machining conditions can be used: the first one sets a minimum cutting power, while the other sets a maximum T-m with a slight increase (under 5%) in milling costs.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "An efficient finite element model for static and dynamic analyses of functionally graded piezoelectric beams. This study deals with static, free vibration and dynamic response of functionally graded piezoelectric material (FGPM) beams using an efficient three-nodded beam element. This beam finite element is based on a refined sinus model. It does not require shear correction factor and ensures continuity conditions for displacements, transverse shear stresses as well as boundary conditions on the upper and lower surfaces of the FGPM beam. This conforming finite element does not suffer from shear locking. The number of the mechanical unknowns is independent of the number of layers. A high-order electrical potential field is considered through each graded piezoelectric layer. The proposed FE is validated through static, free vibration and dynamic tests for FGPM beams. For various electrical and mechanical boundary conditions, excellent agreement is found between the results obtained from the proposed formulation and reference results from open literature or 3D FEM. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 11, 12]}
+{"token": "Pax7 is required for the specification of myogenic satellite cells. The paired box transcription factor Pax7 was isolated by representational difference analysis as a gene specifically expressed in cultured satellite cell-derived myoblasts. In situ hybridization revealed that Pax7 was also expressed in satellite cells residing in adult muscle. Cell culture and electron microscopic analysis revealed a complete absence of satellite cells in Pax7(-/-) skeletal muscle. Surprisingly, fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis indicated that the proportion of muscle-derived stem cells was unaffected. Importantly, stem cells from Pax7(-/-) muscle displayed almost a 10-fold increase in their ability to form hematopoietic colonies. These results demonstrate that satellite cells and muscle-derived stem cells represent distinct cell populations. Together these studies suggest that induction of Pax7 in muscle-derived stem cells induces satellite cell specification by restricting alternate developmental programs.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Bankruptcy regime and the banking system. Banks' behavior as creditors relies heavily on the content of legal rights granted by the national bankruptcy laws. Using a sample of 87 countries over the period 2005-2016, this paper investigates whether the degree of such legal rights influences the following banking indicators: (1) private credit, (2) bank lending-deposit spread, and (3) foreign banks' presence. Robust dynamic panel estimates indicate a significant and positive impact only on foreign banks' presence in countries with a high level of creditors' protection and bankruptcy systems that encourage the survival of financially distressed firms.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Antiviral drug discovery strategy using combinatorial libraries of structurally constrained peptides. We have developed a new strategy for antiviral peptide discovery by using lyssaviruses (rabies virus and rabies-related viruses) as models. Based on the mimicry of natural bioactive peptides, two genetically encoded combinatorial peptide libraries composed of intrinsically constrained peptides (coactamers) were designed. Proteomic knowledge concerning the functional network of interactions in the lyssavirus transcription-replication complex highlights the phosphoprotein (P) as a prime target for inhibitors of viral replication. We present an integrated, sequential drug discovery process for selection of peptides with antiviral activity directed against the P. Our approach combines (i) an exhaustive two-hybrid selection of peptides binding two phylogenetically divergent lyssavirus P's, (ii) a functional analysis of protein interaction inhibition in a viral reverse genetic assay, coupled with a physical analysis of viral nucleoprotein-P complex by protein chip mass spectrometry, and (iii) an assay for inhibition of lyssavirus infection in mammalian cells. The validity of this strategy was demonstrated by the identification of four peptides exhibiting an efficient antiviral activity. Our work highlights the importance of P as a target in anti-rabies virus drug discovery. Furthermore, the screening strategy and the coactamer libraries presented in this report could be considered, respectively, a general target validation strategy and a potential source of biologically active peptides which could also help to design pharmacologically active peptide-mimicking molecules. The strategy described here is easily applicable to other pathogens.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Epimutation in inherited metabolic disorders: the influence of aberrant transcription in adjacent genes. Epigenetic diseases can be produced by a stable alteration, called an epimutation, in DNA methylation, in which epigenome alterations are directly involved in the underlying molecular mechanisms of the disease. This review focuses on the epigenetics of two inherited metabolic diseases, epi-cblC, an inherited metabolic disorder of cobalamin (vitamin B-12) metabolism, and alpha-thalassemia type alpha-ZF, an inherited disorder of alpha 2-globin synthesis, with a particular interest in the role of aberrant antisense transcription of flanking genes in the generation of epimutations in CpG islands of gene promoters. In both disorders, the epimutation is triggered by an aberrant antisense transcription through the promoter, which produces an H3K36me3 histone mark involved in the recruitment of DNA methyltransferases. It results from diverse genetic alterations. In alpha-thalassemia type alpha-ZF, a deletion removes HBA1 and HBQ1 genes and juxtaposes the antisense LUC7L gene to the HBA2 gene. In epi-cblC, the epimutation in the MMACHC promoter is produced by mutations in the antisense flanking gene PRDX1, which induces a prolonged antisense transcription through the MMACHC promoter. The presence of the epimutation in sperm, its transgenerational inheritance via the mutated PRDX1, and the high expression of PRDX1 in spermatogonia but its nearly undetectable transcription in spermatids and spermatocytes, suggest that the epimutation could be maintained during germline reprogramming and despite removal of aberrant transcription. The epivariation seen in the MMACHC promoter (0.95 x 10(-3)) is highly frequent compared to epivariations affecting other genes of the Online Catalog of Human Genes and Genetic Disorders in an epigenome-wide dataset of 23,116 individuals. This and the comparison of epigrams of two monozygotic twins suggest that the aberrant transcription could also be influenced by post-zygotic environmental exposures.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Effect of major processing parameters on the quality of extrudates made out of soy-kodo blends. Extruded products from soybean (Glycine max L.) and kodo (Paspalum scorbiculatum) (SK) blends were prepared on a twin-screw extruder. The physical properties of the extrudates were studied at 15, 20 and 25% (wb) moisture and at 75, 85, and 95 degrees C temperatures with 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30% blending levels. The breaking strength test and crispiness test were performed to assess the textural properties of the extrudates. The mass flow rate, average diameter, sectional expansion index (SEI), volumetric expansion index (VEI), longitudinal expansion index (LEI) and density along with textural analysis of the extrudates prepared out of SK blends showed that the best quality extrudates were obtained at 85 degrees C barrel temperature, 15% moisture content of feed, 20% blending ratio followed by 15% moisture content of feed, 10% blending ratio and 95 degrees C barrel temperature.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "The Argentine Exiled Commission: the construction of a t space to internal politics between Argentina and Chile in the mid-nineteenth century. In March 1841, the Comision Argentina de Santiago was formed, originated from the efforts of Argentine exiles in Chile to support General La Madrid's rebel forces in their struggle against Rosas' armies in Cuyo Province. In May 1841, the \\\\'Commission representing Argentine emigrants residing in this country\\\\' wrote from Santiago to the governor of La Rioja with the aim of promoting a military alliance with other provinces that could free the region from the control of Rosas' allies. This is an important moment to think about the conformation of National States in Latin America in the nineteenth century, specifically the issue of territoriality. What we intend with this article is, on the one hand, to present the debates about the Argentine political configuration that took place from abroad in permanent relation with internal Argentine Confederation political agents; On the other hand, to think about the intertwining of this emigration with the Chilean local society in search of internal and external legitimacy.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Sequence analysis for the complete proviral genome of subgroup J Avian Leukosis virus associated with hemangioma: a special 11 bp deletion was observed in U3 region of 3 ' UTR. Conclusion: The variation in envelope glycoprotein was higher than other genes. The genome sequence of SCDY1 has a close relationship with that of another ALV-J strain NHH isolated from case of hemangioma. A 11 bp deletion observed in U3 region of 3'UTR of genome of ALV-J isolated from case of hemangioma is interesting, which may be associated with the occurrence of hemangioma.Background: Avian Leukosis virus (ALV) of subgroup J (ALV-J) belong to retroviruses, which could induce tumors in domestic and wild birds. Myelocytomatosis was the most common neoplasma observed in infected flocks; however, few cases of hemangioma caused by ALV-J were reported in recent year.Results: An ALV-J strain SCDY1 associated with hemangioma was isolated and its proviral genomic sequences were determined. The full proviral sequence of SCDY1 was 7489 nt long. Homology analysis of the env, pol and gag gene between SCDY1 and other strains in GenBank were 90.3-94.2%, 96.6-97.6%, and 94.3-96.5% at nucleotide level, respectively; while 85.1-90.7%, 97.4-98.7%, and 96.2-98.4% at amino acid level, respectively. Alignment analysis of the genomic sequence of ALV-J strains by using HPRS-103 as reference showed that a special 11 bp deletion was observed in U3 region of 3'UTR of SCDY1 and another ALV-J strain NHH isolated from case of hemangioma, and the non-functional TM and E element were absent in the genome of SCDY1, but the transcriptional regulatory elements including C/EBP, E2BP, NFAP-1, CArG box and Y box were highly conserved. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all analyzed ALV-J strains could be separated into four groups, and SCDY1 as well as another strain NHH were included in the same cluster.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Enabling Reliable Keyword Search in Encrypted Decentralized Storage with Fairness. Blockchain has led the trend of decentralized applications and shown great use beyond cryptocurrencies. Decentralized storage such as Storj and Sia leverages blockchain to establish an open platform for sharing economy, which provides private and reliable file-outsourcing services. However, the ubiquitous keyword search function over encrypted files is yet to be supported. To enable this function, we first apply searchable encryption techniques to the decentralized setting. But this primitive can hardly ensure the service integrity. The reason is that decentralized storage commonly faces severe threats from both clients and service peers. Service peers may return partial or incorrect results, while clients may intentionally slander the service peers to avoid payments. To address these threats, we utilize the smart contract to record the logs of encrypted search (aka evidence) on the blockchain, and devise a fair protocol to handle disputes and issue fair payments. Using a dynamic-efficient searchable encryption scheme as an instantiation, we craft a concrete scheme that preserves encrypted search capability and enforces ecosystem healthiness, so that service peers are incentivized to make real efforts and jointly guarantee service reliability. We implement our scheme in Python and Solidity, and test its search performance and transaction costs on Ethereum.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "DISMANTLING THE STATE FARM SYSTEM AND ITS COMMUNITIES IN POLAND DURING THE 1990s, AND ITS SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES. This article focuses on the social consequences of the liquidation of state farms in Poland in the 1990s. The creation and operation of state-owned farms was an unprecedented experiment: state farms were a 'laboratory', both in the economic sphere (creating a collective economy) and in the social sphere, forming a collective community, largely isolated from much of rural society, functioning within the framework of assigned patterns of work and life. With the collapse of communism in Poland (1989) and the construction of a market economy, the existence of 1,440 state-owned agricultural enterprises (managing 18.7% of the agricultural area in Poland) was questioned. A decision was made in 1991 to liquidate state-owned farms, by virtue of a relevant Act. Their employees (about half a million of them) and their families (in total about two million people) became victims of the economic transformation, for whom the state did not provide appropriate support, leaving them to themselves. The experience of losing a job and lifestyle organized by the socialist system (especially social security) became a traumatic experience for this community. This article shows the social dimension of this political decision. It also gives a voice to former employees of these farms, who never had any proper representation and were treated as 'people without a vote'.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Fridericia dianchiensis sp nov (Enchytraeidae, oligochaeta) from Yunnan Province, China. Fridericia dianchiensis, a new enchytraeid species collected from Yunnan Province, is described here. It is characterized by a combination of the following characters: 1) lateral bundles containing maximum 3 chaetae; 2) esophageal appendages with 3-4 simple, terminal branches; 3) dorsal vessel originating in XX-XXIII; 4) sub-neural glands absent; 5) seminal vesicle large, occupying two segments; 6)clitellum girdle-shaped or gland cells absent between bursal slits and pre-middle ventrally; 7) coelomocytes without refractile vesicles, 8) spermatheca without diverticula and both ampullae broadly united; and 9) long spermathecal ectal duct without gland at the orifice.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Near-Earth Solar Wind: Plasma Characteristics From ARTEMIS Measurements. The interaction between the solar wind and Earth's magnetosphere is the main driver of magnetosphere dynamics because many important processes in Earth's inner and outer magnetosphere can be considered as responses to solar wind parameter variations. Therefore, accurate measurements of these parameters (density, velocity, ion, and electron temperature) in the near-Earth solar wind is critical for understanding and forecasting magnetosphere dynamics. Moreover, the solar wind is a natural laboratory for investigation of plasma turbulence, including the configuration and dynamics of coherent plasma structures (such as large-amplitude waves, discontinuities, and interplanetary shocks). A major solar wind parameter database, the OMNI database, consists of solar wind proton characteristics and magnetic field parameters but does not provide electron characteristics. We consider a supplementary solar wind data set compiled by observations of the two Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence and Electrodynamics of the Moon's Interaction with the Sun (ARTEMIS) probes. We compare characteristics available in both the ARTEMIS and OMNI data sets. We also describe characteristics of solar wind electron components measured by ARTEMIS (density, temperature, and anisotropy). Finally, we discuss opportunities for investigation of the near-Earth solar wind provided by the ARTEMIS data set.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Three new Aceria species (Acari: Trombidiformes: Eriophyidae) associated with the invasive weed Imperata cylindrica (L.) (Poaceae) from Egypt. Three new Aceria species of eriophyoid mites collected from Imperata cylindrica (L.) (Poaceae) in Egypt were described and illustrated-Aceria aegyptimperata sp. nov., A. cylindricae sp. nov., and A. qualyubi sp. nov. A. aegyptimperata is a vagrant underneath inner surface of the leaf sheath around stem and no symptoms were observed; the other two species were found underneath inner surface of the rolled up and rusted leaves.http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:B4EFE201-7F53-444F-A330-ECA24BF5BDBC", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Growth performance and carcass traits of early-weaned lambs as affected by the nutritional regimen of lactating ewes. Three isonitrogenous diets with different levels of metabolizable energy (ME; 10.3, 10.9, and 11.5 MJ/kg) were fed to lactating ewes to study the relationships among milk yield and feed intake, growth rate, and carcass traits of early-weaned lambs. Eighteen multiparous Texel x Ile de France ewes (55.7 +/- 1.3 kg of initial body weight; BW) supporting single male lambs were penned individually at 24 h after lambing and evaluated for 42 days. Lambs had free access to a creep feeding system before weaning (42 days of age), and after that they were individually penned and fed a common diet until reaching the slaughter weight (32 kg of BW). Carcasses were then evaluated after 24 h of refrigeration. Dry matter and ME intake of ewes presented a quadratic relationship with energy level of the diet (P<0.05), and it directly affected milk yield (P<0.01). Milk yield was correlated with DM intake (r=-0.75; P<0.01) and growth rate (r=0.74; P<0.01) of lambs from birth to weaning. On the other hand, in this period there was no relationship between solid feed intake and ADG of lambs (r=-0.05; P>0.05). Therefore, creep feed supplementation was not enough to support a similar growth rate among lambs ingesting different amounts of milk. From weaning to slaughter, DM intake of lambs was greater (P<0.05) for the lambs raised by ewes in the low-energy group, resulting in a worse feed efficiency (P<0.05). No remarkable changes were observed in carcass traits. We concluded that improving ewe nutrition and consequently the early life nutrition of lambs can really increase profitability of lamb meat production. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Evaluation of iatrogenic hemarthrosis of the metacarpophalangeal joint as a method of induction of temporary reversible lameness in horses. Animals-8 adult horses.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-In horses iatrogenic hemarthrosis of the metacarpophalangeal joint appears to induce temporary reversible lameness with a mild to moderate degree of synovitis.Results-For 24 hours after injection, the mean force difference between injected and noninjected limbs was significantly increased over baseline. The greatest force difference was detected after 2 and 4 hours. Baseline and 24-hour force data were not significantly different. Compared with baseline values, synovial fluid protein concentration and nucleated cell and RBC counts were increased significantly at 24 hours after injection but were not different at 30 days after injection. No significant changes in plasma cortisol concentration were detected at any time point.Objective-To determine whether iatrogenic hemarthrosis of the metacarpophalangeal joint could be used as a model for temporary reversible joint pain in horses.Procedure-Each horse was evaluated on a treadmill before and after injection of 1 metacarpophalangeal joint with 10 mL of autogenous blood. Horses were evaluated subjectively and objectively by use of a computerized force measurement system at intervals until lameness abated. The mean force difference between injected and noninjected limbs at all time periods after injection was compared with the difference between limbs at baseline. From each horse, synovial fluid samples collected before and 24 hours and 30 days after injection were analyzed for total protein concentration and cell type and number. Venous blood samples were collected before and 6 and 24 hours after injection for assessment of plasma corlisol concentration.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Excision of IS492 requires flanking target sequences and results in circle formation in Pseudoalteromonas atlantica. The gram-negative marine bacterium Pseudoalteromonas atlantica produces extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) that is important in biofilm formation by this bacterium. Insertion and precise excision of IS492 at a locus essential for extracellular polysaccharide production (eps) controls phase variation of EPS production in P. atlantica. Examination of IS492 transposition in P. atlantica by using a PCR-based assay revealed a circular form of IS492 that may be an intermediate in transposition or a terminal product of excision. The DNA sequence of the IS492 circle junction indicates that the ends of the element are juxtaposed with a 5-bp spacer sequence. This spacer sequence corresponds to the 5-bp duplication of the chromosomal target sequence found at all IS492 insertion sites on the P. atlantica chromosome that we identified by using inverse PCR. IS492 circle formation correlated with precise excision of IS492 from the P. atlantica eps target sequence when introduced into Escherichia coli on a plasmid, Deletion analyses of the flanking host sequences at the eps insertion site for IS492 demonstrated that the 5-bp duplicated target sequence is essential for precise excision of IS492 and circle formation in E. coli. Excision of IS492 in E. coli also depends on the level of expression of the putative transposase, MooV, A regulatory role for the circular form of IS492 is suggested by the creation of a new strong promoter for expression of mooV by the joining of the ends of the insertion sequence element at the circle junction.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "BARRIERS AND FACILITATORS TO GENERATE IDEAS. The business world requires strategic practices for creating innovation. Hence, the incentives to generate ideas allows companies to create new products, new processes or new services. Thus, the central aim of the article is to present the factors that prevent the process of generating ideas happen in the organization, whereas ideas are inputs to innovation. The methodological approach of this research is characterized as exploratory and descriptive qualitative. Interviews were conducted in a small business that works daily with innovation. The main findings reveal that aspects of the organizational culture and leadership performance affect directly the generation of new ideas for the organization. We conclude that autonomy, training and promotion of techniques for generating ideas are able to stimulate the innovation management.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "The effect of fungicide seed protectants, seeding rates, and reduced rates of herbicides on no-till soybean. A field study was conducted to determine if fungicide seed protectants, reduced rates of a complete preemergence or a complete postemergence herbicide program, and soybean seeding rates affect weed control and yield in a no-till system. Asgrow 3237, Pioneer 9273, and Pioneer 9342 soybean cultivars were planted into corn stubble at Urbana, Illinois in 1995 and 1996. Fungicide seed protectants increased soybean population density and reduced time to canopy closure in 1995, but had no effect in 1996. As seeding rates increased from 34.6 to 54.3 seeds m(-2), yields increased, and time to row canopy closure was decreased. In general, adequate weed control and soybean yields were maintained using reduced rates (greater than or equal to0.5X) of herbicides. In 1996, the purple seed stain fungus, Cercospora kikuchii, was isolated more often from Pioneer 9273 seed and Asgrow 3237 seed harvested from the no-herbicide, weedy control plots compared to plots treated with herbicides. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "Inculturation as Doctrinal Development: Shaping International Theological Categories. 'Doctrinal development' and 'inculturation' are two of the most common terms in systematic theology for incorporating new ideas into Christian tradition. While these categories often carry geographic and racial associations, this article suggests that doctrinal development and inculturation be understood as distinct though interdependent. Applying these categories internationally, in any geography, makes clear that sometimes inculturation becomes doctrinal development. In discerning such development, the article suggests a distinction between two kinds of inculturation, one that remains geographically or culturally specific and another that could become a doctrinal development for the wider church. It then tests the usefulness of this distinction by applying it to theological proposals of Jurgen Moltmann and Kwame Bediako.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Monitoring of nesting leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea): Contribution of remote sensing for real-time assessment of beach coverage in French Guiana. Over 4 years, 2001-2004, leatherback-turtle monitoring was conducted on all the potential nesting sites in French Guiana. We estimated minimal leatherback turtle nest numbers of 23,107, 12,229, 13,480, 11,012, respectively. The Awala-Yalimapo Beach, sometimes considered a good estimator of the overall nesting activity for the country, has hosted a significant proportion of the leatherback turtle nests (42% +/- 2%), but this percentage is much lower than formerly described. The relative importance of this nesting site is discussed in light of remote sensing data, suggesting that nest numbers recorded in Awala-Yalimapo may have misrepresented leatherback turtle population trends. Indeed, remote sensing data indicate that the total sandy shoreline available in French Guiana has regularly evolved over the last decades, allowing leatherback turtle nesting attempts out of the scope of monitoring. The importance of a monitoring effort integrating the specific coastal dynamic of the Guianas region is highlighted.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Railway infrastructure disturbances and train operator performance: The role of weather. In this paper, we estimate the effects of weather conditions such as wind, temperature and precipitation on railway operator performance of passenger train services. We distinguish between the direct effects of weather conditions and the indirect effects through disturbances in infrastructure. We show that certain types of bad weather mainly affect train operators' performance indirectly, through their effect on infrastructure. Furthermore, we show that the welfare losses for passengers confronted with increased cancellations of trains and decreased punctuality in The Netherlands due to one standard deviation increase in infrastructure disruptions amount to about (sic)80 million per year. (c) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 5, 15, 47]}
+{"token": "Long-term Variability of H2CO Masers in Star-forming Regions. We present results of a multi-epoch monitoring program on variability of 6 cm formaldehyde (H2CO) masers in the massive star-forming region NGC 7538 IRS 1 from 2008 to 2015, conducted with the Green Bank Telescope, the Westerbork Radio Telescope, and the Very Large Array. We found that the similar variability behaviors of the two formaldehyde maser velocity components in NGC 7538 IRS 1 (which was pointed out by Araya and collaborators in 2007) have continued. The possibility that the variability is caused by changes in the maser amplification path in regions with similar morphology and kinematics is discussed. We also observed 12.2 GHz methanol and 22.2 GHz water masers toward NGC 7538 IRS 1. The brightest maser components of CH3OH and H2O species show a decrease in flux density as a function of time. The brightest H2CO maser component also shows a decrease in flux density and has a similar LSR velocity to the brightest H2O and 12.2 GHz CH3OH masers. The line parameters of radio recombination lines and the 20.17 and 20.97 GHz CH3OH transitions in NGC 7538 IRS 1 are also reported. In addition, we observed five other 6 cm formaldehyde maser regions. We found no evidence of significant variability of the 6 cm masers in these regions with respect to previous observations, the only possible exception being the maser in G29.96-0.02. All six sources were also observed in the (H2CO)-C-13 isotopologue transition of the 6 cm H2CO line; (H2CO)-C-13 13 absorption was detected in five of the sources. Estimated column density ratios [H-2(12) CO]/[(H2CO)-C-13] are reported.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "The effects of outward FDI on home-country productivity Do location of investment and market orientation matter?. Design/methodology/approach - A panel data set for 15 Taiwanese manufacturing industries over the period between 1991 and 2007 is employed for a model in which productivity is regressed on a measure of O-FDI.Research limitations/implications - In order to analyse the productivity effect of O-FDI more precisely, one would need to compare the firm outcomes in the presence of multinational production with the outcomes that would have prevailed in the absence of multinational production. Unfortunately, we cannot observe what would have happened to firms that did engage in multinational production had they not done so.Originality/value - The paper employs a contingency approach, examining the conditions under which O-FDI impacts upon home productivity.Findings - The study finds no significant positive or negative effect of O-FDI on productivity. Breaking down the data by location of the investment, however, we find that O-FDI in other countries enhances productivity in Taiwan, while O-FDI in China does not. We interpret the positive role of O-FDI in other countries as relating to the outcome of strategic asset-seeking nature of Taiwanese investments in these countries.Purpose - The paper aims to examine the effects of outward foreign direct investment ( O-FDI) on home-country productivity.Practical implications - The findings suggest that the Taiwanese Government should distinguish the level of liberalization towards O-FDI for different locations and in different types of industries. In particular, the government should channel more investment towards export-oriented industries especially those in \\\\'other countries\\\\'.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca variations in environmental and biological sources: A survey of marine and terrestrial systems. The relative concentrations of strontium to calcium (Sr/Ca) and barium to calcium (Ba/Ca) in mammalian bioapatite are common biogeochemical indicators for trophic level and/or dietary preferences in terrestrial foodwebs; however, similar research in marine foodwebs is lacking. This study combined environmental and biological Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca data from both terrestrial and marine settings from 62 published books, reports, and studies along with original data collected from 149 marine mammals (30 species) and 83 prey items (18 species) and found that variations in Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca ratios of biological and environmental samples are appreciably different in terrestrial and marine systems. In terrestrial systems, environmental sources account for most of the variations in Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca ratios. In contrast, environmental sources in marine systems (i.e., seawater) are comparatively invariant, meaning most of the variations in Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca ratios originate from biological processes. Marine consumers, particularly non-mammalian and mammalian vertebrates, show evidence of biopurification of Ca relative to Sr and Ba, similar to what is observed in terrestrial systems; however, unlike terrestrial systems, variations in Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca ratios of environmental sources are overprinted by bioaccumulation of Sr and Ba at the base of marine foodwebs. This demonstrates that in marine systems, spatial or temporal differences may have little to no effect on Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca ratios of marine vertebrates, making Sr/Ca, and to a lesser extent Ba/Ca, potentially useful global proxies for trophic level and dietary preferences of marine vertebrates. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Optimizing the use of biologgers for movement ecology research. The paradigm-changing opportunities of biologging sensors for ecological research, especially movement ecology, are vast, but the crucial questions of how best to match the most appropriate sensors and sensor combinations to specific biological questions and how to analyse complex biologging data, are mostly ignored. Here, we fill this gap by reviewing how to optimize the use of biologging techniques to answer questions in movement ecology and synthesize this into an Integrated Biologging Framework (IBF). We highlight that multisensor approaches are a new frontier in biologging, while identifying current limitations and avenues for future development in sensor technology. We focus on the importance of efficient data exploration, and more advanced multidimensional visualization methods, combined with appropriate archiving and sharing approaches, to tackle the big data issues presented by biologging. We also discuss the challenges and opportunities in matching the peculiarities of specific sensor data to the statistical models used, highlighting at the same time the large advances which will be required in the latter to properly analyse biologging data. Taking advantage of the biologging revolution will require a large improvement in the theoretical and mathematical foundations of movement ecology, to include the rich set of high-frequency multivariate data, which greatly expand the fundamentally limited and coarse data that could be collected using location-only technology such as GPS. Equally important will be the establishment of multidisciplinary collaborations to catalyse the opportunities offered by current and future biologging technology. If this is achieved, clear potential exists for developing a vastly improved mechanistic understanding of animal movements and their roles in ecological processes and for building realistic predictive models.", "label": [4, 34, 43]}
+{"token": "Sorting bodies: race, affect, and everyday multiculture in a mill town in northern England. This paper examines how race might be understood differently when social interaction is taken as the starting point of analysis. I argue that dominant modes of theorising race as a biological construct or epistemological marker remain insufficient for understanding the multiple, contingent, and devious ways in which race takes form in, and gives shape to, encounters. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork in Keighley-a former mill town in northern England the paper assembles narrative fragments that reconstruct encounters with difference (that vary in intensity from the mundane to terror alerts). In each of these encounters I return to the question: what does race do? The paper offers a reconsideration of race and racism. I theorise race as a technology of differentiation that sorts human difference in ways that acknowledge the malleability of race and the more-than-human composition of social relations. I go on to outline an understanding of racism a racism of assemblages that recognises that the sorting of human difference is also accompanied by judgments that prefigure encounters. The racism of assemblages offers an opportunity to address the operation of race at the level of nonconscious thinking and the affective intensities through which the sorting and judging of human differences are performed. The work of gathering fragments to reconstruct encounters also generates insights into the microsociality of multicultural life in Keighley, disrupting narratives that argue that white and Asian communities lead 'parallel lives' in northern mill towns.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Systemic morphine administration causes gastric distention and hyperphagia in healthy horses. Background There are no data investigating the effect of systemic morphine on the size of the stomach or the food consumption in horses. Objectives To evaluate gastrointestinal side effects of morphine administered systemically in healthy horses by the means of clinical and ultrasonographic evaluations. Study design In vivo experiment. Methods On day 1 of the experiment, six healthy French Trotter mares were evaluated clinically and an abdominal ultrasonography was performed three times 4 h apart to record the size of the stomach, the number of contractions per minute of the duodenum, jejunum, caecum, left and right ventral colons. On Day 2, morphine was administered three times 4 h apart at the dose of 0.1 mg/kg i.v. and the same ultrasonographic examinations performed. On Day 3, only clinical and ultrasonographic examinations were performed as on Day 1. Amounts of hay and water ingested, frequency and weight of faeces were recorded throughout the study. Results Number of contractions of the duodenum, caecum, left and right ventral colons were significantly decreased after morphine administration. Size of the stomach was increased significantly with a cumulative effect of repeated doses of morphine. Hay (+0.4 kg/h, P<0.001) and water (+1.1 L/h, P<0.001) consumption were significantly increased. Main limitations The study was performed in healthy horses. Conclusions Systemic morphine administration causes gastrointestinal depression, gastric distention and hyperphagia in horses. Clinical and ultrasonographical examinations are valuable tools to identify side effects of morphine administration in horses. Further studies are needed to assess side effects and monitoring in clinically painful cases. Horses receiving systemic morphine administration should be closely monitored for signs of gastric distention and, specifically, the amount of food given while receiving treatment should be controlled to avoid complications.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Non-invasive physiological markers demonstrate link between habitat quality, adult sex ratio and poor population growth rate in a vulnerable species, the Cape mountain zebra. 4. Together, our results provide cross-population evidence for how poor population growth rates in Cape mountain zebra can be linked to individual physiological biomarkers. More broadly, we advocate physiological biomarkers as indicators of population viability, and as a way to evaluate the impact of variable ecological and demographic factors. In addition, conservation physiology can be used to assess the efficacy of management interventions for this subspecies, and this approach could inform models of species' responses to future environmental change.1. Effective conservation and species management require an understanding of the causes of poor population growth. Conservation physiology uses biomarkers to identify factors that contribute to low individual fitness and population declines. Building on this, macrophysiology can use the same markers to assess how individual physiology varies with different ecological or demographic factors over large temporal and spatial scales.2. Here, we use a macrophysiological approach to identify the ecological and demographic correlates of poor population growth rates in the Cape mountain zebra metapopulation. We use two non-invasive biomarkers: faecal glucocorticoids as a measure of chronic stress, and faecal androgens as an indicator of male physiological status.3. We found that faecal glucocorticoid concentrations were highest in the spring prior to summer rainfall, and were elevated in individuals from populations associated with low-quality habitat (lower grass abundance). In addition, faecal androgen concentrations were higher in populations with a high proportion of non-breeding stallions (where male: female adult sex ratios exceed 2: 1) suggesting sex ratio imbalances may intensify male competition. Finally, population growth rate was negatively associated with faecal glucocorticoid concentrations and female fecundity was negatively associated with faecal androgens, indicating a relationship between hormone profiles and fitness.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Route, Report, Guide. An overview of Modele, artefakty, kolektywy. Praktyka badawcza w perspektywie wspolczesnych studiow nad nauka. The aim of this review is to present three different perspectives on the book in question. First, it may be seen as an accessible route to science and technology studies, including general insights on contemporary cognitive science, then as an interesting report depicting major discoveries in natural sciences and, finally, as a pawky guide for social scientists who wish to reshape their perception and remodel their research practice basing on natural sciences.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Intergenerational cooperation within the household: a Public Good game with three generations. We analyze cooperation of individuals in a family context, using a Public Good game. In a lab experiment, 165 individuals from 55 three-generation families (youth, parent, and grandparent) play a repeated Public Good game in three different treatments: one in which three members of the same family play each other (family), a second with the youth and two non-family members, while preserving the previous generational structure (inter-generational), and a third in which three randomly-selected players play each other (random). We find that all the age groups cooperate more when playing with relatives, indicating that family ties may have a positive relationship to contributions to the Public Good. We also find that this trend is more evident for the youths and the parents than for the grandparents. Furthermore, young individuals tend to cooperate less than older generations, especially in non-family treatments. Our results serve as evidence of the relationship between family ties and inter-generational cooperative behaviors.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Current and future approaches to the therapy of human rabies. Human rabies has traditionally been considered a uniformly fatal disease. However, recent decades have seen several instances in which individuals have developed clinical signs of rabies, but survived, usually with permanent neurologic sequelae. Most of these patients had received prophylactic rabies vaccine before the onset of illness. The best outcomes have been seen in patients infected with bat viruses, which appear to be less virulent for humans than strains associated with other rabies vectors. In 2003, an article by rabies experts suggested that survival might be improved through a combination of vaccine, anti-rabies immunoglobulin, antiviral drugs and the anesthetic ketamine, which had shown benefit in an animal model. One year later, a girl in Milwaukee who developed rabies after bat exposure was treated with some of these measures, plus a drug-induced (therapeutic) coma, and survived her illness with mild neurologic sequelae. Although the positive outcome in this case has been attributed to the treatment regimen, it more likely reflects the patient's own brisk immune response, as anti-rabies virus antibodies were detected at the time of hospital admission, even though she had not been vaccinated. This conclusion is supported by the failure of the \\\\'Milwaukee Protocol\\\\' to prevent death in numerous subsequent cases. Use of this protocol should therefore be discontinued. Future research should focus on the use of animal models to improve understanding of the pathogenesis of rabies and for the development of new therapeutic approaches. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 21, 20]}
+{"token": "Characterizing Droplet Retention in Fruit Tree Canopies for Air-Assisted Spraying. As a mainstream spraying technology, air-assisted spraying can increase the penetration and droplet deposition in the tree canopy; however, there seems to be less research on the maximum deposition volume of leaves. In this paper, the maximum deposition volume of a single leaf and the attenuation characteristics of droplets in the canopy were studied. By coupling them, the prediction equation of the total canopy droplet retention volume was obtained. The single-leaf test results showed that too small a surface tension reduced the total volume of droplet deposition on the leaf. In this paper, when the Weber number was equal to 144.3, the deposition form changed from particles to a water film, yielding the best deposition effect. The canopy droplet penetration test results show that the air velocity at the outlet increased first and then decreased, and the best effect was achieved when the air velocity at the outlet was 10 m/s. At the same time, when the surface tension of pesticides was 50 mN/m, the effect of canopy droplet deposition was better, which was consistent with the results of the single-leaf test. An average relative error of prediction equation of the total canopy droplet retention volume with 15.6% was established. f droplet deposition on the leaf. In this paper, when the Weber number was equal to 144.3, the deposition form changed from particles to a water film, yielding the best deposition effect. The canopy droplet penetration test results show that the air velocity at the outlet increased first and then decreased, and the best effect was achieved when the air velocity at the outlet was 10 m/s. At the same time, when the surface tension of pesticides was 50 mN/m, the effect of canopy droplet deposition was better, which was consistent with the results of the single-leaf test. An average relative error of prediction equation of the total canopy droplet retention volume with 15.6% was established.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "Climate-driven limnological changes determine ecological thresholds in an alpine lake. The consequences of climate warming may be dramatic in lakes because changes in surface heating can affect physical and biological processes. We examined sedimentary remains of Cladocera and Chironomidae from a climatically sensitive lake in the Austrian Alps to test the hypothesis that changes in surface water temperature cause direct and indirect shifts in species composition. Contrary to the expectation that oxygen availability in lakes generally decreases under climate warming, our records showed that the assemblages experienced a succession towards a state with increased oxygen availability. Among the benthic fauna, an ecological threshold was crossed around the year 1850, when taxa tolerant of low oxygen concentrations disappeared and oxyphilous taxa began to dominate. In the zooplankton community, the keystone grazer Daphnia was replaced by Bosmina. These ecological changes, especially during the past 20 yr, were most likely caused by improved oxygen conditions following the decrease in depth of the thermocline. As the faunal succession was strongly correlated with alpine air temperature trends, the change in thermocline depth has likely been driven by the increasing air temperatures, which have caused warming of the epilimnion and consequently, in combination with wind-induced mixing, deepening of the thermocline. These recent changes occur alongside further increasing alpine temperatures and may be reflected in further deepening of the thermocline. We conclude that, in addition to direct climate influences, changes in summer stratification and mixing depth may cause significant changes in aquatic community compositions through changes in oxygen availability under the present climate warming conditions.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "Plain Error by Another Name: Are Ineffective Assistance of Counsel Claims a Suitable Alternative to Plain Error Review in Iowa?. This Note analyzes recent Iowa Supreme Court decisions involving ineffective assistance of counsel claims from the viewpoint that the court is actually using such claims as a substitute for adopting the plain error rule, which has never happened in Iowa. While many states and the federal courts review issues such as the sufficiency of the factual basis for a guilty plea and prosecutorial misconduct under plain error analysis, the Iowa Supreme Court has reviewed these issues within the framework of ineffective assistance of counsel. Frequently, such review has led to holdings that defense counsel were ineffective because a prejudicial error occurred at trial, but with little regard for whether counsel's performance fell below a reasonable standard of professionalism. This Note argues that the Iowa Legislature should take action to incorporate the plain error rule, as set forth in Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 52(b), into the Iowa Rules of Appellate Procedure, allowing Iowa courts to preserve ineffective assistance of counsel claims for situations in which the defense counsel could reasonably be held responsible.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Perspectiva Teologica: Memory, Identity and Borders: Bibliometric and Sociometric Study of the Scientific Production on 'Perspectiva Teologica' Journal from 1969 to 2019.1. This article presents a partial result of the research project of production of mapping research in the field of Religion Studies and Theology in Brazil. The specific objective is to analyze the performance and achievements of Perspectiva Teologica, a theological journal of the Graduate Program of Faculdade Jesuita de Filosofia e Teologia (FAJE). This journal started its scientific inquiries in the field of theology in 1969. This paper seeks to identify the main characteristics and themes, which emerged in the different dossiers or articles in the publications of Perspectiva Teologica in order to remember or value the authors, editions, themes of dossiers and cooperation among different authors. Revisiting the historical series of is publications from 1969 to 2019 (1st edition), the journal presents a total of 142 editions and a total of 594 published articles. The bibliometric analysis and social-networking analysis were utilized in this inquiry. As a result, many themes and other characteristics of different dossiers were identified in the different publications since the beginning of the existence of Perspectiva Teologica. Moreover, in relation to mapping of the links between authors and the respective substance of the subjects, there are two identifiable tendencies, which are consolidated as the historical characteristics of the journal's editorial profile, namely knowing or studying the frontier of current issues and ecclesiology.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Synthesis and complexation behavior of N-(1-naphthylmethyl)-1,4,7,10,13-pentaoxa-16-azacyclooctadecane. A fluorescent photoinduced electron transfer (PET) sensor (3) that consists of 1-aza-18-crown-6 and a l-naphthyl pendant shows a fluorescent increase with bivalent metal ions and a fluorescent decrease with monovalent metal ions. H-1 and C-13 NMR analyses of this 1:1 complexation behavior revealed that Ba2+ strongly coordinates with the azacrown nitrogen to cause a dramatic decrease in the intramolecular charge-transfer character. In addition, it was suggested that not only the metal ion-dependent coordinated structure of the resulting complex but also the interaction between the thiocyanate anion and the naphthyl group play a role in controlling the extent of the emission-intensity increase and decrease that was observed in the presence of a given metal salt. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Performance analysis of QAM in a two-wave with diffuse power fading environment. This letter investigates the average bit error rate (BER) performance of quadrature amplitude modulation in a two-wave with diffuse power (TWDP) fading environment. In TWDP fading, the received signal is composed of two specular components in addition to the diffuse component. The cumulative distribution function of TWDP fading is used to derive the BER expression in closed-form. Numerical and simulation results are presented to show the impact of different TWDP fading scenarios on the error performance.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Comparison of HTSM and TGA Experiments of Gasification Characteristics of Different Coal Chars and Petcoke. The thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) is an ideal experimental method to estimate the gasification kinetics. However, the diffusion resistance was significant in high-temperature gasification process. In this study, comparison of different coal chars and petcoke gasification characteristics between high-temperature stage microscope (HTSM) and TGA experiments at high temperature were carried out. The gasification reactivity of different coal chars and petcoke in HTSM was higher than that in TGA experiments. The gasification reactivity of lignite and bituminous char in HTSM was much higher than that in TGA experiments. Meanwhile, the reactivity index of anthracite and petcoke in HTSM was merely double of that in TGA experiments. Interparticle diffusion process limited the gasification reactivity of different coal chars and petcoke in TGA experiments. The diffusion resistance of lignite and bituminous char was severe in TGA experiments. Moreover, the complete reaction time of bituminous coal char in HTSM experiments at high reaction temperature showed an agreement with industrial operating data.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "HETEROSIS, DIRECT AND MATERNAL ADDITIVE EFFECTS ON RABBIT GROWTH AND CARCASS TRAITS FROM A CANADIAN EXPERIMENT. A total of 479 male and female rabbits from the Californian (CA), American Chinchilla (CH) and New-Zealand White (NZ) breeds and nine crosses between them were used in this experiment. This study aimed to estimate heterosis and direct and maternal additive effects as well as some non genetic effects on rabbit growth and carcass traits in order to identify the most appropriate crossbreeding plan to use for rabbit meat production under Quebec conditions. Each rabbit was identified and weighed individually at weaning (35 d) and at slaughter (63 d). Rabbits were slaughtered after an 18 h fasting period from feed only. Statistical analyses were performed solving fixed models that allow different variances between genetic types. Significant statistical differences were obtained between genetic types for rabbit growth performance. Rabbits from purebred NZ females mated to CA and NZ males or from CAxNZ and NZxCH crossbred females mated to NZ males ranked first for live weight at 35 and 63 d body weight and for average daily gain (ADG). ADG of NZxNZ, NZx(NZxCH) and NZx(CAxNZ) rabbits reached around 50 g/d and their feed conversion ratio was about 3.4. Significant differences between genetic types were observed for all carcass traits except for meat/bone ratio. Rabbits from CH, NZ, CAxNZ and NZxCH does mated to NZ males, and from NZ does mated to CA males had the highest commercial carcass weight and the lowest commercial carcass yield (CCY), whereas CHxCA rabbits ranked first with a COY higher by 4 to 8% than rabbits from other genetic types. The highest hind part yields were obtained with CHxCH, CHxNZ and NZxCH rabbits. Concerning the intermediate part percentages, the highest values corresponded to the highest CCY. The CH breed had unfavourable direct effects but favourable maternal effects on growth traits. The CA breed had negative maternal effects on weight traits from weaning to slaughtering. The CA and CH breeds had positive direct and negative maternal effects on intermediate part yield of the carcass compared to NZ. Direct heterosis effects were found for body weight traits, particularly in the crosses involving the NZ breed, with a magnitude ranging from 5 to 10% of the parental mean.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "2,7-Diazapyrenes: a brief review on synthetic strategies and application opportunities. 2,7-Diazapyrenes are promising azaaromatic scaffolds with a unique structural geometry and supramolecular properties. This core moiety and its derivatives with some N-methyl cations like N-methyl-2,7,-diazapyrenium, and N,N '-dimethyl-2,7-diazapyrenium attract special attention due to their challenging photophysical properties, especially in the context of interactions with DNA and some of its mononucleotides. This review focuses on the analysis of the main synthetic approaches to 2,7-diazapyrene and its functional derivatives employing various strategies under different reaction conditions. The opportunities of applications of 2,7-diazapyrenes, including their remarkable photophysical and supramolecular properties, DNA-bindings, in sensors, molecular electronics, supramolecular systems, and related areas are also highlighted.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Process modelling of 3D hexagonal braids. The hexagonal braiding is a novel 3D braiding technique that can generate a large family of complex fiber architectures for composite preforms. In order to fully exploit this technology, a fiber architecture based model was constructed connecting the braiding process parameters with the resulting fabric structures through machine emulation. First, an oblique coordinate system is established according to the loom arrangement, which is the foundation to digitalize the braiding process. Then, an algorithm is proposed to trace the carrier path through the calculation on digitalized braiding process parameters. Finally, with a knowledge of the relationship between the carrier path and yarn trajectory, a simulation tool was developed to generate fabric structures from the input braiding process parameters. The simulation results were verified by experiments and discussions were made on the effect of process parameters on the fiber architecture.", "label": [1, 11, 12]}
+{"token": "PSEUDO ARISTIDES: ON POLITICAL STYLE AND ON SIMPLE STYLE ATTRIBUTION AND THE NATURE OF TREATISES. The main problem analysed in the article is the authorship of two treatises from the 2nd century AD: On political style and On simple style. The treatises have been preserved in Parisinus gr. 1741, a famous Byzantine manuscript from the 10th century kept at the National Library in Paris, as works of Aelius Aristides, one of the most eminent representatives of the Second Sophistic. Aristides lived in the years 117-180 and was the author of over 50 preserved speeches. After explaining the main reasons why contemporary scholars refuse to accept Aristides as the author of the treatises, the article presents more extensively M. Patillon's attempt to find real authors of the treatises, made by the scholar in the latest academic edition of the treatises published within 'Belles Lettres\\\\' series in 2002. His findings have been a direct inspiration for the author of this article to analyze again the testimonies of Byzantine commentators: Syrianus (5th century) and John of Sicily (10th century) in historical and literary context. In the light of this analysis it turns out that there is no basis for the division of the treatise On political style, adopted by M. Patillon, into part covering the explanation of the first seven \\\\'ideas\\\\' (& 2-128), treated as Basilikos' (a 2nd/3rd-century sophist's) work De ideis, and the second part including a brief theoretical explanation of the remaining five \\\\'forms\\\\' of style, treated as the work of Dionysius of Miletus, a little-known sophist. On the basis of Syrianus' testimony there is a certain possibility that Basilikos was the author of the entire lecture on the \\\\'forms\\\\' of political style (& 2-140). But, in this case it should be explained first how the treatise De ideis, which was known to Syrianus in the 5th century and was included in the Suda in the 10th century, easily lost its author, became an anonymous work and in the very 10th century was copied in Byzantium under a different title as Aristides' work Similar difficulties are connected with the attribution of the treatise On simple style to Aelius Harpokration which was proposed by M. Patillon. Aelius Harpokration was a famous sophist whose rhetorical works, including On forms of style, functioned in Byzantine culture under his own name. Even if we question Byzantine attribution of these treatises to Aristides, we must continue to treat them as works of an anonymous author attributed to Aristides by tradition.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Experimental treatment-control studies of ecologically based rodent management in Africa: balancing conservation and pest management. Aims. To provide baseline information on rodent and shrew communities in agro-ecosystems in three African countries and to demonstrate efficacy of ecologically based rodent management (EBRM) in Africa (e. g. community household trapping).Implications. Ecologically based rodent management approaches such as community trapping will conserve beneficial non-pest rodent communities and ultimately improve crop protection.Conclusions. Community trapping reduced pest rodent populations and damage to stored grains. Unlike the use of indiscriminate rodenticide, this practice is expected to have a negligible effect on beneficial non-target rodent and shrew species.Key results. Our study revealed a high diversity of endemic species in agricultural habitats in Tanzania and Namibia (but not Swaziland) and the existence of undescribed and possibly rare species, some of which may be at risk of extinction from unchecked habitat transformation for agriculture. Treatment-control studies showed that communities in three African countries could effectively reduce pest rodent populations and rodent damage by intensive trapping on a daily basis in and around the community.Methods. Removal-trapping in a variety of agro-ecological habitats provided accurate small-mammal species lists. Intensive kill-trapping by rural agricultural communities was carried out experimentally where the efforts of communities were scientifically monitored by kill-trapping to measure impact on rodent numbers and the levels of post-harvest damage to stored grains.Context. Rodent pests severely affect crop production, particularly in monocultures where one or two rodent pest species dominate. We predict higher species richness of native small mammal species in more heterogeneous mosaic (crop-fallow-bush) subsistence agro-ecosystems in Africa. Conservation and agro-ecological imperatives require that such diverse natural communities should be maintained and may benefit crop protection through limiting domination of pest species. Ecologically based rodent-management alternatives to rodenticides are urgently required and one such method (community trapping) is herein advocated.", "label": [4, 34, 43]}
+{"token": "Rifting of the Kaapvaal Craton during the early Paleoproterozoic: Evidence from magmatism in the western Transvaal subbasin (South Africa). The Neoarchean to Paleoproterozoic (ca. 2.65-2.06 Ga) Transvaal Supergroup of the Kaapvaal Craton is dominated by clastic and chemical sedimentary rocks, with few strata-bound igneous units. Two ca. 2.2 Ga igneous units in its upper part (Pretoria Group), the Machadodorp Member of the Silverton Formation and the Mashishing dyke swarm, have so far only been recognized in the eastern part of the Transvaal subbasin. As these units are near-contemporaneous with an early Paleoproterozoic geochemical excursion to higher Th/Nb ratios compared to both older and younger igneous units, they probably mark a change in the geodynamic evolution of the craton. In the present contribution, we provide new data on the igneous units within the Silverton Formation (one lava and 5 sills) from a borehole (BB11) in the south-western part of the Transvaal subbasin. Two of these igneous units are particularly interesting because they show strong geochemical similarities to the Machadodorp Member and Mashishing dyke swarm, which are thus more spatially extensive than previously thought. In combination with existing data, our results further show that the Machadodorp Member corresponds to two separate, possibly not co-magmatic, igneous events, as documented by low- and high-Th basalts. The low-Th lavas show flat mantle-normalized REE and multi-element patterns, along with depleted Nd and Hf isotopic signatures, which are unusual among Precambrian magmatic rocks in the craton. This signature can be explained by partial melting of a depleted spinel peridotite incorporated into the subcratonic lithospheric mantle (SCLM) by a prior subduction event. A failed rifting event can have triggered melting of such a shallow source in a cratonic context. Even though comparable in age, the high-Th ca. 2.2 Ga Mashishing dyke swarm comes from a very different source, likely a part of the SCLM that had experienced subduction-related fluid metasomatism around the Archean - Proterozoic transition. About 150 million years later, the Bushveld Complex possibly exploited the same rifting structures during its intrusion.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Constructive trusts and email frauds. Discusses, with reference to the conflicting decisions in Hong Kong including TOKIC D.O.O. v Hongkong Shui Fat Trading Ltd and Wismettac Asian Foods Inc v United Top Properties Ltd, the nature of constructive trust in email fraud cases.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Religiousness and Anger toward God: Between Spirituality and Moral Community. Religious individuals and communities often struggle with anger toward God (ATG) upon experiencing suffering. ATG is related to poor mental health. Certain types of religiousness can moderate the effect of this negative feeling on well-being; however, research varies. Therefore, this study aims to determine whether religion at the individual (spirituality) or communal levels (moral community) may affect the association of ATG with well-being. Moderation analysis was performed on data from 307 students at a Christian university in Indonesia. Spirituality lowered the effect of ATG as one form of a religious stressor on well-being, but moral community did not. Both the cognitive and affective aspects of spirituality (individual level) are needed to buffer the effects of ATG on well-being. Conversely, the moral/behavior and belonging/communal aspect of a moral community (communal level) do not appear to ensure support for the individual with ATG. The implications of this study are discussed below.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Pertusaria grassiae (Pertusariaceae), a new lichen species from Argentina. A new corticolous species belonging to the lichen family Pertusariaceae, Pertusaria grassiae Messuti & AW. Archer, is described from Tucuman Province, Argentina. It is characterized by disciform apothecia covered by a white to greyish white pruina, single-spored asci, ellipsoid and double-walled ascospores and the presence of atranorin.", "label": [4, 0, 39, 9]}
+{"token": "An examination of socioeconomic equity in health experiences in six Latin American and Caribbean countries. Conclusions. Future research is needed to understand the policies and strategies that have resulted in Colombia achieving high levels of equity in patient health care experience, and Jamaica and Brazil demonstrating high levels of inequality.Methods. This cross-sectional study examined the relationship between educational attainment and seven health experience outcomes in three areas: assessment of the health system, access to care, and experience with general practitioner. For this work, we used data from an Inter-American Development Bank survey of adults in Brazil, Colombia, El Salvador, Jamaica, Mexico, and Panama that was conducted in 2012-2014.Results. Brazil and Jamaica, the two countries with unified public coverage, stood out for having substantially greater inequality, according to the results of bivariate analyses, with more-educated respondents reporting better health care experiences for five of the seven outcomes. For Jamaica, educational differences largely remained in multivariate analyses: college graduates were less likely (odds ratio (OR) = 0.37) than those with primary education to report their health system needs major reform and were more likely (OR = 2.57) to have a regular doctor. In Brazil, educational differences were mostly eliminated in multivariate models, though people with private insurance consistently reported better outcomes than those with public coverage. Colombia, in contrast, exhibited the least inequality despite having the highest income inequality of the six countries.Objective. Most Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries are working toward the provision of universal health coverage, and ensuring equity is a priority for those nations. The goal of this study was to examine the extent to which adults' socioeconomic status was related to health care experience in six LAC countries.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Functional specialization of Medicago truncatula leaves and seeds does not affect the subcellular localization of a recombinant protein. A number of recent reports suggest that the functional specialization of plant cells in storage organs can influence subcellular protein sorting, so that the fate of a recombinant protein tends to differ between seeds and leaves. In order to test the general applicability of this hypothesis, we investigated the fate of a model recombinant glycoprotein in the leaves and seeds of a leguminous plant, Medicago truncatula. Detailed analysis of immature seeds by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy showed that recombinant phytase carrying a signal peptide for entry into the endoplasmic reticulum was efficiently secreted from storage cotyledon cells. A second version of the protein carrying a C-terminal KDEL tag for retention in the endoplasmic reticulum was predominantly retained in the ER of seed cotyledon cells, but some of the protein was secreted to the apoplast and some was deposited in storage vacuoles. Importantly, the fate of the recombinant protein in the leaves was nearly identical to that in the seeds from the same plant. This shows that in M. truncatula, the unanticipated partial vacuolar delivery and secretion is not a special feature of seed cotyledon tissue, but are conserved in different specialized tissues. Further investigation revealed that the unexpected fate of the tagged variant of phytase likely resulted from partial loss of the KDEL tag in both leaves and seeds. Our results indicate that the previously observed aberrant deposition of recombinant proteins into storage organelles of seed tissue is not a general reflection of functional specialization, but also depends on the species of plant under investigation. This discovery will have an impact on the production of recombinant pharmaceutical proteins in plants.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Single-Cell Analysis Uncovers Extensive Biological Noise in Poliovirus Replication. Viral infections often begin with a very small number of initiating particles. Accordingly, the outcome of an infection is likely to be affected by variability in the initial molecular interactions between virus and host. In this study, we investigated the range of outcomes upon infection of single cells. We isolated individual cells infected with poliovirus at low or high multiplicities of infection (MOI) and measured viral genomic replication and infectious viral progeny in each cell. We first determined that at 7 h postinfection, the ratio of positive to negative strands in individual cells varies from 5: 1 to more than 190: 1, with and average of 20: 1, suggesting a significant variability in RNA synthesis. We further found that while virus genome production is higher in cells infected at a high multiplicity, the production of infectious particles is largely independent of the number of viruses infecting each cell. Strikingly, by correlating RNA and particle production within individual infections, we uncovered a significant contribution of stochastic noise to the outcome of infection. At low MOI, stochastic influences appear as kinetic effects which are most critical at the initial steps in infection. At high MOI, stochastic influences appear to dictate the virus's ability to harness cellular resources. We conclude that biological noise is a critical determinant of the overall productivity of viral infections. The distinct nature of stochasticity in the outcome of infection by low and high numbers of viral particles may have important implications for our understanding of the determinants of successful viral infections.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Thermally rearranged poly(benzoxazole-co-imide) hollow fiber membranes for CO2 capture. Thermally rearranged poly(benzoxazole-co-imide) (TR-PBOI) hollow fiber membranes were fabricated from a hydroxyl polyimide-co-polyimide (HD5) precursor containing equal molar amounts of non-TRable DAM and TR-able HAB. A wide variety of spinning conditions were optimized in order to improve the gas permeation properties. A high bore flow rate (DI water) led to lowered gas permeation properties due to the generation of a dense, thick skin layer. The shear rate contributed significantly to manipulate the polymer chain packing density during spinning, therefore, CO2 permeance was critically enhanced in low shear rate. The addition of co-solvent (propionic acid) and pore forming agent (PEG 200) was shown to improve the gas permeation properties. The TR-PBOI hollow fiber membrane fabricated under optimal spinning conditions exhibited an excellent CO2 permeance of 560 GPU and CO2/N-2 ideal selectivity of 16.8. A TR-PBOI hollow fiber module was successfully fabricated with an effective area of 106 cm2 for the mixed-gas permeation tests with a ternary gas mixture containing 14% CO2, 6% O-2 of 400 GPU at a pressure ratio of 10. (C) 2015 Elsevier By. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 33]}
+{"token": "Russulaceae: a new genomic dataset to study ecosystem function and evolutionary diversification of ectomycorrhizal fungi with their tree associates. The family Russulaceae is considered an iconic lineage of mostly mushroom-forming basidiomycetes due to their importance as edible mushrooms in many parts of the world, and their ubiquity as ectomycorrhizal symbionts in both temperate and tropical forested biomes. Although much research has been focused on this group, a comprehensive or cohesive synthesis by which to understand the functional diversity of the group has yet to develop. Interest in ectomycorrhizal fungi, of which Russulaceae is a key lineage, is prodigious due to the important roles they play as plant root mutualists in ecosystem functioning, global carbon sequestration, and a potential role in technology development toward environmental sustainability. As one of the most species-diverse ectomycorrhizal lineages, the Russulaceae has recently been the focus of a dense sampling and genome sequencing initiative with the Joint Genome Institute aimed at untangling their functional roles and testing whether functional niche specialization exists for independent lineages of ectomycorrhizal fungi. Here we present a review of important studies on this group to contextualize what we know about its members' evolutionary history and ecosystem functions, as well as to generate hypotheses establishing the Russulaceae as a valuable experimental system.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Variability of the salinity in the western Wadden Sea on tidal to centennial time scales. Daily observations of the salinity of the Marsdiep tidal inlet, which connects the Dutch western Wadden Sea with the North Sea, already started over 140 years ago, in 1860. Since the year 2000 the sampling frequency has increased because of the use of electronic sensors. Analysis of these salinity data have revealed variations on time scales from tidal (similar to 12 hour), seasonal, inter-annual, and multi-decadal, to centennial. The contributions of the salinity variations in the Marsdiep for these different spectral bands or time scales are all of the order of a standard deviation of 0.5 to 1. The centennial variation, which can be expressed as a 140 year long salinity trend, is related to engineering works on the rivers Rhine and IJssel, which already started in the early 18-th century, and more than doubled the magnitude of the freshwater content of the western Wadden Sea since then. hi contrast with this anthropogenic salinity trend, the climatic variability of the precipitation over western Europe, and the connected changes in the Rhine discharge, are mainly responsible for the inter-annual variations in the salinity and/or freshwater content of the western Wadden Sea. Since variations in salinity and freshwater content also reflect variations in the terrigeneous and river influence on the Wadden ecosystem, e.g. via the nutrient content, it can be expected that the ecology of the Wadden Sea also experienced changes on centennial time scales. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 42, 36]}
+{"token": "From vision to narrative: A trial of information-based gorilla tourism in the Moukalaba-Doudou National Park, Gabon. African great apes are threatened with extinction by an increasing number of human activities. Along with an increase in the habitat overlap used by local people and great apes, human-great ape conflicts have become intense. Many protected areas have recently been established for the conservation of great apes and other biodiversity in Africa, but difficulties have arisen while adopting the \\\\'fences-and-fines\\\\' management approach. Tourism could provide an alternative approach for the management of protected areas as a sustainable use of biodiversity, and an alternative source of income for local communities and governments of countries with this type of habitat. However, with few exceptions, great ape tourism projects are faced with challenges. Moreover, great ape tourism increases the risks of disease transmission between humans and great apes. Nevertheless, great apes, as charismatic flagship species, are essential for successful wildlife tourism. In this paper, I reconsider the current style of great ape tourism that depends on close visual contact between tourists and great apes. Then, I propose a novel style of great ape tourism. It is based on using narratives about great apes generated by local community members as the leading tour product, and visual contact as the supplementary product. This approach might 1) reduce the negative effects of tourism on great apes; and 2) enhance proactive commitment by community members, and lead to a fair revenue sharing system.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "AUTOMORPHISMS OF COXETER GROUPS AND LUSZTIG'S CONJECTURES FOR HECKE ALGEBRAS WITH UNEQUAL PARAMETERS. Let (W, S) be a Coxeter system, let G be a finite solvable group of automorphisms of (W, S) and let phi be a, weight function which is invariant; under G. Let phi(G) denote the weight function on W-G obtained by restriction from phi. The aim of this paper is to compare the a-function, the set of Duflo involutions and the Kazhdan-Lusztig cells associated with (W, phi) and to (W-G, phi(G)), provided that Lusztig's Conjectures hold.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "A Prototype Afrikaans Online Dictionary for Academic Editing Purposes. A Prototype Afrikaans Online Dictionary for Academic Editing Purposes. The academic writing and research skills of postgraduate students at higher education institutions in the South African context are inadequate (Van Aswegen 2007: 1141), and therefore there is a growing demand for the services of editors of specifically academic texts. The editors of Afrikaans academic texts, however, experience problems in terms of reference sources (style guides or standardisation sources) that they can use to ensure consistency in the academic texts. Conse-quently, these editors have a need for an Afrikaans dictionary that is specially aimed at the needs of academic editors (Blom 2020: 18). A model for the design of an Afrikaans online dictionary for academic editing purposes (Blom's 2018 dictionary model) was set up as the first part of a larger project that aims to compile a complete online Afrikaans academic editing dictionary. In order to implement Blom's 2018 dictionary model to compile a complete dictionary, a prototype dictionary must be developed and then tested by its target users (i.e. academic editors).In this article the principles of the function theory (Fuertes-Olivera and Tarp 2014), Gouws' (2014a; 2014b; 2018a; 2018b; 2018c; 2018d) adaptations of the general lexicography theory and usability theories (ISO-standard 9241 (1998a)(1998b)(2006)) were used to compile the said prototype Afri-kaans academic editing dictionary. This integrated theory enables the compilation of a user-friendly prototype dictionary that will be evaluated through repeated usability testing with the end or target users as test participants in a follow-up study.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "A detector with high detection efficiency in 4-and 5-photon-positronium annihilations. We first measured 4- and 5-photon annihilations in positronium using a multiphoton spectrometer (UNI), which consists of 32 NaI(Tl) scintillators with lead shields, each being located on a surface of an icosidodecahedron. The front face of each scintillator is placed at a distance of L = 262 mm from the center of the UNI. With this setup, the detection efficiency of 4- and 5-photon-annihilation processes are too small to get a sufficient number of events to analyze the physics. To obtain a larger detection efficiency, we must set the NaI(Tl) scintillators closer to the target. The original principle in designing the UNI was to suppress backgrounds (BG) and make them as low as possible allowing modest efficiencies for 4- and 5-photon-annihilation events, i.e., to get the highest signal-to-noise ratio (S/N). The new concept is to get the highest S/sigma where sigma is an error of one standard deviation of the signal including BG effects. A higher S/sigma means a larger number of events with smaller BG taking into account a statistical effect. The detection efficiencies with BG effects are studied with respect to L using a detector simulator based on the EGS4 code in which 2- to 5-photon-annihilation events are generated by quantum-electrodynamic processes based on GRACE and BASES/SPRING codes. As a result, the detection efficiency and S/sigma of 5-photon annihilations at L = 136 mm are 529 and 17 times larger than those at L = 262 mm, respectively.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Titan's temporal evolution in stratospheric trace gases near the poles. We analyze spectra acquired by the Cassini/Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS) at high resolution from October 2010 until September 2014 in nadir mode. Up until mid 2012, Titan's Northern atmosphere exhibited the enriched chemical content found since the Voyager days (November 1980), with a peak around the Northern Spring Equinox (NSE) in 2009. Since then, we have observed the appearance at Titan's south pole of several trace species for the first time, such as HC3N and C6H6, observed only at high northern latitudes before equinox. We investigate here latitudes poleward of 50 degrees S and 50 degrees N from 2010 (after the Southern Autumnal Equinox) until 2014. For some of the most abundant and longest-lived hydrocarbons (C2H2, C2H6 and C3H8) and CO2, the evolution in the past 4 years at a given latitude is not very significant within error bars especially until mid-2013. In more recent dates, these molecules show a trend for increase in the south. This trend is dramatically more pronounced for the other trace species, especially in 2013-2014, and at 70 degrees S relative to 50 degrees S. These two regions then demonstrate that they are subject to different dynamical processes in and out of the polar vortex region. For most species, we find higher abundances at 50 degrees N compared to 50 degrees S, with the exception of C3H8, CO2, C6H6 and HC3N, which arrive at similar mixing ratios after mid-2013. While the 70 degrees N data show generally no change with a trend rather to a small decrease for most species within 2014, the 70 degrees S results indicate a strong enhancement in trace stratospheric gases after 2012. The 663 cm(-1) HC3N and the C6H6 674 cm(-1) emission bands appeared in late 2011/early 2012 in the south polar regions and have since then exhibited a dramatic increase in their abundances. At 70 degrees S HC3N, HCN and C6H6 have increased by 3 orders of magnitude over the past 3-4 years while other molecules, including C2H4, C3H4 and C4H2, have increased less sharply (by 1-2 orders of magnitude). This is a strong indication of the rapid and sudden buildup of the gaseous inventory in the southern stratosphere during 2013-2014, as expected as the pole moves deeper into winter shadow. Subsidence gases that accumulate in the absence of ultraviolet sunlight, evidently increased quickly since 2012 and some of them may be responsible also for the reported haze decrease in the north and its appearance in the south at the same time. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Eye-tracking revision processes of translation students and professional translators. Great effort has been made to define and to measure revision competence in translation. However, combined eye tracking and keylogging have hardly been applied in revision research. We believe it is time to apply these methods to the investigation of revision for further insights into this phase of the translation process. In an eyetracking and keylogging study, we compare translation students to professional translators who revised six English-German human pre-translated texts from the TPR-DB. The texts were manipulated according to an existing error typology by including errors from a set of six error categories. We examine the effect of the errors on early (first fixation durations, gaze durations) and late eye movement measures (total reading time, regression path) and on typing behaviour for the error types and professional translation experience. The results enable a detailed modelling of the revision process by determining the kind of behaviour associated with the recognition and correction of different error types. Differences in this behaviour between students and professional translators allow for conclusions regarding the effect of professional experience on the revision process.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "On the flag graphs of regular abstract polytopes: Hamiltonicity and Cayley index. In this paper, we study the flag graph FG(P) of a regular abstract polytope P from two aspects of Cayley graphs: Hamiltonicity and Cayley index. We show that FG(P) has a Hamiltonian cycle, and introduce the Cayley index of P as the fraction vertical bar Aut(FG(P))vertical bar/vertical bar Gamma(P)vertical bar, where Gamma(P) is the automorphism group of P. A new construction of arc-transitive tetravalent graphs will be described by means of regular abstract polyhedra of Cayley index larger than 1. In addition, polyhedra of type {p, q} such that p <= 5 or q <= 5 that have Cayley index larger than 1 are characterized. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Assessment of the Antibacterial Effect of Chitosan Coated with Heracleum persicum Oil on Rainbow Trout Quality. Today, due to the rapid spoilage of fish, the use of natural preservatives is a priority over those of synthetic varieties. Also, the natural antimicrobial effects of essential oils can help to increase shelf life. There are very few studies concerning the use of essential oils in this regard. In the present study, the antibacterial effect of chitosan coated with Heracleum persicum oil was investigated on the quality of rainbow trout. The control and the coated fish samples were analyzed periodically by generalized estimating equation (GEE) for total viable count (TVC), psychrophilic bacteria, total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), texture, taste, odor, and overall acceptance parameters. The results showed that by increasing the amount of chitosan, TVC, psychrophilic bacteria, and TVB-N decreased while PUFA, texture, taste, odor, and overall acceptance parameters increased.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Collolechia revisited and a re-assessment of ascus characteristics in Placynthiaceae (Peltigerales, Ascomycota). We investigated the phylogenetic relationships in the cyanolichen family Placynthiaceae to test the current generic delimitations, where the monotypic Collolechia is currently accepted as distinct, based on differences in ascospores, ascus apex characteristics and the leprose thallus. Bayesian and maximum likelihood phylogenetic analyses of two sequence marker datasets confirmed that Collolechia caesia is nested within Placynthium, and should be called Placynthium caesium (Fr.) Jatta. We reassessed the spore and ascus characteristics and showed that Placynthium caesium falls well within the variation in Placynthium and is thus yet another example of a species that differs from close relatives by its crustose- leprose thallus structure.", "label": [4, 0, 39, 9]}
+{"token": "Synergy mechanism analysis of petroleum coke and municipal solid waste (MSW)-derived hydrochar co-gasification. In this work, the influences of the gasification temperatures (1000-1150 degrees C) and blended ratios (3:1, 1:1, 1:3) on the co-gasification reactivity and synergy of petroleum coke (PC) and municipal solid waste (MSW)-derived hydrochar (HTC) were studied using a thennogravimetric analyzer (TGA). Chemical fractionation analysis (CFA) coupled with an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES) was adopted for quantitatively investigating the active alkali/alkaline earth metal (AAEM) transformation (i.e., active AAEM content variation) during co-gasification in order to correlate the synergy mechanism of co-gasification. The results indicated that the co-gasification reactivity of the blended chars was enhanced with increasing gasification temperatures and HTC char proportions. The variations of the synergy behaviour on co-gasification reactivity at different conversions showed continuously enhanced synergistic effect at early co-gasification stage and decreased synergistic effect with further co-gasification. Moreover, higher gasification temperatures and HTC char proportions were more favourable for the continuous enhancement of the synergistic effect as co-gasification conversions increased. The overall synergistic effect on co-gasification reactivity was more obvious at higher HTC char proportions and lower gasification temperatures. The relative transformation ratio (P) was proposed to characterize the active AAEM content variation during co-gasification. P was negative when more active AAEM remained in blended chars, meaning that there was inhibition effect on the active AAEM transformation. It was found that the inhibition effect on the active Ca/K transformation was first enhanced and then weakened whereas the promotion effect on the active Na transformation showed an opposite trend with increasing conversion of co-gasification, which well correlated the synergy behaviour variations during PC-HTC blended char co-gasification. This work not only revealed synergy mechanism of petroleum coke and MSW-based hydrochar co-gasification but also provided reference data for the design and operation of industrial gasification units consuming mixture of petroleum coke and waste biomasses.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "Offspring education and parental mortality: Evidence from South Asia. Decades of research show that education not only confers individual health benefits, but it also spills over to advantage subsequent generations. More recently, research has confirmed that the intergenerational health benefits of education can also flow upward: aging adults with more highly educated children experience better health and higher survival. Research has documented this finding in high-income settings, and also in select low- and middle-income contexts, raising questions about how having an adult child who attended relatively low levels of education can benefit aging parents' well-being. In this study, we use multilevel, long-term panel data on a cohort of older adults from the Chitwan Valley Family Study in rural Nepal to establish whether the association between offspring education and parents' survival is observable in this extremely poor, agrarian context. Extending past studies, we then leverage additional data on older adults to examine the association between offspring education and two theorized mechanisms: older adults' better health behaviors and their greater support in later life.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Is the Glycoprotein Responsible for the Differences in Dispersal Rates between Lettuce Necrotic Yellows Virus Subgroups?. Lettuce necrotic yellows virus is a type of species in the Cytorhabdovirus genus and appears to be endemic to Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand (NZ). The population of lettuce necrotic yellows virus (LNYV) is made up of two subgroups, SI and SII. Previous studies demonstrated that SII appears to be outcompeting SI and suggested that SII may have greater vector transmission efficiency and/or higher replication rate in its host plant or insect vector. Rhabdovirus glycoproteins are important for virus-insect interactions. Here, we present an analysis of LNYV glycoprotein sequences to identify key features and variations that may cause SII to interact with its aphid vector with greater efficiency than SI. Phylogenetic analysis of glycoprotein sequences from NZ isolates confirmed the existence of two subgroups within the NZ LNYV population, while predicted 3D structures revealed the LNYV glycoproteins have domain architectures similar to Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV). Importantly, changing amino acids at positions 244 and 247 of the post-fusion form of the LNYV glycoprotein altered the predicted structure of Domain III, glycosylation at N248 and the overall stability of the protein. These data support the glycoprotein as having a role in the population differences of LNYV observed between Australia and New Zealand.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Phytogeographical origin determines Tropical Montane Cloud Forest hydraulic trait composition. 2. Here, we aimed to test whether species from different phytogeographical origins (i.e. tropical - evergreen x deciduous - and temperate) differ in drought vulnerability and how the coexistence of these groups change the hydraulic composition of TMCFs. We used a framework based on measurements of key hydraulic traits (i.e. xylem embolism resistance, hydraulic safety margin, stomata control, turgor loss point, minimum water potential) of 16 dominant species (>70% of the forest basal area) within a TMCF in the Atlantic Rain Forest Domain in southeast Brazil. We used community-weighted means to model whether removing each species group would change the community hydraulic functional composition.3. Temperate, tropical deciduous and tropical evergreen groups differ in their hydraulic functioning and these differences explain forest functional composition and taxa dominance. Temperate and tropical deciduous taxa were consistently more vulnerable hydraulically (i.e. lower safety margins and embolism resistance). The coexistence of different phytogeographical lineages is a key determinant of TMCF hydraulic composition. We also used models including phylogeny to evaluate the variation of hydraulic traits across phytogeographical groups, and the results suggest some niche conservatism associated with plant hydraulic functioning.4. Our results provide evidence of the importance of species phytogeographical origin on TMCF functioning, and niche conservatism in the evolution of hydraulic traits. The higher drought vulnerability observed in temperate group might be a mechanistic explanation for the restriction of temperate taxa distribution to wetter places during past colder and drier climate. Thus, we suggest hydraulic functional traits may be useful to predict future dynamics of TMCFs under changing climatic conditions.1. Tropical montane cloud forests (TMCF) have unique climatic conditions, which allow the coexistence of plant lineages with different phytogeographical origins from tropical versus temperate climates. Future climate projections suggest TMCFs will be subjected to increasing drought stress due to fog uplift and higher temperatures, possibly leading to tree mortality and local extinctions, and consequently changes in forest composition and functioning. Characterizing community functional composition, trade-offs among traits and the drivers of community assembly is of utmost importance to improve our capacity to predict the response of montane plant communities to forecast climate change.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Hyurterianum (Asteraceae, Inuleae), a new species from NE Anatolia, Turkey. Helichrysum yurterianum Y. Gemici, Kit Tan, H. Yildirim & M. Gemici (Asteraceae, Inuleae) is described and illustrated. It is a serpentine endemic restricted to the province of Erzincan in NE Anatolia, Turkey. Its affinities are with H. arenarium and H. noeanum, which both have a wider distribution. Anatomical and ecophysiological data for the new taxon are provided.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Innovative Activities for Teaching Anatomy of Speech Production. Courses in anatomy have traditionally relied on lectures and cadaver dissection laboratories. In speech and hearing sciences, there tends to be less access to cadavers than in medical schools and other allied health professions. It is more typical to use anatomical models, diagrams and lecture slides. Regardless of the resources available, anatomy is a subject that lends itself to hands-on learning. This article briefly reviews teaching methods and describes a variety of innovative activities to enhance learning of anatomical concepts and clinical relevance of anatomy for speech production. Teaching strategies and activities were developed to capitalize on students' multimodal learning preferences as revealed by responses to a survey administered to 49 undergraduates in the beginning of an anatomy of speech production course. At the end of the semester, students completed a second survey. A five-point Likert scale was used to assess the usefulness of each activity as a learning tool or level of clinical relevance and the level of enjoyability. The responses were overwhelmingly positive with level of usefulness and level of clinical relevance rated higher on average than the level of enjoyment. Anat Sci Educ 3:234-243. (C) 2010 American Association of Anatomists.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Cloud-based lightweight secure RFID mutual authentication protocol in IoT. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a supporting technology for the Internet of things (IoT). RFID enables all physical devices to be connected to IoT. When RFID is widely used and developing rapidly, its security and privacy issues cannot be ignored. The wireless broadcast channel between the tag and the reader may be subject to many security attacks, such as interception, modification, and replay. Messages from unverified tags or readers are also untrustworthy. A secure and stable RFID authentication scheme is critical to IoT. This paper puts forward an efficient and reliable cloud-based RFID authentication scheme. In order to reduce the RFID tag's overhead, the proposed authentication scheme explores the rotation and enhanced permutation to encrypt data. The proposed protocol not only resists the above common attacks and protects the privacy of the tag, but also adds the cloud server to the RFID system. Performance simulation shows that permutation and rotation are efficient. Security analysis shows that our protocol can resist various attacks, such as tracking, replay, and desynchronization attack. Mutual authentication and backward security are also achieved. Finally, we apply BAN logic to prove the security of the protocol. (C) 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "THE EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND FEEDING REGIME ON HERMAPHRODITISM AND GAMETOGENESIS OF NEPHELOPSIS-OBSCURA, A FRESH-WATER PREDATORY LEECH. The effects of temperature (15 and 208C) and food ration (feeding 33, 23, or 13 per week (ad libitum)) on herma phroditism and gametogenesis of Nephelopsis obscura were investigated in the laboratory. Animals fed 33 and 23 a week reached an asymptotic biomass and reproductive maturity at approximately the same time (41-43 weeks) at both 15 and 208C. However, none of the leeches fed 13 a week attained the final stages of reproductive maturity, even though they reached an asymptotic biomass. Regardless of temperature or food ration, testisacs were initiated when N. obscura reached 62-87 mg and ovisac initiation always occurred 3 weeks after the first occurrence of the testisacs. In contrast to the field, where N. obscura is protandrous, in the laboratory N. obscura is protogynous because of the increase from 2-5 to 15-22 weeks between stages 4 and 5 of spermatogenesis.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Community-based active tuberculosis case finding using a symptom-based screening tool in the Volta Region, Ghana. Methods and materials: This cross-sectional study used house-to-house and durbar screening approaches for active tuberculosis (TB) case searching from six communities, three each from the Ketu South (high TB risk) and Akatsi North (low TB risk) districts in the Volta Region of Ghana. Random eligible participants were screened with the SBS tool to identify presumptive TB cases. One sputum sample was collected from each person with presumptive TB for detection of M. tuberculosis by the GeneXpert real-time technique.Background: Early tuberculosis case detection is important for early commencement of treatment to improve treatment outcomes and also to prevent community spread of the disease. However, there is a paucity of data in Ghana on the efficiency of the symptom-based screening tool (SBS tool) to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the communities. Therefore, this study assessed the usefulness of the SBS tool for community-based active case finding in the Volta Region of Ghana.Results: A total of 1,025 people were screened from a population of 40,462, from which 332 (32.4%) were presumed to have M. tuberculosis infection. Of the 332 presumptive TB cases, 63.9% were obtained through house-to-house screening, while 36.1% were obtained through community durbar screening. Six M. tuberculosis-positive cases (with one rifampicin resistance) were detected by house-to-house screening but not from community durbar samples, yielding an overall prevalence of 15 per 100,000 population. Among TB symptoms screened and analysed, association existed only between night sweat and TB case detection (chi(2) = 3.9, P = 0.049).Conclusion: Although cumbersome and capital intensive, community-based active case searching through house-to-house screening using the SBS tool proved effective in detecting M. tuberculosis in the communities. (C) 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Society for Infectious Diseases.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Redefining Community-Urban University Relations: A project for education faculties?. This paper begins with the observation that, for a variety of social, political, and economic reasons, many universities are beginning to rethink the nature of their relations with local communities and asks about the place of Faculties of Education in such processes of reconsideration. It describes recent initiatives at York University as examples of what might be possible.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Molecular evidence for the occurrence of the lichen genus Biatora (Lecanorales, Ascomycota) in the Southern Hemisphere. Based on anatomical investigations and a DNA barcoding approach the occurrence of a Biatora species from the B. rufidula group in Argentina and Chile is confirmed and the biogeographical implications briefly discussed. No morphological differences could be found that would distinguish the southern collections from typical B. rufidula. However, southern and northern samples appear paraphyletic within the B. rufidula clade. The South American material might therefore represent an undescribed species. Alternatively, the taxonomic status of the three northern species B. aegrefaciens, B. nobilis and B. rufidula might have to be reconsidered or the placement might be an artifact caused by the poor character sampling involved in the barcoding approach.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Methane emission from municipal solid waste dumpsites: A case study of Chennai city in India. The indiscriminate growth in global population poses a threat to the world in handling and disposal of Municipal solid waste. Rapid urban growth increases the production, consumption and generation of Municipal solid waste which leads to a drastic change in the environment. The methane produced from the Municipal Solid waste accounts for up to 11% global anthropogenic emissions, which is a major cause for global warming. This study reports the methane emission estimation using IPCC default, TNO, LandGEM, EPER and close flux chamber from open dump yards at Perungudi and Kodungaiyur in Chennai, India. The result reveals that the methane emission using close flux chamber was in the range of 8.8 Gg/yr-11.3 Gg/yr and 6.1Gg/yr to 9.1 Gg/yr at Kodungaiyur and Perungudi dump yard respectively. The per capita waste generation was estimated based on waste generation and population. The waste generation potential was projected using linear regression model for the period 2017-2050. The trend of CH4 emission in the actual field measurement were increased every year, similarly the emission trend also increased in IPCC default method (mass balance approach), EPER Germany (zero order decay model) where as TNO and Land GEM (first order decay model) were decreased. The present study reveals that Kodungaiyur dump yard is more vulnerable to methane emission compared to Perungudi dump yard and has more potential in waste to energy conversion mechanisms than compare to Perungudi dump yard.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Surgical treatment of mammary carcinomas in dogs with or without postoperative chemotherapy. This retrospective study identified prognostic factors associated with survival; and compared survival data in 94 canine mammary carcinoma (MCA) dogs treated with surgery (n=58), or surgery and adjunct chemotherapy (n=36), and a subset of dogs with poor prognostic factors. On multivariate analysis independent predictors of median survival time (MST) were clinical stage, lymphatic invasion (LI; present 179 days; none 1098 days), ulceration (present 118 days; none 443 days) and surgical margins (incomplete 70 days; complete 872 days). Complete surgical margins were associated with MST in dogs with stages 1-3 MCA (incomplete 68 days; complete 1098 days) and dogs with LI (incomplete 70 days; complete 347 days). There was no statistically significant improvement in MST in dogs with advanced disease (stage 4 or LI) treated with adjunctive chemotherapy (chemotherapy 228 days; none 194 days); although five dogs with complete surgical margins that received mitoxantrone and carboplatin had a mean survival of 1139 days.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Observational consequences of a magnetic flux rope emerging into the corona. We show that a numerical simulation of a magnetic flux rope emerging into a coronal magnetic field predicts solar structures and dynamics consistent with observations. We first consider the structure, evolution, and relative location and orientation of S-shaped, or sigmoid, active regions and filaments. The basic assumptions are that (1) X-ray sigmoids appear at the regions of the flux rope known as \\\\'bald-patch-associated separatrix surfaces (BPSSs), where, under dynamic forcing, current sheets can form, leading to reconnection and localized heating, and that (2) filaments are regions of enhanced density contained within dips in the magnetic flux rope. We demonstrate that the shapes and relative orientations and locations of the BPSS and dipped field are consistent with observations of X-ray sigmoids and their associated filaments. Moreover, we show that current layers indeed form along the sigmoidal BPSS as the flux rope is driven by the kink instability. Finally, we consider how apparent horizontal motions of magnetic elements at the photosphere caused by the emerging flux rope might be interpreted. In particular, we show that local correlation tracking analysis of a time series of magnetograms for our simulation leads to an underestimate of the amount of magnetic helicity transported into the corona by the flux rope, largely because of undetectable twisting motions along the magnetic flux surfaces. Observations of rotating sunspots may provide better information about such rotational motions, and we show that if we consider the separated flux rope legs as proxies for fully formed sunspots, the amount of rotation that would be observed before the region becomes kink unstable would be in the range 40degrees-200degrees per leg/sunspot, consistent with observations.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "2.55 W continuous-wave 378 nm laser by intracavity frequency doubling of a diode-pumped Alexandrite laser. A high-power continuous-wave (CW) ultraviolet (UV) laser at 378 nm from an intracavity frequency-doubled Alexandrite laser has been demonstrated with 638 nm fiber-coupled laser diodes as the pump source. A maximum output power of 2.55 W was obtained, which is the highest power for CW frequency-doubled Alexandrite lasers, to the best of our knowledge, corresponding to the optical-to-optical conversion efficiency of 7.9% from 638 nm pump laser to 378 nm UV laser. The beam quality factors M-2 were measured to be 2.19 and 2.47 in x and y directions at UV output power of 1 W, respectively. (C) 2021 Optical Society of America", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Physics of microporosity formation in casting alloys - sensitivity analysis for Al-Si alloys. The problem of microporosity (microshrinkage) formation in casting alloys continues to be of interest in spite of the many computational models proposed. This is because of the complexity of the problem that involves many material and process variables intertwined in complex physics. This paper introduces two models for the growth of a gas pore in the mushy zone of a solidifying alloy. While the models ignore important contributors to the problem, such as fluid transport and stress, they capture the physics that connects the main variables of the process: initial gas content, temperature/fraction solid, cooling rate, temperature gradient, applied pressure and melt purity (pore nucleation). The models have been used to conduct a sensitivity analysis of the process for the particular case of Al-Si alloys.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Accuracy and Bias in Perceptions of Political Knowledge. Learning through social communication is promoted when citizens are able to identify which of their associates is likely to possess the necessary political information. This paper examines the factors that influence individuals' evaluations of political expertise. Actual political expertise plays a large role in perceived expertise, but mistakes are made. These are largely the result of assuming that those engaged in politics must also be knowledgeable about politics. This paper uses the 1996 Indianapolis-St. Louis Study and the 2000 National Election Study to identify factors that bias levels of perceived political knowledge. The paper concludes by demonstrating that perceived expertise plays a larger role than actual expertise in the social influence process.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Stable isotope data as constraints on models for the origin of coralloid and massive speleothems: The interplay of substrate, water supply, degassing, and evaporation. Many speleothems can be assigned to one of two morphological groups: massive speleothems, which consist of compact bulks of material, and coralloids, which are domal to digitate in form. Faster growth on protrusions of the substrate occurs in the typical growth layers of coralloids (where those layers are termed \\\\'coralloid accretions\\\\'), but it is not observed in the typical layers of massive speleothems, which in contrast tend to smoothen the speleothem surface (and can therefore be defined as \\\\'smoothing accretions\\\\'). The different growth rates on different areas of the substrate are explainable by various mechanisms of CaCO3 deposition (e.g., differential aerosol deposition, differential CO2 and/or H2O loss from a capillary film of solution, deposition in subaqueous environments). To identify the causes of formation of coralloids rather than massive speleothems, this article provides data about delta C-13 and delta O-18 at coeval points of both smoothing and coralloid accretions, examining the relationship between isotopic composition and the substrate morphology. In subaerial speleothems, data show enrichment in heavy isotopes both along the direction of water flow and toward the protrusions. The first effect is due to H2O evaporation and CO2 degassing during a gravity-driven flow of water (gravity stage) and is observed in smoothing accretions; the second effect is due to evaporation and degassing during water movement by capillary action from recesses to prominences (capillary stage) and is observed in subaerial coralloids. Both effects coexist in smoothing accretions interspersed among coralloid ones (intermediate stage). Thus this study supports the origin of subaerial coralloids from dominantly capillary water and disproves their origin by deposition of aerosol from the cave air. On the other hand, subaqueous coralloids seem to form by a differential mass-transfer from a still bulk of water toward different zones of the substrate along diffusion flux vectors of nutrients perpendicular to the iso-depleted surfaces. Finally, this isotopic method has proved useful to investigate the controls on speleothem morphology and to obtain additional insights on the evolution of aqueous solutions inside caves. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "The baker, his tomb, his wife, and her breadbasket: The monument of Eurysaces in Rome. The first-century Roman monument of Eurysaces, also known as the tomb of the baker, was long thought to be the commission of an ostentatious ex-slave, owing in part to its perceived similarity to the fictional tomb commission of Roman literature's most vulgar freedman, Trimalchio. This essay suggests alternative ways to consider the tomb, namely, from the possible perspectives of ancient viewers in the context of Roman funerary practice. It shows how Eurysaces' monument frankly celebrates his baking enterprise and argues that the tomb's unconventional use of architectural form and decoration was a strategy for Eurysaces to make himself memorable.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Neocentromere at 13q32 in one of two stable markers derived from a 13q21 break. A 10-month-old girl with psychomotor retardation, microcephaly, bilateral microphthalmia, and postaxial polydactyly of the feet was karyotyped using banding techniques and (single or dual color) fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with four probes: D13Z1/D21Z1, pancentromeric, pantelomeric, and a mix of 13q subtelomeric and 13/21 alphoid repeats. She was found to have a 47-chromosome karyotype in which a normal 13 was replaced by two stable markers derived from a breakpoint at 13q21.1, namely a del(13)(q21.1) and an isofragment(13) (qter-->q21.1::q21.1-->qter). The latter had a single C-negative but Cd-positive primary constriction at 13q32 which, however, was not obvious in about 12% of the cells. FISH studies showed that the small 13q- had the 13-centromere and a 13q telomere (as shown for a specific 13q subtelomeric signal) onto the broken end whereas the isofragment lacked alphoid signals but had 13q subtelomeric sequences on both ends, Parental karyotypes were normal, The patient's rearrangement represents the eighth chromosome-13-derived marker with a nonalphoid neocentromere located at 13q, All in all, such neocentromeres have been described in 29 markers derived from chromosomes 2, 3, 8-11, 13-15, 20, and Y, and plausibly result from the epigenetic activation of a latent centromere, which may even be a telomere with neocentric activity. The 13q telomere found in the del(13q) was probably captured from the homologous chromosome. (C) 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Inhibition of Wnt Signaling Pathway Decreases Chemotherapy-resistant Side-population Colon Cancer Cells. Background: The prognosis of advanced or recurrent colorectal cancer is still poor. Dye-effluxing side population (SP) colon cancer cells are reportedly resistant to chemotherapeutic agents. Most sporadic colorectal cancers involve constitutive activation of the Wnt signaling pathway. In this study, we examined the effect of the Wnt signaling on SP cells and the possibility that inhibition of Wnt signaling may decrease the resitance to chemotherapeutic drugs in the human colon cancer cells. Materials and Methods: Drug resistance of SP cells to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and irinotecan, decrease of SP cells by the Wnt signaling inhibition and activation of the Wnt signaling of the sorted SP cells were examined using the SW480 colon cancer cell line. mRNA expressions of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters when Wnt signaling was inhibited were evaluated with real-time PCR using colon cancer cell lines (SW480, DLD-I, HCT116, HT29 and LOVO). The sensitivity to irinotecan and paclitaxel when the Wnt signaling was inhibited was investigated using SW480. Inhibition of Wnt signaling was performed by siRNA of beta-catenin. Results: SP cells showed more resistance to 5-FU and irinotecan, and higher activation of the Wnt signaling pathway, than non-SP cells. Silencing of P-catenin decreased significantly more SP cells than non-SP cells. Expression of ABC transporter genes, such as ABCB1 and ABCG2, was significantly higher in SP cells than non-SP cells. Silencing of beta-catenin decreased transcription of these ABC transporter genes; beta-catenin-silenced cells became relatively sensitive to paclitaxel and irinotecan. Conclusion: These results indicate that inhibiting the Wnt signaling pathway may be a fruitful strategy for targeting chemotherapy-resistant colon cancer cells, including SP cells.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Protein' no longer means what it used to. Every biologist knows that the word protein describes a group of macromolecules essential to sustain life on Earth. As biologists, we are invariably trained under a protein paradigm established since the early twentieth century. However, in recent years, the term protein unveiled itself as an euphemism to describe the overwhelming heterogeneity of these compounds. Most of our current studies are targeted on carefully selected subsets of proteins, but we tend to think and write about these as representative of the whole population. Here we discuss how seeking for universal definitions and general rules in any arbitrarily segmented study would be misleading about the conclusions. Of course, it is not our purpose to discourage the use of the word protein. Instead, we suggest to embrace the extended universe of proteins to reach a deeper understanding of their full potential, realizing that the term encompasses a group of molecules very heterogeneous in terms of size, shape, chemistry and functions, i.e. the term protein no longer means what it used to.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Effects of climate change on the persistence and dispersal of foodborne bacterial pathogens in the outdoor environment: A review. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC), warming of the climate system is unequivocal. Over the coming century, warming trends such as increased duration and frequency of heat waves and hot extremes are expected in some areas, as well as increased intensity of some storm systems. Climate-induced trends will impact the persistence and dispersal of foodborne pathogens in myriad ways, especially for environmentally ubiquitous and/ or zoonotic microorganisms. Animal hosts of foodborne pathogens are also expected to be impacted by climate change through the introduction of increased physiological stress and, in some cases, altered geographic ranges and seasonality. This review article examines the effects of climatic factors, such as temperature, rainfall, drought and wind, on the environmental dispersal and persistence of bacterial foodborne pathogens, namely, Bacillus cereus, Brucella, Campylobacter, Clostridium, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio and Yersinia enterocolitica. These relationships are then used to predict how future climatic changes will impact the activity of these microorganisms in the outdoor environment and associated food safety issues. The development of predictive models that quantify these complex relationships will also be discussed, as well as the potential impacts of climate change on transmission of foodborne disease from animal hosts.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Increases in Duration of First Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Over Time (1996-2009) and Associated Factors in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. Background: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens changes occur frequently among HIV-infected persons. Duration and type of initial highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and factors associated with regimen switching were evaluated in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. Methods: Participants were classified according to the calendar period of HAART initiation: T1 (1996-2001), T2 (2002-2005), and T3 (2006-2009). Kaplan-Meier curves depicted time from HAART initiation to first regimen changes within 5.5 years. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to examine factors associated with time to switching. Results: Of 1009 participants, 796 changed regimen within 5.5 years after HAART initiation. The percentage of participants who switched declined from 85% during T1 to 49% in T3. The likelihood of switching in T3 decreased by 50% (P < 0.01) compared with T1 after adjustment for pre-HAART ART use, age, race, and CD4 count. Incomplete HIV suppression decreased over time (P < 0.01) but predicted switching across all time periods. Lower HAART adherence (<= 95% of prescribed doses) was predictive of switching only in T1. In T2, central nervous system symptoms predicted switching [relative hazard (RH) = 1.7; P = 0.012]. Older age at HAART initiation was associated with increased switching in T1 (RH = 1.03 per year increase) and decreased switching in T2 (RH = 0.97 per year increase). Conclusions: During the first 15 years of the HAART era, initial HAART regimen duration lengthened and regimen discontinuation rates diminished. Both HIV RNA nonsuppression and poor adherence predicted switching before 2001 while side effects that were possibly ART related were more prominent during T2.", "label": [2, 17, 24]}
+{"token": "The relationship between organizational commitment and life satisfaction: The mediation of employee engagement. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between Organizational Commitment and Life Satisfaction, as well as to determine if employee engagement act as a facilitator. A theorical model was proposed to show how affective and normative dimensions of commitment would be significantly related to life satisfaction through the mediation of engagement. To test this hypothesis, structural equation analyses (SEM)were conducted on a representative sample of 305 spanish employees. It was found that the affective dimension of commitment is the most associated with life satisfaction. This relationship is mediated by employee engagement, specifically by the vigor or energy experienced at work.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "Mycobacterium bovis BCG urease attenuates major histocompatibility complex class II trafficking to the macrophage cell surface. We have previously shown that Mycobacterium tuberculosis attenuates cell surface expression of major histocompatibility complex class II molecules in response to gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) by a mechanism dependent on intracellular sequestration of alpha,beta dimers. In this study we examined whether intracellular alkalinization due to mycobacterial urease could account for the defect in intracellular trafficking of class II molecules. Phagocytosis of wild-type Mycobacterium bovis BCG was associated with secretion of ammonia intracellularly, which increased substantially upon addition of exogenous urea to the culture medium. Increased intracellular ammonia, due to urea degradation by the bacterium, correlated with inhibition of class II surface expression. Conversely, no ammonia was detected in cells infected with a urease-negative mutant strain of M. bovis BCG, which also displayed a reduced effect on surface expression of class II molecules. A direct cause-effect relationship between urease and class II molecule trafficking was established with experiments where cells ingesting beads coated with purified urease showed an increased ammonia level and decreased surface expression of class II in response to IFN-gamma. In contrast to BCG, infection of macrophages with Mycobacterium smegmatis, which expresses relatively greater urease activity in cell-free culture, had a marginal effect on both the intracellular level of ammonia and class II expression. The limited effect of M. smegmatis was consistent with a failure to resist intracellular killing, suggesting that urease alone is not sufficient to resist macrophage microbicidal mechanisms and that this is required for a more distal effect on cell regulation. Our results demonstrate that alkalinization of critical intracellular organelles by pathogenic mycobacteria expressing urease contributes significantly to the intracellular retention of class II dimers.", "label": [2, 17, 24]}
+{"token": "Pediatric case of crescentic post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis with myeloperoxidase anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody. Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN) generally has a good renal prognosis, and immunosuppressive therapies are not needed. However, a few patients present with severe acute kidney injury and extensive crescent formations. The etiology of such patients is not well known, and involvement of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies is rarely reported. A 9-year-old girl with rapidly progressive nephritic syndrome was diagnosed with PSGN. A biopsy showed diffuse crescentic glomerulonephritis with immunoglobulin G and C3 deposits; moreover, humps were observed on electron microscopy. After she was administered methylprednisolone pulse therapy and intravenous cyclophosphamide, followed by prednisolone and azathioprine therapy, her urinary abnormalities improved and renal function normalized. However, the myeloperoxidase anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (MPO-ANCA) titers gradually increased. We speculated that PSGN may be augmented by increased MPO-ANCA levels. Therefore, the patient is currently being treated with losartan, enalapril, azathioprine, and prednisolone. Although the MPO-ANCA titer remains high, urinary findings show mild proteinuria, and her renal function has been normal for 18 months since onset. A progressive clinical course and severe histological findings may indicate the involvement of ANCA in deterioration of condition in patients with PSGN. Furthermore, in such cases immunosuppressive therapies should be considered even in pediatric PSGN.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Assessing changes in climate suitability and yields of maize and sorghum crops over Kenya in the twenty-first century. Climate change has and will continue to affect food security in different dimensions. This study aims at comparing current and future maize and sorghum climate suitability and yield using five state-of-art climate models in the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP8.5) in Couple Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5). The study considered 1970-2000 as the baseline and 2040-2060 (the 2050s) and 2061-2080 (2070s) as the projection periods. The mechanist FAO Eco-crop model and statistical crop model were used. The results show that rainfall and temperature are projected to increase by 2050s and 2070s with certain (uncertainty) in temperature (rainfall) projection. The central and western highlands are the optimum suitable zones for maize. Gradual reduction of maize suitable zone is anticipated leading to a yield loss of 10.8% (23.7%) by 2050s (2070s). The sorghum climate suitable areas are expected to increase in the future leading to a yield gain of 114% (80.7%) by 2050s (2070s) from the baseline yield. Currently, temperature creates more uncertainties in crop yield than rainfall. The findings of this research enlighten the policymakers and farmers on the probable susceptibilities of the agricultural system in future climate and the viable strategic measures to curb food insecurity over the country.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Improving mechanical properties of amorphous carbon nitride films by titanium doping. Titanium doped amorphous carbon nitride (a-CNx) films with a nitrogen content of similar to 24 at. % were synthesized by radio frequency magnetron sputtering method. The effects of incorporating Ti on the mechanical properties of a-CNx films were investigated by nanoindentation, scanning electron microscope, x-ray diffraction spectra, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, respectively. It was found that nanometer sized TiN crystallites were formed and embedded in the a-CNx matrix, causing an enhancement of hardness from similar to 28 to similar to 40 GPa in the a-CNx films. The improved mechanical properties with addition of Ti are attributed to the densified microstructure due to the development of fine grain size of TiN and sp(3) C-N bonds. These TiN nanocrystal grains are separated by an amorphous phase, preventing dislocation movement and hence enhancing the hardness of the film. The increased sp(3) C-N bond fraction induced by incorporation of Ti also plays an important role in the enhancement of hardness. (c) 2007 American Institute of Physics.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Modelling of performance of zinc ferrites as high-temperature desulfurizing sorbents in a fixed-bed reactor. The performance of zinc ferrites as desulfurization sorbents at high temperature was evaluated. Sorbents were prepared by calcination, at 650 and 1100 degrees C, of mixtures of bulk oxides in three different stoichiometries. To calculate the global reaction rate of sulfidation in a thermogravimetric experiment, a grain model with variable properties was developed. The predicted and experimental results were in good agreement. Under the test conditions, the intrinsic reactivity and the diffusion of the reactant gas across the sulfide film on the particle were rate-limiting. These results were confirmed by SEM-EDX analysis of sulfur over a particle cross-section. The calculated global reaction rates of sulfidation were used in a simple model to predict the breakthrough curves at different space velocities in a fixed-bed reactor. The theoretical and experimental results were largely in agreement. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "LUDDISM, INCENDIARISM AND THE DEFENCE OF RURAL 'TASK-SCAPES' IN 1812. KATRINA NAVICKAS, 'Luddism, Incendiarism and the Defence of Rural \\\\'Task-scapes\\\\' in 1812'. The Luddite machine-breaking outbreaks in 1812 were not solely an urban or industrial phenomenon. Using a case study of the Horbury district in the West Riding, this article shows that Luddism, and especially popular fear of Luddism, was heightened by ancillary activities, both criminal and customary, occurring on the semi-rural peripheries of urban-industrial areas. Incendiarism was a common feature of social conflict in eighteenth-and nineteenth-century England. This article also demonstrates how the environment and landscape of the industrialising Pennines shaped the disturbances of 1812. Luddites were defending their customary 'task-scapes' that were increasingly being enclosed by aggrandising landlords and manufacturers. Luddism can only be understood within a longer and more holistic context of regional social tensions and customary practices of resistance.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Turnover of soil organic matter and of microbial biomass under C-3-C-4 vegetation change: Consideration of C-13 fractionation and preferential substrate utilization. Based on the delta C-13 changes in SUM, we showed that the estimated turnover time of old SUM increased by two years per year in 9 years after the vegetation change. The relative increase in the turnover rate of recent microbial C was 3 times faster than that of old C indicating preferential utilization of available recent C versus the old C.The study was done on the Ap horizon of a loamy Gleyic Cambisol developed under C-3 vegetation. Miscanthus giganteus - a perennial C-4 plant - was grown for 12 years, and the delta C-13 signature was used to distinguish between 'old' SUM (>12 years) and 'recent' Miscanthus-derived C (<12 years). The differences in delta C-13 signature of the three C pools and of CO2 in the reference C-3 soil were less than 1 parts per thousand, and only delta C-13 of microbial biomass was significantly different compared to other pools. Nontheless, the neglecting of isotopic fractionation can cause up to 10 parts per thousand of errors in calculations. In contrast to the reference soil, the delta C-13 of all pools in the soil after C-3-C-4 vegetation change was significantly different. Old C contributed only 20% to the microbial biomass but 60% to CO2. This indicates that most of the old C was decomposed by microorganisms catabolically, without being utilized for growth. Based on delta C-13 changes in DOC, CO2 and microbial biomass during 54 days of incubation in Miscanthus and reference soils, we concluded that the main process contributing to changes of the delta C-13 signature in soil pools was preferential utilization of recent versus old C (causing an up to 9.1 parts per thousand shift in delta C-13 values) and not C-13 fractionation per se.Combining long-term field observations with soil incubation reveals that the turnover time of C in microbial biomass was 200 times faster than in total SOM. Our study clearly showed that estimating the residence time of easily degradable microbial compounds and biomarkers should be done at time scales reflecting microbial turnover times (days) and not those of bulk SUM turnover (years and decades). This is necessary because the absence of C reutilization is a prerequisite for correct estimation of SUM turnover. We conclude that comparing the delta C-13 signature of linked pools helps calculate the relative turnover of old and recent pools. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Two processes contribute to changes of the delta C-13 signature in soil pools: C-13 fractionation per se and preferential microbial utilization of various substrates with different delta C-13 signature. These two processes were disentangled by simultaneously tracking delta C-13 in three pools - soil organic matter (SUM), microbial biomass, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) - and in CO2 efflux during incubation of 1) soil after C-3-C4 vegetation change, and 2) the reference C-3 soil.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "The effect of glutamate receptor blockers on glutamate release following spinal cord injury. Lack of evidence for an ongoing feedback cascade of damage -> glutamate release -> damage -> glutamate release -> etc.. It is widely hypothesized that excitotoxicity of released glutamate following a CNS insult is propagated by the cyclic cascade: glutamate release -> damage -> glutamate release -> further damage -> etc. We tested this hypothesis by determining the effects of attempting to interrupt the loop by administering glutamate receptor antagonists and Na+-channel blockers on glutamate release following spinal cord injury (SCI). The effects of administering the NMDA receptor blockers MK-801 and memantine, the AMPA/kainate receptor blockers NBQX and GYKI 52466, the AMPA receptor desensitization blocker cyclothiazide and the sodium channel blockers riluzole, mexiletine and QX-314 on post-SCI were determined. Agents were administered into the site of injury by direct injection, by microdialysis or systemically. None of these agents had an appreciable effect on glutamate release following SCI. Thus, it is unlikely that the above cascade produces significant secondary glutamate release and ongoing damage following SCI, although such cascades may worsen other CNS insults. We attribute our results to overwhelming effects of much greater release by direct mechanical damage and reversal of transport following SCI. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "Culturally Appropriate Care-A Multicultural Task: Assessing the Needs of Inuit Youth in the Care of Child Welfare Services. Over 30% of children in Nunavik have been reported to child welfare services by professionals, community workers, and/or community members due to possible need of protection, according to a recent report that identified important gaps in the system of care for Inuit youth in Nunavik (Sirois & Montminy, 2010). The objective of this qualitative study was to assess the perspectives of various actors regarding the needs of Inuit youth living in a residential facility in Montreal. Our methods included non-participant observation; semi-structured interviews with youth, residential staff, therapists, and a culture broker; and video production with youth. Adopting a systemic approach, we discuss how the various perspectives converge and diverge and the place that is given to culture in the discourses. We conclude that developing culturally appropriate care for Inuit youth in the care of child welfare is a multicultural task, as it involves multiple groups of individuals influenced by their professional and personal cultures. We suggest the merging of perspectives as a potential for creating innovative practices that are culturally sensitive.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Using interactive problem-solving techniques to enhance control systems education for non English-speakers. Interactive learning is beneficial to students in that it allows the continual development and testing of many skills. An interactive approach enables students to improve their technical capabilities, as well as developing both verbal and written communicative ability. Problem solving and communication skills are vital for engineering students; in the workplace they will be required to communicate with people of varying technical abilities and from different linguistic and engineering backgrounds. In this paper, a case study is presented that discusses how the traditional method of teaching control systems can be improved. 'Control systems' is a complex engineering topic requiring students to process an extended amount of mathematical formulae. MATLAB software, which enables students to interactively compare a range of possible combinations and analyse the optimal solution, is used to this end. It was found that students became more enthusiastic and interested when given ownership of their learning objectives. As well as improving the students' technical knowledge, other important engineering skills are also improved by introducing an interactive method of teaching.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "DECARBURIZATION OF FERROCHROME AND HIGH ALLOY STEELS WITH OPTIMIZED GAS AND SLAG PHASES TOWARDS IMPROVED Cr RETENTION. The results demonstrated that the Cr loss can be minimized under CO2 introduction. The kinetic analysis showed that the mass transfer is effective due to the production of 2CO gas molecules from one CO2 molecule during the reaction which will improve the stirring of the bath. Besides, CO2 reacts with carbon in melt is an endothermic reaction, introduction of CO2 could be a cooler during the refining process, hence the temperature could be controlled by controlling the diluting gas amount, in this case, the over heat of bath refractory could be prevented and the lifetime of refractory could be extended.Chromium is a high value metal and the retention of the same during the refining of high carbon ferrochrome as well as high alloy steel has significant economic and environmental impacts. The loss of chromium during the decarburization is generally minimized using argon-oxygen mixtures thereby reducing the oxygen partial pressure (P-O2) of the oxidant gas. In the current study, experiments were carried out in an induction furnace and CO2 was introduced with the view to partly reduce P-O2 and partly as an oxidizer. During these experiments, the decarburization of molten Cr-alloy was conducted using pure O-2, pure CO2 or O-2 + CO2 mixtures.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "INV DUP(15) - CONTRIBUTION TO THE CLINICAL DEFINITION OF PHENOTYPE. One of the primary goals in medical genetics is a precise clinical definition of chromosomal diseases. This is now possible because of the increased number of case reports and new techniques. A male patient, without a clear-cut syndrome, was cytogenetically investigated. Chromosomal analysis showed a small unidentified bisatellited supernumerary marker. In situ hybridization with a biotin-labeled DNA probe for the chromosome 15 centromere (D15Z1) demonstrated that the marker was derived from chromosome 15. Hybridization with the Prader-Willi Syndrome Cosmid biotinylated probe (localized to band 15q11-q13) showed a signal on both ends suggesting a marker with a symmetrical inv dup(15) and a breakpoint localized in q13. It was then possible to define the karyotype as: 47,XY, + inv dup(15) (pter-q13::q13-pter). All cases of inv dup(15) reported in the literature were reviewed, paying particular attention to the different breakpoints involved, in order to provide a better clinical definition of this syndrome.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Trauma Memory in Stitch, Sound and Word: From the Troubles and Conflict to Reconciliation and Peace. This paper discusses the rhetoricity of stitch with the nature of trauma time, memory and the haptic qualities of textile, addressing theories put forward by Maureen Daly Goggin and Jenny Edkins. Properties the medium brings to confronting the trauma of conflict memory are addressed through my experiences of the Troubles in stitched works, film and the poetic word along with works by Irene MacWilliam, Catherine Harper and Deborah J Stockdale. Discussion of arpilleras from the \\\\'Conflict Textiles\\\\' collection shows the power of textiles in documenting trauma memory, expressing resistance to and therapy from the trauma of conflict and offering a voice for forgiveness and peace. Theories on sound and how these relate to my researches on the properties of sound within textile are featured reflecting, too, on the ways in which words communicate. The significance of using textile from both front and back and cloth as healing agent are addressed, including using an iconic garment such as a nurse's cape which symbolizes comfort and healing, as form and surface on which to stitch images of conflict, healing and hope.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Heterogeneous Cation Exchange Membrane: Preparation, Characterization and Comparison of Transport Properties of Mono and Bivalent Cations. Polycarbonate heterogeneous cation exchange membranes were prepared by solution casting techniques using tetrahydrofuran as solvent and cation exchange resin powder as functional groups agent. The effect of resin ratio loading on properties of prepared membranes was studied. Also, transport properties of the prepared membranes for mono and bivalent cations were evaluated. Scanning electron microscopy and scanning optical microscopy were used for the membranes structure investigation. Images showed that increase of resin ratio in casting solution results in a highly uniform phase to form. Formation and propagation of voids, cavities, and cracks were facilitated through higher resin ratio loading. The water content, surface hydrophilicity, specific surface area, ion exchange capacity, ion concentration, ionic permeability, conductivity, flux, and current efficiency of the membranes were enhanced and their energy consumption, oxidative stability, and mechanical strength were declined by increase of resin ratio loading. Moreover, membranes showed higher ionic flux, current efficiency, and lower energy consumption for sodium ions in comparison with bariums. Furthermore, with the increase of resin loading, permselectivity, membrane potential and transport number of membranes were improved for monovalent ions and diminished for bivalent ones. Also, membranes exhibited lower membrane potential, selectivity, and transport number for bivalent ions in comparison with the monovalent type.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 33]}
+{"token": "Suicide among drug addicts in the UK. Conclusions The findings confirm that addicts are still at higher risk of suicide than the general population and that prescribed drugs, notably antidepressants and methadone. influence this heightened risk.Declaration of interest None.Background The extent of suicide among addicts in the UK has not been sufficiently examined.Results Male and female suicide rates are 69.0 and 44.8 per 100 000 person-years, respectively. There was a consistent decline in suicide rate throughout the 25-year period. Among males, the SMR for suicide declined from 17.2 in 1968-1972 to 4.4 in 1988-1992 (SMR ratio=3.9, 95% Cl=2.5-6.1); among females it declined from 52.6 to 11.3 in the same period (SMR ratio=4.7, 95% Cl=1.9-10.8). Drug overdose was the most common method of suicide, accounting for 45% of cases. Significant increase in antidepressant (percentage difference=23.5%, 95% Cl=15.2-31.8) and methadone (percentage difference=11.0%, 95% Cl=0.5, 21.5) overdose in 1988-1992 compared with 1968-1972 was reported.Method We quantified suicide using International Classification of Diseases (ICD) external death codes E950-959, calculated annual age-standardised suicide rates, standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) and described trends in methods of suicide and drug overdose suicides in five successive cohorts of registered addicts.Aims To examine suicide trends among registered addicts in the UK over a 25-year period.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Measurement of the residence time distribution of a cohesive powder in a flighted rotary kiln. The rotary kiln is an essential device in chemical and metallurgical industries, with applications in a wide range of solids manufacturing processes. In particular, in the preparation of industrial chemical catalysts, the kiln has become a popular reactor for continuous calcination of catalysts ranging from millimeter-sized extrudates to micron-sized powders. As granular and powder flow behaviors are difficult to characterize, the design and scale-up of rotary calcination processes are often performed empirically. The goal of this research is to improve the fundamental understanding of powder flow in rotary kilns to aid in optimization of the continuous calcination process. For successful calcination to occur, the residence time of the particles must exceed the time required for heating and subsequent treatment. For uniform treatment of the feed, the particles must also exhibit low axial dispersion. In this work, the mean residence time and axial dispersion coefficient for a cohesive fluid catalytic cracking powder were determined in a pilot plant kiln by measuring the residence time distribution. This study utilized a pulse test developed by Danckwerts. Results were fit to the Taylor solution of the axial dispersion model and compared to the Sullivan prediction for mean residence time. It was found that the mean residence time decreases as the feed rate, kiln incline, and rotation rate increase. It was also found that the axial dispersion coefficient increases with speed of rotation and angle of incline. However, the axial dispersion coefficient decreases as the feed rate is increased. (C) 2018 Published by Elsevier Ltd.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "Cross-resistance of Bidens subalternans to acetolactate synthase inhibitors in Brazil. P>Weeds resistant (R) to herbicides are widespread worldwide. Bidens subalternans is one of the most troublesome weeds in conventional soyabean fields in Brazil, and in a crop rotation system of cotton/soyabean and maize/soyabean some populations had evolved resistance to acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides. Bidens subalternans plants suspected of resistance were observed in soyabean fields where the main ALS-inhibiting herbicide sprayed is chlorimuron-ethyl. To confirm and characterise the resistance of B. subalternans to ALS inhibitors, whole-plant bioassays were conducted in 2006 and 2008. ALS in vivo enzyme bioassays were also conducted in 2007. In both bioassays, the R biotype showed cross-resistance to four chemical families of ALS-inhibiting herbicides. According to whole-plant level tests the R biotype showed 498-, 797-, 726- and > 877-fold resistance to chlorimuron-ethyl, imazethapyr, cloransulam-methyl and pyrithiobac-sodium herbicides respectively. The R biotype was also 17-, 166-, 436- and 516-fold R to chlorimuron-ethyl, imazethapyr, cloransulam-methyl and pyrithiobac-sodium herbicides, respectively, based on the enzyme assay. Therefore, the herbicide-R B. subalternans can no longer be controlled by any ALS-inhibitor herbicides. Integrated control methods involving alternative herbicide with different modes of action are needed, to avoid yield losses in conventional soyabean fields in Brazil that are infested by ALS-R B. subalternans populations.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "A novel SCL-90-R six-item factor identifies subjects at risk of early adverse outcomes in public mental health settings. To increase access to treatment, Italy made assessment at community mental health centers (CMHCs) independent of medical referral, resulting in increased numbers of patients to be triaged efficiently. To support this process, we evaluated SCL-90-R item-ratings to identify factors that best predicted adverse early outcomes among persons seeking first-time CMHC care in a 24-month period in Rome. A psychiatric nurse screened subjects with a brief interview and self-administered SCL-90-R and psychiatrists provided CGI ratings and ICD-9 diagnosis. Of 832 screened subjects, 32 (3.85%) were hospitalized or attempted suicide within 90 days. Six SCL-90 items (15,41,55,57,78,88) scored much higher with than without such adverse outcomes; their sum is proposed as a predictive measure (\\\\'SCL-6\\\\'). In binary multivariable logistic modeling, this factor, but not age, sex, diagnosis, or other SCL-90-derived subscales strongly predicted adverse outcomes. A ROC curve for SCL-6 reflected a strong separation between subjects with versus without adverse outcomes (AUC = 0.76). This simple screening tool may support timely identification of patients at risk of early adverse clinical outcome who require especially close follow-up.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "A genome-wide German screen for linkage disequilibrium in multiple sclerosis. We report on a genome-wide screen for association with multiple sclerosis (MS) in the German population performed using 6000 microsatellite markers. These markers were typed in four DNA pools consisting of 234 MS patients (cases), 209 unrelated controls, 68 index patients from trio families and their 136 parents (related controls). Stringent analysis identified 11 markers showing apparent evidence for association. Five from regions previously identified in linkage studies and two from the MHC region on chromosome 6p21. These MHC markers are known to be in linkage disequilibrium with HLA class II alleles influencing susceptibility to MS. The identification of these markers serves as an important positive control. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "Two-Dimensional Half-Strong Real Moment Problem and the Corresponding Block Matrices. Part I. We generalize the relationship between the classical moment problem and the spectral theory of Jacobi matrices. We present the solution of the two-dimensional half-strong moment problem and suggest an analog of Jacobi-type matrices associated with the two-dimensional half-strong moment problem and the corresponding system of polynomials orthogonal with respect to a measure with compact support in the real plane.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "STUDY OF MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES AND MORPHOLOGY OF INTERPENETRATING POLYMER NETWORKS FROM CASTOR-OIL BASED POLYURETHANE AND POLYSTYRENE. Polyurethane-polystyrene sequential interpenetrating polymer networks have been synthesized from castor oil, diphenylmethane diisocyanate, styrene, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as a crosslinker and benzoyl peroxide as an activator.  The interpenetrating polymer networks were obtained as tough and transparent films by a transfer moulding technique.  These IPNs were characterized by mechanical properties, viz. tensile strength, Young's modulus, elongation at break and Shore A hardness, and crosslink density.  The morphological behaviour was studied by dynamic mechanical analysis and scanning electron microscopy.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Perception, description, and reflection: Young children's aesthetic decision-making as critics of their own and adult compositions (Music education). This qualitative research study seeks to examine children's aesthetic decision-making as critics of their own and adult composer's work in order to identify similarities and/or differences that exist in children's response to these two kinds of listening experiences. Drawing on the literature in aesthetics, a definition of aesthetic decision-making and an overview of relevant literature in children's aesthetic perception/response is provided, and the verbal responses of 10 grade one (7-year-old) children are described and analysed. Findings of the study suggest that there are some qualitative differences in the ways in which children respond as audience-listeners to their own compositions as opposed to those of adult composers. However, it is noted that children respond across a range of categories to both listening experiences, including: Descriptions/analyses of musical properties or structural features. Referential descriptions, Expressive descriptions, Judgements of quality. Descriptions of performance, Description of composition procedure, and Recognition. It is suggested that engagement in composition experience and subsequent reflection upon the processes and products of this experience may foster more effective music listening and assist in the development of aesthetic decision-making skills.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Accounting for Culture in Policy Transfer: A Blueprint for Research and Practice. In recent years, the burgeoning literature on transnational dissemination of policies has moved beyond orthodox models to incorporate the institutional context by means of social-constructivist approaches. This article engages in a critical review of the status quo by arguing for the importance of an overlooked key variable in policy transfer research: culture. Particularly, it is contended that culture plays an under-acknowledged role in co-shaping transfer dynamics both as a dependent and as an independent variable and consequently deserves a more thorough embedment in mainstream research. To this end, operational recommendations for how future studies can measure, incorporate, and isolate cultural factors are offered and a feasible research agenda is proposed.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Grandparents Reveal Their Secrets: A New Holocaust Narrative for the Young 'Third Generation' in Israel. These generational roles - the roles of a First Generation of writers and of a Third Generation of readers - are intrinsically familial ones. As such, they mark a significant change in the profile of yet another important figure in the Israeli intergenerational Holocaust discourse, the agent of the Holocaust story for children. Due to the new literary initiatives, the task of providing young children with a first Holocaust memory' is transferred from the educational authority, where it used to reside, to the domestic sphere.This essay presents the literary characteristics of this new Holocaust narrative for children and its master narrative. It brings into light a new profile of both writers and readers. The writers were young children during the Holocaust, and first chose to tell their stories from the safe distance of three generations. The readers are their grand-children and their grand-children's peers, who are assigned an essential role as listeners.Since the 1990s, a new type of Holocaust slog has been emerging in Israeli children's literature. This new narrative is directed towards very young children, from preschool to the first years of elementary school, and its official goal is to instil in them an authentic first Holocaust memory'.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "A review of research on the dispersion process and CO2 enhanced natural gas recovery in depleted gas reservoir. The dispersion coefficient is a key physical parameter for enhanced gas recovery (EGR) and reflects the degree of mixing between the displacing-fluid CO2 and natural gas. However, no comprehensive overview of existing research on EGR dispersion characteristics has been conducted to date. In this review article, previous experimental and simulation studies are summarized to provide an overview of the current research progress and, hence, to elucidate the limitations of EGR and identify directions for future research. The literature analysis reveals that temperature and flow rate promote CO2-CH4 dispersion, whereas pressure and residual-water salinity inhibit dispersion under supercritical conditions. The CO2-CH(4 )dispersion coefficient is smaller in porous media with high permeability. However, on the core scale, the effects of residual water on the CO2 dispersion and breakthrough time are controversial and further verification is required. To date, only limited research has been conducted on the effects of impurities under supercritical conditions, such as considering CO2 containing N-2, and CH4 containing CO2, N-2 and ethane. Existing pilot EGR trials are insufficient to provide standardized field operation instructions, for example, with regard to the wellhead layout. Field-scale simulations have verified the feasibility of EGR technology and economy. However, factors such as the permeability heterogeneity, initial water saturation distribution, connate water salinity, gas-reservoir non-isothermal conditions, and vertical stratification should be considered in simulations of actual gas reservoirs. More in-depth experimental and simulation-based investigations of EGR should be performed on various scales to accurately assess the dispersion characteristics and natural-gas recovery efficiency under gas-reservoir conditions.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Understanding teachers with extreme individual learning differences: developing more effective teachers. Three teachers, who held extreme preferences for the ways they learn, participated in a year-long professional development course, designed to sensitize teachers to their own and colleagues' individual learning differences (ILDs). The case study focuses on their extreme learning preferences and discusses the impact of these preferences on their language, beliefs and practice, both before and after the course. The teachers' learning preferences were determined from their scores on seven learning/cognitive styles tools and understood further from field notes, interviews and pre-/post-test responses. The study suggests that teachers with extreme learning preferences tend to: (a) teach the way they prefer to learn; (b) overgeneralize and project their own learning needs onto students; and (c) hold initial pathognomonic (\\\\'blame the learner\\\\') beliefs about students mismatched to them. After the course, the teachers changed their language, beliefs and practice in the direction of becoming more effective teachers, e.g., they held more interventionist beliefs (\\\\'I can intervene to help the learner\\\\'). The three teachers were strong prototypes who can provide insights about the importance of ILDs in learning, practice and professional development.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Mutation rate of 12 X-STRs from investigator Argus X-12 kit in Argentine population. The samples were selected from all provinces of Argentina and the biological relationship of paternity was previously confirmed by the analysis of autosomal STR markers for all duos, for which likelihood ratios higher than 106 were achieved.The analysis of X-chromosomal markers can be important in different situations where the application of autosomal and Y-chromosomal STR markers are not sufficient to solve the cases. Currently, the Argentine population lacks a representative database on X-chromosomal markers, regarding allele and/or haplotype frequencies, and mutation rates. The absence of this information represents an important limitation for their routine use in laboratories, preventing the achievement of a quantitative, statistically supported evaluation. In order to estimate mutation rates for the twelve X-chromosomal markers included in the Argus X-12 kit, 345 father-daughter duos were genotyped.Finally, it should be noted that the overall mutation rate observed in this work resulted higher in comparison with some other reports, likely due to only father-daughter duos had been considered. Indeed, these findings are in agreement with previous works suggesting higher mutation rates for males, due to the higher number of germline divisions they experience.The overall X-STRmutation rate observed was 5.1 x 10(-3) (95% CI, 3.1 x 10(-3) -7.7 x 10(-3)) and all the genotypic configurations were explainable by the gain or loss of a single repeat.A total of 21 mutations over 4140 allelic transmissions were observed at DXS7132, DXS10134, DXS10079, DXS10146, DXS10101, DXS10103, DXS10074, DXS10148 and DXS10135 loci.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "The contribution of field experience in special education programs and personal variables to the teaching self-efficacy of higher education students. Teachers working in special education are confronted with various requirements. Their ability to cope with these requirements may be largely influenced by their levels of self-efficacy which start to develop during their academic studies and specifically while gaining practical experience. This study examined the contribution of experience-related variables and personal variables to teaching self-efficacy among 98 special education college students from two different training programs in Israel: 58 participated in a program requiring individual instruction-based field experiences and 40 in a program with group instruction-based field experiences. They completed questionnaires measuring teaching self-efficacy, career decision-making self-efficacy, hope, and demographics. The instruction and special education domains of teaching self-efficacy were predicted by the type of field experience and personal variables, efficacy in teacher-student relations was predicted by experience-related variables, and efficacy in educational organizations was predicted by personal variables. Practical implications are discussed.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Onset of electrical conduction in isotropic conductive adhesives: a general theory. A new theory is introduced for the onset of electrical conduction in isotropic conductive adhesives, based on the observation that conduction is a result of the creation of conducting contacts in metal-insulator composite adhesives. The present theory resolves several prevalently contradicting issues including the onset dependency of electrical conduction on the volume fraction of filler particles, the particle size, the pressure effect, and the type of insulator matrix of an adhesive. The theory also predicts the condition for the occurrence of two percolation thresholds. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 32, 11]}
+{"token": "BUCKLING AND POSTBUCKLING ANALYSIS OF ELASTO-PLASTIC FIBER METAL LAMINATES. The elasto-plastic buckling and postbuckling of fiber metal laminates (FML) are studied in this research. Considering the geometric nonlinearity of the structure and the elasto-plastic deformation of the metal layers, the incremental Von Karman geometric relation of the FML with initial deflection is established. Moreover, an incremental elasto-plastic constitutive relation adopting the mixed hardening rule is introduced to depict the stress-strain relationship of the metal layers. Subsequently, the incremental nonlinear governing equations of the FML subjected to in-plane compressive loads are derived, and the whole problem is solved by the iterative method according to the finite difference method. In numerical examples, the effects of the initial deflection, the loading state, and the geometric parameters on the elasto-plastic buckling and postbuckling of FML are investigated, respectively.", "label": [1, 11, 12]}
+{"token": "SALT STRESS IN BROILER CHICKS .2. EFFECT OF SODIUM-CHLORIDE STRESS ON PLASMA HORMONAL LEVELS AND OTHER BLOOD-CONSTITUENTS IN BROILER CHICKS. The influence of salt offered in drinking water on Hubbard chicks was investigated. The study showed a quantitative elevation in plasma corticosterone level of broiler chicks maintained on saline water at concentrations of 4 g/L and 5 g/L. The plasma aldosterone level increased significantly (P < 0.01) in chicks subjected to salt levels higher than 1 g/L. Salt stress had no effect on rectal temperature while it caused substantial increase in respiratory rate. The hematocrit values of the broiler chicks maintained on salt water were significantly higher than those of the control. Total plasma protein levels were increased. No detectable differences were observed in plasma protein electrophoretic fractions between broiler chicks maintained on various salt levels and those of the control. It is concluded that in broiler chicks the tolerable level of salt in drinking water in this study is 2 g/L.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "The effects of TiO2 nanoparticles addition on the thermal shock resistance, shear strength and IMC layer growth of SAC305 alloy. The present study explores the effect of nano-sized TiO2 ceramic particles on interfacial structure, creep and shear strength of eutectic Sn-3Ag-0.5Cu (SAC305 in wt.%) interconnect material under isothermal aging and thermal shock cycles. The study revealed that the non-reacting and non-coarsening TiO2 nanoparticles improved the creep, shear strength and thermal shock resistance through refined the structure. An interfacial microstructural analysis confirmed that a layer types Cu6Sn5 and Cu3Sn phases are grown at the interface of SAC305/Cu system. When SAC305 was in contact with the Au/Ni-plated Cu pad ball grid array (BGA) substrate, a ternary (Cu, Ni)-Sn phase was detected. The thickness of IMC phase is increased with the aging time. However, the growth of IMC layer as well as the IMC phases inside the matrix e.g., Ag3Sn, Cu6Sn5, and AuSn4 is slower in the composite interconnection systems than that of reference interconnection systems. Furthermore, during the thermal shock cycles some micro-cracks are found at the interface and matrix regions in the reference interconnection systems. The measured shear strength of composite interconnections exhibited higher values as compare to the reference interconnection systems. However, the thermal shock cycles degrades the shear strength of interconnection faster than the situation in isothermal aging.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "Recognition and rewards as moderators in the relationships between antecedents and performance of women teachers: evidence from India. Purpose As teachers are considered \\\\'knowledge workers,\\\\' the present study explores teacher performance in schools. A particular emphasis is given to assessing the performance of female teachers in the rural part of South India. Design/methodology/approach After collecting data from 563 female teachers from four blocks in Nilgiris District (Ooty, Kotagiri, Coonoor and Gudalur) consisting of 37 government schools in the southern part of India, all the female teachers were surveyed, and the data were analyzed after checking the instrument's psychometric properties by performing confirmatory factor analysis. Hierarchical regression was employed to test the hypotheses. Findings The findings revealed that (1) empowerment, organizational communication and work-life balance (WLB) and recognition and rewards are positively and significantly related to teacher performance; (2) recognition and rewards moderate the relationship between (a) empowerment and performance, (b) organizational communication and performance, (c) WLB and performance, (d) organizational culture and performance and (e) quality of work-life (QWL) and performance. Research limitations/implications As with any survey research, common method bias and social desirability bias may be potential limitations. However, proper care is taken to minimize these biases. The findings from this study contribute to the growing literature on education and training. In addition, the study highlights the importance of creating a climate for empowerment, recognition and rewards to foster teacher performance. Practical implications The study helps administrators and policymakers to understand the antecedents of teacher performance and take necessary steps to motivate the teachers for superior performance. Originality/value The conceptual model the authors developed and tested is, according to the authors' knowledge, the first of the model's kind. A clear understanding of the predictors of teacher performance may guide the administrators and teaches in fostering performance in schools. The exclusive focus on female teachers is considered in this study because of the several problems the female teachers encounter in rural areas. Despite the disadvantages, female teachers perform well and contribute to students and the country as a whole.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "Dynamic process of domain switching in ferroelectric films. In this article, a general variational formulation is established for the dynamics of domain switching in ferroelectric thin films. By incorporating the kinetic energy in the Landau free energy expansion, we obtain a second-order time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau evolution equation, which can be used to analyze the frequency-dependent dielectric and ferroelectric properties of the materials. A numerical model is developed to calculate the time-dependent polarization and electric-field distribution during the domain switching process. As an example of practical importance, a ferroelectric film with 180degrees domain boundaries perpendicular to the film surface is studied. Domain switching is found to proceed in two stages, the initial nucleation and growth of the ferroelectric domain, followed by the expansion of the domain through the sidewise motion of the 180degrees domain walls, until the spontaneous polarization in the entire electrified area is reversed. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "A plastid protein NUS1 is essential for build-up of the genetic system for early chloroplast development under cold stress conditions. During early chloroplast differentiation, the regulation of the plastid genetic system including transcription and translation differs greatly from that in the mature chloroplast, suggesting the existence of a stage-dependent mechanism that regulates the chloroplast genetic system during this period. The virescent-1 (v1) mutant of rice (Oryza sativa) is temperature-conditional and develops chlorotic leaves under low-temperature conditions. We reported previously that leaf chlorosis in the v1 mutant is caused by blockage of the activation of the chloroplast genetic system during early leaf development. Here we identify the V1 gene, which encodes a chloroplast-localized protein NUS1. Accumulation of NUS1 specifically occurred in the pre-emerged immature leaves, and is enhanced by low-temperature treatment. The C-terminus of NUS1 shows structural similarity to the bacterial antitermination factor NusB, which is known to play roles in the regulation of ribosomal RNA transcription. The RNA-immunoprecipitation and gel mobility shift assays indicated that NUS1 binds to several regions of chloroplast RNA including the upstream leader region of the 16S rRNA precursor. In the leaves of the NUS1-deficient mutant, accumulation of chloroplast rRNA during early leaf development was impaired and chloroplast translation/transcription capacity was severely suppressed under low temperature. Our results suggest that NUS1 is involved in the regulation of chloroplast RNA metabolism and promotes the establishment of the plastid genetic system during early chloroplast development under cold stress conditions.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Implicit motives and basic psychological needs. The present article starts with discussing similarities and differences between conceptualizations of human needs in self-determination theory (SDT; Deci & Ryan [1985], Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior; Deci & Ryan [2000], Nebraska symposium on motivation: Perspectives on motivation) and motive disposition theory (MDT; McClelland, Human motivation, 1985). The second section focuses on the two-process model of psychological needs (Sheldon [2011], Psychological Review, 118: 552), which aims to integrate the two approaches, whereas the third section highlights some aspects of both theories that are still decoupled or even contradictory, but nevertheless still have a high potential to be linked. These three aspects are (a) the noncorresponding concepts of implicit power motive (MDT) and basic need for autonomy (SDT); (b) the differentiation of needs into hope and fear components, which is theoretically embedded in MDT, but not in SDT; and (c) MDT researchers' differentiation into an implicit and explicit motivational system, which is not included in SDT. Particularly, the last section highlights the potential for areas in which further integration is possible, which provides a foundation for comprehensive and exciting research on human motivation.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "The luxury effect beyond cities: bats respond to socioeconomic variation across landscapes. Background The luxury effect describes the positive relationship between affluence and organism diversity or activity in urban ecosystems. Driven by human activities, the luxury effect can potentially be found at a broader scale across different landscapes. Previously, the luxury effect relationship has been established within a city for two bat species, the red bat (Lasiurus borealis) and the evening bat (Nycticeius humeralis). We examined landscape-scale patterns of bat activity distribution-using empirical data for seven bat species for the luxury effect. We also identified bat-land cover associations for each species. Across North Carolina, USA, we used the mobile transect survey protocol of the North American Monitoring Program to record bat activity at 43 sites from 2015 to 2018. We collected land cover and income data at our transect locations to construct generalized linear mixed models to identify bat-land cover and bat-income relationships. Results We found that across landscapes, activity of the red bat and the evening bat was positively correlated to income independent of land cover, consistent with previous single-city results. We found a negative relationship between hoary bat (Lasiurus cinereus) activity and income. All seven species had specific land cover associations. Additionally, we found a positive interaction term between income and evergreen forest for the red bat and a positive interaction term between income and woody wetland for hoary bat. Conclusions Our results demonstrated that the luxury effect is an ecological pattern that can be found at a broad spatial scale across different landscapes. We highlight the need for multi-scale ecology studies to identify the mechanism(s) underlying the luxury effect and that the luxury effect could cause inequity in how people receive the ecosystem services provided by bats.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Phage Therapy in Prostatitis: Recent Prospects. Prostatitis has various etiology including bacterial infection and dysregulated immunity; some of its forms remain a serious therapeutic challenge. Inflammation occurs in all forms of this disorder and is proposed to predispose to the development of prostate cancer (PC). There are reports that phage therapy is effective in chronic bacterial prostatitis. Recent findings suggest that phages not only eliminate bacteria, but also mediate immunomodulating (for example, anti-inflammatory) functions. The immunomodulating effects of phages could be beneficial in treating all forms of prostatitis and play some role in the prevention of the development of PC. As the etiological factors contributing to the majority of prostatitis cases remains largely unknown, and management options are often likewise limited, phage therapy merits further research as an attractive therapeutic option given its immunomodulating effects irrespective of the underlying causative factor(s).", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Are the investment dealers, their leaders and their representatives immune from disciplinary action in Quebec?. In the last twenty years, the investment fund industry has undergone phenomenal growth in both Quebec and elsewhere in Canada. In the distribution of these investment funds, where confidence plays a paramount role, mutual fund dealers, their officers and representatives are subject to a wide range of obligations, monitoring mechanisms and control procedures intended to minimize the risk of professional misconduct and maintain investor confidence in financial markets and in the legal system in general, from a microeconomic as well as a macroeconomic standpoint. The purpose of this study is to analyze and critically assess the disciplinary sanction regimes applicable to mutual fund dealers, their officers and representatives carrying on their activities in Quebec and elsewhere in Canada. Through a comparative analysis of the content of the disciplinary sanction regimes and an empirical study of the decisions rendered in this respect between 2005 and 2011, the overall goal of the study is to highlight the disciplinary framework, in theory and in practice, so as to determine if it can contribute to deterring deviant behaviour by mutual fund brokerage players. More specifically, one of the goals of this study is to analyze and critically assess the disciplinary sanction regimes especially with regard to a possible legal or de facto immunity open to mutual fund dealers in Quebec and their officers in their respective capacity as employers and supervisors in comparison to these dealers' representatives and with regard to their counterparts working in the rest of Canada.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "A Catalog of M-dwarf Flares with ASAS-SN. We analyzed the light curves of 1376 early-to-late, nearby M dwarfs to search for white-light flares using photometry from the All-Sky Automated Survey for Supernovae. We identified 480 M dwarfs with at least one potential flare employing a simple statistical algorithm that searches for sudden increases in V-band flux. After more detailed evaluation, we identified 62 individual flares on 62 stars. The event amplitudes range from. Using classical flare models, we place lower limits on the flare energies and obtain V-band energies spanning. The fraction of flaring stars increases with spectral type, and most flaring stars show moderate to strong H alpha emission. Additionally, we find that 14 of the 62 flaring stars are rotational variables, and they have shorter rotation periods and stronger H alpha emission than nonflaring rotational variable M dwarfs.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Outcomes of pregnancies diagnosed with Klinefelter syndrome: the possible influence of health professionals. Results The overall termination rate was 44% (49/111: 95% confidence interval: 35 to 54). Using multivariable logistic regression analysis, the only significant predictor of continuation of the pregnancy was the specialities c the health professionals conducting post-diagnosis counselling: the affected pregnancy was more likely to continue when post-diagnosis counselling involved only a genetics specialist (relative risk: 2.42 (1.14 to 5.92)).Method Data were extracted from the case notes of the 111 cases of KS diagnosed prenatally between 1986 and 1997 in eight geographical regions in live European countries The data extracted included: outcome of pregnancy, maternal age, social class. parity, gestational age at diagnosis, year of diagnosis and specialities of the health professionals conducting pre- and post-diagnosis consultations.Conclusion There is an association between whether or not a woman terminates a pregnancy affected by an unfamiliar fetal anomaly and the professional background of the health professional providing postdiagnostic counselling. The causal nature of this association remains to be determined. Copyright (C) 2002 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.Objective To describe the association between the Outcomes of pregnancies diagnosed with Klinefelter syndrome (KS) and the speciality of the health professional providing pre- and post-diagnostic counselling.", "label": [2, 21, 19]}
+{"token": "Faeces of Rhinolophus euryale (Chiroptera) from the winter season contain inorganic matter. Hibernating mammals arouse periodically from their torpor under the influence of an unknown mechanism to perform activities necessary for the correct functioning of metabolism. Our model species, the Mediterranean horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus euryale Blasius, 1853), wakes up during the winter and produces both typical consumptive as well as non-consumptive faeces (produced after no feeding activity). The aim of this study was to characterize the composition of the latter droppings of R. euryale in comparison to summer droppings to better understand the processes involved in such arousals from winter hibernation. The non-consumptive samples were morphologically similar and consisted of mucous material on the outside and a homogeneous mass inside. The internal homogenous mass inside the faeces was composed of organic as well as inorganic material, consisting of phosphate, calcium carbonate, quartz particles, and clay. We also confirmed the overall presence of faecal spherulites, calcite crystals and siliceous needles. The faeces contained no cells or if some, merely fragments of them. In contrast, summer faeces were composed of insect fragments; i.e. they were typically consumptive. In addition, we found no trace of insect-prey DNA in the winter droppings, which contained bat DNA instead. We also found peptides belonging to Mammalia as well as to other craniate and eukaryotes, but Arthropoda peptides occurred in only a rudimental occurrence. We found Bacteria peptides as well. Internal parasites were also visually retrieved. The high concentration of inorganic material and virtual lack of prey observed in the non-consumptive faeces indicate that drinking as well as direct sediment consumption occur inside the cave environment during the hibernation period. We conclude that winter arousals are unlikely to be aimed at gaining energy through foraging but most likely allow regulating water balance by active drinking.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "An analytical electron microscopy study of paraequilibrium cementite precipitation in ultra-high-strength steel. To support quantitative design of ultra-high-strength (UHS) secondary-hardening steels, the precipitation of cementite prior to the precipitation of the M2C phase is investigated using a model alloy. The microstructure of cementite is investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. Consistent with earlier studies on tempering of Fe-C martensite, lattice imaging of cementite suggests microsyntactic intergrowth of M5C2 (Hagg carbide). The concentration of substitutional alloying elements in cementite are quantified by high-resolution analytical electron microscopy (AEM) using extraction replica specimens. Quantification of the substitutional elements in cementite confirms its paraequilibrium (PE) state with ferrite at the very early stage of tempering. The implications of these results are discussed in terms of the thermodynamic driving force for nucleation of the primary-strengthening, coherent M2C carbide phase. The ferrite-cementite PE condition reduces the carbon concentration in the ferrite matrix with a significant reduction of M2C driving force. The kinetics of dissolution of PE cementite and its transition to other intermediate states will also influence the kinetics of secondary hardening behavior in UHS steels.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Performance of fall and winter crops in a no tillage system in west Parana State. The long-term exploitation of natural resources by agricultural activities has resulted in the need for alternative measures to restore degraded soil. The cultivation of cover crops can generate great benefits for agricultural systems, enabling the exploitation of natural resources, including water, light and nutrients, as well as the recovery of degraded soils. This work aimed to assess the coverage rate, fresh mass and dry mass of cover crops from fall and winter as well as the floristic composition of the weeds. The work was conducted in field conditions in soil classified as eutroferric Red Oxisol in the region of the city of Palotina, Parana State, Brazil, using a random block experimental design with four replications. The treatments consisted of seven cover cultures: wild radish, linseed, triticale, rye, rapeseed, crambe, oats and fallow. The species with the highest coverage rates and fresh mass and dry mass values were wild radish, rapeseed and crambe. In the floristic and phytosociological data, the species with the highest incidence were Amaranthus retroflexus, Commelina benghalensis L., Brachiaria plantaginea and Gnaphalium spicatum.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "Laser Oscillating Welding of TC31 High-Temperature Titanium Alloy. The joining of high-temperature titanium alloy is attracting much attention in aerospace applications. However, the defects are easily formed during laser welding of titanium alloys, which weakens the joint mechanical properties. In this work, laser oscillating welding was applied to join TC31 high-temperature titanium alloy. The weld appearance, microstructure and mechanical properties of the laser welds were investigated. The results show that sound joints were formed by using laser oscillating welding method, and a large amount of martensite was presented in the welds. High mechanical properties were achieved, which was approaching to (or even equaled) the strength of the base material. The joints exhibited a tensile strength of up to 1200 +/- 10 MPa at room temperature and 638 +/- 6 MPa at 923 K. Laser oscillating welding is beneficial to the repression of porosity for welding high-temperature titanium alloy.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "The importance of resource allocation in administrative law. The Supreme Court's landmark decision in Massachusetts v. EPA, requiring the federal government to reconsider its refusal to regulate greenhouse gases as an air pollutant, is the most recent example of judicial review of an agency's decision not to take a regulatory action. Despite the importance of this type of judicial review, it has received little analysis by scholars, and the case law in the field is confused. Accordingly, there are serious questions about the nature and scope of judicial review of agency decisions not to act-with some scholars and leading judges calling for sharp limitations on this type of judicial review to protect \\\\'individual liberty.\\\\' This paper examines an alternative set of principles to guide judicial review of agency decisions not to regulate-a trade-off between judicial deference to agency decisions as to how to allocate their resources and judicial enforcement of clear congressional commands to agencies. This framework provides guidance for understanding how and why courts should be intervening in situations where agencies have refused to act. Moreover, the trade-off helps explain both varying levels of judicial deference outside the context of judicial review of agency inaction and why the Court has found some agency decisions reviewable and others unreviewable-including the Court's decision in Massachusetts v. EPA that agency refusals to regulate are reviewable. Finally, when courts strike the proper balance between judicial deference to agency resource allocation and enforcement of clear congressional commands they will be able to counteract public choice failures in the implementation of regulatory programs.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Kant and Schiller on duty and inclination. This article is an analysis of the discussion between Schiller and Kant about duty and inclination in Schiller's \\\\'On Grace and Dignity\\\\', Kant's \\\\'Religion Within the Limits of Reason Alone\\\\' and a letter of Schiller to Kant on this topic. The article shows that Schiller's and Kant's conceptions are essentially different. With Kant there could be no theoretical connection between duty and inclination for systematic reasons, whereas Schiller thought it was the case. But Kant and Schiller had great respect for each other; they did not consider their differences as important. Each tried to understand the other from the viewpoint of the latter's theories, and insisted principally on the agreements between their respective theories.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Anhedonia in schizophrenia: Deficits in both motivation and hedonic capacity. Anhedonia is one of the core negative symptoms of schizophrenia that affect the ultimate outcome of this disorder. It is unclear whether the motivational or the hedonic component of anhedonia is impaired in patients with schizophrenia. This study examined the deficits in motivation and hedonic capacity in patients with schizophrenia using an Effort-based pleasure experience task (E-pet). Twenty-two schizophrenia patients with prominent negative symptoms, 18 schizophrenia patients without prominent negative symptoms and 29 healthy controls participated in the present study. All of them were administered the E-pet task, which required the participants to make decisions on whether to choose a hard or easy task based on probability and reward magnitude. When making the grip effort allocation decision, schizophrenia patients with prominent negative symptoms were significantly less likely to choose a hard task than healthy controls. As the reward magnitude and the estimated reward value increased, unlike healthy controls, schizophrenia patients with prominent negative symptoms did not increase their hard task choices. They were also significantly less likely to choose a hard task than healthy controls in medium and high probability conditions. When anticipating potential rewards, these patients reported significantly less anticipatory pleasure than healthy controls, even when reward probability and magnitude increased. The pleasure experience rating after obtaining the actual reward was positively correlated with two pleasure experience scales in schizophrenia patients. In conclusion, patients with schizophrenia, especially those with prominent negative symptoms, showed deficits in both reward motivation and anticipatory pleasure experience. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Nutritional composition and sensory properties of 'poundmix' from yam, cocoyam, and breadfruit blends. Findings - The protein contents of poundmix samples were 5.6, 6.1 and 6.2 per cent for 30, 40 and 50 per cent composites, respectively, which is an increase from that of whole yam (4.8 per cent). Significant difference also existed between the starch content of the poundmix and that of the whole yam flour (p < 0.05). However, there is no significant difference in the overall acceptability of the poundmix samples and that of the whole yam flour at p < 0.05.Originality/value - The paper's findings show that supplementing poundo yam at 40 per cent composite level has the best nutritional composition and organoleptic scores and so it is recommended for both household and industrial practice.Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to develop poundmix for reconstitution, such as pounded yam, from yam, cocoyam and breadfruit blends and to evaluate their nutritional compositions.Design/methodology/approach - Pregelatinized flours of yam, cocoyam and breadfruit were prepared separately. Three coded samples of 30, 40 and 50 per cent composite blends of poundmix were formulated. The proximate composition, starch, vitamin C and mineral elements contents of the poundmix were determined and the results were subjected to statistical analysis.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Dynamic in situ imaging of semi-hard cheese microstructure under large-strain tensile deformation: Understanding structure-fracture relationships. Changes in the microstructure of semi-hard cheeses were observed in situ under tensile deformation by placing a microtensile stage directly under a confocal scanning laser microscope, and recording force/ displacement data simultaneously. On tensile deformation, detachment of fat globules and their subsequent release from the cheese matrix were observed, suggesting that they are weakly bonded to or entrapped within the cheese matrix. Moreover, an inherent micro-defect was observed at a curd granule junction within the cheese matrix, which fractured along the curd granule junction under tensile deformation, suggesting that such micro-defects could be a key to the formation of undesirable slits or cracks. Furthermore, the fracture behaviour of semi-hard cheese varied with ripening temperature, coagulant type, and inhibition of residual chymosin activity. Overall, this study demonstrated the potential of dynamic in situ imaging of cheese microstructure for developing a greater understanding of the breakdown behaviour of cheese matrices. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Nonrandom segregation of the mouse univalent X chromosome: Evidence of spindle-mediated meiotic drive. A fundamental principle of Mendelian inheritance is random segregation of alleles to progeny; however, examples of distorted transmission either of specific alleles or of whole chromosomes have been described in a variety of species. In humans and mice, a distortion in chromosome transmission is often associated with a chromosome abnormality. One such example is the fertile XO female mouse. A transmission distortion effect that results in an excess of XX over XO daughters among the progeny of XO females has been recognized for nearly four decades. Utilizing contemporary methodology that combines immuno-fluorescence, FISH, and three-dimensional confocal microscopy, we have readdressed the meiotic segregation behavior of the single X chromosome in oocytes from XO females produced on two different inbred backgrounds. Our studies demonstrate that segregation of the univalent X chromosome at the first meiotic division is nonrandom, with preferential retention of the X chromosome in the oocyte in similar to 60% of cells. We propose that this deviation from Mendelian expectations is facilitated by a spindle-mediated mechanism. This mechanism, which appears to be a general feature of the female meiotic process, has implications the frequency of nondisjunction in our species.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Investigation of neutronic performance of a peaceful nuclear explosive reactor (PACER) evaluating UF4 and ThF4 nuclides. In this study, neutronic behaviour of a peaceful nuclear explosion reactor (PACER) producing approx 1(.)2 GWe power from fusion explosions is analysed considering ThF4 and UF4 as fissile zones. UF4 and ThF4 are put in to the system adjacent to the inner-side of the flibe coolant zone positions (distance between explosive region and fuel zone, DR = 50, 100, 200, 400, 500 and 700 cm). Flibe percentages are taken to be 25, 50, 75 and 100%. It is found that optimum combinations of fissile zone thickness, coolant zone position and coolant percentages are 10 cm, 200 cm and 25% flibe for UF4 and 10 cm, 50 cm and 25% flibe for ThF4. The behaviour of fuels mentioned above has been observed over a period of 30 years at discrete time intervals, At 30 days. In the case of UF4, M values at DR = 200 cm reach 5(.)35, 5(.)22, 4(.)88, and 4(.)88 from 3(.)12, 2(.)98, 2(.)83 and 2(.)83, for 25,50,75, 100% flibe respectively. For ThF4 at DR = 50 cm, M values reach from 1(.)61, 1(.)54, 1(.)50 and 1(.)46 to 1(.)93, 2(.)00, 2(.)04 and 1(.)99 for 25, 50, 75, 100% flibe respectively. Cumulative fissile fuel breeding (CFFE) values reach up to 5(.)5 from 0(.)7 at DR = 200 and 25% case for UF4, and up to 6(.)36% from 0%, at DR = 50 and 25% flibe, for ThF4, at the end of the operation period.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Human population structure, genome autozygosity and human health. A major transition in human population structure is currently under way, moving from a historical metapopulation, comprising small and mainly rural endogamous communities, to large and increasingly panmictic urban populations. This process is predicted to increase outbreeding, and preliminary data from genomic surveys have helped to quantify the potential magnitude of the effects. Population genetic trends of this nature should result in a reduced burden of recessive disorders, and have a favourable impact on complex diseases influenced by partially recessive genetic variants of smaller effect. The overall outcome is expected to be beneficial for a range of traits associated with human health and disease that show dominance variance.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Clinical evaluation of a fully automated CMV PCR assay. Background: There is a growing need for sensitive high-throughput cytomegalovirus (CMV) PCR tests due to the increasing number of immunocompromised patients requiring monitoring for active CMV infection.Objectives: To compare the fully automated COBAS (R) AmpliPrep/COBAS (R) TaqMan (R) (CAP/CTM) CMV test (this test is currently under development and not commercially available) for EDTA-plasma to the reference method COBAS (R) AMPLICOR CMV MONITOR.Results: The new system has a wide linear range from 2.0 to 7.3 log(10) CMV-DNA copies/ml EDTA-plasma and a detection limit of 46 copies/ml with excellent accuracy and precision. Whentesting clinical samples, the CAP/CTM CMV test compared extremely well with the COBAS (R) AMPLICOR CMV MONITOR (R-2 = 0.93, p < 0.001) with increased sensitivity and linear range. Discrepant samples all contained low titers of CMV-DNA. In two of the study patients, CMV-DNAemia was detected by the CAP/CTM CMV test up to eight weeks earlier than by COBAS (R) AMPLICOR CMV MONITOR.Study design: A prospective feasibility study with parallel analysis of 433 EDTA-plasma samples from 277 patients on both systems was carried out after the analytical performance of the new system had been assessed.Conclusion: An IVD/CE marked version of the CAP/CTM CMV test will enable laboratories to provide a sensitive, fully automated high-throughput CMV PCR. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Comparison of weed communities in Manitoba ecoregions and crops. In 1997, a weed survey was conducted during July and August in fields of wheat, barley, oat, canola and flax in Manitoba. Field selection was based on a stratified-random sampling methodology using ecodistricts as strata. Species in the Poaceae family were most commonly observed in the survey, followed by species in the Polygonaceae, Asteraceae and Brassicaceae families. The six most abundant weed species were green foxtail [Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.], wild oats (Avena fatua L.), wild buckwheat (Polygonum convolvulus L.), Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense L.), red-root pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) and wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.). The survey highlighted significant differences between ecoregions and between crops in residual weed infestations. The weed community in the Boreal Transition ecoregion was dominated by seven species, whereas fields in the Aspen Parkland and Lake Manitoba Plain ecoregions were dominated by two species and the Interlake Plain ecoregion was dominated by only one species. Although significant differences were found between the weed communities in crops, they were not as great as differences between ecoregions. The Manitoba residual weed community in 1997 was very similar to that reported for 1978-1981 and 1986, suggesting that the same species should remain a focus for weed management.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Between-satellite single-difference integer ambiguity resolution in GPS/GNSS network solutions. In various GNSS applications with high requirements for precision, integer ambiguity resolution (IAR) is of great significance for taking full advantage of precise carrier-phase observations. Until now, there are two approaches to achieving IARin network solutions, i.e., to resolve double-difference (DD) integer ambiguities or to resolve zero-difference (ZD) integer ambiguities. In this paper, we will present an approach to resolving between-satellite single-difference (BSSD) integer ambiguities in network solutions. BSSD ambiguity fixing can be divided into two main steps: Firstly, WL satellite FCBs are estimated to help to fix WL BSSD ambiguities and then narrow-lane (NL) BSSD ambiguity resolution is performed in a bootstrapping mode: datum BSSD ambiguities are selected and compulsorily fixed to the nearest integers and then a standard sequential fixing procedure is employed for the remaining independent BSSD ambiguities. Network solutions with GPS data from about 130 stations were conducted to validate the proposed approach. Experimental results show that the quality of satellite orbits, station coordinates and satellite clocks obtained with the new approach was almost the same as that with the DD approach. It is also shown that the new approach enjoyed slightly higher fixing ratio for bothWL and NL ambiguities and was superior in computation efficiency, e.g., an improvement of 60% on average was achieved in this study. As demonstrated by experiments of precise point positioning (PPP) with 30-min data, satellite clocks achieved with the new approach have the ability to support IAR in PPP, just like those achieved with ZD IAR approach.", "label": [4, 35, 36]}
+{"token": "Liquid chromatography techniques for characterizing poly(vinyl alcohol). Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVOH) samples may contain several heterogeneities requiring the development of chromatographic techniques for characterization. Size exclusion separations have been carried out using a number of aqueous eluents, incorporating electrolyte, or electrolyte/organic modifier, or surfactant. The most favourable molecular size separation was obtained using 0.25% w/v sodium lauryl sulfate as eluent. Reasonable values for molecular weights of PVOH samples have been determined. Compositional distributions in copolymer systems can be assessed using high-performance liquid chromatography employing a reversed-phase separation mechanism. For poly(vinyl alcohol), gradient elution with water/tetrahydrofuran (THF) with a wide pore polystyrene-based packing produced separations dependent on degree of hydrolysis and sequence length distribution. The elution results were verified with a column packed with non-porous beads. Partially hydrolysed PVOH samples appeared to have a broad distribution of composition.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Ultrasonographic examination of tendons and tendon sheath between corpus and fetlock using SieScape((R)) and 3-D techniques. Ultrasound imaging has changed during the last years: It is now possible to show contiguous anatomical structures and threedimensional pictures of examined tissue. In this study, 54 examinations of tendon between corpus and fetlock joint or tendon sheath with the \\\\'Sonoline Elegra\\\\' B-Mode, SieScape (R) and 3-D Mode are compared to pictures produced with a standard portable ultrasound device. Picture quality and the amount of necessary scans were evaluated and statistically compared between the portable device, B-Mode of the Sonoline Elegra and SieScape (R) and 3-D-Mode of the Elegra device. Also, pictures of 3 cases, in which the new techniques were used are presented. Comparison showed that even in B-Mode the Sonoline Elegra was superior to the portable device due to higher resolution and the cine function. SieScape (R) pictures have the same high qualtity as the B-Mode pictures of the Sonoline \\\\'Elegra\\\\' but showed the entire tendon between corpus and fetlock in one picture (longitudinal section). 3-D Mode took about 25 seconds to generate, but allowed any section plane the examiner wanted for. In our clinic, a coronal section plane was established as a standard examination method. The SieScape (R) and the 3-D mode are highly suitable for the examination of tendons and tendons sheath between fetlock and corpus and allow a new way of presentation and diagnosis. The correct use of the new ultrasound techniques requires an experienced examiner and self-critical diagnosis. Due to the new impressions and higher resolution pictures the question is raised what clinical and prognostic significance minor and subtle findings, which could not be detected before, have.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Place and Space in the Song of Songs. The article investigates the role of space in the Song of Songs. Taking recent theoretical insights into spatiality (M. Foucault, E. Soja, H. Lefebvre) as a starting point for an exegesis of selected passages from Song of Songs (Cant 4,12-5,1; 6,2 f.) it is argued that by using the imagery of the garden and the vineyard, Song of Songs creates spaces that are in between the enclosed world of city and house and the wide-open countryside. Since the protagonists of the Song of Songs move and operate in all of these three spaces, binary opposites are only of a limited usefulness when explaining the structure of social and spatial relationships in the Song. The creation of alternative spaces beyond the public and private or town and countryside dichotomy enables the man and the woman of Song of Songs to contest and re-negotiate boundaries and cultural identity. In a further interpretative step the imagery of garden and vineyard is supplemented by comparative material from the Greek world.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Dynamics of kanuka (Kunzea ericoides) forest on south Kaipara spit, New Zealand, and the impact of fallow deer (Dama dama). Exclosure plots established in three separate areas of kanuka (Kunzea ericoides var. ericoides) forest on south Kaipara spit in 1983 to assess the impact of introduced fallow deer (Dama dama) were remeasured in 1993. Kanuka shared canopy dominance with mapou (Myrsine australis), houpara (Pseudopanax lessonii) and mahoe (Melicytus ramiflorus ssp. ramiflorus) in relatively old forest in Lookout Bush, Woodhill, and dominated exclusively in two younger stands at South Head; Coprosma rhamnoides dominated understories throughout. At Lookout Bush cohort senescence continued in kanuka and began in mapou and houpara during the period of the study. Seedling thickets of kanuka self-thinned and were also likely to have been smothered by other species. Massive recruitment of mahoe occurred inside the exclosure, and continued in houpara, mostly outside. Mahoe and another generation of houpara are replacing the existing canopy in the absence of deer, and another generation of kanuka and houpara elsewhere in a partially stalled succession; Canopies are still intact at South Head, and there were no major changes in populations of canopy species. However, similar successional pathways are likely to occur there in future.An influx of highly palatable shrubs, e.g., coastal karamu (Coprosoma macrocarpa) and hangehange (Geniostoma rupestre var. ligustrifolium), into collapsing forest in the absence of deer, and their scarcity or absence elsewhere, indicates continuing impoverishment of the understorey as well as the canopy by deer. In the long term it is likely that a variety of broadleaved trees will invade these stands and that tall semi-coastal forest, similar to extant relies on the dunes, will develop. In the meantime, the high conservation value of these stands suggests that a major reduction in the deer population - sufficient to allow natural successional changes to proceed unhindered - should be a conservation priority for the region.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Sustainable assessment revisited. Sustainable assessment has been proposed as an idea that focused on the contribution of assessment to learning beyond the timescale of a given course. It was identified as an assessment that meets the needs of the present in terms of the demands of formative and summative assessment, but which also prepares students to meet their own future learning needs. This paper reviews the value of such a notion for assessment; how it has been taken up over the past 15 years in higher education and why it might still be needed. It identifies how it has been a successful intervention in assessment discourse. It explores what more is needed to locate assessment as an intervention to focus on learning for the longer term. It shows how sustainable assessment can help bridge the gap between assessment and learning, and link to ideas such as self-regulation, students' making judgements about their own work and course-wide assessment.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Declining Clinical Course of Psychotic Disorders Over the Two Decades Following First Hospitalization: Evidence From the Suffolk County Mental Health Project. Conclusions: The authors found substantial symptom burden across disorders that increased with time and ultimately may undo initial treatment gains. Previous studies have suggested that better health care delivery models may preempt this decline. In the United States, these care needs are often not met, and addressing them is an urgent priority.Results: In the schizophreniagroup, mean GAF scores declined from 49 at month 6 to 36 at year 20. Negative and positive symptoms also worsened (Cohen's d values, 0.45-0.73). Among participants without schizophrenia, GAF scores were higher initially (a mean of approximately 64) but declined by 9 points over the follow-up period. Worsening began between years 5 and 8. Neither aging nor changes in antipsychotic treatment accounted for the declines. In all disorders, depression improved and manic symptoms remained low across the 20 years.Objective: Kraepelin considered declining course a hallmark of schizophrenia, but others have suggested that outcomes usually stabilize or improve after treatment initiation. The authors investigated this question in an epidemiologically defined cohort with psychotic disorders followed for 20 years after first hospitalization.Method: The Suffolk County Mental Health Project recruited first-admission patients with psychosis from all inpatient units of Suffolk County, New York (response rate, 72%). Participants were assessed in person six times over two decades; 373 completed the 20-year follow-up (68% of survivors); 175 had schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder. Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF), psychotic symptoms, and mood symptoms were rated at each assessment. Month 6, when nearly all participants were discharged from the index hospitalization, was used as a reference.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Potential yield loss in grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) with weed interference in the United States. Potential yield losses in grain sorghum due to weed interference based on quantitative data from the major grain sorghum-growing areas of the United States are reported by the WSSA Weed Loss Committee. Weed scientists and extension specialists who researched weed control in grain sorghum provided data on grain sorghum yield loss due to weed interference in their region. Data were requested from up to 10 individual experiments per calendar year over 10 yr between 2007 and 2016. Based on the summarized information, farmers in Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, South Dakota, and Texas would potentially lose an average of 37%, 38%, 30%, 56%, 61%, and 60% of their grain sorghum yield with no weed control, and have a corresponding annual monetary loss of US $19 million, 302 million, 7 million, 32 million, 25 million, and 314 million, respectively. The overall average yield loss due to weed interference was estimated to be 47% for this grain sorghum-growing region. Thus, US farmers would lose approximately 5,700 million kg of grain sorghum valued at approximately US $953 million annually if weeds are not controlled. With each dollar invested in weed management (based on estimated weed control cost of US $100 ha(-1)), there would be a return of US $3.80, highlighting the return on investment in weed management and the importance of continued weed science research for sustaining high grain sorghum yield and profitability in the United States.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "STITCHING ERROR ANALYSIS IN AN ELECTRON-BEAM LITHOGRAPHY SYSTEM - COLUMN VIBRATION EFFECT. The column vibration effects on field stitching accuracy in an electron beam lithography system are investigated. Field stitching error analysis shows that beam placement error caused by column vibration is about 0.04 mum. This corresponds to 80% of the required accuracy for 0.3-mum ULSIs. In this study, the relation between column vibration and field stitching accuracy is clarified using modal analyses by measurement of column acceleration and by computer simulation. Based on these analyses, a new anti-vibration system was designed. As a result, stitching error due to column vibration is reduced to less than 0.01 mum, and field stitching accuracy of 0.05 mum (\\\\\\\\Mean\\\\\\\\ +3sigma) is achieved. In the next-generation, quantitative understanding of disturbance effects such as vibration will be the most critical issue in designing more accurate electron beam lithography systems.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Human capital inequality, life expectancy and economic growth. This article presents a model in which inequality affects per capita income when individuals decide to invest in education taking into account their life expectancy, which depends to a large extent on the human capital of their parents. Our results show the existence of multiple steady states depending on the initial distribution of education. The low steady state is a poverty trap in which children raised in poor families have low life expectancy and work as non-educated workers. The empirical evidence suggests that the life expectancy mechanism explains a major part of the relationship between inequality and human capital accumulation.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Federal Criminal Careers: an Empirical Examination of the Post-Conviction Risk Assessment (PCRA). The criminal career paradigm is a major research area but has largely overlooked federal offenders and federal data. Drawing on a population of federal supervised release clients in the Midwestern United States, the current study examined the predictive validity of the federal Post-Conviction Risk Assessment (PCRA) and its subscales for their association with six parameters of the criminal career. Poisson, negative binomial, and logistic regression models showed that PCRA Risk was significantly associated with annual offending rate (lambda), chronicity, prison misconduct, noncompliance on supervised release, having a warrant requested on supervised release, and career criminal status. Various PCRA subscales also were significantly associated with criminal career outcomes especially for current community supervision outcomes. These effects withstood confounding effects for age, sex, race, age of arrest onset, federal criminal history rank, and total prison exposure. The study supported basic criminal career findings using federal data and showed that a standard risk assessment actuarial in the federal system has utility as an indicator of the criminal career.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Role of mammalian Rad54 in telomere length maintenance. The homologous recombination (HR) DNA repair pathway participates in telomere length maintenance in yeast but its putative role at mammalian telomeres is unknown. Mammalian Rad54 is part of the HR machinery, and Rad54-deficient mice show a reduced HR capability. Here, we show that Rad54-deficient mice also show significantly shorter telomeres than wild-type controls, indicating that Rad54 activity plays an essential role in telomere length maintenance in mammals. Rad54 deficiency also resulted in an increased frequency of end-to-end chromosome fusions involving telomeres compared to the controls, suggesting a putative role of Rad54 in telomere capping. Finally, the study of mice doubly deficient for Rad54 and DNA-PKcs showed that telomere fusions due to DNA-PKcs deficiency were not rescued in the absence of Rad54, suggesting that they are not mediated by Rad54 activity.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Gel properties of salty liquid whole egg as affected by preheat treatment. Heat treatment is an indispensable processing step of seasoned liquid egg. The effects of preheat treatment (60-75 degrees C) on gel properties of liquid whole egg (LWE) at different NaCl concentrations (0-3%, w/w) were investigated to provide guidance for the production of salty LWE. Results showed that LWE exhibited higher particle size after heating, with coincidental increases in surface hydrophobicity and decreases in protein solubility. While LWE with NaCl added exhibited increase in protein solubility and decrease in particle size of aggregates. Electrophoresis and optical microscopy showed that NaCl would induce the transformation of egg granules from insoluble form to soluble form, inhibiting the aggregation of LWE proteins during preheat treatment, reflected by the reduced particle size. The analysis of gel aggregated force and texture indicated that NaCl addition and preheat treatment can improve gelling properties of LWE synergistically by strengthening the hydrophobic interaction and hydrogen bonds.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Tractive performance of a mechanical front-wheel assist tractor as related to forward speeds. A mechanical front-wheel assist tractor was instrumented to investigate the effects of tractor forward speed on the dynamic traction ratio, tractive efficiency and the ratio of axle load to axle input power. The tractor was tested at three operating speeds and under two distinct tractive soil surfaces: a stubble field and a disc ploughed field. Analysis of the results showed that with no change in the primary tractor mass, and by selecting the appropriate highest gear ratio, a tractor can be operated at its optimal tractive performances, and at the same time, higher work efficiency may be achieved. This study indicates that the ratio of dynamic load to input axle power varies according to speed and drawbar pull and does not reflect the ratio of tractor static load to rated p.t.o. power. The reported field data are mainly applied to high draft implements that use full tractor power. (C) 2000 Silsoe Research Institute.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Seasonality of birth in schizophrenia: The effect of regional population density. It has been suggested that winter birth in urban areas may be associated with an increased risk. of schizophrenia. Data on 4139 patients with a hospital diagnosis of schizophrenia were obtained from a survey of public departments of psychiatry in metropolitan France. Place of birth was classified according to the administrative subdivision of French territory into 95 'departements'. Density of population in the decade and in the departement of birth was identified using successive census data. A 20% excess (OR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.03-1.40; p=0.02) of winter births (January-March) was found among patients born in highly densely populated areas (>136 inhabitants/km(2)) compared to those born in other areas. These results suggest that seasonal early environmental risk factor(s) linked to schizophrenia predominantly operate in urban areas.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "INFLUENCE OF STIMULATION PARAMETERS ON THE RELEASE OF ADENOSINE, LACTATE AND CO-2 FROM CONTRACTING DOG GRACILIS MUSCLE. 2. Venous adenosine concentration increased from 154 +/- 33 nm (mean +/- S.E.M.) to 279 +/- 121 or 280 +/- 125 nm after 10 min of 1.5 or 3 Hz twitch contractions and to 240 +/- 120 or 276 +/- 139 nm after 10 min of 1 or 5 s tetani occurring at 0.1 Hz. Twitch contractions at 0.1 or 0.5 Hz for 10 min did not significantly elevate venous adenosine.1. The addition of adenosine, CO2 and lactate to the venous blood draining an isolated constant-flow perfused gracilis muscle was studied in anaesthetized and artificially ventilated dogs during twitch and tetanic contractions.3. Venous lactate concentration was significantly increased after 10 min of 1.5 or 3 Hz twitches or 5 s tetani at 0.1 Hz. There was a good correlation (r = 0.70; P < 0.001) between venous adenosine and lactate concentrations.4. Venous partial pressure of CO2 (P(CO2)) was significantly elevated after 10 min of 1.5 or 3 Hz twitch contractions or 1 or 5 s tetani at 0.1 Hz. There was also a good correlation (r = 0.58; P < 0.001) between venous adenosine concentration and P(CO2).5. Venous partial pressure of O2 (P(O2)) decreased during all contractions except those at 0.1 Hz, but the oxygen cost per unit of tension x time was similar during every pattern of stimulation, and the percentage of the total energy production achieved by anaerobic means during muscle contractions did not exceed that at rest, indicating that there had been no limitation to the oxygen supply. Venous P(O2) was poorly correlated with venous adenosine concentration (r = 0.28), but quite well correlated with venous lactate concentration (r = 0.53; P < 0.001). If the indirect influence of P(O2) on venous adenosine concentration via an increase in lactate concentration was eliminated by partial correlation, then the coefficient for the relationship between venous adenosine concentration and venous P(O2) became 0.15.6. There was a significant correlation between the venous adenosine concentration and the venous pH (r = 0.53; P < 0.001). If the influence of oxygenation on venous adenosine and pH was eliminated by partial correlation, the coefficient for the relationship between venous adenosine and pH increased to 0.95.7. These data support a role for pH in the control of adenosine release from skeletal muscle, and confirm that the amounts of lactate released during muscle contractions were large enough to have caused the adenosine release. Adenosine output did not appear to be directly related to muscle oxygenation, but an indirect association whereby oxygen lack stimulated lactate production, and lactate in turn stimulated adenosine production remains possible.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "Subtitling and intercultural transference: research and teaching practice. In this article we present a research on the translation of cultural references for subtitling between the Spanish and Portuguese languages and cultures. The goal is to identify preferred translation techniques and to detect translation norms in the corpus. Simultaneously, we reflect on the didactic application of this kind of researches in teaching and learning subtitling translation. In this context, students must achieve a good command of the cultural or extralinguistic competence.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Multi-ancestry genome-wide association analyses identify novel genetic mechanisms in rheumatoid arthritis. Multi-ancestry genome-wide association analyses identify 124 risk loci for rheumatoid arthritis, of which 34 are novel. A polygenic risk score based on multi-ancestry data showed comparable performance between populations of European and East Asian ancestries.Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a highly heritable complex disease with unknown etiology. Multi-ancestry genetic research of RA promises to improve power to detect genetic signals, fine-mapping resolution and performances of polygenic risk scores (PRS). Here, we present a large-scale genome-wide association study (GWAS) of RA, which includes 276,020 samples from five ancestral groups. We conducted a multi-ancestry meta-analysis and identified 124 loci (P < 5 x 10(-8)), of which 34 are novel. Candidate genes at the novel loci suggest essential roles of the immune system (for example, TNIP2 and TNFRSF11A) and joint tissues (for example, WISP1) in RA etiology. Multi-ancestry fine-mapping identified putatively causal variants with biological insights (for example, LEF1). Moreover, PRS based on multi-ancestry GWAS outperformed PRS based on single-ancestry GWAS and had comparable performance between populations of European and East Asian ancestries. Our study provides several insights into the etiology of RA and improves the genetic predictability of RA.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Inception rates of deliberate self-harm among adolescents in West London. Aims: We set out to study the rates of adolescent self-harm over a calendar year in Ealing - part of West London.Methods: All cases of deliberate self-harm presenting to the A&E department and paediatrics were identified and socio-cultural factors studied. Ethnicity was obtained using self-ascription.Results: A total of 76 cases were identified over one year. Using the at risk population as denominator, no differences in inception rates were noted according to ethnicity. Overdoses were the commonest method used for deliberate self-harm.Background: Studies have suggested that inception rates of deliberate self-harm among different ethnic group adolescents are broadly similar.Conclusions: The similarities between the Asian and white adolescents suggest that some common aetiological factors may be at play. The risk factors may be related to gender rather than ethnicity in this age group.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "A micromechanics-based strain gradient damage model for fracture prediction of brittle materials - Part II: Damage modeling and numerical simulations. In this paper, we established a strain-gradient damage model based on microcrack analysis for brittle materials. In order to construct a damage-evolution law including the strain-gradient effect, we proposed a resistance curve for microcrack growth before damage localization. By introducing this resistance curve into the strain-gradient constitutive law established in the first part of this work (Li, 2011), we obtained an energy potential that is capable to describe the evolution of damage during the loading. This damage model was furthermore implemented into a finite element code. By using this numerical tool, we carried out detailed numerical simulations on different specimens in order to assess the fracture process in brittle materials. The numerical results were compared with previous experimental results. From these studies, we can conclude that the strain gradient plays an important role in predicting fractures due to singular or non-singular stress concentrations and in assessing the size effect observed in experimental studies. Moreover, the self-regularization characteristic of the present damage model makes the numerical simulations insensitive to finite-element meshing. We believe that it can be utilized in fracture predictions for brittle or quasi-brittle materials in engineering applications. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "Effects of manganese on soybean growth in a cerrado soil of Triangulo Mineiro, MG, Brazil. Manganese deficiency in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill) and in other crops could be due to its low levels in the soil, or to its unavailability induced by liming. The objective of this research was to verify the soybean mineral composition in relation to Mn availability. An experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, using soil from Patrocinio, MG, Brazil, where the cultivated coffee shows symptoms of Mn deficiency. Mn was applied at the rates of zero, 10, 50 and 100 mg kg(-1) with an additional treatment of 0.6% of foliar applied Mn and two rates of lime, namely: zero and 2.7 t ha(-1). Mn concentration in the plant tissue was increased with the rate of lime application; liming, however, caused a Mn reduction. It must be pointed out that the lowest Mn level in the leaves was 84 mg kg(-1), at the zero rate of Mn with lime. Mn ratio caused an increase both in dry matter and grain yield either in the presence and absence of lime. Liming did not induce any symptom of Mn deficiency in the leaves. Leaf applied Mn was efficient to raise and maintain soybean yield.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Edge effects as the principal cause of area effects on birds in fragmented secondary forest. Bird communities in tropical forests are strongly affected by both patch area and habitat edges. The fact that both effects are intrinsically confounded in space raises questions about how these two widely reported ecological patterns interact, and whether they are independent or simply different spatial manifestations of the same phenomenon. Moreover, do small patches of secondary forest, in landscapes where the most sensitive species have gone locally extinct, exhibit similar patterns to those previously observed in fragmented and continuous primary forests? We addressed these questions by testing edge-related differences in vegetation structure and bird community composition at 31 sites in fragmented and continuous landscapes in the imperilled Atlantic forest of Brazil. Over a two-year period, birds were captured with mist nets to a standardized effort of 680 net-hours at each site (similar to 22 000 net-hours resulting in 3381 captures from 114 species). We found that the bird community in patches of secondary forest was degraded in species composition compared to primary continuous forest, but still exhibited a strong response to edge effects. In fragmented secondary forests, edge and area effects also interacted, such that the magnitude of edge to interior differences on bird community composition declined markedly with patch size. The change in bird species composition between forest interiors and edges was similar to the change in community composition between large and small patches (because species had congruent responses to edge and area), but after controlling for edge effects community composition was no longer affected by patch area. Our results show that although secondary forests hold an impoverished bird community, ecological patterns such as area and edge effects are similar to those reported for primary forests. Our data provide further evidence that edge effects are the main drivers of area effects in fragmented landscapes.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Financial Development and the Effects of Capital Controls. This paper examines how the 1990s capital account liberalization policy trend affected international capital flows, and tests a new hypothesis that the depth and efficiency of the domestic financial system impacts the efficacy of capital account policy. The paper exploits a recently published IMF database on financial development that spans the period 1980-2014 and includes both developing and developed countries. The results confirm that policy on average does not have a statistically significant effect on accumulated gross capital flows, when controlling for other factors. I also find little effect on flows disaggregated by type and direction. However, interacting capital account policy and financial development, I do find that for financially developed countries, policy has the expected effect -policy openness leads to capital flows. Finally, I provide evidence that the impact of policy on a country's share of global flows is also influenced by its level of financial development. These results are robust to using two alternative de jure policy measures. The implication is that the effectiveness of capital account liberalization requires developing the domestic financial system.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Keratoconus associated with Williams-Beuren syndrome: First case reports. Methods: KC and WBS is described for two cases. Risk factors for KC were investigated by interviewing parents, and WBS was confirmed by fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH). Histological analysis with Orcein (coloring specific to elastin) on the receiver corneal button of patient 1 was carried out.Conclusion: This report highlights the first cases of this association. Further histological and cytogenetic investigation on the deletion should be interesting in order to argue a possible physiopathological or genomic link.Purpose: To report two memorable clinical comorbid cases of Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS) associated with keratoconus (KC). WBS is known to be an abnormal systemic development caused by a microdeletion of contiguous genes in chromosome 7q11.23, which includes the elastin gene. KC is currently suspected to have a genetic origin but the responsible gene has not been clearly identified.Results: Because of the rarity of both pathologies and the absence of other risk factors for developing keratoconus, we considered a possible genetic link. The association had never been reported in the literature. The first histological investigation could not confirm the presence of abnormal elastin in the cornea, but another gene could be responsible.", "label": [2, 21, 19]}
+{"token": "Continuous presence of Th1 conditions is necessary for longer lasting tumor-specific CTL activity in stimulation cultures with PBL. The generation of tumor-associated, but self-antigen specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) response is possible by vaccination even in patients at the advanced stages of the disease. The in vivo expansion of such CTLs is now the most important objective of the immunotherapy. In human melanoma, we show here that MART-1(27-35)-Specific CTLs generated with purified CD8(+) cells survive and maintain their activity longer in culture than those CTLs generated by using total peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) taken either from patients or from normal donors. When PBL are grown under Th1 conditioning the quantity and quality of CTL with total PBL are comparable with that of the CTLs generated with purified CD8(+) cells. For patients either autologous melanoma tumor cells or MART-1(27-35) peptide pulsed autologous DC were used to generate CTL responses. For normal donors MART-1(27-35) peptide pulsed autologous DC were used. For both normal donors or patients, polarization of PBL with Th1 conditioning with interleukin (IL)-12 (250 U/ml) and anti IL-4 antibody 1 mu g/ml for 7 days before CTL generation, induced better and longer living CTL response and prevented the expansion of CD4(+) T cells that have downregulatory activity. We show that continuous presence of Th1 conditioning in cultures with total PBL generated significantly higher number of antigen-specific CTLs as detected by MART-1 HLA-A2 tetramer staining. The antigen specificity of such CTLs were determined by IFN-gamma secretion in response to target cells bearing the specific antigen. Our observations indicate that Th1 conditioning results in a longer lasting CTL response in vitro and points toward a newer approach for vaccine strategy. Human Immunology 66, 884-891 (2005). (c) American Society for Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics, 2005. Published by Elsevier Inc.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "Axial substitution of a precursor resulted in two high-energy copper(II) complexes with superior detonation performances. The design and synthesis of explosives with high performance, good thermal stability, and low sensitivity is an important subject for the development of energetic materials. Energetic complexes have recently emerged as a promising energetic material form. As one of the representatives, [Cu(Htztr)(2)(H2O)(2)](n) (H(2)tztr = 3-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-1H-triazole) was previously reported with good energetic performance, outstanding thermostability (T-dec = 345 degrees C) and low sensitivity to impact and friction stimuli. However, due to the existence of water molecules, its effective energy density is remarkably decreased, resulting in a diminished detonation performance. In order to further improve the detonation performance, using [Cu(Htztr)(2)(H2O)(2)] n as a precursor,{[Cu(Htztr)(H2O)]NO3}(n) (1) and [Cu(H(2)tztr)(2)(HCOO)(2)](n) (2) were synthesized by the axial substitution reaction with NO3- and HCOO-. The structures of 1 and 2 were characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Both of them exhibit high thermal stabilities and insensitivities to impact and friction. Moreover, the same DFT calculation methodology shows that the heat of detonation of 2 (3.5663 kcal g(-1)) is significantly higher than that of the precursor [Cu(Htztr)(2)(H2O)(2)](n) (2.1281 kcal g-1). Meanwhile, the empirical Kamlet-Jacobs equations were used to theoretically predict the detonation properties of the title complexes, and the results show that 1 and 2 have excellent detonation velocity (D) and detonation pressure (P).", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Pore-scale analyses of heterogeneity and representative elementary volume for unconventional shale rocks using statistical tools. A statistical technique for the pore-scale analyses of heterogeneity and representative elemental volume (REV) in unconventional shale rocks is hereby presented. First, core samples were obtained from shale formations. The images were scanned using microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) machine at 6.7 mu m resolution with voxels of 990 x 990 x 1000. These were then processed, digitised, thresholded, segmented and features captured using numerical algorithms. This allows the segmentation of each sample into four distinct morphological entities consisting of pores, organic matter, shale grains and minerals. In order to analyse the degree of heterogeneity, Eagle Ford parallel sample was further cropped into 96 subsamples. Descriptive statistical approach was then used to evaluate the existence of heterogeneity within the subsamples. Furthermore, the Eagle Ford parallel and perpendicular samples were analysed for volumetric entities representative of the petrophysical variable, porosity, using corner point cropping technique. The results of porosity REV for Eagle ford parallel and perpendicular indicated sample representation at 300 mu m voxel edge. Both pore volume distribution and descriptive statistical analyses suggested that a wide variation of heterogeneity exists at this scale of investigation. Furthermore, this experiment allows for adequate extraction of necessary information and structural parameters for pore-scale modelling and simulation. Additional studies focusing on re-evaluation at higher resolution are recommended.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35]}
+{"token": "Characterization of the Host Immune Response in Human Ganglia after Herpes Zoster. Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) causes varicella (chicken pox) and establishes latency in ganglia, from where it reactivates to cause herpes zoster (shingles), which is often followed by postherpetic neuralgia (PHN), causing severe neuropathic pain that can last for years after the rash. Despite the major impact of herpes zoster and PHN on quality of life, the nature and kinetics of the virus-immune cell interactions that result in ganglion damage have not been defined. We obtained rare material consisting of seven sensory ganglia from three donors who had suffered from herpes zoster between 1 and 4.5 months before death but who had not died from herpes zoster. We performed immunostaining to investigate the site of VZV infection and to phenotype immune cells in these ganglia. VZV antigen was localized almost exclusively to neurons, and in at least one case it persisted long after resolution of the rash. The large immune infiltrate consisted of noncytolytic CD8(+) T cells, with lesser numbers of CD4(+) T cells, B cells, NK cells, and macrophages and no dendritic cells. VZV antigen-positive neurons did not express detectable major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I, nor did CD8(+) T cells surround infected neurons, suggesting that mechanisms of immune control may not be dependent on direct contact. This is the first report defining the nature of the immune response in ganglia following herpes zoster and provides evidence for persistence of non-latency-associated viral antigen and inflammation beyond rash resolution.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Iron(III)-Selective Chelation-Enhanced Fluorescence Sensing for In Vivo Imaging Applications. A turn-on pattern Fe3+-selective fluorescent sensor was synthesized and characterized that showed high fluorescence discrimination of Fe3+ over Fe2+ and other tested ions. With a 62-fold fluorescence enhancement towards Fe3+, the probe was employed to detect Fe3+ in vivo in HeLa cells and Caenorhabditis elegans, and it was also successfully used to elucidate Fe3+ enrichment and exchange infected by innexin3 (Inx3) in hemichannel-closed Sf9 cells.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Dynamics of Exciton-Mn Energy Transfer in Mn-Doped CsPbCl3 Perovskite Nanocrystals. Recent success in Mn2+ ion doping in cesium lead halide (CsPbX3) nanocrystals opened the door to exploring new optical, magnetic and charge carrier transport properties mediated via exciton-dopant exchange coupling in this new family of semiconductor nanocrystals. Here, we studied the dynamics of energy transfer from exciton to Mn2+ ions in Mn-doped CsPbCl3 nanocrystals to gain an insight into the relative strength of exciton-Mn exchange coupling compared to more extensively studied Mn-doped II-VI quantum dots. The comparison of exciton-Mn energy transfer times in CsPbCl3 nanocrystals and CdS/ZnS core/shell quantum dots suggests that exciton-Mn exchange coupling in CsPbX3 is not far behind that of CdS/ZnS despite the lack of quantum confinement. With further progress in the synthesis of Mn-doped CsPbX3 nanocrystals, such as imposing quantum confinement and expanding the range of host chemical composition, one could fully benefit from many properties of CsPbX3 superior to those of other semiconductor nanocrystals for hosting magnetic dopants.", "label": [4, 1, 33, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "Parameterizations for quintic Eisenstein series. In his Lost Notebook. Ramanujan gave product expansions for a pair of weight two Eisenstein series of level five. We show that Ramanujan's formulas are special cases of more general parameterizations for quintic Eisenstein series. In particular, we prove that the Eisenstein series for the Hecke subgroup of level five are expressible as homogeneous polynomials in two parameters closely connected with the Rogers-Ramanujan functions. Moreover, the coefficients of each polynomial are symmetric in absolute value about the middle terms. Corresponding polynomial expansions for allied series, including Eisenstein series on the full modular group, are also derived. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Observing silicic magma transport in dykes at depths of 8-19 km: Evidences from crustal xenoliths and numerical modelling. The modelling results open the possibility to relate the range of observed xenoliths information (microstructures, size, distribution at the surface, P-T evolution) to their position in a transient thermal regime in the wall-rock of a magma conduit, and to the time spent immersed in magma. In addition, the effects of the modelled stress in the wall rock during magma ascent by the presence or absence of planar features in the xenoliths reveal that the stress patterns are independent of the dyke length and thickness. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Within the context of magma transport processes in a dyke, this paper integrates petrography and thermodynamic modelling together with fluid dynamics to model the melting of the wall rock in three magma dykes at crustal depths from 8 to 19 km. Using this combination we explore the interaction between thermal and mechanical processes during silicic magma ascent, and the implications for the relative abundance of different crustal xenoliths erupted at the surface. We utilize a two-dimensional thermal model of dacitic magma injection and flow in dykes of different thickness, lengths and depths and associated partial melting of the wall rock, and compare the results with field examples from the Neogene Volcanic Province, SE Spain.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Embedded image compression based on wavelet pixel classification and sorting. The method of modeling and ordering in wavelet domain is very important to design a successful algorithm of embedded image compression. In this paper, the modeling is limited to \\\\'pixel classification,\\\\' the relationship between wavelet pixels in significance coding. Similarly, the ordering is limited to \\\\'pixel sorting,\\\\' the coding order of wavelet pixels. We use pixel classification and sorting to provide a better understanding of previous works. The image pixels in wavelet domain are classified and sorted, either explicitly or implicitly, for embedded image compression. A new embedded image code is proposed based on a novel pixel classification and sorting (PCAS) scheme in wavelet domain. In PCAS, pixels to be coded are classified into several quantized contexts based on a large context template and sorted based on their estimated significance probabilities. The purpose of pixel classification is to exploit the intraband correlation in wavelet domain. Pixel sorting employs several fractional bit-plane coding passes to improve the rate-distortion performance. The proposed pixel classification and sorting technique is simple, yet effective, producing an embedded image code with excellent compression performance. In addition, our algorithm is able to provide either spatial or quality scalability with flexible complexity.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 37]}
+{"token": "ERp16, an endoplasmic reticulum-resident thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase - Biochemical properties and role in apoptosis induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress. We have characterized the properties and putative role of a mammalian thioredoxin-like protein, ERp16 (previously designated ERp18, ERp19, or hTLP19). The predicted amino acid sequence of the 172-residue human protein contains an NH2-terminal signal peptide, a thioredoxin-like domain with an active site motif (CGAC), and a COOH-terminal endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention sequence (EDEL). Analyses indicated that the mature protein (comprising 146 residues) is generated by cleavage of the 26-residue signal peptide and is localized in the lumen of the ER. Biochemical experiments with the recombinant mature protein revealed it to be a thioldisulfide oxidoreductase. Its redox potential was about -165 mV; its active site cysteine residue Cys(66) was nucleophilic with a pK(a) value of similar to 6.6; it catalyzed the formation, reduction, and isomerization of disulfide bonds, with the unusual CGAC active site motif being responsible for these activities; and it existed as a dimer and underwent a redox-dependent conformational change. The observations that the redox potential of ERp16 (-165 mV) was within the range of that of the ER (-135 to -185 mV) and that ERp16 catalyzed disulfide isomerization of scrambled ribonuclease A suggest a role for ERp16 in protein disulfide isomerization in the ER. Expression of ERp16 in HeLa cells inhibited the induction of apoptosis by agents that elicit ER stress, including brefeldin A, tunicamycin, and dithiothreitol. In contrast, expression of a catalytically inactive mutant of ERp16 potentiated such apoptosis, as did depletion of ERp16 by RNA interference. Our results suggest that ERp16 mediates disulfide bond formation in the ER and plays an important role in cellular defense against prolonged ER stress.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "The poling stability of teflon AF/non-linear optical polymer electret double-layer film. The Teflon AF/NLO polymer electret double-layer system was presented in order to improve the stability of preferential dipole orientation in the NLO polymer electret layer. The polarization stability of the samples poled by constant voltage corona charging was investigated by means of measuring the open-circuit thermally stimulated discharge current-temperature spectrum, the electrooptical coefficient and the isothermal surface potential decay. The results indicated that the stability of preferential dipole orientation of the NLO polymer layer could be improved in the double-layer film system, and the orientational relaxation rule could be described by the Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts stretched exponential function.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Phthalonitrile cure reaction with aromatic diamines. Phthalonitrile monomers can be polymerized thermally in the presence of small amounts of curing agents into thermosetting polymers. The thermosets exhibit outstanding thermo-oxidative stability, display good mechanical properties, and offer promise as matrices for composite applications. The phthalonitrile cure reaction is typically accomplished with an aromatic diamine, 1,3-bis(8-aminophenoxy) benzene (m-APB), added in the range of 1.5-2% by weight of the monomer in the melt phase. This article addresses the cure reaction with a sulfone-containing diamine, bis[4-(4-aminophenoxy)phenyl] sulfone (p -BAPS), which shows lower volatility as determined from thermogravimetric studies (TGA) compared to m-APB at the processing temperatures typically employed for phthalonitrile cures. Rheometric studies conducted to monitor the viscosity increase during a cure reaction suggest that the cure reaction with m-APB is faster compared to the reaction with B-BAPS. Even though differences are seen in the initial cure rates, the final cured products are similar in terms of the glass transition temperatures and thermal and oxidative stabilities. (C) 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Looking at agricultural innovation platforms through an innovation champion lens An analysis of three cases in West Africa. The concept of an innovation platform is increasingly used in interventions inspired by agricultural innovation systems thinking, as a way of bringing stakeholders from a sector together to enable transformative change. An essential role on such innovation platforms is thought to be that of the 'innovation champion', but this role has so far not been unravelled. In this paper, by applying insights from management science to analyse three innovation platforms in West Africa from the Convergence of Sciences - Strengthening Innovation Systems programme (CoS-SIS), different types of innovation champions are mapped. The authors conclude that making a distinction among different types of innovation champions can be useful in identifying members for innovation platforms, but that the specifics of agricultural innovation appear not to be adequately captured by roles attributed to existing categories of innovation champions. Further research is needed to ascertain whether other categories exist, and how different innovation champions interact over time on agricultural innovation platforms.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Attraction of Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae) to damaged and chemically induced potato plants. Unmated adult female Colorado potato beetles, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), were attracted to damaged and chemically treated potato plants in an olfactometer. Significantly more beetles moved upwind to potato plants with damage from larval Colorado potato beetle compared with undamaged plants. More beetles moved upwind toward potato plants treated with regurgitant from Colorado potato beetle larvae or cabbage looper larvae, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), compared with undamaged plants. Greater numbers of beetles moved upwind toward potato plants treated with N-(17-hydroxylinolenoyl)-L-glutamine (volicitin) or to plants treated with the plant hormone methyl jasmonate, compared with untreated plants. Mechanical injury to potato foliage did not increase beetle attraction when plants were tested 1 or 24 h after injury. These results indicate that volatile chemicals produced by the plant in response to stimuli from feeding larvae enhance the attractiveness of the plant to female Colorado potato beetles.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Three-Year Field Monitoring of Cry1F, Event DAS-empty set15empty set7-1, Maize Hybrids for Nontarget Arthropod Effects. Field studies were conducted over a 3-yr period to investigate the potential effects of cultivating transgenic maize hybrids containing a Cry1F insect-resistant protein oil nontarget arthropod abundance. The narrow spectrum of activity of Cry1F against a subset of lepidopteran pest species would not suggest broad-spectrum effects on nontarget arthropods. However, because of the insecticidal nature of Bt proteins, an alternate hypothesis is that some nontargets may be affected by exposure to the protein. To examine this hypothesis at the field level, monitoring for nontarget organism abundance was initiated at four locations across the U.S. Corn Belt from 2004 through 2006. At each location, paired fields (approximate to 0.8 ha each) of commercial Cry1F maize hybrids and isogenic nontransgenic control hybrids were planted. Sampling methods used to monitor nontarget organisms included visual surveillance, sticky cards, pitfall traps, and litterbags, Data were analyzed using multivariate analyses to look for a general community level response to the treatments. Analysis of variance was conducted on individual taxa, to detect differences distinct from the primary community response. Community level analyses of the nontarget arthropod abundance showed no significant impact on community abundance when comparing Bt with non-Bt maize fields. Analyses of the individual taxa also showed no significant differences in abundance between Bt and non-Bt fields. Results of these studies confirm earlier laboratory testing and support the hypothesis that Cry1F maize does not produce adverse effects oil nontarget arthropods occurring in maize fields.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Cellular adhesiveness and cellulolytic capacity in Anaerolineae revealed by omics-based genome interpretation. Results: In further pursuit, five high-quality curated draft genomes (>98 % completeness) of this population, including two affiliated with the inaccessible lineage of SBR1031, were retrieved by sequence-based multi-dimensional coverage binning. Comparative genomic analyses revealed versatile genetic capabilities for carbohydrate-based fermentative lifestyle including key genes catalyzing cellulose hydrolysis in Anaerolinea phylotypes. However, the low transcriptional activities of carbohydrate-active genes (CAGs) excluded cellulolytic capability as the selective advantage for their prevalence in the community. Instead, a substantially active type VI pili (Tfp) assembly was observed. Expression of the tight adherence protein on the Tfp indicated its function for cellular attachment which was further testified to be more likely related to cell aggregation other than cellulose surface adhesion. Meanwhile, this Tfp structure was found not contributing to syntrophic methanogenesis. Members of the SBR1031 encoded key genes for acetogenic dehydrogenation that may allow ethanol to be used as a carbon source.Conclusion: The common prevalence of Anaerolineae in anaerobic digesters should be originated from advantageous cellular adhesiveness enabled by Tfp assembly other than its potential as cellulose degrader or anaerobic syntrophs.Background: The Anaerolineae lineage of Chloroflexi had been identified as one of the core microbial populations in anaerobic digesters; however, the ecological role of the Anaerolineae remains uncertain due to the scarcity of isolates and annotated genome sequences. Our previous metatranscriptional analysis revealed this prevalent population that showed minimum involvement in the main pathways of cellulose hydrolysis and subsequent methanogenesis in the thermophilic cellulose fermentative consortium (TCF).", "label": [2, 1, 18, 15]}
+{"token": "Phytosphingosine stimulates the differentiation of human keratinocytes and inhibits TPA-induced inflammatory epidermal hyperplasia in hairless mouse skin. The binding of sphingoid bases to peroxisome pro liferator-activated receptor (PPAR) has been detected in a solid-phase binding assay. However, sphingoid base-induced changes in PPAR transactivation activity have not been examined. In this report, we show by reporter gene analyses that phytosphingosine (PS), a natural sphingoid base, activates the transcriptional activity of PPARs in the immortalized human keratinocyte, HaCaT. Real-time PCR analyses showed that the mRNA level of PPAR gamma was increased after PS treatment in HaCaT cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Because PPARs play important roles in skin barrier homeostasis by regulating epidermal cell growth, terminal differentiation, and inflammatory response, we examined the effect of PS on normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs) and mouse skin. PS increased the production of cornified envelope in NHEKs by approximately 1.8-fold compared with controls. Epidermal differentiation marker proteins such as involucrin, loricrin, and keratin1 were also increased in PS-treated NHEKs, by ELISA or Western blotting analysis. A ((3) H)thymidine incorporation assay showed that PS inhibited DNA synthesis in NHEKs to 20% compared with controls. The antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory effects of PS were examined in a mouse model of irritant contact dermatitis produced by topical application of 12-O-tetradeconoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). PS blocked epidermal thickening and edema and the infiltration of inflammatory cells into the dermis in the skin of TPA-treated hairless mice. The anti-inflammatory effects of PS were confirmed by the observation that PS blocked the TPA-induced generation of prostaglandin E2 in peripheral mononuclear leukocytes. Taken together, our results provide an insight into the multiple regulatory roles of PS in epidermal homeostasis, and furthermore point to the potential use of PS as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of inflammatory and proliferative cutaneous diseases.", "label": [2, 4, 17, 39]}
+{"token": "Hazelnut tolerance to basal-directed applications of clopyralid and quinclorac. Field studies were conducted to determine hazelnut tolerance to quinclorac and clopyralid and control efficacy of Canada thistle and field bindweed at three commercial orchards in western Oregon. Hazelnut cultivars evaluated included 'Jefferson', 'Wepster', and 'McDonald'. Clopyralid at 278, 547, and 1,090 g ae ha(-1), and quinclorac at 420, 840, and 1,680 g ai ha(-1) were applied once a year as basal-directed applications to trees that were 1, 2, and 5 yr old. Treatments were imposed in the early spring of 2019 and reapplied in 2020. In both years, treatments covered hazelnut suckers. Hazelnut injury from clopyralid and quinclorac was consistently between 0% and 13% and not different from nontreated control plants (P > 0.05) between 14 d and 455 d after initial treatment. Similarly, there was no treatment effect on plant canopy index, leaf chlorophyll content, trunk cross-sectional area, internode length, or yield among treatments, even at the highest rates of clopyralid and quinclorac. In separate efficacy studies, clopyralid (278 g ae ha(-1)) resulted in 68% Canada thistle control and did not differ when clopyralid was mixed with carfentrazone (278 + 35 g ai ha(-1)) or glufosinate (278 + 1,148 g ai ha(-1)). Clopyralid-containing herbicide treatments suppressed field bindweed growth but did not kill plants even when mixed with carfentrazone or glufosinate. Quinclorac (420 g ha(-1)) alone provided 80% control of field bindweed and 93% and 98% control when combined with rimsulfuron (35 g ai ha(-1)) or carfentrazone (35 g ai ha(-1)), respectively. Still, all herbicide treatments resulted in similar field bindweed biomass. Results indicate that clopyralid and quinclorac are effective tools to help manage Canada thistle and field bindweed and that hazelnut can tolerate clopyralid and quinclorac at rates equivalent to 4-fold commercial-use rates not affecting plant growth and yield.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Adherence to treatment: Doctor vs patient perspective. It has been demonstrated over time that patients with haemoglobinopathies who exhibit a high level of compliance to proper therapy benefit not only from higher life expectancy but also from significantly better quality of life. The treatment of thalassaemia consists of blood transfusions and iron chelation therapy. Managing any complications due to iron overload, performing all necessary clinical and laboratory examinations and dealing effectively with psychological issues are also very important. Blood transfusion scheme must be designed by the treating physician according to the patient's clinical needs. Chelation therapy should be aimed at selecting the right medication and the right dose. Examinations should be as organized as possible, and the management of complications depends significantly on cooperation with experienced specialists in each respective field. Ultimately, effectiveness of treatment and patient's psychological well-being (acceptance of the disease and positive attitude) are the most decisive factors, as they seem to be connected to adherence through a mechanism of positive feedback. Hence, professional psychological support should be part of multidisciplinary care. Difference of point of view between doctor and patient can often be the reason behind misinterpretations or misunderstandings.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "The dynamics of Italian public debt: alternative paths for fiscal consolidation. This article analyses possible targets for the Italian debt-to-GDP ratio with a small macroeconomic model. The role of international macroeconomic variables such as the US GDP growth, prices of raw materials, EUR/USD exchange rate and European Central Bank (ECB) monetary policy stance and domestic policy instruments is analysed in the debt dynamics. We find that external conditions play a fundamental role for the Italian fiscal consolidation. To reach a target of 100% of debt-to-GDP ratio by 2020, a further growth-sustaining policy has to be implemented.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "On the method of expansion on a variable interval for non-stationary problems in continuum mechanics. The present paper is devoted to the development of the method for searching an approximate solution of non-stationary problems on a variable interval. This method was first proposed by L.I. Slepyan. Here, the field of its applicability has been expanded to systems of equations, including equations of both hyperbolic and parabolic type. We describe the procedure of such approach in detail on a number of classical partial differential equations and compare the obtained results with exact analytical solution. Also, we consider a dynamic non-coupled thermoelastic problem. The method of expansion on a variable interval allows us to estimate the material response to a thermal disturbance at a large distance from the source.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "Manifested in the flesh' (1Tm 3,16): Considerations on the transmission of the Christian message in the early Church. The theme of epiphany/vision unifies most religious and philosophical expressions in the early Greco-Roman world. The use of the expression \\\\'manifested in the flesh\\\\'(1Tm 3,16) in the Pastoral Letters indicatives of the efforts of early Christianity to dialogue with the culture and inculturate the content of the Christian faith in the Hellenistic environment Seeing the commitment to inculturated evangelization in the early Church constitutes an incentive and a provocation in view of an inculturated evangelization.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Italian Neo-Fascist Terrorism: A Comparative Perspective. Right-wing violence in Italy has displayed characteristics that set it apart from the violent operations of rightist groups active in the other Western democracies. In the Italian case the violence has been protracted, stretching from the immediate postwar period to our own time. For the most part, it has been aimed at Communists and other leftists rather than racial or ethnic minorities. And it has appeared in a variety of forms, ranging from street-corner brawling to terrorist bombing campaigns to schemes designed to achieve a coup d'etat. In addition to offering a detailed account of neo-Fascist violence in Italy over the past four decades, this study places the phenomenon in the general context of Italian politics and seeks to explain the violence by reference to the Cold War-based objectives of various anti-communist organizations.", "label": [5, 47, 49]}
+{"token": "Ferroelectric polarization-leakage current relation in high quality epitaxial Pb(Zr, Ti)O-3 films. Leakage current measurements were performed on epitaxial, single-crystal quality Pb(Zr,Ti)O-3 films with thicknesses in the 50-300 nm range. It was found that the voltage behavior of the leakage current has a minor dependence on thickness, which rules out the space-charge limited currents as main leakage source. Temperature-dependent measurements were performed to obtain more information on the transport mechanism through the metal-ferroelectric-metal (MFM) structure. The results are analyzed in the frame of interface-controlled Schottky emission. A surprisingly low value of only 0.12-0.13 eV was obtained for the potential barrier, which is much smaller than the reported value of 0.87 eV [I. Stolichnov , Appl. Phys. Lett. 75, 1790 (1999)]. The result is explained by the effect of the ferroelectric polarization on the potential barrier height. The low value of the effective Richardson constant, of the order of 10(-7)-10(-6) A/cm(2) K-2, suggests that the pure thermionic emission is not the adequate conduction mechanism for epitaxial MFM structures. The true mechanism might be interface-controlled injection, followed by a low mobility drift through the film volume.", "label": [4, 1, 32, 11]}
+{"token": "Analysis of hybrid polarization frequency domain spectrum characteristics of oil-paper insulation transformers. This paper utilizes a hybrid Debye model to accurately simulate the relaxation response process of the oil-paper insulation of a transformer to explore the application of frequency domain dielectric spectroscopy (FDS) in nondestructive diagnosis of the aging condition of oil-paper insulation. Via FDS test data, the model parameters can be identified, and the influence laws of FDS can be obtained through the variation of model parameters. To explore the effects of insulating paper moisture content, insulating paper layers, and test temperature on FDS characteristics, an FDS experimental platform is established. The results show that the hybrid Debye model can effectively reflect the relaxation response process of oil-paper insulation under different conditions, as well as that a physical relationship between the model parameters and oil-paper dielectric polarization exists. In addition, the parameters of the hybrid Debye model can be used as the characteristic quantities for the non-destructive evaluation of the oil-paper insulation state, providing new ideas for the non-destructive evaluation of the oil-paper insulation state.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Monte-Carlo simulations of atmospheric muon production: Implication of the past martian environment. In order to evaluate the obliquity-driven atmospheric-density path length effect on nuclide production rate on Mars, we performed a Monte-Carlo simulation to produce the number of secondary particles such as muons, neutrons and protons in the martian atmosphere and to simulate that production of Be-10 and Cl-36 in the martian regolith by muons and neutrons depends on how much atmosphere had been present for the past 10 million years. The vertical profile of the present martian atmosphere to generate secondary particles has been determined based on the data provided by the Viking missions. For other thickness profiles, we scaled Linsley's atmospheric model. Atmospheric shower has been generated with the SIBYLL 2.1 for high-energy hadronic interactions and EHSA for low energy photonuclear interactions. With increasing atmospheric thickness, more primary interactions occur in the atmosphere. Consequently the proton flux is reduced and the secondary cosmic ray flux, such as muons or energetic neutrons increases at surface. The result indicates that the muon production is more sensitive to obliquity-driven atmospheric variations than proton reduction. A thicker atmosphere would result in enhanced nuclide production at a place deeper than 5 m below the surface and the nuclides present in detectable concentrations. Application to the polar deposit is described. (C) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Beauty, Bath and Beyond: Framing Bathsheba as a Royal Fantasy in 2 Sam 11,1-5. This paper investigates the function of beauty in David and Bathsheba's encounter in 2 Sam 11,1-5. It argues that the female bather's pleasant appearance, rather than simply kindling king David's desire, focalizes the woman as sexually available (and vulnerable) and wraps the whole episode in a royal fantasy of shared intimacy. The focus on Bathsheba's beautiful bodyher wash, her motion towards the king, her self-sanctification and her pregnancyframes the episode in a very erotic way, suggesting adultery. It conceals the sexual violence committed by the king who sends, takes and sleeps with the woman. David's violent entitlement to Bathsheba reveals the beauty politics at play in his royal House.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Morphological and electrophysiological features of motor neurons and putative interneurons in the dorsal vagal complex of rats and mice. The dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) contains preganglionic motor neurons that control viscera along the subdiaphragmatic digestive tract, but may also contain neurons that do not project to the viscera. Neurons that expressed EGFP 60-72 h subsequent to PRV-152 inoculation of vagal terminals in the stomach wall were targeted for whole-cell patch-clamp recording and biocytin filling in transverse brainstem slices from rats and their quantitative morphological and electrophysiological characteristics were compared with uninfected cells. Over 90% of PRV-152 labeled neurons were also labeled subsequent to intraperitoneal injection of FluoroGold, indicating that most were preganglionic motor neurons. In reconstructed neurons with an identifiable axon trajectory, two cellular subtypes were distinguished. The axon projected ventrolaterally from the DMV in 44 of 49 cells and these were likely to be vagal motor neurons. Axons of other neurons ramified within the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) or DMV. These cells were smaller and otherwise morphologically distinct from putative motor neurons. Transgenic mice with GFP-expressing inhibitory neurons (i.e., GIN mice) were used to identify a GABAergic subset of DMV neurons. These neurons had locally ramifying axons and formed a morphologically distinct subset of DMV cells, which were similar in size and axon trajectory to GABAergic neurons in the NTS. Most neurons in the DMV therefore possess morphological features of motor neurons, but locally projecting cells and inhibitory neurons with distinct morphological features are also found within the DMV. These cells likely contribute to regulation of vagal function. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "A review of the monkeypox virus and a recent outbreak of skin rash disease in Nigeria. Since the eradication of smallpox approximately 39 years ago, monkeypox virus remains the most pathogenic poxvirus, being mainly restricted to Central and West Africa. Before 1970, there were no reports of human monkeypox in Nigeria, while between 1971 and 1978 there were three cases, with none having been reported thereafter. However, in September 2017, a case of contagious skin rash disease, typical of monkeypox, was observed in an 11-year-old boy from the southern part of the country and confirmed to be associated with the monkeypox virus. This large outbreak consisted of 262 suspected, 115 confirmed cases, and 7 mortalities across 26 states and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja. The aim of this manuscript is to provide an updated, comprehensive, and timely review of monkeypox, an important emerging infection in Nigeria. Monkeypox is now a major threat to global health security, requiring an urgent multidisciplinary approach involving veterinarians, physicians, virologists, and public health experts to fast-track the development of diagnostic assays, vaccines, antivirals, and other control strategies.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Parsing abnormal grain growth. Abnormal grain growth, the enlargement of a minority of grains in a polycrystal at the expense of the surrounding grains, occurs in both metallic and ceramic materials and can have a profound impact on their mechanical and electrical properties. Somewhat surprisingly then, there is little consensus as to which specific microstructural features provide a signature of abnormal growth. Indeed, some workers describe this phenomenon in terms of a bimodal grain size distribution, often without justification, while others focus on very few, elongated grains. Using specialty alumina (i.e., high-purity aluminum oxide with tailored impurity composition) as our prototype, we describe here a set of practical maps and metrics that are useful in quantifying various microstructural features that are associated with abnormal grain growth. These maps provide a visual \\\\'fingerprint\\\\' of abnormal growth, while the metrics permit the design of processing routes to obtain desired microstructures. We then present an application of correlation analysis that illustrates the efficacy of data analytics in quantifying which input (i.e., processing) variables exert the strongest influence on abnormal grain growth. Finally, we outline the use of this methodology to examine correlations among processing variables and the thermomechanical and kinetic properties of materials (e.g., strength, hardness, thermal conductivity, etc.). (c) 2015 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "OXIDATIVE MODIFICATION AND BREAKDOWN OF RIBULOSE-1,5-BISPHOSPHATE CARBOXYLASE OXYGENASE INDUCED IN EUGLENA-GRACILIS BY NITROGEN STARVATION. When photoheterotrophic Euglena gracilis Z Pringsheim was subjected to nitrogen (N)-deprivation, the abundant photosynthetic enzyme ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco, EC 4.1.1.39) was rapidly and selectively degraded. The breakdown began after a 4-h lag period and continued for a further 8 h at a steady rate. After 12 h of starvation, when the amount of Rubisco was reduced to 40%, the proteolysis of this enzyme slowed down while degradation of other proteins started at a similar pace. This resulted in a decline of culture growth, chloroplast disassembly - as witnessed by chlorophyll (Chl) loss and cell bleaching. Experiments with spectinomycin, an inhibitor of chloroplastic translation, indicated that there was an absolute increase in the rate of Rubisco degradation in the N-deprived culture as compared with control conditions, where no significant carboxylase breakdown was detected. Oxidative aggregation of Rubisco (as detected by non-reductive electrophoresis) and association of the enzyme to membranes increased with time of N-starvation. Fluorescent labeling of oxidized cysteine (Cys) residues with monobromobimane indicated a progressive oxidation of Cys throughout the first hours of N-deprivation. It is concluded that Rubisco acts as an N store in Euglena, being first oxidized, and then degraded, during N-starvation. The mobilization of Rubisco allows sustained cell growth and division, at almost the same rate as the control (non-starved) culture, during 12 h of N-deprivation. Afterwards, breakdown is extended to other photosynthetic structures and the whole chloroplast is dismantled while cell growth is greatly reduced.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Socio-Demographic Characteristics Associated with Cigarettes Smoking, Drug Abuse and Alcohol Drinking among Male Medical University Students in Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2014 among 425 male medical college students randomly selected with the proportional to size among different faculties in Isfahan and Kermanshah medical universities in Iran. A self-report written questionnaire was applied to collect data. Data were analyzed by the SPSS-20.Conclusions: Considering the high prevalence of substance abuse (especially smoking and alcohol drinking), it seems essential to design educational interventions to prevent substance abuse, paying attention to predictive factors mentioned above, among college students.Background: Substance abuse is one of the most complicated social problems. Understanding socio-demographic characteristics of those who abuse substances could help deal with this problem more efficiently. The main objective of this study was to determine socio-demographic characteristics associated with alcohol drinking, cigarettes smoking and drug abuse among a sample of male medical university students in Iran.Results: Mean age of the respondents was 19.9 yr (ranging from 18 to 22 yr). About 19.4%, 3.9%, and 10.1% of the respondents had a history of cigarette smoking, drug use, and alcohol drinking during the past three months, respectively. Logistic regression showed that mother's educational level, living place, economic status, and parents' divorce was the most influential predictive factors in substance abuse.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "MAP BASED MODELS IN NEURODYNAMICS. This tutorial reviews a new important class of mathematical phenomenological models of neural activity generated by iterative dynamical systems: the so-called map-based systems. We focus on 1-D and 2-D maps for the replication of many features of the neural activity of a single neuron. It was shown that such systems can reproduce the basic activity modes such as spiking, bursting, chaotic spiking-bursting, subthreshold oscillations, tonic and phasic spiking, normal excitability, etc. of the real biological neurons. We emphasize on the representation of chaotic spiking-bursting oscillations by chaotic attractors of 2-D models. We also explain the dynamical mechanism of formation of such attractors and transition from one mode to another. We briefly present some synchronization mehanisms of chaotic spiking-bursting activity for two coupled neurons described by 1-D maps.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "The role of interpreters in the conquest and acculturation of the Canary Archipelago. From the mid-fourteenth century to the end of the fifteenth, the kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula used the Canary Archipelago as a testing ground for their later conquests and colonization in the Americas. Numerous interpreters, among them many women, enabled communication between Europeans, indigenous islanders, and groups on the North African coast. The paper describes the linguistic context of their work and how it related to the successive stages of conquest and acculturation. Attempts are made to identify the interpreters, to explain how they learned their languages, to analyze the situations in which they participated and to assess the philosophical precepts that may initially have guided their training. These factors are used to group the interpreters into various categories.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "FAMILY WITH 22-DERIVED MARKER CHROMOSOME AND LATE-ONSET DEMENTIA OF THE ALZHEIMER-TYPE .2. FURTHER CYTOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE MARKER AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE HIGH-LEVEL REPEAT SEQUENCES USING FLUORESCENCE IN-SITU HYBRIDIZATION. G-banding and morphology of the marker's q arm were typically normal. However, the p + arm had a terminal cytological satellite and a GT-positive region at the midpoint. Standard C-banding documented 2 C-positive regions: one was associated with the primary centromere; the other, which was at the midpoint of the p arm, was not associated with a constriction. With replication-banding, there was a darkly staining region in the middle of the p + arm that resembled the pericentromeric region of a chromosome 21 or 22. Fluorescence in situ hybridization with pXlr 101, a probe recognizing the full repeating unit of rDNA, indicated that the marker had an unusually large rDNA region; with pU 1.2, a probe recognizing the human rDNA promoter, the signal was a doublet. The marker had 2 signals with a beta-satellite probe, and a second signal in addition to that present at the primary centromere under low stringency with alpha-satellite probes and a classic satellite probe. Immunostaining of chromosome spreads after R-banding and ultraviolet (UV) denaturation showed that the major portion of the marker's p arm was highly methylated. (C) 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.We have further characterized an unusual 22p + marker chromosome with a double nucleolus organizer region (dNOR) previously identified in a family with late-onset dementia of the Alzheimer type.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Identification and genetic characterization of an isolate of bovine adenovirus 7 from the United States, a putative member of a new species in the genus Atadenovirus. The bovine adenovirus 7 (BAdV-7) isolate SD18-74 was recovered from lung tissue of calves in South Dakota. The 30,043-nucleotide (nt) genome has the typical organization of Atadenovirus genus members. The sequence shares over 99% nt sequence identity with two Japanese BAdV-7 sequences, followed by 74.9% nt sequence identity with the ovine adenovirus 7 strain OAV287, a member of the species Ovine atadenovirus D. SD18-74 was amplified in both bovine and ovine primary nasal turbinate cells, demonstrating greater fitness in bovine cells. The genomic and biological characteristics of BAdV-7 SD18-74 support the inclusion of the members of the BAdV-7 group in a new species in the genus Atadenovirus.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Detection of endoplasmic reticulum stress and the unfolded protein response in naturally-occurring endocrinopathic equine laminitis. BackgroundLaminitis is often associated with endocrinopathies that cause hyperinsulinemia and is also induced experimentally by hyperinsulinemia, suggesting that insulin initiates laminitis pathogenesis. Hyperinsulinemia is expected to activate pro-growth and anabolic signaling pathways. We hypothesize that chronic over-stimulation of these pathways in lamellar tissue results in endoplasmic reticulum stress, contributing to tissue pathology, as it does in human metabolic diseases. We tested this hypothesis by asking whether lamellar tissue from horses with naturally-occurring endocrinopathic laminitis showed expression of protein markers of endoplasmic reticulum stress.ResultsThree markers of endoplasmic reticulum stress, spliced XBP1, Grp78/BiP and Grp94, were upregulated 2.5-9.5 fold in lamellar tissues of moderately to severely laminitic front limbs (n=12) compared to levels in controls (n=6-7) measured by immunoblotting and densitometry. Comparing expression levels between laminitic front limbs and less affected hind limbs from the same horses (paired samples from 7 to 8 individual horses) demonstrated significantly higher expression for both spliced XBP1 and Grp78/BiP in the laminitic front limbs, and a similar trend for Grp94. Expression levels of the 3 markers were minimal in all samples of the control (n=6-7) or hind limb groups (n=7-8). Immunofluorescent localizations were used to identify cell types expressing high levels of Grp78/BiP, as an indicator of endoplasmic reticulum stress. Grp78/BiP expression was highly elevated in suprabasal epidermal keratinocytes and only observed in laminitic front limbs (10/12 laminitic samples, compared to 0/7 in sections from the hind limbs and 0/5 of controls).ConclusionsThese data demonstrate that the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway is active in naturally occurring cases of laminitis and is most active within a subset of epidermal keratinocytes. These data provide the rationale for further study of endoplasmic reticulum stress in experimental models of laminitis and the links between laminitis and human diseases sharing activation of this stress pathway. Pharmacological options to manipulate the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway under investigation for human disease could be applicable to laminitis treatment and prevention should this pathway prove to be a driver of disease progression.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "How have Covid-19-related changes to tuition modes impacted face-to-face initial teacher education students?. In Semester 1 of the 2020 academic year, face-to-face higher education students in many institutions were instructed to not attend classes or lectures on campus soon after the semester commenced, due to precautions put in place to limit the spread of Covid-19 in institutions across Australia. To sustain education and course progression, students were rapidly transitioned to learning-platforms, and synchronous or asynchronous online instruction. Although this action was needed to help ensure undisrupted learning, little consideration was given to the impact this would have on the students who had chosen to study in the face-to-face mode. The instrumental case study reported in this paper sought to capture the lived experiences of students enrolled in initial teacher education (ITE) programs in mathematics, science, and technology (STEM) units in on-campus, face-to-face mode as they moved to emergency fully online instruction. An initial online survey, constructed in Qualtrics and using a 4-point Likert scale, was sent to these students in Semester 2, and this was followed by semi- structured interviews with those who indicated their willingness to participate. Thirty-two students participated in the survey and 11 in the interviews, and these data were examined through the lens of self-determination theory. The majority of participants preferred the face-to-face mode, yet some were surprised about the affordances of fully online. Although the respondent group was small, the insights gained are of interest to educators in higher education and have the potential to inform new ways of designing and delivering authentic and engaging online and blended learning in these programs.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "A low-jitter PLL clock generator for microprocessors with lock range of 340-612 MHz. A fully integrated, phase-locked loop (PLL) clock generator/phase aligner for the POWER3 microprocessor has been designed using a 2.5-V, 0.40-mu m digital CMOS6S process. The PLL design supports multiple integer and noninteger frequency multiplication factors for both the processor clock and an L2 cache clock. The fully differential delay-interpolating voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) is tunable over a frequency range determined by programmable frequency limit settings, enhancing yield and application flexibility. PLL lock range for the maximum VCO frequency range settings is 340-612 MHz, The charge-pump current is programmable for additional control of the PLL loop dynamics, A differential on-chip loop filter with common-mode correction improves noise rejection. Cycle-cycle jitter measurements with the microprocessor actively executing instructions were 10.0 ps rms, 80 ps peak to peak (P-P) measured from the clock tree. Cycle-cycle jitter measured for the processor in a reset stale with the clock tree active was 8.4 ps rms, 62 ps P-P. PLL area is 1040 x 640 mu m(2). Power dissipation is <100 mW.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "The role of litigation in multilevel climate change governance: Possibilities for a lower carbon future?. As the international community continues to struggle to address the problem of climate change, an increasing number of lawsuits at international, national, and sub-national levels have explored mitigation and adaptation concerns. Drawing from the comparative experiences of the United States and Australia in responding to climate change, this article provides a novel model for understanding the direct and indirect regulatory pathways that litigation provides in common law jurisdictions. This model and its application help to illuminate the role of litigation in multilevel climate change governance.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Sexual Dimorphism in the Early Embryogenesis of the Chicken (Gallus Gallus domesticus). Studies of dioecious animals suggest that sex-specific development occurs from the onset of embryogenesis. This must be accounted for when addressing issues involving sex-ratio regulation in domestic animals and conservation biology. We investigated the occurrence of growth-rate sexual dimorphism in 84 chicken embryos incubated for 30 hr and nucleic-acid abundance in 99 embryos incubated for 4 hr. Comparative expression of the genes engaged in cell-cycle regulation (16 genes), embryo growth (10 genes), metabolic activity (2 genes), and epigenetic regulation (4 genes) in 4-hr male and female embryos were further analyzed by reverse-trancriptase quantitative PCR. At the stage when somite structure commences, males are growing faster than females. DNA and RNA yields at 4 hr are elevated in males compared to females, and most cell-proliferation-promoting genes are over-expressed in males. Expression of key metabolic genes (G6PD and HPRT) and the principal genes responsible for DNA methylation (DNMTs), however, does not differ between the sexes. These data suggest that the faster growth of early male embryos is conserved among mammalian and bird phyla, and may have an evolutionary importance. (C) 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Two Japanese Corynebacterium ulcerans isolates from the same hospital ribotype, toxigenicity and serum antitoxin titre. Two toxiagenic Corynebacterium ulcerans isolates recovered from pharyngeal swabs of two patients from the same hospital in Japan during 2001-2002 were characterized by PFGE and ribotyping Toxin production in different culture media was examined and serological analysis of patient sera was performed The two isolates could not be distinguished by PFGE, however, their ribotypes were distinguishable One of the isolates could represent a novel ribotype Analysis of toxin production in different culture media demonstrated that the two isolates produced varying amounts of the diphtheria toxin Serological analysis showed a greater than sevenfold increase in the serum antitoxin titre during the course of infection in one patient", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "An investigation of hydrogen embrittlement of 12Cr2Mo1R(H) steel by slow strain rate tests and first-principles calculation. Purpose With excellent mechanic properties and hydrogen embrittlement (HE) resistance, 12Cr2Mo1R(H) steel is suitable to make hot-wall hydrogenation reactors. However, longtime exposure to a harsh environment of high-pressure hydrogen at medium temperature in practical application would still induce severe hydrogen uptake and eventually damage the mechanical properties of the steel. Design/methodology/approach This research studied the HE properties of 12Cr2Mo1R(H) steel by slow strain rate tests. Meanwhile, the effect of hydrogen on the structures and the mechanical properties of the simplified models of the steel was also investigated by first-principle calculations. Findings Experimental results showed that after hydrogen pre-charging in this work, hydrogen had little effect on the microstructure of the steel. The elongations and reduction of cross-sectional area of the samples reduced a lot, by contrast, the yield and tensile strengths changed slightly. The 12Cr2Mo1R(H) steel was not very susceptible to HE with a maximum embrittlement index of about 20.00%. First principles calculation results showed that after H dissolution, lattice distortion occurred and interstitial H atoms would preferentially occupy the tetrahedral interstitial site in bcc-Fe crystal and increase the stability of the supercells. With the increase of H atoms added into the simplified model, the steel still possessed a good ductility and toughness at a low hydrogen concentration, while the material would become brittle as the concentration of hydrogen continued to increase. Originality/value These finds can provide valuable information for subsequent HE studies on this steel.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Interpreting missense variants: Comparing computational methods in human disease genes CDKN2A, MLH1, MSH2, MECP2, and tyrosinase (TYR). The human genome contains frequent single-basepair variants that may or may not cause genetic disease. To characterize benign vs. pathogenic missense variants, numerous computational algorithms have been developed based on comparative sequence and/or protein structure analysis. We compared computational methods that use evolutionary conservation alone, amino acid (AA) change alone, and a combination of conservation and AA change in predicting the consequences of 254 missense variants in the CDKN2A (n = 92), MLH1 (n = 28), MSH2 (n = 14), MECP2 (n = 30), and tyrosinase (TYR) (n = 90) genes. Variants were validated as either neutral or deleterious by curated locus-specific mutation databases and published functional data. All methods that use evolutionary sequence analysis have comparable overall prediction accuracy (72.9-82.0%). Mutations at codons where the AA is absolutely conserved over a sufficient evolutionary distance (about one-third of variants) had a 91.6 to 96.8% likelihood of being deleterious. Three algorithms (SIFT, PolyPhen, and A-GVGD) that differentiate one variant from another at a given codon did not significantly improve predictive value over conservation score alone using the BLOSUM62 matrix. However, when all four methods were in agreement (62.7% of variants), predictive value improved to 88.1%. These results confirm a high predictive value for methods that use evolutionary sequence conservation, with or without considering protein structural change, to predict the clinical consequences of missense variants. The methods can be generalized across genes that cause different types of genetic disease. The results support the clinical use of computational methods as one tool to help interpret missense variants in genes associated with human genetic disease.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Effects of sex, feed and pre-slaughter routines on technological meat quality in carriers and non-carriers of the RN- allele. The aim of this project was to study the effects of feeding system (dry or wet feeding with whey), dietary lysine level and pre-slaughter routines on technological meat quality in entire male, female and castrated male pigs, which were carriers or non-carriers of the RN- allele. The feeding system only affected the yield of processed meat, resulting in lower Napole yield (87.5% vs 89.4%) for meat of whey fed pigs. Further, lower dietary lysine levels resulted in higher drip loss of the meat compared with high dietary levels (5.3% vs 4.8%). Mixing of unfamiliar pigs prior to slaughter led to meat with lower internal reflectance values (28.3 vs 32.2) and glucose + G-6-P concentrations of the meat juice (46.3 vs 49.7 mumol/ml) compared with pen-wise slaughtering. In comparison with non-carriers, RN- carriers had significantly lower ultimate pH, shear force values and water-holding capacity. Mixing of non-carrier pigs prior to slaughter gave higher Napole yield compared with those handled pen-wise. Females had lower ultimate pH and higher Napole yield compared with entire males.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Environmental diagnosis in the farming belt of Santa Fe city. The farming belt of Santa Fe city is located North of the urban area. There is no water supply or sewer system in the area. Water is withdrawn from private wells drilled in households, coexisting with septic tanks and orchards. The activities developed constitute serious contamination threats; contamination hazards could increase due to a rise in the levels of groundwater and/or fluvial or rain floods. The environmental diagnosis presented was made gathering information from previous research studies, interviews to professionals, surveys among producers, as well as by field and laboratory analysis. Agricultural practices, cultivated species, agrochemicals use and irrigation practices, as well as socio-cultural aspects, residents' lifestyle and characteristics related to drainage, use of resources and commitment to the environment by the population were reported. On the basis of the results obtained, some guidelines for the management and protection of the groundwater resources are outlined, in order to contribute to an environmentally sustainable development of the region.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Formal verification of a leader election protocol in process algebra. In 1982 Dolev, et al. [10] presented an O(nlogn) unidirectional distributed algorithm for the circular extrema-finding (or leader-election) problem. At the same time Peterson came up with a nearly identical solution. In this paper, we bring the correctness of this algorithm to a completely formal level. This relatively small protocol, which can be described on half a page, requires a rather involved proof for guaranteeing that it behaves well in all possible circumstances. To our knowledge, this is one of the more advanced case-studies in formal verification based on process algebra.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Asymmetric Information and Sovereign Debt: Theory Meets Mexican Data. Using bid-level data from discriminatory auctions for Mexican government bonds, we demonstrate that asymmetric information about default risk is a key friction in sovereign bond markets. We document that large bidders achieve higher bid-acceptance rates than other bidders despite paying no more for executed bids. We then propose a new model of primary markets in which investors may differ in wealth, risk aversion, market power, and information. Only asymmetric information can qualitatively account for our empirical finding, and asymmetric information about rare disasters can quantitatively match bidding and yield moments. Counterfactuals reveal substantial effects of asymmetric information on yields.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "A comparative study on real lab and simulation lab in communication engineering from students' perspectives. Over the years, rapid development in computer technology has engendered simulation-based laboratory (lab) in addition to the traditional hands-on (physical) lab. Many higher education institutions adopt simulation lab, replacing some existing physical lab experiments. The creation of new systems for conducting engineering lab activities has raised concerns among educators on the merits and shortcomings of both physical and simulation labs; at the same time, many arguments have been raised on the differences of both labs. Investigating the effectiveness of both labs is complicated, as there are multiple factors that should be considered. In view of this challenge, a study on students' perspectives on their experience related to key aspects on engineering laboratory exercise was conducted. In this study, the Visual Auditory Read and Kinetic model was utilised to measure the students' cognitive styles. The investigation was done through a survey among participants from Multimedia University, Malaysia. The findings revealed that there are significant differences for most of the aspects in physical and simulation labs.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Biodiversity of marine sessile epifauna at an Aegean island subject to hydrothermal activity: Milos, eastern Mediterranean Sea. Sessile macroepifauna was sampled at six rocky sites between 2 and 90 m depth with a number of different methods involving both underwater photography and collection of specimens. A total of 212 species (or varieties) were identified, belonging to seven higher taxa: poriferans (24 species), cnidarians (32), molluscs (8), serpuloidean polychaetes (33), bryozoans (90), brachiopods (4) and ascidians (21). The combined use of a varied array of sampling methods was effective in obtaining a rich faunal inventory. Deep and offshore sites tended to be richer in species than shallow and inshore sites. In all cases species richness was higher at sites closest to hydrothermal vents on the sea floor. Although there are no comparable inventories of marine sessile epifauna in the Aegean, the high number of species found, with a relatively low sampling effort in a restricted area, indicates that the marine biodiversity of this sea is not as low as traditionally believed.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "Landlords and Tenants Behaving Badly? The Application of Unconscionable and Unfair Conduct to Commercial Leases in Australia and the United Kingdom. This paper compares the approach of Australia and the United Kingdom to the use of unconscionable conduct principles in the area of commercial leasing. The objectives are to trace the process by which unconscionable conduct principles came to be included in the Australian retail tenancies legislation, examine the subsequent case-law in order to assess the difficulties in applying the principles to retail leases and determine the impact of the provisions on the attitude of the parties to the negotiation. The article will then discuss the approach adopted in the United Kingdom to unconscionable and unfair bargains in the area of retail leasing.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Opportunities for product innovation using authorised European Union health claims. For authorisation of a health claim in Europe, applicants must follow the procedures in the legislation and in the guidelines for submission of a dossier, as well as the guidance in the European Food Safety Authority's opinions on the scientific requirements for health claims. In addition to the authorised functional benefits of the vitamins and minerals, certain foods and food constituents offer beneficial physiological effects that extend beyond traditionally accepted nutritional effects. The elucidation of these effects is becoming more important, as reflected by the increasing amount of nutrition research and number of product innovations. Provided that they are scientifically substantiated, health claims linked to food and food supplement products can help consumers make well-informed food choices. The present review focuses on scientific substantiation and consumer understanding of health claims, and it aims to help those involved in academic research, food product development and consumer education about food and health.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Rural Sociology vs. Fishing Sociology. The initial response may be to interpret as disciplinary limitation of Rural Sociology, but at the end this article concludes that sociological perspectives would be better oriented by a general sociological approach, which rejects excesive disciplinary specialization.\\\\'Rural\\\\' has regularly been conceptualized in spatial terms relative to small towns and homogeneous populations, determined by their traditional culture and communitarian values. Following this definition, Rural Sociology should have concerned itself with all the populations living in these areas but, in fact, it only had been focused in agrarian populations. Why Rural Sociology didn't pay any attention to fishermen and fisheries?", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Leishmania (Viannia) lainsoni (Silveira et al. 1987): ultrastructural aspects of the parasite and skin lesion in experimentally infected hamster (Mesocricetus auratus). Leishmania (Viannia) lainsoni was first described in 1987 in the state of Para, in the Brazilian Amazon region. The initial characterization of this parasite was performed based only in light microscopy techniques. Posterior studies with this Leishmania species, which focused on biochemistry and molecular assays, showed its divergent position in the Leishmania genus. In this study, we characterize the ultrastructure of culture promastigote forms throughout the growth curve. Our results demonstrate a time-dependent accumulation of electron-dense deposit in the acidocalcisome matrix. We have also analyzed, by transmission electron microscopy, the chronic experimental skin lesion induced in hamster. The experimental infection assay showed adhesion of the intracellular parasites to the parasitophorous vacuole membrane and the occurrence of free vacuoles in the lesion site containing amastigote forms (the amastigote forms morphometrical data were summarized). Our morphological evidences suggest a possible alternative surviving mechanism for L. (Viannia) lainsoni in chronic lesion site.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "Cultural Migrations between Spain and Russia: Transnational Perspectives. This concluding essay interprets the other articles in the current issue of the journal by first providing an overview and comparison of older and more recent historiographical assessments of Spain and Russia. The article then briefly surveys the many parallels that existed between the two countries, which eased the transmission of ideas from one to the other. It identifies the main themes of these cultural exchanges as a utopian fascination with Russia on the part of Spaniards, and ideas about governance or rebellion that went in both directions depending on the time period. The article suggests that awareness of these cross-cultural ties is crucial for a deeper and more balanced understanding of the histories of Russia, Spain, and Europe as a whole.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Comprehensive evaluation of the improved SPUR model (SPUR-91). SPUR (Simulation of Production and Utilization of Rangelands) is a physically-based model designed to simulate the complexity of rangeland ecosystems (Wight and Skiles, 1987). Results of extensive validation testing in Texas indicated a need to modify the model to improve submodel integration and procedural guidelines. A description of the modified model (SPUR-91) is provided. A sensitivity analysis was conducted, examining the influence of changes in model output corresponding to perturbations made to individual input parameters. The model was then extensively validated using a Texas data set composed of simultaneous measurements of hydrology, plant, livestock, and meteorological parameters.Results of validation testing of SPUR-91 confirmed that the model: (1) predicted initial soil water content within 3% of observed; (2) predicted evapotranspiration, even under very low cover conditions, within 1% of observed; (3) provided a good correlation of temporal fluctuation (R = 0.72) of observed herbaceous production, the observed 4-year mean live standing crop for the major individual species was predicted within 1-13%; (4) could produce a determinant-type growth curve to approximate the long-term response of shrubs and trees; and (5) responded to management (grazing, vegetation manipulation) in a manner consistent with observations. A discussion of why modifications to SPUR improved the performance of SPUR-91 is presented.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Evocative allusions in Matthew: Matthew 5:5 as a test case. Combining theories of intertextuality and abductive reasoning, this article demonstrates the figurative nature of scriptural allusions in Matthew. Allusions form figurations that open new perspectives for readers inasmuch as the source text and the new text stand in a tensive relationship in which each modifies the other and in which together they evoke meaning beyond the mere sum of the two independent texts. Allusions also form figurations inasmuch as arguments that are analogous to logic. Surprising, original, uncanny correlations between the source text and the new text involve what Charles Peirce called abductive reasoning which also challenges constructs of reality. This article interprets Matthew 5: 5 as an allusion to the Abrahamic promise of the inheritance of the land and the blessing of all the families of the earth mediated through Psalm 36 (LXX) and describes the figurative nature of the allusion using Harold Bloom's revisionary ratios. Another version of the article will also be published in Kim, P & Ringe, S (eds), Literary encounters with the reign of God: Essays in honor of Robert C Tannehill, Harrisburg, PA: Trinity Press International (Forthcoming).", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Dupuytren's disease, alcohol consumption and alcoholism. Patients-Of 244 invited participants, 193 (79.1%) responded to the invitation; 137 had Dupuytren's disease and 56 were disease-free. Participants were examined for the presence of Dupuytren's disease and answered a questionnaire about alcohol habits.Design-The participants were recruited from a previous study on Dupuytren's disease carried out in 1981-82 as part of a cohort study. Men with Dupuytren's disease in the former study and a control group were invited. The groups were matched for age and smoking habits.Settings-The study took place at the Heart Preventive Clinic in Reykjavik.Results-Of the Dupuytren's group, 19 (13.9%) had been treated for alcoholism or were heavy drinkers compared to 8 (14.3%) of those without Dupuytren's disease (NS). Little or moderate alcohol consumption was reported in 78.1% of the Dupuytren's patients compared to 73.2% of the controls (NS). Total abstainers from alcohol were 11 (8.0%) in the Dupuytren's group compared to 7 (12.5%) in the control group (NS).Objective-To assess the relation between alcohol consumption and Dupuytren's disease.Main outcome measures-Alcoholism, alcohol consumption and signs of Dupuytren's disease.Conclusion-Our findings do not support a positive association between the use of alcohol and Dupuytren's disease.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERCULTURAL COMPETENCY WITH EDUCATORS IN A MULTIETHNIC EARLY CHILDHOOD CENTRE. This article presents a study of educators working in a multiethnic early childhood centre in Montreal. The purpose of this study is to examine how intercultural competency has developed among educators as a result of continuing education in the workplace initiated through a focus group in partnership with a university researcher. With reference to the Deardorff framework (2004, 2006), the results show that, following the focus group, the educators developed intercultural competency at the lower level (attitudes, skills, knowledge, and understanding) that contributed to the internal and external changes required at the higher level by setting new internal reference frameworks and updating intercultural competency. A qualitative methodology in an interpretative paradigm was chosen to achieve the research objective.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "The solar wind plasma upstream of Mars observed by Tianwen-1: Comparison with Mars Express and MAVEN. On the great journey to Mars, China's first planetary exploration mission, the Tianwen-1 came within 26 million kilometers of Mars from 31 October 2020 to 25 January 2021 and was getting closer to its destination, the red planet, in search of answers to the cataclysmic climate change that occurred in Martian history. Both the escape of the Martian atmosphere and the loss of surface water were firmly influenced by solar activities. Tianwen-1 provided a unique chance to depict the solar wind streams between Earth and Mars during the minimum of Solar Cycle 25. During the three-month cruise phase of Tianwen-1, the solar wind flows were successively observed at Earth, Tianwen-1, and Mars. After the field of view correction and noise reduction, the solar wind velocity and density measured by Tianwen-1 show good agreement with those at Earth and Mars. The results indicate that the performance of the ion analyzer onboard the Tianwen-1 orbiter is reliable and stable. It is worth looking forward to the joint observations of ion escape with other Mars probes in the following Martian years.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Organisation of a tuberculosis prevalence survey. Measuring, tuberculosis (TB) prevalence trends provides information on progress towards the Millennium Development Goals. The World Health Organization recently published guidelines oil assessing TB prevalence through population-based surveys. The current manuscript describes in detail the organisation of the field activities in such a survey. These activities need to be embedded in a strong organisational framework where the steering committee has the overall responsibility and the survey coordinator the day-to-day Supervision. Field activities need to be tailored to the community, with respect to both time and place and direct involvement of continuity members. Frequent and well-described monitoring procedures need to be in place to be able to identify systematic and non-systematic errors at the earliest opportunity.", "label": [2, 21, 24]}
+{"token": "Lentivirus-mediated expression of Drosophila melanogaster deoxyribonucleoside kinase driven by the hTERT promoter combined with gemcitabine: A potential strategy for cancer therapy. In contrast to other enzymes, Drosophila mlanogaster deoxyribonucleoside kinase (Dm-dNK) has a broad substrate specificity and high catalytic rate when transferred in human cells. This makes it a promising therapeutic agent when administered together with several cytotoxic nucleoside analogs, such as gemcitabine 2',2'-difluoro-deoxycytidine (dFdC). Therefore, lentiviral vectors, which potentially allow stable long-term transgene expression, are good candidates for gene delivery vehicles. In the present study, we successfully developed a lentivirus-mediated transgene expression system of Dm-dNK under the control of hTERT promoter against the breast cancer cell line (Bcap37), the gastric cancer cell line (SGC7901) and the normal fibroblast cell line (WI-38). Moreover, we also analyzed its targeted cytotoxicity in vitro with treatment of the prodrug dFdC. Bcap37 tumor growth was inhibited in nude mice. Both cancer cell lines exhibited apparent cytotoxicity when infected with recombinant lentivirus constructs expressing Dm-dNK. In contrast, lentivirus-infected WI-38 cells exhibited less cytotoxicity. These data suggested that Dm-dNK was sensitive to dFdC, and it resulted in synergistic growth inhibition and apoptosis induction in vitro. In addition, Lenti-hTERT-dNK/dFdC also suppressed tumor growth in vivo. Our results suggest that the Lenti-hTERT-dNK/dFdC system is a safe and feasible treatment strategy in the development of suicide gene therapy.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "Thermal biology and growth of bison (Bison bison) along the Great Plains: examining four theories of endotherm body size. Body size of bison (Bison bison) declines with rising global temperature across the fossil record and rising annual temperatures across the Great Plains, but what are the underlying drivers? Body size depends on growth, which depends on maximizing net energy and nutrient flows for the production of tissues at seasonal scales across the range of the species. We measured thermoregulation costs of body surface temperature (degrees C) and heat exchanges (W and W/m(2)) of 350 adult and 345 adolescentBisonfrom 19 herds in summer and winter along the Great Plains from Saskatchewan (52 degrees N) to Texas (30 degrees N). At the smallest scale, daily body surface temperature increased with solar radiation and decreased with relative humidity and wind speed, which is consistent with Kooijman's dynamic energy budget theory. Total surface heat transfer (W) increased with body mass (kg) at an exponent of 0.63 +/- 0.03, which is consistent with Schmidt-Nielsen's principle of surface-area-to-volume ratios (b = 0.67). On an annual scale, growth (kg/yr) of adolescentBisondecreased with increasing total surface heat transfer (W) during summer, which supports Speakman and Krol's heat dissipation limit theory. On the largest scale, heat flux was weakly related to latitude in summer and winter for adolescentBison, which provides support for Bergmann's rule and suggests a role for local primary production along the Great Plains. Cooler summers are more optimal forBisongrowth because of reduced heat loads during the growing season. Rising temperatures are likely to constrain body size and productivity ofBisonand other large endotherms in North America.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Monozygotic twins discordant for submicroscopic chromosomal anomalies in 2p25.3 region detected by array CGH. Although discordant phenotypes in monozygotic twins with developmental disorder are not an exception, underlying genetic discordance is rarely reported. Here, we report on the clinical and cytogenetic details of 4-year-old female monozygotic twins with discordant phenotypes. Twin 1 exhibited global developmental delay, overweight and hyperactivity. Twin 2 had an autistic spectrum disorder. Molecular karyotyping in twin 1 identified a 2p25.3 deletion, further confirmed by Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis on leukocytes. Interestingly, array comparative genomic hybridization was normal in twin 2 but FISH analysis using the same probe as twin 1 showed mosaicism with one-third of cells with a 2p25.3 deletion, one-third of cells with a 2p25.3 duplication, and one-third of normal cells. Genotyping with microsatellite markers confirmed the monozygosity of the twins. We propose that the chromosome imbalance may be due to a mitotic non-allelic recombination occurring during blastomeric divisions of a normal zygote. Such event will result in three distinct cell populations, whose proportion in each embryo formed after separation from the zygote may differ, leading to discordant chromosomal anomalies between twins. We also discuss that the MYTL1L and the SNTG2 genes within the reported region could probably relate to the phenotypic discordance of the monozygotic twins.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Flo6x8: feminist interventions for occupation and resistance. Introduction. It is assumed that the Internet has facilitated and mediated the development of spaces for social relations and activism. Objectives. The article explores the impact of the anti-capitalist flamenco collective Flo6x8 taking into account the reception of their actions as audiovisual devices on social networks. The general objective is to analyse the impact of the last viral action in the context of the feminist demonstration for International Women's Day (2018). Methodology. A qualitative methodology is chosen which, using participant observation, collects and evaluates both comments and reproductions on social networks: a digital ethnographic analysis was carried out studying social platforms such as YouTube and Facebook. Results. Results show that audiovisual devices act as symbolic pills that end up generating rich communicative content that feeds back into public discourse. When actions are shared, they refer to specific events in public and political life and, in turn, tell something about us, they entail a positioning that encompasses values and identities. Social networks are perceived as horizontal and free spaces, but the use of visualizations ends up forming an interpretative framework that leads to polarization and reverts to appropriation. Conclusions and discussion. It is concluded that, from a feminist perspective, it is necessary to generate new interdisciplinary forms that reflect the dynamics of study on the virtual; an element in permanent construction.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Noncommutative analogues of a cancellation theorem of Abhyankar, Eakin, and Heinzer. Letkbe a field and letAbe a finitely generatedk-algebra. The algebraAis said to be cancellative if wheneverBis anotherk-algebra with the property that A[x] congruent to B[x] then we necessarily have A congruent to B. An important result of Abhyankar, Eakin, and Heinzer shows that ifAis a finitely generated commutative integral domain of Krull dimension one then it is cancellative. We consider the question of cancellation for finitely generated not-necessarily-commutative domains of Gelfand-Kirillov dimension one, and show that such algebras are necessarily cancellative when the characteristic of the base field is zero. In particular, this recovers the cancellation result of Abhyankar, Eakin, and Heinzer in characteristic zero when one restricts to the commutative case. We also provide examples that show affine domains of Gelfand-Kirillov dimension one need not be cancellative when the base field has positive characteristic, giving a counterexample to a conjecture of Tang, the fourth-named author, and Zhang. In addition, we prove a skew analogue of the result of Abhyankar-Eakin-Heinzer, in which one works with skew polynomial extensions as opposed to ordinary polynomial rings.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Aortic root surgery with the CARDIOROOT vascular graft: results of a prospective multicenter post-market surveillance study. Conclusions: The results of this 1-year follow-up study showed that the CARDIOROOT vascular graft is safe and effective for the treatment of aneurysmal aortic root in immediate and mid-term follow-up. However, longer term follow-up is needed before conclusions can be made on the long-term safety and effectiveness.Results: Fifty-two patients were enrolled from 6 European centers. All procedures were technically successful. Operative mortality was 1.9%: one patient suffered hemorrhagic shock unrelated to the graft 1 day following surgery. At 1-year follow-up the survival rate was 96.2%, with a late death due to pneumonia 5 months post-procedure. Eleven serious adverse events occurred in 7 patients, which included cardiac complications (pericardial effusion, myocardial infarction and ventricular arrhythmia), infection (pericardial infection, deep sternal infection and superficial sternal infection), vascular disorders, including hemorrhagic shock and pleural effusion requiring drainage. Nine of the 11 events were deemed procedure-related by the local investigator, and all were deemed unrelated to the device. There were no reports of graft-related adverse events, infection, occlusion or graft failure.Background: Sparing Aortic Valve procedure requires to reproduction of the geometry of the physiologic anatomy of the aortic root. Thus, the materials adopted may make a difference. CARDIOROOT is a one-piece collagen-coated woven vascular graft with pseudo-sinuses, which was designed for use in the treatment of aortic root disease. We report the results of a prospective, multicenter, observational post-market surveillance study evaluating the safety and performance of the CARDIOROOT in patients requiring aortic root surgery.Methods: Patients with aortic root disease suitable for treatment with a vascular graft with pseudo-sinuses CARDIOROOT graft were eligible for participation. The enrolled patients were assessed intraoperatively, post-operatively, at discharge and at 1-year. Sites assessed complications at each visit, and recorded any reported adverse events. The study endpoint was mortality and complications through 1-year post-procedure.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Overwintering behavior of the entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema scarabaei and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and their white grub hosts. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are obligate pathogens known to naturally persist in many habitats. Because survival is a fundamental component of persistence, we investigated whether vertical movement and other avoidance behaviors (i.e., in-host survival and latent infection), previously speculated as viable survival mechanisms, are exhibited during the cooler months in a temperate turfgrass habitat. The vertical distribution of populations of two EPN species, Steinernema scarabaei Stock & Koppenhofer (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae), and two important hosts of these EPN species, the white grub species Popillia japonica Newman and Anomala orientalis Waterhouse (both Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), were regularly monitored in turf plots from October through April in two consecutive years. Entomopathogenic nematode vertical distribution showed limited changes for H.bacteriophora but none for S.scarabaei. Recovery of H.bacteriophora showed a strong and consistent decline at 0-4cm depth in the 1st year and a weaker decline at 4-10cm in the 1st year and at 0-4cm in the 2nd year. Due to high variability in the data, it was not possible to determine whether the decline in the upper soil layers was due to downward migration or attrition of infective juvenile nematodes. The decline occurred mostly during the first half of the season before the soil froze to any significant extent. The vertical distribution of both white grub species changed with temperature during fall and spring, but not during winter. Overwintering infective juveniles were only recovered in the soil. There was no evidence for successful in-host survival or latent infection by the nematodes in endemic white grub populations.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Development of New Three-Dimensional Coal Mass Strength Criterion. In this study, laboratory tests were conducted to obtain the geomechanical properties for the coal matrix and coal discontinuities. Computed tomography (CT) scanning technology was then used to detect the pre-existing fracture networks of the cubic coal blocks. Fracture tensor-based methodology was used to quantify the fracture geometry network that exists inside the cubic coal blocks. The same cubic coal blocks were subjected to the true triaxial tests to obtain the jointed coal mass strength (JCMS) values under different confining stresses. The fracture network constructed from the CT scanning was incorporated into the numerical model of jointed coal block to simulate the laboratory true triaxial tests, and to first calibrate the parameter values of the numerical model and then validate them. More numerical true triaxial tests were performed on some jointed coal blocks with selected fracture networks and five additional artificial fracture networks under different confining stress combinations to consummate the JCMS data bank. The obtained data bank was finally used to develop a new three dimensional (3D) coal mass strength criterion that can capture the scale effect and anisotropic strength behaviors.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Projecting adjectives in Chinese. Chinese has the comparative morpheme and the positive morpheme, both of which project in syntax. The covert comparative morpheme is the covert allomorph of the comparative morpheme bCjiA o 'more'. The covert bCjiA o 'more' can only occur in a comparative construction where an overt standard of comparison is syntactically available, but the overt one occurs in a comparative construction where an overt standard of comparison is syntactically unavailable. The positive morpheme also has two allomorphs. One is the unstressed hn 'HEN' and the other is its covert counterpart. The covert one can only occur in a focus sensitive domain where the bare gradable adjective is focus-anchored, but the overt one occurs elsewhere. The covert allomorph, regardless of whether it is the comparative or the positive morpheme, is used to avoid violating the Constraint on Multiple Foci. Accordingly, the proposal of the comparative morpheme and the proposal of the positive morpheme can reinforce each other by establishing a theoretical relationship through the Nonhead Stress rule and the Constraint on Multiple Foci.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Unwarranted questions and conversation. This paper deals with two distinct topics; unwarranted questions and admittures. The traditional speech act analysis of questions needs revision, since among the felicity conditions of asking a question is believing that the question is warranted. Some questions are unwarranted according to my analysis. A question is unwarranted if the questioner is not standing in the right relation to the addressee, such that he can demand or expect a sincere answer. I use the idea of unwarranted questions to show how conversational admittures can be generated. A conversational admitture is a non-intended admittance by the speaker of some state of affairs being believed by the speaker to be true. Under the assumption that the speaker is rational, the nonintended admittance is something that it is reasonable to credit the speaker with believing as an explanation of the speaker's unwillingness to be cooperative in a given conversation. In the last section I introduce what I call the Principle of Privacy, which tells us that we have a prima facie right to guard some of our thoughts, feelings, personal history, etc. I argue that the Principle of Privacy together with the ideas that there are unwarranted questions and conversational admittures, and the way unwarranted questions can be exploited to generate the latter, endows us with the right to lie in certain contexts. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "The Selection of 13th-Century Disputes for Litigation. Priest and Klein's seminal 1984 article argued that litigated cases differ systematically and predictably from settled cases. This article tests the Priest-Klein selection model using a data set of 13th-century English cases. These cases are especially informative because juries rendered verdicts even in settled cases, so one can directly compare verdicts in settled and litigated cases. The results are consistent with the predictions of the Priest-Klein article, as well as with the asymmetric-information selection models developed by Hylton and Shavell.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "THE FULFILMENT OF THE LAW ACCORDING TO MATTHEW 5:17: A DIALECTICAL APPROACH. In this contribution, the five main views in understanding the fulfilment of the law in Matthew 5:17 are critiqued in terms of their inconsistency with the co-text of the Gospel. The whole of 5:17-48 is assessed in terms of the challenging relationship between the statements about fulfilment or completion of the law and the Prophets in 5:17-18 and the way in which Jesus seems to intensify obedience to law per se in 5:19-48. The interpretation of 5:19-48 is sought by considering all of Jesus' words in the entire Gospel in terms of entry into the kingdom (5:19-20), doing the perfect will of the Father (5:48), and the way in which the law and the Prophets are fulfilled and accomplished in Christ (5:17-18). A dialectical approach is followed wherein statements concerning the retention of strict obedience to law are considered to be part of the thesis; statements that are opposed to strict obedience to law are considered to form the antithesis, and the way in which these opposites are related is considered as the new synthesis. This thesis, antithesis and synthesis form the solution to understanding fulfilment in Matthew 5:17.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Analysis of the genetic basis of height in large Jewish nuclear families. Despite intensive study, most of the specific genetic factors that contribute to variation in human height remain undiscovered. We conducted a family-based linkage study of height in a unique cohort of very large nuclear families from a founder (Jewish) population. This design allowed for increased power to detect linkage, compared to previous family-based studies. Loci we identified in discovery families could explain an estimated lower bound of 6% of the variance in height in validation families. We showed that these loci are not tagging known common variants associated with height. Rather, we suggest that the observed signals arise from variants with large effects that are rare globally but elevated in frequency in the Jewish population.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Current views on the function of the violaxanthin cycle (development of ideas put forward by DI Sapozhnikov). David Iosifovich Sapozhnikov (17.06.1911-23.11.1983), a well-known plant physiologist and evolutionist would have been 100 this year. Sapozhnikov investigated the role of carotenoids in plant life and acquired worldwide recognition for his discovery of the violaxanthin cycle. This review considers the most important Sapozhnikov's results and hypotheses elaborated by subsequent research, as well as the modern concepts in this area of investigation.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Characterization of a novel rat cytomegalovirus (RCMV) infecting placenta-uterus of Rattus rattus diardii. A new rat cytomegalovirus (RCMV) isolated from the placenta/uterus of a house rat (Rattus rattus diardii) was found to productively infect rat embryo fibroblast (REF) cells. The virus produced typical herpesvirus-like cytopathic effects characterized by a lytic infection. The well-known herpesvirus morphology was confirmed by electron microscopy. Its slow growth in cell culture indicated that the virus is belonging to subfamily Betaherpesvirinae. Electron microscopy techniques and immunohistochemistry confirmed the presence of herpesviral inclusion bodies and virus related particles in the cytoplasm and nucleus of infected cells. Hyperimmune serum against the Maastricht strain of RCMV revealed the virus identity in neutralization test, immunoperoxidase and immunofluorescence techniques. Despite typical characteristics of CMV, the viral genome is significantly different from that of Maastricht, English, UPM/Sg and UPM/Kn strains. The dissimilarities, which have not been reported before, had been confirmed by mean of restriction endonuclease analysis. The new RCMV strain, a virus that infects placenta and uterus of rats, has been named as ALL-03.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Disclosure of individual genetic data to research participants: the debate reconsidered. Despite extensive debate, there is no consensus on whether individual genetic data should be disclosed to research participants. The emergence of whole-genome sequencing methods is increasingly generating unequalled amounts of genetic data, making the need for a clear feedback policy even more urgent. In this debate two positions can be broadly discerned: a restrictive disclosure policy ('no feedback except life-saving data') and an intermediate policy of qualified disclosure ('feedback if the results meet certain conditions'). We explain both positions and present the principal underlying arguments. We suggest that the debate should no longer address whether genetic research results should be returned, but instead how best to make an appropriate selection and how to strike a balance between the possible benefits of disclosure and the harms of unduly hindering biomedical research.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Resonant activation induced by four-value noise. The phenomenon of the resonant activation (RA) of a particle over a fluctuating potential barrier with a four-value noise is investigated. It is shown that the mean first passage time (MFPT) displays six minima as the function of the transition rates gamma(1), gamma(2), gamma(3), gamma(4), gamma(5), and gamma(6) of the four-value noise, respectively. In addition, the effect of other parameters of the system, such as the noise strength D of the additive Gaussian white noise and the parameter value a, b, c, and d of the four-value noise, on the RAs is also investigated.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "On finite-dimensional representations of compact inverse semigroups. W.D. Munn proved that a finite-dimensional representation of an inverse semigroup is equivalent to a au-representation (by partial isometries) if and only if it is bounded. This paper gives a new analytic proof that every finite-dimensional representation of a compact inverse semigroup is equivalent to a au-representation. This will be the main result of this paper.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Drop impact on chemically structured arrays. We describe recent investigations on the impact behaviour of liquid drops onto chemically structured surfaces. The surface patterns were prepared via photochemical attachment of polymer molecules with different hydrophilicities using self-assembled monolayers of benzophenone bearing silanes. Immobilization of the polymer monolayers was followed by an ablation process to generate a chemical surface pattern. Impact experiments on systems consisting of very hydrophobic poly (perfluoroalkylethyl)acrylate coatings and hydrophilic areas show that within certain limitations the water drop has a strong tendency to reach the hydrophilic spots, even for inclined substrates. Impact experiments of drops on arrays of hydrophilic spots on the background of a perfluorinated polymer show that the drops spontaneously self-centre on the lithographically generated pattern. The obtained results suggest that the process can be used to circumvent some of the current problems in micro-array fabrication.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Development and application of a rapid, user-friendly, and inexpensive method to detect Dehalococcoides sp reductive dehalogenase genes from groundwater. TaqMan probe-based quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) specific to the biomarker reductive dehalogenase (RDase) genes is a widely accepted molecular biological tool (MBT) for determining the abundance of Dehalococcoides sp. in groundwater samples from chlorinated solvent-contaminated sites. However, there are significant costs associated with this MBT. In this study, we describe an approach that requires only low-cost laboratory equipment (a bench top centrifuge and a water bath) and requires less time and resources compared to qPCR. The method involves the concentration of biomass from groundwater, without DNA extraction, and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) of the cell templates. The amplification products are detected by a simple visual color change (orange/green). The detection limits of the assay were determined using groundwater from a contaminated site. In addition, the assay was tested with groundwater from three additional contaminated sites. The final approach to detect RDase genes, without DNA extraction or a thermal cycler, was successful to 1.8 x 10(5) gene copies per L for vcrA and 1.3 x 10(5) gene copies per L for tceA. Both values are below the threshold recommended for effective in situ dechlorination.", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "THE EVOLUTION OF JURY RESEARCH METHODS: FROM HUGO MUNSTERBERG TO THE MODERN AGE. A common criticism of jury simulation research is that it usually solicits individual judgments from mock jurors in the absence of group deliberation. This Article analyzes the evolution of jury, as opposed to juror, research methods over time. Part I discusses the pros and cons of different research methods; Part II provides a historical overview of jury deliberation research; Part III analyzes recently developed techniques for conducting jury research in the computer era; and Part IV speculates about the jury research of the future. The Article's final section offers a few concluding thoughts.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "From paratext to polysemiotic network: A holistic approach to the study of subtitled films. This article proposes a framework for the study of interlingually subtitled films which draws on aspects of existing linguistic- and multimodal-analytical approaches. The methodology comprises contextual analysis at three levels. It proposes an initial study of the subtitling situation and technical aspects of the film. It then recommends an analysis of the plot, director interviews and reviews or articles written upon release of the film in order to identify key key themes and the skopos of the film. Finally, in the light of information revealed in these stages of analysis, it proposes a close examination of the subtitles in context, in relation to the skopos of the film, and taking into account the film's key themes and the cultural context(s) of its release. This allows for an analysis of subtitles which incorporates a variety of factors affecting the context of reception, integrating the multimodal nature of subtitling and the significance of cultural context and readability. Illustrative examples are taken from a case study of an English subtitled version of the French film, \\\\'La Squale\\\\'.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Flatworm asexual multiplication implicates stem cells and regeneration. The phenomenon of asexual multiplication is rare in the animal kingdom, but it occurs in all main flatworm taxa. In the present paper, we review data regarding the presence of different forms of asexual multiplication in flatworms and argue that the presence of a population of totipotent or pluripotent stem cells, \\\\'neoblasts\\\\', is a primitive feature of decisive importance for the developing potential of flatworms. Next we present information on the role of stem cells in fission, head regeneration, and pharynx regeneration of planarians. Furthermore, the tracing of neoblasts in lower flatworms and cestodes is presented, and the results indicating heterogeneity of the neoblast pool are discussed. Finally, the mode by which the neoblasts are stimulated to divide, migrate, and differentiate and the nature of the interactions are discussed. We focus on (i) biogenic amines and neuropeptides, (ii) the role of neuropeptides in the early stage of regeneration, (iii) the evidence for the influences of growth factors and nitric oxide, and (iv) the influence of weak electromagnetic fields. We discuss the pattern in which a gradient system of morphogens and (or) a hierarchical system of inductions is expressed in development.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Sample size calculations for classical association and TDT-type methods using family data. Transmission Disequilibrium Test (TDT)-based methods have been advocated by several authors for testing that a marker-phenotype association is actually due to linkage and not to uncontrolled stratification. As a pre-requisite of TDT-type methods is the presence of an association between marker and phenotype, one may wish to first investigate the association using a classical association study, and then to check by a TDT approach whether this association is actually due to linkage. We propose an estimating equation (EE) procedure, to compute analytically the minimum sample size of sibship data required to detect the association between a marker and a quantitative phenotype, and that required to confirm it by two TDT methods. We show that, when the marker allele frequency is low or high, the number of informative sibs needed in TDT-type methods can be lower than the number required in an association analysis, and even more so when the familial clustering is strong. However, in all cases, the number of sibs that need to be sampled to get the appropriate number of informative sibs for analysis is always larger for TDT methods than for an association study. In a phenotype-first strategy, this number may be critical when investigating costly phenotypes.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "QFASAR: quantitative fatty acid signature analysis with R. 1. Knowledge of predator diets provides essential insights into their ecology, yet diet estimation is challenging and remains an active area of research.4. QFASAR makes traditional and recently published QFASA diet estimation methods accessible to ecologists for the first time. Use of the package is illustrated with signature data from Chukchi Sea polar bears and potential prey species.3. I summarize a new R package, QFASAR, for diet estimation using QFASA methods. The package also provides functionality to evaluate and potentially improve the performance of a library of prey signature data, compute goodness-of-fit diagnostics, and support simulation-based research. Several procedures in the package have not previously been published.2. Quantitative fatty acid signature analysis (QFASA) is a popular method of estimating diet composition that continues to be investigated and extended. However, software to implement QFASA has only recently become publicly available.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Regulation, Integrase-Dependent Excision, and Horizontal Transfer of Genomic Islands in Legionella pneumophila. Legionella pneumophila is a Gram-negative freshwater agent which multiplies in specialized nutrient-rich vacuoles of amoebae. When replicating in human alveolar macrophages, Legionella can cause Legionnaires' disease. Recently, we identified a new type of conjugation/type IVA secretion system (T4ASS) in L. pneumophila Corby (named trb-tra). Analogous versions of trb-tra are localized on the genomic islands Trb-1 and Trb-2. Both can exist as an episomal circular form, and Trb-1 can be transferred horizontally to other Legionella strains by conjugation. In our current work, we discovered the importance of a site-specific integrase (Int-1, lpc2818) for the excision and conjugation process of Trb-1. Furthermore, we identified the genes lvrRABC (lpc2813 to lpc2816) to be involved in the regulation of Trb-1 excision. In addition, we demonstrated for the first time that a Legionella genomic island (LGI) of L. pneumophila Corby (LpcGI-2) encodes a functional type IV secretion system. The island can be transferred horizontally by conjugation and is integrated site specifically into the genome of the transconjugants. LpcGI-2 generates three different episomal forms. The predominant episomal form, form A, is generated integrase dependently (Lpc1833) and transferred by conjugation in a pilT-dependent manner. Therefore, the genomic islands Trb-1 and LpcGI-2 should be classified as integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs). Coculture studies of L. pneumophila wild-type and mutant strains revealed that the int-1 and lvrRABC genes (located on Trb-1) as well as lpc1833 and pilT (located on LpcGI-2) do not influence the in vivo fitness of L. pneumophila in Acanthamoeba castellanii.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Conformation and orientation of the gene 9 minor coat protein of bacteriophage M13 in phospholipid bilayers. The membrane-bound state of the gene 9 minor coat protein of bacteriophage M13 was studied in model membrane systems, which varied in lipid head group and lipid acyl chain composition. By using FTIR spectroscopy and subsequent band analysis a quantitative analysis of the secondary structure of the protein was obtained. The secondary structure of the gene 9 protein predominantly consists of alpha -helical (67%) and turn (33%) structures. The turn structure is likely to be located C-terminally where it has a function in recognizing the phage DNA during bacteriophage assembly. Attenuated total reflection FTIR spectroscopy was used to determine the orientation of gene 9 protein in the membrane, revealing that the alpha -helical domain is mainly transmembrane. The conformational and orientational measurements result in two models for the gene 9 protein in the membrane: a single transmembrane helix model and a two-helix model consisting of a 15 amino acid long transmembrane helix and a 10 amino acid long helix oriented parallel to the membrane plane. Potential structural consequences for both models are discussed. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Young Adult Perceptions of the British American Tobacco New Zealand Agree/Disagree Plain Packaging Counter-Campaign. Conclusion: This study affirms the importance of closely monitoring public opinion about tobacco control and of broadening denormalization strategies to reflect the critical role the tobacco industry plays in prolonging the tobacco epidemic.Implications: To date there is little evidence on the perceptions young adults hold toward to the tobacco industry and their arguments regarding the introduction of plain packaged cigarettes. Our findings indicate that some young people are attuned to the social discourse regarding the importance of economics, individuality, choice, and freedom as expressed by the tobacco industry. Tobacco control initiatives could challenge core values such as fairness and justice as related to corporate behaviors to retain public support, particularly among young people.Methods: Interviews with young adults living in the Auckland area were conducted. Interviews covered existing knowledge about plain packaging of tobacco, knowledge about the tobacco industry, and perceptions of specific advertisements included in the campaign. Interview data were analyzed to determine the dominant views about the campaign.Introduction: In 2012, British American Tobacco New Zealand (BATNZ) launched a mass media campaign branded \\\\'Agree/Disagree\\\\' as a response to the New Zealand government's plans to introduce plain packaging. We examined young adult's views about the campaign to assist tobacco control policymakers in planning future interventions.Results: Perspectives from 12 interviews reflect the dominant discourse in New Zealand on the benefits of serving economic progress and international trade. Pervasive views about the campaigns reflected perceptions of the risk to the New Zealand image, trade, and economy. Similarly, participants expressed concern about the potential for plain packaging to creep toward other products, such as alcohol. Perceptions of the tobacco industry were mixed but reflect a tolerant view of the ethics of business if viewed to be beneficial to the economy. Discussion: Participants were broadly accepting of the campaign messages. We identified a tendency toward quasi-libertarian leanings when discussing economics and trade, commercial versus personal responsibility, and the value of freedom (commercial and social). These perspectives were often held simultaneously with conflicting socially responsive values and references to the hegemonic position of \\\\'big business.\\\\'", "label": [2, 21, 23]}
+{"token": "PATHOLOGY OF THE UMBILICAL-CORD IN CONGENITAL-SYPHILIS - ANALYSIS OF 25 SPECIMENS USING HISTOCHEMISTRY AND IMMUNOFLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TO TREPONEMA-PALLIDUM. Identification of Treponema pallidum in the placenta is important for diagnosis of congenital syphilis; however, spirochetes are difficult to observe in chorionic villi. To determine the sensitivity of umbilical cord examination for T pallidum, and the association of spirochetes with cord pathology, placentas were prospectively obtained from 25 women with untreated syphilis. The most common finding using hematoxylin-eosin staining was a normal-appearing umbilical cord (48%); necrotizing funisitis: was the most frequent pathological lesion (36%). Spirochetes were detected using silver and immunofluorescent staining in 89% of cords, including 92% of histologically normal and 84% of abnormal cords. Three specimens showed subamnionic aggregates of spirochetes, consistent with amniotic fluid infection. Necrotizing funisitis was strongly associated with umbilical artery infection spirochetes (P =.008), There was a 100% correlation between results of silver and immunofluorescent staining. The umbilical cord is a sensitive site for morphological confirmation of T pallidum; it is significant for the pathologist that spirochetes may often be detected in the absence of overt tissue inflammation or necrosis. Copyright (C) 1995 by W.B. Saunders Company", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on mammals at tourism destinations: a systematic review. In total, we identified 92 distinct animal reports representing 48 mammal species. We used an existing tourism classification schema to categorise each article based on the situation reported, with the new addition of one context. We classified 92 separate animal reports in 46 articles into four (of six possible) contexts: mammals as attractions (n = 40 animal reports), mammals as commodities (n = 33), mammals as threats (n = 2), and unusual sightings of mammals (n = 17). Shortage of food, in danger of losing home, having an enriched/relaxed environment, spatial expansion, disease transmission, and poaching are the major impacts or events reported in these contexts.The COVID-19 outbreak is having an unprecedented effect on human society, but how is it affecting the mammals that people live with? Mammals that were part of tourism experiences are of concern, because they impact on people's health and livelihoods and, since many of them are now dependent on people, we urge consideration of the status of these mammals as a result of the pandemic.We provide a systematic review of the impacts the COVID-19 outbreak has had on mammals in tourism venues. We examine reports of diverse species in various settings responding to changes in their environments that are occurring because of the pandemic.We suggest changes for each context with respect to how people interface with mammals, with the goal of improving the lives of mammals and the people dependent on them.We searched the scholarly literature, preprints, and online news sources using combinations of the search terms 'tourism', 'animals', 'wildlife', 'coronavirus', and 'COVID-19'. We searched Web of Science, SCOPUS, EBSCOHost, JSTOR, bioRxiv, OSFPREPRINTS, GDELT, Google News, and National Public Radio, and analysed a total of 39 news articles, one peer-reviewed article, and six preprints.", "label": [4, 34, 43]}
+{"token": "Tunable Functional Properties on Polyester Fabric Using Simultaneous Green Reduction of Graphene Oxide and Silver Nitrate. Here, a novel method is introduced to create tunable properties on the polyester fabric through diverse chemical modifications. The polyester fabric was primarily modified with NaOH or ethylenediamine to enhance the surface activity. This will produce diverse chemical groups on the polyester fabric surface including carboxylate, hydroxyl and amine groups. The fabric Was treated with grahene oxide through exhaustion method. The silver nitrate was then added and simultaneously reduced with grapheme oxide using ascorbic acid and ammonia to produce reduced graphen oxide/silver nanocomposites (rGO/Ag) on the fabric surface. The synthesized nanocomposites were characterized by TEM and Raman spectra. The presence and uniform distribution of the nanocomposites on the fabric surface was also confirmed by SEM images and EDX patterns. The electrical resistivity was varied on the raw and modified polyester fabric due to the diverse formation of the graphene nanosheets network on the fabric surface. More Ag particles were formed on the surface of the alkali hydrolyzed polyester whereas more graphene nanosheets deposited on the aminolyzed polyester fabric. Also the hydrolyzed polyester fabric exhibited higher antibacterial properties with the lowest silver nitrate in the processing solution. The aminolyzed fabric showed a lower electrical resistance than the hydrolyzed and raw fabrics with the same amount of GO in the procedure bath. The aminolyzed polyester fabric indicated higher affinity towards GO produced higher antibacterial properties before reduction and without silver nitrate however lower electrical resistance obtained after reduction comparing with other samples.", "label": [4, 1, 33, 11]}
+{"token": "Tournaments with midterm reviews. We first study the case of a fixed, exogenously given prize and then extend the analysis to the case where the prize is not fixed but may vary with the tournament's outcome.It is shown that (1) it is always optimal to assign a higher weight to the final review; (2) this weight increases with the dominance of the first-stage effort in determining the final review's outcome. When the prize is not fixed, the optimal design generates an asymmetric tournament in the second stage that favors the winner of the midterm review. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.In many tournaments investments are trade over time. The question whether to conduct a review once at the end, or additionally at points midway through the tournament, is a strategic decision. If the latter course is chosen, then the designer must establish both a rule for aggregating the results of the different reviews and a rule for determining compensations.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Inhibition of Sendai virus genome replication due to promoter-increased selectivity: a possible role for the accessory C proteins. The role of the negative-stranded virus accessory C proteins is difficult to assess because they appear sometimes as nonessential and thereby of no function. On the other hand, when a function is found, as in the case of Sendai virus, it represents an enigma, in that the C proteins inhibit replication under conditions where the infection follows an exponential course. Furthermore, this inhibitory function is exerted differentially: in contrast to the replication of internal deletion defective interfering (DI) RNAs, that of copy-back DI RNAs appears to escape inhibition, under certain experimental conditions (in vivo assay). In a reexamination of the C effect by the reverse genetics approach, it was found that copy-back RNA replication is inhibited by C in vivo as well, under conditions where the ratio of C to copy-back template is increased, This effect can be reversed by an increase in P but not L protein. The ''rule of six'' was differentially observed in the presence or absence of C. Finally, a difference in the ability of the replicating complex to tolerate promoter modifications in RNA synthesis initiation was shown to occur in the presence or the absence of C as well, We propose that C acts by increasing the selectivity of the replicating complex for the promoter cis-acting elements governing its activity. The inhibitory effect of C becomes the price to pay for this increased selectivity.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "The filamentous type III secretion translocon of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) uses a type III secretion system (TTSS) to inject effector proteins into the plasma membrane and cytosol of infected cells. To translocate proteins, EPEC, like Salmonella and Shigella, is believed to assemble a macromolecular complex (type III secreton) that spans both bacterial membranes and has a short needle-like projection. However, there is a special interest in studying the EPEC TTSS owing to the fact that one of the secreted proteins, EspA, is assembled into a unique filamentous structure also required for protein translocation. In this report we present electron micrographs of EspA filaments which reveal a regular segmented substructure. Recently we have shown that deletion of the putative structural needle protein, EscF, abolished protein secretion and formation of EspA filaments. Moreover, we demonstrated that EspA can bind directly to EscF, suggesting that EspA filaments are physically linked to the EPEC needle complex. In this paper we provide direct evidence for the association between an EPEC bacterial membrane needle complex and EspA filaments, defining a new class of filamentous TTSS.", "label": [4, 40, 39]}
+{"token": "Using theory on authentic leadership to build a strong human resource management system. Prior work has questioned whether human resource management (HRM) lives up to the organizational benefits it espouses. The intentions underlying human resource (HR) practices often differ from how they are implemented by line managers or how they are ultimately perceived by followers, thus undermining the strength of the HR system in influencing organizational outcomes and with them the overall reputation of HRM. We argue that line managers, specifically those who display authentic leadership behaviors, can strengthen an HR system (i.e., aligning intended, actual, and perceived HR policies and practices) by implementing HR practices in a way that they are perceived as distinct, consistent, and reflecting consensus. Authentic leadership theory departs from more traditional, top-down fit perspectives in strategic HRM to consider the dynamic way in which individuals within an organizational context co-create felt and perceived authenticity in interaction with others. In other words, by providing a more dynamic approach to creating alignment in HRM, authentic leadership helps HRM attain more authenticity and credibility in the organization.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "Numerical simulation of micro-EDM model with multi-spark. Micro-electrical discharge machining (EDM) has been identified as a micromachining process for the fabrication of components of size down to the micrometer level. This process is derived from EDM, and the principles of both the processes are similar; yet, due to significant scaling down of the micro-EDM process, lots of modifications in circuit design, electrode diameter, stress developed, and energy levels are needed. The specific analysis and modification of micro-EDM process are required to understand these capability and limitations. Therefore, a numerical model based on finite volume method has been developed to solve the micro-EDM model equations and thereby predict the effect of spark ratio (spark on time/spark off time) on the temperature distribution in the material. Moreover, the results of the analysis are successfully tested against published ones.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "THE USE OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS IN STEELMAKING. It is concluded that the use of carbon sources, mainly for supplementing energy and as reductants, will increase in the future, but that demands on the purity of the materials will probably become more stringent. If hydrogen were manufactured at a competitive cost, it could become an alternative fuel and reductant in the field of iron and steelmaking.An overview is given of the present state of traditional and new steelmaking equipment and techniques, and one of the direct steelmaking methods that are currently being developed is described. In steelmaking processes, coal is used to supplement the energy input and to reduce iron oxides in the slag. Foamy slag practice is discussed, and the most widely used types of ladle recarburizers, their properties, and manufacture are described.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Low-Frequency K103N Strengthens the Impact of Transmitted Drug Resistance on Virologic Responses to First-Line Efavirenz or Nevirapine-Based Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy. Background: There are conflicting data on the impact of low-frequency transmitted drug-resistant mutants on responses to first-line highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).Conclusions: Low-frequency K103N mutants were as. prevalent as bulk-detectable variants before starting HAART Both high- and low-frequency mutants were significantly associated with virologic failure.Results: Among 93 patients, seven of 18 who experienced virologic failure and zero of 75 who maintained virologic suppression showed pre-HAART resistance, including three with high-frequency mutations detectable by bulk genotyping (two K103N, one G190A) and four with low-frequency K103N detectable only by polymerase chain reaction. Detection of either bulk (P = 0.006) or low-frequency (P = 0.001) resistance was significantly associated with the odds of virologic failure; combining the two markedly increased the strength of the association (P < 0.0001). At failure, the pre-HAART mutations were detected by bulk genotyping in five of seven patients alongside additional reverse transcriptase mutations.Methods: Patients started nevirapine or efavirenz with two or more nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors in 1998-2007 without a prior resistance test at a median 1.0 (interquartile range, 0.0-3.4) year after diagnosis and with a median 218 (interquartile range, 131-296) CD4 cells/mm(3), and had at least 24 weeks of follow up. Pre-HAART plasma samples were tested retrospectively by bulk genotyping and sensitive real-time polymerase chain reaction targeting reverse transcriptase K65R, K103N, Y181C, M184V, and G190A (interpretative cutoff 0.3%-0.9%).", "label": [2, 17, 24]}
+{"token": "Short-term compost application increases rhizosphere soil carbon mineralization and stimulates root growth in long-term continuously cropped cucumber. Continuous cropping, a common agricultural practice in the world, often results in soil degradation and eventually lead to crop yield decline over time. Composts application has several advantages such as improving soil quality and increasing crop yields. However, little information is available regarding the effect of compost application on crop growth in continuous cropping systems. In this study, we investigated three long-term (>15 years) continuously cropped cucumber soils to examine the effect of compost application on carbon mineralization of rhizosphere soils and plant growth. All three soils were treated with/without compost, Bacillus subtilis and their combination. In general, the amounts of cumulative carbon mineralization in soils treated with compost were larger than those in untreated soils. The initial carbon mineralization rate, m(o), was significant higher in soils treated with compost than in untreated soils. Soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and root growth was significantly (P< 0.05) increased by the compost addition, but was not statistically (P>0.05) affected by the bacterial inoculation in all soils. In compost-treated soils, there was a higher faction of thin roots (<0.5 mm diameter) and a smaller fraction of thicker roots (>0.5 mm diameter) compared with untreated soils. Cucumber fruit yield was significantly positively correlated with the CCM and MBC values. Our results suggested that short-term compost application increases rhizosphere soil carbon mineralization and stimulates root growth in long-term continuously cropped cucumber. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Differential growth of body segments explains ontogenetic shifts in organ position for the Diamondback Water Snake (Nerodia rhombifer). As snakes grow, their organs move anteriorly relative to body size. We explored a developmental explanation for the ontogenetic shift in the relative position of internal organs for snakes using the Diamondback Water Snake (Nerodia rhombifer (Hallowell, 1852)). With age, this water snake's heart, liver, small intestine, and right kidney move anteriorly by 2.5-5.0 percentage points of snout-vent length. The number of precaudal vertebrae did not vary due to size or sex. The anterior edge of the heart, liver, small intestine, and right kidney were typically aligned within a span of 4-8 vertebrae that likewise did not differ as a function of size or sex. Snakes exhibited a positive relationship between the number of precaudal vertebrae and the vertebra number aligned with each organ. Total length, centrum length, centrum width, ball width, height, and mass of eight vertebrae sampled at consistent vertebral number revealed that vertebrae in the middle region of the body grow at a greater rate than vertebrae at the anterior or distal ends of the body. For N. rhombifer, the observed forward shift in relative organ positions is the product of regional differences in the growth of body segments. Predictably, these differences arise from a developmental program generated by the differential expression of Hox genes.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "The Alstruc microstructure solidification model for industrial aluminum alloys. The model predicts the solidification path in the aluminum corner of the AlCuFeMgMnSi phase diagram, with compensation for solid-state diffusion and particle growth undercoolings. Input is the composition and the rate of cooling. Output is the temperature vs fraction solid; the solid-state concentration profiles; the type, volume fraction, and size of the intermetallic particles; and also the temperature-dependent thermal conductivity, density, specific heat, and heat of fusion for use in thermal models.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Accurately Determining the Phase Transition Temperature of CsPbI3 via Random-Phase Approximation Calculations and Phase-Transferable Machine Learning Potentials. While metal halide perovskites (MHPs) have shown great potential for various optoelectronic applications, their widespread adoption in commercial photovoltaic cells or photo-sensors is currently restricted, given that MHPs such as CsPbI3 and FAPbI(3) spontaneously transition to an optically inactive non-perovskite phase at ambient conditions. Herein, we put forward an accurate first-principles procedure to obtain fundamental insight into this phase stability conundrum. To this end, we computationally predict the Helmholtz free energy, composed of the electronic ground state energy and thermal corrections, as this is the fundamental quantity describing the phase stability in polymorphic materials. By adopting the random phase approximation method as a wave function-based method that intrinsically accounts for many-body electron correlation effects as a benchmark for the ground state energy, we validate the performance of different exchange-correlation functionals and dispersion methods. The thermal corrections, accessed through the vibrational density of states, are accessed through molecular dynamics simulations, using a phase-transferable machine learning potential to accurately account for the MHPs' anharmonicity and mitigate size effects. The here proposed procedure is critically validated on CsPbI3, which is a challenging material as its phase stability changes slowly with varying temperature. We demonstrate that our procedure is essential to reproduce the experimental transition temperature, as choosing an inadequate functional can easily miss the transition temperature by more than 100 K. These results demonstrate that the here validated methodology is ideally suited to understand how factors such as strain engineering, surface functionalization, or compositional engineering could help to phase-stabilize MHPs for targeted applications.", "label": [4, 1, 33, 11]}
+{"token": "Papyrus 72 and the 'Bodmer miscellaneous codex'. The Bodmer miscellaneous codex contains not only P72 (Jude, 1-2 Peter), but eight other biblical and Christian writings as well. Three independent sections (I-II-III) of the codex have been identified, and a different sequence from the traditional is suggested as original. There are strong connections between sections I and III and they probably followed in sequence. The most significant connection is P72, copied by one single scribe who displays both a liturgical and a theological tendency. This scribe may have been the final collector of the codex, a miscellany of an apologetic character, bearing the marks of incipient orthodoxy.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Time perspective and school membership as correlates to academic achievement among african american adolescents. This study examined the relationship of academic achievement to time perspective (future, present) and school membership (belonging, acceptance, rejection) among 232 low-income, urban African American adolescents. Findings indicated positive, significant relationships among academic achievement, future time perspective, school belonging, and school acceptance. A negative, significant relationship was found between academic achievement and present time perspective. Based on multiple regression analysis, the ability of time perspective and school membership to predict academic achievement differed across gender. Whereas present time perspective was predictive of academic achievement among males, school acceptance and future time perspective emerged as significant predictors of academic achievement among females. Present time perspective contributed negatively to academic achievement among males, while school acceptance and future time perspective contributed positively to academic achievement among females.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Longitudinal Course of Human Metapneumovirus Antibody Titers and Reinfection in Healthy Adults. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the frequency of human metapneumovirus (hMPV) infection in adults and to determine the association between the levels of serum antibody titers and the susceptibility to reinfection. Serum samples collected at the periodic occupational medical checkup for employees of a hospital were subjected to an ELISA test. Of the 289 subjects, 288 (99.7%) had hMPV antibody titers that were more than 1:100 in May 2006. The percentage of subjects with a titer of >= 3,200 was significantly higher in adults aged 40-65 years old (30.2-31.5%) compared to young adults 20-39 years old (13.6%) (P < 0.05). To investigate the longitudinal course of the hMPV antibody titer, a total of 649 serum samples collected from 59 subjects who had participated in all biannual medical checkups between 2001 and 2006 were tested. We found that ten serum pairs showed a greater than fourfold increase in hMPV antibody titers. Additionally, the 5-year reinfection rate was estimated at 16.9% (10 of 59 subjects). The baseline titer before the fourfold increase ranged from 1:100 to 1:3,200, and the titer returned to baseline levels 2 or 3 years after the fourfold increase. The antibody titer of the person with the baseline titer of 1:100 showed a greater than fourfold increase twice within a year. Sixty to 80% of adults had an ELISA titer of 1:800 to 1:1,600, suggesting that such an antibody titer is not enough to protect from hMPV infection and that reinfection could occur among adults. J. Med. Virol. 82:2092-2096,2010. (c) 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Clustering bifurcation and spatiotemporal intermittency in rf-driven Josephson junction series arrays. We study the spatiotemporal dynamics of the underdamped Josephson junction series arrays (JJSA) which are globally coupled through a resistive shunting load and driven by an rf bias current. Clustering bifurcations are shown to appear. In particular, cluster-doubling induced period-doubling bifurcations and clustering induced spatiotemporal chaos are found. Furthermore, an interesting spatiotemporal intermittency is also found. These phenomena are closely related to the dynamics of the single cell.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Estimating average shock pressures recorded by impactite samples based on universal stage investigations of planar deformation features in quartz-Sources of error and recommendations. Planar deformation features (PDFs) in quartz are the most widely used indicator of shock metamorphism in terrestrial rocks. They can also be used for estimating average shock pressures that quartz-bearing rocks have been subjected to. Here we report on a number of observations and problems that we have encountered when performing universal stage measurements and crystallographically indexing of PDF orientations in quartz. These include a comparison between manual and automated methods of indexing PDFs, an evaluation of the new stereographic projection template, and observations regarding the PDF statistics related to the c-axis position and rhombohedral plane symmetry. We further discuss the implications that our findings have for shock barometry studies. Our study shows that the currently used stereographic projection template for indexing PDFs in quartz might induce an overestimation of rhombohedral planes with low Miller-Bravais indices. We suggest, based on a comparison of different shock barometry methods, that a unified method of assigning shock pressures to samples based on PDFs in quartz is necessary to allow comparison of data sets. This method needs to take into account not only the average number of PDF sets/grain but also the number of high Miller-Bravais index planes, both of which are important factors according to our study. Finally, we present a suggestion for such a method (which is valid for nonporous quartz-bearing rock types), which consists of assigning quartz grains into types (A-E) based on the PDF orientation pattern, and then calculation of a mean shock pressure for each sample.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Complete genome sequences of cowpea polerovirus 1 and cowpea polerovirus 2 infecting cowpea plants in Burkina Faso. The full-length genome sequences of two novel poleroviruses found infecting cowpea plants, cowpea polerovirus 1 (CPPV1) and cowpea polerovirus 2 (CPPV2), were determined using overlapping RT-PCR and RACE-PCR. Whereas the 5845-nt CPPV1 genome was most similar to chickpea chlorotic stunt virus (73% identity), the 5945-nt CPPV2 genome was most similar to phasey bean mild yellow virus (86% identity). The CPPV1 and CPPV2 genomes both have a typical polerovirus genome organization. Phylogenetic analysis of the inferred P1-P2 and P3 amino acid sequences confirmed that CPPV1 and CPPV2 are indeed poleroviruses. Four apparently unique recombination events were detected within a dataset of 12 full polerovirus genome sequences, including two events in the CPPV2 genome. Based on the current species demarcation criteria for the family Luteoviridae, we tentatively propose that CPPV1 and CPPV2 should be considered members of novel polerovirus species.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Stripping of silver from Primene JMT loaded with silver thiocyanate complexes. Stripping of silver from Primene JMT loaded with silver thiocyanate complexes was investigated, utilizing hydrolysis, anion exchange and reduction stripping reactions. The findings obtained are summarized as follows. (1) Precipitation stripping of AgSCN was almost impossible when water, aqueous NH3 or NaOH was used as stripping solution, (2) Stripping or precipitation stripping reactions did not proceed quantitatively when HClO4 or NaClO4, whose affinity for amine is strong, was used as stripping solution. (3) When NH3 or NaOH solution containing NaBH4 was used, reduction stripping proceeded producing aggregates of fine metallic Ag powder. (4) For efficient reduction stripping of Ag using a solution containing NaBH4, the addition of NH3 or NaOH, and the use of NaBH4 at more than twice the amount of Ag(I) in the organic phase, are required. (5) When Ag(I) extraction was done using Primene JMT that had been converted to the thiocyanate salt, the reduction efficiency deteriorated. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "A note on the convergence of the two-grid method for Toeplitz systems. In this paper, we consider solutions of Toeplitz systems Au = b where the Toeplitz matrices A are generated by nonnegative functions with zeros. Since the matrices A are ill-conditioned, the convergence factor of classical iterative methods, such as the Richardson method, will approach 1 as the size n of the matrices becomes large. In [1,2], convergence of the two-grid method with Richardson method as smoother was proved for band tau matrices and it was conjectured that this convergence result can be carried to Toeplitz systems. In this paper, we show that the two-grid method with Richardson smoother indeed converges for Toeplitz systems that are generated by functions with zeros, provided that the order of the zeros are less than or equal to 2. However, we illustrate by examples that the convergence results of the two-grid method cannot be readily extended to multigrid method for n that are not of the form 2(l) - 1.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "LYS3 encodes a prolamin-box-binding transcription factor that controls embryo growth in barley and wheat. Mutations at the LYS3 locus in barley have multiple effects on grain development, including an increase in embryo size and a decrease in endosperm starch content. The gene underlying LYS3 was identified by genetic mapping and mutations in this gene were identified in all four barley lys3 alleles. LYS3 encodes a transcription factor called Prolamin Binding Factor (PBF). Its role in controlling embryo size was confirmed using wheat TILLING mutants. To understand how PBF controls embryo development, we studied its spatial and temporal patterns of expression in developing grains. The PBF gene is expressed in both the endosperm and the embryos, but the timing of expression in these organs differs. PBF expression in wild-type embryos precedes the onset of embryo enlargement in lys3 mutants, suggesting that PBF suppresses embryo growth. We predicted the down-stream target genes of PBF in wheat and found them to be involved in a wide range of biological processes, including organ development and starch metabolism. Our work suggests that PBF may influence embryo size and endosperm starch synthesis via separate gene control networks.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Reduction of Power System Dynamic Models Using Sparse Representations. This paper proposes a model reduction technique that simplifies the dynamic equations of complex power networks, using sparse representations of the system matrices. Instead of removing components from the state vector, elements from the system matrices are eliminated such that these matrices become sparse. This is achieved by three different numeric algorithms that approximate the original system model using fewer nonzero elements. These algorithms lead to simpler models, since the complexity of operations involving sparse matrices is primarily affected by the matrices density. Furthermore, this approach enables to identify significant dynamic relations between units in the network. The proposed methods are demonstrated on several test-case systems with 9 and 2383-buses. In these examples, more than 90% of the elements in the system matrices are eliminated.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Less is More: Analysis of The Practices on the Incorporation and Corporate Governance of Limited Liability Companies in Chile. This paper reviews the practices on the incorporation and corporate governance of a type of corporation named \\\\'sociedades por acciones\\\\' in Chile. Our data suggests that an average \\\\'sociedad por acciones\\\\' has very few clauses amending the bylaws proposed by the legislator, noticeably the replacement of a board of directors by a structure of conventionally delegated management and simplification of the mechanism for dispute resolution. It also interesting that several innovations introduced by the legislation, such as shareholding preferences and special regimes for paying dividends, had a rather small impact in the respective business practices. From the approach of the economic analysis of the law, both of these trends are consistent with the idea of simplifying the rules governing a corporation. Nevertheless, this strong preference for a conventionally delegated management poses several conceptual problems related with deciding which type of rules should be applied by default to the \\\\'sociedades por acciones\\\\'.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "PUNITIVE DAMAGES AND THEIR ALTERNATIVES IN MEXICAN ENVIRONMENTAL LAW. This article reviews the general bases of class actions in Mexico. It also examines national legislators' decision not to include punitive damages in the current Mexican law, and places special emphasis on the global need for effective legal instruments to prevent and redress ecological disasters. Finally, this article proposes what could be the elementary basis for a legal alternative to overcome the lack of punitive damages in terms of environmental law.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Title II of the Older Workers Benefit Protection Act: A license for age discrimination? The problem identified and proposed solutions. In the present competitive economic environment, employers often offer severance packages to employees in exchange for a waiver of their lights to bring age discrimination claims. In response, in 1990, Congress amended the Age Discrimination in Emloyment Act of 1967, adding title II of the Older Workers Benefit Protection Act, to ensure that waivers in the individual and group termination contexts were both \\\\'knowing and voluntary\\\\' rather than attained through duress, coercion, or mistake. In this Article, the author asserts that the amendment, as structured and interpreted by the courts, provides ill-intentioned employers with a license to discriminate on the basis of-age. The author argues that because the statutue does not require that employers furnish their employees with information regarding their replacements at the time of waiver their waivers cnnot be considered knowing and voluntary. Moreover requirements imposed by courts in some jurisdictions mandating that employees tender back severance benefits prior to filing suit for age discrimination inhibit emloyees from seeking redress for suspected discrimination. The author concludes by proposing an amendment that seeks to alleviate these problems, and offers employees and employers additional protections.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "The Role of Emotion Regulation in Reducing Emotional Distortions of Duration Perception. Emotional events, especially negative ones, are consistently reported to last longer than neutral events. Previous studies suggested that this distortion of duration perception is linked to arousal and attention bias in response to emotional events. Reappraisal and suppression, arguably the most effective strategies for emotion regulation, have been demonstrated to decrease such arousal and attention bias. The present study investigated whether reappraisal and suppression can reduce emotional distortions of duration perception. Seventy-eight Chinese undergraduates were recruited as paid participants and randomly assigned to nonregulation, reappraisal, and suppression groups. Before they performed a temporal bisection task involving presentation of emotional pictures for different durations, the groups were each given one of three different sets of instructions requiring them to passively perceive, reappraise, or suppress the emotions of the pictures. The results indicated that the distortion of duration perception occurred only in the nonregulation group, suggesting that it can be effectively reduced by reappraisal and suppression.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Analysis of thermal effect using Coupled Hot-air and Microwave heating at different position of potato. A 3D mathematical food model of Coupled Hot-air and Microwave (CTMW) heating was developed to understand complex microwave interactions in food. The heating process at different position of potato using CTMW heating was investigated numerically and experimentally. Simulated spatial temperature profiles were compared with experimental ones, and predict spatial temperature profiles were in good agreement with experimental ones. In this study, the effect of the potato's position inside cavity was studied. The simulation results were analyzed and evaluated. The results showed the loss power values& density distribution at different position of potato varied greatly, which directly led to the potatoes in the uneven distribution of temperature field. The results are useful in understanding complex microwave heating, designing CTMW heating systems. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Rescuing tsunami-damaged photographs in Japan. The Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami on 11 March 2011 caused tremendous damage to photographic materials and memorial objects owned by people located in the area. It was an unprecedented disaster over a vast area of Tohoku. Creating an orderly recovery programme for the privately owned materials, such as family photographs, seemed impossible at first. Soon after the earthquake, however, many volunteers staying at the evacuation shelters spontaneously started to wash photographs and albums. This shorter notice is a personal review of how the disaster recovery took place in Ofunato, Iwate prefecture, Japan. It identifies typical damage to the photographs, treatment methods used, the impact of broader issues during the initial recovery period, and how other rescue projects were carried out.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Heterologous Expression of Active Dehalobacter Respiratory Reductive Dehalogenases in Escherichia coli. IMPORTANCE Understanding microbial reductive dehalogenation is important to refine the global halogen cycle and to improve bioremediation of halogenated contaminants; however, studies of the family of enzymes responsible are limited. Characterization of reductive dehalogenase enzymes has largely eluded researchers due to the lack of a reliable and high-yielding production method. We are presenting an approach to express reductive dehalogenase enzymes from Dehalobacter, a key group of organisms used in bioremediation, in Escherichia coll. This expression system will propel the study of reductive dehalogenases by facilitating their production and isolation, allowing researchers to pursue more in-depth questions about the activity and structure of these enzymes. This platform will also provide a starting point to improve the expression of reductive dehalogenases from many other organisms.Reductive dehalogenases (RDases) are a family of redox enzymes that are required for anaerobic organohalide respiration, a microbial process that is useful in bioremediation. Structural and mechanistic studies of these enzymes have been greatly impeded due to challenges in RDase heterologous expression, potentially because of their cobamide-dependence. There have been a few successful attempts at RDase production in unconventional heterologous hosts, but a robust method has yet to be developed. Here we outline a novel respiratory RDase expression system using Escherichia coll. The overexpression of E. colts cobamide transport system, btu, and anaerobic expression conditions were found to be essential for production of active RDases from Dehalobacter-an obligate organohalide respiring bacterium. The expression system was validated on six enzymes with amino acid sequence identities as low as 28%. Dehalogenation activity was verified for each RDase by assaying cell extracts of small-scale expression cultures on various chlorinated substrates including chloroalkanes, chloroethenes, and hexachlorocyclohexanes. Two RDases, TmrA from Dehalobacter sp. UNSWDHB and HchA from Dehalobacter sp. HCH1, were purified by nickel affinity chromatography. Incorporation of the cobamide and iron-sulfur cluster cofactors was verified; however, the precise cobalamin incorporation could not be determined due to variance between methodologies, and the specific activity of TmrA was consistent with that of the native enzyme. The heterologous expression of respiratory RDases, particularly from obligate organohalide respiring bacteria, has been extremely challenging and unreliable. Here we present a relatively straightforward E. coli expression system that has performed well for a variety of Dehalobacter spp. RDases.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 40]}
+{"token": "REINFORCED MULTISTAGE OXYGEN DELIGNIFICATION - RECENT EXPERIENCE. The treshold of producing TCF pulp has been crossed at Veitsiluoto Oy, Kemijarvi Pulp Mill.  An effective new 2-stage oxygen delignification system has made it possible to produce high-quality pulp of high brightness.  On the basis of operating experience of well over 18 months this new system has, with the ECF mode of operation, fundamentally reduced the consumption of chlorine dioxide and minimized the environmental impact.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "Prospects for the UK Economy. The production of this forecast is supported by the Institute's Corporate Members: Bank of England, HM Treasury, Mizuho Research Institute Ltd, Office for National Statistics, Santander (UK) plc and by the members of the NiGEM users group.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Poison Ivy (Toxicodendron radican) Control with Triclopyr and Metsulfuron, Applied Alone and in Tank Mixture. Dermatitis from poison ivy is an important health problem, and considerable effort is devoted to the control of this virulent weed. Triclopyr, metsulfuron, and two fixed-ratio tank mixtures of triclopyr and metsulfuron were evaluated across a series of rates for poison ivy control. The objective was to test whether tank mixtures are more effective than triclopyr alone. Triclopyr, metsulfuron, and 9 : 1 and 8 : 2 (by weight) mixtures of these two herbicides, respectively, were applied at eight rates to 1-yr old, pot-grown poison ivy plants. Rates ranged in phytotoxicity from none to death. Percentage of control as determined from plant fresh weight reduction relative to a nontreated control was determined at 1 and 4 mo after treatment (MAT). Data were subjected to ANOVA followed by nonlinear regression. Rates required for 95 % control at 1 MAT, control of regrowth at 4 MAT, and the costs of these treatments were determined for the herbicides applied alone and the mixtures. Tridopyr alone and metsulfuron alone were consistently the least and the most expensive treatments, respectively. The mixtures were intermediate to these extremes.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "An overview of Dynamic Software Product Line architectures and techniques: Observations from research and industry. Over the last two decades, software product lines have been used successfully in industry for building families of systems of related products, maximizing reuse, and exploiting their variable and configurable options. In a changing world, modern software demands more and more adaptive features, many of them performed dynamically, and the requirements on the software architecture to support adaptation capabilities of systems are increasing in importance. Today, many embedded system families and application domains such as ecosystems, service-based applications, and self-adaptive systems demand runtime capabilities for flexible adaptation, reconfiguration, and post-deployment activities. However, as traditional software product line architectures fail to provide mechanisms for runtime adaptation and behavior of products, there is a shift toward designing more dynamic software architectures and building more adaptable software able to handle autonomous decision-making, according to varying conditions. Recent development approaches such as Dynamic Software Product Lines (DSPLs) attempt to face the challenges of the dynamic conditions of such systems but the state of these solution architectures is still immature. In order to provide a more comprehensive treatment of DSPL models and their solution architectures, in this research work we provide an overview of the state of the art and current techniques that, partially, attempt to face the many challenges of runtime variability mechanisms in the context of Dynamic Software Product Lines. We also provide an integrated view of the challenges and solutions that are necessary to support runtime variability mechanisms in DSPL models and software architectures. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Myelography in orange-spined-hairy-dwarf-porcupine (Sphiggurus villosus). The myelography procedure is reported in an adult of the Sphiggurus villosus (hairy-tree-porcupine) species coming from the wild, in the region of Curitiba/PR. After proceeding with the examination, while the animal was under general anesthesia, there was a dorsal deviation of the contrast in the height of the seventh thoracic vertebra (T-7) caused by compression in the ventral region of the vertebra. This is suggestive of edema caused by intramedullary hemorrhage secondary to trauma suffered by the animal in the wild. Therefore, the use of myelography in Sphiggurus villosus (hairy-tree-porcupine) proved to be quite valid and efficient, presenting the advantages of greater precision to delimit and locate the lesion present in the vertebral column.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Impacts of Simulated N Deposition on Plants and Mycorrhizae from Spanish Semiarid Mediterranean Shrublands. Nitrogen (N) deposition threatens European Mediterranean ecosystems but investigation and understanding of impacts are limited. We report plant responses from an ongoing field N fertilization experiment conducted in a kermes oak shrubland, where NH4NO3 has been added for 1.5 years at four rates (0, 10, 20, and 50 kg N ha(-1) y(-1)). Two annual plants (Asterolinon linum-stellatum and Limonium echiodes) were negatively affected by N fertilization in terms of density and growth. However, responses were only evident when accounting for between-plot differences in soil NO3 (-)-N and NH4 (+)-N. Responses of A. linum-stellatum to simulated N deposition were also dependent on microhabitat, with the most negative effects found in the interspaces between rosemary shrubs. Negative effects were attributed either to increased soil NH4 (+)-N or to a nutritional (N to P) imbalance. Mycorrhizal infection rates were not altered by N addition in the case of L. echioides, whereas mycorrhizal colonization of A. linum-stellatum roots increased with N in those individuals growing under shrub protection. Living cover of rosemary shrubs was also reduced by simulated N deposition as a consequence of a reduced interannual twig growth. Contrary to annual plants, tissue N content and C:N ratios in rosemary were not affected by simulated N deposition. Overall, our data suggest a high sensitivity of plant communities from moderately polluted semiarid Mediterranean shrublands to N deposition, highlight the role of different forms of inorganic N on plant response to N deposition, and support the importance of conducting similar experiments in other Mediterranean areas spanning a wide range of climatic, soil, and background N deposition conditions.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Screening patch tests for pigmented contact dermatitis in Israel. Pigmented contact dermatitis has been found to be caused by fragrances, cosmetics, washing powders, azo dyes in textiles, and rubber products in selected groups of patients. The aim of this study was to run screening patch tests in an unselected group of patients with pigmented contact dermatitis (n=29) encountered in our center over a 2-year period. The test series included the European standard, cosmetics, fragrance, Scandinavian photo, and personal products. 21 patients had a positive reaction in at least 1 of the series (total, 29 reactions): 16 - standard, 3 - cosmetics, 1 fragrance, 9 - photo, and 1 - personal products; 16 (55%) had relevant results. We conclude that the highest yield for screening for pigmented contact dermatitis is achieved with the standard and photo series.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Structure and kinematics of the Taurus star-forming region from Gaia-DR2 and VLBI astrometry. Results. We show that the molecular clouds are located at different distances and confirm the existence of important depth effects in this region reported in previous studies. For example, we find that the L 1495 molecular cloud is located at d = 129(-0.3)(+0.4) pc, while the filamentary structure connected to it (in the plane of the sky) is at d = 160.0(-1.2)(+1.2) pc. We report B 215 and L 1558 as the closest (d = 128.5(-1.6)(+1.6)pc) and most remote (d = 198.1(-2.5)(+2.5)pc) substructures of the complex, respectively. The median inter-cloud distance is 25 pc and the relative motion of the subgroups is on the order of a few km s(-1). We find no clear evidence for expansion (or contraction) of the Taurus complex, but signs of the potential effects of a global rotation. Finally, we compare the radial velocity of the stars with the velocity of the underlying (CO)-C-13 molecular gas and report a mean difference of 0.04 +/- 0.12 km s(-1) (with rms of 0.63 km s(-1)) confirming that the stars and the gas are tightly coupled.Aims. We take advantage of the second data release of the Gaia space mission and the state-of-the-art astrometry delivered from very long baseline interferometry observations to revisit the structure and kinematics of the nearby Taurus star-forming region.Methods. We apply a hierarchical clustering algorithm for partitioning the stars in our sample into groups (i.e., clusters) that are associated with the various molecular clouds of the complex, and derive the distance and spatial velocity of individual stars and their corresponding molecular clouds.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Early Childhood Trauma Impact on Adolescent Brain Development, Decision Making Abilities, and Delinquent Behaviors: Policy Implications for Juveniles Tried in Adult Court Systems. By examining previous literature on the brain's developmental process during adolescence, this paper aims to determine how early childhood trauma potentially effects decision making in adolescence through exploring self-regulation theory. Through a self-regulation framework, the hope is to determine the connection, if any, between early childhood trauma, delinquent behavior, and involvement in the juvenile justice system. The author insists that not only do adolescents have less culpability due to their brain developmental stage compared to adults, but also early childhood trauma puts adolescents at a greater risk of impaired self-regulation which allows for more probable delinquent behavior. This paper also considers implications for social policy makers and youth advocates concerned with juvenile offenders tried in adult courts and existing racial disparities in the system.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Do smokers in Europe think all cigarettes are equally harmful?. Background: Despite the ban on misleading descriptors such as light or mild cigarettes in Europe, there are still widespread misperceptions of the relative harmfulness of different brands of cigarettes among smokers. This study examined the extent to which smokers in three European countries believed that some cigarette brands are less harmful and why, using data from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Europe surveys. Methods: Cross-sectional analyses were completed among nationally representative samples of 4,956 current smokers (aged >= 18) from Germany (n = 1,515), France (n = 1,735) and the United Kingdom (n = 1,706) conducted between September 2006 and November 2007. Logistic regression models examined whether outcomes, including beliefs that some cigarettes could be less harmful than others, varied by socio-demographic and country of residence. Findings: Around a quarter of smokers in the UK and France, and a third in Germany believed some cigarettes are less harmful than others. Overall, of smokers who falsely believed that some cigarettes are less harmful, 86.3% thought that tar/nicotine yields, 48.7% taste, and 40.4% terms on packs such as 'smooth' or 'ultra' indicated less harmful brands. About a fifth of smokers across all countries chose their brand based on health reasons, and a similar proportion gave tar yields as a reason for choosing brands. Conclusions: Our research suggests that the current European Tobacco Products Directive is inadequate in eliminating misperceptions about the relative risk of brand descriptors on cigarettes. There is therefore an urgent need to protect smokers in Europe from these misperceptions via stronger measures such as plain packaging regulations.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "New and interesting lichen records from old-growth forest stands in the German National Park Bayerischer Wald. The lichen flora of some old-growth forests in the Nationalpark Bayerischer Wald (Bayern, Germany) was studied during two days in the field. Cheiromycina dictyospora are reported as new to Germany. Other new country records are: Cheiromycina flabelliformis for France, Romania and Slovakia, and Pertusaria pupillaris and Rinodina effloreseens for the Czech Republic. Lecidea albofuscescens, L. nylanderi, Thelocarpon superellum and Trapeliopsis glaucolepidea, listed as extinct in Germany (RL 0), were refound. In addition, the critically endangered (RL 1) species Bacidia circumspecta, B, incompta, Biatora carncoalbida, Chaenotheca xyloxena, Chaenothceopsis pussilla Gyalecta flotowii, G. ulmi, Lobaria pulmonaria, Micarea myriocarpa, M. turfosa, Mycoblastus alpinus, Parmeliella triptophylla, Sclerophora peronella and Sphaerophorus globosus are reported. Fuscidea pusilla, Gyalecta derivata, Lecanactis umbrina, Micarea myriocarpa, Pertusaria pupillaris, Placynthiella dasaea, Psilolechia clavulifera, Rinodina efflorescens and Trapetiopsis glaucolepidea are presumably new to Bavaria. Bacidia circumspecta, B. incompta, B. subincompta, Bacidina arnoldiana, Biatora sphaeroidiza, Chaenotheca xyloxena, Chaenothecopsis pusilla, Lecanora exspersa, L. ramulicola, L. thysanophora, Lecidea albofuscescens, L. erythrophaea, L. leprarioides, L. nylanderi, Lepraria jackii, Micarea turfosa, Ropalospora viridis, Scoliciosporum sarothamni, Steinia geophana, Strangospora ochrophora, Thelocarpon superellum, Trapelia corticola and Trapeliopsis gelatinosa are for the First time reported from the Bavarian Forest. The distribution, ecology and conservational status of rare species and of those new, for Germany are briefly discussed. The importance of old-growth forests for the maintenance of biodiversity is clearly illustrated by the results of this field-study. It is also evident that the lichen flora of Central European spruce forests is in need of more intensive studies.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Characterizing the UV-to-NIR shape of the dust attenuation curve of IR luminous galaxies up to z similar to 2. In this work, we investigate the far-ultraviolet (UV) to near-infrared (NIR) shape of the dust attenuation curve of a sample of IR-selected dust obscured (ultra)luminous IR galaxies at z similar to 2. The spectral energy distributions (SEDs) are fitted with Code Investigating GALaxy Emission, a physically motivated spectral-synthesis model based on energy balance. Its flexibility allows us to test a wide range of different analytical prescriptions for the dust attenuation curve, including the well-known Calzetti and Charlot & Fall curves, and modified versions of them. The attenuation curves computed under the assumption of our reference double power-law model are in very good agreement with those derived, in previous works, with radiative transfer (RT) SED fitting. We investigate the position of our galaxies in the IRX-beta diagram and find this to be consistent with greyer slopes, on average, in the UV. We also find evidence for a flattening of the attenuation curve in the NIR with respect to more classical Calzetti-like recipes. This larger NIR attenuation yields larger derived stellar masses from SED fitting, by a median factor of similar to 1.4 and up to a factor similar to 10 for the most extreme cases. The star formation rate appears instead to be more dependent on the total amount of attenuation in the galaxy. Our analysis highlights the need for a flexible attenuation curve when reproducing the physical properties of a large variety of objects.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Decentralisation and political participation: An empirical analysis in Western and Eastern Europe. A major justification for bringing government closer to the people is that it improves the opportunities for and frequency of citizen participation in the political system. This article first reviews the major arguments for decentralisation and why it is credited with increasing participation. I then perform statistical analyses in 22 states with country-level decentralisation data and public opinion data drawn from the 2006 European Social Survey. The findings generally fail to support the conventional wisdom that decentralisation improves political participation.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "THE THEORY OF MOIST POTENTIAL VORTICITY AND ITS APPLICATION IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF TYPHOON RAINFALL AND INTENSITY. This paper tests the impacts of cloud-induced mass forcing on the moist potential vorticity (MPV) anomaly associated with torrential rains caused by Typhoon No.9914 (Dan) by using fine model simulation data outputted by the Fifth-Generation NCAR / Penn State Mesoscale Model (MM5). The diagnostic results show that the positive MPV anomaly region, which is obtained by integrating the MPV from 600 hPa to 300 hPa in the vertical, roughly coincides with the precipitation at their synchronous stages either in position or in the distribution pattern, and the maximum positive MPV area of Dan is located mainly between 600 hPa and 300 hPa, which is much higher than torrential rain cases. Further analyses also showed that the value of positive MPV anomaly increased or decreased with the development of Dan, and the positive MPV anomaly may also be served as a tracer to indicate the evolution of tropical cyclone intensity.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Osteological revision of the holotype of the Middle Jurassic sauropod dinosaur Patagosaurus fariasi Bonaparte, 1979 (Sauropoda: Cetiosauridae). Middle Jurassic sauropod taxa are poorly known, due to a stratigraphic bias of localities yielding body fossils. One such locality is Cerro Condor North, Canadon Asfalto Formation, Patagonia, Argentina, dated to latest Early-Middle Jurassic. From this locality, the holotype of Patagosaurus fariasi Bonaparte 1986 is revised. The material consists of the axial skeleton, the pelvic girdle, and the right femur. Patagosaurus is mainly characterised by a combination of features mainly identified on the axial skeleton, including the following: 1) cervical centra with low Elongation Index; 2) high projection of the postzygodiapophyseal lamina; 3) deep anterior pleurocoels that are sometimes compartmentalized in cervicals; 4) high projection of the neural arch and spine in dorsal vertebrae and anterior(most) caudal vertebrae; 5) deep pneumatic foramina in posterior dorsals which connect into an internal pneumatic chamber, and 6) anterior caudal vertebrae with 'saddle' shaped neural spines. Diagnostic features on the appendicular skeleton include: 1) a transversely wide and anteroposteriorly short femur; 2) a medial placement of the fourth trochanter on the femur; and 3) an anteroposteriorly elongated ilium with a rounded dorsal rim, with hook-shaped anterior lobe. The characters that are diagnostic for Patagosaurus are discussed, and the osteology of Patagosaurus is compared to that of Early and Middle Jurassic (eu)sauropods from both Laurasia and Gondwana.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Not Always the World's Shortest Editorial: Why Credit-Rating-Agency Speech Is Sometimes Professional Speech. Credit-rating agencies have historically been quite successful at avoiding liability over their ratings by appealing to the First Amendment's guarantee of the freedom of speech. However, the advent of structured finance, such as residential mortgage-backed securities and collateralized-debt obligations, has drastically altered the nature of what the credit-rating agencies do. As people search for culprits in the credit crisis and investors are stinging from the loss of billions of dollars of highly rated securities that occurred almost overnight, the credit-rating agencies find themselves being haled into court with increasing frequency. Courts should not mechanically apply the actual-malice standard simply because the defendant is a credit-rating agency; rather, when a credit-rating agency plays an active role in structuring the deal, courts should recognize the credit-rating agency's speech for what it is-professional speech-and deny the credit-rating agency the protection of the actual-malice standard.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "State ownership and internationalization: The advantage and disadvantage of stateness. We critically review the literature on state-owned multinationals to clarify previous arguments and guide future studies. The content analysis of prior research reveals that state-owned firms differ from private firms in their internationalization: they are motivated by national strategic objectives, select more challenging countries, and use acquisitions more intensively despite adverse market reactions. The analysis also reveals conflicting predictions on the level of internationalization; some studies find that state-owned multinationals internationalize more while others find the contrary. We introduce one solution to these conflicts by classifying theories into two camps based on the balance between the costs and benefits of state ownership. One camp suggests a disadvantage of stateness (agency theory, resource dependence theory, and neo-institutional theory). Another camp promotes an advantage of stateness (economic development, resource-based view, and institutional economics). We conclude by outlining three promising relationships in the study of these firms: (1) relationships internal to state-owned multinationals and the balancing of stakeholder demands; (2)relationships between state-owned multinationals and government and the influence of the political system; and (3) relationships between home and host country governments and the impact of their dynamics on state-owned multinationals.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "FORAGING ECOLOGY OF THE TIMBER RATTLESNAKE (CROTALUS HORRIDUS) IN A FRAGMENTED AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE. Habitat loss and fragmentation pose perhaps the greatest threats to snake populations, yet information is sparse. Despite habitat fragmentation being cited as a primary threat to the Timber Rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus), our knowledge of the foraging ecology of this species is largely based on studies conducted in mature forests. Here, I present data obtained from a 4-y study of Timber Rattlesnakes in west-central Missouri where snakes readily foraged in secondary woodland tracts and corridors, agricultural fields, and habitat edges. Dietary analysis found that snakes fed exclusively on mammals, including shrews (Soricidae), mice in the genus Peromyscus, Prairie Voles (Microtus ochrogaster), Cotton Rats (Sigmodon hispidus), Eastern Gray Squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis), and Eastern Cottontails (Sylvilagus floridanus). Although small mammal trapping indicated that fields contained fewer numbers of prey than woodlands and habitat edges, field dwelling Prairie Voles were the most frequently consumed prey item. Arboreal foraging and ambush strategies utilizing logs and tree trunks were not prevalent in the study population. Although anthropogenic mortality among snakes using fields suggests fields may function as ecological traps, the present study indicates that large tracts of mature forest are not required for Timber Rattlesnakes to forage effectively. Therefore, prey availability may be more important to this species than the structural habitat in which it forages.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Paulo Freire, Critical Literacy, and Indigenous Resistance. Using several case studies drawn from Freire's cultural context and contemporary Canadian Indigenous resistance movements, this article questions whether a Freirean approach to critical literacy can work with Indigenous literacy needs without reproducing colonial power structures. It also seeks to examine current scholarship in the literacy education of Maritime Aboriginal people in Canada and to illustrate the need for critical pedagogies honoring multiple cultural literacies and ways of knowing among Indigenous youth.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Searching of Novel Herbicides for Paddy Field Weed Management-A Case Study with Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase. Weed management is the major biological constraint in paddy (Oryza sativa L.) producing areas. Predominantly, barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli) is a rice-mimicking weed that causes 57% of yield loss in rice production. Conventionally, herbicides are the site-specific weed inhibitors often used to suppress E. crus-galli growth. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) is an important target for developing novel herbicides with remarkable selectivity against gramineous weeds. Notably, fenoxaprop-P-ethyl (FPPE) is a selective ACCase herbicide extensively used in paddy fields to inhibit barnyard grass. However, prolonged use of FPPE herbicide elicits phytotoxicity in cultivated rice and herbicide resistance in weeds. Recently, phytotoxins are emerging as an alternative to commercial herbicides with safer environmental profiles. Nevertheless, discovering natural herbicides through in vivo and in vitro techniques is time-consuming and expensive. Therefore, high-end computational screening strategies including Tanimoto similarity, docking, binding free energy, and herbicide-likeness were used to pinpoint the lead molecule. Finally, molecular dynamics and MM/PBSA calculations were employed to validate the binding kinetics of the hit compound. Indeed, sinigrin was identified as a promising phytotoxic inhibitor against the ACCase enzyme. The findings of our study were well correlated with the existing experimental results. Overall, the current work will aid in the development of commercializing phytotoxin herbicides in foreseeable future.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Enigmatic Glass-Like Carbon from the Alpine Foreland, Southeast Germany: A Natural Carbonization Process. Unusual carbonaceous matter, termed here chiemite, composed of more than 90% C from the Alpine Foreland at Lake Chiemsee in Bavaria, southeastern Germany has been investigated using optical and atomic force microscopy, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, high-resolution Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and differential thermal analysis, as well as by delta C-13 and C-14 radiocarbon isotopic data analysis. In the pumice-like fragments, poorly ordered carbon matter co-exists with high-ordering monocrystalline alpha-carbyne, and contains submicrometer-sized inclusions of complex composition. Diamond and carbyne add to the peculiar mix of matter. The required very high temperatures and pressures for carbyne formation point to a shock event probably from the recently proposed Holocene Chiemgau meteorite impact. The carbon material is suggested to have largely formed from heavily shocked coal, vegetation like wood, and peat from the impact target area. The carbonization/coalification high PT process may be attributed to a strong shock that instantaneously caused the complete evaporation and loss of volatile matter and water, which nevertheless preserved the original cellular structure seen fossilized in many fragments. Relatively fresh wood encapsulated in the purported strongly shocked matter point to quenched carbon melt components possibly important for the discussion of survival of organic matter in meteorite impacts, implying an astrobiological relationship.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Monumental memory of school in postunitarian Italy. Why should memorial tablets and statues be of interest to education historians? This essay analyses epigraphic and plastic artefacts as manifestations of public memory of school and as cultural devices for shaping the collective imagination about education and citizenship, in a chronological trajectory from Italian unification. While addressing a set of monumental samples, particular attention is focused on the political reasons behind the choices of installing memorials in honour of educational figures, from teachers to education ministers. Throughout the shifts in power from the second half of 19th century, what emerges is the major heuristic potential embodied in those material historical sources: first of all, the monumental phenomenology is shown to be the expression of a self-celebratory strategy promoted by the ruling classes to legitimate themselves as the guardians of an honourable school past; then, also, the public use of school memory turns out to be designed to strengthen feelings of belonging to a particular community, be it educational, professional teaching, local or national; lastly, monumental traces in the anthropic space are shown to be the signs of a diffuse pedagogy trying to instil a virtuous model of the educator, and more generally of a citizen, into the folds of the collective mentality. By penetrating the official idea of schooling behind inscribed slabs and three-dimensional portraits, what the author has defined as a monumental archaeology of the school imaginary offers an untested standpoint on the cultural history of education.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Cuticular hydrocarbons distinguish cryptic sibling species in Euglossa orchid bees. Cuticular lipid profiles have been shown to be species specific within many insect genera, allowing a chemotaxonomic classification of individuals. In this study, we analysed the cuticular lipids of the orchid bees Euglossa viridissima Friese and Euglossa dilemma Bemb, & Eltz, cryptic sibling species whose taxonomic status has only recently been clarified. Male individuals of both species were obtained from two locations on the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, both in the dry and wet seasons. Their hydrocarbon profiles proved to be species specific, irrespective of location and season. They also allowed a correct assignment of a rare morph of E. viridissima which had long obscured the distinction of the two species. Our results suggest that cuticular hydrocarbon profiles may be suited for chemical taxonomy of orchid bees and might provide an additional clue for difficult species distinctions.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Blood-based biomarkers and stem cell therapy in human stroke: a systematic review. Stroke is one of the main causes of death and disability worldwide. Cell therapy represents a promising therapeutic approach to improve stroke outcome. Measurement of blood-based biomarkers might serve as a proof-of-concept to monitor the mechanisms undergirding these treatments, and such compounds could be used as surrogate biomarkers to monitor the safety and efficacy of cell therapies in the future. Additionally, the measurement of biomarkers that correlate with circulating stem cells in observational studies might be of interest to improve the understanding of how these cells are spontaneously mobilized and carry out their action after stroke. Thus, a systematic review has been herein performed on blood-based biomarkers assessed in stroke patients treated with cell therapy or in observational studies in which circulating stem cells have been measured after stroke.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Family- and non-family-related reasons for entrepreneurial exits. Purpose This study examines the family- and non-family-related reasons that may determine the choice of the anticipated entrepreneurial exit strategy (exit intention). Design/methodology/approach The study is based on a survey of 267 owner-managers of micro-and small-sized firms in Poland and focuses on their exit intentions (rather than actual actions) as precursors to entrepreneurial exit. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to test the hypotheses. Findings The results show that family-related reasons may encourage entrepreneurs to choose the stewardship strategy over the financial harvest or voluntary cessation strategies, while non-family-related reasons such as maintaining financial independence and health may encourage the choice of the financial harvest or the voluntary cessation strategy. Originality/value This research contributes to both the entrepreneurial exit literature and psychological ownership theory by demonstrating the potential relevance of psychological ownership in the selection of exit strategies.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "Bracelets of pride and guilt? An experimental test of self-signaling. Self-signaling theory argues that behavior is important to build up or maintain a favorable self-image. We provide a novel test of this argument by manipulating the importance of behavior for future self-image. In two experiments, part of the subject pool is incentivized to wear bracelets as reminders of their initial identity-relevant behavior. We find some evidence that the bracelets increase anticipated memory, which should make behavior more relevant for managing a positive self-image. However, we find no evidence for self-signaling. Instead, our results suggest that participants resolve cognitive dissonance by constructing self-serving rationalizations of their actions that serve as cheap substitutes for self-signaling. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "School bullying and student trauma: Fear and avoidance associated with victimization. Bullying is a significant problem in U.S. schools. The purpose of the present study is to examine the impact student bullying has on avoidance behaviors and fear at school among youth nationwide. Data from the School Crime and Safety Survey was analyzed. Participants included 5,784 U.S. students in grades 5 through 12. Almost one-third of students reported being bullied in the past year. Females, junior high school students, and public school students were significantly more likely to report being bullied than their counterparts. Students who were bullied were significantly more likely than students who had not been bullied to report fear and avoidance. Prevention and intervention programs are needed to reduce bullying and negative consequences associated with the behavior.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Investigation of thermophysical properties of MWCNT-MgO (1:1)/ 10W40 hybrid nanofluid by focusing on the rheological behavior: Sensitivity analysis and price-performance investigation. The present study investigates the addition of MWCNT-MgO (1:1) nanoparticles (NPs) to 10 W40 oil to improve the viscosity. There are two parts of laboratory and modeling in this study. In the laboratory part, hybrid nanofluid (HNF) with solid volume fractions (SVFs) of 0.05, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1% and different temperatures of T = 5 ,15 , 25 , 35 , 45 and 55 & DEG;C and different shear rates (SRs) are prepared. Power-law index and shear stress changes show that HNFs have non-Newtonian behavior of the shear-thinning type. Increasing the temperature from T = 5-55 & DEG;C shows that the viscosity of HNFs decreases significantly by 82%. In general, the addition of NPs increases the viscosity, but at low SVFs, such as 0.05%, the addition of NPs reduces the viscosity of HNF. The proposed modeling for viscosity and relative viscosity have correlation coefficients of 0.9963 and 0.9585, respectively. Deviation from the standard is also in the range of (-10%,+12%). MWCNT-MgO/10 W40 HNF had better economic performance compared to MWCNT-ZnO/10 W40 and MWCNT-TiO2 /10 W40 HNFs in SVF = 0.05%. In SVF = 1%, the greatest increase in sensitivity occurs.(c) 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "Dynamic Capabilities of Multi-MHz Inductive Power Transfer Systems Demonstrated With Batteryless Drones. This paper presents the design of a multi-MHz inductive power transfer (IPT) system showcasing lightweight and energy-efficient solutions for non-radiative wireless power transfer. A proof of concept is developed by powering a drone without a battery that can hover freely in proximity to an IPT transmitter. The most challenging aspect, addressed here for the first time, is the complete system-level design to efficiently provide uninterrupted power flow while allowing for variable power demand and highly variable coupling factor. The proposed solution includes the design of lightweight air-core coils that can achieve sufficient coupling without degrading the aerodynamics of the drone, and the design of newly developed resonant power converters at both ends of the system. At the transmitting-end, a load-independent Class EF inverter, which can drive a transmitting-coil with constant current amplitude and achieves zero-voltage switching for the entire range of operation, was developed; and at the receiving-end, a hybrid Class E rectifier, which allows tuning for large changes in coupling and power demand, was used. For the demo, the range of motion of the drone was limited by a 7.5 cm nylon string tether, connected between the center of the transmitting-coil and the bottom of the drone. The design of the IPT system, including all the power conversion stages and the IPT link, is explained in detail. The results on performance and specific practical considerations required for the physical implementation are provided. An average end-to-end efficiency of 60% was achieved for a coupling range of 23%-5.8%. Relevant simulations concerning human exposure to electromagnetic fields are also included to assure that the demo is safe, according to the relevant guidelines. This paper is accompanied by a video featuring the proposed IPT system", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Voters reward hard-working MPs: empirical evidence from the French legislative elections. This paper studies the relationship between incumbent MPs' activities and their electoral fortune. We address this question in the context of the French political system characterized by an executive domination, a candidate-centered electoral system, and an electoral schedule maximizing the impact of the presidential elections. Given the contradictory influence of these three institutional features on the relationship between MPs' activities and electoral results, the overall link can only be assessed empirically. We test the effects of several measurements of MPs' activities on both their vote share and reelection probability in the 2007 legislative election. We show that MPs' activities are differently correlated to both the incumbents' vote shares in the first round and their reelection. Despite the weakness of the French National Assembly, several parliamentary activities, especially bill initiation, have a significant effect on MPs' electoral prospects.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "An emergence model for wild oat (Avena fatua). Wild oat is an economically important annual weed throughout small grain producing regions of the United States and Canada. Timely and more accurate control of wild oat may be developed if there is a better understanding of its emergence patterns. The objectives of this research were to evaluate the emergence pattern of wild oat and determine if emergence could be predicted using soil growing degree days (GDD) and/or hydrothermal time (HTT). Research plots were established at Crookston, MN, and Fargo, ND, in 2002 and 2003. On a weekly basis, naturally emerging seedlings were counted and removed from six 0.37-m(2) permanent quadrats randomly distributed in a wild oat-infested area. This process was repeated until no additional emergence was observed. Wild oat emergence began between May I and May 15 at both locations and in both years and continued for 4 to 6 wk. Base soil temperature and soil water potential associated with wild oat emergence were determined to be 1 C and -0.6 MPa, respectively. Seedling emergence was correlated with GDD and HTT but not calendar days (P = 0.15). A Weibull function was fitted to cumulative wild oat emergence and GDD and HTT. The models for GDD (n = 22, r(2) = 0.93, root mean square error [RMSE] = 10.7) and HTT (n = 22, r(2) = 0.92, RMSE = 11.2) closely fit observed emergence patterns. The latter model is the first to use HTT to predict wild oat emergence under field conditions. Both models can aid in the future study of wild oat emergence and assist growers and agricultural professionals with planning timely and more accurate wild oat control.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "A distinct phoronid larva: morphological and molecular evidence. Phoronids can be a major component of benthic and planktonic marine communities. Currently, the phoronid world fauna includes ten recognised species, known from adults; however, at least 32 larval forms have been described or documented. This study examined the morphology and 18S rRNA and 28S rRNA genes of two phoronid larvae abundant in Vostok Bay, Sea of Japan. One type was identified as the larval stage of Phoronopsis harmeri, although some distinctive features of this larva differ from the typical description. The morphological and molecular characteristics of the other larva did not match those of described species. According to our morphological results, this second actinotroch larva belongs to the genus Phoronis, but differs morphologically and molecularly from all the known species in the genus, all of which are represented in GenBank for the markers employed here. Taken together, our data suggest that the second actinotroch larva belongs to an undescribed phoronid species. The adult form of this actinotroch has never been identified, but our data suggest a close relationship with Phoronis pallida. The existence of a putative new phoronid species is also confirmed by presence of competent phoronid larvae, which are found in different aquatic areas, have a unique set of morphological features, and whose belonging is still not established.", "label": [4, 39, 43]}
+{"token": "Elusive equity in doctoral education in South Africa. This paper explores the drive to expand the quantity and quality of PhD's in South Africa and the impact this has had on under-represented groups, in particular black graduates. Based on both qualitative and quantitative data, the paper argues that while there has been a significant increase in the number of black students in doctoral education, these students are still under-represented compared with their participation in the population and that the increase of black graduates is to a large extent attributed to the intake of doctoral students from other parts of Africa. The relatively low participation of South African black students is attributed to a dysfunctional school system, high drop-out rates, insufficient funding, feelings of alienation and isolation at historically white universities, family commitments and the lure of the labour market. Since the disadvantage to black students affects the majority of the population in South Africa, the paper suggests that the PhD could become a key driver for economic development only if there is a concerted effort to address barriers to black South African students' access to and retention in doctoral programmes.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Examination of physical-mechanical parameters of carded and combed yarns produced from biological cotton. Terms of 'biological and 'organic 'cotton are described. The publication presents the parameters of fibres and yarns dedicated to knitting, which are manufactured from biological cotton, in relation to conventional fibres and yarns analogically manufactured The advantages of products made from biological cotton are emphasised, and a recommendation is proposed for baby-care and medical textile products.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "The Boundaries of Politicisation Political Mobilisation and Social Integration of German and French Students (1880-1914). This article examines from a comparative perspective German and French students' attitudes to politics and their politicisation between 1880 and 1914. The aim is to understand how they came to form a social group. Focusing on student organisations, it analyses their political practices as factors in their integration into the political and social order. I argue that students tried to distance themselves from active political engagement, although the boundaries of this phenomenon always remained vague and fluctuating. The integration of students into the established order was similar in France and Germany. However, students' concrete possibilities for political action and therefore their politicisation were unequal because of the different forms that democratization took in the two countries.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "'The issue of the Mediterranean and the colonies has now moved to the forefront of cultural life': curating museums and curating the nation in Fascist Italy's colonies. The Fascist model of exhibiting power and placing it in museum settings had its origins in the Liberal exhibitions of the late nineteenth century, and in the first exhibitions devoted to the Risorgimento. However, the regime's museum initiatives were numerous, innovative and varied, and many of them have not yet been adequately investigated; those launched in Italy's colonies, in particular, remain largely unexplored. This article highlights the surprisingly extensive network of museums and temporary exhibitions that Fascism initiated in Italian possessions abroad, involving prominent figures from the regime and contemporary culture, and shows how science, culture and nation-building (in both the colonies and the mother country, and between them) were interwoven in the Fascist museological project for the colonies.", "label": [3, 5, 28, 47]}
+{"token": "Functional Insights into Chromatin Remodelling from Studies on CHARGE Syndrome. CHARGE syndrome is a rare genetic syndrome characterised by a unique combination of multiple organ anomalies. Dominant loss-of-function mutations in the gene encoding chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 7 (CHD7), which is an ATP-dependent chromatin remodeller, have been identified as the cause of CHARGE syndrome. Here, we review recent work aimed at understanding the mechanism of CHD7 function in normal and pathological states, highlighting results from biochemical and in vivo studies. The emerging picture from this work suggests that the mechanisms by which CHD7 fine-tunes gene expression are context specific, consistent with the pleiotropic nature of CHARGE syndrome.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "DNA damage-activated ABL-MyoD signaling contributes to DNA repair in skeletal myoblasts. Previous works have established a unique function of MyoD in the control of muscle gene expression during DNA damage response in myoblasts. Phosphorylation by DNA damage-activated ABL tyrosine kinase transiently inhibits MyoD-dependent activation of transcription in response to genotoxic stress. We show here that ABL-MyoD signaling is also an essential component of the DNA repair machinery in myoblasts exposed to genotoxic stress. DNA damage promoted the recruitment of MyoD to phosphorylated Nbs1 (pNbs1)-containing repair foci, and this effect was abrogated by either ABL knockdown or the ABL kinase inhibitor imatinib. Upon DNA damage, MyoD and pNbs1 were detected on the chromatin to MyoD target genes without activating transcription. DNA damage-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation was required for MyoD recruitment to target genes, as the ABL phosphorylation-resistant MyoD mutant (MyoD Y30F) failed to bind the chromatin following DNA damage, while retaining the ability to activate transcription in response to differentiation signals. Moreover, MyoD Y30F exhibited an impaired ability to promote repair in a heterologous system, as compared with MyoD wild type (WT). Consistently, MyoD-null satellite cells (SCs) displayed impaired DNA repair that was rescued by reintroduction of MyoD WT but not by MyoD Y30F. In addition, inhibition of ABL kinase prevented MyoD WT-mediated rescue of DNA repair in MyoD-null SCs. These results identify an unprecedented contribution of MyoD to DNA repair and suggest that ABL-MyoD signaling coordinates DNA repair and transcription in myoblasts.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Modeling the transient response of a fluidized-bed biomass gasifier. The dynamic response of a bubbling fluidized-bed biomass gasifier (FBG) is examined. A transient model is developed by extending a previous steady-state model to account for key processes occurring during the ramp-up and/or changes in loading of fuel and gasification agent. The model is validated against measurements from transient tests in a laboratory-scale FBG. The model results are also compared with steady-state measurements and previous FBG models from the literature. A sensitivity analysis is performed to identify the most influencing parameters. The model is then used to study the transient response of industrial FBG under different operating conditions. It is shown that for given operational conditions (biomass flowrate, equivalence ratio, initial temperature, and initial char inventory in the bed), there is always an optimal start-up procedure (rate of change in feeding the gasifying agent and/or the fuel) leading to the shortest start-up time and lowest peak temperature. The transient period can be reduced by up to 75% compared to the reference value, in which the transient response can extend for more than an hour, due to the slow change in the inventory of char in the reactor. The model can be used to optimize the operation of hybridized power plants with biomass gasification and thermal energy storage.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "INSIDER GIVING. Corporate insiders can avoid losses if they dispose of their stock while in possession of material nonpublic information. One means of disposal, selling the stock, is illegal and subject to prompt mandatory reporting. A second strategy is almost as effective, yet it faces lax reporting requirements and enforcement. That second method is to donate the stock to a charity and take a charitable tax deduction at the inflated stock price. This \\\\'insider giving\\\\' is a potent substitute for insider trading. We show that insider giving is far more widespread than previously believed. In particular, we show that insider giving is not limited to officers and directors. Large investors appear to regularly receive material nonpublic information and use it to avoid losses. Using a vast dataset of essentially all transactions in public company common stock since 1986, we find consistent and economically significant evidence that these shareholders' impeccable timing likely reflects information leakage. We also document substantial evidence of backdating-investors falsifying the date of their gift to capture a larger tax break. We show why lax reporting and enforcement encourage insider giving, explain why insider giving represents a policy failure, and highlight the theoretical implications of these findings to broader corporate, securities, and tax debates.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "ECOPHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE OF EARLY STAGE Eucalyptus camaldulensis TO BIOCHAR AND OTHER ORGANIC AMENDMENTS UNDER SALT STRESS. Salinity is a global issue and Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. is one of the most planted agroforestry tree species on saline soils in Pakistan. Organic amendments are reported to ameliorate plant growth in saline sodic soils. This study was designed to examine the effects of different organic amendments on the growth of E. camaldulensis grown in saline soil. A pot experiment was performed and seedlings of E. camaldulensis were grown in soil having pH (8.5) and EC(e) 20.5dS/m. Four types of organic amendments were used: farmyard manure, poultry manure, slurry and biochar. The maximum plant total biomass (132.12 g), root length (24.67 cm) and shoot length (174.33 cm) were recorded in the plants grown in soils amended with farmyard manure. The minimum plant total biomass (36.05 g), root length (9.44 cm) and shoot length (68.0 cm) were found in plants without any amendment. Plants treated with farmyard manure and biochar showed the best results for chlorophyll contents, photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance. Sodium contents in the shoots and roots of plants treated with organic amendments were decreased whereas potassium contents were increased. Maximum sodium contents were found in the shoot (5.70 mg/g DW) and root (7.71 mg/g DW) of un-amended plants, whereas, maximum potassium contents were in the shoots (7.81 mg/g DW) and roots 6.33 mg/g DW) of plants treated with biochar. Biochar was found to be best amendment to improve physicochemical characteristics of soil by improving organic matter (%) and saturation (%) as well as decreasing EC and SAR values of saline soils. Findings of this experiment suggested that organic amendments are useful in enhancing the early stage growth of E. camaldulensis in saline soils.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "A population-based assessment of left ventricular systolic dysfunction in middle-aged and older adults: The Strong Heart Study. Conclusions LVD, present in approximately 14% of middle-aged to elderly adults, is independently associated with overt heart failure and coronary heart disease, male sex, hypertension, overweight, arterial stiffening, and renal target organ damage and, less consistently, with older age and diabetes.Background Although clinical congestive heart failure (CHF) is increasingly common, few data document the prevalence and correlates of underlying left ventricular (IV) systolic dysfunction (D) in population-based samples.Methods Echocardiography was used in the second Strong Heart Study (SHS) examination to identify mild and severe LVD (LV ejection fraction [EF] 40%-54% and <40%, respectively) in 3184 American Indians.Results Mild and severe LVD were more common in men than women (17.4% vs 7.2% and 4.7% vs 1.8%) and in diabetic than nondiabetic participants (12.7% vs 9.1% and 3.5% vs 1.6%). Stepwise increases were observed from participants with normal EF to those with mild and severe LVD in age (mean 60 vs 61 and 63 years, P<.001), prevalence of overt CHF (2% vs 6% and 28%) and definite coronary heart disease (3% vs 11% and 32%), systolic pressure (129 vs 135 and 136 mm Hg), serum creatinine level (0.98 vs 1.34 and 2.16 mg/dL), and log urinary albumin/creatinine level (3.2 vs 3.7 and 4.7); a negative relation was seen with body moss index (31.1 vs 31.0 and 28.4 kg/m(2)) (all P<.001), In multivariate analyses lower LVEFs were independently associated with clinical CHF and coronary heart disease, lower myocardial contractility, male sex, hypertension, overweight, arterial stiffening (higher pulse pressure/stroke volume) and renal dysfunction (higher serum creatinine level), higher LV mass, and lower relative wall thickness.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Atezolizumab with or without cobimetinib versus regorafenib in previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer (IMblaze370): a multicentre, open-label, phase 3, randomised, controlled trial. Background Microsatellite-stable metastatic colorectal cancer is typically unresponsive to immunotherapy. This phase 3 study was designed to assess atezolizumab plus cobimetinib in metastatic colorectal cancer. Here, we report the comparison of atezolizumab plus cobimetinib or atezolizumab monotherapy versus regorafenib in the third-line setting.Methods IMblaze 370 is a multicentre, open-label, phase 3, randomised, controlled trial, done at 73 academic medical centres and community oncology practices in 11 countries. Patients aged at least 18 years with unresectable locally advanced or metastatic colorectal cancer, baseline Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0-1, and disease progression on or intolerance to at least two previous systemic chemotherapy regimens were enrolled. We used permuted-block randomisation (block size four) to assign patients (2:1:1) via an interactive voice and web response system to atezolizumab (840 mg intravenously every 2 weeks) plus cobimetinib (60 mg orally once daily for days 1-21 of a 28-day cycle), atezolizumab monotherapy (1200 mg intravenously every 3 weeks), or regorafenib (160 mg orally once daily for days 1-21 of a 28-day cycle). Stratification factors were extended RAS status (wild-type vs mutant) and time since diagnosis of first metastasis (<18 months vs >= 18 months). Recruitment of patients with high microsatellite instability was capped at 5%. The primary endpoint was overall survival in the intention-to-treat population. Safety was assessed in the population of patients who received at least one dose of their assigned treatment. IMblaze370 is ongoing and is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov , number NCT02788279.Findings Between July 27,2016, and Jan 19,2017,363 patients were enrolled (183 patients in the atezolizumab plus cobirnetinib group, 90 in the atezolizumab group, and 90 in the regorafenib group). At data cutoff (March 9, 2018), median follow-up was 7.3 months (IQR 3.7-13.6). Median overall survival was 8.87 months (95% CI 7.00-10.61) with atezolizumab plus cobimetinib, 7.10 months (6.05-10.05) with atezolizumab, and 8.51 months (6.41-10.71) with regorafenib; the hazard ratio was 1.00 (95% CI 0.73-1.38; p=0.99) for the combination versus regorafenib and 1.19 (0.83-1.71; p=0.34) for atezolizumab versus regorafenib. Grade 3-4 adverse events were reported in 109 (61%) of 179 patients in the atezolizumab plus cobimetinib group, 28 (31%) of 90 in the atezolizumab group, and 46 (58%) of 80 in the regorafenib group. The most common all-cause grade 3-4 adverse events in the combination group were diarrhoea (20 [11%] of 179), anaemia (ten [6%]), increased blood creatine phosphokinase (12 [7%]), and fatigue (eight [4%]). Serious adverse events were reported in 71(40%) of 179 patients in the combination group, 15 (17%) of 90 in the atezolizumab group, and 18 (23%) of 80 in the regorafenib group. Two treatment-related deaths occurred in the combination group (sepsis) and one in the regorafenib group (intestinal perforation).Interpretation IMblaze370 did not meet its primary endpoint of improved overall survival with atezolizumab plus cobimetinib or atezolizumab versus regorafenib. The safety of atezolizumab plus cobimetinib was consistent with those of the individual drugs. These results underscore the challenge of expanding the benefit of immunotherapy to patients whose tumours have lower baseline levels of immune inflammation, such as those with microsatellite-stable metastatic colorectal cancer. Copyright (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Chemical modification of mono-cysteine mutants allows a more global look at conformations of the epsilon subunit of the ATP synthase from Escherichia coli. The e subunit of the ATP synthase from E. coli undergoes conformational changes while rotating through 360 degrees during catalysis. The conformation of s was probed in the membrane-bound ATP synthase by reaction of monocysteine mutants with 3 -N-maleimidyl-propionyl biocytin (MPB) under testing conditions, during ATP hydrolysis, and after inhibition by ADP-AlF3. The relative extents of labeling were quantified after electrophoresis and blotting of the partially purified e subunit. Residues from the N-terminal beta-sandwich domain showed a position-specific pattern of labeling, consistent with prior structural studies. Some residues near the epsilon-gamma interface showed changes up to two-fold if labeling occurred during ATP hydrolysis or after inhibition by ADP-AlF3. In contrast, residues found in the C-terminal a-helices were all labeled to a moderate or high level with a pattern that was consistent with a partially opened helical hairpin. The results indicate that the two C-terminal a-helices do not adopt a fixed conformation under resting conditions, but rather exhibit intrinsic flexibility.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Managing Contradictory Stakeholder Demands of a Publicly Funded Research Center. Following the guidelines of the European Union (EU), Austria supports scientific research and technological development by publicly funding of research centers. Such centers are positioned between scientific and industrial stakeholders and have to simultaneously fulfill contradictory demands. This paper deeply analyzes the Austrian Center of Competence in Mechatronics (ACCM) and exposes why this publicly funded research center is able to er effctively manage these conflicting demands. Using the theory of ambidexterity, the study highlights that appropriate structures and strategies are preliminarily needed. In particular we found that the fundamental abilities for managing contradictory demands are located on an individual level and argue that especially the autonomous, well-educated people and their competences of self-organization enable the research center to be ambidextrous.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "Simulating the impacts of vegetation structure on the occurrence of a small mammalian carnivore in semi-arid savanna rangelands. In arid and semi-arid savannas, species diversity is strongly influenced by structural diversity, which in these systems is characteristically formed by woody vegetation. Shrub encroachment, associated with overgrazing by domestic livestock, changes the structural diversity and hence affects biodiversity. Many investigations have been carried out with focus on the structure building trees, but little is known about the importance of shrubs. Here, we present a spatially explicit and individual-based population model for analysing the influence of shrub encroachment on the occurrence of yellow mongooses (Cynictis penicillata) in the Southern Kalahari, South Africa. This analysis is based on field investigations in Southern Africa. The results of the modelling study are in line with the results of a field study, in which the same unimodal relationship between shrub cover and yellow mongoose abundance was found. The model could explain this relationship by the need of shrubs as protective structures on the one hand, and the need of foraging habitat in the grass matrix on the other hand. To evaluate the factors influencing the population dynamics at different levels of shrub encroachment we carried out an extensive sensitivity analysis. Finally, we determined a range of existence of the yellow mongoose for various shrub covers. Model results indicate a lower and an upper limit of critical shrub densities at 1% and 38%, respectively. These limits indicate the range in shrub cover allowing the persistence of the yellow mongoose in the Southern Kalahari. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Review and Key to the World Parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) of Aphis ruborum (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and Its Role as a Host Reservoir. A review and illustrated key of the aphidiine parasitoids of Aphis ruborum (Borner and Schilder) are presented including their distribution. The parasitoid spectrum of A. ruborum in the West Palaearctic is rich, composed of Aphidius colemani Viereck, Aphidius matricariae Haliday, Binodoxys acalephae (Marshall), Binodoxys angelicae (Haliday), Ephedrus persicae Froggatt, Lipolexis gracilis Forster, Lysiphlebus confusus Tremblay and Eady, Lysiphlebus fabarum (Marshall), and Praon abjectum (Haliday), and supplemented by the introduction of Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson). In the Americas the parasitoid complex of A. ruborum consists of A. colemani, Aphidius ervi Haliday (South America), and L. testaceipes (South and North America). Furthermore, the reservoir role of A. ruborum in various ecosystems was investigated in Europe (France) and South America (Chile). Faunal peculiarities and relationships of the parasitoid taxa are discussed together with a synopsis of their potential as biocontrol agents.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "EPIC: Explicitly parallel instruction computing. Over the past two and a half decades, the computer industry has grown accustomed to the spectacular rate of increase in microprocessor performance. The industry accomplished this without fundamentally rewriting programs in parallel form, without changing algorithms or languages, and often without even recompiling programs. Instruction-level parallel processing achieves high performance without major changes to software.However, computers have thus far achieved this goal at the expense of tremendous hardware complexity-a complexity that has grown so large as to challenge the industry's ability to deliver ever-higher performance. The authors developed the Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing (EPIC) style of architecture to enable higher levels of instruction-level parallelism without unacceptable hardware complexity. They focus on the broader concept of EPIC as embodied by HPL-PD (formerly known as HPL PlayDoh) architecture, which encompasses a large space of possible EPIC ISAs (instruction set architectures). In this article, the authors focus on HPL-PD because it represents the-essence of the EPIC philosophy while avoiding the idiosyncracies of a specific ISA.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Antifungal Metabolites from Marine-Derived Streptomyces sp. AMA49 against Pyricularia oryzae. Marine-derived actinobacteria are considered as potential sources of bioactive metabolites including antifungal substances. Fifteen out of 155 marine-derived actinobacteria exhibited strong antifungal activity against the rice blast fungus Pyricularia oryzae. Their extracts were further determined for minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFC). Ethyl acetate extract from the strain AMA49 and its subfraction AMA49F1 strongly inhibited hyphal growth of various P. oryzae strains with MICs (8 to 16 mu g/ml) and MFCs (16 to 128 mu g/ml) comparable to propiconazole. Both extracts destroyed fungal membrane and organelles, completely inhibited conidial germination, appressorium formation, and were non-toxic to Galleria mellonella. High performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry identified oligomycin A and its derivatives as the active components of AMA49F1 besides several diketopiperazines. AMA49 was identified as a Streptomyces sp. based on morphological characteristics and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. The results suggest that the Streptomyces sp. strain AMA49 is a potential biocontrol agent against rice blast pathogen P. oryzae. This is the first report on the inhibitory effect of the marine-derived Streptomyces extract containing oligomycin A and its derivatives on mycelial growth, conidial germination and appressorium formation of P. oryzae.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 40]}
+{"token": "DISTINGUISHING RECONFIGURATION AND COMPOUND-CUE RETRIEVAL IN TASK SWITCHING. Many researchers claim that task switching requires reconfiguration of the cognitive system. Others claim that task switching involves cue-based memory retrieval processes and not reconfiguration. We evaluate these competing claims by developing both reconfiguration and cue-based memory models in a common theoretical framework and by fitting the models to target functions, which show how performance on individual target stimuli varies depending on the task subjects perform on the targets. Our analyses show that the process of compound-cue retrieval using the task cue and the target as joint retrieval cues to select a response from memory is sufficient to explain target functions for parity and magnitude judgments of digits and that reconfiguration does not seem to add anything to the explanation. We address the generality of this conclusion and speculate about the conditions under which reconfiguration may be necessary for task switching.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "On the economic selection of medium voltage cable sizes in nonsinusoidal conditions. Selection of cable size in the nonsinusoidal conditions is only based on ampacity considerations without any attention to the cost of the losses that will be suffered in the cable life. Since the cost of these losses (fundamental plus harmonics) can assume significant values, the selection of a cross section higher than required for ampacity considerations can result in a large reduction of cost. This paper proposes a method which allows the optimal economic selection of medium-voltage cables in nonsinusoidal operating conditions; it takes into account the initial investment costs and the Joule losses costs, including the additional costs due to current harmonics. It employs simplified expressions similar to those adopted by the IEC Standard in sinusoidal conditions, being the harmonic presence taken into account by a proper definition of a harmonic loss factor and by the introduction of harmonic coefficients to be predicted. Numerical applications to medium-voltage cables are developed and discussed in order to show the sensitivity of the cable optimum size to variations in the coefficients that characterize the harmonic presence.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "A Qualitative Analysis of Factors Associated with User Acceptance and Rejection of a New Workplace Information System in the Public Sector: A Conceptual Model. This study, examines the factors that lead employees to endorse or resist the introduction of a new information system (IS). Findings suggest that attitudes toward adopting IS are related to psychological characteristics of the potential adopters, including, open-mindedness, self-efficacy, interest in the information and communication technology, and time remaining before retirement. Also figuring prominently in influencing attitudes are the end-users' perceptions and expectations with respect to project management, IS quality, IS usefulness, and its effects on organizational positions, work, organization, performance, skills, jobs, and worker health. Finally, user attitudes also relate to features of change management practices, including leadership, training, support, recognition, communication, and participation. An integrative conceptual model of IS user adoption is proposed and suggestions for future research are offered. Copyright (C) 2008 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [5, 44, 46]}
+{"token": "Pharmacology of anticancer drugs in the elderly: tools for dose-adjustment. Life expectancy increasing and cancer incidence rising with age, geriatric and cancer care will become a significant medical, public health, challenge. It is possible that the lack of efficacy of cancer therapies in the elderly may simply be due to the fact that physicians reduce anticancer drug doses empirically, in order to avoid putative toxicities that might arise as a result of alterations of physiological functions or as a result of co-morbidities generally present within this population. However, many authors have demonstrated that some patients over 70 years old could tolerate and obtain same benefit from therapies as younger adults, when some who are frail need less aggressive therapies. It is imperative that decisions regarding the management of cancer in older persons should be based upon the individual needs and fitness of the patient, and not based on chronological age. The main difficulty is the lack of scientific references on optimal treatment-dosing in the elderly, and we cannot extrapolate, as it stands, the information from younger patient. Indeed, aging is associated with multidimensional changes, including alteration of physiological status, comorbidities and polymedications. These changes may lead to pharmacokinetic (PK) modifications, namely in absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination of drugs as well as pharmacodynamic (PD) modifications. Prospective studies need to be implemented in the elderly in order to study in depth the PK and PD properties of the drugs used for these patients, and establish PK-PD relationships in this specific population. Such studies have been successfully conducted in the elderly, some of them leading to dose recommendations. This paper detail the different sources of PK-PD variability in the elderly. some practical considerations regarding the design of studies using the population approach, as well as some examples of studies performed in the elderly. We conclude with some recommendations in this population at risk.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Particulate amino acids in Wadden Sea waters - seasonal and tidal variations. Particulate amino acids (THAA) were measured in the East Frisian Wadden Sea at monthly intervals from February to December 1995. Each time two tidal cycles were sampled at hourly intervals. THAA made up between 3 and 50% (mean 15 +/- 7%) of the particulate organic carbon and between 9.3 and 104% (mean 49 +/- 20%) of the total nitrogen pools. Seasonal variations of THAA followed the development of phytoplankton in the water column while tidal variability was controlled largely by physical forcing such as tidal current velocities and wave action. The overall molar composition of the THAA pool appears to be dominated by a detrital signal originating from erosion of surface sediments. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 42, 36]}
+{"token": "CAST STRAND'S STRUCTURE QUALITY RESEARCH IN RESPECT TO METHOD OF THE LIQUID STEEL FLOW THROUGH CC DEVICE'S TUNDISH. CC process has great importance on achieving high quality cast strands. On this stage of production last metallurgic interventions are wage, which regards to liquid steel and also primary structure of the solidifying steel ingots forms. This article presents results of the research, that applies to influence of the liquid steel mixing method in tundish on steel ingots' primary structure. Study of the flow conducted on physical model of the triple-stranded tundish, which provided results formed as RTD curves. Generated curves were put together with primary structure's metallographic test results of the individual cast strand's cast in actual CCM. That listing allows to valuate influence of the liquid steel mixing method in tundish on steel ingots' primary structure quality.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "SWITCHING BETWEEN CONTROL AND PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININ-CONTAINING DIETS AFFECTS GROWTH OF KREBS-II ASCITES-CELLS AND PRODUCES DIFFERENCES IN THE LEVELS OF PUTRESCINE, SPERMIDINE AND SPERMINE. Almost twice as many ascites tumour cells were recovered from mice pre-fed for 3 days on a lactalbumin (La)-based control diet, injected with Krebs II ascites cells and then maintained on the same diet for a further 8 days, when compared with mice fed on a phytohaemagglutinin-containing (PHA) diet for the whole period. A dietary switch on the day of injection of tumour cells produced an intermediate effect; mice switched to the La diet after pre-feeding on PHA for 3 days developed somewhat more tumour cells than when the opposite dietary switch was performed. The polyamine content in the tumour cells was lowest in the mice fed on La, and highest in mice fed PHA for the duration of the experiment, respectively. Since large amounts of extraneous polyamines are required in order to sustain tumour growth, and the hyperplastic growth of the gut which occurs in response to injesting the lectin is a polyamine-dependent process, it is evident that the two growth signals compete with one another for important nutrients/growth factors, including polyamines.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Between monotheism and 'angelomorphic' christology - Investigations on the early history of the Christian faith. Referring to the term \\\\'christological monotheism\\\\', the author of this essay examines the ancient Jewish understanding of the one and only god. Whereas early Jewish conceptions of intermediary beings do not offend monotheistic belief, he demonstrates that even the earliest christology transformed the notion of the one and only god entirely. There are nevertheless some indications of an \\\\'angelomorphic christology\\\\' in early Christian texts. In conclusion, the author shows that monotheism and high christology evoke and interpret each other.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Avoidable mortality in New Zealand, 1981-97. Results: Avoidable mortality declined 38% from 1981 to 1997; unavoidable mortality declined only 9%. In 1996-97 almost 70% of deaths in the 0-74 age range were still considered to be potentially avoidable. Almost 80% of avoidable deaths occur in the 45-74 age group. These deaths are dominated by the emergence of chronic diseases such as ischaemic heart disease, diabetes and smoking-related cancers. In younger age groups, injury (including suicide) dominates avoidable mortality. Males experience a greater burden of avoidable mortality than females - a relative excess of 54% (approximately 2,000) in 1996-97. The gender difference is largely attributable to diseases and injuries amenable to primary prevention, with the largest single contribution coming from ischaemic heart disease. The ethnic gap in avoidable mortality remains wide: rates for Maori and Pacific people were 2-2(1)/(2) times higher than European rates in 1996-97. Similar gradients are seen with deprivation.Conclusion and implications: Avoidable mortality analysis provides a useful tool for evidence-based health needs assessment and health policy development.Objective: To describe avoidable mortality in New Zealand, including trends and variations between groups by age, gender, ethnicity and degree of deprivation.Method: New Zealand Health information Service mortality unit records, 1981 to 1997, were classified as 'avoidable' or 'unavoidable' based on a reassessment of ICD9 codes and an upper age limit of 75 years. 'Avoidable' causes of death were further subcategorised according to the level of intervention involved (primary, secondary or tertiary). Deaths were assigned a deprivation score using a Census-based small area deprivation index, the NZDep96. Mortality rates were age standardised by the direct method, with Segi's world population as the reference.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "PUBLIC ACCOUNTS - USING VERBAL PROTOCOLS TO INVESTIGATE COMMUNITY TRANSLATION. Verbal accounts of the translation process have in the past been used almost exclusively to shed light on language learning activities, focusing primarily on lexical search strategies in second language acquisition studies. This paper reports on the use of such accounts to identify broader strategies in the translation process and, more specifically, to assess what distinctive characteristics community translation for ethnic minority groups may have. Twelve community translators provided verbal accounts of their strategies while completing translations of a short leaflet from English into one of seven community languages. Their comments were invited on any issue which arose, but specifically on the way in which they dealt with the cultural terms relating to British society and institutions. Rather than rely on theoretical ground rules for translation, the translators adopted approaches wholly oriented to the needs of the particular community they knew best and served, and the translation model which emerges from their accounts is markedly socio-cultural. It aims not only to ensure efficient transfer of information across languages and cultures, but also to increase the autonomy of minority language communities within British society, inter alia by retention of some English terminology. It also highlights the need for 'user education' for those using translation services.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Changes in the nocturnal activity of birds during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in a neotropical city. Changes in the nocturnal activity of birds during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in a neotropical city. The COVID-19 lockdown provided the opportunity to measure species biodiversity in urban environments under conditions divergent from regular urban rhythms. For 90 days, including weeks of strict lockdown and the subsequent relaxation of restrictions, we measured the presence and abundance of birds that were active at night at two sites in the city of Cali, Colombia. Our results show that species richness of nocturnal birds decreased 40% to 58% during the weeks with more human activity, adding further evidence to the biodiversity responses of the 'anthropause' on urban environments.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "The relationship between the free concentrations of Ca2+ and Ca2+-calmodulin in intact cells. Using stably expressed fluorescent indicator proteins, we have determined for the first time the relationship between the free Ca2+ and Ca2+-calmodulin concentrations in intact cells. A similar relationship is obtained when the free Ca2+ concentration is externally buffered or when it is transiently increased in response to a Ca2+-mobilizing agonist, Below a free Ca2+ concentration of 0.2 mu M, no Ca2+-calmodulin is detectable. A global maximum free Ca2+-calmodulin concentration of similar to 45 nM is produced when the free Ca2+ concentration exceeds 3 mu M, and a half-maximal concentration is produced at a free Ca2+ concentration of 1 mu M. Data for fractional saturation of the indicators suggest that the total concentration of calmodulin-binding proteins is similar to 2-fold higher than the total calmodulin concentration. We conclude that high-affinity calmodulin targets (K-d less than or equal to 10 nM) are efficiently activated throughout the cell, but efficient activation of low-affinity targets (K-d greater than or equal to 100 nM) occurs only where free Ca2+-calmodulin concentrations can be locally enhanced.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Semi-automated cancer genome analysis using high-performance computing. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has turned from a new and experimental technology into a standard procedure for cancer genome studies and clinical investigation. While a multitude of software packages for cancer genome data analysis have been made available, these need to be combined into efficient analytical workflows that cover multiple aspects relevant to a clinical environment and that deliver handy results within a reasonable time frame. Here, we introduce Quick-NGS Cancer as a new suite of bioinformatics pipelines that is focused on cancer genomics and significantly reduces the analytical hurdles that still limit a broader applicability of NGS technology, particularly to clinically driven research. QuickNGS Cancer allows a highly efficient analysis of a broad variety of NGS data types, specifically considering cancer-specific issues, such as biases introduced by tumor impurity and aneuploidy or the assessment of genomic variations regarding their biomedical relevance. It delivers highly reproducible analysis results ready for interpretation within only a few days after sequencing, as shown by a reanalysis of 140 tumor/normal pairs from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) in which QuickNGS Cancer detected a significant number of mutations calling pipeline. Finally, QuickNGS Cancer obtained several unexpected mutations in leukemias that could be confirmed by Sanger sequencing.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Occupying Ukraine: Great Expectations, Failed Opportunities, and the Spoils of War, 1941-1943. The attack against the Soviet Union was ideologically motivated, but the timing owed a great deal to military and economic considerations. German hopes largely focused on Ukraine, which was expected to be both a giant breadbasket and a reservoir of essential minerals. But plans for the economic exploitation of Ukraine were flawed from the beginning and remained inconsistent throughout the war. Substantial reconstruction efforts only began belatedly and were accompanied by brute force that combined economic logic with ideological zeal. The Nazi policies of racist repression and mass murder were, then, both a means of and an obstacle to exploitation of the East. Yet, they were also successful: without the raw materials obtained from Ukraine, the Nazi war machine would have likely ground to a halt well before 1945. The cost of sustaining the German war effort was consequently borne, to a large extent, by the local population, which labored under appalling conditions both in the Reich and in Ukraine itself.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Highly sensitive detection of nitroaromatic explosives at discrete nanowire arrays. We show a photolithography technique that permits gold nanowire array electrodes to be routinely fabricated at reasonable cost. Nanowire electrode arrays offer the potential for enhancements in electroanalysis such as increased signal-to-noise ratio and increased sensitivity while also allowing quantitative detection at much lower concentrations. We explore application of nanowire array electrodes to the detection of different nitroaromatic species. Characteristic reduction peaks of nitro groups are not observed at nanowire array electrodes using sweep voltammetric methods. By contrast, clear and well-defined reduction peaks are resolved using potential step square wave voltammetry. A Principle Component Analysis technique is employed to discriminate between nitroaromatic species including structural isomers of DNT. The analysis indicates that all compounds are successfully discriminated by unsupervised cluster analysis. Finally, the magnitude of the reduction peak at -671 mV for different concentrations of TNT exhibited excellent linearity with increasing concentrations enabling sub-150 ng mL(-1) limits of detection.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "A Climatic water balance variability during the growing season in Poland in the context of modern climate change. SPEI changes in Poland confirm the observed, increasing trend of moisture deficit in central and southern Europe as a response to increasing air temperature and evapotranspiration.This paper characterizes temporal and spatial changes of humidity in Poland during April-September in 1981-2020 and its decades. For this purpose, absolute values of climatic water balance (PEI) and its standardized values (SPEI) were used, based on data from the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management - National Research Institute (IMWM-NRI). The PEI component, potential evaporation, was calculated using the Penman-Monteith method. The average PEI totals were found to be negative across most of Poland, with the lowest values below -250mm in the central part of the country. A particularly pronounced decrease in the PEI and the SPEI was noted during the decade 2011- 2020. Temporal variability of the SPEI indicates that in the last two decades there has been a noticeable increase in moisture deficit. This is particularly noticeable from 2011-2020 when changes in the mean SPEI values were statistically significant (alpha = 0.05). During the period 1981-2020, the 6-month area-averaged PEI totals showed a negative trend (15 mm/decade). The minimum and maximum PEI values also showed negative trends. The rate of change of the minimum PEI values was almost 3 times higher than that of the maximum PEI values. The trends for the minimum PEI values are statistically significant (alpha = 0.05). After the year 2000, a higher prevalence of negative SPEI was found, as well as its intensity in the decade 2011- 2020. All negative SPEI categories show positive trends. In contrast, positive SPEI categories are characterized by little or no negative trends, as in the case of extremely wet conditions. Frequency trends for all SPEI categories are not statistically significant at alpha = 0.05.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Max Weber in Freiburg. On migration, disembedding, and social change.. This article sets out to introduce the central topics in Max Weber's inauguration lecture in Freiburg. It is argued that the central, but largely implicit, argument in Weber's lecture concerns the transformation from a. patriarchal to a capitalist mode of employment. Upon this interpretation, Max Weber's objective is to explain specific migration processes in terms of a configuration of causes, where the social disembedding of rural labour is the key factor.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Creep Constitutive Models Suitable for Solder Alloys in Electronic Assemblies. Most solders used in electronic systems have low-melting temperature and hence experience significant amount of creep deformation throughout their life-cycle because typical operational and test conditions represent high homologous temperature. Phenomenological and mechanistic models used in the literature for predicting creep response of both bulk and grain scale specimens are reviewed in this paper. The phenomenological models reviewed in this paper are based on purely empirical observations of the creep deformation behavior or derived from qualitative interpretation of the underlying microscale mechanisms. These models have some intrinsic disadvantages since they do not have explicit mechanistic dependence on microstructural features. Therefore, the constitutive relations derived using the above models are difficult to extrapolate beyond the test conditions. This paper also reviews how some of the above limitations can be mitigated by using mechanistic or microstructurally motivated models. Mechanistic models are capable of estimating the material creep response based on the detailed physics of the underlying mechanisms and microstructure. The microstructure and constitutive response of the most popular family of lead-free solders, namely, SnAgCu (SAC) solders, are significantly different from those of previously used eutectic Sn37Pb solder. The creep deformation in Sn37Pb solder occurs primarily through diffusion-assisted grain-boundary sliding. In SAC solder joints, dislocation-based creep deformation mechanisms such as glide, climb, detachment, and cross-slip appear to be the dominant mechanisms in coarse-grained joints. Mechanistic creep models are therefore based on the deformation mechanisms listed above.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
+{"token": "What Is Implicit Self-Esteem, and Does it Vary Across Cultures?. Implicit self-esteem (ISE), which is often defined as automatic self-evaluations, fuses research on unconscious processes with that on self-esteem. As ISE is viewed as immune to explicit control, it affords the testing of theoretical questions such as whether cultures vary in self-enhancement motivations. We provide a critical review and integration of the work on (a) the operationalization of ISE and (b) possible cultural variation in self-enhancement motivations. Although ISE measures do not often vary across cultures, recent meta-analyses and empirical studies question the validity of the most common way of defining ISE. We revive an alternative conceptualization that defines ISE in terms of how positively people evaluate objects that reflect upon themselves. This conceptualization suggests that ISE research should target alternative phenomena (e.g., minimal group effect, similarity-attraction effect, endowment effect) and it allows for a host of previous cross-cultural findings to bear on the question of cultural variability in ISE.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "MULTIPLE ACTIVE CONFORMERS OF MOUSE ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE. Purified recombinant mouse ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) was denatured with urea or with guanidinium chloride. Enzymic activity was efficiently recovered upon dilution of the denaturing agent. ODC renatured after urea treatment was further characterized. Kinetics of decarboxylation of the natural substrate ornithine or of the suicide substrate alpha-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) were not significantly changed by denaturation/renaturation. Surprisingly, the renatured enzyme was not stably labelled with radioactive DFMO, in contrast with the native enzyme not subjected to denaturation. Native and renatured ODC did not differ in their c.d. spectra, but the former contained four reactive cysteine residues and the latter seven. These data indicate that a conformational change results from denaturation/renaturation that does not alter decarboxylation of substrates, but does change the accessibility or stability of the cysteine-360 residue modified by decarboxylated DFMO.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Review of the Phreodrilidae (Annelida: Oligochaeta: Tubificida) of Australia. In this review of Australian phreodrilid oligochaetes, several descriptions are amended, some species are reclassified and additional distribution data are provided for most species. One new genus (Nesodrilus) and 11 new species (Phreodrilus diemenensis, Phreodrilus melaleucensis, Phreodrilus mitodes, Antarctodrilus acanthaseta, Antarctodrilus micros, Antarctodrilus horwitzi, Nesodrilus southwellensis, Insulodrilus parviseta, Insulodrilus unisetoides, Insulodrilus bifidus and Astacopsidrilus myothyros) are described from Australia. Insulodrilus lacustris (Benham, 1903) is recorded in Australia for the first time, while Phreodrilus mauienensis Brinkhurst, 1971, and Astacopsidrilus campbellianus (Benham, 1909), comb. nov., are removed from the Australian species list. The latter is the first phreodrilid to be recorded on Macquarie Island. One new species, Insulodrilus novaezelandiae, is described from New Zealand and three new species, Antarcrodilus spinosus, Nesodrilus isochaeta and Astacopsidrilus beckettae, are described from Campbell Island. Aspects of phreodrilid zoogeography and anatomy are discussed.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Polarization-independent and fast tunable microlens array based on blue phase liquid crystals. This work investigates a polarization- independent and fast response microlens array. This array is composed of a concave polymer microlens array and blue phase liquid crystals (BPLCs). The microlens array can be either positive or negative, depending on the birefringence of the BPLCs. The experimental results show that the microlens array is fast switched between positive and negative focal lengths via controlling the electric fields, and the response time is a few hundred microseconds. Additionally, the focusing efficiency is independent of the polarization of the incident light. (C) 2014 Optical Society of America", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Coopers Brewery: heritage and innovation within a family firm. Purpose - The Australian brewing sector has been subject to ever-increasing concentration over recent years. Yet one firm, Coopers Brewery of South Australia, has managed to expand its market share in a highly competitive trading environment. This paper aims to consider how Coopers, one of the few family firms \\\\'of stature\\\\' in that sector, has succeeded.Design/methodology/approach - The paper adopts a case-study approach to illustrate the various factors which have contributed to the firm's success. Fieldwork took place at Coopers' headquarters in Adelaide and secondary data sources are also drawn upon.Originality/value - The case provides evidence of how one company has been able to draw on its traditions whilst at the same time maintaining its relevance to the market.Findings - With fifth-generation family members in charge at the company, Coopers has been able to distinguish itself from its main competitors in the sector, two multinational conglomerates with a combined market share of around 90 per cent. Coupled with investment in production facilities, the case-study firm's expansion into new domestic and international markets has proved to be profitable. Part of Coopers' success lies in the niche marketing strategies it has employed strategies which emphasise the company's unique products and stress their history and traditions. The concept of the extended family is highlighted through the company's approach to its consumers and staff members. Philanthropic activities also enhance the company's reputation in the community at large.Practical implications - For managers, the case provides clear indications of the various successful niche marketing strategies which a family business in the brewing sector has adopted.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "Theories of Socio-Political Change and the Dynamics of Sub-Group Versus Superordinate Interests. Social change is a core topic within political and social psychology. In light of recent world-wide protest movements directed at social change it is timely to reflect on where current theory and research on socio-political change stands, what the unresolved issues are, and what the necessary next steps. In this paper, three dominant theoretical models are critically evaluated - social identity theory, social dominance theory, and system justification theory - and points of similarity and divergence are highlighted. In addition, it is argued that inclusion of different levels of self-categorization and associated self-interest in the theories has the potential to provide a more \\\\'integrated\\\\' account of the psychological processes that underpin both system stability and system change.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Flexural behavior of FRP grid reinforced ultra-high-performance concrete composite plates with different types of fibers. Ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC), which has an excellent compressive strength and an extraordinary durability, has become increasingly popular in structural engineering. However, UHPC has an inferior tensile property to its compressive property, and thus appropriate reinforcing material is necessary in UHPC structures. To this end, fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) grids have been proposed for UHPC plates as reinforcements (the composite plates are referred to as FRP grid-UHPC composite plates). As the steel fibers in UHPC would still suffer from corrosion problems in aggressive environments, non-metallic fibers can be in UHPC so that steel-free FRP grid-UHPC composite plates are developed. A total of 26 plates (600 mm in length x 120 mm in width x 40 mm in thickness) are prepared for three-point bending tests in this study. The effects of the fiber type, fiber content and the fiber length on the flexural behavior of FRP grid-UHPC composite plates are investigated. Additionally, an analysis into the microstructure based on scanning electron microscope (SEM) of the FRP-UHPC composite plates is conducted. Moreover, a simple evaluation between the costs and the flexural capacities of the FRP grid-UHPC composite plates is conducted. It is economical to adopt 12-mm-length polyethylene (PE) fibers with a 1 % volume fraction to manufacture composite plates. Finally, the ultimate flexural capacities of FRP grid-UHPC plates were predicted using the section analysis approach.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Characterising and modelling variability of tow orientation in engineering fabrics and textile composites. Variability of tow orientation is unavoidable for biaxial engineering fabrics and their composites. Since the mechanical behaviour of these materials is strongly dependent on the fibre direction, variability should be considered and modelled as exactly as possible for more realistic estimation of their forming and infusion behaviour and their final composite mechanical properties. In this study, a numerical code, 'VariFab', has been written to model realistic full-field variability of the tow directions across flat sheets of biaxial engineering fabrics and woven textile composites. The algorithm is based on pin-jointed net kinematics and can produce a mesh of arbitrary perimeter shape, suitable for subsequent computational analysis such as finite element forming simulations. While the shear angle in each element is varied, the side-length of all unit cells within the mesh is constant. This simplification ensures that spurious tensile stresses are not generated during deformation of the mesh during forming simulations. Variability is controlled using six parameters that can take on arbitrary values within certain ranges, allowing flexibility in mesh generation. The distribution of tow angles within a pre-consolidated glass-polypropylene composite and self-reinforced polypropylene and glass fabrics has been characterised over various length scales. Reproduction of the same statistical variability of tow orientation as in these experiments is successfully achieved by combining the VariFab code with a simple genetic algorithm. Crown Copyright (C) 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "Legal Professional Privilege and Restitution for Mistake of Law. This article considers the issue of legal professional privilege in relation to a restitutionary claim instituted on the basis of a mistake of law. It is contended that an absolutist application of legal professional privilege to such restitution claims put a defendant in an intolerable and embarrassing situation where the defendant has virtually no access to any evidence which might disprove the allegation of mistake of law. The thesis of this article is that the courts should apply a less rigorous version of legal professional privilege to such claims in the interests of justice; the claimant should be given a choice either to disclose privileged documents or to decline disclosure and instead to rely on other evidence to establish that the claimant was labouring under a mistake of law. If the claimant fails to disclose the privileged documents and is unable to establish through other sources of evidence a strong belief in the erroneous position in law, then his claim for restitution should be viewed with scepticism.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Going beyond liking: measuring emotional and conceptual profiles to make better new products. The formula for success in new product development is straightforward in theory: a sufficiently large number of people must want the new product, they must have fairly ready access to it and they must choose it repeatedly in preference to whatever alternatives are available to them. Only then will the new product deliver the expected return on investment. In practice, it's relatively easy to make new products that people like, but it's much more difficult to create products that people want. The distinction to be made between liking and wanting is very important! This chapter looks beyond liking to consider the role that emotion and functionality play in creating products that people want.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Data analytics capability and servitization: the moderated mediation role of bricolage and innovation orientation. Purpose Despite the potential influence of data analytics capability on servitization, the understanding of the underlying mechanisms of this influence remains unclear. This study aims to explore how data analytics capability affects servitization by examining the mediation effect of bricolage and the conditional role of innovation orientation. Design/methodology/approach This study employs the moderated mediation method to examine the proposed research model with archival data and multiple-respondent surveys from 1,206 top managers of 402 manufacturing firms in the Yangtze River Delta area in China. Findings Bricolage partially mediates the positive relationship between data analytics capability and servitization, and innovation orientation positively moderates this effect. Practical implications Manufacturers can leverage bricolage to materialize data analytics capability for servitization. Manufacturers should also pursue an innovation orientation to fully glean the benefits of bricolage in transforming data analytics capability into servitization. Originality/value This study opens the black box of how data analytics capability affects servitization by revealing the underlying mechanism of bricolage and the boundary condition role of innovation orientation for this mechanism. It offers valuable insights for practitioners to leverage data analytics to improve servitization through developing bricolage and cultivating a culture of innovation orientation.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "Characterization and classification of the microporosity in the unconventional carbonate reservoirs: A case study from Hanifa Formation, Jafurah Basin, Saudi Arabia. Formation porosity is a key factor that exerts substantial control upon reserve estimates, and ultimately may affect the development viability of unconventional resources. Microporosity studies have largely focused on siliciclastic mudstones, with limited examples that assess porosity type and distribution in organic-rich calcareous mudstone successions. In this work, a comprehensive porosity characterization study was performed on the organic-rich carbonate-dominated Hanifa Formation of the Jafurah Basin, which is the largest unconventional basin in Saudi Arabia. An extensive experimental program, involving petrographical description, SEM analysis, mineralogical analysis using XRD and QEMSCAN, and geochemistry analysis was employed in order to characterize the samples and analyze the geological origins of the microporosity. The main constituent minerals in this study are calcite (87 wt%) and anhydrite (9 wt%), as well as <1 wt% quartz, illite, pyrite, and dolomite. Total organic carbon reaches up to 5.46 wt %, yielding 5.09 mg HC/g rock (S2), while the free hydrocarbon content (S1) is 5.36 mg/g rock. Type II kerogens characterize the rock samples, and the thermal maturity index is 1.28. The microporosity in Hanifa Formation can be classified into three groups, including framework, solid bitumen, and intraparticle pores. Framework porosity is observed as the main type of microporosity, with solid bitumen representing a subordinate component of the overall porosity. Sheltered pores are also encountered associated with coccoliths tests deposited within the pelagic sediments. Higher degrees of thermal maturity of these sedimentary rocks increase the storage space for the generated hydrocarbon hosted in the solid bitumen. This study introduces an under-explored category of unconventional resources, nominally those that have a carbonate content >85%. Fundamentally, the findings of this study demonstrate that the Hanifa Formation in the Jafurah Basin has the potential for gas exploration and recovery.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Paleoenvironment of the Late Oligocene from the Kagizman-Tuzluca Basin (northeastern Anatolia) based on the micro- and macrofloras. The Kagizman-Tuzluca Basin in East Anatolia is still poorly documented for its stratigraphy and in particular its paleofloral assemblages. In this study, the microfloras from the Kagizman-Kotek and Komurlu areas and the macroflora from the Tuzluca area in this basin have been defined to overcome this deficiency. Sedimentary sequences of the Kagizman-Komurlu area have been deposited in terrestrial conditions different from the sequences of the Kagizman-Kotek and Tuzluca areas, which were deposited in brackish conditions near a shallow marine environment. Paleovegetation in eastern Anatolia is represented by mixed mesophytic and coniferous forests restricted to high and middle altitudes (e.g. Pinus, Ulmus, Fagaceae, Engelhardia, Sequoia, Zelkova, Lauraceae, Pterocarya, and Quercus). Open vegetation elements (Asteraceae-Asteroideae, Tubulifloridites spp., Poaceae, and Umbelliferae) in East Anatolia are more predominant than in West Anatolia. The presence of some marine dinoflagellates and Calamus, Lauraceae, and Arecaceae suggests near-seaside plant distribution in the Kagizman-Kotek and Tuzluca areas. According to micro- and macrofloral records and numerical climatic values calculated by the coexistence approach method, paleoclimatic conditions could have changed between warm temperate and subtropical, and also seasonality was effective in East Anatolia during the Late Oligocene. In addition, the paleoclimate of East Anatolia during the Late Oligocene appears to be colder than in West Anatolia based on the palynological data, and this could be related to the high elevation of East Anatolia as compared to West Anatolia. Moreover, the low precipitation values of East Anatolian indicate a dry period in the paleoclimatic conditions of the Late Oligocene.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Targeting pregnant and parental smokers: Long-term outcomes of a practice-based intervention. Following program implementation, pediatric provider \\\\'Ask\\\\' rates increased (49% before to 86% 2 years after, p < .0001); changes in pediatric \\\\'Advise\\\\' and \\\\'Assist\\\\' rates were not significant: 44%-59% (p = .19) and 18%-28% (p = .26), respectively. In the obstetric clinic, whereas no significant changes were detected in provider \\\\'Ask\\\\' (59%-65% 1 year after, p = .17) or \\\\'Advise\\\\' (72%-85%, p = .27) rates, \\\\'Assist\\\\' rates rose from 28% to 62% (p = .0075) 1 year after program implementation.Implementation of the office-based program achieved significantly improved trends in pediatric provider \\\\'Ask\\\\' rates and obstetric provider \\\\'Assist\\\\' rates over time. Further research is needed on office strategies to create long-term provider behavior changes in smoking cessation practices.This study aimed to assess the change in obstetric and pediatric provider smoking cessation practices following implementation of a practice guideline-driven office-based program.This pre-post evaluation took place between May 2003 and August 2006 in 1 pediatric and 1 obstetric hospital-based clinic. The intervention involved provider training combined with office system supports. A total of 1,080 exit interviews were collected to measure outcomes of clinic practices at baseline and at 1 month, 6 months, 1 year (obstetric), and 2 years (pediatric) after implementation. Trend analysis was used to assess change in practice rates over time.", "label": [2, 21, 23]}
+{"token": "Contextual Mathematical Modelling: Problem-Solving Characterization and Feasibility. The current study investigates contextual mathematical modelling (MM) problems that were retrieved from authentic workplace situations and simplified for formal secondary school math lessons. First, the study aims to characterize contextual MM problems according to Schoenfeld's framework of problem-solving (PS). Second, it aims to investigate the perceptions of two stakeholder groups: (1) math experts and policymakers and (2) math teachers with respect to the characteristics of the contextual MM problems and their feasibility regarding implementation in secondary school education. Based on the Delphi methodology, we employed two phases for our analysis: an open-ended questionnaire to interview ten stakeholders and, subsequently, a Likert-type questionnaire to collect data from 122 stakeholders. The main results indicate that the contextual MM problems are characterized by PS. A similar view was expressed by different stakeholder groups, and no differences were caused by various background variables, such as educational level or STEM background. Additionally, the findings revealed that both stakeholder groups perceived that it is highly feasible for these problems to be integrated into secondary school education. This study contributes theoretically to the interrelationship between MM and PS frameworks, and provides practical recommendations for the implementation of contextual MM problems in secondary schools by applying PS skills.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "How secondary inorganic aerosols from Delhi influence aerosol optical and radiative properties at a downwind sub-urban site over Indo-Gangetic Basin?. The particulate matters less than 10 mu m sizes (PM10) were measured at a highly polluted urban environment of Delhi, and simultaneously at a downwind semi-urban site, Gual Pahari, in the north-west Indo-Gangetic Basin (IGB). The measurements were conducted during January-December 2008 to compare and contrast aerosol emissions, compositions and related optical and radiative properties for two different environments. While the total PM10 was about 30% lower at Gual Pahari as compared to Delhi, the total mass of water-soluble inorganic species (WSIs) was significantly enhanced (-23%) at Gual Pahari. Amongst WSIs, the major secondary inorganic species (SIs) were about 52% higher at Gual Pahari as compared to Delhi, with elevated levels in the postmonsoon/winter seasons. In contrast, the major crustal species were about 76% higher at Delhi as compared to Gual Pahari, with elevated levels in the summer/monsoon seasons. This indicates a strong inter-seasonal spatial variability in aerosol sources and compositions at these sites. Further, the simulations using aerosol optical model had resulted mean absorption coefficient (b(abs)) and single scattering albedo (SSA) higher by about 50% and lower by about 18%, respectively, at Delhi (b(abs), 147 +/- 63 M m(-1) and SSA, 0.65 +/- 0.12) as compared to Gual Pahari (b(abs), 73 +/- 26 M m(-1) and SSA, 0.79 +/- 0.07). This reveals relative abundance of absorbing particles at Delhi compared to Gual Pahari. As a result, the estimated mean atmospheric forcing was 91 +/- 23 W m(-2) at Delhi, which was-55% higher as compared to Gual Pahari. This is further corroborated with observed higher heating rate at Delhi (2.5 +/- 0.7 K day(-1)) as compared to Gual Pahari (1.1 +/- 0.4 K day(-1)). Our results highlight that diverse near-surface emissions together with atmospheric processing leads to strong inter-seasonal spatial heterogeneity in aerosol chemical, optical and radiative properties between the adjacent distinct sites. This has an important implication for a city-scale air pollution modeling.", "label": [4, 5, 36, 47]}
+{"token": "Metallic iron whisker formation and growth during iron oxide reduction: K2O effect. An attempt has been made to clarify metallic iron whisker growth and swelling behaviour during iron oxide reduction in the presence of K2O alkali. Annealed pure and K2O doped wustite compacts were isothermally reduced in a thermogravimetric apparatus with CO gas at 800-1100 degrees C. The reduction rate increased with temperature but decreased with increasing K2O content. Morphologically, by increasing reduction temperature, porosity and whisker growth of the metallic iron produced increased, which in turn leads to the apparent swelling and compact disintegration. The reduction of pure wustite at both the initial and final stages is most likely controlled by a combined effect of gaseous diffusion and interfacial chemical reaction mechanisms. For K2O doped wustite samples, the reduction at the initial stages is most likely controlled by gaseous diffusion mechanism, while in the final stages, it is most likely controlled by a chemical reaction mechanism.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Maternal personality traits, antenatal depressive symptoms and the postpartum mother-infant relationship: a prospective observational study. Purpose Maternal depression has been associated with bonding difficulties and lower maternal sensitivity in observed mother-infant interactions. However, little research has examined the impact of disordered personality traits in mothers on these outcomes. We investigated the association between disordered personality traits in mothers measured during pregnancy and postnatal (a) self-reported bonding with infant; (b) observational mother-infant interactions. Methods Five hundred fifty-six women were recruited during early pregnancy and subsequently followed up at mid-pregnancy (approximately 28 weeks' gestation) and when infants were aged approximately 3 months (n = 459). During early pregnancy, data were collected on disordered personality traits (using the Standardised Assessment of Personality Abbreviated Scale) and depressive symptoms (using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale). At 3 months postpartum, self-reported perceived bonding (using the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire) were collected. A sub-sample of women additionally provided observational mother-infant interaction data (n = 206) (coded using the Child-Adult Relationship Experimental Index). Results Higher disordered personality traits was not associated with maternal perceptions of bonding impairment, but was associated with reduced maternal sensitivity during observational mother-infant interactions [adjusted for age, education, having older children, substance misuse prior to pregnancy, infant sex and gestational age: coefficient = - 0.28, 95% CI = - 0.56 to - 0.00, p < 0.05]. After adjusting for depressive symptoms, the association was attenuated [coefficient = - 0.19, 95% CI = - 0.48 to 0.11, p = 0.217]. Conclusions Mothers with disordered personality traits did not perceive themselves as having bonding impairments with their infants but were less sensitive during observed interactions, though depressive symptoms attenuated this relationship. Both depression and disordered personality traits need to be addressed to optimize mother-infant interactions.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Study of gravity waves distribution and propagation in the thermosphere of Mars based on MGS, ODY, MRO and MAVEN density measurements. By measuring the regular oscillations of the density of CO2 in the upper atmosphere (between 120 and 190 km), the mass spectrometer MAVEN/NGIMS (Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN/Neutral Gas Ion Mass Spectrometer) reveals the local impact of gravity waves. This yields precious information on the activity of gravity waves and the atmospheric conditions in which they propagate and break. The intensity of gravity waves measured by MAVEN in the upper atmosphere has been shown to be dictated by saturation processes in isothermal conditions. As a result, gravity waves activity is correlated to the evolution of the inverse of the background temperature. Previous data gathered at lower altitudes (similar to 95-similar to 150 km) during aerobraking by the accelerometers on board MGS (Mars Global Surveyor), ODY (Mars Odyssey) and MRO (Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter) are analyzed in the light of those recent findings with MAVEN. The anti-correlation between GW-induced density perturbations and background temperature is plausibly found in the ODY data acquired in the polar regions, but not in the MGS and MRO data. MRO data in polar regions exhibit a correlation between the density perturbations and the Brunt-Vaisala frequency (or, equivalently, static stability), obtained from Global Climate Modeling compiled in the Mars Climate Database. At lower altitude levels (between 100 and 120 km), although wave saturation might still be dominant, isothermal conditions are no longer verified. In this case, theory predicts that the intensity of gravity waves is no more correlated to background temperature, but to static stability. At other latitudes in the three aerobraking datasets, the GW-induced relative density perturbations are correlated with neither inverse temperature nor static stability; in this particular case, this means that the observed activity of gravity waves is not only controlled by saturation, but also by the effects of gravity-wave sources and wind filtering through critical levels. This result highlights the exceptional nature of MAVEN/NGIMS observations which combine both isothermal and saturated conditions contrary to aerobraking measurements.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "HDX-MS guided drug discovery: small molecules and biopharmaceuticals. Hydrogen/deuterium exchange coupled with mass spectrometry (HDX-MS or DXMS) has emerged as an important tool for the development of small molecule therapeutics and biopharmaceuticals. Central to these advances have been improvements to automated HDX-MS platforms and software that allow for the rapid acquisition and processing of experimental data. Correlating the HDX-MS profile of large numbers of ligands with their functional outputs has enabled the development of structure activity relationships (SAR) and delineation of ligand classes based on functional selectivity. HDX-MS has also been applied to address many of the unique challenges posed by the continued emergence of biopharmaceuticals. Here we review the latest applications of HDX-MS to drug discovery, recent advances in technology and software, and provide perspective on future outlook.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Validations and descriptions of European syntaxa of vegetation dominated by lichens, bryophytes and algae. Fourty-two high-rank syntaxa and seven associations of the thallophyte system of syntaxa are either described as new or validated in this paper. Among those, there are the following nine classes: Aspicilietea candidae, Caulerpetea racemosae, Desmococcetea olivacei, Entophysalidetea deustae, Gloeocapsetea sanguineae, Mesotaenietea berggrenii, Naviculetea gregariae, Porpidietea zeoroidis, Roccelletea phycopsis. Eleven orders and ten alliances as well as three associations are described or validated: the Aspicilietalia verruculosae (incl. Aspicilion mashiginensis and Teloschistion contortuplicati), the Caulerpetalia racemosae (incl. Caulerpion racemosae), the Desmococcetalia olivacei (incl. Desmococcion olivacei), the Dirinetalia massiliensis, the Fucetalia vesiculosi (incl. Ascophyllion nodosi), the Gloeocapsetalia sanguineae, the Lecideetalia confluescentis (incl. Lecideion confluescentis), the Mesotaenietalia berggrenii (incl. Mesotaenion berggrenii, Mesotaenietum berggrenii and Chloromonadetum nivalis), the Naviculetalia gregariae (incl. Oscillatorion limosae and Oscillatorietum limosae), the Porpidietalia zeoroidis (incl. Porpidion zeoroidis), and the Roccelletalia fuciformis (incl. Paralecanographion grumulosae). Further, five orders, seven alliances and four associations, classified in known classes, were described as well. These include: the Bacidinetalia phacodis, the Agonimion octosporae and the Dendrographetalia decolorantis (all in the Arthonio radiatae-Lecidelletea elaeochromae), the Staurothelion solventis (in the Aspicilietea lacustris), the Pediastro duplicis-Scenedesmion quadricaudae and the Pediastro duplicis-Scenedesmetum quadricaudae (both in the Asterionelletea formosae), the Peccanion coralloidis and the Peltuletalia euplocae (both in the Collematetea cristati), the Laminarion hyperboreae, the Saccorhizo polyschidi-Laminarietum and the Alario esculenti-Himanthalietum elongatae (all in the Cystoseiretea crinitae), the Delesserietalia sanguinei, the Delesserion sanguinei and the Delesserietum sanguineae (all in the Lithophylletea solutt), as well as the the Rinodino confragosae-Rusayskietalia elegantis and the Rhizocarpo geographici-Rusayskion elegantis (both in the Rhizocarpetea geographici).", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "SECTION-29 REVISED - PREVIOUS CONVICTIONS IN SENTENCING. This article considers the recent statutory revision of section 29 of the Criminal Justice Act 1991. The authors argue that the new section 29 does not confer a general discretion upon sentencers to take account of an offender's previous convictions. The new provisions, when seen in the context of the 1991 Act as a whole, retain the principle of progressive loss of mitigation, and permit aggravation of sentence only in certain restricted situations which the authors describe.", "label": [3, 5, 26, 51]}
+{"token": "Development of a Surface-Active Coating for Promoted Gas Hydrate Formation. This work deals with the influences of surface-active coatings made by silanization with an increasing hydrophobicity on methane hydrate formation in view of induction times, gas uptake, and rate of gas consumption. Hydrate formation was performed in a stirred pressure autoclave under stationary and transient conditions in presence of different coatings made from diverse silanes. With increasing carbon chain length of the silanes, promoting effects were observed while using stationary formation conditions.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "Autonomous trail-following unmanned aerial vehicle system based on resource partitioning of single hardware platform. As deep neural networks are spreading to almost all fields, flight systems in the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) domain are undergoing various transitions to intelligent systems. Among these transitions-in a bid to reduce flight risk-is the active research domain of autonomous navigation for intelligent UAVs. The autonomous trail-following flight system that this letter introduces can safely consolidate flight control and mission control within the latest commercial hardware platform. The resource usage and degradation of pass-through delay in vision-based convolutional neural network workloads show that virtualisation overhead is not significantly negative, and the overall performance of the introduced system is acceptable. Real-time cooperation is also verified as achievable-in that the workloads incur minimal communication delay-between the controls. Finally, the actual field test analysis demonstrates the applicability of our autonomous UAV system, whereby our system controls the UAV to follow the centre of a set trail.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "The impact of different inclusion levels of whole barley in feed on growth performance, carcass, and gastrointestinal traits of broiler chickens. The aim of the present research was to evaluate the effect of feeding graded levels of whole barley (WB) on broiler chicken growth and carcass performance, gastrointestinal morphology, and function. A total of 800 male Ross 308 broiler chickens (1-day-old) were randomly assigned to four treatment groups with four replicate pens of 50 birds each. Diets differed in their WB dosage: without WB (NO-WB); low WB amount (LOW-WB) dosages: 4% (1-7 days of age), 8% (8-21 days of age), 15% (22-35 days of age); medium WB amount (MEDIUM-WB) dosages: 6% (1-7 days of age), 12% (8-21 days of age), 20% (22-35 days of age); high WB amount (HIGH-WB) dosages: 8% (1-7 days of age) 16% (8-21 days of age), 25% (22-35 days of age). Body weight, average daily gain, and mortality of chickens did not statistically differ between treatments (P 0.05). The feed conversion ratio was higher in the treatments diluted with WB. There were no differences in ammonia nitrogen concentration except for increased butyrate concentration in the caecum and reduced digesta viscosity in the broiler ileum in groups fed LOW-WB, MEDIUM-WB, and HIGH-WB diets (P < 0.05). The high WB amount in the diets increased Lactobacillus spp. in the ileal contents and improved ileum morphology (P < 0.05). The inclusion of graded levels of WB in the diets had no effect on carcass performance but it seemed to enhance the gastrointestinal tract development.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Phonon anharmonicity, lifetimes, and thermal transport in CH3NH3PbI3 from many-body perturbation theory. Lattice vibrations in CH3NH3PbI3 are strongly interacting, with double-well instabilities present at the Brillouin zone boundary. Analysis within a first-principles lattice-dynamics framework reveals anharmonic potentials with short phonon quasiparticle lifetimes and mean free paths. The phonon behavior is distinct from the inorganic semiconductors GaAs and CdTe where three-phonon interaction strengths are three orders of magnitude smaller. The implications for the applications of hybrid halide perovskites arising from thermal conductivity, band-gap deformation, and charge-carrier scattering through electron-phonon coupling, are presented.", "label": [4, 1, 32, 11]}
+{"token": "Decoupling algorithm for evaluating multiple beam damages in steel moment-resisting frames. Post-earthquake safety evaluation of steel moment-resisting frames mainly relies on the inspection of seismic damage to beam-column connections. Recently, in order to evaluate seismic damage of steel connections in a prompt and precise manner, a local damage evaluation method based on dynamic strain responses has been proposed and receives attention. In the evaluation method where strain responses are measured by piezoelectric strain sensors, a strain-based damage index has been developed for evaluating individual seismic beam damage in a steel frame. However, for a steel frame suffering multiple beam damages, the damage index deteriorates its performance in identifying small damages with the presence of neighboring severe damages because of the moment redistributions induced by larger damages. This paper presents a decoupling algorithm that removes the issue of damage interaction and improves the performance of the damage index. The decoupling algorithm was derived on the basis of damage-induced moment release and redistribution mechanism. The effectiveness of the decoupling algorithm was numerically and experimentally investigated using a nine-story steel frame model and a large scale five-story steel frame testbed that can simulate multiple fractures at beam ends. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Notodectes is the first endemic pachycormiform genus (Osteichthyes, Actinopterygii, Pachycormiformes) in the Southern Hemisphere. Jurassic fishes from the Southern Hemisphere are poorly known in comparison with those of the Northern Hemisphere. The Tithonian (Late Jurassic) deposits of Argentina have yielded a rich and taxonomically diverse ichthyofauna. However, these fishes have been only partially described and need to be revised or studied. In this paper, the putative ichthyodectiform actinopterygian Notodectes argentinus is redescribed. The holotype comes from the Vaca Muerta Formation, in the southwestern part of Mendoza Province, Argentina. It consists of an incomplete, partially articulated skull in which some of the bones are preserved in three dimensions. The specimen has a unique character combination that allows us not only to diagnose the genus Notodectes but also confirm that it is a member of the actinopterygian order Pachycormiformes. At present, Notodectes represents the first endemic pachycormiform from the Southern Hemisphere and the first specimen found in Mendoza Province (northwestern region of the Neuquen Basin). Also, Notodectes is the first fast-swimming and clearly ichthyophagous pachycormid reported from the Jurassic of South America.[GRAPHICS]SUPPLEMENTAL DATA-Supplemental materials are available for this article for free at", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Qualitative Analysis of a Generalized Virus Dynamics Model with Both Modes of Transmission and Distributed Delays. We propose a generalized virus dynamics model with distributed delays and both modes of transmission, one by virus-to-cell infection and the other by cell-to-cell transfer. In the proposed model, the distributed delays describe (i) the time needed for infected cells to produce new virions and (ii) the time necessary for the newly produced virions to become mature and infectious. In addition, the infection transmission process is modeled by general incidence functions for both modes. Furthermore, the qualitative analysis of the model is rigorously established and many known viral infection models with discrete and distributed delays are extended and improved.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Nodular and scaling dermatitis in a Spanish Hound. A 18-month-old Spanish Hound was presented for a nodular and scaling dermatitis. Based on histopathological findings and follow up, an idiopathic sebaceous adenitis, as described in the Vizsla, was considered the most likely diagnosis. Nevertheless, dermatopathological and clinical features, presence of fever and response to glucocorticoid therapy suggested an immune mediated granulomatous-pyogranulomatous disease not limited to sebaceous glands.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Tribalism Is Human Nature. Humans evolved in the context of intense intergroup competition, and groups comprised of loyal members more often succeeded than groups comprised of nonloyal members. Therefore, selective pressures have sculpted human minds to be tribal, and group loyalty and concomitant cognitive biases likely exist in all groups. Modern politics is one of the most salient forms of modern coalitional conflict and elicits substantial cognitive biases. The common evolutionary history of liberals and conservatives gives little reason to expect protribe biases to be higher on one side of the political spectrum than the other. This evolutionarily plausible null hypothesis has been supported by recent research. In a recent meta-analysis, liberals and conservatives showed similar levels of partisan bias, and several protribe cognitive tendencies often ascribed to conservatives (e.g., intolerance toward dissimilar other people) were found in similar degrees in liberals. We conclude that tribal bias is a natural and nearly ineradicable feature of human cognition and that no group-not even one's own-is immune.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "LEARNING SEQUENCES: THEIR EXISTENCE, EFFECT, AND EVOLUTION. Much is known about the importance of learning and some of the distinct learning processes that organizations use (e.g., trial-and-error learning, vicarious learning, experimental learning, and improvisational learning). Yet surprisingly little is known about whether these processes combine over time in ordered ways, because most research on learning explores one particular process. Using theory elaboration and theory-building methods and data on the accumulated country entries of entrepreneurial firms, we address this gap. Our core contribution is an emergent theoretical framework that develops the concept of learning sequences. We find that learning sequences exist and are influenced by initial conditions. We also find that learning sequences evolve in fundamentally distinct ways over time and with repeated use. Finally, data show how different learning sequences differentially affect both shorter- and longer-term performance, suggesting that it matters which learning processes are used and when. Overall, our findings on learning sequences have important implications for learning theory, international entrepreneurship, and the growing literature on process management.", "label": [5, 44, 46]}
+{"token": "New MCM composed of D/L base substrate, high-density-wiring CSP and 3-D memory modules. An RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) module, which contains secondary cache memories and is called an MCM (Multichip Module) for use in a high-performance workstation, has been developed. The design consists of a D/L (Deposited Organic Thin Film on Laminate) base substrate, a glass-ceramic-based organic-thin-film multilayer build-up CSP (Chip Size Package), and glass-ceramic Three-Dimensional Memory Modules (3DM). The characteristics of this newly developed MCM are as follows. The D/L base substrate has 179 I/O (Input/Output) pins sind signal lines of 25-mu m width and 50-mu m pitch. The CSP carrier signal lines are as fine as those of the D/L, and the CSP carrier features 525 I/O pads and 80-mu m diameter chip bonding pads with 108-mu m pitch. The 3DM is roughly the same size as a conventional single chip package; with the stacking of ten memory chips in the space of four 3DMs, the area required is roughly only that of four single chip packages.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "THE AFECTIVE DIMENTION OF HUMAN EXISTENCE IN THE LIGHT OF HERMENEUTIC-PHENOMNEOLOGY: THE DISCLOSIVE CHARACTER IN BEING AND TIME. The philosophical interest in relation to the affective dimension of human life and experience is growing and plural. Among these interests are the recent and varied efforts to understand the nature of emotions, especially in relation to various philosophical issues involving human agency. In line with these efforts, Goldie's (2007) proposal consists of a double movement of, on the one hand, presenting a wide and varied set of phenomena that need to be appreciated by any theories of emotion, and, on the other, identifying the extent to which the most prestigious theories of emotion do justice to that richness and phenomenal complexity. The result of this double movement is the critical diagnosis that the hitherto most prestigious theories of emotion, the non-cognitivist, the cognitivist, and the perceptual are deficient from an explanatory point of view. Interestingly, although Martin Heidegger has reserved a decisive position and function for affectivity amidst the project of elaborating fundamental ontology, it is not included in the minutes of much of the current debate on the philosophies of emotion, including the aforementioned critical diagnosis. from Goldie. The main objective of this paper is to present in general the phenomenology of affectivity as unfolded by Heidegger in the late twenties. More specifically, it seeks to show how the affective dimension in general, and mood and emotions in particular, have an eminently revealing openness, which even justifies, from a meta-philosophical perspective, their inclusion in the fundamental ontology program.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Numerical studies of information about elastic parameter sets in non-linear elastic wavefield inversion schemes. on-linear elastic wavefield inversion is a powerful method for estimating elastic parameters for physical constraints that determine subsurface rock and properties. Here, I introduce six elastic-wave velocity models by reconstructing elastic-wave velocity variations from real data and a 2D elastic-wave velocity model. Reflection seismic data information is often decoupled into short and long wavelength components. The local search method has difficulty in estimating the longer wavelength velocity if the starting model is far from the true model, and source frequencies are then changed from lower to higher bands (as in the 'frequency-cascade scheme') to estimate model elastic parameters. Elastic parameters are inverted at each inversion step ('simultaneous mode') with a starting model of linear P- and S-wave velocity trends with depth. Elastic parameters are also derived by inversion in three other modes - using a P- and S-wave velocity basis ('V-P V-S mode'); P-impedance and Poisson's ratio basis ('I-P Poisson mode'); and P- and S-impedance ('I-P I-S mode'). Density values are updated at each elastic inversion step under three assumptions in each mode. By evaluating the accuracy of the inversion for each parameter set for elastic models, it can be concluded that there is no specific difference between the inversion results for the V-P V-S mode and the I-P Poisson mode. The same conclusion is expected for the I-P I-S mode, too. This gives us a sound basis for full wavelength elastic wavefield inversion.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Vibration analysis of generalized thermoelastic microbeams resting on visco-Pasternak's foundations. The natural vibration analysis of microbeams resting on visco-Pasternak's foundation is presented. The thermoelasticity theory of Green and Naghdi without energy dissipation as well as the classical Euler-Bernoulli's beam theory is used for description of natural frequencies of the microbeam. The generalized thermoelasticity model is used to obtain the free vibration frequencies due to the coupling equations of a simply-supported microbeam resting on the three-parameter viscoelastic foundation. The fundamental frequencies are evaluated in terms of length-to-thickness ratio, width-to-thickness ratio and three foundation parameters. Sample natural frequencies are tabulated and plotted for sensing the effect of all used parameters and to investigate the visco-Pasternak's parameters for future comparisons.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Numerical study on structural response of anti-sloshing baffles of different configurations in a sloshing tank considering hydroelasticity. With the enlargement of liquid containers, unexpected deformation and damage of the containers might happen. As a commonly used way to suppress intense sloshing, anti-sloshing baffles usually sustain liquid loads with a large wetted area. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the structural response of the anti-sloshing baffles taking hydroelasticity into account to guarantee the structural safety. This paper presents a numerical study on the structural response of horizontal and vertical baffles of different configurations in a sloshing tank considering hydroelasticity. Two validations on the effectiveness of the numerical methods and convergence tests are conducted. Influences of baffle height and length of the horizontal and vertical baffles on the structural response are examined through a series of simulations, from which amplitudes, frequencies of different vibration components and energy ratio of the wetted natural vibration caused by hydroelasticity are obtained and analyzed. Additionally, possible structural resonances of the horizontal and vertical baffles caused by the periodic sloshing motion and hydroelastic effects are shown, indicating the necessity of considering hydroelasticity. Meaningful conclusions are drawn on the characteristics of structural response, the effects of baffle configuration and the occurrence of structural resonance of the baffle from a structural safety point of view.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 36]}
+{"token": "A Meta-Analysis of Filed Bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis) Management in Annual and Perennial Systems. Field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.) is a persistent, perennial weed species that infests a variety of temperate habitats around the globe. To evaluate the efficacy of general management approaches and impacts on crop yield and to identify research gaps, we conducted a series of meta-analyses using published studies focusing on C. arvensis management in annual cropping and perennial systems. Our analysis of 48 articles (560 data points) conducted in annual systems indicated that 95% of data points measured efficacy over short time frames (within 2yr of treatment). Furthermore, only 27% of data points reported impacts of C. arvensis management on crop yield. In annual systems, herbicide control dominated the literature (similar to 80% of data points) and was an effective management technique up to 2yr posttreatment. Integrated management, with or without herbicides, and three nonchemical techniques were similarly effective as herbicide at reducing C. arvensis up to 2 yr posttreatment. In addition, integrated approaches, with or without herbicides, and two nonchemical techniques had positive effects on crop yield. There were few differences among herbicide mechanism of action groups on C. arvensis abundance in annual systems. There were only nine articles (28 data points) concerning G arvensis management in perennial systems (e.g., pasture, rangeland, lawn), indicating more research effort has been directed toward annual systems. In perennial systems, biocontrol, herbicide, and non-herbicide integrated management techniques were equally effective at reducing C. arvensis, while competition and grazing were not effective. Overall, our results demonstrate that while chemical control of C. arvensis is generally effective and well studied, integrated and nonchemical control practices can perform equally well. We also documented the need for improved monitoring of the efficacy of management practices over longer time frames and including effects on desired vegetation to develop sustainable weed management programs.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "BEYOND 'VALID AND RELIABLE': THE LSAT, ABA STANDARD 503, AND THE FUTURE OF LAW SCHOOL ADMISSIONS. For nearly a century, the American Bar Association (ABA) has overseen the standards governing accredited law schools, which in turn constitute the primary pathway to the practice of law in the United States. ABA Standard 503 requires that all such schools use a \\\\'valid and reliable\\\\' examination to assess candidates for admission. Currently, the Law School Admission Test (LSAT) is the only examination that the ABA has officially recognized as satisfying the standard. However, the LSAT-now approaching its eightieth year-has strayed far from the purposes it was originally designed to serve. Once a simple tool to aid in the assessment of diverse applicants, it has in recent decades become a significant barrier to entry with disparate negative impacts on women, racial minorities, individuals of low socioeconomic status, and, perhaps most egregiously, those with disabilities. This Note argues that Standard 503 should be rescinded. Such a step is necessary both to stimulate innovation in law school admissions and to fulfill the ABA's mandate of promoting diversity in the legal profession and serving the larger public good.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Atherogenic index of plasma predicts coronary artery disease severity and major adverse cardiac events in absence of conventional risk factors. Background Various overlapping risk factors lead to coronary artery disease (CAD). The atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) is a marker for CAD severity and progression. However, little is known about its contribution to the residual risk of CAD observed in the absence of all typical risk factors. Methods A prospective cohort study of 366 Indian patients undergoing coronary computed tomography (CT) angiography and diagnosed with stable CAD. Diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, smoking, previous CAD, alcohol or lipid-lowering medication intake, renal, liver or thyroid dysfunction were exclusion criteria. Coronary stenosis was graded using the CAD-reporting and data system (CAD-RADS (TM)) system. Lipid profile, HbA1c, uric acid, highly sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and anthropometric measurements were taken. AIP, triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc) and total cholesterol (Tc)/HDLc ratios were calculated. Independent predictors of CAD severity and the occurrence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) during 2.57 (0.52) years of follow-up were identified using logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards regression. Results Sixty patients experienced a MACE during a cumulative 887.03 person-years. HbA1c, uric acid, hsCRP, Tc/HDLc and AIP were independent predictors of severe coronary lesions (CAD-RADS 4,5) on multivariate analysis with odds ratio 4.52 (2.37-8.61), 1.41 (1.08-1.84), 1.33 (1.09-1.62), 1.76 (1.27-2.44) and 1.29 (1.11-1.50), respectively. Only AIP and Tc/HDLc were independent predictors of MACE with hazard ratios of 1.41 (1.20-1.65) and 1.78 (1.33-2.39) besides patient age and CAD severity. Conclusion AIP is associated with both the severity of CAD and the occurrence of MACE within 3 years. It could serve as an effective marker of residual risk of CAD in patients devoid of traditional risk factors. Lipid-profile ratios, such as AIP are cost-effective and accessible parameters suitable for low and middle-income settings.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Efficacy of caspofungin alone and in combination with voriconazole in a guinea pig model of invasive aspergillosis. The antifungal activity of caspofungin acetate (CAS) alone and in combination with voriconazole (VRC) was evaluated in an immunosuppressed transiently neutropenic guinea pig model of invasive aspergillosis. Guinea pigs were immunosuppressed with triamcinolone at 20 mg/kg of body weight/day subcutaneously beginning 4 days prior to lethal intravenous challenge with Aspergillus fumigatus and were made temporarily neutropenic with cyclophosphamide administered at 150 mg/kg intraperitoneally (i.p.) 1 day prior to challenge. Therapy with i.p. CAS at 1 and 2.5 mg/kg/day (with and without oral VRC at 5 mg/kg/day), oral VRC at 5 mg/kg/day, or i.p. amphotericin B (AMB) at 1.25 mg/kg/day was begun 24 h after challenge and was continued for 5 days. Mortality occurred in 12 of 12 untreated controls, whereas mortality occurred in 4 of 12 and 6 of 12 guinea pigs treated with CAS at 1 and 2.5 mg/kg/day, respectively, and in 3 of 12 guinea pigs treated with AMB. No mortality occurred among animals treated with CAS at 1 mg/kg/day plus VRC at 5 mg/kg/day, CAS at 2.5 mg/kg/day plus VRC at 5 mg/kg/day, or VRC at 5 mg/kg/day alone. Both CAS regimens increased the survival times and reduced the colony counts in tissue compared with those for the controls. Treatment with VRC and AMB significantly reduced the colony counts in the tissues of selected animals compared with those in the tissues of the controls. Treatment with VRC and AMB also resulted in reductions in colony counts in tissues compared with those in the tissues of animals treated with CAS (the difference was not statistically significant) and improved the survival times but did not sterilize tissues. Combination therapies with CAS plus VRC at either dose reduced colony counts in tissues 1,000-fold over those for the controls and were the only regimens that significantly reduced the numbers of positive cultures. The combinations of CAS plus VRC were highly effective in this model and should be further evaluated for use against invasive aspergillosis.", "label": [2, 4, 21, 40]}
+{"token": "The role of perceived relational support in entrepreneur-customer dyads. Drawing from social exchange theory and the marketing literature, we posit that entrepreneurs' commitment to and satisfaction with a customer depends on the extent to which they believe the customer is willing to provide strong support to entrepreneurs in their role as suppliers. We tested the hypotheses among 217 entrepreneurs in a Western European country and found that entrepreneurs' perceptions of relational support relate positively to their commitment to and satisfaction with the customer. In turn, the reliability and quality of the exchanges that took place between entrepreneurs and the customer affected their perceptions of relational support, as well as their attitudes through perceived relational support. We thus identify a key mechanism that explains relationship outcomes in entrepreneur-customer dyads. We discuss the implications and limitations of our findings and provide directions for further research.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "Rediscovery, resurrection and redescription of Rhinella leptoscelis (Boulenger, 1912) (Anura: Bufonidae). We resurrect Rhinella leptoscelis (Anura: Bufonidae) from the synonymy of R. veraguensis and redescribe it on the basis of the holotype, and recently collected specimens from Peru and Bolivia. Rhinella leptoscelis is well distinguished from all other species of the R. veraguensis group by its flat head with well developed orbitotympanic and postorbital crests, distinct tympanum, large parotoid glands, spiny tubercles on dorsal surfaces, long and slender extremities, dorsolateral row of conical, enlarged and elevated tubercles, webbing absent on fingers, basal and serrated webbing between toes, and first finger longer than second. This species is known from the humid forests of the Amazonian versant of the Andes from central Bolivia to southern Peru.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Large-deflection bending of symmetrically laminated rectilinearly orthotropic elliptical plates including transverse shear. The nonlinear bending theory for symmetrically laminated elliptical plates exhibiting rectilinear orthotropy with transverse shear deformation is developed. Using Galerkin's method, the paper solves the problem of large deflections for plates under uniform lateral pressure. The special case of symmetrically laminated rectilinearly orthotropic circular plates is also discussed. Analytical solutions obtained may be applied directly to the design of engineering structures.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "Crop cultivars with allelopathic capability. Allelopathy has potential in integrated weed management. Crop plants have the capability to produce and exude allelochemicals into their surroundings to suppress the growth of weeds in their vicinity. Selection for superior genotypes with allelopathic potential has been carried out in several field crops, and evidence has accumulated that crop cultivars differ significantly in their ability to inhibit the growth of certain weed species. To date, progress has been made in understanding the genetics of crop allelopathic activity, and successful genetic manipulation of this trait has also been demonstrated. However, much more research needs to be carried out in order to have a thorough understanding of the genetic control of allelopathic activity. Several genes might be involved in regulating the production and exudation of allelochemicals. Concerted efforts using advances in plant biotechnology will help to unveil the genetics of this trait. Once the allelopathic genes have been located, a breeding programme could be initiated to transfer the genes into modern cultivars to enhance their allelopathic activity for weed suppression, thereby reducing over-reliance on herbicides.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Recommendations for expert opinions about predictions: Legal framework for expert opinions about predictions in criminal proceedings. The legal framework for predictions in criminal proceedings in Germany has developed considerably since the submission of the \\\\'Minimum Requirements for expert opinions about predictions\\\\' in 2006. The legislator has extensively revised existing paragraphs dealing with prognosis and created additional paragraphs which in part raise new types of questions. Procedural regulations have also been partially revised. At the same time courts of appeal place increasingly stricter requirements on the reasoning of prognosis decisions by trial judges. The following article traces these developments and brings the framework conditions for prognoses in criminal proceedings up to date. The analysis differentiates between procedural law and substantive law, and within these categories further differentiates according to the main proceedings and enforcement proceedings as well as the various sanctions.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Road crossing in bank voles and yellow-necked mice. Roads and highways represent one of the most important anthropogenic impacts on natural areas and contribute to habitat fragmentation, because they are linear features that can inhibit animal movement, thereby causing barrier effects subdividing the populations adjacent to the roads. The paper examines to what extent a narrow (2-lane) and a wide (4-lane) highways represent barriers for two small mammal species: bank voles Clethrionomys glareolus Schreber, 1780 and yellow-necked mice Apodemus flavicollis Melchior, 1834, and whether displaced rodents are able to return across roads of different widths. The study was performed at four sites in the Czech Republic. The capture-mark-recapture method was used to determine crossing rates. At two sites, the animals captured close to the road were transferred to the other side and released, to compare return movements across the roads with the movements made by the non-transferred animals. We found that the narrow highway did not prevent movement of neither of the species, although voles crossed only after they had been transferred. Wide highways, on the other hand, completely prevened crossing of both species. While the narrow highways acted at individuals level, the wide highways affected the population subvision.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Three is a crowd: Conspecific multi-male spawning in the Spotted Toad Rhaebo guttatus (Schneider, 1799). A case of multi-male spawning between two males and one female of Rhaebo guttatus is reported. An amplectant pair of R. guttatus was observed spawning in an ephemeral puddle located in a flooded area of a stream inside an open ombrophilous forest remnant on 31st January 2019, in the municipality of Cotriguacu, north-western Mato Grosso state, Brazil. To our surprise, a conspecific male (secondary male) was submerged with its belly up, nostrils out of the water and clasping the female by the ventral region, apparently, trying to fertilise the eggs. For Neotropical anurans, multi-male spawning has been reported to occur in eight phyllomedusid and four leptodactylid species. Therefore, it is the first record of conspecific multi-male spawning for R. guttatus. These observations provide new insights into the breeding biology of R. guttatus. Further studies, however, are needed to better understand the reproductive features, focusing on genetic analyses of the offspring produced from multi-male spawning of R. guttatus to determine whether multiple paternity occurs in this toad species.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Matchmaking facilitates the diagnosis of an autosomal-recessive mitochondrial disease caused by biallelic mutation of the tRNA isopentenyltransferase (TRIT1) gene. Deleterious variants in the same gene present in two or more families with overlapping clinical features provide convincing evidence of a disease-gene association; this can be a challenge in the study of ultrarare diseases. To facilitate the identification of additional families, several groups have created \\\\'matching\\\\' platforms. We describe four individuals from three unrelated families \\\\'matched\\\\' by GeneMatcher and MatchMakerExchange. Individuals had microcephaly, developmental delay, epilepsy, and recessive mutations in TRIT1. A single homozygous mutation in TRIT1 associated with similar features had previously been reported in one family. The identification of these individuals provides additional evidence to support TRIT1 as the disease-causing gene and interprets the variants as \\\\'pathogenic.\\\\' TRIT1 functions to modify mitochondrial tRNAs and is necessary for protein translation. We show that dysfunctional TRIT1 results in decreased levels of select mitochondrial proteins. Our findings confirm the TRIT1 disease association and advance the phenotypic and molecular understanding of this disorder.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Extraction of starch from hulled and hull-less barley with papain and aqueous sodium hydroxide. Starch was isolated from hulled (VJM 201) and hull-less (BL 134) barley with papain and aqueous sodium hydroxide treatments. For enzyme-assisted extraction, barley was steeped in water containing 0.2 % SO2 + 0.55 % lactic acid at 50A degrees A +/- 2 A degrees C for 4-5 h. The slurry was mixed with 0.4-2.0 g papain/kg barley and incubated at 50A degrees aEuro parts per thousand A +/- aEuro parts per thousand 2 A degrees C for 1-5 h. Aqueous sodium hydroxide (0.01-0.05 M) was added to the finely ground barley meal. The alkaline slurry was incubated at ambient temperature (25A degrees aEuro parts per thousand A +/- aEuro parts per thousand 2 A degrees C) for 15-60 min. The starch and grain fractions were isolated by screening and centrifugation. Increases in the time of treatment significantly affected the fiber, centrifugation and non-starch residue losses. Concentration of papain and sodium hydroxide had negligible effect on extraction losses. The enzyme-assisted extraction efficiency of starch was higher (80.7-84.6 %) than the alkaline method (70.9-83.7 %). The hulled barley showed higher extraction efficiency than the hull-less barley. The slurry treated with 0.4 g papain/kg barley for 5 h and 0.03 M sodium hydroxide for 60 min produced maximal yield of starch. Barley starch showed desirably high pasting temperature, water binding capacity and hold viscosity; and low final and setback viscosity compared with the commercial corn starch. The alkaline extracted hull-less barley starch showed exceptionally high peak and hold viscosities.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "New Testament Exegesis as an Academic Discipline with Relevance for Other Disciplines. This English translation of a lecture delivered in November 2011 on the occasion of the author's installation as Professor of New Testament at Uppsala University (Kelhoffer 2012) addresses several conceptual and methodological questions about New Testament Exegesis, including: 'What is New Testament Exegesis?', 'What does it mean to call New Testament Exegesis an academic discipline?' and 'How can this discipline be relevant for other disciplines?' A central argument is that the current balkanization of biblical studies is undesirable and that scholars who use more traditional or newer methods should engage, rather than talk past, each other. It could help to foster that process if we attend to a misconception of the 'historical-critical method' as a single method. Additionally, 'the linguistic turn' holds promise for future discussions.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Evaluating Outcomes of Patients Lost to Follow-up in a Large Comprehensive Care Treatment Program in Western Kenya. Background: Academic Model Providing Access To Healthcare (AMPATH) program provides comprehensive HIV care and treatment services. Approximately, 30% of patients have become lost to follow-up (LTFU). We sought to actively trace and identify outcomes for a sample of these patients.Results: Of 14,811 LTFU patients, 2540 were randomly selected for tracing (2179 adults, 1071 on ART). The chart reviews indicated that 326 (12.8%) patients were not actually LTFU. Outcomes for 71% of sampled patients were determined including 85% of those physically traced. Of those with known outcomes, 21% had died, whereas 29% had disengaged from care for various reasons. The remaining patients had moved away (n = 458, 25%) or were still receiving HIV care (n = 443 total, 25%).Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate the feasibility of a large-scale sampling-based approach. A significant proportion of patients were found not to be LTFU, and further, high numbers of patients who were LTFU could not be located. Over a quarter of patients disengaged from care for various reasons including access challenges and familial influences.Methods: LTFU was defined as missing a scheduled visit by >= 3 months. A randomly selected sample of 17% of patients identified as LTFU between January 2009 and June 2011 was generated, with sample stratification on age, antiretroviral therapy (ART) status at last visit, and facility. Chart reviews were conducted followed by active tracing. Tracing was completed by trained HIV-positive outreach workers July 2011 to February 2012. Outcomes were compared between adults and children and by ART status.", "label": [2, 17, 24]}
+{"token": "Lithostratigraphy of the impactite and bedrock section of ICDP drill core D1c from the El'gygytgyn impact crater, Russia. In 2008/2009, the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP) obtained drill cores from the El'gygytgyn impact structure located on the Chukotka Peninsula (Russia). These cores provide the most complete geological section ever obtained from an impact structure in siliceous volcanic rock. The lithostratigraphy comprises a thick sequence of lacustrine sediments overlying impact breccias and deformed target rock. The interval from 316 m (below lake floor-blf) to the end of the core at 517 m depth can be subdivided into four lithological sequences. At 316 m depth, the first mesoscopic clasts of shocked target rock occur in lacustrine sediments. The growing abundance of target rock clasts with increasing depth and corresponding decrease of lacustrine sediment components indicate the extent of this transition zone to 328 m depth. It constitutes a zone of mixed reworked impact breccia and lacustrine sediments. Volcanic clasts in this reworked suevite section show all stages of shock metamorphism, up to melting. The underlying unit (328-390 m depth) represents a suevite package, a polymict impact breccia, with considerable evidence of shock deformation in a wide variety of volcanic clasts. This includes fragments with quartz that exhibit planar fractures and planar deformation features (PDF). In addition, at three depths, several centimeter-sized clasts with shatter cones were detected. Due to microanalytical identification of relatively rare, microscopic impact melt particles in the matrix of this breccia, this material can be confidently labeled a suevite. Also in this sequence, three unshocked, <1 m thick intersections of volcanic blocks occur at 333.83, 351.52, and 383.00 m depths. The upper bedrock unit begins at 390.74 m depth, has a thickness of 30.15 m, and represents a sequence of different volcanic rocks-an upper part with basaltic composition from 390.74 to 391.79 m depth overlying a lower, rhyodacitic part from 391.79 to 420.27 m depth. This (parautochthonous) basement unit is only very weakly affected by the impact: only one shocked quartz grain with two sets of PDF was recorded at 391.33 m depth. The lower bedrock unit (420.89-517.09 m depth [end of core]) is a brittly deformed, rather homogeneous welded ignimbrite that in part can be considered a cataclasite. The top three meters of this section are sheared, which could represent pre-impact tectonic deformation. A 54 cm thick injection of polymict impact breccia occurs at 471.42-471.96 m depth.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Employment Precariousness and Poor Mental Health: Evidence from Spain on a New Social Determinant of Health. Background. Evidence on the health-damaging effects of precarious employment is limited by the use of one-dimensional approaches focused on employment instability.. is study assesses the association between precarious employment and poor mental health using the multidimensional Employment Precariousness Scale. Methods. Cross-sectional study of 5679 temporary and permanent workers from the population-based Psychosocial Factors Survey was carried out in 2004-2005 in Spain. Poor mental health was defined as SF-36 mental health scores below the 25th percentile of the Spanish reference for each respondents sex and age. Prevalence proportion ratios (PPRs) of poor mental health across quintiles of employment precariousness (reference: 1st quintile) were calculated with log-binomial regressions, separately for women and men. Results. Crude PPRs showed a gradient association with poor mental health and remained generally unchanged a. er adjustments for age, immigrant status, socioeconomic position, and previous unemployment. Fully adjusted PPRs for the 5th quintile were 2.54 (95% CI: 1.95-3.31) for women and 2.23 (95% CI: 1.86-2.68) for men. Conclusion. The study finds a gradient association between employment precariousness and poor mental health, which was somewhat stronger among women, suggesting an interaction with gender-related power asymmetries. Further research is needed to strengthen the epidemiological evidence base and to inform labour market policy-making.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Lethal violence in Ireland, 1841 to 2003 - Famine, celibacy and parental pacification. Examination of recorded homicides in Ireland over a 160-year period reveals a trend that is in the same direction as found in other European countries: declining for around 100 years, then rising again. However, when the killing of babies is disaggregated from other killings, a different pattern emerges in that the secular decline is not reversed. It is argued that the virtual disappearance of baby killing is related to increasing respect for infant life and a marked increase in celibacy after the Famine of 1845-50. Other killings remained at a relatively high and stable level for the latter half of the nineteenth century. This is attributed to the persistence of 'recreational' violence. The decline in homicide from the turn of the twentieth century is related to emigration and the foundation, after 1922, of an independent Irish state.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Party system compactness: Measurement and consequences. An important property of any party system is the set of choices it presents to the electorate. In this paper we analyze the distribution of parties relative to voters in the multidimensional issue space and introduce two measures of the dispersion of the parties in the issue space relative to the voters, which we call measures of the compactness of the parties in the issue space. We show how compactness is easily computed using standard survey items found on national election surveys. Because we study the spacing of the parties relative to the distribution of the voters, we produce metric-free measures of compactness of the party system. The measures can be used to compare party systems across issues, over time within countries, and across countries. Comparing the compactness of party systems across countries allows us to determine the relative amount of issue choice afforded voters in different polities. We examine the compactness of the issue space and test the impact it has on voter choice in four countries: the United States, the Netherlands, Canada, and Great Britain. We demonstrate that the more compact the distribution of the parties in the issue space on any given issue, the less voters weight that issue in their vote decision. Thus we provide evidence supporting theories suggesting that the greater the choice offered by the parties in an election, the more likely it is that issue voting will play a major role in that election.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Optima: A Model for HIV Epidemic Analysis, Program Prioritization, and Resource Optimization. Optima is a software package for modeling HIV epidemics and interventions that we developed to address practical policy and program problems encountered by funders, governments, health planners, and program implementers. Optima's key feature is its ability to perform resource optimization to meet strategic HIV objectives, including HIV-related financial commitment projections and health economic assessments. Specifically, Optima allows users to choose a set of objectives (such as minimizing new infections, minimizing HIV-related deaths, and/or minimizing long-term financial commitments) and then determine the optimal resource allocation (and thus program coverage levels) for meeting those objectives. These optimizations are based on the following: calibrations to epidemiological data; assumptions about the costs of program implementation and the corresponding coverage levels; and the effects of these programs on clinical, behavioral, and other epidemiological outcomes. Optima is flexible for which population groups (specified by behavioral, epidemiological, and/or geographical factors) and which HIV programs are modeled, the amount of input data used, and the types of outputs generated. Here, we introduce this model and compare it with existing HIV models that have been used previously to inform decisions about HIV program funding and coverage targets. Optima has already been used in more than 20 countries, and there is increasing demand from stakeholders to have a tool that can perform evidence-based HIV epidemic analyses, revise and prioritize national strategies based on available resources, set program coverage targets, amend subnational program implementation plans, and inform the investment strategies of governments and their funding partners.", "label": [2, 17, 24]}
+{"token": "Looking Back or Re-visioning: Contemporary American Jewish Poets on 'Lot's Wife. Anat Koplowitz-Breier discusses in her \\\\'Looking Back or Re-visioning: Contemporary American Jewish Poets on 'Lot's Wife,\\\\'\\\\'midrashic poems relating to Lot's wife by Jewish American women. Enabling exegesis of the text via elaboration, filling in missing details, and evoking emotions, motives, etc., midrash serves as a method for resolving crises and reaffirming continuity with the traditions of the past. Midrashic poetry is thus a particularly apt vehicle for Jewish feminists seeking to access Scripture. While some Jewish American poets follow the midrashic tradition, others employ the biblical text as a springboard for their own ideas. The eight poets discussed herein, all of whose poems on Lot's wife were published between the 1980s and 2010s, draw on the biblical narrative in Genesis 19 as a way of dealing with contemporary issues or contextualize the story within the modern period.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Y Self-heating of resistance thermometers for air temperature measurements with pulsed current supply. Very precise air temperature measurement in meteorology or in air-conditioned indoor rooms is challenging, because radiation influences and the self-heating of the resistance thermometers are sometimes considerable disturbing influences. In our paper we consider a special current supply and show that it can reduce the self-heating to less than one millikelvin. For a typical sensor design, which is suitable and usual for outdoor use in meteorological weather stations simulations of the static and dynamic self-heating caused by the pulsed electric measuring current are carried out. The transient course of the self-heating depends more on the internal structure of the sensor than on the heat transfer coefficient to the surrounding still air. The average static self-heating from a highly simplified model fits the simulated transient response well. The method of pulse current driving is shown by the described simulations to be very effective for the reducing the self-heating of resistance thermometers.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "The Tsaritsa, the Needlewomen and the Witches: Magic in Moscow in the 1630s. This article focuses on the 1639 case of Dar'ia Lamanova, a needlewoman in the Kremlin sewing-room, who was accused of trying to harm Tsaritsa Evdokiia Luk'ianova by sprinkling the ashes of her burnt shirt-collar in a corridor where the tsaritsa regularly walked. It was suspected that Dar'ia's actions had brought about the deaths of five-year-old Tsarevich Ivan in January 1639, and of his new-born brother Vasilii in March, but she was found guilty only of attempting to gain the favor of the tsar and tsaritsa. This case is discussed in the context of fears at court in the 16th and 17th centuries that members of the royal household might harm the tsar and his family by magical means. The article also examines evidence, brought to light by the investigation into Dar'ia's case, of love magic and healing magic practised by a number of witches in Moscow with whom the Kremlin needlewomen were associated. The accused were found guilty of involvement in these types of \\\\'everyday\\\\' or \\\\'prosaic\\\\' magic, but the authorities accepted that there was no plot against the royal family. Thus even a case that had seemed to affect the succession to the throne and the stability of the dynasty was resolved without resort to a witch-hunt on the Western European model.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "The Clinical, Radiologic, and Prognostic Differences Between Pediatric and Adult Patients With Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Encephalomyelitis. Conclusions: Visual impairment was the dominant symptom in both pediatric and adult patients, while fever was more frequent in pediatric patients. Data suggested that BON and bilateral optic nerve involvement were more common in pediatric cases whereas NMOSD and unilateral optic nerve involvement were more prevalent in adults. The younger patients and patients presenting with encephalitis/meningoencephalitis and ADEM tended to recover better.Results: Twenty-eight pediatric patients and 25 adults were admitted to our study. Bilateral optic neuritis (BON) was the most common initial phenotype in the pediatric group but less common in the adult group (28.57 vs. 0%, p = 0.0119). Almost half of the adult patients presented with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disease (NMOSD), which was less prevalent among the pediatrics (48 vs. 21.43%, p = 0.0414). Visual impairment was the most common symptom in both groups during the initial attack (pediatric group, 39.29%; adult group, 64%) and throughout the full course (pediatric group, 57.14%; adult group, 72%). More pediatric patients suffered from fever than adult patients at onset (pediatric group, 28.57%; adult group, 4%; p = 0.0442) and throughout the full course (pediatric group, 39.29%; adult group, 12%; p = 0.0245). Multiple patchy lesions in subcortical white matter (pediatric group, 40.74%; adult group, 45%), periventricular (pediatric group, 25.93%; adult group, 35%), infratentorial (pediatric group, 18.52%; adult group, 30%) and deep gray matter (pediatric group, 25.93%; adult group, 20%) were frequent in all cases, no significant difference was found between the two groups, while bilateral optic nerve involvement was more frequent in pediatric group (61.54 vs. 14.29%, p = 0.0042) and unilateral optic nerve involvement was higher in adult group (64.29 vs. 15.38%, p = 0.0052). At the last follow-up, adult patients had a higher average EDSS score (median 1.0, range 0-3) than pediatrics (median 0.0, range 0-3), though not significant (p = 0.0752). Patients aged 0-9 years (61.54%) and 10-18 years (70%), and patients presenting with encephalitis/meningoencephalitis (100%) and ADEM (75%) were more likely to recover fully.Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the clinical features of pediatric and adult patients with MOG-EM in our center between November 2015 and October 2020.Purpose: To evaluate the clinical differences between pediatric and adult patients with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated encephalomyelitis (MOG-EM).", "label": [2, 17, 21]}
+{"token": "Variability in the intensity of nematode larvae from gastrointestinal tissues of a natural herbivore. The migration of infective nematode larvae into the tissues of their hosts has been proposed as a mechanism of reducing larval mortality and increase parasite lifetime reproductive success. Given that individual hosts differ in the level of exposure, strength of immune response and physiological conditions we may expect the number of larvae in tissue to vary both between and within hosts. We used 2 gastrointestinal nematode species common in the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and examined how the number of larvae in the tissue changed with the immune response, parasite intensity-dependent constraints in the lumen and seasonal weather factors, in rabbits of different age, sex and breeding status. For both nematode species, larvae from the gastrointestinal tissue exhibited strong seasonal and host age-related patterns with fewer larvae recovered in summer compared to winter and more in adults than in juveniles. The number of larvae of the 2 nematodes was positively associated with intensity of parasite infection in the lumen and antibody responses while it was negatively related with air temperature and rainfall. Host sex, reproductive status and co-infection with the second parasite species contributed to increase variability between hosts. We concluded that heterogeneities in host conditions are a significant cause of variability of larval abundance in the gastrointestinal tissues. These findings can have important consequences for the dynamics of nematode infections and how parasite's life-history strategies adjust to host changes.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "A study of the distributional characteristics of FMR1 transcript levels in 238 individuals. Fragile X syndrome, the most common form of inherited mental retardation, is caused by hyperexpansion and hypermethylation of a CGG repeat tract in the 5' untranslated region of the FMR1 gene. This methylation causes the gene to be transcriptionally silenced. In addition to the common allele form with less than 41 repeats, there are two other allelic forms of the FMR1 gene that are unmethylated: premutation (61-200 CGG repeats) and intermediate (41-60 CGG repeats). Recently, premutation-specific phenotypes not related to fragile X syndrome have been reported: a 20-fold increased risk for premature ovarian failure (POF) among female carriers and an increased risk for a tremor ataxia syndrome (TAS) primarily among older male carriers. At the molecular level, increased levels of FMR1 transcript have been observed among premutation carriers. Increased levels of transcript may be causally related to the POF or TAS phenotypes or may be a surrogate of some other allelic property. In this report, we have examined the distributional properties of transcript levels by repeat size and gender among 238 individuals. We have confirmed a significant linear relationship between transcript level and repeat size in males and females. The evidence for the linear effect is primarily within the premutation size alleles.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "The influence of microbial transglutaminase on camel milk yogurt. This study investigates camel milk yogurts made with microbial transglutaminase (mTGase) at two different concentrations (3 and 6 U/g protein) and three different protein sources (micellar casein, whey protein concentrate, and sodium caseinate) and assesses their physical, chemical, and sensory properties. Of thirty samples, five were selected for further testing based on their viscosity and rapid pH drop during fermentation. During fermentation, many volatile compounds were formed, namely acetaldehyde, diacetyl, acetyl propionyl, ethanol, hexanal, and methane. Acetaldehyde percentages were lower with higher mTGase concentrations. All three milk protein powders increased the diversity of volatile compounds. Electrophoresis results showed that monomer band intensity decreased with higher mTGase concentrations. Lower-intensity monomer bands were formed at higher mTGase concentrations. Among the five optimal samples, the best microstructure was obtained in the sample produced with 6 U/g mTGase and 6.2 g/100 mL whey protein concentrate. The sample with the best sensory properties was prepared with 6 U/g mTGase and micellar casein. In conclusion, mTGase improved the gel structure and sensory properties of camel yogurt.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Estimation of erosion induced nutrients loss under different land uses: A case study in Miandam Valley, Swat Pakistan. In order to design Sustainable Land Management (SLM) plans or interventions it is important to understand the land use change and subsequent impacts. The basic aim of this study was to assess the impact of land use land cover (LULC) change on soil physico-chemical properties and nutrients loss under different land use/land cover changes within Miandam watershed of Swat valley, Pakistan. The study area was divided into three major types on the basis LULC type (Dense forest, Moderate forest and Agriculture land). A total of 81 soil samples were collected from the study area (27 from each land use) through stratified random sampling and were transferred to the laboratory. The prepared soil samples were then tested for various physico-chemical properties such as pH, electrical conductivity, contents of organic matter, organic carbon, sand, silt, clay, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, iron, copper and zinc. Results showed that LULC significantly affected all soil parameters except electrical conductivity and potassium. For all the nutrients assessed, the enrichment ratio was greater than 1 which showed that the most fertile layer of the soil in the cropped areas was transported through soil erosion. In this study, time-series satellite images were used to determine the spatiotemporal changes in the LULC of Miandam valley of Swat, Pakistan, and the possible effect of LULC on soil properties was reported. The information generated on the soil properties as indicators of soil health could be used to inform the stakeholders about the effect of LULC change in the study area. Multi-temporal image acquired by Landsat sensors for the year 2018 was used for quantifying changes in the study area. The Landsat images for the year 2018 were classified into six land cover/land use classes. The increase in agricultural activities caused an increase in the land farming areas which led to an increase in the rate of deforestation in the valley. Thus, the present study results reveal that the use of the soil for agriculture instead of keeping them naturally or in other words changes in the land use land cover affects the soil physico-chemical properties and the overall nutrients availability.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Preventive detention: between the media and political authorities. This essay makes a brief introduction to the definition of preventive detention (PP), in combination with several works in which it is studied within three inter-related contexts: Latin America, Argentina and the Province of Buenos Aires (PBA). After, we mention two actors involved in structuring the problem of PP besides the Judiciary (PJ): the media and the political authorities.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "mu-opioid receptor agonist effects on medullary respiratory neurons in the cat: evidence for involvement in certain types of ventilatory disturbances. mu-Opioid receptor agonists depress tidal volume, decrease chest wall compliance, and increase upper airway resistance. In this study, potential neuronal sites and mechanisms responsible for the disturbances were investigated, dose-response relationships were established, and it was determined whether general anesthesia plays a role. Effects of mu-opioid agonists on membrane properties and discharges of respiratory bulbospinal, vagal, and propriobulbar neurons and phrenic nerve activity were measured in pentobarbital-anesthetized and unanesthetized decerebrate cats. In all types of respiratory neurons tested, threshold intravenous doses of the mu-opioid agonist fentanyl slowed discharge frequency and prolonged duration without altering peak discharge intensity. Larger doses postsynaptically depressed discharges of inspiratory bulbospinal and inspiratory propriobulbar neurons that might account for depression of tidal volume. Iontophoresis of the mu-opioid agonist DAMGO also depressed the intensity of inspiratory bulbospinal neuron discharges. Fentanyl given intravenously prolonged discharges leading to tonic firing of bulbospinal expiratory neurons in association with reduced hyperpolarizing synaptic drive potentials, perhaps explaining decreased inspiratory phase chest wall compliance. Lowest effective doses of fentanyl had similar effects on vagal postinspiratory ( laryngeal adductor) motoneurons, whereas in vagal laryngeal abductor and pharyngeal constrictor motoneurons, depression of depolarizing synaptic drive potentials led to sparse, very-low-frequency discharges. Such effects on three types of vagal motoneurons might explain tonic vocal fold closure and pharyngeal obstruction of airflow. Measurements of membrane potential and input resistance suggest the effects on bulbospinal Aug-E neurons and vagal motoneurons are mediated presynaptically. Opioid effects on the respiratory neurons were similar in anesthetized and decerebrate preparations.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "Fish pass assessment in the rivers of Catalonia (NE Iberian Peninsula). A case study of weirs associated with hydropower plants and gauging stations. Fish pass assessment in the rivers of Catalonia (NE Iberian Peninsula). A case study of weirs associated with hydropower plants and gauging stationsThis study evaluated the effectiveness of fish passes in Catalan rivers (NE Iberian Peninsula). The aim was to test current functionality to enhance these structures for the purpose of optimising their management. We analysed river connectivity and fish pass facilities to generate information to improve the design, construction, management and assessment of solutions related to fish passage in Catalan rivers according to international best practices. In 2006, a preliminary evaluation of the locations and effectiveness of fish pass facilities in Catalonia was conducted through direct inspection of 78 fishways. Most of them were retro-fitted solutions using broad-spectrum technical structures, mainly pool fishway or pool pass facilities. An analysis of the effectiveness of 7 of the new fish passes (4, 2 and 1 passes in the Ter, Ebro and Tordera rivers, respectively) was performed between 2006 and 2009. The fish passes were located in weirs associated with hydropower plants and gauging stations. Our preliminary assessment of fish connectivity was based on a field visit and collection of information to populate a database of existing obstacles and associated fishways and calculation of the new version of the ICF index (river connectivity index) for all of them. Several methodologies were used to check the effectiveness of a selection of fish pass solutions, most of which were based on passage rates directly or indirectly estimated for each species. Direct estimation techniques involved the installation of fish traps upstream of the facility at the exit of the fish pass and visual counts. Indirect estimation techniques compared the fish population structure on each side of the obstacle in river sections with equivalent hydrology and habitat characteristics using electric fishing or trapping systems, group mark-recapture methods and individual mark-recapture methods (PIT tags). The results showed that (I) existing solutions to improve fish migration in Catalonia are insufficient (only present at approximately 8% of obstacles), and where they do exist, the fish passes are usually inadequate or poorly maintained. (2) Fish passes are generally inadequate or insufficient for the total native fish fauna from each water body. Additionally, with few exceptions, fish passage rates are too low, and in most cases, only fish with a high capacity to overcome obstacles or the largest individuals succeed in migrating. (3) Fish pass effectiveness agrees with the results of the new version of the ICF index.", "label": [4, 42, 36]}
+{"token": "Market-based solutions: An appropriate approach to resolve environmental problems. It was the first time that the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which was founded in 1988, regarded climate change as a significant international political problem (O'Brien and Williams 2007). Over the next decades, environmentalist and policy makers have been applying many efficient ways to solve various environmental problems and have gained achievements. With the support of successful cases, this paper will focus on the market-based solutions and discuss its advantages compared with the conventional approach.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "KEEPING THE BABY WHILE REFRESHING THE BATHWATER: REVISITING THE ROLE OF SINGULAR LEADERSHIP. Serious questions have been raised regarding the necessity to continue focusing our research on what constitutes individual, or what the authors refer to as singular leadership. Although the authors consider these questions to be important to advancing the field of leadership theory, research, and practice, they also suggest that attempts to minimize the relevance of singular leadership may hinder progress in other domains of leadership research. In this chapter, the authors explore how and why singular leaders and their leadership matter, and how they may influence follower, peer, and organizational outcomes. The authors use a paradoxical framework to present a theoretical model and propositions that allow us to clarify the influence of different forms of singular leadership within organizations. In our examination of singular leadership, the authors consider both positive and harmful modes of attributes, cognitions, and behaviors.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "Prediction of effective properties for multilayered laminated composite with delamination: A multiscale methodology proposal. In the manuscript, piezoelectric composites with non-uniform imperfect contact at the interface are studied. For this, the two-scales asymptotic homogenization method is used to determine the effective properties of said piezocomposite. First, a theoretical framework is offered to determine the effective properties of piezoelectric materials with generalized periodicity. In addition, a method to solve the local problems for the particular case of stratified media with imperfect contact conditions is described. In the second part, the above-described methodology is used to study different numerical examples and compare the results taking into account distinct contact conditions at the interfaces. Examples include wavy composites with uniform imperfect contact, laminate composite with cracks at the interface, and non-uniform imperfect contact conditions elastic and piezoelectric composites. Also, the influence on the average properties of the small geometrical parameter related to the size of the periodic cell in the homogenization is illustrated. To validate the model, some of the results are compared with the values obtained by the finite elements method (FEM).", "label": [1, 11, 12]}
+{"token": "Feeling as the origin of value in Scheler and Mencius. Max Scheler (1874-1928) and Mencius ((sic)offspring, 372-289 BC) both take feeling to be the origin of value and could therefore be considered to be proponents of axiological sentimentalism. Despite the great spatial and temporal distance between them, there are striking similarities between the theories of value they developed. It should be noted, however, that there are also some differences between them that are mainly derived from some difficulties with their theories of value. These difficulties should be removed so that a better theory of value could be developed. It is accordingly the aim of this paper to promote a phenomenological dialogue between Scheler and Mencius that could lead to such a better theory. In Sects. 1,2, I will first delineate Scheler's theory of value and feeling, then that of Mencius. In Sect. 3, I will point out some difficulties with the two theories and promote a dialogue between them that would improve each theory. In Sect. 4, I will conclude with some remarks concerning the future task of the phenomenological dialogue between Scheler and Mencius.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "An assessment of hydrates inhibition in deepwater production systems using low-dosage hydrate inhibitor and monoethylene glycol. In this study, a deepwater pipeline-riser system that experienced hydrates was modelled in MAXIMUS 6.20 (an integrated production modelling tool) to understand, predict and mitigate hydrates formation in typical deepwater system. Highlights of the results from this study suggest that the injection of low-dosage hydrate inhibitors (LDHIs) into the hydrate-forming structures within the multiphase flow stream disperses the hydrates particles in an irregular manner and subsequently decreases the nucleation rate of the hydrate and prevents the formation of hydrates. This study found that the cost of using monoethylene glycol was significantly higher than that of LDHI by over $500/day although low-dosage hydrate inhibitors have initial relatively high CAPEX. In the long run, its OPEX is relatively low, making it cost-effective for hydrate inhibition in deepwater scenarios.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35]}
+{"token": "Function as Use. Wittgenstein's Practical Turn in the Early Manuscripts. The idea that the function of language is its use is commonly ascribed to the Later Wittgenstein. In this paper, I argue that there is textual evidence already coming from the early manuscripts (Ms) proving that Wittgenstein's philosophical development is culminating in the idea of function as use around 1929-30. I interpret a passage from Ms-107 in order to show that Wittgenstein's practical turn has sources in different stages of his philosophical development, each of which is dominated by different ideas: the idea of a picture theory; the idea of a phenomenological language and the idea of function as use.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Behavioural observations of interactions in a free-ranging lynx Lynx lynx family at kills. The behaviour of a free-ranging female lynx Lynx lynx Linnaeus, 1758 and her kittens at 12 different kills was studied for 44 hours of observation from September 1996 to March 1997. The development of interactions at kills of a lynx family group showed the following pattern: until the end of September we often observed two lynx, usually both kittens, food from the kill at the same time. After the age of four months aggression between kittens was observed frequently, with the bigger kitten being dominant. From September the kittens were never again seen feeding together at the kill, However, we never observed fighting, and aggressive behaviour did not increase with the age of the, kittens. Whereas until December one of the kittens was always first at the kill, from January onwards it was mostly the adult female who ate first. She introduced her kittens to the home range of a neighbouring female where the family break-up occurred. The kittens were last seen together with their mother on 26 March. Dispersal seemed to be initiated by the female abandoning the kittens.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Fuel reactor modelling in chemical-looping combustion of coal: 1. model formulation. A fundamental part of the reliability of the chemical-looping combution system when a solid fuel, such as coal, is fed to the reactor is based on the behaviour of the fuel reactor, which determines the conversion of the solid fuel. The objective of this work is to develop a model describing the fuel reactor in the chemical-looping combustion with coal (CLCC) process. The model is used to simulate the performance of the 1 MWth CLCC rig built in the Technology University of Darmstadt. The fuel reactor is a fluidized bed working at high velocity regime, using ilmenite as oxygen carrier. The developed model is based on semi-empirical correlations, and considers the reactor fluid dynamics, the coal conversion and the reaction of the oxygen carrier with evolved gases from coal. The efficiency of a carbon separation system is also considered in order to analyze this parameter on the fuel reactor performance.The main outputs of the model are presented in this work, i.e., (1) the fluid dynamics structure of the reactor; (2) the axial profiles of gas composition and flows (volatiles, CO, H-2, CO2 and H2O); (3) the conversion of the oxygen carrier and char in the reactor; (4) the char concentration in the reactor; (5) the gas composition and solids flow in the upper reactor exit; and (6) the char flow to the air reactor. From these outputs the oxygen demand of the flue gases and the CO2 capture efficiency are calculated.Simulations on the effect of the efficiency of the carbon separation system are presented. A highly efficient carbon separation system should be used to reach a high carbon capture value. Also incomplete combustion of gases is predicted in the fuel reactor, mainly from unconverted volatile matter. The model can be later used to obtain basic design parameters of the fuel reactor and optimize its operation. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "The Effect of the Number of Product Subcategories on Perceived Variety and Shopping Experience in an Online Store. This study tested whether organizing the same number of products in different ways on an online store's website influences attitudes toward the store. The pilot study revealed that when the products were sorted into more subcategories (9 as opposed to 3), such that more subcategory options appeared in the selection menu, participants perceived that the website offered a greater variety of products and experienced greater ease of navigation and shopping pleasure, which improved their attitudes toward the online store. The next experiment tested the same effect but with three subcategory quantities (18, 9, and 3) while also considering the moderating effect of choice uncertainty (high versus low) in two processing contexts (buying versus browsing). The more subcategory options, the greater consumers' perceived variety. However, the influence of the number of subcategory options on ease of navigation, shopping pleasure, attitudes toward the store, and future purchase intentions indicated an inverted U-shaped pattern; moreover, the influence was significant only among participants with low rather than high choice uncertainty. This article concludes with implications for online marketing. (C) 2011 Direct Marketing Educational Foundation, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "Bipolar affective disorder associated with 11q24.2 disruption - A second report. A recent report identified bipolar affective disorder in a patient with a de novo deletion 11q24.2. We record a further instance involving this cytogenetic region ancl bipolar affective disorder in a patient with a balanced translocation. (c) 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Democratic institutions and economic reform: The Polish case. Analyses of the economic transformation of the Polish economy and of the 1993 elections to the parliament suggest it is-possible to proceed with pro-market and democratic reforms simultaneously. As demonstrated by the Polish case, the-key to this process is the rate at which new enterprises are created. These enterprises, not the privatization of existing ones, are primarily responsible for the creation of a growing private economy. This evolving dew economy, securely based and growing, creates a pro-reform constituency in the regions where it occurs. This constituency supports pro-reform parties. The Polish case offers important lessons about the reform process and about the way economies and political constituencies Co-evolve.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Fragment generation, survival, and attachment of Dictyota spp. at Conch Reef in the Florida Keys, USA. During the past decade, the relative abundance of the brown macroalgae Dictyota spp. has been high in the Florida Keys. Recent studies have shown that members of this genus successfully reproduce via vegetative fragmentation. To investigate the importance of fragmentation on the reef community, this study examined: (1) the degree of epiphytism on benthic organisms, (2) the rate of fragment production through fish foraging activities, (3) the likelihood of fragment entanglement, and (4) the fragment attachment and success rate. It was found that reef fish contributed substantially to the fragment pool; furthermore, most fish-produced fragments produced rhizoids and attached to sand grains within 24 h in the field. Fragments of Dictyota spp. most commonly became entangled around and then attached themselves to the green alga Halimeda tuna, and other Dictyota spp. These results suggest that vegetative fragmentation of Dictyota spp. plays an important role in the changing community structure on the Florida Keys reef tract.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "A rare case of partial paraxial radial hemimelia in a puppy: a case report. This article reports a case of a congenital unilateral forelimb defect in a two-month-old male puppy with clinical and radiographic findings. Congenital deformities are structural or functional congenital defects arising from errors during development, and they can affect an isolated portion of the body, the complete body or parts of several systems of the body. The congenital absence of a portion of the proximal epiphysis of the radius is an extremely rare condition in human and animal species. Although similar congenital limb deformities have been infrequently reported in dogs, the present case is, to the best of the authors' knowledge, the first report of this type of partial forelimb paraxial radial hemimelia in a puppy, and it represents an addition to the scant literature on this topic.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Extraction of nickel from chromitiferous overburden by roasting with a CO-CO2-N-2 gas mixture. Chromitiferous overburden containing nickel in oxide form is reduced with CO-CO2-N-2 gas mixtures. This converts the nickel oxide to metallic nickel and restricts the iron oxide to the magnetite state to extract the nickel. Reduction experiments were carried out on 500-g samples in a bench-scale vertical reactor. The tests were run. to establish the process parameters, including the optimum partial pressure of CO, the reducing gas flow rate, granule size and roasting time. The reduced calcine is then subjected to an ammonia-ammoniacal carbonate leach to extract nickel selectively as its amine complex. More than 90% of the nickel could be extracted with a volumetric CO/(CO+CO2) ratio of 0.57 at 750 degreesC and a roasting time of 90 min. The addition of 2.5% (by weight) charcoal to the granules improved nickel extraction by 11% to 19%. Nickel leaching efficiency with ammoniacal solution is compared to the bromine-methanol method.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Boethius and the Augustinian pondus amoris. Boethius' presentation of love in his De Consolatione II, M.8 cannot be entirely explained with traditional schemes of classical thought. Behind an apparently idyllic description of the universal harmony, understanding his exposition of love as both omnipotent and subject to human acceptance presupposes the Augustinian conception of love as pondus. Love, by Augustine, appears as a principle of cosmic order, but also as a gift offered to mankind and thus as a \\\\'weight\\\\' capable of taking us to God's rest; this idea seems to pervade throughout Boethius' philosophical treatise. Such a continuous meditation about Augustine would allow Boethius, beyond his perfect skill in using stylistic stereotypes, to conduct on the eve of his own death an original reflection, close to the very roots of biblical tradition.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Heart failure and its treatment from the perspective of sympathetic nerve activity. Heart failure is the end-stage phenotype of several cardiac diseases. The number of heart failure patients is increasing in accordance with an increase in the number of elderly people. The prognosis of heart failure is poor and its 5-year death rate is comparable to that of stage III cancer. It is important to understand the essential mechanism of the worsening prognosis of heart failure and to practice effective treatment from the perspective of improving the prognosis of heart failure based on its essential mechanism. Plasma noradrenaline level is a good predictor of the survival rate of heart failure patients, and sympathetic nerve activity is augmented in patients with heart failure as evidenced by a higher noradrenaline release rate (spillover) from the sympathetic nerve endings especially in the heart and kidney. Noradrenaline release is regulated by presynaptic receptors at the sympathetic nerve endings, and the kidney affects the sympathetic nerve activity. Although the short-term reflex augmentation of sympathetic nerve activity caused by reduced cardiac function may help to improve cardiac function, long-term augmentation of sympathetic nerve activity damages the heart and deteriorates the prognosis of heart failure. Currently, drugs such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, beta-blockers, mineralocorticoid antagonists, ivabradine, angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor, and sodium-glucose transport protein 2 inhibitors, are used for the treatment of heart failure, and had a good prognosis in large randomized, controlled clinical trials. Interestingly, the same characteristics in common of these drugs is the ability to optimize excessively augmented sympathetic nerve activity. This review discusses insights into essential mechanism of heart failure that determines the prognosis of heart failure, focusing on the interaction between sympathetic nerve activity and anti-heart failure drugs currently recommended by the 2021 guidelines of the Japanese Circulation Society and the Japanese Heart Failure Society for heart failure treatment. (c) 2021 Japanese College of Cardiology. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "River discharge assessment under a changing climate in the Chao Phraya River, Thailand by using MRI-AGCM3.2S. Several studies have shown the change of future river flow projection in the Chao Phraya River basin; however, these researches focused on the natural river flow. In this study, to obtain a realistic river flow projection for the Chao Phraya River basin, bias corrected GCM outputs were given to a regional distributed hydrological model including dam operation and flood inundation components. The projected river flow data was analyzed to assess the change of drought and flood risk. The GCM outputs used were precipitation and evapotranspiration projected by MRI-AGCM3.2S, which is a 20 km spatial resolution general circulation model developed by the Meteorological Research Institute, Japan Meteorological Agency. The results obtained from the projected river flow at the Nakhon Sawan station are as follows: 1) mean monthly discharge tends to increase in both the near-future and far-future projection periods for all months; 2) low-flow exceeding 99% of a mean daily flow duration curve for the near-future and far-future periods tends to decrease; and 3) a flood frequency analysis using the annual maximum daily flow series indicates that the flood risk in the near-future and far-future projection periods becomes higher.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Blue-light-emitting polymers prepared from a new monomer having a well-defined conjugation length. New light-emitting polyimides were synthesized from the conventional polycondensation of 5,5'-bis(4-aminophenyl)-2,2' -bifuryl (PFDA) with fluorinated and non-fluorinated aromatic dianhydrides, providing a good quality of thin films: 6F-PFDA PI and ODPA-PFDA PI. Their UV-VIS absorbance and photoluminescent characteristics were investigated. The polymers emit blue and blue-greenish light in a quantum yield of 7.3-14.9%, depending on the polymer backbone. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 1, 33, 32, 11]}
+{"token": "Will I finish the syllabus? Concerns of novice teachers. The term novice teacher is a topic that can be approached from two different perspectives, those that take into account the years of teaching experience and the ones that emphasize the traits that characterize these professionals. Given the changes that have occurred in education in the 21st century it is necessary to know the main problems that these teachers face. In this work, we show a quantitative research based on the descriptive method type survey carried out with a total of 50 teachers (novice and experienced) of two autonomous regions, Valencia and Catalonia in the year 2014. The aim is double, on the one hand, to know the concerns of novice teachers, and on the other, to find out whether there are differences between the perceptions provided by experienced and inexperienced teachers. In order to do this, the Problems of Teaching Inventory has been used as an instrument, performing an analysis of relative frequencies of the data obtained to respond to the first objective and the Student 't' to carry out the comparative analysis of the three groups. The results indicate that novice teachers participating in this research face problems that have to do with issues related to academic and organization dimensions, apart from finding out that more teaching experience leads to less problematic situations perceived in the situations to which they were exposed. Some initiatives of collaborative work and peer learning are suggested in order to mitigate the \\\\'clash\\\\' of novice teachers with their new reality as teachers.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Garfinkel's Politics: Collaborating with Parsons to Document Taken-for-Granted Practices for Assembling Cultural Objects and their Grounding in Implicit Social Contract. From his 1940-1942 studies of Race, through his 1967 study of an \\\\'inter-sexed\\\\' person called Agnes, Garfinkel's research was always politically engaged. When Garfinkel was Parsons' PhD student at Harvard (1946-1952) and later during a period of collaboration with Parsons (1958-1964), both theorized culture as a domain of social interaction independent from social structure and resting on its own implicit social contract. This conception of culture grounded their respective \\\\'voluntaristic\\\\' and \\\\'reciprocity\\\\' based approaches to specifying assembly processes for making social categories in a way that put the empirical assembly of categories under a microscope and made social justice a scientific concern. Garfinkel emphasized the importance of social contract aspects of Parsons' theory - adapted from Durkheim - and with his studies in ethnomethodology, planned to contribute an empirical foundation for aspects of Parsons' position that were criticized for their abstraction. Nevertheless, important differences remained. Parsons' model required assimilation and consensus, thus inadvertently enforcing existing inequalities. Garfinkel, by contrast, was deeply concerned with \\\\'structural problems\\\\' like inequality, and treated assimilationist positions as scientifically and ethically unsound. His research documented reciprocity as a pre-requisite for successful interaction, while treating \\\\'troubles\\\\' generated by inequality as an important key to understanding social order writ large.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Conveyor belt catalytic infrared as a novel apparatus for blanching processing applied to sweet potatoes in the industrial scale. In this study, effects of conveyor belt catalytic infrared blanching (CBCIRB) on peroxidase (POD), moisture reduction, physical and chemical properties, and microstructure of sweet potato slices were investigated. The parameters of CBCIRB were infrared irradiation distance (6, 12, and 18 cm), sample thickness (3, 5, and 7 mm), and conveyor speed (0.7, 0.35, 0.1 m/min, etc.). Meanwhile, the effect of conventional hot water blanching (HB) on sweet potato slices were also investigated. The results showed that shortening the infrared irradiation distance and reducing the slice thickness could both accelerate the POD inactivation rate. When 90% POD inactivation was achieved, CBCIRB samples yielded better hardness and higher preservation of phytochemicals than HB samples. The appropriate CBCIRB parameters were the slice thickness of 3 mm, infrared radiation distance of 12 cm and conveyor belt speed of 0.16 m/min, the moisture reduction, surface colour change, hardness, vitamin C retention rate, beta-carotene retention rate, and total phenol content were: 78.34%, 7.41, 1690.4 g, 75.16%, 133.49%, and 1.03 mg/g, respectively. The microstructure observation showed that the damage of sweet potato slice cells by HB was more severe than CBCIRB. Overall, CBCIRB achieved higher product quality in a relatively uniform air environment.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Casting a line: digital co-production, hospitality and mobilities in cultural heritage settings. Co-production in digital cultural heritage settings has distinctive features, of interest to researchers and professionals in the field. Drawing on theories of hospitality and mobilities, this article explores the impact of multiple spaces and times, the 'unknowable other', the challenges to the stability of relationships of host and guest, and the rethinking of hospitality that come along with digital co-production. It offers the concept of 'trajectory' as a new and generative way of considering hospitality. Tracing the concept of trajectory through a recent research project, Artcasting, it concludes with observations about how features of digital co-production can and should shape our understandings and expectations of digital and mobile engagement with cultural heritage.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "AT THE BORDERS OF THE 4TH-AMENDMENT - WHY A REAL DUE-PROCESS TEST SHOULD REPLACE THE OUTRAGEOUS GOVERNMENT CONDUCT DEFENSE. The Fourth Amendment prohibits ''unreasonable searches and seizures, '' however, Professor Dripps points out that many potentially abusive police practices are not reasonably categorized as either ''searches'' or ''seizures. '' The Supreme Court has addressed this problem by holding that law enforcement conduct not barred by the Fourth Amendment may nonetheless violate the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment if it is so outrageous as to ''shock the conscience'' of the Court. Professor Dripps argues that this test is far too narrow because it approves of police conduct that is unreasonable and offensive, so long as it does not shock the conscience. He proposes a broader due process test, analogous to the Terry rule for a ''stop-and-frisk'': Police deprivations of an individual's liberty are prohibited unless the police practices are supported by a reasonable suspicion that the tactics will help to prevent criminal activity or to bring a suspect to trial.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Somalia versus Captain 'Hook': assessing the EU's security actorness in countering piracy off the Horn of Africa. An internal security problem of Somalia-state failure from internal conflict resulting in increased piracy-has increasingly become an external security problem for the European Union (EU). This article contributes to analysing the role of the EU as a security actor in countering piracy off the Horn of Africa, by examining three different dimensions of the EU response to this problem: (a) the immediate EU response (the EU military mission EUNAVFOR Atalanta); (b) the medium-term EU response (the Critical Maritime Routes (CMR) programme launched by the European Commission); and (c) the long-term EU response (development and security assistance). This article concludes that the EU has been very active in addressing piracy through its naval task-force to protect maritime transport in the western Indian Ocean and the Gulf of Aden, as well as its efforts to enhance regional counter-piracy capacities and thematic and geographical financial instruments. The EU thus has taken up the fight against 'Captain Hook'.", "label": [5, 47, 49]}
+{"token": "The role of gender in single vs married individuals with bipolar disorder. Background: Despite the importance of marriage as a source of social support, it has been largely neglected in studies of bipolar disorder; and differential effects on men and women have not been explored.Conclusions: Partner selection processes as they relate to bipolar disorder may be different for men and women. The bipolar I diagnostic subtype and early age of onset were associated with a lower likelihood of being married for men, but not for women. Marriage was associated with less depression in women during a 2-year period; but marital status was not associated with disease course differences in men, suggesting that women may be more sensitive to the positive effects of social support available within a stable marital relationship. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Results: Effects unique to women included the following: Bipolar women were significantly more likely to be married. Married women had fewer episodes of depression during the past 2 years than never-married women, and the cumulative severity of depression was lower. There were no differences in diagnostic subtype or age of onset between married and never-married women. Among men, never-married men were more likely to have bipolar I disorder and had an earlier age of onset compared with married men. There were no differences between married and never-married men in frequency, duration, or severity of mood episodes.Methods: Data on episodes of depression, mania, and mixed states were collected for the previous 2 years from a sample of 282 bipolar individuals using the National Institute of Mental Health Life Chart Methodology.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Stress Relaxation, Dynamics, and Plasticity of Transient Polymer Networks. We propose a theoretical framework for dealing with a transient polymer network undergoing small deformations, based on the rate of breaking and reforming of network cross-links and the evolving elastic reference state. In this framework, the characteristics of the deformed transient network at microscopic and macroscopic scales are naturally unified. Microscopically, the breakage rate of the cross-links is affected by the local force acting on the chain. Macroscopically, we use the classical continuum model for rubber elasticity to describe the structure of the deformation energy, whose reference state is defined dynamically according to when cross-links are broken and formed. With this, the constitutive relation can be obtained. We study three applications of the theory in uniaxial stretching geometry: for the stress relaxation after an instantaneous step strain is imposed, for the stress overshoot and subsequent decay in the plastic regime when a strain ramp is applied, and for the cycle of stretching and release. We compare the model predictions with experimental data on stress relaxation and stress overshoot fn physically bonded thermoplastic elastomers and in vitrimer networks.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Mechanistic Studies of a Skatole-Forming Glycyl Radical Enzyme Suggest Reaction Initiation via Hydrogen Atom Transfer. Gut microbial decarboxylation of amino acid-derived arylacetates is a chemically challenging enzymatic transformation which generates small molecules that impact host physiology. The glycyl radical enzyme (GRE) indoleacetate decarboxylase from Olsenella uli (Ou IAD) performs the non-oxidative radical decarboxylation of indole-3-acetate (13A) to yield skatole, a disease-associated metabolite produced in the guts of swine and ruminants. Despite the importance of IAD, our understanding of its mechanism is limited. Here, we characterize the mechanism of Ou IAD, evaluating previously proposed hypotheses of: (1) a Kolbe-type decarboxylation reaction involving an initial 1-e(-) oxidation of the carboxylate of I3A or (2) a hydrogen atom abstraction from the alpha-carbon of I3A to generate an initial carbon-centered radical. Site-directed mutagenesis, kinetic isotope effect experiments, analysis of reactions performed in D2O, and computational modeling are consistent with a mechanism involving initial hydrogen atom transfer. This finding expands the types of radical mechanisms employed by GRE decarboxylases and non-oxidative decarboxylases, more broadly. Elucidating the mechanism of IAD decarboxylation enhances our understanding of radical enzymes and may inform downstream efforts to modulate this disease-associated metabolism.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Feeding wet distillers grains plus solubles contributes to sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane instability. Feeding wet distillers grains plus solubles (WDGS) increases polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels in beef. It was hypothesised that WDGS in feedlot diets increases PUFA concentration in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) membrane, thereby altering membrane integrity, resulting in more rapid intracellular calcium leakage and improved tenderness. The objective of this study was to evaluate this hypothesis. Ninety-six crossbred steers were fed either a corn-based diet with 0% WDGS or 50% WDGS. Fifteen strip loins per treatment were collected, fabricated into steaks, aged and placed under retail display conditions. Steaks were used to measure tenderness, proteolysis, free calcium concentrations, lipid oxidation, sarcomere length and SR membrane fatty acid, phospholipid lipid, neutral lipid and total lipid profiles. Compared with steaks from steers fed 0% WDGS, steaks from steers fed 50% WDGS were more tender (P < 0.05) and had greater (P < 0.05) free calcium concentrations early post-mortem. Feeding 50% WDGS also tended to increase (P < 0.10) total PUFA concentrations, decrease (P < 0.10) total phospholipid concentration and increase (P < 0.10) total neutral lipid concentration for SR membrane. Steaks from steers fed 0% WDGS had greater (P < 0.05) lipid oxidation (TBARS values) than steaks from steers fed 50% WDGS after extended aging. Although differences in tenderness between the two treatments were detected, there were no corresponding differences (P > 0.10) in sarcomere length or proteolysis. This study showed that feeding WDGS may increase tenderness, possibly by increasing free calcium in muscle early post-mortem. However, the true mechanism that contributes to these differences is still unclear.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Deletion in chromosome region 22q11 in a child with CHARGE association. We present a female child with features of the CHARGE association. including iris coloboma, large ventricular septum defect (VSD). external ear abnormalities, severe growth retardation, and moderate mental delay. A submicroscopic deletion in chromsome 22q11 was detected by means of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using probe DO832. The clinical features in this child compromise characteristics of both the velo-cardio-facial syndrome (VCFS) and the cat-eye syndrome. This may suggest the presence of a more complex rearrangement of 22q, with a deletion-duplication.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Induction of proinflammatory Cytokines in human lung epithelial cells during Chlamydia pneumoniae infection. Chlamydia pneumoniae is an obligate intracellular human pathogen that causes acute respiratory diseases such as pneumonia and bronchitis. Previous studies have established that C. pneumoniae can induce cytokines in mouse and/or human cells, but little information is available on the cytokine response of respiratory epithelial cells, a first line of infection. In this study, heparin treatment of C. pneumoniae significantly reduced its ability to induce interleukin 8 (IL-8) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) mRNA in human lung carcinoma cells, indicating that cytadherence is an important early stimulus for induction of proinflammatory mediators. Although the IL-8, gamma interferon, and TNF-alpha message was consistently induced by infection of A549 cells not treated with heparin, only an elevation of IL-8 protein was detected in A549 supernatants. A549 IL-beta and IL-6 mRNA and supernatant protein profiles were not significantly changed by infection. Heat or UV inactivation of C. pneumoniae only partially reduced the cytokine response, and inhibition of C. pneumoniae protein or DNA synthesis did not affect its ability to induce cytokine gene expression. To prevent stress-induced cytokine release by the A549 cells, centrifugation was not utilized for infection experiments. These experiments establish the importance of cytadherence in cytokine release by cells of respiratory epithelial origin and suggest that further work in the area of cytokine mediators is warranted to gain valuable pathogenic and therapeutic insights.", "label": [2, 17, 24]}
+{"token": "The Trade Disruption Hypothesis Fails for State-Sponsored Genocides and Mass Atrocities: Why It Matters. Our research question is: Do state-sponsored genocides and mass atrocities disrupt trade? In the \\\\'conflict disrupts trade\\\\' literature there is substantial research on how interstate and intrastate conflict and terrorism affect trade, but very little research on the possible trade disruption effects of genocides and mass atrocities. Our work helps fill this research gap. We bring a suite of estimation methodologies and robustness checks to the question for a pooled sample of 175 countries for the time period 1970-2017. We also test for trade disruption individually for 26 countries that experienced genocide or mass atrocity. Unlike much of the \\\\'conflict disrupts trade\\\\' literature, we find little empirical support that genocide disrupts trade and at best weak evidence that mass atrocity disrupts trade. Our results have important implications for atrocity prevention policy; when potential atrocity architects evaluate the expected benefits and costs of carrying out atrocity, it seems that, in most cases, they need not worry about trade disruption costs. Our results also matter for empirical research on risk factors for genocides and mass atrocities, particularly for studies that hypothesize risk reduction properties associated with trade.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "The Disraeli family and the history of the Jews. One of the illustrated Victorian editions of Whiston's translation of Josephus, printed in London in 1848, contains 'a Sequel to the History of the Jews; continued to the present time'. The title page gives no indication of the origins of this Sequel, which comprises a substantial history of the Jews from the first century CE to the nineteenth century. This article discusses the reasons to suppose that the Sequel was composed by the literary historian Isaac D'Israeli and completed rapidly after his death by his children, Benjamin Disraeli and his sister Sarah. The composition and publication history of the Sequel shed light both on the Jewish identity of Isaac and on the complex attitude of Benjamin to the public debates on Jewish emancipation, in which he intervened dramatically for the first time in December 1847.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Cardiac output and sympathetic vasoconstrictor responses during upright tilt to presyncope in healthy humans. Syncope is a common clinical condition occurring even in healthy people without manifest cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of cardiac output and sympathetic vasoconstriction in neurally mediated (pre) syncope. Twenty-five subjects (age 15-51) with no history of recurrent syncope but who had presyncope during 60 deg upright tilt were studied; 10 matched controls who completed 45 min tilting were analysed retrospectively. Beat-to-beat haemodynamics (Modelflow), muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) and sympathetic baroreflex sensitivity (MSNA-diastolic pressure relation) were measured. MSNA, haemodynamic responses and baroreflex sensitivity during early tilting were not different between presyncopal subjects and controls. Hypotension was mediated by a drop in cardiac output in all presyncopal subjects, accompanied by a decrease in total peripheral resistance in 16 of them (64%, group A). In the other 9 subjects, total peripheral resistance was well maintained even at presyncope (36%, group B). Cardiac output was smaller (3.26 +/- 0.34 (SEM) vs. 5.02 +/- 0.40 lmin-1, P = 0.01), while total peripheral resistance was greater (1327 +/- 117 vs. 903 +/- 80 dyn s cm-5, P < 0.01) in group B than group A at presyncope. The steeper fall in cardiac output in group B was due to a drop in heart rate. MSNA decreased rapidly at presyncope after the onset of hypotension. Thus, a moderate fall in cardiac output with coincident vasodilatation or a marked fall in cardiac output with no changes in peripheral vascular resistance may contribute to (pre) syncope. However, an intrinsic impairment of vasomotor responsiveness and sympathetic baroreflex function is not the cause of neurally mediated (pre) syncope in this population.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "Effect of Si addition on mechanical alloying behavior and creep properties bf Al-10Ti-xSi alloys. Al-10Ti-xSi alloys (x=0 similar to 6wt.%) have been mechanically alloyed under Ar atmosphere using an attritor and the alloying process has been investigated. From Al-10Ti composite powders, supersaturated Al(Ti) powders were obtained after mechanical alloying. In the ternary mixture, fine Si particles were observed to be distributed in the AI(TI) matrix due to both the negligible solid solubility of Si in the Al matrix and the weaker chemical interaction of Si with Al, as compared with Ti. The sealed compacts were hot extruded to full density at 450 degrees C with an extrusion ratio of 12:1. The microstructures and creep properties of the hot extruded alloys were examined. During consolidation, Si particles were dissolved in Al3Ti up to 4 wt.% Si to form the (AI(Si))(3)Ti phase, and the Ti7Al5Si12 phase was formed beyond the solubility limit of Si in Al3Ti. The transition from the Coble creep mechanism at low stresses and temperatures to dislocation one at high stresses and temperatures was observed. The stress and temperature of the transition from diffusional to dislocation creep became higher as Si concentration increased. This was due to an enhancement of Al3Ti particle strength with increasing Si content as a result of Si incorporation. Thus, the addition of Si enhances the creep resistance of the MA Al-10Ti alloy.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Methods of evaluation of intangible assets and intellectual capital. Purpose - The competitive model has changed. In this context, society entered into an era in which intangible assets are the greatest assets of a company. However, some gaps and uncertainties are presented in the literature as to understand the value of a company based on knowledge intensive activities. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the methods of evaluation of intangible assets in the context of business, economic and strategic management.Design/methodology/approach - This is a qualitative research. This research is characterized as descriptive, bibliographic, inductive.Findings - The main results of this research can highlight the existence of valuation methods of intangible assets intended for specific industries, as public and/or private, that can be better aligned to the context of business; economic and/or strategic management.Originality/value - It was found that intangible assets are a current topic and increasingly addressed in the literature.", "label": [5, 44, 46]}
+{"token": "Identification of the Trail-Following Pheromone of the Pest Termite Amitermes evuncifer (Isoptera: Termitidae). Amitermes evuncifer (Termitidae, Termitinae) is a pest termite in several countries of Africa, damaging crops and buildings. The trail-following pheromone of this termite was isolated from worker sternal glands and identified by GC-MS after solid phase microextraction (SPME). The pheromone is composed of (3Z,67,8E)-dodeca-3,6,8-trien-1-ol (dodecatrienol) and neocembrene acting in synergy, neocembrene being 5-10 times more abundant than dodecatrienol. Dodecatrienol alone is able to elicit trail-following in workers, whereas neocembrene alone is inactive. However, the association of both components induces a significantly higher trail-following activity. Multicomponent trail-following pheromones were only known, until now, in the Termitidae Nasutitermitinae, and in the Rhinotermitidae Prorhinotermes.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "On Exact and infinity-Renyi Common Informations. Recently, two extensions of Wyner's common information-exact and Renyi common informations-were introduced respectively by Kumar, Li, and El Gamal (KLE), and the present authors. The class of common information problems involves determining the minimum rate of the common input to two independent processors needed to exactly or approximately generate a target joint distribution. For the exact common information problem, exact generation of the target distribution is required, while for Wyner's and alpha-Renyi common informations, the relative entropy and Renyi divergence with order alpha were respectively used to quantify the discrepancy between the synthesized and target distributions. The exact common information is larger than or equal to Wyner's common information. However, it was hitherto unknown whether the former is strictly larger than the latter for some joint distributions. In this paper, we first establish the equivalence between the exact and infinity-Renyi common informations, and then provide single-letter upper and lower bounds for these two quantities. For doubly symmetric binary sources, we show that the upper and lower bounds coincide, which implies that for such sources, the exact and infinity-Renyi common informations are completely characterized. Interestingly, we observe that for such sources, these two common informations are strictly larger than Wyner's. This answers an open problem posed by KLE. Furthermore, we extend Wyner's, infinity-Renyi, and exact common informations to sources with countably infinite or continuous alphabets, including Gaussian sources.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 37]}
+{"token": "Is the leftward cradling bias related to lateral asymmetries in attention?. A recent explanation for human females' strong leftward preference when cradling infants in nonfeeding interactions relies on the neuropsychological variable of hemispheric asymmetry of function. Normal individuals also tend to bisect lines to the left of center, a tendency probably related to asymmetries in the cerebral attentional system. A possible relationship between this attentional asymmetry and left-sided cradling was investigated in two experiments. The well-established findings of a leftward cradling bias and of a leftward line bisection bias were replicated. However, there was no significant relationship between the two variables.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Lagged Effects of Substance Use on PTSD Severity in a Randomized Controlled Trial With Modified Prolonged Exposure and Relapse Prevention. Objective: To advance understanding of the effectiveness of evidence-based treatments for comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorder (SUD), research must provide a more nuanced picture of how substance use affects change in PTSD symptoms over the course of treatments and whether prolonged exposure techniques can be efficacious during active substance use. A data set that included patients with PTSD/subthreshold-PTSD and SUD treated with an exposure-based intervention provided an opportunity to conduct a secondary analysis to test how patients' substance use impacted PTSD change over treatment. Method: We applied growth models to week-to-week PTSD symptom and substance use changes during treatment and follow-up of a randomized controlled trial of two cognitive-behavioral treatments for PTSD and SUD: Concurrent Treatment of PTSD and SUD Using Prolonged Exposure (COPE) and Relapse Prevention Therapy (RPT). Cross-lagged analyses were used to determine whether prior week substance use impacted subsequent PTSD symptom severity. Results: Both treatments evidenced significant reductions in PTSD symptom severity. In the context of continued substance use, results suggest that individuals still benefit from exposure-based treatment. Conclusion: Results provide evidence that RPT and COPE both led to significant reductions in PTSD, providing further support that exposure-based techniques tailored for SUD can be conducted without jeopardizing PTSD or SUD outcomes. Implications for clinical decision making around treatment selection are discussed.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Turkey and the Arab Spring: Between Ethics and Self-Interest. Turkey redefined its geographical security environment over the last decade by deepening its engagement with neighboring regions, especially with the Middle East. The Arab spring, however, challenged not only the authoritarian regimes in the region but also Turkish foreign policy strategy. This strategy was based on cooperation with the existing regimes and did not prioritize the democracy promotion dimension of the issue. The upheavals in the Arab world, therefore, created a dilemma between ethics and self-interest in Turkish foreign policy. Amid the flux of geopolitical shifts in one of the world's most unstable regions, Turkish foreign policy-making elites are attempting to reformulate their strategies to overcome this inherent dilemma. The central argument of the present paper is that Turkey could make a bigger and more constructive impact in the region by trying to take a more detached stand and through controlled activism. Thus, Turkey could take action through the formation of coalitions and in close alignments with the United States and Europe rather than basing its policies on a self-attributed unilateral pro-activism.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Time off as economic capital: Thwarting the traps of the segregated occupational field. Moving from a gender-segregated job, like secretary, to a more integrated position can be quite difficult, primarily because the disadvantages that most segregated jobs confer accumulate over time to make it increasingly unlikely that a woman who is unhappy in her job will ever be able to find another kind of work. What scholars of cumulative disadvantage have not been able to explain, however, are the women who successfully leave segregated jobs. In this study of women working in the gender-integrated occupation of furniture sales I use a Bourdieuian framework to analyze what aspects of their employment histories prompted and enabled some to move from gender-segregated work into gender-integrated work. Specifically, I analyze women's networks and their periods of time away from paid work as forms of capital that helped create the possibility that they could leave their segregated jobs. Focusing particularly on time off I argue that the solution to cumulative disadvantage is not simply to address the disadvantages, but to stop the accumulation.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Acute exacerbation and hepatitis B virus clearance after emergence of YMDD motif mutation during lamivudine therapy. Lamivudine is a potent inhibitor of hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication, but its long-term use may be associated with HBV tyrosine-methionine-aspartate-aspartate (YMDD) motif mutation. To examine the clinical features and course after emergence of YMDD mutants, SS patients who received lamivudine therapy over 104 weeks at our unit were assayed for YMDD mutation(s), Thirty-two of them were found to have the YMDD mutation. They continued lamivudine therapy and were followed up weekly or biweekly if clinically indicated, Thirty (93.7%) of them showed elevation of alanine transaminase (ALT), and 13 (40.6%) experienced acute exacerbation at 4 to 94 weeks (median, 24 weeks) after emergence of the YMDD mutant. The incidence of exacerbation is much higher than 4.3% in patients without the YMDD mutation (P = .003). Compared with patients without exacerbation, patients with exacerbation had a significantly higher serum HBV-DNA level after emergence of the YMDD mutant (P <.003). Before exacerbation, serum HBV-DNA level was rising to its peak, followed by the peaking of ALT (247-2,010 U/L) 1 to 4 weeks later. Three patients developed hepatic decompensation, but then in association with hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) seroconversion, recovered. Of the 12 evaluable patients, 8 (75%) showed HBeAg seroconversion, and 3 showed mutant clearance within 1 to 5 months after exacerbation, In contrast, none of the patients without exacerbation showed HBeAg seroconversion (P <.001). These results indicate that acute exacerbations may occur after emergence of the YMDD mutation. The incidence, clinicopathological features, and subsequent course, and possibly the underlying immune mechanisms, are similar to those of wild-type HBV chronic infection. Because severe hepatitis may occur, patients should be followed carefully once the YMDD mutant emerges.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "An effective approach for improving flotation recovery of molybdenite fines from a finely-disseminated molybdenum ore. An effective flotation approach is proposed for improving the recovery of molybdenite fines from a finely-disseminated molybdenum ore. To maximize the flotation recovery of molybdenum, process mineralogy of raw ore, contrast tests, optimization of operation conditions and particle size analysis were systematically investigated. Process mineralogy suggests that in the raw ore, 61.63% of molybdenite particles distribute in the < 20 mu m size fraction, and intergrow with muscovite and pyrite as the contained and disseminated type. Contrast tests indicate that conventional flotation responds to poor collection efficiency for particles less than 25 mu m. Oil agglomerate flotation (OAF) process demonstrates an obvious superiority in improving the flotation recovery of molybdenite fines. Furthermore, the flotation results of OAF process reveal that the dosage of transformer oil plays a critical role on the average size of collected mineral particles (d (50) (p) ), agglomerates (d (50) (a) ) and the molybdenum recovery. In addition, industrial tests illustrate that compared with the Mo-S bulk flotation approach, OAF process not only increases Mo recovery and grade of molybdenum concentrate by 22.75% and 17.47% respectively, but also achieves a sulfur concentrate with a superior grade of 38.92%.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "We are Coming with Visor Raised for a Talk with the 'Common Market\": A History of Negotiations between the CMEA and European Communities on Relationship Fundamentals in 1972 - 1979\". In the 1970s under the conditions of detente the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA), an integrative association of \\\\'the socialist camp\\\\', and the European Communities (EC), an integrative association of Western Europe, started and for some time conducted negotiations. Until recently this negotiation process between the two economic antipodes has never been seriously studied in Russian historiography. It was mainly due to the fact that the relative documents of both the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the European Communities could not be accessed. However, in few research papers published by Western historians the negotiations between the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance and the European Communities in the late 1970s were dubbed \\\\'the dialogue between the deaf and dumb\\\\'. The article offers the first comparative analysis of the documents from the archives of these two associations. The main attention is paid to the course of the negotiations as well as to the reasons why these negotiations have never received any official mutual recognition on the part of these integrative institutions, with no cooperation agreement being achieved. What were the CMEA and the EC like in the 1970s? Which interests did they pursue ? How did bureaucratic negotiation mechanisms work? Why did the two integrative institutions of the East and the West fail to officially recognize each other, despite largely expanded contacts and a long-lasting negotiation process on fundamental relations in the 1970s? Can it be explained by the detente moving into its closing phase in the late 1970? The author seeks to find convincing answers to these as well as other questions.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Linguistic Corpora in the History of Lexicon: Some Data about Generalization of Antilles Indigenous Words in Spanish. A definition of americanism exclusively based on usage (Company 2007: 28-9) and its consideration as a dynamic concept (Ramirez Luengo 2012 : 398) provide very interesting perspectives for the historical study of Latin-American Spanish lexicon. Among them, it is important to mention processes which produce that a word becomes americanism or it stops to be considered like this; this last issue has not been very studied until now. This paper aims to describe the process of deamericanization which makes that Antillean indigenous borrowings change from pure americanisms to general Spanish words because of their lexical spread. For this purpose, their generalization in Spain Spanish will be studied with a mixed-quantitative and qualitative-methodology that will be applied to CORDE data, in order to describe how and when this process happens.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "THE RISE OF JUDICIAL SELF-GOVERNANCE IN THE NEW MILLENNIUM. A vast majority of court systems in the world are managed by the executive government, but a small and growing number of jurisdictions, including Victoria, South Australia and the Australian federal courts, have transitioned to judicial management of the court system. This article analyses the emergence of new institutions of judicial self-governance in Australia and overseas, with a particular emphasis on the establishment and regulation of judicial councils and judicial management boards inside judge-managed courts. The article also provides an introductory overview of the emerging scholarly discipline of judicial self-governance by identifying a range of unexplored institutional design questions and research directions for consideration and adaptation by Australian scholars who may be interested in examining the regulation of judge-managed institutions from a legal, political, institutional, managerial or constitutional perspective.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "The Iron Oxide Copper-Gold Systems of the Carajas Mineral Province, Brazil. Available geochronologic data for IOCG deposits and their host rocks in the Carajas domain do not unequivocally show whether all the deposits are genetically linked to a single Archean metallogenic event (2.75 or 2.57 Ga) or represent distinctly different events that may have extended into the Paleoproterozoic (e.g., Alvo 118). Additionally, despite the importance of magmatism for providing heat and fluids for development of the extensive hydrothermal systems, temporal relationships between intrusions and IOCG orebodies have still not been clearly defined in the Carajas domain.The Carajas mineral province in the southeastern part of the Amazon craton, northern Brazil, represents an Archean block divided into two tectonic domains: (1) the Carajas domain in the north and (2) the Rio Maria domain in the south. The Carajas domain contains one of the world's largest known concentrations of large-tonnage (100-789 Mt at 0.77-1.4 wt % Cu and 0.28-0.86 g/t Au) iron oxide copper-gold (IOCG) deposits. These IOCG systems are mainly represented in the northern sector of the Carajas domain by Salobo (789 Mt at 0.96 wt % Cu, 0.52 g/t Au, 55 g/t Ag) and Igarape Bahia/Alemao (219 Mt at 1.4 wt % Cu, 0.86 g/t Au) deposits, whereas Sossego (245 Mt at 1.1 wt % Cu, 0.28 g/t Au), Cristalino (500 Mt at 1.0 wt % Cu; 0.3 g/t Au), and Alvo 118 (170 Mt at 1.0 wt % Cu, 0.3 g/t Au) are the most important examples in its southern sector. In addition to several other IOCG prospects that are currently under exploration, these deposits collectively yield resources of approximately 2 billion metric tons of Cu-Au ore.The IOCG deposits in the northern and southern sectors of the Carajas domain are structurally controlled by regional-scale W-NW-striking, brittle-ductile shear zones that define the contact between the metavolcano-sedimentary units of the Itacaiunas Supergroup (ca. 2.73-2.76 Ga) and Mesoarchean basement rocks (ca. 3.0-2.83 Ga). The deposits are hosted by a variety of lithotypes, including metavolcano-sedimentary units of the Itacaiunas Supergroup, gabbro/diorite, quartz-feldspar porphyry, granophyric granite intrusions, and basement granitoids.In general, the Carajas IOCG deposits display early high-temperature (> 500 degrees C) sodic-calcic alteration controlled by ductile structures and mylonitic fabrics containing albite-scapolite-actinolite alteration (e.g., Sequeirinho orebody at Sossego). This early stage is generally followed by magnetite-(apatite) formation and potassic (K-feldspar and biotite) alteration, which were subsequently overprinted by lower temperature (< 300 degrees C) chlorite, carbonate-epidote, or sericite-hematite alteration and Cu-Au mineralization, all controlled by brittle structures (e.g., Sossego orebody at Sossego and Alvo 118). The development and amplitude of the hydrothermal alteration types in individual deposits are dependent upon fluid-rock interactions at different structural levels. Thus, the higher temperature alteration assemblages at Salobo, with fayalite and garnet, may represent emplacement at relatively deep crustal levels, whereas potassic, chlorite, silica, and carbonate alteration are important in deposits formed under brittle-ductile conditions at shallower levels (e.g., Igarape Bahia, Cristalino, Sossego, and Alvo 118).Extensive zones of scapolite alteration (> 20 km(2)) are mainly developed in the Mesoarchean basement rocks and supracrustal units around the Sossego deposit. These sodic alteration zones suggest a fluid regime dominated by deeply sourced, hot (> 500 degrees C), hypersaline brines without significant contributions of surface-derived fluids prior to Cu-Au mineralization in distal portions of the hydrothermal system. Metal leaching from the host rocks was probably enhanced by the high salinity of the fluids, driven by heat provided by intrusive episodes recorded in the Carajas domain. As a consequence, the Fe-Cu-Au-REE association, together with variable concentrations of U, Y, Ni, Co, Pd, Sn, Bi, Pb, Ag, and Te generally present in these deposits, reflect strong dependence of the geochemical ore signatures on the composition of the leached host rocks.Copper-gold mineralization generally forms lens-shaped and massive replacement bodies parallel to the mylonitic foliation at deeper crustal levels (e.g., Salobo), but breccia bodies (e.g., Sossego) and vein stockworks (e.g., Alvo 118) are the dominant styles in the shallower IOCG systems. Additionally, ore mineral assemblages were invariably introduced during the late stages of all of the IOCG systems of the Carajas domain and are indicative of different sulfidation states of the source fluids: chalcopyrite-chalcocite-bornite-magnetite at Salobo; chalcopyrite +/- chalcocite-digenite-covellite-magnetite at Igarape Bahia; chalcopyrite-pyrite-magnetite at Sossego and Cristalino; and chalcopyrite-bornite-hematite at Alvo 118.Fluid inclusions in ore-related minerals point to a fluid regime in which hot brine (> 30 wt % NaCl equiv) solutions were progressively diluted and cooled by lower temperature, low-salinity (< 10 wt % NaCl equiv) aqueous fluids. The fluid inclusion data together with stable isotope compositions (O, D, S, B, and Cl) and Cl/Br-Na/Cl systematics suggest that mixing of hot hypersaline metalliferous fluids with an important magmatic component and modified seawater (e.g., bittern brines generated by seawater evaporation), plus meteoric water within shear zones, represents the main Cu-Au precipitation mechanism.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Contrasting pronominal subjects A cross-linguistic corpus study of English, Italian and Slovene. Pronominal subject use constitutes a potential challenge in translation because of cross-linguistic differences: while the subject must be expressed in non-null subject languages, this is not necessary in null subject languages. The aim of the paper is twofold: first, to show that the type of source language influences the frequency of personal pronouns in translation, and second, to establish whether translations into a null subject language differ from comparable target language originals in terms of pronominal subject use. The study is based on the analysis of a 625,000-word corpus comprising original and translated popular science texts in Slovene and the corresponding source texts in English and Italian. The results confirm that pronominal subjects are more frequent in translations from English, a non-null subject language; furthermore, they are more frequent in translations than in comparable originals. Untypical cohesive patterns are identified in translations and possible reasons for their presence are explored.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Understanding legitimacy: Perspectives from anomalous geopolitical spaces. This special issue explores the production of political legitimacy, approached from the angle of the legitimacy claims of the governing authorities of anomalous geopolitical spaces. Legitimacy sits at the heart of theories of sovereign power, a position that has drawn a range of scholars - be they political geographers, political anthropologists, international lawyers or political scientists - to focus on the state as a primary source of political legitimacy. This special issue starts from a different premise: namely, that by studying alternative sites of legitimacy, so-called de facto states, annexed territories, governments-in-exile, liberation movements or unrecognised governments, we may shine a light on the wider arena of political actors, forms of agency and sites of contestation through which legitimacy is produced. This special issue introduction draws attention to, first, the centrality of questions of legitimacy to the enactment of political authority; second, the plural disciplinary and political interpretations of legitimacy, staking a claim for why this study has interdisciplinary significance; and, third, the spatial and temporal importance of studying anomalous geopolitical spaces. The latter are presented as zones that have often been neglected areas of comparative study but may hold the key to understanding the complexities of political legitimacy in the modern world. The introduction concludes with an overview of the themes contained within the individual papers that comprise this special issue. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Quercetin and paraoxon induction of hydrolase activity in Helicoverpa armigera and malathion-susceptible and resistant Musca domestica. Organophosphate (OPs) insecticides are still widely used in pest control. The hydrolysis of OPs or oxons of organophosphorothionates by organophosphate hydrolases (OP-hydrolases) represents a major detoxification pathway of OPs. In this study, the response of insect OP-hydrolase activity to the allelochemical quercetin and the insecticide paraoxon, as well as changes in the activity of OP-hydrolases in malathion-resistance insects were characterized by using O, O-dimethyl-4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate (dMUP) and paraoxon as substrates. Hydrolase activity on dMUP was similar to hydrolase activity on paraoxon in Helicoverpa armigera and Musca domestica. Paraoxon-hydrolase activity was higher than dMUP-hydrolase activity in H. armigera fed on the artificial diet containing 0.2 % quercetin for 48 hours. In addition, similar induction of hydrolase activity on both paraoxon and dMUP was observed in H. armigera fed an artificial diet containing the LC10 or LC50 of paraoxon for 24 hours. In contrast, the hydrolysis activity onto dMUP was higher than the activity onto paraoxon in the malathion-resistant M. domestica. It was also found that the hydrolysis activity onto alpha-NA in malathion-resistant M. domestica was higher than that in malathion-susceptible M. domestica. These results provide a structural insight into the hydrolytic metabolism of organophosphates in insects.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Towards a logical analysis of biochemical pathways. Biochemical pathways or networks are generic representations used to model many different types of complex functional and physical interactions in biological systems. Models based on experimental results are often incomplete, e.g., reactions may be missing and only some products are observed. In such cases, one would like to reason about incomplete network representations and propose candidate hypotheses, which when represented as additional reactions, substrates, products, would complete the network and provide causal explanations for the existing observations.In this paper, we provide a logical model of biochemical pathways and show how abductive hypothesis generation may be used to provide additional information about incomplete pathways. Hypothesis generation is achieved using weakest and strongest necessary conditions which represent these incomplete biochemical pathways and explain observations about the functional and physical interactions being modeled. The techniques are demonstrated using metabolism and molecular synthesis examples.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Cognitive control of response inhibition and switching: Hemispheric lateralization and hand preference. Changing environmental constraints often make already prepared responses unnecessary or inappropriate. Under such circumstances, cognitive control enables to suppress the response or switch to alternative behavior. Here, we examine the neural dynamics of both functions in left- and right-handers who performed two variants of a paradigm that required either inhibition of the response or switching the response between hands. The EEG coherence data showed strengthening of interregional coupling in the alpha band (8-12 Hz) following the target cues with an essential contribution of fronto-medial circuitry and a specific involvement of parietal areas in response switching. Brain-behavioral correlations revealed the functional significance of left-sided regions for successful response inhibition and switching, underlining the significant role of the left hemisphere for the organization of goal-directed activities. This lateralization pattern was observed for both left- and right-handers and suggests dominance of higher-order aspects of action planning in the left hemisphere. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 5, 17, 50]}
+{"token": "Estonian school societies in St. Petersburg Province, 1885-1914. Using published reports and contemporary newspaper accounts, the author argues that Estonian school societies in St. Petersburg Province provided Estonian-speaking settlers of the region with a sense of community, the nucleus of a national self-identity, the basic attitudes and ideals of civil society, and chances to participate in local community affairs. These school societies achieved their educational objectives and encouraged active social relations within new Estonian communities in the region.", "label": [3, 5, 27, 47]}
+{"token": "Henry Maine's 'Modern Law': From Status to Contract and Back Again?. I go on to show that \\\\'status\\\\'-like elements-i.e., elements that play on the rhetoric and directionality rather than the substance of Maine's thesis-and contractual elements interact to mediate both tensions. Linear (or absolutist) and dialectical (or \\\\' pendulum swing\\\\') theories of socio-legal evolution consequently fall short. Mainean \\\\'status\\\\'-speak is equally unable to account for the conceptual interaction that my discussion brings to light.I dedicate the remainder of the Article to exploring why-in the face of clear countervailing evidence-modern private law scholars continue to engage in Mainean \\\\'status\\\\'-speak. For this purpose, I tease out several interesting parallels between status as part of Maine's theory and \\\\'status\\\\' as part of modern private law discourse.I firstly suggest that scholars mirror Maine's thesis with their argument that interpersonal rights and obligations frequently result from naturally occurring societal processes that the law normatively reflects; conversely, that said rights and obligations are not necessarily the result of private-autonomous agreements between freestanding individuals. While this argument strikes me as plausible, the conceptual problems that transplanting Maine's categories into contemporary private law discourse entails call for additional justification. I therefore, secondly suggest that it is the directional appeal of Maine's linear or absolutist view that has led modern private law scholars to engage in Mainean \\\\'status\\\\'-speak.In light of these exhortations, I look at one final answer to the question of why modern jurists continue to engage in Mainean \\\\'status\\\\'-speak. Might increasing references to Maine's conceptual categories be evidence of a rediscovery of the value of macro-historical approaches for engaging critically with (private) law as a fundamental social institution? I contend that employing such macro-historical approaches is indeed necessary if modern jurists are to take seriously their duties as members of the legal profession, as participants in a broader intellectual and academic discourse, and as citizens of their respective societies.Inconsistencies, however, remain even if we reconstruct modern private law along the lines of contract-status and status-contract. Hence, I call for an update of modern private law's terminological toolbox. To this end, it is imperative to draw on Maine's very own methodological postulates. Contemporary scholars intent on saying anything of interest about modern private law would thus be well-advised to emulate Maine's approach of combining empirical inquiry into economy and society with categories and concepts from the realm of legal theory-all the while freeing themselves from the overbearing influence of his original, loaded categories.To clarify any such interaction between \\\\'status\\\\'-like and contractual elements, I introduce, explain, and to some extent defend, two hybrid types-contract-status and status-contract. These hybrid types, I argue, go some way toward capturing current tendencies in modern private law.In order to assess the defensibility of this claim, I consider whether the \\\\'from Status to Contract and back again\\\\' thesis has any merit. Are we witnessing a reverse movement from the mostly private-autonomous creation of contractual rights and obligations to the heteronomous imposition of such rights and obligations on the part of society or the state? To answer this question, I examine a variety of conceptual forces struggling for dominance in modern private law. Two complementary tensions present themselves as relevant to my discussion: the tension between freedom of contract and constitutional paternalism, and the tension between perfect contracting solutions and second-best alternatives.In this Article, I conduct a long overdue assessment of Henry Maine's \\\\'from Status to Contract\\\\' thesis in light of two essentially modern phenomena: contract standardization and relational contracting. Drawing on comparative legal history, classical sociological and anthropological literature, contemporary contract law theory, and recent works in the field of (behavioral) law and economics, I discuss the claim that modern private law is witnessing a reverse movement \\\\'from Contract to Status.\\\\' I show that this claim is historically inaccurate and conceptually simplistic in that it attributes shades of meaning to status that Maine never contemplated.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "FUNDING IRRATIONALITY. Applying findings from cognitive psychology, I argue that people will make the same kinds of irrational decisions about their settlement options in a large settlement fund. As a result, cognitive biases threaten to undermine many of the stated purposes of large settlement funds-to provide claimants with access, efficiency, and equity superior to what they could obtain in traditional litigation.Accordingly, \\\\'fund designers\\\\'-judges, lawmakers, and special masters-should adjust settlement procedures to account for cognitive bias. I call this process \\\\'funding irrationality\\\\'-identifying and, in some cases, capitalizing on people's cognitive biases in large settlement funds by altering the context, timing, and sequence of their settlement options. Fund designers, however, should avoid reforms that unduly eliminate settlement options, or that impose excessive administrative costs. Rather, the benefits of any reform-preventing avoidable harm to irrational claimants-must outweigh the potential costs, including the value of client autonomy, the chance of error, and the burden on the courts and public administrators.This Article challenges the conventional wisdom that claimants in class action settlement funds and other settlement funds make independent and rational settlement decisions. Cognitive psychologists and behavioral economists have long examined the way people make judgments and choices. Such studies show that decisionmakers routinely change their minds based on their view of the status quo, the timing of the decision, and the presence of seemingly irrelevant choices. Because of these cognitive biases, people will buy things they do not want, save too little for retirement, and make risky choices about their health and well-being based on the timing, context, and framing of the decision.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "A proposal for generator themes for Environmental Education in schools of communities with environmental vulnerability. The research aimed to identify the meanings attributed by students to local problems in communities damaged by environmental disasters, in order to obtain generator themes for Environmental Education (EE) in the school curriculum. Data was produced with an exchange of correspondence between researchers and the students of a school from Blumenau/SC, which it was damaged by an environmental disaster. It was understood that the students explain the environmental events in their community according to the media discourse about \\\\'trash\\\\' in opposition to other actions of reality, such as housing on the hillsides and the removal of the slopes vegetation. Also, it was found some lack of knowledge of the students about the commitment of the city government and other public bodies, as well as, the actions and investments in construction to mitigate environmental damages in the community. A proposal of generator themes for a work in EE was elaborated with this research.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "On goals and strategies: How a fit between performance goals and regulatory strategies affects performance. In the present research, we argue and demonstrate that a fit or non-fit between regulatory strategy and performance goal affects task performance. Specifically, we found that a prevention strategy results in better performance among performance avoidance (PAv) goal participants compared to performance approach (PAp) goal participants. However, in the promotion strategy condition and the no strategy control condition, no differences between both groups were observed. Practical implications and opportunities for future research are considered in the discussion.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "AN ARTIFICIAL LARVAL DIET FOR REARING OF ANASTREPHA STRIATA (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE). An artificial larval diet for Anastrepha striata (Schiner) was developed and the changes in the rearing and quality parameters through 6 generations during the adaptation were characterized. In the first experiment we tested diet formulations that had already been developed for the mass-rearing of Anastrepha ludens (Loew), A. obliqua (Macquart),A. serpentina (Wiedemann) and Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) by sowing A. striata eggs (20-40% hatched) in each diet. In those tested diets, the maximum larval recovery percentage was 4.82%. In the second experiment, in the AOII modified diet of A. obliqua, we substituted the protein source, torula yeast by Nutrifly (TM), torula yeast-casein and hydrolyzed protein. A formulated diet contained 4.83% Nutrifly (TM), 15% corn cob fractions, 8.0% corn flour, 8.33% sugar, 0.23% sodium benzoate, 0.11% nipagin, 0.13% citric acid, and 63.37% water allowed higher larval survival compared to diets with different protein sources. In the third experiment, we evaluated adaptation of the larvae to Nutrifly diet. Over 6 generations, the larval and pupal weights and pupation percentage decreased from parental to first generation and increased after the third generation, recovering the initial value. Larval recovery and adult emergence increased from parental generation to the next generations; and was maintained during the next 5 generations. Larval recovery only a light decreased in the third generation. The laboratory colonization of A. striata reared on this artificial diet required at least 5 generations for the larvae to adapt to the artificial diet and increase pupal weight and adult emergence.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Lake Baikal's response to remote earthquakes: Lake-level fluctuations and near-bottom water layer temperature change. The 2011 M(w)9.0 Tohoku earthquake and the 2012 M(w)8.6 and 2016 M(w)7.8 Sumatra earthquakes caused water level oscillations in Lake Baikal which were recorded by a water pressure tensor transducer with high sampling rate. Periods of water oscillations were about 100 s, and maximum peak-to-peak amplitudes were as large as 0.15 m for the 2011 Tohoku earthquake and 0.24 m for the 2012 Sumatra earthquake, although the Tohoku earthquake was closer and stronger. The difference in the amplitude of the level oscillations for these earthquakes was probably caused by their focal mechanisms, namely thrust and strike-slip, as well as the direction of the wave propagation. CTD (conductivity-temperature-depth) measurements conducted after these earthquakes at the regularly tested stations showed a temperature increase in the near-bottom water layer after the Tohoku earthquake in March 2011, and a decrease in temperature and electrical conductivity after the Sumatra earthquake in March 2016. These observations cannot be explained by the known processes of deep water renewal, so based on the gas hydrate presence in the Baikal sediments we assume that seismic wave passing could change permeability in the sedimentary layer (at least for the 2011 Tohoku case study) and promote methane flux from the base of the hydrate stability zone and formation of gas hydrates with heat release. As to the 2016 Sumatra study case, we suppose to explain it by gas hydrate dissociation in the subsurface sediments. We present rough estimates of the volume of the formed/dissociated gas hydrates.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Genomics of sexual cell fate transdifferentiation in the mouse gonad. Sex determination in mammals hinges on a cell fate decision in the fetal bipotential gonad between formation of male Sertoli cells or female granulosa cells. While this decision normally is permanent, loss of key cell fate regulators such as the transcription factors Dmrt1 and Foxl2 can cause postnatal transdifferentiation from Sertoli to granulosa-like (Dmrt1) or vice versa (Foxl2). Here, we examine the mechanism of male-to-female transdifferentiation in mice carrying either a null mutation of Dmrt1 or a point mutation, R111G, that alters the DNA-binding motif and causes human XY gonadal dysgenesis and sex reversal. We first define genes misexpressed during transdifferentiation and then show that female transcriptional regulators driving transdifferentiation in the mutant XY gonad (ESR2, LRH1, FOXL2) bind chromatin sites related to those normally bound in the XX ovary. We next define gene expression changes and abnormal chromatin compartments at the onset of transdifferentiation that may help destabilize cell fate and initiate the transdifferentiation process. We model the R111G mutation in mice and show that it causes dominant gonadal dysgenesis, analogous to its human phenotype but less severe. We show that R111G partially feminizes the testicular transcriptome and causes dominant disruption of DMRT1 binding specificity in vivo. These data help illuminate how transdifferentiation occurs when sexual cell fate maintenance is disrupted and identify chromatin sites and transcripts that may play key roles in the transdifferentiation process.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Plant-herbivore interaction and its consequences for succession in wetland ecosystems: A modeling approach. Herbivore grazing is increasingly used as a management, tool to prevent the dominance of vegetation by tall grasses or trees. In this report, a model is described that is used to analyze plant-herbivore interactions and their scaling up to landscape scale. The model can be used to predict, effects of herbivory on vegetation development. The model is an ecosystem model including modules for carbon and nitrogen cycling through plants, soil organic matter, and atmosphere. Plants compete for light and nitrogen. An herbivory module is included that implements selective foraging by a herbivore in a spatially heterogeneous area. Simulations were done to analyze the effects of herbivore density on vegetation dynamics,to analyze the impact of soil fertility on maximum herbivore density, and to analyze effects of herbivore density on landscapes. Two important points come forward from the model. Maximum herbivore abundance shows a hump-shaped curve along a soil fertility gradient. At higher soil fertility, light competition becomes more important. Herbivory interferes with plant competition, giving the tall, less palatable species a competitive advantage and thereby reducing the food quality and availability and hence this: carrying capacity of the area. At a landscape scale, herbivory leads to increased heterogeneity. This increased heterogeneity may increase carrying capacity. The implications of these points for nature management are discussed.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Action research through lesson study: a space for learning in initial teacher training. The purpose of this paper is to explore the influence of Lesson Study on reconstructing students' practical knowledge during initial training as prospecting teachers. This case study sets out the voice and opinions of a student taking part in a lesson study process. The aim was to further understand how the student's opinions around teaching change both during and after her involvement in the different phases of Lesson Study. Information was obtained through semi-structured interviews, observations, photo and video records, document analysis and field diaries. We were also interested in understanding the students perception of the influence of mentoring and tutoring on her professional development while accompanying her in her reflection about teaching. The results show that Lesson Study, as a cooperative curriculum creation process, provides prospecting teachers with opportunities to build their identity as professionals within a network of peers in which they interact in order to learn together. Focused on the context of initial teacher training, this article could lead to a new approach to Lesson Study as a strategy that can bring about more relevant transformations while teachers' beliefs, values and dispositions are still at an early stage of construction.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Cognitive Effects of Very Low Nicotine Content Cigarettes, With and Without Nicotine Replacement, in Smokers With Schizophrenia and Controls. Results: Across conditions, SS were slower than CS in tasks of motor speed and visual working memory, and had poorer target detectability on a visual sustained attention task. Across groups, functioning in domains of visual sustained attention, inhibitory control, processing speed, and response variability was impaired in the VLNC + PLA condition relative to the usual-brand and VLNC + NIC conditions.Methods: Smokers with schizophrenia (SS, n = 29) and control smokers matched on smoking rate but without psychiatric illness (CS, n = 28) smoked usual-brand cigarettes, VLNC cigarettes while wearing 2 placebo patches (PLA), or VLNC cigarettes while wearing 2 nicotine patches totaling 42 mg (NIC) for 5 hr, and then completed computerized assessments of visual sustained attention, motor speed, visual working memory, processing speed, inhibitory control, and response variability.Introduction: Beneficial effects of nicotine on cognitive functioning may contribute to the markedly high rates of smoking among people with schizophrenia. A reduction in the nicotine content of cigarettes to non-addictive levels is being considered as a regulatory strategy for reducing tobacco dependence in the United States. We examined whether switching to very low nicotine content (VLNC) cigarettes impairs cognitive functioning in smokers with and without schizophrenia, and-whether nicotine replacement reverses these effects.Conclusions: Dramatically reducing the nicotine content of cigarettes may impair cognitive functioning in heavy smokers with and without schizophrenia, but the use of nicotine replacement while smoking VLNC cigarettes may preserve cognitive functioning in these smokers.", "label": [2, 21, 23]}
+{"token": "Fractional Differential Equations with the General Fractional Derivatives of Arbitrary Order in the Riemann-Liouville Sense. In this paper, we first consider the general fractional derivatives of arbitrary order defined in the Riemann-Liouville sense. In particular, we deduce an explicit form of their null space and prove the second fundamental theorem of fractional calculus that leads to a closed form formula for their projector operator. These results allow us to formulate the natural initial conditions for the fractional differential equations with the general fractional derivatives of arbitrary order in the Riemann-Liouville sense. In the second part of the paper, we develop an operational calculus of the Mikusinski type for the general fractional derivatives of arbitrary order in the Riemann-Liouville sense and apply it for derivation of an explicit form of solutions to the Cauchy problems for the single- and multi-term linear fractional differential equations with these derivatives. The solutions are provided in form of the convolution series generated by the kernels of the corresponding general fractional integrals.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "INFLUENCE OF CORONARY DISCHARGE PARAMETERS ON THE EFFICIENCY OF LIGHTNING PROTECTION SYSTEM ELEMENTS. Purpose. Investigation of the formation of space charge in the region of the apex of lighting rod, under the action of the electric field of a thunderstorm cloud, to evaluate the efficiency of elements of lighting protection systems. Methodology. We have applied the mathematical simulation of electromagnetic field distribution on the top of metal rod by different forms. As a mathematical apparatus, we use the finite element method. We considered two forms of the rod section: round and square. The round (cylindrical) rod has a sharp apex. The square rod has a flat top. The experimental study investigates the features of corona discharge formation. A high-voltage test equipment is created an electric field. Experiments carried out using a configuration consisting a potential plate and vertical rod electrode on grounded plate. The electric field strength varied from 1 kVm(-1) to 100 kVm-1. This range corresponds to the thunderstorm condition. Results. We have obtained a correlation between the corona current and the strength of the electric field for various shapes of the rod top. The results of experimental studies confirmed the correctness of the conclusions of theoretical estimates. We show that the time parameters of streamer current pulses vary by no more than 30%, but a streamer charge increase to three time with increasing electric field strength. We proposed and applied a method for measuring the velocity of motion of a streamer in the discharge gap. As a result, it is established that the streamer speed is nonlinear in time. For a discharge gap of 1.2 m, the speed varies from 1.8 . 10(4) m/s to 1.1 . 10(6) m/s. Originality. For the first time, we have carried out a complex of studies of corona discharge parameters from lightning protector rod to apply for the certification procedure of ESE terminals. Practical value. Based on the set of obtained results, it is obviously that the standard NF C 17-102: 2011 will not be introduced as a national standard of Ukraine before full introduction of scientifically justified data will be include into the requirements of the standard.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Association between financial strain, social network and five-year recovery from first episode psychosis. Despite much effort to positively affect long-term outcome in psychosis and schizophrenia many patients are still facing a poor outcome with persistent psychotic symptoms and decline in social functioning. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between financial strain and social network and five-year outcome of first episode psychosis (FEP). FEP patients were divided into recovered (n = 52) and non-recovered (n = 19). Each person was matched according to age and gender with four persons (n = 284) from a longitudinal population-based study. All persons had answered an extensive questionnaire including social network, quantitative and qualitative, financial strain and mental health. Linear regression analysis showed that both financial strain and social network were associated, and had a unique contribution, to outcome. The results indicate that FEP patients might benefit from interventions that reduce financial strain thus facilitating daily life and cultural and social activities.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Transnational Terrorism: Externalities and Coalition Formation. We investigate how externalities and cooperation affect nations' efforts to counter transnational terrorism activities. Our model captures three factors whose interplay determines counterterrorism (CT) efforts and terrorist activity: the size of the spillover effect, the degree of internalization of the externality, and whether nations' CT efforts have an asymmetric or symmetric effect on the security of other nations. In our symmetric model, preemptive CT efforts and terrorist activities decrease with the size of the externality regardless of the degree of cooperation between nations. In our asymmetric model, as the externality of the smaller nation increases, the larger nations reduce their efforts, and the smaller nation reacts by increasing its own efforts. We also investigate coalition stability and show that (a) in the preemptive case, the full coalition is not stable and partial coalitions are stable for sufficiently small externalities; and (b) in the defensive, symmetric case, only the full coalition is stable.", "label": [5, 47, 49]}
+{"token": "Individuality of wing patterning in Giant honey bees (Apis laboriosa). We investigated whether individual worker bees of a single Apis laboriosa colony can be reidentified by their wing patterns alone. In a sample of 183 bees we pre-selected 100 workers belonging to 12 intra-colonial patrilines and re-identified them by 25 size-free wing characters. Re-identification was carried out by Self Organizing Map (SOM) reclassification and conventional discriminant analysis (DA) using the protocols of recognition ( data for training and testing the model are equal or slightly modified by white noise), and prediction ( test data are unknown to the model). SOM recognition of wing shaping was found to be more robust than that resulting from DA. If the test data were altered by white noise, SOM recognition success was 100% within a range of 3% modification which corresponded to the overall measurement error; under these conditions DA success was less than 40%. The SOM prediction capacity was tested using four test-training data ratios and reached 90% under a two-step reclassification protocol.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Electronic fitness function for screening semiconductors as thermoelectric materials. We introduce a simple but efficient electronic fitness function (EFF) that describes the electronic aspect of the thermoelectric performance. This EFF finds materials that overcome the inverse relationship between sigma and S based on the complexity of the electronic structures regardless of specific origin (e.g., isosurface corrugation, valley degeneracy, heavy-light bands mixture, valley anisotropy or reduced dimensionality). This function is well suited for application in high throughput screening. We applied this function to 75 different thermoelectric and potential thermoelectric materials including full-and half-Heuslers, binary semiconductors, and Zintl phases. We find an efficient screening using this transport function. The EFF identifies known high-performance p- and n-type Zintl phases and half-Heuslers. In addition, we find some previously unstudied phases with superior EFF.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "The characterization of coal liquefaction products obtained under inert atmosphere and catalytic conditions. Part I: Insoluble products (chars). In this study, two types of Turkish lignite were liquefied under inert atmosphere and catalytic conditions. Catalyst was added to the reaction medium by physically mixing or impregnation. The products obtained at coal liquefaction were separated into two groups as soluble products with THF extraction and insoluble products (chars). The effects of various process parameters on the properties of chars were examined. The ash contents of chars were decreased significantly by increasing solvent to coal ratio and reaction temperature, and changed partially by pressure, catalyst type and concentration. Carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen contents of the chars decreases, but the sulphur and oxygen contents increase with increasing solvent to coal ratio, pressure, catalyst concentration, reaction time and reaction temperature. The fuel quality of chars obtained by catalyst impregnation method was determined to be much higher with respect to the catalyst physically mixing method.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "The relationship between sociocultural factors and autobiographical memories from childhood: the role of formal schooling. Cross-cultural differences in autobiographical memory (AM) are associated with cultural variations. In models of the self and parental reminiscing style, but not many studies have analysed the relationship between AM and specific cultural practices such as formal schooling. Theoreticians like [Greenfield, P. M. (2009). Linking social change and developmental change: Shifting. pathways of human development. Developmental Psychology, 45, 401-418. doi:; Kagitcibasi, C. (2005). Autonomy and relatedness in cultural context. Implications for self and family. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36, 403-422. doi:] and [Keller, H. (2007). Children development across cultures. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates] have considered formal schooling as an engine towards the model of independence; however, the empirical evidence in this regard is inconclusive: while some studies found evidence of a relation between formal schooling and characteristics of AM, others did not. To solve this inconsistency, the present study compared orally narrated childhood memories of Mexican adults with three different levels of education (from rudimentary literacy to university). Results support a relationship between formal schooling and AM in the predicted direction: More educated participants reported longer, more specific and more self-oriented memories than those with less schooling experience did. Some gender differences were also observed, with males generally reporting more individually and less socially oriented memories than females, except for university level participants. We conclude that these results support Greenfield's theory about formal schooling as a sociocultural factor that promotes the cultural pathway to independence, as well as complexity and context-boundedness of gender differences in AM.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Hidden Markov model analysis reveals the advantage of analytic eye movement patterns in face recognition across cultures. It remains controversial whether culture modulates eye movement behavior in face recognition. Inconsistent results have been reported regarding whether cultural differences in eye movement patterns exist, whether these differences affect recognition performance, and whether participants use similar eye movement patterns when viewing faces from different ethnicities. These inconsistencies may be due to substantial individual differences in eye movement patterns within a cultural group. Here we addressed this issue by conducting individual-level eye movement data analysis using hidden Markov models (HMMs). Each individual's eye movements were modeled with an HMM. We clustered the individual HMMs according to their similarities and discovered three common patterns in both Asian and Caucasian participants: holistic (looking mostly at the face center), left-eye-biased analytic (looking mostly at the two individual eyes in addition to the face center with a slight bias to the left eye), and right-eye-based analytic (looking mostly at the right eye in addition to the face center). The frequency of participants adopting the three patterns did not differ significantly between Asians and Caucasians, suggesting little modulation from culture. Significantly more participants (75%) showed similar eye movement patterns when viewing own- and other-race faces than different patterns. Most importantly, participants with left-eye-biased analytic patterns performed significantly better than those using either holistic or right-eye-biased analytic patterns. These results suggest that active retrieval of facial feature information through an analytic eye movement pattern may be optimal for face recognition regardless of culture. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Construction of a high affinity zinc switch in the kappa-opioid receptor. Very limited structural information is available concerning the superfamily of G-protein-coupled receptors with their seven-transmembrane segments. Recently a non-peptide antagonist site was structurally and functionally replaced by a metal ion site in the tachykinin NK-1 receptor. Here, this Zn(II) site is transferred to the kappa-opioid receptor by substituting two residues at the outer portion of transmembrane V (TM-V), Asp(223) and Lys(227), and one residue at the top of TM-VI, Ala(298), with histidyl residues. The histidyl residues had no direct effect on the binding of either the non-peptide antagonist [H-3]diprenorphine or the non-peptide agonist, [H-3]CI977, just as these mutations/substitutions did not affect the apparent affinity of a series of other peptide and non-peptide ligands when tested in competition binding experiments. However, zinc ions in a dose-dependent manner prevented binding of both agonist and antagonist ligands with an apparent affinity for the metal ion, which gradually was built up to 10(-6) M. This represents an increase in affinity for the metal ion of about 1000-fold as compared with the wild-type kappa receptor and is specific for Zn(II) as the affinity for e.g. Cu(II) was almost unaffected, The direct transfer of this high affinity metal ion switch between two only distantly related receptors indicates a common overall arrangement of the seven-helix bundle among receptors of the rhodopsin family.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Potential effects of various ant species on green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuropt., Chrysopidae) egg numbers. Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) is an important egg predator of the olive moth, Prays oleae (Bernard). Its eggs are laid on pedicels, which are likely to provide some protection against predators and parasitoids. Ants figure prominently in the insect fauna of olive orchards. Six of the most common species in Granada were tested both in the laboratory and the field to establish their effect on chrysopid egg numbers. Crematogaster scutellaris Ol. and Tapinoma nigerrimum Nyl. were the most effective predators of chrysopid eggs with probably the latter being the most damaging due to both its large nest size and its activity. Plagiolepis pygmaea (Latr. Camponotus micans Nyl. and Camponotus foreli Em. proved to be the least efficient predators. Formica subruga Roger was intermediate in terms of its ability to eat lacewing eggs but a small sample prevents any firm conclusions from being drawn.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Evidence for an asteroid-comet continuum from simulations of carbonaceous microxenolith dynamical evolution. Micrometeoroids with 100 and 200 mu m size dominate the zodiacal cloud dust. Such samples can be studied as micrometeorites, after their passage through the Earth atmosphere, or as microxenoliths, i.e., submillimetric meteorite inclusions. Microxenoliths are samples of the zodiacal cloud dust present in the asteroid Main Belt hundreds of millions years ago. Carbonaceous microxenoliths represent the majority of observed microxenoliths. They have been studied in detail in howardites and H chondrites. We investigate the role of carbonaceous asteroids and Jupiter-family comets as carbonaceous microxenolith parent bodies. The probability of low velocity collisions of asteroidal and cometary micrometeoroids with selected asteroids is computed, starting from the micrometeoroid steady-state orbital distributions obtained by dynamical simulations. We selected possible parent bodies of howardites (Vesta) and H chondrites (Hebe, Flora, Eunomia, Koronis, Maria) as target asteroids. Estimates of the asteroidal and cometary micrometeoroid mass between 2 and 4 AU from the Sun are used to compute the micrometeoroid mass influx on each target. The results show that all the target asteroids (except Koronis) receive the same amount (within the uncertainties) of asteroidal and cometary micrometeoroids. Therefore, both these populations should be observed among howardite and H chondrite carbonaceous microxenoliths. However, this is not the case: carbonaceous microxenoliths show differences similar to those existing among different groups of carbonaceous chondrites (e.g., CI, CM, CR) but two sharply distinct populations are not observed. Our results and the observations can be reconciled assuming the existence of a continuum of mineralogical and chemical properties between carbonaceous asteroids and comets.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Classical realizability and arithmetical formulae. In this paper, we treat the specification problem in Krivine classical realizability (Krivine 2009 Panoramas et syntheses 27), in the case of arithmetical formulae. In the continuity of previous works from Miquel and the first author (Guillermo 2008 Jeux de realisabilite en arithmetique classique, Ph.D. thesis, Universite Paris 7; Guillermo and Miquel 2014 Mathematical Structures in Computer Science, Epub ahead of print), we characterize the universal realizers of a formula as being the winning strategies for a game (defined according to the formula). In the first sections, we recall the definition of classical realizability, as well as a few technical results. In Section 5, we introduce in more details the specification problem and the intuition of the game-theoretic point of view we adopt later. We first present a game G(1), that we prove to be adequate and complete if the language contains no instructions 'quote' (Krivine 2003 Theoretical Computer Science 308 259-276), using interaction constants to do substitution over execution threads. We then show that as soon as the language contain 'quote,' the game is no more complete, and present a second game G(2) that is both adequate and complete in the general case. In the last Section, we draw attention to a model-theoretic point of view and use our specification result to show that arithmetical formulae are absolute for realizability models.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "'Giant Steps': freedom won over/by constraint. Listening to John Coltrane's choruses on 'Giant Steps' produces undoubtedly a feeling of whirling, caused by the extreme motivic repetition. This limitation of melodic material, which Coltrane is confronted with, is reinforced in the very particular arrangement of the formulaic material (a melodic matrix), which he systematically uses. A paradigmatic and reductionist analysis of the choruses shows Coltrane's recourse to combinatorial principles, allowing him to open up the field of repetitive temporal extension, thus guaranteeing this sensation of whirling which it was manifestly aimed at. Obviously, one cannot help but establish a parallel between this reductionist/combinatorial principle and the rigorous (if not serial) principles (similar to Alexander Tcherepnin's and Joseph Schillinger's), which underlines the composition from the melodic/harmonic theme. Such a cross-cultural adaptation of composition techniques to improvisation context shows us, on Coltrane's part, a desire to find a new 'way', an original sound in close relation to the originality of the melodic-harmonic theme. Besides the idea of an opening to a circular sound world made accessible by combinatorics (close to Umberto Eco's concept of 'open work in movement'), we even envisage that of freedom won over/by constraint.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Carbon Isotope Fractionation during Catabolism and Anabolism in Acetogenic Bacteria Growing on Different Substrates. Homoacetogenic bacteria are versatile microbes that use the acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) pathway to synthesize acetate from CO2 and hydrogen. Likewise, the acetyl-CoA pathway may be used to incorporate other 1-carbon substrates (e.g., methanol or formate) into acetate or to homoferment monosaccharides completely to acetate. In this study, we analyzed the fractionation of pure acetogenic cultures grown on different carbon substrates. While the fractionation of Sporomusa sphaeroides grown on C-1 compounds was strong (epsilon(C1), -49% to -64%), the fractionation of Moorella thermoacetica and Thermoanaerobacter kivui using glucose (epsilon(Glu) = -14.1 parts per thousand) was roughly one-third as strong, suggesting a contribution of less-depleted acetate from fermentative processes. For M. thermoacetica, this could indeed be validated by the addition of nitrate, which inhibited the acetyl-CoA pathway, resulting in fractionation during fermentation (epsilon(ferm) = -0.4%). In addition, we determined the fractionation into microbial biomass of T. kivui grown on H-2/CO2 (epsilon(anabol). = -28.6 parts per thousand) as well as on glucose (epsilon(anabol). = +2.9 parts per thousand).", "label": [2, 4, 18, 40]}
+{"token": "Population aging and economic growth. This paper investigates how population aging affects economic growth in a general equilibrium model of life cycle savings combined with endogenous growth. It shows that population aging is not necessarily a negative factor for growth. Introducing an old age pension system into the model, the paper also examines the effects of a policy of postponing the retirement age, and suggests that such a policy would slow growth.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Male participation in nest building in the dung beetle Scarabaeus catenatus (Coleoptera : Scarabaeidae): Mating effort versus paternal effort. The dung beetle, Scarabaeus catenatus, shows not only the rolling but also the tunneling tactic for nest building with bisexual cooperation. Sex roles, however, differed between the tactics. In rolling, the male rook the initiative like that of ball-roller species: he rolled a dung ball away and buried it. In tunneling, in contrast the male usually had a secondary role like that of tunnelers: he was less active in burrow excavation and provisioning. Regardless of the tactics, male participation did not increase female reproductive output measured by the number or size of brood balls in the field, but seemed to function as mate guarding against conspecific males. This suggests that, in both tactics, the male S. catenatus invests primarily in mating effort compared with paternal effort. The relative importance of mating effort in male participation seems to hold true in other dung beetles, irrespective of whether they are ball-roller or tunneler species. In addition, the male mating strategy of S. catenatus is compared with that of other ball-rollers.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Antidepressant Use in Canada Has Stopped Increasing. Method: During the past 2 decades, a series of Canadian national health surveys have evaluated AD use in the household population. Some of these surveys have assessed past 2-day use whereas others have assessed self-reported past-month use. We applied meta-regression methods as a methodological strategy to address this heterogeneity and to examine long-term trends, incorporating 2012 data.Conclusion: The frequency of AD use may now be stabilizing in the Canadian population. This emerging steady state may reflect a contemporary balance between the perceived need, perceived effectiveness, and acceptability of these medications in the general population.Objective: Large increases in the use of antidepressants (ADs) were reported in the past 2 decades in many countries, including Canada. Our objective was to determine whether this pattern of increasing use has continued, using data from a 2012 national mental health survey.Results: In keeping with prior reports, AD use rapidly increased in the 1990s and early 2000s. However, the 2012 data suggest that these increases have slowed or perhaps even stopped in recent years. A post hoc examination of longitudinal data from the National Population Health Survey reinforced the impression of a levelling off in the use of these medications.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "RELATIONS BETWEEN KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT, REVENUES AND NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES IN COMPANIES GRADUATED BY INCUBATORS. The article analyzes the existence of similarities between companies graduated in incubators with regard to the perceived effectiveness of some Knowledge Management (KM) practices in relation to the number of employees and revenues. This study was elaborated from the findings that there is a lack of researches that seek to associate KM to the number of employees, as well as the companies' revenues. Furthermore, a research was applied in graduated companies by incubators, because of their importance in the creation of sustainable organizations. This is a quantitative analysis, performed with bivariate tests. The results indicate that, in 66.67% of the cases, the most effective perceptions of KM practices were found in companies that have more employees. In relation to revenues, the pattern repeats itself in only 40% of the groups formed by this variable. Although in the remaining cases there were no statistically significant differences, in the absolute majority of cases, the greater perceptions of efficacy are associated to organizations that reported a greater number of employees, as well as to those that belong to the higher revenues classes.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "Radial and local time structure of the Saturnian ring current, revealed by Cassini. We analyze particle and magnetic field data obtained between July 2004 and December 2013 in the equatorial magnetosphere of Saturn, by the Cassini spacecraft. The radial and local time distribution of the total (thermal and suprathermal) particle pressure and total plasma beta (ratio of particle to magnetic pressure) over radial distances from 5 to 16 Saturn radii (R-S = 60,258 km) is presented. The average azimuthal current density J. and its separate components (inertial, pressure gradient, and anisotropy) are computed as a function of radial distance and local time and presented as equatorial maps. We explore the relative contribution of different physical mechanisms that drive the ring current at Saturn. Results show that (a) the particle pressure is controlled by thermal plasma inside of similar to 8 R-S and by the hot ions beyond similar to 12 R-S, exhibiting strong local time asymmetry with higher pressures measured at the dusk and night sectors; (b) the plasma beta increases with radial distance and remains > 1 beyond 8-10R(S) for all local times; (c) the ring current is asymmetric in local time and forms a maximum region between similar to 7 and similar to 13 R-S, with values up to 100115 pA/m2; and (d) the ring current is inertial everywhere inside of 7 R-S, exhibits a mixed nature between 7 and 11 R-S and is pressure gradient driven beyond 11 R-S, with the exception of the noon sector where the mixed nature persists. In the dawn sector, it appears strongly pressure gradient driven for a wider range of radial distance, consistent with fast return flow of hot, tenuous magnetospheric plasma following tail reconnection.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "On individual resistances of selective skin, porous support and diffusion boundary layer in water vapor permeation. The efficiency of gas permeation processes is typically determined by two main parameters: selectivity and permeance. While selectivity depends to a large extent on chemical nature of the selective polymer layer, permeance is often dominated by fluid dynamics next to the membrane interface. A well-known phenomenon in terms of diffusive transport limitation is concentration polarization. It occurs in both the stagnant boundary layer and the porous support. The latter is called internal concentration polarization. The more selective and permeable a material is, the more severe the impact of concentration polarization can be. As a result process optimization is an issue far beyond the mere optimization of the selective membrane layer. The accurate identification and quantification of the limiting resistances other than the selective layer is a major challenge. Hence we introduce a systematic characterization approach to de convolute the total mass transfer resistance. By combining single and mixed gas measurements, we quantify contributions of the selective skin, the porous support and the stagnant boundary layer. All tests were performed with a system comprising water vapor and air, with water vapor as the preferentially permeating component. Depending on process parameters, boundary layer resistance was found to be larger or in the same order of magnitude as the one of the selective layer. The influence of the porous substrate varied with the materials used. The methodology developed is important for humidification as well as dehydration processes, in particular for enthalpy exchangers in building ventilation systems. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 33]}
+{"token": "The consent of Isaac. Christian tradition insists that in the sacrifice of Isaac the sacrifice of Christ is foreshadowed. But how can this be? Christ consents to his treatment - Isaac does not. Jewish and Islamic authorities represent Isaac (or Ismail) rather differently and these representations, read alongside the Gospel accounts of Christ's Passion, suggest that there is unanimity among the Abrahamic faiths in rejecting the slaughter of innocents as a means of redeeming the world.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis. Equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis (EOTRH) is a progressive and painful disease syndrome that affects aged horses. It affects incisor, canine and infrequently cheek teeth, and is characterised by gingival inflammation, oedema and recession, calculus deposition, feed accumulation, subgingival swellings with or without associated draining tracts, bulbous enlargement of teeth, tooth mobility, associated periodontal disease, tooth fracture and/or tooth loss. The aetiology of EOTRH is likely to be multi-factorial. However, histopathological findings consistently suggest an aetiological contribution of initial biomechanical stresses and strains, followed by secondary involvement of micro-organisms. Diagnosis is based on clinical presentation, age and radiographic changes including lytic changes, widening or loss of the periodontal ligament, hypercementosis, tooth fracture and alveolar bone loss. Treatment of EOTRH is not currently possible, but the condition can be managed to some degree, quite successfully for many years in some cases. However, the disease is progressive and invariably results in extraction of the tooth or teeth involved. The prognosis is most probably guarded at best and poor in most cases; however, complete removal of affected teeth carries a good prognosis for an improved quality of life in the short to medium term.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "The Effects of School-Based Interventions for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Meta-Analysis 1996-2010. A meta-analysis evaluating the effects of school-based interventions for students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder was conducted by examining 60 outcome studies between 1996 and 2010 that yielded 85 effect sizes. Separate analyses were performed for studies employing between-subjects, within-subjects, and single-subject experimental designs. The overall mean effect sizes for dependent measures of behavior were positive and significant for within-subjects (0.72) and single-subject (2.20) designs, but not for between-subjects (0.18) designs. Mean effect sizes for academic outcomes were positive but not significant for between-subjects (0.43) and within-subjects (0.42) design studies, but were positive and significant for single-subject (3.48) design studies. Contingency management, academic intervention, and cognitive-behavioral intervention strategies were all associated with positive effects for academic and behavioral outcomes. Other moderators (e.g., school setting, publication status) are discussed along with implications for school-based management of students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and future treatment studies for this population.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Enhancement on the afterglow properties of Sr2MgSi2O7: Eu2+ by Er3+ codoping. The Sr1.99MgSi2O7: Eu-0.01(2+), and Sr1.97MgSi2O7: Eu-0.01(2+), R-0.02(3+) (R: Dy, Er) are synthesized via high temperature solid-state reaction. The sample without codoping shows the highest luminescent efficiency, leading to the strongest emission intensity. Both Dy3+ and Er3+ enhance the afterglow properties. Compared with Dy3+, sample doped with Er3+ shows a longer afterglow duration because of a deeper trap and it may be the optimum codopant for Sr2MgSi2O7: Eu2+ long afterglow phosphors. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 1, 32, 11]}
+{"token": "Verification of Reynolds stress parameterizations from simulations. We determine the timescales associated with turbulent decay and isotropization in closure models using anisotropically forced and freely decaying turbulence simulations and study the applicability of these models. We compare the results from anisotropically forced three-dimensional numerical simulations with the predictions of the closure models and obtain the turbulent timescales mentioned above as functions of the Reynolds number. In a second set of simulations, turning the forcing off enables us to study the validity of the closures in freely decaying turbulence. Both types of experiments suggest that the timescale of turbulent decay converges to a constant value at higher Reynolds numbers. Furthermore, the relative importance of isotropization is found to be about 2.5 times larger at higher Reynolds numbers than in the more viscous regime. (C) 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH&Co. KGaA, Weinheim", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Is the volume of the parathyroid gland a predictor of maxacalcitol response in advanced secondary hyperparathyroidism?. We evaluated the relationship between the volume of parathyroid glands estimated by ultrasonography (US) and response of 22-oxa calcitriol (Maxacalcitol, OCT) in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism (2HPT) to evaluate whether the volume can be a predictor of the OCT response. Eleven institutes participated in this study. Ninety-four patients with advanced 2HPT were enrolled. The volume of the parathyroid glands were estimated by US before and 6 months after OCT treatment. The response of OCT treatment was classified into three groups (Group A: i-PTH < 300 pg/mL; Group B: 300 pg/mL <= i-PTH < 500 pg/mL; Group C: i-PTH >= 500 pg/mL). Forty-eight patients were in Group A, 28 patients in Group B, and 18 patients in Group C. The PTH levels at the beginning and 6 months were 458.3-199.1 pg/mL (P < 0.0001) in Group A, 524.6-403.2 pg/mL (P = 0.007) in Group B and 736.7-613.6 pg/mL (ns) in Group C, respectively. The volume of the largest gland in Group B was significantly larger than that in Group A (96.2 vs. 343.2 mm(3): P < 0.001). Clinical factors affecting response of OCT was evaluated by logistic regression analysis and only the volume of the largest gland was a significant factor. In the patients whose volume was less than 300 mm(3), the OCT response was significantly effective. We conclude that the glandular volume of the largest parathyroid gland estimated by US can be a useful factor to predict the OCT response in patients with moderate or severe renal HPT.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Balancing acquisition and retention resources to maximize customer profitability. In this research, the authors present a modeling framework for balancing resources between customer acquisition efforts and customer retention efforts. The key question that the framework addresses is, \\\\'What is the customer profitability maximizing balance?\\\\' In addition, they answer questions about how much marketing spending to allocate to customer acquisition and retention and how to distribute those allocations across communication channels.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "The ties that bind or the ties that break: Examining the relationship between visitation and prisoner misconduct. Conclusions: Visitation may reduce inmate misconduct. Implications for future research, theory, and policy are discussed. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Methods: Using a cohort of offenders incarcerated in Florida between 2000 and 2002, group-based trajectory model analyses were used to identify groups of inmates based on their visitation and misconduct patterns. Dual trajectory analysis was used to then assess the extent to which the development of visitation and misconduct patterns are interrelated.Purpose: Prior theory and research suggest that inmate visitation can reduce misconduct in prison. However, prior studies have not accounted for the longitudinal and heterogeneous nature of these experiences. This paper addresses this research gap by examining variation in visitation experiences and the relationship between patterns of visitation and misconduct.Results: Visitation, and more consistent visitation in particular, is associated with less prison misconduct.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Electrical conduction mechanism of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) nanofiber bundles at low temperature. The nature of charge transport mechanism in poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) nanofiber bundles has been studied as a function of temperature, magnetic field and AC electric field. High-resolution transmission electron micrographs show the formation of nanofibers with an average diameter of 14 nm. X-ray diffraction analysis depicts the enhancement of polymer chains ordering with increasing dopant concentration. Analysis of the temperature dependence of resistivity reveals a three-dimensional variable range hopping electrical conduction mechanism in the synthesized nanofibers system. A large positive magnetoresistance has been observed at low temperature, which shows a decreasing trend with increasing temperature as well as dopant concentration. The high value of positive magnetoresistance at low temperature has been explained by the wave function shrinkage model. The decrease in frequency exponent s with increasing temperature suggests that the AC conduction takes place through correlated barrier hopping mechanism.", "label": [4, 1, 32, 11]}
+{"token": "All-solid-state continuous-wave yellow laser based on intracavity frequency-doubled self-Raman laser action. We report continuous-wave yellow emission from a compact Nd:YVO4 self-Raman laser with intra-cavity frequency-doubling in LBO, pumped by a 4.5 W high-brightness diode laser. A maximum yellow output of 140 mW was observed with an overall optical (diode-to-yellow) conversion efficiency of 4.4%, and with a high beam quality (M-2 similar to 1.2). A variety of different resonator configurations were investigated in order to achieve low threshold, highest output powers and efficiency, and to investigate amplitude stability.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Flow Behaviors of Polymer Solution in a Lid-Driven Cavity. In this work, a numerical study of polymer flow behaviors in a lid-driven cavity, which is inspired by the coating process, at a broad range of Oldroyd numbers (0 <= Od <= 50), is carried out. The Reynolds number is height-based and kept at Re = 0.001. The fluid investigated is of Carbopol gel possessing yield stress and shear-thinning properties. To express rheological characteristics, the Herschel-Bulkley model cooperated with Papanastasiou's regularization scheme is utilized. Results show that the polymer flow characteristics, i.e., velocity, viscosity, and vortex distributions, are considerably influenced by viscoplastic behaviors. Additionally, there exist solid-like regions which can be of either moving rigid or static dead types in the flow patterns; they become greater and tend to merge together to construct larger ones when Od increases. Furthermore, various polymer flow aspects in different cavity configurations are discussed and analyzed; the cavity width/aspect ratio and skewed angle are found to have significant impacts on the vortex structures and the formation of solid-like regions. Moreover, results for the critical aspect ratio at which the static dead zone is broken into two parts and the characteristic height of this zone are also reported in detail.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "E-box sites and a proximal regulatory region of the muscle creatine kinase gene differentially regulate expression in diverse skeletal muscles and cardiac muscle of transgenic mice. Previous analysis of the muscle creatine kinase (MCK) gene indicated that control elements required for transcription in adult mouse muscle differed from those required in cell culture, suggesting that distinct modes of muscle gene regulation occur in vivo. To examine this further, we measured the activity of MCK transgenes containing E-box and promoter deletions in a variety of striated muscles. Simultaneous mutation of three E boxes in the 1,256-bp MCK 5' region, which abolished transcription in muscle cultures, had strikingly different effects in mice. The mutations abolished transgene expression in cardiac and tongue muscle and caused a reduction in expression in the soleus muscle (a muscle with many slow fibers) but did not affect expression in predominantly fast muscles: quadriceps, abdominals, and extensor digitorum longus. Other regulatory sequences with muscle-type-specific activities were found within the 358-bp 5'-flanking region. This proximal region conferred relatively strong expression in limb and abdominal skeletal muscles but was inactive in cardiac and tongue muscles. However, when the 206-bp 5' enhancer was ligated to the 358-bp region, high levels of tissue-specific expression were restored in all muscle types. These results indicate that E boxes and a proximal regulatory region are differentially required for maximal MCK transgene expression in different striated muscles. The overall results also imply that within skeletal muscles, the steady-state expression of the MCK gene and possibly other muscle genes depends on transcriptional mechanisms that differ between fast and slow fibers as well as between the anatomical and physiological attributes of each specific muscle.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Fabrication and Characterization of Tricalcium Silicate Bioceramics with High Mechanical Properties by Spark Plasma Sintering. Bioactive tricalcium silicate ceramics (Ca(3)SiO(5)) were fabricated by spark plasma sintering (SPS), and their sinterability and mechanical properties were examined. The bioactivity and in vitro biocompatibility of Ca(3)SiO(5) ceramics were evaluated. Ca(3)SiO(5) ceramics show higher density and superior mechanical properties compared with those prepared by conventional pressureless sintering. In addition, hydroxyapatite was induced to form on the surface of Ca(3)SiO(5) ceramics when soaked in simulated body fluid and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were attached and spread well on the ceramics. Ca(3)SiO(5) ceramics fabricated by SPS possess excellent mechanical properties, bioactivity, and biocompatibility and are promising bone repaired materials.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "TNF-alpha stimulates monocyte adhesion to glomerular mesangial cells - The role of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 gene expression and protein kinases. TNF-alpha has been implicated in glomerular cell activation to produce adhesion molecules and monocyte chemoattractants associated with glomerular monocyte infiltration, This study examined the regulatory role of protein kinases and cAMP on TNF-alpha-induced intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression and monocyte adhesion to mesangial cells, Activation of mesangial cells with TNF-alpha induced ICAM-1 mRNA and protein expression. Mesangial cells preincubated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), a protein kinase C (PKC) activator, stimulated both the gene and protein expression of ICAM-1, Mesangial cell PKC depletion abolished ICAM-1 mRNA message, while activation with TNF-alpha did not inhibit ICAM-1 transcripts. Preincubation of mesangial cells with calphostin C did not affect TNF-alpha-induced mesangial cell ICAM-1 message, while it blocked PMA-induced ICAM-1 mRNA expression. Protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) inhibitors blocked TNF-alpha-mediated mesangial cell ICAM-1 transcripts, cAMP-generating substances (e.g., pertussis toxin, isoproterenol, or dibutyryl cAMP) did not induce mesangial cell ICAM-1 gene expression, However, incubation of mesangial cells with TNF-alpha and dibutyrl cAMP blocked TNF-alpha-induced ICAM-1 message, Finally, preincubation of mesangial cells with TNF-alpha increased monocyte adhesion that could be blocked by anti-ICAM-1. Parallel to ICAM-1 gene expression data, TNF-alpha-induced monocyte-mesangial cell adhesion was inhibited by PTK inhibitors, but was not regulated through either PKC or intracellular cAMP-associated pathways, These results suggest that increased ICAM-1 expression by TNF-alpha activation of mesangial cells is one of the major pathways involved in monocyte adhesion to the mesangium, a phenomenon presumably regulated by signal-transduction pathways dependent on PTK, but not PKC or cAMP.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "Measuring the informal economy: A validation study of the resource generating strategies scale. Objective: This article reports on the reliability and validity of a new instrument called the Resource Generating Strategies (RGS) Scale, which was created to measure participation in the informal economy. Method: Researchers interviewed 285 adult women who had received domestic violence services, were currently incarcerated, or were residing in the community. Results: Five subtypes of informal economic activity are identified: (a) informal selling and exchange, (b) credit card use, (c) institutionalized informal economy, (d) gifts or loans from family and partners, and (e) illegal informal economy. Strong evidence is found for reliability and validity. Conclusions: This scale can be used to expand the knowledge base of practitioners and policy makers about the strengths and economic coping strategies of low-income individuals.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Modeling of ash deposition in a pulverized-coal boiler by direct simulation Monte Carlo method. In this paper, a mathematical model of the fly ash deposition in a 660 MW supercritical once-through boiler was developed. The mechanism of particle-particle and particle-wall collisions has been considered. Particle collision is modeled by a direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method. Three submodels (impaction, thermophoresis, and sticking) were included in the mathematical model. In the ash deposition model, the critical velocity model was used to calculate the ash sticking rate during initial deposition, and the viscosity model was used for the outer layer deposition. An ash deposition probe was inserted into the peephole and ash deposits were collected. The morphology of these samples was analyzed using SEM. The deposit thickness and the distributions of adhesion particle size were obtained by mathematical model. The mean deposit thickness calculated by the DSMC method agreed with the value measured by the ash deposition probe with the relative error within 3.79%. The simulation results show that the deposition inner layer consists of fine particles less than 10 mu m in size and sticky fine particles were selectively captured during the initial deposition stage. The DSMC method may be a practical alternative for studies of ash deposit formation. (C) 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "Development of a methodology for in situ assessment of topsoil dry bulk density. A reliable, speedy and objective technique for in situ assessment of soil compaction in topsoil is needed. Penetrometer measurements to determine soil compaction are affected by several factors namely soil texture, moisture content (MC), organic matter content (OMC) and dry bulk density (BD), whereas core sampling method is laborious and time consuming. The aim of this study is to develop a methodology to predict BD as a function of MC, OMC, soil clay content (CLC) and penetration resistance (PR), aiming at the development of a reliable, cost, and time effective measurement system of field topsoil compaction indicated as BD. Laboratory and field tests were carried out using 570 soil samples collected from 20 fields in Czech Republic, Denmark, the Netherlands, and the UK to establish algorithms to predict BD as a function of PR, MC, OMC and CLC. These algorithms were created by means of multiple linear regression (MLR) and artificial neural network (ANN) methods.The results showed non-linear exponential relationships between PR, and all affecting independent parameters, e.g. BD, MC, OMC and CLC. Due to this non-linear relationship, MLR resulted in low prediction accuracy of BD with a determination coefficient (R-2) value between predicted and measured BD of 0.51 and a root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 0.13 Mg m(-3). The ANN enabled the prediction of BD with high accuracy with a high R-2 value of 0.81 and a low RMSEP of 0.11 Mg m(-3). This ANN model can now be used to assess topsoil BD in agricultural fields with similar texture, pedology and geological conditions to those considered in this work, provided that data on PR, MC, OMC and CLC are available. Based on these results, a portable measurement device with multiple sensors is currently under development to enable the measurement of MC, OMC, CLC and PR, and thus derive BD values with the ANN algorithm developed. It is hoped that the proposed methodology will replace existing methods such as the core sampling method and provide a quick and easy solution for in situ assessment of topsoil (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Occupational Socialization Processes of Classroom Teachers. Purpose: Occupational socialization is a process by which individuals internalize occupational culture. The aim of the present study was to ascertain the views and perceptions of classroom teachers regarding the efficiency of occupational socialization periods and the level of their occupational socialization, and to describe the same by sex and seniority variables. Research Methods: The sample of the study was comprised on 608 classroom teachers in service in Ankara province. The \\\\'Occupational Socialization Period Efficiency Scale\\\\' and \\\\'Occupational Socialization Level Scale\\\\' were developed by the researcher as data collection tools. Findings: The classroom teachers perceived the pre-service period as \\\\'mostly\\\\' efficient, and said period was perceived as the most efficient compared to the other occupational socialization periods. It was found that the classroom teachers with regard to the level of occupational socialization had high levels of perception. It was found as a result of multiple regression analysis that the induction period had no significant effect on the occupational socialization levels of the teachers. Implications for Research and Practice: The pre-service period was considered the most effective occupational socialization period by the classroom teachers. It was seen that classroom teachers had higher perception rates with respect to occupational socialization levels, and that female teachers had higher positive perception rates concerning occupational socialization levels compared to male teachers. The reasons of intersexual professional perception differences should be studied and precautions should be taken via activities at the faculty education level. (C) 2017 Ani Publishing Ltd. All rights reserved", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Parametric Experimentation of Output Efficiency of Vibration-Based Impact Mode Piezoelectric Power Generator. This paper evaluates the output efficiency and the frequency responses of a designed vibration-based impact mode piezoelectric power generator with additional interfaced plate. Indirect impact towards the piezoelectric disc is generated by sandwiching the interfaced plate between the piezoelectric disc and contact structure. The impact force can be varied by altering the bending stress of the beam. The output efficiency of the piezoelectric disc is found to increase about 87% by utilizing 1 mm thickness of the vibrating beam compared to 2 mm thickness. The output efficiency with the additional interfaced plate can harvest about 3 times higher than that of without the interfaced plate. In order to investigate the influence of the interfaced plate, two variables such as the interfaced plate's diameter and height are studied. It is confirmed from the experimental results that the output of the piezoelectric disc is to be inversely proportional to the height and also to the diameter of the interfaced plate.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Smoking topography, brand switching, and nicotine delivery: Results from an in vivo study. Objective: Exposure to toxins in tobacco smoke is influenced by how a cigarette is smoked. Cigarettes have been designed to allow for a range of puffing behavior and to provide different, nonlinear tar and nicotine yields in response to different puffing profiles. However, puffing behavior and its influence upon risk-exposure has yet to be assessed outside the laboratory, in smokers' natural environment.Conclusions: These findings provide strong evidence of behavioral compensation to low-yield cigarettes from in vivo measures of smoking behavior. The findings also show the importance of brand elasticity and smoking topography in predicting nicotine uptake and smoke exposure.Results: The findings show a high degree of stability in puffing behavior within the same subject over time but considerable variability between smokers. Smokers who were switched to a \\\\'low-yield\\\\' cigarette increased their total smoke intake per cigarette by 40% (P = 0.007), with no significant change in their salivary cotinine levels. Cigarettes smoked per day and nicotine yield were only weakly associated with salivary cotinine levels; however, salivary cotinine was strongly associated with a composite measure that included cigarettes per day, brand elasticity, and puffing behavior (sr = 0.61, P < 0.001).Method: Fifty-nine adult smokers used a portable device to measure smoking topography over the course of three 1-week trials. Participants were asked to smoke their usual \\\\'regular yield\\\\' brand through the device for trial 1 and again, 6 weeks later, at trial 2. Half the subjects were then randomly assigned to switch to a \\\\'low-yield\\\\' brand for trial 3.", "label": [2, 21, 23]}
+{"token": "Does discussion of family planning improve knowledge of partner's attitude toward contraceptives?. CONTEXT. Results from an analysis of 1998 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data from Kenya, where the approval rate of family planning is 90%, have cast doubt on the assumption that spousal discussion improves knowledge of partner's attitude toward family planning. However, it is not known whether this finding, also applies to contexts more typical of Sub-Saharan Africa, where approval is not as high.METHODS: DHS data from 21 Sub-Saharan African countries were used to assess the relationship between spousal discussion and correct reporting of partner's attitude toward family planning. Multivariate analyses of data from Chad were conducted to further examine this relationship in a setting where contraceptive approval was not high.CONCLUSIONS: Partner discussion does not necessarily mean an increase in knowledge of a partners contraceptive attitudes. Therefore, anticipated reductions in unmet need for contraception through improvement.; in spousal discussion may be overstated.RESULTS: In every country, the proportion of women correctly reporting their spouse's disapproval of contraception was smaller among those who had discussed family planning with their husband than among those who had never done so. However, in an analysis of Chad data that included women who did not know their husbands attitude toward contraception, proportions of women correctly citing their husband's attitude were larger if discussion had occurred than if it had not, regardless of the husband's actual approval status. In multivariate analyses of Chad data that controlled for women's demographic characteristics, discussion was positively associated with correct reporting of husband's approval, but negatively associated with correct reporting of his disapproval.", "label": [5, 47, 51]}
+{"token": "Electrogenic Binding of Ions at the Cytoplasmic Side of the Na+,K+-ATPase. Electrogenic binding of ions from the cytoplasmic side of the Na+,K+-ATPase has been studied by measurements of changes of the membrane capacitance and conductance triggered by a jump of pH or of the sodium-ion concentration in the absence of ATP. The pH jumps were performed in experiments with membrane fragments containing purified Na+,K+-ATPase adsorbed to a bilayer lipid membrane (BLM). Protons were released in a sub-millisecond time range from a photosensitive compound (caged H+) triggered by a UV light flash. The sodium concentration jumps were carried out by a fast solution exchange in experiments with membrane fragments attached to a solid-supported membrane deposited on a gold electrode. The change of the membrane capacitance triggered by the pH jump depended on the sodium-ion concentration. Potassium ions had a similar effect on the capacitance change triggered by a pH jump. The effects of these ions are explained by the their competition with protons in the binding sites on cytoplasmic side of the Na+,K+-ATPase. The approximation of the experimental data by a theoretical model yields the dissociation constants, K, and the cooperativity coefficients, n, of the binding sites for sodium ions (K = 2.7 mM, n = 2) and potassium ions (K = 1.7 mM, n = 2). In the presence of magnesium ions the apparent dissociation constants of sodium increased. A possible reason of the inhibition of sodium-ion binding by magnesium ions can be an electrostatic or conformational effect of magnesium ions bound to a separate site of the Na+,K+-ATPase close to the entrance to the sodium-ion binding sites.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Wave reflection in slightly compressible, finitely deformed elastic media. In this paper, the reflection of a plane wave at an incremeritally traction-free boundary of a half-space composed of nearly incompressible elastic material is considered. It is shown that two distinct cases exist, these being dependent on the underlying primary deformation. In the first case, the appropriate slowness sections are each approximately elliptical, and the corresponding reflection phenomena closely mirrors that associated with the corresponding linear isotropic theory. Specifically, an angular range of direction of incident wave exists, for which both a quasi-longitudinal and quasi-shear wave are reflected, the former being replaced by a surface wave outside this angular range. In the second case, the outer slowness section is re-enrant and, in addition to the scenarios previously mentioned, it is possible for two quasi-shear waves to be reflected. Numerical illustrations of reflection coefficients are presented in respect of a modified Varga material and the case of increasing bulk modulus is investigated.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "Making Sense of the Formula of Chalcedon: the Cappadocians and Aristotle in Leontius of Byzantium's Contra Nestorianos et Eutychianos. Leontius of Byzantium's treatise Contra Nestorianos et Eutychianos begins with a section in which the author demonstrates how the human nature in Christ can be real without being a second hypostasis. Leontius starts from the ontological model of the Cappadocians but modifies it radically when he complements the two sets of qualities that constitute 'nature' and 'hypostasis' with an unqualified substrate. Introduction of such a substrate, which the Cappadocians had rejected, ensured the reality of the human nature within the hypostasis of the Word because it served to anchor the set of human qualities, which when seen by themselves were considered to be a mere abstraction. With this new ontological framework Leontius could defend the formula of Chalcedon against its Nestorian and Monophysite detractors and also demonstrate that it did not violate the tenets of Aristotelian philosophy, which in the sixth century was regarded as a true reflection of the order of being.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "THE SITUATIONAL CONTEXT OF VIOLENT FEMALE OFFENDING. The study examines the elements involved in female perpetration of robbery and aggravated assault including motive, victim precipitation, victim-offender relationship, accomplices, precipitating circumstances, preparation, and use of weapons. The data suggest that there are clear underlying differences in the perpetration of violent crimes. They show that robbery is more frequently planned, more impersonal, and more instrumental than assault. Assault was clearly an impulsive criminal offense. However, it was not totally irrational. Each woman's actions were a function of the victim's behavior and the implications of that behavior for defending one's well-being or public self-concept. The data indicate that lifestyle factors (e.g., peer association, serious drug use) are associated with participation in robbery. The findings also suggest that the women's lifestyles and routine activities increased their probability of exposure to situations that were associated with more serious disputes. In addition to differences in the underlying motivation or meaning of violence, there appear to be different behavioral patterns within the study samples. Women involved in robbery, particularly those involved in both robbery and assault, were disproportionately involved in other criminal activities, particularly drug sales, and were more deeply entrenched in addictive drug use.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Open-shell characters and second hyperpolarizabilities for hexagonal graphene nanoflakes including boron nitride domains. The relationships between open-shell characters (y) and second hyperpolarizabilities (gamma) of hexagonal graphene nanoflakes including boron nitride domains (BN-HGNFs) are investigated using the long-range corrected spin-unrestricted density functional theory method. The y values are found to alternately decrease and increase with the BN-domain size in a similar manner to the antidot-size dependence of y in antidot HGNFs. It turns out that the variation of y significantly affects their gamma values in accordance with the y-gamma correlation: the largest gamma of the intermediate open-shell BN-HGNFs is about 3.5 times as large as that of the closed-shell analog. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 33, 32]}
+{"token": "Mathematical Knowledge for Teaching the Function Concept and Student Learning Outcomes. The purpose of this study was to examine the potential interrelationships between teachers' mathematical knowledge for teaching (MKT) the function concept and their students' learning outcomes of this concept. Data were collected from two teachers teaching in a vocational high school and their students through a function concept test for teachers and students, follow-up interviews with teachers, and classroom observations. Findings indicated that teachers' MKT and students' learning outcomes were related to a degree, but this relationship was not straightforward. The data suggested that the teachers' knowledge influenced the quality of their instructional practices, and the instructional practices played a mediating role in student learning. Different factors contributing to student learning were also evident.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Do Reelection Incentives Improve Policy Implementation? Accountability versus Political Targeting. Although re-election prospects can improve policy implementation by incumbents, they can also create incentives for politically-motivated targeting, which might jeopardize distributional efficiency. While existing empirical tests typically focus on these potential countervailing incentives in isolation, this paper analyzes their net effect in the context of Bolsa Familia (BF) in Brazil, using a regression discontinuity design and data on seven million households from the program's registry. The evidence supports political targeting over accountability: mayors with re-election incentives are four times more likely to include nonpoor, ineligible households in the policy. These results cannot be explained by higher effort in indiscriminate program expansion. On the contrary, evidence from both a survey with 11,000+ households and the heterogeneity in the estimates suggests that they reflect a breakdown on the information channels that lead the excluded poor to hold local administrations accountable. On the other hand, the included nonpoor are more likely to support incumbents in their re-election attempts, as they fear losing the benefit should the administration change. Finally, anomalous income reporting patterns also show that this electorally-driven targeting is more common for households enrolled by public servants politically connected to the mayor.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "LIMITS OF A SIMPLE-MODEL TO PREDICT YIELD LOSSES IN MAIZE. In order to estimate yearly variations and accuracy of prediction of maize yield losses due to weeds, we used supplementary maize individuals that mimic weeds and reduce the experimental variability. Biomass decrease at various growth stages and grain yield losses of maize were interpreted through regression analyses in terms of density and biomass of supplementary individuals. Comparison of losses due to weeds and supplementary maize does not allow the calculation of equivalent weed-maize density or biomass at the same competitive effect. In most cases regression curves obtained in maize-maize experiments were different from one year to another. The use of results from several trials, previously published, on the effect of plant spacing on maize yield over a number of years also showed a large variation in predicted values, which confirmed the inaccuracy of an empirical predictive model using weed density and biomass.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "The ordekburnu and Katumuwa Stelae: Some Reflections on Two Grabdenkmaler. The recent discovery of the Katumuwa Stele and the new edition of the ordekburnu Stele have invigorated the study of ancient Yadiya/SamMODIFIER LETTER RIGHT HALF RINGal, in particular the study of its Grabdenkmaler. This article will investigate some of the ways in which the two are mutually informing of one another. It will address some of the important interpretive difficulties in these monuments, especially as they bear on religion in that ancient polity.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Chaperone-like activities of the CsaA protein of Bacillus subtilis. The growth and protein export defects of Escherichia coli secA51(Ts) strains can be suppressed by the CsaA protein of Bacillus subtilis. The present studies indicate that this effect can be attributed to chaperone-like activities of CsaA. First. CsaA stimulated protein export in secB, groES and dnaJ mutant strains of E. coli. Second, CsaA suppressed the growth defects of dnaK. dnaJ and grpE mutants of E. coli. Third, and most importantly. CsaA exhibited chaperone-like properties by stimulating the reactivation of heat-denatured firefly luciferase in groEL, groES, dnaK and grpE mutant strains of E. coli, and by preventing the aggregation of heat-denatured luciferase in vitro. Thus. it seems that CsaA suppresses the growth and secretion defects of E. coli secA(Ts) strains either by improving the translocation competence of exported pre-proteins, thereby making them better substrates for mutant SecA proteins. or by stimulating the translocation activity of mutant SecA proteins.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "IN VITRO EVALUATION OF WHEAT STRAW VARIETIES FOR CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, GAS PRODUCTION AND DIGESTIBILITY. Straws of five wheat varieties viz, Raj3077, PBW373, PBW154, Raj3765 and LOK1 were evaluated for their chemical composition, in vitro digestibility and gas production. It was found that IVDMD and IVOMD content were higher in varieties PBW154 and Raj 3077 as compared to other varieties. The gas production/gm DM and gas production/gm digestible DM were significantly (P<0.05) higher in variety PBW 154. The gas production at 6(th) and 12(th) hrs of incubation did not vary significantly among the varieties where as, the gas production at 24(th) and 48(th) hrs were significantly (P<0.05) different. It was found to be highest for variety PBW 154 (21.75 and 37.33 ml at 24(th) and 48(th) hours respectively). For the wheat straw variety PBW 154, their exists a positive relation between the gas production and digestibility.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Comparison of multivariate methods for estimating selected soil properties from intact soil cores of paddy fields by Vis-NIR spectroscopy. The successful determination of soil properties by visible and near-infrared (Vis-NIR) reflectance spectroscopy (350-2500 nm) depends on the selection of an appropriate multivariate calibration technique. In this study, four multivariate techniques (principal components regression, PCR; partial least squares regression, PISA; back-propagation neural network, BPNN; and support vector machine regression, SVMR) were compared with the aim of rapidly and accurately predicting soil properties, including soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and total potassium (TK). A total of 148 intact soil cores (8.4 cm internal diameter and 40 cm long) collected from paddy fields in Yujiang, China were used as the dataset for the calibration-validation procedure. The Vis-NIR spectra were measured on flat, horizontal surfaces of soil core sections at four depths (i.e., 5, 10, 15, and 20 cm) in the laboratory. The coefficient of determination (R-2), root mean square error (RMSE), and residual prediction deviation (RPD) were used to evaluate the accuracy of the calibration models. Both the cross-validation and independent validation data sets showed that the SVMR models outperformed the BPNN, PCR, and PLSR models for SOM, TN, and TP predictions, whereas BPNN outperformed the other models for TK. Furthermore, BPNN and SVMR provided better performance than PCR and PLSR. The best predictions were obtained by the SVMR model for SOM (R-P(2) = 0.88; RMSEP = 4.87; RPDP = 2.84) and TN (R-P(2) = 0.86; RMSEP = 0.31; RPDP = 2.69), which were classified as good model predictions. The predictions of TP (R-P(2) = 0.76; RMSEP = 0.080; RPDP = 2.03) by SVMR were approximately quantitative predictions, whereas the TK (R-P(2) = 0.65; RMSEP = 3.54; RPDP = 1.65) prediction with BPNN was unsuccessful. Vis-NIR spectroscopy combined with SVMR has great potential to accurately determine the selected soil properties of intact soil cores of paddy fields.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Are the Parents Alright? Time in Self-Care in Same-Sex and Different-Sex Two-Parent Families with Children. Research on the well-being of children in same-sex families has proliferated over the past decade. Nevertheless, almost no research has focused on the impact that parenthood has on gay and lesbian parents who are raising children. This study aims to provide greater knowledge on the well-being of parents in same-sex families while also stimulating greater research efforts devoted to this important issue. As part of these efforts, we investigate the question of whether the time loss associated with caring for children has a greater impact on the amount of time gay and lesbian parents spend in self-care activities (e.g., sleep, socializing) that are linked to well-being than it does for parents in heterosexual relationships. Using data from the American Time Use Surveys (2003-2015) and a nationally representative sample, we find preliminary evidence that gay fathers suffer greater losses in time in self-care than fathers in heterosexual families, but lesbian mothers suffer fewer losses in self-care than mothers in heterosexual families.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "What do Patients Experience between Group Sessions during Inpatient Psychotherapy? An Application of the Inter-Session-Questionnaire in Psychotherapeutic Hospitals. The study describes an application of the Inter-Session-Questionnaire (ISF) related to inpatient group psychotherapy. The instrument should be tested with the extension of differentiating intersession experiences related to the person of the therapist as well as the group. In a cross sectional study performed in 13 different hospitals, 702 patients were assessed. These patients were treated in rehab hospitals, acute hospitals as well as special hospitals providing treatment for eating disorders. The sample should be relatively representative for psychosomatic and psychotherapeutic hospitals in Germany. Besides the type of the hospital, we also analysed the influence of group characteristics (size of group, type of group and number of completed sessions) as well as the patients' sex. Surprisingly, there were almost no marked differences of inter-session-experiences related to the the therapist or the group. The profiles of the item judgements of the ISF were similar to those reported for outpatient and day treatment samples. Inter-session-experiences differed in part according to our expectation depending on the variables mentioned above which suggests to use the ISF in specific studies dealing with the process and outcome of inpatient group psychotherapy as well as the differentiation of relevant subgroups.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Studying the Effect of the Process Temperature on the Degree of Bio-Oil Hydrotreatment at Low Hydrogen Contents over NiCu-SiO2 Catalyst with a High Metal Loading. The hydrotreatment of pyrolysis bio-oil by hydrodeoxygenation at 6.0 MPa initial hydrogen pressure in the temperature range of 150-350 degrees C and the presence of a NiCu-SiO2 catalyst synthesized using the sol-gel method is studied. The stability of the catalyst including the agglomeration of active component particles and the deposition of carbon on its surface is also investigated. It is shown that the content of oxygen in the products of the hydrotreatment of lignocellulose pyrolysis liquid decreases from 37 to 15 wt % upon an increase in the process temperature. Using a CHNS-O-analyzer, it is established that the amount of coke on the catalyst's surfaces at a temperature of 350 degrees C decreases by 4 times, compared with that formed at 150 degrees C. X-ray diffraction shows that increasing the process temperature results in the gradual agglomeration of particles with a subsequent reduction in their size at high temperatures due to the dissolution of active catalyst components in the reaction medium.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "Solution-processable ZnO nanoparticles obtained by low-temperature solventless synthesis. Carboxylate-capped zinc oxide nanoparticles are produced by a simple user-friendly solventless route. ZnO precursors are obtained by the intimate mixing of zinc acetate dihydrate and a carboxylic acid. Subsequent thermal treatment of the solid precursor at low temperature (90-120 degrees C) for 30-148 h leads to the elimination of the acetate as acetic acid and yields carboxylate-coated crystalline ZnO nanoparticles. The method gives excellent results with a great variety of acids, such as benzoic acid, phenylacetic acid, phenylvaleric acid or long chain carboxylic acids (f.i., lauric and 3,6,9-trioxadecanoic acids). The chemical structure of the carboxylic acid tail significantly determines several properties of the powdered nanocrystalline ZnO material, such as the morphology of the aggregates and their dispersibility in common solvents. Further, the easiness of the method to produce colloidal suspensions facilitates thin film deposition. Finally, deposited laurate-capped ZnO can be transformed into pure ZnO by short-time (15 min) UV light treatment.", "label": [4, 1, 33, 11]}
+{"token": "Social structural explanation. Social problems such as racism, sexism, and inequality are often cited as structural rather than individual in nature. What does it mean to invoke a social structural explanation, and how do such explanations relate to individualistic ones? This article explores recent philosophical debates concerning the nature and usages of social structural explanation. I distinguish between two central kinds of social structural explanation: those that are autonomous from psychology, and those that are not. This distinction will help clarify the explanatory power that each type of SSE has, points of convergence with methodological traditions such as critical theory and rational choice theory, and the difficulties that each type of SSE faces.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Covering cluster description of octagonal MnSiAl quasicrystals. A likely mechanism far the formation of quasicrystals is by maximally covering space with overlapping, stable atomic clusters. This notion is here applied to the experimentally determined layered structure of octagonal MnSiAl quasicrystals, which can be described in terms of a decoration of the octagonal Ammann-Beenker tiling. This decoration is abstractly represented by a two-color version of the tiling. The covering cluster of the quasicrystal corresponds to an octagonal covering patch of the colored tiling. This covering patch appears, in two variants with complementary colors. The three-dimensional quasicrystal has a centered octagonal translation module, and its space group is 18(4)/mcm.", "label": [4, 1, 32, 11]}
+{"token": "Evolvable hardware design based on a novel simulated annealing in an embedded system. The auto-design of electronic circuits for the next generation Information Technology (IT) computing environments is currently one of the most extensively studied issues in the field of evolvable hardware (EHW) architectures. It aims to improve the reliability and fault-tolerance of hardware systems using embedded techniques. As the scalability of logic circuits becomes larger and more complex nowadays, its auto-design is more and more difficult. In order to improve the efficiency and the capability of digital circuit auto-design, in this paper, a multi-objective simulated annealing (MSA)-based increasable evolution approach is proposed in an embedded system. First, an extended matrix encoding method is used to indicate the potential performance of a circuit. Therefore, the risk of deleting a circuit with a good developing potential during evolution can be reduced. Second, we consider each output of a digital circuit as an objective, and MSA is designed for digital logic circuits with gradual evolution scheme. In the process of evolution, each objective is evolved in parallel with adaptive mechanism of neighborhood and a performance evaluation. Finally, a framework of online evolution with macro-blocks is employed to implement MSA on a field-programmable gate array efficiently and securely. In our experiments, six arithmetic circuits are designed to assess the performance of MSA with gate-level and function-level approaches comparing to other algorithms. The comparison results show that our method is very efficient in the auto-design of EHW. Copyright (c) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Estimating causal effects of ballot order from a randomized natural experiment - The California alphabet lottery, 1978-2002. Randomized natural experiments provide social scientists with rare opportunities to draw credible causal inferences in real-world settings. We capitalize on such a unique experiment to examine how the name order of candidates on ballots affects election outcomes. Since 1975, California has randomized the ballot order for statewide offices with a complex alphabet lottery. Adapting statistical techniques to this lottery and addressing methodological problems of conventional approaches, our analysis of statewide elections from 1978 to 2002 reveals that, in general elections, ballot order significantly impacts only minor party candidates, with no detectable effects on major party candidates. These results contradict previous research, finding large effects in general elections for major party candidates. In primaries, however, we show that being listed first benefits everyone. Major party candidates generally gain one to three percentage points, while minor party candidates may double their vote shares. In all elections, the largest effects are for nonpartisan races, where candidates in first position gain three percentage points.", "label": [5, 47, 49]}
+{"token": "A Salamander tale: Relative abundance, morphometrics and microhabitat of the critically endangered Mexican salamander Pseudoeurycea robertsi (Taylor, 1939). Roberts' False Brook Salamander (Pseudoeurycea mbertsi) is a critically endangered plethodontid salamander, endemic to the Nevado de Toluca Volcano (NTV), Mexico. Little is known about the biology and ecology of this species, including its microhabitats. Thus, this study aimed to collect basic information about P robertsi. We sampled fourteen forested sites in the NTV; to corroborate the correct identification of the species we used genetic data, we assessed the variation in head morphometric measurements and dorsal colouration patterns amongst localities and the microhabitat features associated with P robertsi presence. Of the four potential salamander species, P robertsi was the most abundant (89.80%) and widely distributed (approximately within 130 km(2)) salamander in the NTV. We did not find significant variations in morphometiy; however, we found significant differences in dorsal patterns between populations (in the number and size of segments of the dorsal stripe). The average total length for 185 adults was 89.15 mm (38.7-117.9 mm); we found seven patterns of dorsal stripe. We found 98% of P. robertsi individuals under the bark of fallen logs in Abies religiosa and A. religiosa-Pinus sp. forests, with a higher number of detected salamanders in naturally-fallen logs than in cut logs (34% vs. 10%). Thus, keeping well-preserved A. religiosa forests and retaining fallen logs is essential to P. robertsi conservation.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Word clusters and reformulation markers in Chinese and English Implications for translation universal hypotheses. This article presents a corpus-based contrastive study of word clusters and reformulation markers in Chinese and English, and discusses the implications of the findings for translation universal hypotheses. The study is based on three balanced comparable corpora which represent British English, native Chinese and translational Chinese in addition to an English-Chinese parallel corpus which provides a basis for comparing native and translated English and investigating explicitation in translation. Our results show that word clusters are substantially more common in translated Chinese, suggesting a tendency in translations to use fixed and semi-fixed recurring patterns in an attempt to achieve improved fluency. The more frequent use of word clusters, especially those of high frequency and high coverage in translational Chinese, is also likely to be a result of the influence of the English source language because word clusters are significantly more prevalent in native English in relation to native Chinese. Chinese and English tend to use reformulation markers of different styles while on the other hand, reformulation markers are generally more common in both translated English and translated Chinese than in their native counterparts, suggesting that reformulation markers function as a strategy for explicitation in translations, which tend to use oral, stylistically simpler forms than non-translated texts.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Cultural capital in intercultural theatre A study of Pan Pan theatre company's The Playboy of the Western World. In 2006, the Dublin-based theatre company Pan Pan went to China to produce a Mandarin version of J.M. Synge's canonical Irish play The Playboy of the Western World. Director Gavin Quinn chose to set the adaptation in a hairdresser/massage parlour/brothel, on the outskirts of Beijing. He originally wanted the protagonist to hail from Xin-Jiang, China's troubled Sinomuslim province. In interview, he said he was advised against this for fear of Chinese state censorship. However, the Chinese translators, Yue Sun and Zhaohui Wang, suggest that the decision not to represent a Muslim protagonist had to do with ethnic sensitivities. In order to analyse this conflict, this article draws on translation sociology after Bourdieu, clarifying the functioning of the habitus, and formulating a global field of cultural production. It argues that analysis of intercultural processes focused on cultural capital can provide materially engaged insights into the power relations informing given intercultural situations.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "A fluorine-18 labeled radiotracer for PET imaging of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase in living subjects. The expression level of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) in some malignant tumors is often abnormally high, while its expression is low in normal tissues. Therefore, GGT is considered as a key biomarker for cancer diagnosis. Several GGT-targeting fluorescence probes have been designed and prepared, but their clinical applications are limited due to their shallow tissue penetration. Considering the advantages of positron emission tomography (PET) such as high sensitivity and deep tissue penetration, we designed a novel PET imaging probe for targeted monitoring of the expression of GGT in living subjects, ([F-18]gamma-Glu-Cys-PPG(CBT)-AmBF3)(2), hereinafter referred to as ([F-18]GCPA)(2). The non-radioactive probe (GCPA)(2) was synthesized successfully and [F-18]fluorinated rapidly via the isotope exchange method. The radiotracer ([F-18]GCPA)(2) could be obtained within 0.5 h with the radiochemical purity over 98% and the molar activity of 10.64 +/- 0.89 GBq mu mol(-1). It showed significant difference in cellular uptake between GGT-positive HCT116 cells and GGT-negative L929 cells (2.90 +/- 0.12% vs. 1.44 +/- 0.15% at 4 h, respectively). In vivo PET imaging showed that ([F-18]GCPA)(2) could quickly reach the maximum uptake in tumor (4.66 +/- 0.79% ID g(-1)) within 5 min and the tumor-to-muscle uptake ratio was higher than 2.25 +/- 0.08 within 30 min. Moreover, the maximum tumor uptake of the control group co-injected with the non-radioactive probe (GCPA)(2) or pre-treated with the inhibitor GGsTop decreased to 3.29 +/- 0.24% ID g(-1) and 2.78 +/- 0.32% ID g(-1) at 10 min, respectively. In vitro and in vivo results demonstrate that ([F-18]GCPA)(2) is a potential PET probe for sensitively and specifically detecting the expression level of GGT.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "The Pleasure Evoked by Sad Music Is Mediated by Feelings of Being Moved. Why do we enjoy listening to music that makes us sad? This question has puzzled music psychologists for decades, but the paradox of \\\\'pleasurable sadness\\\\' remains to be solved. Recent findings from a study investigating the enjoyment of sad films suggest that the positive relationship between felt sadness and enjoyment might be explained by feelings of being moved (Hanich et al., 2014). The aim of the present study was to investigate whether feelings of being moved also mediated the enjoyment of sad music. In Experiment 1, 308 participants listened to five sad music excerpts and rated their liking and felt emotions. A multilevel mediation analysis revealed that the initial positive relationship between liking and felt sadness (r = 0.22) was fully mediated by feelings of being moved. Experiment 2 explored the interconnections of perceived sadness, beauty, and movingness in 27 short music excerpts that represented independently varying levels of sadness and beauty. Two multilevel mediation analyses were carried out to test competing hypotheses: (A) that movingness mediates the effect of perceived sadness on liking, or (B) that perceived beauty mediates the effect of sadness on liking. Stronger support was obtained for Hypothesis A. Our findings suggest that - similarly to the enjoyment of sad films - the aesthetic appreciation of sad music is mediated by being moved. We argue that felt sadness may contribute to the enjoyment of sad music by intensifying feelings of being moved.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Agency influences on risk reduction and operating performance: An empirical investigation among strategic groups. The relationships between risk and performance were tested employing within and between analyses at the level of strategic groups in three different industries. As hypothesized, systematic risk did not exhibit a consistent relationship with performance. By contrast, all of the total correlations, the between-group correlations, and the within-group correlations of total risk with performance were in the hypothesized negative direction; These findings suggest that when risk-averse managers reduce total risk, the firm's earnings performance is enhanced. The hypothesized differences between strategic groups in total risk were evident primarily in the computer and pharmaceutical industries. Performance also differed across strategic groups in these two industries, as well as among airlines. Contrary to expectations, systematic risk also differed across strategic groups in all three industries. These ANOVA results indicate that differences in strategic profiles between strategic groups Engender differences in total risk, systematic risk, and performance. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Inc.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "Prayerful Dispossession and the Grammar of Thinking Theologically: Sarah Coakley and Gillian Rose. Gillian Rose's re-thinking of Hegel in the wake of twentieth century 'right' and 'left' wing Hegelianisms has offered occasion for a recovery of Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit as more than simply the narration of the way consciousness absorbs its objects, as textbook accounts often suggest. Rose's suggestion is that Hegel offers a program of radical criticism that destabilises the modern ego in speculative thought itself. Sarah Coakley's recent first volume, of a proposed four, of her systematic theology triangulating Trinity, prayer and dispossessive spiritual practices provides a fruitful dialogue partner for Rose's project in that Coakley offers a mode of thinking about prayer deeply attentive to the shape of spiritual discipline and it's relation to theological grammar. This paper contests that it is precisely in the non-objectivity of divine being, as thought by Rose and Coakley, that we find resources for conceptualising thinking itself as a dispossessive spiritual act. The theological and the spiritual (theory and praxis) cannot, therefore, be partitioned out without violence being done to the act of thinking itself.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Cream skimming? Evaluating the access to Punjab's public-private partnership programs in education. This paper seeks to evaluate the access to Public Private Partnership (PPP) schools by examining their geographic distribution and the factors that predict whether a child enrolls in a public, PPP, or private school in Punjab, Pakistan using multiple micro data sets. The analysis shows that PPP schools are located in districts where high shares of children are out-of-school, unlike public and private schools. The results indicate that while private school students are the most likely to belong to more affluent households and receive private tuition, there is no evidence that students enrolled in PPP schools come from more advantaged households than public school students. Girls are more likely to be enrolled in PPP schools than in public schools, while students enrolled in the New School Program seem to be the most disadvantaged amongst all PPP students.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Silence, in the Archives: Derrida's Other Marx(s). The idea that Derrida kept silent on Marx before the publication of Spectres de Marx, in 1993, has become a commonplace in Derrida studies and in the history of Marxism and French 20th century political thought. This idea has often been accompanied by a certain representation of the relationship (or absence thereof) between deconstruction and dialectical materialism, and fed the legend of deconstruction's \\\\'apoliticism\\\\' - at least before what some have called Derrida's \\\\'ethicopolitical turn\\\\', usually dated in the early 1990s. Against this narrative, this essay analyzes Derrida's notorious \\\\'silence on Marx\\\\' before Specters of Marx from the perspective of the archives. Archival research transforms the narrative: Derrida's \\\\'silence on Marx\\\\' was only \\\\'relative\\\\'. Beyond the scene of publications, archives reveal another scene: multiple engagements with Marx and Marxist thought, marked and remarked in many archival documents - more particularly in a series of early seminar notes from the 1960s and 1970s. How does this archival scene transform our interpretation of Derrida's \\\\'silence\\\\'?", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "The Cold War and Comparative Law: A Reflection on the Politics of Intellectual Discipline. How much does the current state of comparative legal studies owe to Cold War political imperatives? What happened to our discipline once such imperatives declined in the aftermath of the bipolar world? Comparative lawyers have been completely naive about the impact of the Cold War on their own discipline both as it reached maturity in the 1950s and as it developed after the fall of the Berlin Wall until now. This consequence of the professional depoliticization of comparative law is especially troublesome since the Cold War has accompanied in its entirety the historical moment in which the common law tradition, especially in its U.S. epiphany, has been able to conquer global legal hegemony. Thus, the current disciplinary knowledge of comparative law, the very toolkit of our methodology, has developed in the context of the Cold War confrontation and has reached full global dominance in its aftermath. It is worth thinking about possible implications of this context on the professional project of legal comparativism if we wish to maintain an acceptable level of critical understanding of ourselves.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "PEDIA: prioritization of exome data by image analysis. Conclusion: Image analysis by deep-learning algorithms can be used to quantify the phenotypic similarity (PP4 criterion of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics guidelines) and to advance the performance of bioinformatics pipelines for exome analysis.Results: The additional use of similarity scores from computer-assisted analysis of frontal photos improved the top 1 accuracy rate by more than 20-89% and the top 10 accuracy rate by more than 5-99% for the disease-causing gene.Purpose: Phenotype information is crucial for the interpretation of genomic variants. So far it has only been accessible for bioinformatics workflows after encoding into clinical terms by expert dysmorphologists.Methods: Here, we introduce an approach driven by artificial intelligence that uses portrait photographs for the interpretation of clinical exome data. We measured the value added by computer-assisted image analysis to the diagnostic yield on a cohort consisting of 679 individuals with 105 different monogenic disorders. For each case in the cohort we compiled frontal photos, clinical features, and the disease-causing variants, and simulated multiple exomes of different ethnic backgrounds.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Length scale and time scale effects on the plastic flow of fcc metals. We examine size scale and strain rate effects on single-crystal face-centered cubic (fee) metals. To study yield and work hardening, we per-form simple shear molecular dynamics simulations using the embedded atom method (EAM) on single-crystal nickel ranging from 100 atoms to 100 million atoms and at strain rate., ranging from 10(7) to 10(12) s(-1). We compare our atomistic simulation results with experimental data obtained from interfacial force microscopy (IFM). nano-indentation, micro-indentation and small-scale torsion. The data are found to scale with a geometric length scale parameter defined by the ratio of volume to surface area of the samples. The atomistic simulations reveal that dislocations nucleating at free surfaces are critical to causing micro-yield and macro-yield in pristine material. The increase of flow stress at increasing strain rates results from phonon drag, and a simple model is developed to demonstrate this effect. Another important aspect of this study reveals that plasticity as reflected by the global averaged stress-strain behavior is characterized by four different length scales: (1) below 10(4) atoms, (2) between 10(4) and 10(6) atoms (2 mum), (3) between 2 mum and 300 mum, and (4) above 300 mum. (C) 2001 Acta Materialia Inc. published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Characterization of VP22 in herpes simplex virus-infected cells. We examine biochemical characteristics of the herpes simplex virus.(HSV) tegument protein VP22 by gel filtration, glycerol sedimentation, and chemical cross-linking experiments and use time course radiolabeling and immunoprecipitation assays to analyze its synthesis and interaction with other infected-cell proteins. VP22 was expressed as a delayed early protein with optimal synthesis requiring DNA replication. In immunoprecipitation assays, VP22 was found in association with several additional proteins including VP16 and a kinase activity likely to be that of UL13. Furthermore, in sizing chromatography experiments, VP22 was present in several higher-order complexes in infected cells. From gel filtration analysis the major form of VP22 migrated with a molecular mass of approximately 160 kDa, consistent with its presence as a tetramer, or a dimer complexed with other proteins, with a fraction of the protein migrating at larger molecular mass. In vitrosynthesized VP22 sedimented in a size range consistent with a mixture of tetramers and dimers. Short N- or C-terminal deletions resulted in migration almost exclusively as dimers, indicating that VP22, in the absence of additional virus-encoded proteins, could form higher-order assemblies, most likely tetramers, but that both N-and C-terminal determinants were required for stabilizing such assemblies. Consistent with this we found that isolated proteins encompassing either the N-terminal or C-terminal region of VP22 sedimented as dimers, and that the purified C-terminal domain could be cross-linked into dimeric structures. These results are discussed with regard to possible virus and host interactions involved in VP22 recruitment into virus particles.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Foraging navigation of hornets studied in natural habitats and laboratory experiments. Hornets seem to use multiple navigational cues for visiting a familiar feeding place. They could orient towards the feeding place immediately after they rose in air from the nest without directly viewing the feeder. They could visit the feeding place after dark at a luminosity 8 lux. These data suggest that they can navigate for some distance with few external cues. Hornets also seem to rely on visual cues for their mid-range navigation. They used some structures on their way as navigational landmarks to negotiate. Individual hornets are supposed to have their own landmarks. Olfactory cues seem to be used to find a new feeding place or to recruit other member. In the approach flight hornets seemed to use multiple visual cues such as the visual characteristics of the feeder and the wider scenery around the feeder. Even if the feeder in training was removed during the test, they flew with a smooth course as if they were pin-pointing the missing feeder, but without sitting on the ground. Hornets learnt how to fly to reach the feeder without external cues after passing by the last visual landmark under conditions with extremely poor visual cues.Foraging flights have been studied in three species of hornets (Vespa mandarinia, V simillima and V analis) in the field and the laboratory.The present work suggests that hornets retain multiple navigational cues during repeated foraging behavior, and which cues they use seems to depend upon environmental conditions.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Operational sex ratio predicts the opportunity and direction of sexual selection across animals. The operational sex ratio (OSR) has long been assumed to be a key ecological factor determining the opportunity and direction of sexual selection. However, recent theoretical work has challenged this view, arguing that a biased OSR does not necessarily result in greater monopolisation of mates and therefore stronger sexual selection in the mate-limited sex. Hence, the role of the OSR for shaping animal mating systems remains a conundrum in sexual selection research. Here we took a meta-analytic approach to test whether OSR explains interspecific variation in sexual selection metrics across a broad range of animal taxa. Our results demonstrate that the OSR predicts the opportunity for sexual selection in males and the direction of sexual selection in terms of sex differences in both the opportunity for sexual selection and the Bateman gradient (i.e. the selection differential of mating success), as predicted by classic theory.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Phenolic concentrations of brown seaweeds and relationships to nearshore environmental gradients in Western Australia. Phenolic compounds are found in all brown macroalgae and function as cell wall structure, UV protection and as herbivore deterrents. The concentrations of phenolic compounds vary among taxa and between temperate and tropical ecosystems. Australasia has high concentrations of soluble phenolics compared to other regions. Presently, relationships between phenolic concentrations and environmental gradients are unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine the soluble phenolic concentrations of brown seaweeds along temperate and tropical ecosystems of the Western Australia coastline. We tested the hypothesis that phenolic concentrations are related to local and broad-scale abiotic environmental gradients. Strong environmental gradients of coastal Western Australia provided the opportunity to characterize phenolic compounds across one large gradient. Phenolic concentrations of brown seaweeds at seven study locations varied across latitude with higher concentrations found at higher latitudes and were comparable to seaweeds from similar latitudes in Australia. This trend coincided with a negative relationship between photosynthetically active radiation and phenolic compounds, and a positive relationship with salinity. We also found phenolic concentrations were positively related to salinity in tropical Shark Bay but this was dependent on species. Environmental conditions are important in regulating concentrations of phenolic compounds. Multiple factors influence the concentrations of macroalgal phenolic compounds creating unique distributions among geographical regions. This study highlighted the importance of considering multiple factors when studying phenolic ecology and suggests photosynthetically active radiation and salinity as important drivers of phenolic compound distribution in Western Australia.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "Spectrum of free-form Sudoku graphs. A free-form Sudoku puzzle is a square arrangement of m x m cells such that the cells are partitioned into m subsets (called blocks) of equal cardinality. The goal of the puzzle is to place integers 1,...,m in the cells such that the numbers in every row, column and block are distinct. Represent each cell by a vertex and add edges between two vertices exactly when the corresponding cells, according to the rules, must contain different numbers. This yields the associated free-form Sudoku graph. This article studies the eigenvalues of free-form Sudoku graphs, most notably integrality. Further, we analyze the evolution of eigenvalues and eigenspaces of such graphs when the associated puzzle is subjected to a 'blow up' operation, which scales the cell grid including its block partition.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Embeddings of quandles into groups. In this paper, we introduce the new construction of quandles. For a group G and a subset A of G we construct a quandle Q(G, A) which is called the (G, A)-quandle and study properties of this quandle. In particular, we prove that if Q is a quandle such that the natural map Q -> G(Q) from Q to the enveloping group GQ of Q is injective, then Q is the (G, A)-quandle for an appropriate group G and a subset A of G. Also we introduce the free product of quandles and study this construction for (G, A)-quandles. In addition, we classify all finite quandles with enveloping group Z(2).", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Some Preliminaries to Global Law and Human Rights. The article considers the relationship between economic globalisation and the universalisation of legal human rights obligations.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Analysis of Dot/Icm Type IVB Secretion System Subassemblies by Cryoelectron Tomography Reveals Conformational Changes Induced by DotB Binding. Type IV secretion systems (T4SSs) are sophisticated nanomachines used by many bacterial pathogens to translocate protein and DNA substrates across a host cell membrane. Although T4SSs have important roles in promoting bacterial infections, little is known about the biogenesis of the apparatus and the mechanism of substrate transfer. Here, high-throughput cryoelectron tomography (cryo-ET) was used to visualize Legionella pneumophila T4SSs (also known as Dot/Icm secretion machines) in both the whole-cell context and at the cell pole. These data revealed the distribution patterns of individual Dot/Icm machines in the bacterial cell and identified five distinct subassembled intermediates. High-resolution in situ structures of the Dot/Icm machine derived from subtomogram averaging revealed that docking of the cytoplasmic DotB (VirB11-related) ATPase complex onto the DotO (VirB4-related) ATPase complex promotes a conformational change in the secretion system that results in the opening of a channel in the bacterial inner membrane. A model is presented for how the Dot/Icm apparatus is assembled and for how this machine may initiate the transport of cytoplasmic substrates across the inner membrane.IMPORTANCE Many bacteria use type IV secretion systems (T4SSs) to translocate proteins and nucleic acids into target cells, which promotes DNA transfer and host infection. The Dot/Icm T4SS in Legionella pneumophila is a multiprotein nanomachine that is known to translocate over 300 different protein effectors into eukaryotic host cells. Here, advanced cryoelectron tomography and subtomogram analysis were used to visualize the Dot/Icm machine assembly and distribution in a single L. pneumophila cell. Extensive classification and averaging revealed five distinct intermediates of the Dot/Icm machine at high resolution. Comparative analysis of the Dot/Icm machine and subassemblies derived from wild-type cells and several mutants provided a structural basis for understanding mechanisms that underlie the assembly and activation of the Dot/Icm machine.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Electrochemical characterization and corrosion behavior of an Fe-Mn-Si shape memory alloy in simulated concrete pore solutions. The corrosion behavior of an Fe-17Mn-6Si-10Cr-4Ni-1(V, C) shape memory alloy was investigated using electrochemical methods with regard to its applications as reinforcing element in pre-stressed concrete structures. The alloy was tested in three kinds of simulated concrete pore solutions, and open circuit potential and linear polarization resistance were monitored with and without chloride addition. The results were compared with a reference material of conventional structural steel, so called S500 (EN 10149 PT2 standard). It is shown that the shape memory alloy has superior corrosion resistance than the reference material steel S500, and, therefore, can be used as pre-stressed reinforcing element in concrete without any serious corrosion problem. Several practical issues that can influence the corrosion behavior of the alloy in its use of pre-stressing reinforcements, such as the effects of strain and surface oxidation by heating, have been also discussed through the electrochemical tests in the simulated concrete pore solutions.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Does Perioperative Testosterone Predict Post-Prostatectomy Genomic Risk Score?. Materials and Methods: We included patients who underwent radical prostatectomy (2013-2018) and had adverse pathological features in their final surgical specimens (positive margin, and/or pT3a or higher). The outcome of interest was the genomic risk score: low (<0.45), intermediate (0.45-0.6) and high (>0.6). The associations between serum testosterone level and 188 gene expressionbased signatures were examined. Secondary outcomes of interest included biochemical recurrence and receipt of secondary treatment.Results: The median genomic risk score was lower in the low testosterone group compared to the intermediate and normal testosterone groups (0.38 vs 0.52 vs 0.53, respectively; p=0.049). There was no difference in biochemical recurrencefree survival between the 3 testosterone groups (p=0.9). Patients with low testosterone levels had higher odds of receiving secondary treatment (OR: 2.27; 95% CI: 1.14-4.50; p=0.02) than those with normal levels. A total of 43 (of 188) gene expression signatures were associated with testosterone level (p <0.05). In total, 33 signatures were positively associated with serum testosterone levels, including 12 signatures involved in DNA repair pathways.Conclusions: This is the first study to assess the correlation of preoperative testosterone level on the tumor transcriptome and showed no clinical correlation between pre-defined genomic risk score groups and testosterone groups. This study adds to the notion of the limited role of endogenous testosterone on the development of de novo high-risk localized prostate cancer.Purpose: The role of endogenous testosterone in de novo prostate cancer pathogenesis in humans remains unclear. The effect of testosterone on the tumor genome is not explored. We sought to explore the correlation between perioperative testosterone level and genomic risk score in a cohort of men who underwent radical prostatectomy.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Using the GOCE star trackers for validating the calibration of its accelerometers. A method for validating the calibration parameters of the six accelerometers on board the Gravity field and steady-state Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE) from star tracker observations that was originally tested by an end-to-end simulation, has been updated and applied to real data from GOCE. It is shown that the method provides estimates of scale factors for all three axes of the six GOCE accelerometers that are consistent at a level significantly better than 0.01 compared to the a priori calibrated value of 1. In addition, relative accelerometer biases and drift terms were estimated consistent with values obtained by precise orbit determination, where the first GOCE accelerometer served as reference. The calibration results clearly reveal the different behavior of the sensitive and less-sensitive accelerometer axes.", "label": [4, 35, 36]}
+{"token": "Socialisation or Institutional Context: What Determines the First and Second Birth Behaviour of East-West German Migrants?. In the more than two decades since German reunification, a convergence of total fertility rates in the eastern and western parts of the country has occurred. However, east-west differences remain in the timing, number, and spacing of births. The aim of this paper was to gain a better understanding of the relative importance of cultural norms and institutional contexts in the persistence of these differences by examining the fertility behaviour patterns of east-west migrants. Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel for the years 1990-2011, and applying event history modelling, the first and second birth behaviour patterns of female east-west German migrants are compared to those of the non-mobile populations in the eastern and western parts of the country. The migrants' first and second birth risks were found to lie between those of non-mobile eastern and western Germans. It is known that migrants are a selected group with respect to their socio-economic characteristics, value orientations, and partners' characteristics. This selectivity appears to explain the second birth behaviour of migrants. For first births, the differences between the migrants and the eastern Germans were shown to be even greater after controlling for selective characteristics. For both birth orders, there is evidence for socialisation and adaptation effects, but not for progressive adaptation over time. The effect of an east-west migrant being partnered with a western German was accounted for, but did not seem to accelerate adaptation.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Women's status in a rural Chinese setting. This study extends the literature by identifying two new dimensions of rural women's status (husband's housework sharing and women's exposure to the larger world, in addition to power and autonomy) based on rich information from a representative sample of 1,062 childbearing women in rural Yunnan, China. It utilizes linear structural relations models to operationalize and analyze variations in women's status. The findings show that women's status is multi-dimensional and cannot be captured under a single index. Female literacy and family socioeconomic status are positively associated with women's status, whereas the extended household structure and spousal age differences have a negative effect on women's status. Minority women and women from the plains area enjoy greater equality in housework sharing than the Han women and those from hilly villages. Han Chinese women and those residing in the plains area enjoy greater decision-making power than minority women and women residing in mountainous areas.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Efficient estimation of SNP heritability using Gaussian predictive process in large scale cohort studies. Author summaryIn recent years, there is an increased interest of estimating heritability from genome-wide SNP data in large scale cohort studies. Here, we propose the PredLMM, a computationally rapid and memory-efficient linear mixed model for heritability estimation. The proposed approach can estimate SNP heritability on Biobank-scale datasets in a fraction of time compared to the existing mixed model based approaches. Along with the extensive simulations illustrating the precision and robustness of the PredLMM, we have also estimated heritability of several anthropometric traits from the UK Biobank cohort.With the advent of high throughput genetic data, there have been attempts to estimate heritability from genome-wide SNP data on a cohort of distantly related individuals using linear mixed model (LMM). Fitting such an LMM in a large scale cohort study, however, is tremendously challenging due to its high dimensional linear algebraic operations. In this paper, we propose a new method named PredLMM approximating the aforementioned LMM motivated by the concepts of genetic coalescence and Gaussian predictive process. PredLMM has substantially better computational complexity than most of the existing LMM based methods and thus, provides a fast alternative for estimating heritability in large scale cohort studies. Theoretically, we show that under a model of genetic coalescence, the limiting form of our approximation is the celebrated predictive process approximation of large Gaussian process likelihoods that has well-established accuracy standards. We illustrate our approach with extensive simulation studies and use it to estimate the heritability of multiple quantitative traits from the UK Biobank cohort.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "The prevalence, risk factors, and clinical characteristics of insulin resistance in Chinese patients with schizophrenia. Background: Studies have shown that patients with schizophrenia are at a high risk of developing insulin resistance (IR). We investigated the prevalence of IR and its clinical correlates in hospitalized Chinese patients with schizophrenia.Methods: A total of 193 patients with schizophrenia (113 males and 80 females) were recruited for the study. We collected their demographic and clinical data, including data on their plasma glucose and lipid levels. All patients were rated using the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) to assess cognitive function, while Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) was used to assess psychopathology. The cut-off value for the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was set at 1.7.Conclusion: We found a high prevalence of IR and its risk factors in Chinese patients with schizophrenia. Active weight control to reduce the BMI and waist circumference and reducing the number of cigarettes consumed, may be essential to decrease the incidence of IR in patients with schizophrenia. (C) 2019 Published by Elsevier Inc.Results: The prevalence of IR was 37.82% (73/193). The IR patients had significantly higher waist-to-hip ratio and body mass index (BMI), and higher fasting plasma glucose (FPG), triglyceride (TG), and low density lipoprotein (LDL) levels compared to non-IR patients (all p < .05). Binary logistic regression analysis showed that smoking, BMI, and TG and LDL levels are significant predictors of IR In addition, correlation analysis showed that IR was significantly correlated with the waist-to-hip ratio, BMI, and LDL level (Bonferroni corrected p < .05). The multivariable linear regression analysis indicated that the BMI and FPG are associated with the IR index. There was no significant difference in IR index between patients who were taking different antipsychotics.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Vibration analysis of tapered composite beams using a higher-order finite element. Part I: Formulation. Tapered composite beams are increasingly being used in various engineering applications such as helicopter yoke, robot arms and turbine blades. The objective of the present work is to conduct an investigation of the free undamped vibration response of such tapered composite beams, using the finite element method. Conventional cubic Hermitian finite element formulation requires a large number of elements to obtain reasonably accurate results in the analysis of tapered laminated beams. Since the continuity of curvature at element interfaces cannot be guaranteed with the use of conventional formulation, the stress distribution across the thickness is not continuous at element interfaces. The material and geometric discontinuities at ply drop-off locations leads to additional discontinuities in stress distributions. As a result, efficient and accurate calculation of natural frequencies becomes very difficult. In order to overcome these limitations, a higher-order finite element formulation is developed in Part I of the present work. The stiffness coefficients of the tapered laminated beam are determined based on the stress and strain transformations and classical laminate theory. In Part II of the present work, the developed formulation is used for the free undamped vibration analysis of various types of tapered composite beams and a parametric study is conducted. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 11, 12]}
+{"token": "Linking together reservation systems and remote labs. In the technical track of a new remote labs project called Labs on line, we will look at the linking of two reservation systems for remote labs. Instead of integrating both systems into one new system we are exploring possibilities of designing a generic interface for remote lab reservation systems.By using this approach organizations will be able to keep and manage their own reservation systems while linking them with the labs of other organizations. This is a very flexible and scalable solution, both from a technological point of view as from an organizational point of view. Individual implementations can thus be customized and integrated with other systems without affecting existing reservation systems.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Mortality among birds and bats during an extreme heat event in eastern South Africa. Heat-related mortality events involving birds and bats are projected to occur more frequently as a result of anthropogenic global heating. Reports of mass mortalities associated with extreme heat have, over the last decade, mostly involved Australian birds and pteropodid flying-foxes. Here, we report a mortality event involving similar to 110 birds and fruit bats in eastern South Africa in early November 2020 when maximum air temperatures (T-max) reached 43-45 degrees C and relative humidities were 21-23%. The mortalities included 47 birds of 14 species, all but three of which were passerines, and similar to 60 Wahlberg's epauletted fruit bats (Epomophorus wahlbergi). This mortality event occurred on a single very hot day preceded by several cooler days (T-max = 37-39 degrees C at one location) and involved weather conditions similar to those associated with at least one recent flying-fox die-off in Australia. The disproportionately high representation of passerines among the avian mortalities supports recent predictions that songbirds are more vulnerable to lethal hyperthermia on account of the relative inefficiency of panting as an avenue of evaporative heat dissipation. As far as we are aware, this is the first documented heat-related mortality event involving wild birds and bats in southern Africa.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Review of systems for monitoring curd setting during cheesemaking. This paper reviews the current state of development of various techniques for monitoring coagulum formation in cheesemaking, and the implications of recent research findings. The techniques, which have become available for on-line use on modern cheese vats include hot wire probes, vibrating probes and several types of optical probe. Recent research has focused on comparing the various techniques against a background of cheese manufacture from milk with seasonal variation. The findings indicate that on-line techniques can improve the consistency of coagulum at cutting in a modern cheese factory.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Thoughts on Klumpenhouwer networks and Perle-Lansky cycles. As strongly suggested by George Perle, every Klumpenhouwer network (K-net) can indeed (essentially) be embedded in a 'Perle-Lansky Cycle' (or, simply, 'Lansky Cycle'), a generalization of the Perle cycles basic to Perle's theories of Twelve-Tone Tonality. This enables the K-nets to be transformed by certain spatial operations idiomatic to the nature of Perle's cycles. On the other hand, PL-cycles can be themselves regarded as certain species of K-nets, and that enables their graphs to be interrelated and organized, in certain contexts, by operations of 'isography', operations idiomatic to K-net theory that are particularly well adapted both to building and examining transformational structures at various hierarchic levels and to exploring in particular any recursive features of such structuring. By way of approach to these theoretical topics, analytic observations are made about passages from Webern and Schoenberg. The analyses demonstrate sorts of observations idiomatic to K-net theory as well as observations idiomatic to Perle-cycle theory.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Examining patient perceptions of service quality in Turkish hospitals: The SERVPERF model. Patient perceptions of service quality have become a critical component in measuring quality of care and healthcare services. The SERVPERF model of measurement for customer perception was used to measure hospital service quality in Turkey to study patients' perceived level of quality of services offered and to analyze the predictors of service quality in terms of the dimensions and items of the SERVPERF model. The five dimensions considered were tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, empathy, and assurance. Cross-sectional surveys were completed by 972 inpatients to determine perceived quality. Positive and significant relations were identified among the service quality dimensions. The most significant correlation was between reliability and responsiveness. The logistic regression model used indicated that all dimensions of SERVPERF were a significant predictor for high levels of overall service quality. In this study, service quality and its measures were analyzed in a state hospital located in a development priority area in Turkey. The findings indicate all 5 dimensions of SERVPERF model are significantly related to overall service quality as well as the indicators of high service quality. The findings present several measurement implications of service quality in healthcare. The study is limited to the sample from in-inpatient care departments in a single public hospital in Turkey. However, the results of this study provide significant applications for the government procedures in measuring service quality in hospitals.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "An Object that Belongs to No One Theorizing performativity in relation to trans. In An Object That Belongs to No One: Theorizing Performativity in Relation to Trans-, Tawny Andersen suggests that the ubiquitous, yet little understood, concept of performativity might best be elucidated in relation to the notion of trans-. Andersen sets the stage by contextualizing performativity within its accompanying cultural turn. Next, she reviews performativity's intellectual history by means of a brief summary of the seminal texts of its major theorists (J.L. Austin, Jacques Derrida and Judith Butler). From here, she moves on to tease out the structural ties between performativity and trans- in order to question how the latter term might contribute to a deeper understanding of the former. In so doing, she advances the following hypotheses: 1) performativity is transdisciplinary; 2) performativity is not a transcendental signifier; 3) perfomativity is implicated in processes of transposition, transgression and transformation; 4) performativity transcends the series of dialectical oppositions that define it.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Prediction of joint herbicide action by biomass and chlorophyll a fluorescence. P>The joint effect of binary mixtures of the 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase inhibitor isoxaflutole with glyphosate and metribuzin on Beta vulgaris was analysed with dose-response curves. The hypothesis was to test divergence from the Additive Dose Model (ADM), as a reference model. The Fvj parameter [(Fm - Fj)/Fm] and two new parameters, based on the slope at the J and the I step of the Kautsky curve, measured 2 days after spraying, and biomass 3 weeks after spraying, were used as responses. Synergistic effects of mixtures of isoxaflutole with numerous herbicides have been patented and were thus the working hypothesis. The shapes of isoboles, a contour plot of all mixtures of two herbicides that give the same effect, was variable, but the results of the mixtures with isoxaflutole, however, did not show statistically significant departure from the ADM. This applies to all endpoints: biomass and the Kautsky curve parameters, Fvj, Slope-I and Slope-J. The variability of isobole shapes is discussed, as is the use of statistical assessment of isobole parameters. The parameters from the Kautsky curves after 48 h predicted the isobole just as well as biomass after 20 days and could be used as a rapid scan for the divergence of joint action of mixtures from the ADM, long before visible symptoms develop.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Core academic literacy principles versus culture-specific practices: a multi-case study of academic achievement. This multi-case study compares how three culturally distinct groups of undergraduates (Mainstream USA, Catalans, Latino immigrants to the USA) interact with course content to achieve academically. Analysis of interviews and documents reveals four informational operations-exposure, extraction, manipulation, and display-used to move content from sources to assessment. Regardless of cultural background, the more successful students interrelated these operations using an approach we call \\\\'planned information management.\\\\' This involves appreciating the character of course content, anticipating the informational demands of assignments, and grasping how to order the operations to display information on assessments to receive high grades. Less successful students adopted a \\\\'simple information processing\\\\' approach that relies heavily on exposure and focuses on facts. Cultural differences appear limited to attitudes towards learning and means of learning. Mainstream US students judged content on an individualistic utilitarian value system. Catalans assumed a socially constructed fact-centered one. The immigrants showed a high degree of dependence on teachers to guide their learning. Attitudes towards text were also split with both US groups favoring lectures over reading and appreciating instruction in writing and the Catalans favoring reading but resisting writing instruction. (C) 2002 The American University. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Rapid Detection of Candida albicans by Polymerase Spiral Reaction Assay in Clinical Blood Samples. Candida albicans is the most common human yeast pathogen which causes mucosal infections and invasive fungal diseases. Early detection of this pathogen is needed to guide preventative and therapeutic treatment. The aim of this study was to establish a polymerase spiral reaction (PSR) assay that rapidly and accurately detects C. albicans and to assess the clinical applicability of PSR-based diagnostic testing. Internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2), a region between 5.8S and 28S fungal ribosomal DNA, was used as the target sequence. Four primers were designed for amplification of ITS2 with the PSR method, which was evaluated using real time turbidity monitoring and visual detection using a pH indicator. Fourteen non-C, albicans yeast strains were negative for detection, which indicated the specificity of PSR assay was 100%. A 10 fold serial dilution of C. albicans genomic DNA was subjected to PSR and conventional polimerase chain reaction (PCR) to compare their sensitivities. The detection limit of PSR was 6.9 pg/mu l within 1 h, 10-fold higher than that of PCR (69.0 pg/mu l). Blood samples (n = 122) were collected from intensive care unit and hematological patients with proven or suspected C. albicans infection at two hospitals in Beijing, China. Both PSR assay and the culture method were used to analyze the samples. Of the 122 clinical samples, 34 were identified as positive by PSR. The result was consistent with those obtained by the culture method. In conclusion, a novel and effective C. albicans detection assay was developed that has a great potential for clinical screening and point-of-care testing.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Incumbent Tenure Crowds Out Economic Voting. Does the importance of the economy change during a government's time in office? Governments arguably become more responsible for current economic conditions as their tenure progresses. This might lead voters to hold experienced governments more accountable for economic conditions. However, voters also accumulate information about governments' competence over time. If voters are Bayesian learners, then this growing stock of information should crowd out the importance of current economic conditions. This article explores these divergent predictions about the relationship between tenure and the economic vote using three datasets. First, using country-level data from a diverse set of elections, the study finds that support for more experienced governments is less dependent on economic growth. Secondly, using individual-level data from sixty election surveys covering ten countries, the article shows that voters' perceptions of the economy have a greater impact on government support when the government is inexperienced. Finally, the article examines a municipal reform in Denmark that assigned some voters to new local incumbents and finds that these voters responded more strongly to the local economy. In conclusion, all three studies point in the same direction: economic voting decreases with time in office.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Jejuia pallidilutea gen. nov., sp nov., a new member of the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from seawater. An aerobic, pale-orange-pigmented, Gram-stain-negative bacterium, designated strain EM39(T,) was isolated from seawater from the eastern coast of Jeju Island, Korea, and its taxonomic status was established using a polyphasic approach. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence studies revealed that strain EM39(T) formed a distinct lineage within the family Flavobacteriaceae and could be distinguished from strains of members of the related genera Gaetbulibacter, Mariniflexile and Tamlana by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis (similarity values between strain EM39(T) and related strains were all less than 93.8%). Cells of strain EM39(T) were non-gliding, catalase- and oxidase-positive rods that were devoid of flexirubin pigments. Growth was observed at 15-35 degrees C (optimum, 25-30 degrees C) and pH 6.5-9.0 (optimum, pH 7.0-8.5). The genomic DNA G + C content was 34.6 mol% and the major respiratory quinone was MK-6. The predominant cellular fatty acids were iso-C-15:0, iso-C-15:1 G and iso-C-17:0 3-OH. On the basis of phenotypic and genotypic data, strain EM39(T) represents a novel species in a new genus in the family Flavobacteriaceae, for which the name Jejuia pallidilutea gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is EM39(T) (=KCTC 22298(T) DSM 21165(T)).", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Whose News? Class-Biased Economic Reporting in the United States. There is substantial evidence that voters' choices are shaped by assessments of the state of the economy and that these assessments, in turn, are influenced by the news. But how does the economic news track the welfare of different income groups in an era of rising inequality? Whose economy does the news cover? Drawing on a large new dataset of US news content, we demonstrate that the tone of the economic news strongly and disproportionately tracks the fortunes of the richest households, with little sensitivity to income changes among the non-rich. Further, we present evidence that this pro-rich bias emerges not from pro-rich journalistic preferences but, rather, from the interaction of the media's focus on economic aggregates with structural features of the relationship between economic growth and distribution. The findings yield a novel explanation of distributionally perverse electoral patterns and demonstrate how distributional biases in the economy condition economic accountability.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "RHETORICAL PROCESSES IN THE SALES RELATIONSHIP IN LUXURY RETAIL. We examine the work undertaken by salespersons in the menswear department of a well-known department store in New York City that sells specialized \\\\'luxury\\\\' clothing by using the theoretical perspective developed by Kenneth Burke, the philosopher of language and communication. He has argued that the most comprehensive way to describe human conduct is to examine what was done, what attitude did it manifest, where was it done, who did it, and how was it done. Burke summarized these questions as act, attitude, scene, agent, agency, and purpose. With these terms comprising a \\\\'hexad,\\\\' a great deal of complexity can be captured within an organizational context. Indeed, Burke refers to these terms as \\\\'the grammar of motives\\\\' - that is, the motives of human conduct (1969a, 1968). In the carefully staged menswear environment we find salesmen who negotiate the goals and purposes of the store as well as their individual motives through implicitly defined sequences of acts on the selling floor.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Influence of sanitary conditions on the field performance of chlorpyrifos-based baits against American cockroaches, Periplaneta americana (L.) (Dictyoptera : Blattidae). The role of sanitation in performance of insecticidal bait stations containing 0.5% chlorpyrifos against the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana (L.), was investigated in residential premises. Test sites were chosen from three locations in Penang Island, Malaysia, and clustered according to their sanitary conditions. Results indicated that at 1-week post-treatment, houses with good sanitary conditions showed a significantly faster reduction (P>0.05) in the number of cockroaches trapped (>95%) than those with moderate and poor conditions. At 6 weeks post-treatment, all houses treated with insecticidal baits showed no significant difference in terms of reduction rate of cockroach numbers (P>0.05), irrespective of sanitary condition. However, the bait performance in houses with poor sanitary conditions could not be sustained up to 12-week post-treatment.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "ELECTRON SIGNATURES OF SATELLITE SWEEPING IN THE MAGNETOSPHERE OF URANUS. The Voyager 2 Cosmic Ray System found large-scale macrosignatures of satellite sweeping for MeV electrons near the orbits of the satellites Miranda, Ariel, and Umbriel in the magnetosphere of Uranus. Due to the large magnetic inclinations of satellite orbits at Uranus, sweeping rates vary along the orbits with the McIlwain L parameter. However, no evidence was found, where expected, for fresh sweeping signatures at such positions. Although the maximal electron intensity occurs near Voyager 2's minimum L (4.67) as predicted by the Q3 field model, the intensity minima in the macrosignatures show large outward displacements (less-than-or-equal-to 0.5 R(U)) from minimum-L positions of the associated satellites. These radial displacements increased with measured electron energy and at higher magnetic latitudes. Pitch angle distributions are generally more anisotropic outside the macrosignatures and more isotropic within, as determined from comparison of inbound and outbound intensity profiles at different latitudes. These anisotropy measurements provide the basis for latitudinal flux extrapolation, which when coupled with power law scaling of spectral distributions allow the calculation of phase space density profiles. The latter show local minima in the macrosignatures and are indicative of distributed electron sources in the inner magnetosphere and/or nonadiabatic transport processes such as pitch angle scattering and magnetospheric recirculation. Preliminary diffusion coefficients with values D(LL) approximately 10(-7)-10(-6) R(S)2 and radial dependence D(LL) approximately L3-L4 have been estimated for the macrosignatures. The low-order L dependence of D(LL) is consistent with diffusion driven by ionospheric dynamo. However, quantitative modeling of radial and pitch angle is required to assess the formative processes for the macrosignatures before more physically meaningful transport parameters can be determined.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Performance-based assessment and instructional change: The effects of testing in Maine and Maryland. To examine how performance-based assessment changed mathematics teaching under conditions of moderate and low stakes, we studied middle school teachers in five districts in Maine and Maryland. Our observations suggest that the effects of stare testing on reaching may be overrated by both advocates and opponents of such policies. When combined with moderately high stakes and other conditions, such assessments generate considerable activity focused on the test itself This activity can promote certain changes, like aligning subjects taught with the test. It appears to be less successful, however; in changing basic instructional strategies.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Some results on change-point detection in cross-sectional dependence of multivariate data with changes in marginal distributions. A non-parametric test is proposed for detecting changes in the dependence between the components of multivariate data, when changes in marginal distributions occur at known instants. Monte Carlo simulations have been carried out to illustrate the performance of the procedure. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Two new hemiurine species (Digenea : Hemiuridae) from Spratelloides robustus Ogilby (Clupeiformes : Clupeidae) off south-western Australia and records of Parahemiurus merus (Linton, 1910) from Australian and New Caledonian waters. Two new species of hemiurine hemiurid are described from Spratelloides robustus off Woodman Point in southern Western Australia. Hemiurus lignator n. sp. differs from its congeners by a combination of similar-sized suckers, long sinus-sac, tandem testes, relatively elongate shape and unthickened seminal vesicle wall. Parahemiurus xylokopos n. sp. differs from its congeners in a combination of its squat form, its distinctly lobed vitellarium and the proximity of the gonads to the ventral sucker. P. merus (Linton, 1910) is reported from Acanthopagrus australis, Pomatomus saltatrix and Trachinotus coppingeri off northern New South Wales, Caranx sexfasciatus, Scorpis lineolata, Siganus nebulosus, Thunnus tonggol and T. coppingeri off southern Queensland, Cephalopholis boenak and Euthynnus affinis off Heron Island, southern Great Barrier Reef, P. saltatrix off southern Western Australia and Priacanthus hamrur off New Caledonia.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "Subversive editing: Rebellious reprints in Freedom's Journal. This essay analyzes the literary reprints found in New York's Freedom's Journal (1827-1829), the first newspaper owned and operated exclusively by African Americans. It demonstrates that the Journal's editors strategically used seemingly apolitical, nonracial, and often European reprints as subtle vehicles for engagement with the racial politics of the 1820s United States. In doing so, the essay provides a new perspective in the scholarly discourse of race and the gothic (a prominent genre of reprint in the Journal), and it contributes a new perspective of Freedom's Journal role as a Black medium within a larger, circum-Atlantic network.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Understanding Maternal Deaths from the Family's Perspective: Verbal Autopsies in Rural Tanzania. Maternal mortality rates in rural Tanzania are high. In preparation for the introduction of an intervention to reduce maternal deaths by distribution of misoprostol and erythromycin to women living in rural Rorya District, Mara Region, Tanzania, we conducted a limited verbal autopsy by surveying family members of women who died in childbirth in the previous five years. The purpose of this survey was to understand the circumstances surrounding these deaths. Thirty six family members were interviewed. The majority of the deaths occurred on the roadside as the women made their way to a health facility (23/36). Most of the women were delivered by a TBA (16/36) or family member (13/36). The majority of the family members attributed the death of their loved one to bleeding or retained placenta (32/36). Maternal deaths are common in this rural district of Tanzania because of long distances from the health facilities, difficulty finding transportation, costs of transport and hospital, and women's beliefs about being able to deliver at home and fear of medication. There is a need for increased education of women and their families about the benefits of childbirth in a health care facility attended by skilled providers. There is also a role for the community distribution of misoprostol to be used as an alternative uterotonic medication if a facility birth is not possible, as the rates of maternal death from hemorrhage are unacceptably high.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Highly-purified exosomes and shed microvesicles isolated from the human colon cancer cell line LIM1863 by sequential centrifugal ultrafiltration are biochemically and functionally distinct. Secretion and exchange of extracellular vesicles (EVs) by most cell types is emerging as a fundamental biological process. Although much is known about EVs, there is still a lack of definition as to how many naturally occurring EV subtypes there are and how their properties and functionalities might differ. This vexing issue is critical if EVs are to be fully harnessed for therapeutic applications. To address this question we have developed and describe here a sequential centrifugal ultrafiltration (SCUF) method to examine, in an unbiased manner, what EV subtypes are released in vitro into cell culture medium using the human colon carcinoma cell line LIM1863 as a model system. Using the culture medium from similar to 7.2 x 10(9) LIM1863 cells, SCUF was performed using hydrophilic PVDF membranes with low protein binding properties (Millipore Durapore (TM) Ultrafree-CL filters with 0.1, 0.22, 0.45 and 0.65 mu m pore size). EV particle sizing was measured using both dynamic light scattering and cryo-electron microscopy. Comparative proteome profiling was performed by GeLC-MS/MS and qualitative protein differences between EV subtypes determined by label-free spectral counting. The results showed essentially two EV subtypes; one subtype (fraction Fn1) comprised heterogeneous EVs with particle diameters of 301300 nm, the other (fraction Fn5) being homogeneous EVs of 30-100 nm diameter; based on cryo-EM both EV subtypes were round shaped. Western blot analysis showed Fn5 (SCUF-Exos) contained traditional exosome marker proteins (Alix(+), TSG101(+), CD81(+), CD63(+)), while Fn1 (SCUF-sMVs) lacked these protein markers. These findings were consistent with sMVs isolated by differential centrifugation (10,000g, DC-sMVs) and exosomes (100,000g EVs depleted of 10,000g material). The buoyant density of sMVs determined by OptiPrep (TM) density gradient centrifugation was 1.18-1.19 g/mL and exosomes 1.10-1.11 g/mL. Comparative protein profiling of SCUF-Exos/-sMVs revealed 354 and 606 unambiguous protein identifications, respectively, with 256 proteins in common. A salient finding was the first report of 350 proteins uniquely identified in sMVs may of which have the potential to enable discrimination of this EV subtype from exosomes (notably, members of the septin family, kinesin-like protein (KIF23), exportin-2/chromosome segregation like-1 protein (CSE1L), and Rac GTPase-activating protein 1 (RACGAP1)). We report for the first time that both SCUF-Exos and SCUF-sMVs isolated from LIM1863 colon cancer cells induce invasion of recipient NIH3T3 cells. Interestingly, the SCUF-sMVs promote invasion to a significantly greater extent (3-fold) than SCUF-Exos. This analytical SCUF method for fractionating EVs is potentially scalable using tangential flow filtration, thereby providing a solid foundation for future in-depth functional studies of EV subtypes using diverse cell types and functional assays. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Outscreaming the Laocoon: Sensation, Special Affects, and the Moving Image. First there is sensation: the coldness of dirt on a wintry Roman day; shovel hitting stone; and the startled confrontation with a frozen howl. Then there is affect: cognition; analysis; transformation; and containment. Finally, there is the moving image that results from this chance encounter. This essay examines the uneasy spectre of the ancient Roman sculptural group of Laocoon and His Sons in its immediate moment of 'discovery' in 1506 as well as its subsequent return in the art of Titian and Poussin. On the one hand, the discussion will be concerned with the visceral intensity that rips through the body of the spectator in the moment of confrontation; on the other hand, it will examine the eruptions that surface from this merging of ancient and modern identities. The former thinks about reception and the immediacy of aesthetic experience; the latter takes a more diachronic approach, wandering through a historical landscape of artistic actions and reactions.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "The key role of massive stars in Oort cloud comet dynamics. The effects of a sample of 1300 individual stellar encounters spanning a wide range of parameter values (mass, velocity and encounter distance) are investigated. Power law fits for the number of injected comets demonstrate the long range effect of massive stars, whereas light stars affect comets mainly along their tracks. Similarly, we show that the efficiency of a star to fill the phase space region of the Oort cloud where the Galactic tides are able to inject comets into the observable region - the so-called \\\\'tidally active zone\\\\' (TAZ) - is also strongly dependent on the stellar mass. Power laws similar to those for direct injection are obtained for the efficiency of stars to fill the TAZ. This filling of the \\\\'tidally active zone is crucial for the long term flux of comets from the Oort cloud. Based on long-term Monte Carlo simulations using a constant Galactic tide and a constant flux of stellar encounters, but neglecting the detailed effects of planetary perturbations, we show that this flux essentially results from a two step mechanism: (i) the stellar injection of comets into the TAZ; and (ii) the tidal injection of TAZ comets into the loss cone. We find that single massive stars are able to induce \\\\'comet drizzles\\\\' - corresponding to an increase of the cometary flux of about 40% - which may last for more than 100 Myr by filling the TAZ to a higher degree than normal. It appears that the stars involved in this process are the same that cause comet showers. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Enhancing Students' Understanding of Nerve Cells' Structures and Their Symbiotic Functioning by Using Technology-Enhanced Instruction Incorporating Virtual Labs and Animations. Some science subjects are often perceived to be difficult and boring by students due to their nature and the way they are taught. This study sought to check the effectiveness of the technology-enhanced instruction method with comprehensive use of virtual labs and animations in teaching nerve cells' (neurons and glial cells) structures and functions. Mayer's cognitive theory of multimedia learning provided the theoretical model to frame the study. This study used a quasi-experimental design of pre-test and post-test where four secondary schools all from the southern province of Rwanda were selected from two different districts. Two schools from Ruhango District were assigned to the experimental group while the other two schools from Muhanga District were assigned to the control group. The study involved 168 students, 83 forming the control group, and 85 forming the experimental group. The biology test based on nerve cells was used to assess the effect of teaching strategies before and after learning. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 23, and we computed a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and repeated measures ANOVA. The results indicated that the students who learned nerve cells by use of technology-enhanced instruction of virtual labs and animations outperformed those who learned with conventional methods (M. exp. =80.41% with SD = 10.32 versus M. cont. =47.11% with SD = 10.68 and a p-value < 0.05). The results also indicated that after learning with virtual labs and animations, the number of students who were able to perform each of the 20 questions of the test increased considerably. The study recommends the use of virtual labs and animations to enhance students' understanding of nerve cells.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Productivity of the NN pattern and compound noun formation in French. This study aims to analyze the productivity of the NN pattern and reveal the formation mechanism of French compound nouns. The NN pattern could embed complex structure on N-1 or N-2 and the constitutive elements are linked in a hierarchical relation. The analysis is conducted from four levels: structure hierarchy, compounding method combination, semantic relation and semantic class combination. A pattern should be defined by four parameters and their productivities for forming compound nouns vary with vocabulary. The formation process is analyzed based on the corpora, which are elaborated by annotating both the formal and semantic information. This study presents in detail the formation mechanism of NN compound nouns and it allows well predicting the production of compound nouns. The analysis method could be applied to other patterns and vocabularies. The annotated resource and analysis results contribute to the research in language acquisition, lexicography and natural language processing. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Beyond the beaker: students' use of a scaffold to connect observations with the particle level in the organic chemistry laboratory. Understanding ongoing chemical processes in the laboratory requires constant shifting between different representational levels-the macroscopic, submicroscopic, and symbolic levels-and analysis of the various mechanistic features of each of these levels. Thus, the ability to explain observations of chemical phenomena with regard to their submicroscopic levels in the laboratory is a key requirement. Research shows that students have difficulty in discerning and comprehending the meaning and visualization of the submicroscopic level. Traditional laboratory instruction often fails to help students discern the relationship between their observations and the corresponding chemical processes. Consequently, there is a high demand for new teaching strategies which address these issues. Therefore, we developed and implemented a scaffold for the organic laboratory and tested it in a research study using qualitative methods. The scaffold encourages students to purposefully separate and connect the macroscopic and submicroscopic representational levels. The implementation of the scaffold was accompanied by semi-structured pre- and post-interviews with students (N = 22) and an analysis of students' work with the scaffold in the laboratory. We analysed students' sense-making approach while reflecting on organic syntheses before and after working with the scaffold, and characterized changes in their approach. The findings emphasize the need to develop further resources to support students' understanding of the submicroscopic level. Implications of these findings for research and teaching to foster meaningful learning in the organic laboratory are discussed.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Angular Distribution of Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering from Individual Au Nanoparticle Aggregates. Nano-optical antennas based on plasmonic metal particles are well-known for their ability to dramatically concentrate electromagnetic energy. However, not much attention has been devoted to the directionality properties of nanoantennas. Here, we report on the angular distribution of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) emitted by isolated aggregates of gold nanoparticles. We find that most of the radiation appears at angles exceeding the critical angle of the air-glass interface supporting the aggregates, and we demonstrate that angle-resolved imaging can be used as a fast and facile method for determination of the three-dimensional orientation and symmetry of the nanoantenna.", "label": [4, 1, 33, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "First measurement of pi(-)e ->pi(-)e gamma pion virtual compton scattering. Pion virtual compton scattering (VCS) via the reaction pi(-)e-->pi(-)egamma was observed in the Fermilab E781 SELEX experiment. SELEX used a 600 GeV/c pi(-) beam incident on target atomic electrons, detecting the incident pi(-) and the final state pi(-), electron and gamma. Theoretical predictions based on chiral perturbation theory are incorporated into a Monte Carlo simulation of the experiment and are compared to the data. The number of reconstructed events (=9) and their distribution with respect to the kinematic variables (for the kinematic region studied) are in reasonable accord with the predictions. The corresponding pi(-) VCS experimental cross section is sigma=38.8+/-13 nb, in agreement with the theoretical expectation of sigma=34.7 nb.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Effect of delta-Ferrite on the Properties of Martensitic Steels. The causes of formation of cracks in turbine vanes from high-chromium steels of martensitic class are studied. Spectrum, fractographic, and metallographic analyses of test pieces cut from turbine rotor blades in the state as delivered and after service are performed.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Energetic fitness: Field metabolic rates assessed via 3D accelerometry complement conventional fitness metrics. 1. Evaluating the fitness of organisms is an essential step towards understanding their responses to environmental change. Connections between energy expenditure and fitness have been postulated for nearly a century. However, testing this premise among wild animals is constrained by difficulties in measuring energy expenditure while simultaneously monitoring conventional fitness metrics such as survival and reproductive output.3. We deployed 3D accelerometers on 115 Adelie penguins Pygoscelis adeliae during four breeding seasons at one of the largest colonies of this species, Cape Crozier, on Ross Island, Antarctica. The demography of this population has been studied for the past 18 years. From accelerometry recordings, collected for birds of known age and breeding history, we determined the vector of the dynamic body acceleration (VeDBA) and used it as a proxy for FMR.5. We conclude that using FMR as a fitness component complementary to more conventional fitness metrics will yield greater understanding of evolutionary and conservation physiology.4. This allowed us to demonstrate relationships among FMR, a breeding quality index (BQI) and body condition. Notably, we found a significant quadratic relationship between mean VeDBA during foraging and BQI for experienced breeders, and individuals in better body condition showed lower rates of energy expenditure.2. We addressed this issue by exploring the functional links between field metabolic rate (FMR), body condition, sex, age and reproductive performance in a wild population.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Scholarly Personae and Twentieth-Century Historians. In this article Bosch argues in favour of an understanding of the concept of 'scientific persona' in which embodiment means more than the conclusion that everything that men and women do originates in or arises from a body. Following historians of science and their biographical achievements, Bosch considers being perceived as a reliable and trustworthy scientist or scholar as the core of the formation of a scientific/ scholarly identity or persona that scientists and scholars can perform in a specific context. They do so with an eye to how other scientists perform their identities and with the creative use of old and new repertoires of scientific performance and social constructions of identity (for instance in terms of gender, class or race) that contribute to scientific authority. By focussing on the scientific or scholarly persona or the self-fashioning in biographies of scholars and scientists, such works can elucidate the epistemology of a discipline or field of research, especially with respect to the question of who earns scientific authority on what grounds. After a thorough discussion of the relevant literature relating to scientific biography or the biographical approach to historiography in which the concept of persona plays a role, Bosch, by way of a light exercise, applies her definition of persona to the analysis of an eclectically selected group of Dutch historians, men and women.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Geometrically exact shell theory from a hierarchical perspective. A hierarchic approach for the derivation of an infinite series of nonlinear lth-order shell theories from three-dimensional continuum mechanics based on a polynomial series expansion of the displacement field is recapitulated. Imposing the static constraints that second- and higher-order moments vanish, a 'first-order' shell theory is obtained without employing any kinematic constraints or geometric approximations. In particular, it is shown in full generality that, within the same theoretical framework, this static assumption, on the one hand, and a common Reissner-Mindlin-type kinematic assumption, on the other hand, lead to the same theory, for which the attribute geometrically exact is adopted from the literature. This coincidence can be interpreted as a theoretical justification for the heuristic Reissner-Mindlin assumption. Further, the unexpected but unavoidable appearance of transverse moment components (residual drill moments) is addressed and analysed. Feasible assumptions are formulated which allow to separate these drill components from the remaining balance equations without affecting the equilibrium of the standard static variables. This leads to a favourable structure of the component representation of balance equations in the sense that they formally coincide with the ones of linear shear-deformable shell theory. Finally, it is shown that this result affects the interpretation of applied boundary moments.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "Identification of origin of unknown derivative chromosomes by array-based comparative genomic hybridization using pre- and postnatal clinical samples. Microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH) is a high-resolution and comprehensive method for detecting both genome-wide and chromosome-specific copy-number imbalance. We have developed an array CGH analysis system (consisting of an array CGH chip plus its exclusive analysis software) for constitutional genetic diagnosis and have evaluated the suitability of our system for molecular diagnosis using pre- and postnatal clinical samples. In a blind study, each of the 264 sample karyotypes identified by array CGH analysis was consistent with that identified by traditional karyotype analysis - with one exception, case (47, XXX) - and we were able to identify origins, such as small supernumerary marker chromosomes, which cannot be determined by conventional cytogenetics. We also acquired very accurate, fast and reliable results using a diminutive amount of clinical samples. Taken together, the array CGH platform developed in this study is a rapid, powerful and sensitive technology for pre- and postnatal diagnosis using a very small amount of clinical sample.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Introducing an IP license box in Switzerland: quantifying the effects. In response to mounting international pressure to reform the ring-fenced elements of its tax system, the Swiss government has put forward a comprehensive tax reform package. The proposal comprises the introduction of a license box, a substantial reduction in cantonal profit tax rates, and an allowance for excess corporate equity. We apply a computable general equilibrium model to quantify the economic effects of this reform. Our results reveal that the license box, combined with the reduction in the cantonal profit taxes, limits the outflow of the tax base of those companies that benefit from the current preferential tax treatment. The reduction in cantonal profit taxes and the fact that regularly taxed companies additionally benefit from the license box render the reform package costly, such that tax revenues might well decline after the reform.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Re-investigation on odour thresholds of key food aroma compounds and development of an aroma language based on odour qualities of defined aqueous odorant solutions. Literature data on odour thresholds of volatile food constituents, and, in particular on their odour quality, may differ significantly. In order to obtain more reliable sensory data, the odour thresholds of eighty-four compounds previously characterised as key food odorants were re-evaluated and compared to literature results. In addition, the odour thresholds of ten odorants are reported here for the first time. On the basis of a distinct protocol, also the aroma attributes of the odorants were evaluated in order to define an aroma language, which can be used for specific purposes, e.g., training of panellists for GC-Olfactometry.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "A FREE RIDE AND LUNCH: STYLOPIZATION IN THE SOLITARY HUNTING WASP, AMMOPHILA FERNALDI MURRAY AND A. PICTIPENNIS (WALSH) (HYMENOPTERA: SPHECIDAE) BY PARAXENOS LUGUBRIS PIERCE (STREPSIPTERA). The intricate nest building, cleaning and provisioning habits of the solitary hunting wasps Ammophila fernaldi Murray and A. pictipennis (Walsh) (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) are supposed to have developed in response to parasite pressure. This paper presents the first study to record the behavior of phoresy of Paraxenos lugubris Pierce (Strepsiptera: Stylopidae). Adapting to the provisioning of single-cell nests of the Ammophila sp., it is the tiny, free-living, first instar larvae of P. lugubris, that are phoretic. They are carried, not by a wasp stylopized by a female P. lugubris producing first instar larvae, but by an unstylopized foraging wasp, thereby discreetly gaining entry to a single-cell nest before it is sealed. Multiple first instar P. lugubris larvae are often taken by the host, A. fernaldi and A. pictipennis, to the single egg/larvae in the cell, resulting in superparasitism. These observations further demonstrate that Strepsiptera have developed mechanisms for parasitizing a range of hosts, including solitary wasps that develop in sealed cells.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Voluminosities of EGR engine soot and carbon black: A bench test for fresh engine oils. To qualify for an API classification, an engine oil must pass the sequence tests for that category. Today, sequence tests for oil classifications are very costly. As a consequence, additive companies are seeking bench tests to reduce testing costs. Among the important criteria for engine oils are low wear and limited viscosity increase. Both wear and viscosity increase depend on the degree of agglomeration of soot suspended in the crankcase oil. Typically, dispersants are used in the engine oil to limit the agglomeration of soot. Voluminosity, the effective volume of the soot in the oil, is a quantitative measure of the degree of dispersion of the soot in the oil. It provides a means of characterizing soot in used oil and may provide a means of assessing candidate engine oils, using a soot surrogate. In this paper, data are presented on the voluminosities of engine soot and soot surrogate (a commercial carbon black). The voluminosity of carbon black differs from that of the engine soot. Nevertheless, the voluminosities of the carbon black in three fresh candidate engine oils were found to correlate with the Cummins M 11 exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) engine test wear results. Paradoxically, this correlation is exactly opposite to-what is expected.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Ellipsometric scatterometry for the metrology of sub-0.1-mu m-linewidth structures. We describe a modification to our existing scatterometry technique for extracting the relative phase and amplitude of the electric field diffracted from a grating. This modification represents a novel combination of aspects of ellipsometry and scatterometry to provide improved sensitivity to small variations in the linewidth of subwavelength gratings compared with conventional scatterometer measurements. We present preliminary theoretical and experimental results that illustrate the possibility of the ellipsometric scatterometry technique providing a metrology tool for characterizing sub-0.1-mu m-linewidth. (C) 1998 Optical Society of America.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Are we puppets on a string? The contextual meaning of unconscious expressive cues. In three studies, the authors show that unconscious expressive cues can lead to opposite evaluations, depending on the context in which they occur. In Study 1, brow (vs. cheek) tension reduced preferences in an easy judgment context but increased preferences in a difficult context. In Study 2, head shaking (vs. nodding) either increased or decreased prosocial affect depending on the context in which the judged character was presented. In Study 3, a subliminal smile (vs. frown) led to higher self-ratings of performance when paired with one's own actions but to lower self-ratings of performance when paired with a competitor's actions. Together, these results suggest that the meaning of unconscious expressive cues is not fixed.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "The Deliverer Will Come': Investigating Paul's Adaptation of Divine Conflict Traditions in Romans. In recent years, scholars have shown renewed interest about the ways in which Paul's letters utilize divine conflict traditions. In Romans 5-8 and 16:20a Paul frames the human predicament in terms of cosmic conflict and adapts divine conflict traditions, but other passages also reflect the apostle's adaptations of these motifs. This essay will first consider the broad contours of portrayals of God as warrior in Israel's Scriptures. Discussion will then focus on vocabulary and themes in Rom 1:18-32 and 11:25-32 to demonstrate that in these texts Paul also works with images related to divine conflict. Considering these passages from Romans alongside the divine conflict traditions of earlier voices-especially the Israelite prophets-assists in understanding Paul's comments on wrath and judgment and assists in understanding Paul's comments on wrath, judgment, and deliverance.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Adapting Problem-Based Learning to Database Courses in the Digital Age. Over the course of the last two decades, the United States government has pursued a program of democratizing data. Public services have been transformed into data-driven enterprises. This enthusiasm for data collection, analysis and public reporting has important consequences for computing education. This chapter outlines a pedagogical strategy for educating citizens in the competent and responsible use of the data currently defining our national agenda. Specifically the authors argue that problem-based learning (PBL) provides a strong framework for introducing database concepts to a broad range of students. The design of databases constitutes complex problems with multiple solutions. Database problems are necessarily interdisciplinary involving both problem domain and technical expertise. Moreover, since databases support some real-world objective, problems in database design are inherently authentic and contextualized. These properties hold consistently across a range of problem types. Thus, common problems in the database domain are aligned with PBL definitions of good problems.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Genetic variation in Pneumocystis carinii isolates from different geographic regions: Implications for transmission. To study transmission patterns of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) in persons with AIDS, we evaluated P. carinii isolates from patients in five U.S, cities for variation at two independent genetic loci, the mitochondrial large subunit rRNA and dihydropteroate synthase. Fourteen unique multilocus genotypes were observed in 191 isolates that were examined at both loci. Mixed infections, accounting for 17.8% of cases, were associated with primary PCP. Genotype frequency distribution patterns varied by patients' place of diagnosis but not by place of birth. Genetic variation at the two loci suggests three probable characteristics of transmission: that most cases of PCP do not result from infections acquired early in life, that infections are actively acquired from a relatively common source (humans or the environment), and that humans, white not necessarily involved in direct infection of other humans, are nevertheless important in the transmission cycle of P. carinii f. sp, hominis.", "label": [2, 17, 24]}
+{"token": "Research into acetone removal from air by biofiltration using a biofilter with straight structure plates. The biological air treatment method is based on the biological destruction of organic compounds using certain cultures of microorganisms. This method is simple and may be applied in many branches of industry. The main element of biological air treatment devices is a filter charge. Tests were carried out using a new-generation laboratory air purifier with a plate structure. This purifier is called biofilter. The biofilter has a special system for packing material humidification which does not require additional energy inputs. In order to extend the packing material's durability, it was composed of thermally treated birch fibre. Pollutant (acetone) biodegradation occurred on thermally treated wood fibre in this research. According to the performed tests and the received results, the process of biodestruction was highly efficient. When acetone was passed through biofilter's packing material at 0.08 m s(-1) rate, the efficiency of the biofiltration process was from 70% up to 90%. The species of bacteria capable of removing acetone vapour from the air, i.e. Bacillus (B. cereus, B. subtilis), Pseudomonas (P. aeruginosa, P. putida), Stapylococcus (S. aureus) and Rhodococcus sp., was identified in this study during the process of biofiltration. Their amount in the biological packing material changed from 1.6 x 10(7) to 3.7 x 10(11) CFU g(-1).", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "Communicating Patron Rights and Responsibilities Transparently: Creating a Model Internet Acceptable Use Policy for UK Public Libraries. Facilitating access to the Internet is an important part of the public library mission, and is crucial in ensuring that all citizens have the possibility of access to contemporary digital information and public services. Part of managing this access relies on the Acceptable Use Policy (AUP), an agreement between the library and the user regarding the conditions of access. This article reports on a national UK study of public library AUPs and the development of a new national model policy for public libraries, and which can be considered as 'best practice'. The article reports analysis of AUPs across the UK, with specific focus on how they communicate the use of filtering, and surveillance. This research adds new insight by studying the content of AUPs and contributes to the limited research that exists on public library AUPs in the UK. The research analyzed AUPs from 205 authorities in the UK, a return rate of 99.5%. The resulting conclusions and synthesis of relevant guidance on AUPs led to the formation of the model policy presented in this article.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "PLA Perspectives on the International Security Environment during the Hu Jintao Era. Since 2010, there has been much concern about whether China is becoming too hardline in its foreign behavior. As the focus of China's rise has moved from economic and diplomatic dimensions to a military one, the main concern is whether the voice of the military will directly apply to China's foreign policy. As a result, research on the People's Liberation Army (PLA) has become a priority. Then, what kind of perspective does the PLA have in regards to China's foreign policy? Is it influencing foreign policy in reality? By investigating the PLA's perceptions in its external security environment and its role within the country's foreign policy-making process, this paper plans to obtain a better understanding of the military's influence on China's foreign policy. This paper is based on interviews with six PLA senior officers, two active major generals, two reserve major generals and two active senior colonels, which were conducted in July 2011 after the China threat expanded in 2010. The conclusion is that the PLA does not have the most influence to dictate China's foreign policy, although it is an important pillar of power in the current Chinese regime.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "RADIOCARBON VARIATIONS FROM TASMANIAN CONIFERS - 1ST RESULTS FROM LATE PLEISTOCENE AND HOLOCENE LOGS. Dendrochronological studies have begun on two conifer species in the Stanley River area of western Tasmania. The chronology extends to 273 BC for Huon pine (Lagarostrobos franklinii) and to AD 1450 for celery-top pine (Phyllocladus aspleniifolius). Apart from living or recently felled trees, sections have been taken from 58 logs preserved in floodplain sediments. Two of these logs have late Pleistocene ages, centered around 13.0 and 12.7 k C-14 yr BP. Four logs are between 8 and 9 ka BP, and one is centered at 7.3 ka BP. The remaining logs have various ages between 6.2 ka BP and the present. C-14 measurements have been performed on decadal samples from the two late Pleistocene logs, providing short (260-yr) records of atmospheric C-14 variations when plotted against individual ring numbers. Decadal measurements on the 7300-yr-old log have been wiggle-matched with C-14 calibration curves from German oak and bristlecone pine. Measurements for the period, AD 1600-1800, show good agreement with northern hemisphere results, and a nearly zero offset between the hemispheres.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Re-assessing the current assessment practice of children with special education needs in Europe. This article reports the results of the European \\\\'DAFFODIL\\\\' (Dynamic Assessment of Functioning and Oriented at Development and Inclusive Learning) Project on the question of how functional and learning assessment systems facilitate or inhibit participation of children with developmental difficulties in inclusive education. Questionnaires were sent to medical, psychological, educational professionals, and parents in Sweden, Portugal, Hungary, Belgium, Romania, Norway, and the Virgin Islands. Interviews and focus groups were organized. Results (95%) showed that static standardized psychometric tests of intellectual, behavioural, and language functioning were mainly used, with the WISC-III being the most frequent test applied. Less than 5% of the 166 professionals in our sample used formative assessment and contextual observation to reveal learning or developmental potential in a process-oriented way. Experts were generally not satisfied with current assessment practices. Reported weaknesses included lack of time, human resources, materials, cooperation, and follow-up. Assessment practice was mainly used to determine whether a child should be placed in a special needs programme, a special school, or an institutional setting, depending on whether a country has inclusive education practice or not. Parents were satisfied with static functional assessment when its purpose was to obtain disability benefits (financial, special education resources, recognition), but were unhappy with the negative outlook of reports. The main complaint of teachers and parents was about the poverty of recommendations on how to work with the child. Our conclusion is that the current practice of standardized psychometric testing seems to contribute to barriers to learning if it is used in a deterministic or predictive way. In this regard, dynamic and functional assessment methods that are qualitatively oriented seem promising in addressing the issues of learning and development in a different way. The methods also contribute to an understanding of the child's needs in learning and development. However, interpretation and communication of assessment results in a way that emphasizes a more adequate and challenging educational intervention for the child seems to be central.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "GLOBAL STRATEGIES IN THE CHILDREN'S MEDIA MARKET The Jetix case in Italy. Children represent a very lucrative and sought-after target for many consumer products globally, and interest in media entertainment programming catering to this specific audience has risen accordingly. Through the case study of Jetix, a transnational channel operating in the Italian media landscape on the satellite television platform Sky Italia, the article explores the strategies of global media and entertainment conglomerates competing to reach young consumers worldwide. The article analyzes Jetix's business model and strategies in the local market to establish and maintain a competitive advantage through its programming and its brands while leveraging its global production, distribution, and marketing structures. Jetix's evolving strategies are also analyzed in light of its global change of ownership from News Corporation to Disney.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Critical approaches to industrial labor during the interwar period: Georges Friedmann's place.. What place did Georges Friedmann have, between the two World wars and before his break with Communism, among other critical intellectuals and observers of the world of labor in industry? The works of three authors, L. Martin with his concrete method in the social sciences; the pastor Bremond with his differential sociology; and H. Dubreuil, a former member of the CGT labor union and a witness to the working conditions in American factories serve to highlight the originality and biases in Friedmann's thought. This article is an exercise in applying epistemology to problems of direct concern to us, namely: the relations between methods and commitments, between science and ideology, and between the scientific posture and the production of knowledge. (C) Elsevier, Paris.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "The HIV Care Cascade Among Female Sex Workers in Zimbabwe: Results of a Population-Based Survey From the Sisters Antiretroviral Therapy Programme for Prevention of HIV, an Integrated Response (SAPPH-IRe) Trial. Methods: We conducted cross-sectional respondent driven sampling (RDS) surveys of FSW in 14 sites across Zimbabwe as the baseline for a cluster-randomised controlled trial investigating a combination HIV prevention and care package. We administered a questionnaire, tested women for HIV and measured viral load. We report the mean, minimum, and maximum respondent-driven sampling-2 weighted site values.Conclusions: Although most HIV-positive women aware of their status are accessing antiretroviral therapy, 36.0% of HIV-positive women are unaware of their status and 29.3% of all FSW have an unsuppressed HIV viral load. Investigation and investment into models of testing, treatment, and care are necessary to reach UNAIDS targets for HIV elimination.Results: The survey included 2722 women, approximately 200 per site. The mean HIV prevalence was 57.5% (42.8-79.2 site minimum and maximum). Of HIV-positive women, 64.0% (51.6-73.7) were aware of their status, 67.7% (53.4-84.1) of these reported taking antiretroviral therapy, and 77.8% (64.4-90.8) of these had a suppressed HIV viral load (, 1000 copies/ mL). Among all HIV-positive women, 49.5% had a viral load, 1000 copies/ mL.Introduction: Female sex workers (FSW) in sub-Saharan Africa have a higher prevalence of HIV than other women of reproductive age. Social, legal, and structural barriers influence their access to care. Little is known about the HIV diagnosis and care cascade in most countries in Southern Africa. We aimed to describe the HIV diagnosis and care cascade among FSW in Zimbabwe.", "label": [2, 17, 24]}
+{"token": "Variation in multimodal literacies: How new technologies can expand or constrain modes of communication. This article offers two examples of social interaction in educative environments to illustrate how the complexity of modes can vary depending on the mediating tools and the activities in which they are used. The examples show that, with the advent of computer-based technologies, the range of variation has expanded, with an increase in modal resources on one extreme of the continuum, and a marked reduction of modal resources on the other extreme. The first example describes a complex work setting-a circuit board assembly plant, in which tasks are mediated by a computerized machine that loads components onto boards. Trouble-shooting the machine is a recurrent activity for machine operators. I focus on two workers as they integrate talk, gestures, numbers, computer data and tools in this problem-solving activity. In this multimodal interaction, talk is combined with other semiotic resources and shaped into a simplified register charged with precision numbers. The second example is an activity in which social interaction is conducted through on-line discussions in a distance-learning course. In this context, text alone is used to construct meaning. I describe how participants in the on-line discussion deal with the constraints of a single mode in the online learning space, and how they begin to develop norms for interaction in this environment. I also show that, despite the constraints, participants' social interaction is, nevertheless, quite complex. The two illustrations point to the need for close analysis of a variety of social interactions to understand variation in multimodal literacies and its relevance to how we learn.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Patterns of reproduction in two sympatric gerbil species in arid Egypt. Despite a significant number of studies on the reproductive characteristics of small mammals, very little of this work has been conducted on species in Egpyt. Here, the Egyptian greater gerbil (Gerbillus pyramidum Saint-Hilaire, 1825) and Anderson's lesser Egyptian gerbil (Gerbillus andersoni De Winton, 1902) in northeastern Egypt were surveyed. Breeding behavior in these species was synchronized with rainfall in the winter and spring months. Surprisingly however, the removal of individual gerbils throughout the course of study resulted in an extension of reproductive activity into the dry summer and autumn months in the latter part of the sampling. These results are discussed in the context of density-dependent reproductive behavior in small mammals.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Examination of the association between state tobacco control spending and the demand for electronic cigarettes by high school students. Background While much is known about the influence of tobacco control spending on the demand for conventional cigarettes, little is known about the effects of tobacco control spending on the demand for electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes). This study provides the first evidence on the association between state tobacco control spending and high school student vaping in the USA. Methods We used data from the 2015 through 2019 National Youth Risk Behavior Surveys to estimate vaping prevalence and vaping intensity demand equations. We employed logistic regressions to estimate the vaping prevalence equations and generalised linear models with log-link and gamma distribution to estimate the vaping intensity equations. Results We found evidence that funding for state tobacco control programmes had a significant negative association with both vaping prevalence and vaping intensity among high school students in the USA. Our results indicate that a 50% increase in state spending on tobacco control during the time of the surveys would have been associated with a 7.46% lower high school student vaping prevalence rate than what was observed. Conclusions There has been a dramatic increase in e-cigarette use by adolescents and young adults in the USA. The rapid rise in e-cigarette use has been a significant source of public policy concern for many states. The results of this study strongly suggest that increased spending on tobacco control programmes will reduce the number of high school students who vape and will decrease the number of days vaping products are used by high school students. These findings should be extremely valuable to policymakers interested in curbing the youth vaping epidemic in the USA.", "label": [2, 21, 23]}
+{"token": "When PIP2 Meets p53: Nuclear Phosphoinositide Signaling in the DNA Damage Response. The mechanisms that maintain genome stability are critical for preventing tumor progression. In the past decades, many strategies were developed for cancer treatment to disrupt the DNA repair machinery or alter repair pathway selection. Evidence indicates that alterations in nuclear phosphoinositide lipids occur rapidly in response to genotoxic stresses. This implies that nuclear phosphoinositides are an upstream element involved in DNA damage signaling. Phosphoinositides constitute a new signaling interface for DNA repair pathway selection and hence a new opportunity for developing cancer treatment strategies. However, our understanding of the underlying mechanisms by which nuclear phosphoinositides regulate DNA damage repair, and particularly the dynamics of those processes, is rather limited. This is partly because there are a limited number of techniques that can monitor changes in the location and/or abundance of nuclear phosphoinositide lipids in real time and in live cells. This review summarizes our current knowledge regarding the roles of nuclear phosphoinositides in DNA damage response with an emphasis on the dynamics of these processes. Based upon recent findings, there is a novel model for p53's role with nuclear phosphoinositides in DNA damage response that provides new targets for synthetic lethality of tumors.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Taxonomy and systematics of the Iranian species of the genus Ourapteryx Leach, 1814 (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) with the description of a new species. Specimens from several hitherto unknown populations of the genus Ourapteryx were collected from the Kopet Dagh Mountains in north-eastern Iran. Both morphological characters and DNA barcoding confirm that these populations belong to a new species, which is here described as Ourapteryx meinekei sp. n. Rajaei & Kollhorst. Additionally, O. malatyensis syn. nov. is downgraded to synonymy of O. persica. Potential synonymy of O. persica and O. niveiscythes with O. sambucaria is discussed. Diagnostic characters are presented, illustrated and compared with those of the other Ourapteryx species in the Middle East.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Putting political constitutionalism in its place?: A reply to Cormac Mac Amhlaigh. The article by Cormac Mac Amhlaigh advances a powerful criticism of the political constitutionalism of Jeremy Waldron and Richard Bellamy and argues that a minimal theory of legitimacy provides a firmer but narrower argument for legislative supremacy. In this short comment, I show that the argument wielded by this author against political constitutionalism undermines his argument as well. The infinite regress of disagreement he identifies also plagues the minimal theory of legitimacy.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Allies and armaments. One, often neglected, way to measure the health of the NATO alliance is through an exploration of European weapons-procurement policy. To be sure, weapons-procurement decisions only provide a single case study with respect to alliance relations - hardly a complete view of the political landscape. But neither should transatlantic efforts to shape the defence acquisition environment be dismissed as tangential to security policy. Ever since its inception, NATO has striven to promote the 'rationalisation, standardisation and inter-operability' of alliance weaponry. From this defence-industrial perspective, the alliance has made great strides over the past decade. For its part, the United States has undertaken a major reform of its technology-transfer bureaucracy, with the aim of promoting more transatlantic weapons collaboration. Alongside that development, the Europeans have engaged in a radical restructuring of their defence industries, making them bigger and more competitive. These changes suggest continuing efforts on each side of the Atlantic to maintain if not strengthen their security relationship.", "label": [5, 47, 49]}
+{"token": "Representation of landcover along breeding bird survey routes in the northern plains. The North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) is used extensively to make inferences about populations of many North American bird species and is increasingly being used for avian conservation planning. How well BBS routes represent the landscape is poorly known, even though accuracy of representation could significantly affect inferences made from BBS data. We used digital landcover data to examine how well landcover within 400-m buffers around BBS routes represented the surrounding landscape (the route neighborhood) for 52 routes in the Prairie Pothole Region of North Dakota and South Dakota. Differences in composition between landcover along BBS routes and the route neighborhood were not statistically significant for upland cover classes. The area of temporary and seasonal wetland basins was accurately represented by BBS routes in our study area, but the area of semipermanent and permanent wetland basins was significantly underrepresented along BBS routes. Number of wetland basins and upland patches was higher along routes. Area of urban, forest, and hay landcover classes was higher along routes, although differences were not statistically significant. Amount of bias in landcover representation was negatively correlated with the proportion of each landcover type in the study area, but bias was not correlated with area of the route neighborhoods. Differences between landcover along BBS routes and the route neighborhood were primarily attributable to increased anthropogenic activity along roads and siting of roads away from relatively large, deep water bodies. Our results suggest that inferences made from BBS data in our study region are likely biased for species that are associated with deeper-water habitats or are strongly influenced by landscape fragmentation. Inferences made from BBS data for species associated with uplands or shallow wetlands are less likely to be biased because of differences in landcover composition.", "label": [4, 34, 43]}
+{"token": "A CONSTRUCTION OF LAGRANGIAN SUBMANIFOLDS IN COMPLEX EUCLIDEAN SPACES WITH LEGENDRE CURVES. In [1], B. Y. Chen provided a new method to construct Lagrangian surfaces in C-2 by using Legendre curves in S-3(1) subset of C-2. In this paper, we investigate the similar methods to construct some Lagrangian submanifolds in complex Euclidean spaces C-n (n >= 3).", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Synodality, path of communion and unity, according to the Acts of Apostles. This article presents a theological-biblical reflection, non-exegetical on the Acts of the Apostles synodality. This practice emerges from the awareness of God's call - the guide of the history of salvation - to Israel first. Then through him to all humanity. The answer to this convocation consists in a path made together according to the divine plan. Acts describes the way of witnesses, confirmed by the Spirit, in the development of the geographical-theological scheme established by the Jesus Christ, the Risen: \\\\'Jerusalem, throughout Judea and Samaria and to the ends of the earth\\\\' (1,8). Communities live a long process of organization. In face of various structural difficulties and ethnic-cultural coexistence, the assembly together its pastors seeks solutions according to a synodal dynamic. Thus the synodality is characterized by the conviction that the presence of the Risen is actualized by the Holy Spirit, who qualifies the life of all the baptized people towards the mature and dynamic witness capable of being a sign of communion and unity.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Compulsory Industriousness: Working Conditions and Exploitation in Birmingham during the Industrial Revolution. The poor working conditions endured by female and child labour in the Birmingham nineteenth-century metal workshop trades suggest that this form of industrialisation experienced an intensification of work and increase in exploitation. This compulsory 'industriousness' is considered through an examination of hours worked and the attack on the traditional practice of St. Monday whereby Mondays were taken off as a day without paid work. Irregular working patterns, characteristic of these trades, were extended by employers to the detriment of workers. These groups and the female historians who studied them have been 'hidden from history' and neglected by historiography. This article seeks to redress this neglect.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Expanding the phenotype of ASXL3-related syndrome: A comprehensive description of 45 unpublished individuals with inherited and de novo pathogenic variants in ASXL3. The study aimed at widening the clinical and genetic spectrum of ASXL3-related syndrome, a neurodevelopmental disorder, caused by truncating variants in the ASXL3 gene. In this international collaborative study, we have undertaken a detailed clinical and molecular analysis of 45 previously unpublished individuals with ASXL3-related syndrome, as well as a review of all previously published individuals. We have reviewed the rather limited functional characterization of pathogenic variants in ASXL3 and discuss current understanding of the consequences of the different ASXL3 variants. In this comprehensive analysis of ASXL3-related syndrome, we define its natural history and clinical evolution occurring with age. We report familial ASXL3 pathogenic variants, characterize the phenotype in mildly affected individuals and discuss nonpenetrance. We also discuss the role of missense variants in ASXL3. We delineate a variable but consistent phenotype. The most characteristic features are neurodevelopmental delay with consistently limited speech, significant neuro-behavioral issues, hypotonia, and feeding difficulties. Distinctive features include downslanting palpebral fissures, hypertelorism, tubular nose with a prominent nasal bridge, and low-hanging columella. The presented data will inform clinical management of individuals with ASXL3-related syndrome and improve interpretation of new ASXL3 sequence variants.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Photomorphogenic effects of UV-B radiation on plants: Consequences for light competition. A combination of field and laboratory studies were conducted to explore the nature of photomorphogenic effects of ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B; 280-320 nm) on plant morphology and to evaluate the ecological consequences of these alterations in morphology for interspecific competition. Under laboratory conditions, seedlings of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) exhibited appreciable (ca. 50 %) and rapid (<3 h) inhibition in hypocotyl elongation in response to UV-B exposure. In cucumber, this inhibition was reversible, occurred without any associated changes in dry matter production and was caused by UV-B incident on the cotyledons and not the stem or growing tip. Inhibition of stem elongation in etiolated tomato seedlings occurred at least 3 h prior to the onset of accumulation of UV-absorbing pigments and monochromatic UV supplied against a background of visible radiation revealed maximum effectiveness in inhibition around 300 nm. Collectively, these findings suggest that a specific, but yet unidentified, UV-B photoreceptor is involved in mediating certain morphological responses to UV-B. For mixtures of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and wild oat (Avena fatua L.), a common weedy competitor, supplemental UV-B irradiation in the field differentially altered shoot morphology which resulted in changes in canopy structure, light interception and calculated stand photosynthesis. It is argued that, because of its asymmetrical nature, competition for light can potentially amplify the effects of UV-B on shoot morphology and may, therefore, be an important mechanism by which changes in the solar UV-B spectrum associated with stratospheric ozone reduction could alter the composition and character of terrestrial vegetation.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Interpreting Ricardo: A rejoinder to Peach. This note answers Terry Peach's (1998) response to our criticisms of his interpretation of Ricardo. We show that the available evidence supports Sraffa's interpretation. The arguments put forward by Peach, far from undermining that interpretation or furthering an understanding of Ricardo's project, do little more than catalogue the already well-known difficulties that Ricardo encountered as he grappled toward a clearer account of the laws that regulate distribution and prices.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Pentopan mono BG pretreatment of palm kernels modified the aroma of palm kernel oil after kernel roasting. With an interest to enhance the aroma of palm kernel oil (PKO), Pentopan mono BG (xylanase) was applied to alter the carbohydrates in palm kernels (PK) so as to modulate the formation of volatiles during kernel roasting. The result showed that a 1.3-fold increment of total soluble sugars was found in PK after Pentopan treatment, which promoted the generation of O-heterocyclic volatile compounds during kernel roasting. Overall, an increment of 1.5-, 1.4-and 1.3-fold of O-heterocyclic compounds were found in PKO derived from treated PK after light, medium and dark roasting, of which the elevation in furfural and 2-furanmethanol contents was the most obvious. Principal component analysis (PCA) clearly discriminated treated PKO with various kernel roasting degrees from that of control PKO on the basis of all aroma-active compounds; the aroma in PKO from treated, roasted PK was highly correlated with 2[(methyldithio)methyll-furan, 5-methyl-2-furancarboxaldehyde, 2-furanmethanol, 2,5-dimethylpyrazine and ethyl pyrazine. Sensory evaluation showed that PKO derived from medium roasted PK imparted more caramelic, nutty and smoky odor notes relative to the untreated PKO. This study suggests Pentopan pretreatment of PK followed by roasting may be a novel way to modulate PKO aroma and potentially widen its application. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Eco-Friendly Edible Packaging Systems Based on Live-Lactobacillus kefiri MM5 for the Control of Listeria monocytogenes in Fresh Vegetables. To meet consumer requirements for high quality food free of chemical additives, according to the principles of sustainability and respect for the environment, new \\\\'green\\\\' packaging solutions have been explored. The antibacterial activity of edible bioactive films and coatings, based on biomolecules from processing by-products and biomasses, added with the bacteriocin producer Lactobacillus kefiri MM5, has been determined in vegetables against L. monocytogenes NCTC 10888 (i) \\\\'in vitro\\\\' by a modified agar diffusion assay and (ii) \\\\'on food\\\\' during storage of artificially contaminated raw vegetable samples, after application of active films and coatings. Both polysaccharides-based and proteins-based films and coatings showed excellent antilisterial activity, especially at 10 and 20 days. Protein-based films displayed a strong activity against L. monocytogenes in carrots and zucchini samples (p < 0.0001). After 10 days, both polysaccharide-based and protein-based films demonstrated more enhanced activity than coatings towards the pathogen. These edible active packagings containing live probiotics can be used both to preserve the safety of fresh vegetables and to deliver a beneficial probiotic bacterial strain. The edible ingredients used for the formulation of both films and coatings are easily available, at low cost and environmental impact.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "I am the luxury: famous brands and the homosexual consumer. The present qualitative study explores the relationship between the extended self construct and the male homosexual consumer behavior concerning luxury branded clothes. Twelve gay men were interviewed, and the results showed that: 1) the profile of the homosexual has an influence on what concerns his luxury clothing consumption as a way to develop his extended self; 2) what matters for an homosexual to consume luxury clothing are status, a perception of exclusivity through the use of differentiated products with high added value, and the possibility of his participation in certain groups through the purchase of some products, and 3) there is no unanimity on how the luxury clothing can contribute to the composition of his extended self.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "The dual nature of the martian crust: Young lavas and old clastic materials. Visible and thermal infrared spacecraft datasets are used to gain insight into the nature of the surface materials and upper martian crust, revealing a distinct transition in the physical properties of martian crustal materials that occurred during the Hesperian era. Contrary to a prevailing view of the martian crust as primarily composed of lava flows, we find that most older regions of Mars have morphological and thermophysical properties consistent with poorly consolidated fine-particulate materials that may have a volcaniclastic origin. By contrast, younger surfaces contain blocky materials and thermophysical properties consistent with effusive lava flows. Explosive volcanism is likely to have been dominant on early Mars and these findings have implications for the evolution of the volatile content of the crust and mantle and subsequent development of the surface morphology. This dual nature of the crust appears to be a defining characteristic of martian history. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Capabilities, technologies, and firm exit during industry shakeout: Evidence from the global solar photovoltaic industry. Managerial Summary: New industries are often characterized by intense technology competition that culminates in a dominant technology followed by industry shakeout. Although prior research underscores the central role of technology choice and firm capabilities to survival, we do not actually know how firms with different capabilities and who have made competing technology choices survive an industry shakeout. In this article, we show how entrants' capabilities and technology choices can act in a complementary manner for some firms, enhancing their chance of survival, and as buffers against failure for others. Moreover, we explain why some firms that do exit are acquired, when others are dissolved.Research Summary: Explanations of entrants' survival in an emerging industry are premised on pre-entry capabilities or technology entry choices prior to the emergence of the dominant design. We consider how these drivers interact to strengthen or nullify firms' pre-entry advantage, and facilitate adaptation as the industry evolves. We also expand the treatment of exit by separating dissolution from acquisition, in which firms' capabilities continue to be utilized in the industry. Studying a recent shakeout in the global solar photovoltaic industry, we find that pre-entry capabilities and technology choices act in a complementary manner for some firms, thereby enhancing survival, and as buffers against exit for others. Nearly half of exits were via acquisitions, and technology choice at entry played an important role in determining how firms exited.", "label": [5, 44, 46]}
+{"token": "Collective internationalization - a new take off route for SMEs from China. Research limitations/implications - For Chinese SMEs, co-location in a market platform in foreign market offers the advantages of lowering institutional distance and uncertainty as the firms collectively handle these matters. A limitation of the study concerns the generalizability, as few cases are studied. Still, being an unstudied phenomena there are important empirical contributions to be made.Design/methodology/approach - An exploratory case study has been undertaken covering four Chinese market platforms: the role model in Yiwu, China, and the establishments in Warsaw, Poland; Budapest, Hungary; and Kalmar, Sweden.Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to investigate the establishments of Chinese wholesale and retail market platforms in China and Europe, which create a new take-off route for SMEs from China, and to theorize on this as a new collective route to internationalization.Originality/value - The paper reports on an overlooked empirical phenomenon, namely the establishment of Chinese wholesale and retail market platforms in China and Europe. Through this establishment a new collective route into the global market by Chinese SMEs is identified and theorized.Findings - A new collective internationalization route is identified, driven by the collectivistic Chinese culture. Here Chinese SMEs diverge from traditionally suggested paths of internationalization, taking off independently from the domestic business network but form a joint market platform in the foreign market. This collective behavior compensates for the resource constraints of internationally inexperienced Chinese SMEs. From the market platform, they plug into the local market network and are provided with economies of scale and scope, ultimately making them internationally competitive. This collective route offers the potential for joint learning and risk reduction when entering distant markets in the early internationalization stages.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "Plastic response by a small cervid to supplemental feeding in winter across a wide environmental gradient. Supplemental feeding for ungulates is a widespread practice in many human-dominated landscapes across Europe and North America, mainly intended to seasonally support populations. Surprisingly, little consideration was given so far to the effect of supplemental feeding on ungulate spatial ecology at a large scale, in management and conservation studies. Analyses of the main ecological drivers influencing the use of supplemental feeding sites by ungulates across a gradient of abiotic and biotic factors are currently lacking. We conducted a large-scale assessment of ecological and management drivers of use of feeding station sites in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), a small cervid widely distributed across Europe that is particularly sensitive to winter severity. We tested four competing hypotheses by comparing the time spent at feeding station sites by 180 individual Global Positioning System-collared roe deer from nine populations spanning a wide latitudinal and altitudinal gradient. We found that roe deer used feeding station sites highly opportunistically in response to winter severity across its range. The harshest weather conditions at the northern range limit or the highest elevations provoked an intense use of feeding station sites, which typically peaked at the end of winter, in accordance with the adverse weather and nutritional condition hypotheses. Consistently, milder winters corresponded to a reduced and/or more homogeneous use of supplemental feeding. In general, intensively used feeding station sites heavily conditioned spatial behavior of roe deer. Importantly, biotic factors such as the presence of competitors decreased roe deer use of supplemental feeding station sites. Our results emphasize the importance of this human-induced alteration to resource distribution, especially in the context of the rapidly occurring climate change that is modifying resource availability for ungulate populations.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Coherency loss of Al3SC precipitates during ageing of dilute Al-Sc alloys. Scandium additions are known to offer a number of benefits to aluminium alloy performance. Many of these benefits can be attributed to the precipitation of fine Al3Sc particles. These particles are fully coherent with the aluminium matrix when they are small, but can lose coherency as they grow or coarsen. In this work, the change in coherency has been studied in an Al-0.12 wt%Sc alloy over the temperature range 300-425 degrees C. Three coherency regimes were identified, consistent with previous observations. The time and temperature range over which coherency changes occur have been measured for a range of conditions and correlated with the precipitation kinetics and the predictions of a model for Al3Sc precipitation. The effect of the coherency change on the particle morphology has also been investigated.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Assessing Crime as a Problem: The Relationship Between Residents' Perception of Crime and Official Crime Rates Over 25 Years. This study compares the relationship between official crime rates in census tracts and resident perceptions of crime. Using a unique data set that links household-level data from the American Housing Survey metro samples over 25 years (1976-1999) with official crime rate data for census tracts in selected cities during selected years, this study finds that tract violent crime is the strongest predictor of residents' perception of crime. This standardized coefficient was .71 on average over the seven waves. Models simultaneously taking into account both violent and property crime found a consistently strong positive effect for violent crime but a consistently negative effect for property crime. Among types of violent crime, robbery and aggravated assault have the strongest effect on the perception of crime in the tract. Burglary showed a stronger effect on perceptions of crime in the 1970s but a steadily weakening effect since then. There was little evidence that the racial/ethnic composition of the tract affected these perceptions.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "INTERCOMPARISON OF WATER TRIPLE POINT CELLS FROM INTIBS AND INRIM. The triple point of water defines the unit of thermodynamic temperature, kelvin, and is the most important fixed point of the International Temperature Scale of 1990. Several international comparisons of cells for the realization of the water triple point were carried out to estimate the temperature values obtained in real conditions at national metrology institutes. A separate bilateral comparison was set up for INTiBS, Poland with INRiM, Italy, as CCT-K7 participant, in order to create a direct reference to CCT-K7 for the Polish institute. Results of the bilateral comparison carried out as EUROMET project no 895 are presented in this paper.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Haemophilus somnus induces apoptosis in bovine endothelial cells in vitro. Haemophilus somnus causes pneumonia, reproductive failure, infectious myocarditis, thrombotic meningoencephalitis, and other diseases in cattle. Although vasculitis is commonly seen as a result of systemic H. somnus infections, the pathogenesis of vascular damage is poorly characterized. In this study, we demonstrated that H. somnus (pathogenic isolates 649, 2336, and 8025 and asymptomatic carrier isolates 127P and 129Pt) induce apoptosis of bovine endothelial cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner, as determined by Hoechst 33342 staining, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-FITC nick end labeling, DNA fragmentation, and transmission electron microscopy, H. somnus induced endothelial cell apoptosis in as little as Ih of incubation and did not require extracellular growth of the bacteria, Viable H. somnus organisms induced greater endothelial cell apoptosis than heat-killed organisms. Since viable H. somnus cells release membrane fibrils and blebs, which contain lipooligosaccharide (LOS) and immunoglobulin binding proteins, we examined culture filtrates for their ability to induce endothelial cell apoptosis, Culture filtrates induced similar levels of endothelial cell apoptosis, as did viable H. somnus organisms. Heat inactivation of H. somnus culture filtrates partially reduced the apoptotic effect on endothelial cells, which suggested the presence of both heat-labile and heat-stable factors. We found that H. somnus LOS, which is heat stable, induced endothelial cell apoptosis in a time- and dose-dependent manner and was inhibited by the addition of polymyxin B. These data demonstrate that H. somnus and its LOS induce endothelial cell apoptosis, which may play a role in producing vasculitis in vivo.", "label": [2, 17, 24]}
+{"token": "The Lambeth Conferences on contraception, 1908-68. This article offers an analysis of changing ethical and theological approaches to contraception in successive Lambeth Conferences of Anglican bishops. It also compares these changes with gradual changes of approach within the Roman Catholic Church.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Feedback of Interface Agents on Student Perception: Level, Dialogue, and Emotion. Although feedback from interface agents has recently attracted increasing research attention, most studies emphasize the cognitive influences. Thus, the effect of each feedback type on student perception remains unclear. This study focuses on three types of feedback from interface agents to clarify student perception of single feedback and combinations of feedback types. An empirical study of 45 junior college students was conducted. Results showed that students preferred the emotion feedback and disliked the level feedback when they were asked to choose one feedback type. For combinations, the combined feedback of dialogue and emotion was the most preferred among all combinations. Based on these findings, several implications for the further development of interface agents are discussed.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "FUTURE PROPERTY AND THE TORRENS SYSTEM. Since at least the seventeenth century, courts of equity have upheld the assignment of future property for valuable consideration. Despite this long lineage, however, there has been almost no scholarly analysis of how these principles might interact with the Torrens system. The present article addresses this deficiency. Generally, it argues that there are no reasons why principles of future property cannot be fully subsumed within the Torrens system.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Exploring Student Engagement in an Augmented Reality Learning Game. This article investigates the behaviors of middle school students during their participation in an AR game called Play the Past. The findings of this study show that engagement differed during discrete activities in the game environment and that there was a relationship between the roles that students were assigned and their engagement.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Making networked virtual environments work. Collaborative virtual environments (CVEs) are a promising technology enabling remote participants to share a common place through three-dimensional graphical scenes. Within the COVEN project (Normand, 1999), we have run prolonged series of Internet trials that have allowed us to gather valuable data to formulate usability guidelines and networking requirements. However, running such trials in a real setting and making sure that the application and networking infrastructures will be stable enough is still a challenge. In this paper, we describe some of our experiences, together with the technical choices that have permitted many hours of successful Internet trials. We also make a thorough analysis of different correlated logging data. This analysis allows us to propose and confirm a model of a CVE application's network behavior, together with a number of interesting results that disprove some common assumptions. Furthermore, we use the model and the logging data to highlight the benefits of IP multicasting and for predicting traffic behaviors and bandwidth use on top of different logical network topologies.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Comparison of soybean hull pre-treatments to obtain cellulose and chemical derivatives: Physical chemistry characterization. The cellulose from soybean hull, a waste without value from the argentine agriculture, was successfully obtained by using two different treatments: the traditional alkaline-bleaching pathway and from a simple pre-alkaline treatment at low temperatures. The comparison of both methods yielded similar results regarding its ability to open the lignin cellulosic structure of the hull and the total elimination of the lignin content. Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), C-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (C-13-RMN) and Raman spectroscopy were used to characterize the structures and the properties of cellulose. The results showed that cellulose can be easily obtained with just an alkaline pretreatment of 5% (w/v) NaOH during 40 h at 50 degrees C and free of any lignin content. The attachment of different functional groups, such as -COOH and (CH3)(3)N+, changed the physicochemical properties of the obtained cellulose, showing mayor crystalline structure, and consequently modifying the swelling capacity and its ability to adsorb model proteins.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Canine Silica Urolithiasis in Mexico, Associated with the Concentration of Dissolved Silica in Tap Water. Silica urolithiasis is infrequent in dogs, but in Mexico represents 12.9%. Our hypothesis is the consumption of high amounts of silicates in the diet, especially that dissolved in tap water. The objective of this study was to determine the concentrations of silica in the tap water in different geographical areas and their relationship with cases of silicate urolithiasis in dogs. From 179 cases of silicate urolithiasis, 98.9% were from dogs within a geographic area called the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, which represents a cross shaft to the center of the country. Silica concentrations in tap water ranged between 3 and 76 mg/L, with a range of 27 to 76 mg/L, a mean of 49.9 +/- 12 mg/L within the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, and a concentration from 3 to 30 mg/L, with a mean of 16.4 +/- 7 mg/L outside this area; these were significantly different (p<0.001). These findings demonstrate that there is a geographic risk factor for silicate urolithiasis in urolith-forming dogs, related to the consumption of tap water with a high concentration of silica. Further studies are necessary to identify this same pathophysiological association in other species.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Early internationalization and the role of immigration in new venture survival. Immigrant-started new ventures face the liability of ethnicity because of their founders' disadvantaged immigration status. It is extremely difficult for them to acquire human, social and financial capital and access market in founders' country of residence to survive. This study empirically examines the survival of immigrant-started new ventures. We find that an early internationalization strategy could enhance those ventures' survival and that immigration status moderates the effect of an early internationalization strategy on their survival. This study contributes to both immigrant and international entrepreneurship literature. Managerial and policy implications are also discussed. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "Explorative Learning in Infrastructure Development Megaprojects: The Case of the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge. Research on explorative learning has primarily focused on the organizational level. Not much research has been done at the megaproject level, which is a more complex form of organizing. Therefore, it is advisable to analyze how the pursuit of explorative learning is enabled at the megaproject level. This research draws upon the case study of the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge (HZMB)-a cross-sea link construction project-to study how explorative learning was achieved and sustained. The findings from archival documents, interviews, and focus group discussions indicate that megaprojects are more likely to increase in complexity but might bring value via more significant learning opportunities. Explorative learning is enacted through the complementary use of owner leadership, collaboration, external resources, and experiments. This research adds to our knowledge of how explorative learning works in practice and highlights its significance in the context of megaprojects.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "THE EARLY BYZANTINE SETTLEMENT AT LEUKOS, KARPATHOS. This article presents the methodology and results of archaeological fieldwork conducted at the small fifth to sixth century ad port settlement at Leukos on the island of Karpathos in the Dodecanese. Fieldwork, undertaken from 2008 to 2011, comprised topographic, architecture and artefact surveys of the visible remains.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Local voting of weak classifiers. Many data mining problems involve an investigation of relationships between features in heterogeneous datasets, where different learning algorithms can be more appropriate for different regions. We propose herein a technique of localized voting of weak classifiers. This technique identifies local regions which have similar characteristics and then uses the votes of each local expert to describe the relationship between the data characteristics and the target class. We performed a comparison with other well known combining methods on standard benchmark datasets and the accuracy of the proposed method was greater.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Taylorism, the International Labour Organization, and the Genesis and Diffusion of Codetermination. The conventional negative understanding of the scientific management movement has been challenged in recent decades by heterodox scholars who hold that the movement supported the democratization of the management process and in so doing worked closely with unions and with progressives within and around Roosevelt's New Deal administration. This paper seeks to strengthen this challenge to orthodoxy by documenting how the leadership of the Taylor Society, a body established by Frederick Taylor's inner circle as a vehicle to develop and promote their mentor's ideas, strove to internationalize the diffusion of participatory management in tandem with the International Labour Organization, a body whose core purpose was and is to promote codetermination both in workplaces and in wider society.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "Is attack the best form of defence? A competing risks analysis of acquisition activity in the UK. The primary purpose of this paper is to investigate whether companies can use acquisition as a strategy to reduce their likelihood of take-over. The determinants of making an acquisition and being taken over are modelled for the first time within a competing risks framework using two large samples of UK manufacturing companies which together cover most of the post-World War II period up to 1990. Our results indicate that, ceteris paribus, companies which make acquisitions can significantly reduce their conditional probability of being taken over by around one-third, largely through the impact that acquisition has on corporate size. In this sense, attack, through acquisition, is the best form of defence against take-over.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Evaluation of oviposition substrates for Orius insidiosus (Say) (Hemiptera, Anthocoridae). Evaluation of oviposition substrates for Onus insidiosus (Say) (Hemiptera, Anthocoridae). Females of O. insidiosus deposit their eggs in the plant tissue. This study aimed to evaluate oviposition substrates for this predator. The study was conducted in an air-conditioned room at 25 +/- 2 degrees C, 70 +/- 10% RH, and a 12 h photophase. The oviposition substrates used consisted of bean sprouts (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), soybean sprouts [Glycine may (L.) Merr], potato sprouts (Solanum tuberosum L.), bean pods (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), and farmer's friend inflorescences (B/dens pilosa L.). Evaluations included the daily mean and total numbers of eggs per female during a 15-day period, the number of live adults in each container, and adult production viability. All substrates tested were accepted by the females. However, a significantly higher number of O. insidiosus eggs was found on bean sprouts (4.3 eggs per day) and soybean sprouts (3.9 eggs per day), when compared with the other substrates evaluated. The lowest (p<0,05) viability values in the production of O. insidiosus adults (75.1 and 71.7%) were observed from eggs laid on potato sprouts and bean pods, respectively. Bean and soybean sprouts were suitable to rear O. insidiosus in the laboratory; these substrates have the additional advantages of being produced throughout the year without requiring large areas for its production, thus reducing the costs and labor necessary to obtain and prepare them to be use on the mass-rearing system. These results may be useful in the mass rearing of O. insidiosus in the laboratory, with the objective of releasing the predator in biological control programs against thrips.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "A non-isothermal phase field study of the shape memory effect and pseudoelasticity of polycrystalline shape memory alloys. In this paper, a non-isothermal phase field (PF) model is proposed to investigate the shape memory effect (SME) and pseudoelasticity (PE) of polycrystalline shape memory alloys (SMAs) with consideration of the latent heat effect. The latent heat release and absorption accompanying the phase transformation processes are explicitly considered by coupling the phase field evolution with latent heat conduction. A modified Gibbs free energy function is proposed to accommodate the continuously varying temperature. It is shown that the SME and PE of polycrystalline SMAs under different ambient temperatures can be well characterized with the proposed PF model within a unified framework. The PF simulation results are in accordance with the previously reported experimental results. The influences of various factors such as the ambient temperature, grain size, crystal orientation, and latent heat effect on the phase transformation process and mechanical responses as well as the temperature evolution of SMAs are systematically discussed by conducting PF simulations. Some important implications for the devise of elastocaloric cooling devices are provided.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "The association of a SNP upstream of INSIG2 with body mass index is reproduced in several but not all cohorts. A SNP upstream of the INSIG2 gene, rs7566605, was recently found to be associated with obesity as measured by body mass index (BMI) by Herbert and colleagues. The association between increased BMI and homozygosity for the minor allele was first observed in data from a genome-wide association scan of 86,604 SNPs in 923 related individuals from the Framingham Heart Study offspring cohort. The association was reproduced in four additional cohorts, but was not seen in a fifth cohort. To further assess the general reproducibility of this association, we genotyped rs7566605 in nine large cohorts from eight populations across multiple ethnicities (total n = 16,969). We tested this variant for association with BMI in each sample under a recessive model using family-based, population-based, and case-control designs. We observed a significant (p < 0.05) association in five cohorts but saw no association in three other cohorts. There was variability in the strength of association evidence across examination cycles in longitudinal data from unrelated individuals in the Framingham Heart Study Offspring cohort. A combined analysis revealed significant independent validation of this association in both unrelated (p = 0.046) and family-based (p = 0.004) samples. The estimated risk conferred by this allele is small, and could easily be masked by small sample size, population stratification, or other confounders. These validation studies suggest that the original association is less likely to be spurious, but the failure to observe an association in every data set suggests that the effect of SNP rs7566605 on BMI may be heterogeneous across population samples.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Gender differences in relation to sputum submission and smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis in Malawi. RESULTS: During a 12-month period (averaged between 1995 and 1996), 26 624 new TB suspects submitted sputum samples, 3282 of which (12.3%) were smear-positive. Significantly more males submitted sputum (52%) compared with females (48%), and significantly more males (53%) were smear-positive compared with females (47%, P < 0.05). Rates of sputum submission per 100000 adults were also significantly higher for males (1203) than females (1032).CONCLUSION: In Malawi, fewer females are submitting sputum samples and are being diagnosed with smear-positive TB compared with males.OBJECTIVE: TO examine gender differences in sputum submission and sputum smear positivity.METHODS: Laboratory registers in all diagnostic units in eight districts in Malawi were examined for the years 1995 and 1996.", "label": [2, 21, 24]}
+{"token": "Polyrhachis loweryi (Formicinae): A guest ant parasitizing Rhytidoponera sp (Ponerinae) in Queensland, Australia. In both Polyrhachis species workers from queenright colonies perhaps emigrate with a few eggs or larvae in order to rear them in neighbouring host nests. The adaptive and predispositional reasons for the phyletic development of this parasitic relation remain unclear.At the type locality near Miles in Queensland, Australia a queenright colony of Polyrhachis loweryi was found (I dealate queen, 91 workers, males and brood) within a colony of Rhytidoponera sp. (near aciculata), whereas other colonies of this Rhytidoponera species contained only a few workers of P loweryi. For experiments and behavioural observations P loweryi and its hosts were kept in the laboratory for some time. The queenright P loweryi colony constructed closed nests out of soil and plant fibres, within the host nest, and only containing Polyrhachis specimens. P loweryi workers in part, remained amid the assembly of Rhytidoponera, from whom they obtained carbohydrate and protein food. In addition, Polyrhachis workers regularly left the host nest. They were able to collect liquid carbohydrate food and to distribute it among conspecific nest mates via trophallaxis. The care of the P loweryi brood was fully done by P loweryi itself. However, Rhytidoponera workers were observed carrying P loweryi brood in addition to their own brood. In artificially induced nest relocations, P loweryi was able to move to a new nest independently from its host ants, displaying the typical invitation behaviour, trail laying behaviour, and leader independent trail communication found in other members of the genus. Rhytidoponera sp., which in addition to inconspicuous trail marking, performs nest relocation via social carrying, rarely but regularly also carried P loweryi to the new nest. Whereas Rhytidoponera sp. workers were carried in the typical ponerine posture, P loweryi workers were carried by them in the formicine posture. We conclude that P loweryi is best described as a guest ant of Rhytidoponera sp.. The species seems to be less well integrated into the societies of its Rhytidoponera sp. host than the closely related P. lama, a social parasite of Diacamma sp. in Java.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "'I keepe my watche, and warde': Richard Robinson's Rewarde of Wickednesse (1574). In response to the recent call to re-evaluate what C.S. Lewis called the 'Drab Age', the article reassesses one sixteenth-century poem, The Rewarde of Wickednesse (1574), and its author, Richard Robinson. The poem is framed in such a way that the topos of service is central to an understanding of Robinson's authorial identity, an identity determined by his proclaimed status within the household of the sixth Earl of Shrewsbury. The poet claims to be one 'of a hundreth' serving the family during the captivity of Mary, Queen of Scots. The article locates the Rewarde of Wickednesse within the relevant geographical, literary and socio-political contexts and reveals aspects of Robinson's artistry that have remained hitherto unexplored.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Effects of Different Calcium Compounds on the Corrosion Resistance of Andalusite-Based Low-Cement Castables in Contact with Molten Al-Alloy. Andalusite containing low-cement castables (LCCs) have been used in aluminum casthouses for several decades. CaF2 is commonly added to the refractory to improve its corrosion resistance mainly because of its role in the formation of anorthite (CaAl2Si2O8); the latter has been reported to decrease the penetration of molten aluminum alloys into refractories. This article investigates the effect of the addition of different calcium containing compounds (CaO, CaCO3, CaSO4, CaF2, Clinker white cement, calcia feldspar, wollastonite, and Ca-3(PO4)(2)) on reactions with the refractory constituents to form anorthite as well as the effect of the additives on both the subsequent physical properties and the corrosion resistance of andalusite LCC refractories. Corrosion tests using the Alcoa cup test at temperatures (1123 K [850 degrees C] for 150 hours and 1433 K [1160 degrees C] for 72 hours) were conducted to determine the extent of penetration, whereas immersion tests in boiling water were conducted to determine the extent of open porosity in the material. Scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectrometer, optical microscopy, and X-ray diffraction techniques were employed to characterize the phase formations in the materials after the tests. The study demonstrated that both calcia feldspar and clinker white cement had the potential to be used as new additives for decreasing the penetration of molten Al-alloy into the refractory materials. Anorthite formation (in the refractory matrix), along with the absence of glassy phases, were responsible for the improvement in the corrosion resistance of the castables containing calcia feldspar. However, in the sample containing cement, the presence of calcium silicate phases were observed to resist reactions with molten aluminum. The observed results were validated using thermodynamic calculations, which indicated that tricalcium silicates (3CaO center dot SiO2) and dicalcium silicate (2CaO center dot SiO2) phases were more resistant than wollastonite (CaSiO3) for applications involving contact with molten aluminum. DOI: 10.1007/s11663-010-9468-z (C) The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society and ASM International 2011", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "PORQUE CLAUSES: FORM, FUNCTION AND DIACHRONY. This paper probes into the Portuguese causal constructions with porque (because) under the Used-Based Linguistics. They are described both semantic-pragmatically and syntactically from a diachronic approach, thus considering a pairing of form and function.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "High morphological and genetic variabilities of Ochlerotatus scapularis, a potential vector of filarias and arboviruses. Background: Ochlerotatus scapularis is a potential vector of filarias and arboviruses in the Neotropics. This species was once typically associated with sylvatic environments; however, cases of synanthropy and urbanization of this species have been increasingly reported in southeast Brazil. Despite the medical relevance of Oc. scapularis, its populational variability is not yet known. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing the morphological and genetic variabilities of this species.Conclusions: Our study results suggest that Oc. scapularis has a rich genetic patrimony, even though its habitat is fragmented. Implications of such genetic richness with respect to vectorial competence, plasticity, and ability to exploit urbanized areas need to be further investigated.Methods: Population samples were characterized using the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) mitochondrial gene and wing geometrics. Adult mosquitoes were collected from five sampling sites from remnants of the Atlantic forest embedded in the urban or rural areas of southeast Brazil.Results: In the 130 individuals analyzed, 46 COI haplotypes were detected. Haplotype diversity was high and ranged from 0.66 to 0.97. Six haplotypes were present in 61% of the individuals, whereas the remaining haplotypes were less frequent (39%). Wing shape was also highly polymorphic. Differentiation of populations across sampling sites according to genetic distances (F-st = -0.009 to 0.060) and morphological distances (Q(st) = 0.47) indicated that populations were not identical. No correlations were noted for phenetic and genetic diversities (p = 0.19) or for genetic or phenetic distances with geographical distances (p = 0.2 and p = 0.18, respectively).", "label": [2, 17, 21]}
+{"token": "Climatic stress increases forest fire severity across the western United States. Pervasive warming can lead to chronic stress on forest trees, which may contribute to mortality resulting from fire-caused injuries. Longitudinal analyses of forest plots from across the western US show that high pre-fire climatic water deficit was related to increased post-fire tree mortality probabilities. This relationship between climate and fire was present after accounting for fire defences and injuries, and appeared to influence the effects of crown and stem injuries. Climate and fire interactions did not vary substantially across geographical regions, major genera and tree sizes. Our findings support recent physiological evidence showing that both drought and heating from fire can impair xylem conductivity. Warming trends have been linked to increasing probabilities of severe fire weather and fire spread; our results suggest that warming may also increase forest fire severity (the number of trees killed) independent of fire intensity (the amount of heat released during a fire).", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "NORMAL VECTOR GENERATION FOR SAMPLED-DATA USING FOURIER FILTERING. A three-dimensional surface is a useful graphic representation of a two-dimensional function which has been sampled on a regular grid. Shading the surface to simulate the effects of direct lighting makes visible small changes in the surface orientation, and enhances realism when the data represents a physical surface such as terrain. Shading interpolation calculations and surface patch generation techniques require the specification of a surface normal vector (or related slope information) at each sample point. These normal vectors are usually generated by averaging local data such as the normal vectors of the surfaces of a triangular mesh connecting the points. This paper describes a technique which uses Fourier filtering to generate normal vectors for two-dimensional sampled data. Images and analysis of frequency spectra are included to show how this technique preserves detail which is lost using the averaging method. Performance figures show that this enhancement of detail in the final image can be achieved for only a small increase in computation time.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene functionalised with bipyridyl carboxylates for lanthanide complexation: Synthesis, photophysical properties, solution and solid state behavior. A new ligand based on a p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene functionalised with three 6-carboxylato-2,2'-bipyridine arms reacted with lanthanide(III) cations to form 2:2 complexes in the solid state, whereas in solution, a concentration-dependent equilibrium is observed between 2:2 and 1:1 species, as evidenced by ES-MS and metal luminescence measurements. In the X-ray molecular structure of the terbium complex two branched calixarene platforms share one pendant arm in order to provide a neutral dimeric structure which is held together by a strong hydrogen bonded network together with efficient pi-pi stacking of two pyridine rings belonging to each ligand.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "How do smokers control their cigarette expenditures?. When faced with high cigarette prices, smokers can potentially control cigarette expenditures by limiting consumption or seeking cheaper cigarettes. The present study examined both these options and whether the use of price-minimizing strategies (the second option) could counteract a further price increase without smokers having to reduce consumption. Data for 5,109 smokers who purchased manufactured cigarettes were from the 2002 cross-sectional, population-based, random-digit-dialed California Tobacco Survey. We used logistic regression to examine which smokers used consumption-limiting or price-minimizing strategies, and multiple linear regression to determine how much price-minimizing strategies reduced the average price paid per pack. Overall, 32.3% of California smokers said they limited consumption and 74.1% used at least one of the five price-minimizing strategies identified: choosing cheaper retail outlets (61.1%), using promotional offers (35.2%), choosing cheaper brands (28.7%), purchasing by the carton (27.7%), and using low-tax or nontaxed sources (6.3%). Different groups of smokers used different strategies. Except for the use of promotional offers, all price-minimizing strategies significantly reduced the price paid per pack. Carton purchasers saved US$1.01/pack, and those buying from low-tax or nontaxed sources saved $1.23/pack. However, pack buyers were reluctant to purchase cartons, mostly because they thought they might smoke too much, or because they considered the upfront cost unaffordable. The average California smoker could potentially save $0.33-$0.66/pack or $6.00-$12.00/month by using other price-minimizing strategies. Reducing consumption by 3 cigarettes/day could save a smoker $18.00/month. Whereas price-minimizing strategies appeared to save money, cutting consumption could save even more. Thus further substantial tax increases would likely have the desired effect.", "label": [2, 21, 23]}
+{"token": "Role of Ion Beam Irradiation and Annealing Effect on the Deposition of AlON Nanolayers by Using Plasma Focus Device. AlON nanolayers are synthesized on Al substrate by the irradiation of energetic nitrogen ions using plasma focusing. Samples are exposed to multiple (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25) focus shots. Ion energy and ion number density range from 80 keV to 1.4 MeV and 5.6x10(19) m(-3) to 1.3x10(19) m(-3), respectively. Moreover, the effect of continuous annealing (473 K and 523 K) on an AlN surface layer synthesized with 25 focus shots is also examined. The main features of the X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns with increasing focus shots are: (i) variation in the crystallinity of AlN along (111), (200) and (311) planes, (ii) increasing average crystallite size of AlN (111) plane, and (iii) stress relaxation observed in AlN (111) and (200) planes. The crystallinity of AlN surface layer is comparatively better at 473 K annealing temperature. A broadened diffraction peak related to an aluminium oxide phase showing weak crystallinity is observed for 15 focus shots while non-bounded oxides are present in all other deposited layers. Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis confirm the presence of AlN and Al2O3 for the surface layer annealed at 473 K temperature. Raman analysis shows that the overlapping of AlN and Al2O3 results in the development of residual stresses. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) results demonstrate that the formation of rounded grains (range from 20 nm to 200 nm) and variations in their microstructures features depend on the increasing number of focus shots. Decomposition of larger clusters into smaller ones is observed.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "First synthesis of enantiomerically pure (1S,2S)- and (1R,2R)1,2-diaminocyclobutanecarboxylic acid-ornithine derivative-, from racemic 2-aminocyclobutanone. An easy and efficient one-pot reaction from readily available 2-(N-Cbz) aminocyclobutanone selectively gave, by means of an asymmetric Strecker synthesis in the presence of a chiral benzylic amine, the thermodynamic 1,2-diamino nitriles. Basic hydrolysis, cleavage of the benzylic group and acidic hydrolysis of the resulting trans-1,2-diaminocyclobutanecarbonitrile gave, in a four-step sequence from the ketone, (1S,2S)- or (1R,2R)-1,2-diaminocyclobutanecarboxylic acid, ornithine derivatives. The absolute configuration has been established by X-ray analysis of the corresponding trans-diamino amide. (C) 2008 Published by Elsevier Ltd.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Weed resistance monitoring in the Canadian prairies. Weed resistance monitoring has been routinely conducted in the Northern Great Plains of Canada (Prairies) since the mid-1990s. Most recently, random surveys were conducted in Alberta in 2001, Manitoba in 2002, and Saskatchewan in 2003 totaling nearly 800 fields. In addition, nearly 1,300 weed seed samples were submitted by growers across the Prairies between 1996 and 2006 for resistance testing. Collected or submitted samples were screened for group 1 [acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitor] and/or group 2 [acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitor] resistance. Twenty percent of 565 sampled fields had an herbicide-resistant (HR) wild oat biotype. Most populations exhibited broad cross-resistance across various classes of group 1 or group 2 herbicides. In Manitoba, 22% of 59 fields had group 1-HR green foxtail. Group 2-HR biotypes of kochia were documented in Saskatchewan, common chickweed and spiny sowthistle in Alberta, and green foxtail and redroot pigweed in Manitoba. Across the Prairies, HR weeds are estimated to occur in fields covering an area of nearly 5 million ha. Of 1,067 wild oat seed samples submitted by growers and industry for testing between 1996 and 2006, 725 were group 1 HR, 34 group 2 HR, and 55 groups 1 and 2 HR. Of 80 submitted green foxtail samples, 26 were confirmed group 1 HR; most populations originated from southern Manitoba where the weed is most abundant. Similar to the field surveys, various group 2-HR biotypes were confirmed among submitted samples: kochia, wild mustard, field pennycress, Galium spp., common chickweed, and common hempnettle. Information from grower questionnaires indicates patterns of herbicide usage are related to location, changing with cropping system. Two herbicide modes of action most prone to select resistance, groups l and 2, continue to be widely and repeatedly used. There is little evidence that growers are aware of the level of resistance within their fields, but a majority have adopted herbicide rotations to proactively or reactively manage HR weeds.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Between tradition and modernity: Spaces and times for leisure in Montreal and Toronto in the 20th century. It ws during the twentieth century that Canadian society became truly urban. Although urbanization and the rise of large cities were blamed for a host of environmental, social, and human problems, they were also perceived as tangible evidence of the country's economic and technological progress and as necessary consequences of Canada's full participation in the new century. These contradictory responses to the city found strong expression in the are of culture and leisure and contributed to their transformation. The new urban realities fuelled thoughtful and animated discussions about access to urban public spaces and how such spaces were to be shared by diverse social groups, about the secularization of time and space, as well as about the definition of leisure activities and their democratization. Two stories--the building of a streetcar line on Montreal's Mount Royal and the use of Toronto's parks on Sundays--illustrate the complex processes of adaptation to urban life in the twentieth century.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Corporate entrepreneurship through joint venture. One of the characteristics of the entrepreneurial firm is the active search for opportunities without taking into account the resources available to the firm at a given moment. In such cases, certain types of operation, such as a joint venture, may provide a quick solution to the resource needs of the entrepreneurial firm. Moreover, this form of cooperation offers a suitable context for partners to be able to learn specific knowledge pertaining, for example, to the country of origin of the market they are aiming to enter, or to learning particular activities etc. Bearing these two dimensions in mind, the objective of this paper is to analyze the role of the joint venture as a tool for undertaking different activities associated with Corporate Entrepreneurship, that is to say, strategic renewal, Corporate Venturing and innovation. An empirical study using a sample of 74 joint ventures suggests that this particular mode of cooperation is employed by the entrepreneurial firm to carry out some, though not all, of the activities associated with Corporate Entrepreneurship.", "label": [5, 44, 46]}
+{"token": "Buchenwald Stories: Testimony, Military History, and the American Encounter with the Holocaust. This article examines a large body of written and oral testimonies by American servicemen who witnessed the liberation of the Buchenwald concentration camp in April 1945. During the decades since, the experience of liberation has become a central component of American public memory of World War II in Europe. As this article demonstrates, liberator testimony has shifted in important ways during the subsequent decades, both reflecting and shaping changes in American engagement with both the war and the Holocaust.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "ACE inhibitory and antioxidative activities of Goby (Zosterissessor ophiocephalus) fish protein hydrolysates: Effect on meat lipid oxidation. All hydrolysates displayed ACE-inhibitory activity. The hydrolysate generated by the grey triggerfish proteases (GPH-TF) displayed the highest ACE-inhibitory activity (99 +/- 1.4%, at 1.5 mg/ml) followed by that obtained by smooth hound proteases (GPH-SH) (87.5 +/- 0.7%).The incorporation of protein hydrolysates is of increasing commercial interest. The present study investigated the angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activities and antioxidant properties of goby protein hydrolysates (GPHs) obtained by treatment with various gastrointestinal fish proteases.Additionally, results indicated that GPHs showed varying degrees of antioxidant activities, evaluated by using various antioxidant assays. Hydrolysate obtained by treatment with crude protease from golden mullet (GPH-GM) showed the most pronounced DPPH-radical scavenging effect, followed by bovine trypsin hydrolysate (GPH-T), while that obtained by triggerfish proteases (GPH-TF) displayed the highest beta-carotene bleaching inhibitory effects. Moreover, all hydrolysates, except GPH-SH, showed high chelating effect and lipid peroxidation inhibition, even at low concentrations. Further, addition of GPH-TF in turkey meat sausage resulted in products with improved antioxidant activity. The results suggested that GPHs are good source of natural ACE-inhibitory and antioxidant peptides. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Corporate governance performance ratings with machine learning. We use machine learning with a cross-sectional research design to predict governance controversies and to develop a measure of the governance component of the environmental, social, governance (ESG) metrics. Based on comprehensive governance data from 2,517 companies over a period of 10 years and investigating nine machine-learning algorithms, we find that governance controversies can be predicted with high predictive performance. Our proposed governance rating methodology has two unique advantages compared with traditional ESG ratings: it rates companies' compliance with governance responsibilities and it has predictive validity. Our study demonstrates a solution to what is likely the greatest challenge for the finance industry today: how to assess a company's sustainability with validity and accuracy. Prior to this study, the ESG rating industry and the literature have not provided evidence that widely adopted governance ratings are valid. This study describes the only methodology for developing governance performance ratings based on companies' compliance with governance responsibilities and for which there is evidence of predictive validity.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "Lack of Association of CD55 Receptor Genetic Variants and Severe Malaria in Ghanaian Children. In a recent report, the cellular receptor CD55 was identified as a molecule essential for the invasion of human erythrocytes by Plasmodium falciparum, the causal agent of the most severe form of malaria. As this invasion process represents a critical step during infection with the parasite, it was hypothesized that genetic variants in the gene could affect severe malaria (SM) susceptibility. We performed high-resolution variant discovery of rare and common genetic variants in the human CD55 gene. Association testing of these variants in over 1700 SM cases and unaffected control individuals from the malaria-endemic Ashanti Region in Ghana, West Africa, were performed on the basis of single variants, combined rare variant analyses, and reconstructed haplotypes. A total of 26 genetic variants were detected in coding and regulatory regions of CD55. Five variants were previously unknown. None of the single variants, rare variants, or haplotypes showed evidence for association with SM or P. falciparum density. Here, we present the first comprehensive analysis of variation in the CD55 gene in the context of SM and show that genetic variants present in a Ghanaian study group appear not to influence susceptibility to the disease.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "The so locus is required for vegetative cell fusion and postfertilization events in Neurospora crassa. The process of cell fusion is a basic developmental feature found in most eukaryotic organisms. In filamentous fungi, cell fusion events play an important role during both vegetative growth and sexual reproduction. We employ the model organism Neurospora crassa to dissect the mechanisms of cell fusion and cell-cell communication involved in fusion processes. In this study, we characterized a mutant with a mutation in the gene so, which exhibits defects in cell fusion. The so mutant has a pleiotropic phenotype, including shortened aerial hyphae, an altered conidiation pattern, and female sterility. Using light microscopy and heterokaryon tests, the so mutant was shown to possess defects in germling and hyphal fusion. Although so produces conidial anastomosis tubes, so germlings did not home toward wild-type germlings nor were wild-type germlings attracted to so germlings. We employed a trichogyne attraction and fusion assay to determine whether the female sterility of the so mutant is caused by impaired communication or fusion failure between mating partners. so showed no defects in attraction or fusion between mating partners, indicating that so is specific for vegetative hyphal fusion and/or associated communication events. The so gene encodes a protein of unknown function, but which contains a WW domain; WW domains are predicted to be involved in protein-protein interactions. Database searches showed that so was conserved in the genomes of filamentous ascomycete fungi but was absent in ascomycete yeast and basidiomycete species.", "label": [4, 40, 39]}
+{"token": "Population health and status of epidemiology: WHO European Region I. Methods Published data were used to describe population health indicators and risk factors. Epidemiological training and research was assessed based on author knowledge, information searches and E-mail survey of experts. Bibliometric analyses determined epidemiological publication outputs.Conclusions Epidemiological capacity will continue to be heterogeneous across the region and depend more on countries' individual historical, social, political and economic conditions and contexts than their epidemiologists' successive efforts. National and international research funding, and within- and between-country collaborations should be enhanced, especially for South-Central Asian countries.Background This article of the International Epidemiological Association commissioned paper series stocktakes the population health and status of epidemiology in 21 of the 53 countries of the WHO European Region. By United Nations geographical classification, these countries belong to Eastern Europe, Western Asia and South-Central Asia.Results Between-country differences in life expectancy, amount and profile of disease burden and prevalence of risk factors are marked. Epidemiological training is affected by ongoing structural reforms of educational systems. Training is advanced in Israel and several Eastern European countries. Epidemiological research is mainly university-based in most countries, but predominantly conducted by governmental research institutes in several countries of the former Soviet Union. Funding is generally external and limited, partially due to competition from and prioritization of biomedical research. Multiple relevant professional societies exist, especially in Poland, the Czech Republic and Hungary. Few of the region's 39 epidemiological academic journals have international currency. The number of epidemiological publications per population is highest for Israel and lowest for South-Central Asian countries.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "On the one-dimensional modeling of camber bending deformations in active anisotropic slender structures. The paper presents a one-dimensional model for anisotropic active slender structures that captures arbitrary cross-sectional deformations. The I-D geometrically-nonlinear static problem is derived by an asymptotic reduction process from the equations of 3-D electroelasticity. In addition to the conventional (bending-extension-shear-twist) beam strain measures, it includes a Ritz approximation to account for arbitrary deformation shapes of the finite-size cross-sections. As a particular case, closed-form analytical expressions are derived for the linear static equilibrium of a composite thin strip with surface-mounted piezoelectric actuators. This solution is based on a boundary-layer approximation to the static equilibrium equations in regions where Saint-Venant's principle for elastic bodies cannot be applied and includes camber bending deformations to account for the local bimoments induced by the distributed actuation in a finite-width strip. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "Social norms for e-cigarettes and smoking: associations with initiation of e-cigarette use, intentions to quit smoking and quit attempts: findings from the EUREST-PLUS ITC Europe Surveys. Background: Social norms have received little attention in relation to electronic cigarettes (EC). The current study examine social norms for EC use and smoking tobacco, and their associations with (i) initiation of EC use, (ii) intention to quit smoking and (iii) attempts to quit smoking. Methods: Cross-sectional and longitudinal data analysis from Waves 1 and 2 of the ITC 6 European Country Survey and corresponding waves from England (the ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey). Current smokers at baseline, who heard of ECs and provided data at both waves were included (n = 3702). Complex samples logistic regression examined associations between the outcomes and descriptive (seeing EC use in public, close friends using ECs/smoking) and injunctive (public approves of ECs/smoking) norms, adjusting for country, demographics, EC use and heaviness of smoking. Results: In longitudinal analyses, seeing EC use in public at least some days was the only social norm that predicted initiation of EC use between waves (OR = 1.66, 95%CI = 1.08-2.56). In the cross-sectional analysis, having an intention to quit was associated with seeing EC use in public (OR = 1.37, 95%CI = 1.04-1.81) and reporting fewer than three close friends smoke (OR = 0.59, 95%CI = 0.44-0.80). There was no association between any social norm and making a quit attempt between waves. Conclusions: Initiation of EC use is predicted by seeing EC use in public, which was also associated with greater intention to quit smoking. Friends' smoking was associated with lower intention to quit. These findings may allay concerns that increased visibility of ECs is renormalizing smoking amongst current smokers.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "An analytical model of the replacement costs of aircraft engine life-limited parts. FindingsThe average annual escalation rate of life-limited parts list prices was shown to range from 5% to 7%. The presented model is not only suitable for calculating the costs of used and unused lives of life-limited parts during past engine shop visit events but also for application in the life-limited parts replacement cost forecasting and optimisation models.Originality/valueUniquely derived recursive expressions represent the final result of the developed model which, to the authors' knowledge, had not been studied elsewhere in the academic literature. The analysis of aircraft engine life-limited part list prices carried out to account for the average annual escalation rate enables the prediction of replacement costs during subsequent shop visits.PurposeThe replacement costs of aircraft engine life-limited parts are modelled analytically in this research, which strives to quantify the costs of used and unused lives of the replaced parts, incurred during engine shop visit events. Inputs for this model include the list price of life-limited parts, the replacement decisions made on all previous shop visits and the number of cycles the engine has operated at different thrust ratings on all previous operating intervals.The purpose of this paper is to present novel recursive expressions for modelling the replacement costs of aircraft engine life-limited parts during shop visits to assist engine operators in both evaluating their decisions regarding the applied life-limited parts management strategies and tracking the replacement costs consistently throughout the life of the engine.Design/methodology/approach", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "CDK1 inactivation regulates anaphase spindle dynamics and cytokinesis in vivo. Through association with CDK1, cyclin B accumulation and destruction govern the G(2)/M/G(1) transitions in eukaryotic cells. To identify CDK1 inactivation-dependent events during late mitosis, we expressed a nondestructible form of cyclin B (cyclin B Delta 90) by microinjecting its mRNA into prometaphase normal rat kidney cells. The injection inhibited chromosome decondensation and nuclear envelope formation. Chromosome disjunction occurred normally, but anaphase-like movement persisted until the chromosomes reached the cell periphery, whereupon they often somersaulted and returned to the cell center. Injection of rhodamine-tubulin showed that this movement occurred in the absence of a central anaphase spindle. In 82% of cells cytokinesis was inhibited; the remainder split themselves into two parts in a process reminiscent of Dictyostelium cytofission. In all cells injected, F-actin and myosin II were diffusely localized with no detectable organization at the equator. Our results suggest that a primary effect of CDK1 inactivation is on spindle dynamics that regulate chromosome movement and cytokinesis. Prolonged CDK1 activity may prevent cytokinesis through inhibiting midzone microtubule formation, the behavior of proteins such as TD60, or through the phosphorylation of myosin II regulatory light chain.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Exciton coupling in diketopyrrolopyrrole-helicene derivatives leads to red and near-infrared circularly polarized luminescence. Molecular and macromolecular chiral pi-conjugated diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)-helicene derivatives were prepared and their chiroptical properties examined experimentally and theoretically. Exciton coupling leads to red and near-infrared circularly polarized absorption and luminescence arising from the achiral DPP units in the helical environment, highlighting an interesting synergy between the chiral helicene and the organic dye.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Electrically and magnetically induced transfer of solvated ions in an isolated solution of salt in a polar dielectric. Solutions of metal salts in liquid polar dielectrics were considered in the approximation of a single ion placed in a system of liquid polar dielectric molecules and a system of interacting charged particles, such as cations, anions, and polarized liquid polar dielectric molecules, arranged around them. The sizes of the solvated ion clusters were estimated in the approximation of a single ion and in the approximation of the existence of a self-consistent field in the solution volume. The characteristic frequencies of the external electric field were determined so that, being imposed on an aqueous salt solution, it produces the effect of the induced transfer of solvated ions. The behavior of the solutions under the action of external asymmetric electrical and alternating magnetic fields was analyzed.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "Formation of Professional Orientation of High School Students to Medical Profession by Using ICT Tools. The article is devoted to the formation of professional orientation of students to medical profession by using ICT tools. The article deals with the problem of professional orientation and formation of interest to the medical profession at schools with biological and medical classes. The use of ICT tools contributes to the integration of school subjects into current knowledge which are necessary for the future effective work of medical specialists. Application of ICT increases the effectiveness of professional orientational classes, improves students' awareness of their future profession, implements to the professional choice based on the awareness and understanding of students of their professional preferences and aptitudes. This technique makes it possible to form not only an adequate motivation to the medical profession, but also interest in disciplines connected with future profession.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Direct and indirect optimal control applied to plant virus propagation with seasonality and delays. In many applications of mathematical modeling to biology, economics, social sciences and engineering, the objective is to find optimal solutions. Usually we want to minimize an objective function depending on a number of functions subject to constraints given, for example, by systems of differential equations. Two main numerical approaches are used to solve these optimal control problems, depending on whether the problem is optimized first and then discretized, or vice versa. Each of these two approaches has its advantages and disadvantages. In this paper we describe both methods an apply them to a plant virus propagation model, where the virus is propagated through a vector that bites the infected plants. The model includes delays due to the time the virus takes to infect the plant and the vector, and seasonality due to the dependence of the behavior on the seasons. The objective function is the total cost to a farmer of having infected plants, and includes the actual cost of a plant plus the cost of the controls which are insecticides and a predator species that preys on the insects. Numerical simulations are done using both methods and comparisons are made. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "An econometric analysis of domestic air traffic demand in regional airports: Evidence from India. The Indian aviation industry has a vast potential to grow to cater to its population and commerce through developing air transport services to the regional airports. This paper examines the possible determinants of domestic air traffic demand in Indian regional airports serving below three million passengers per annum. Using multiple regression analysis, we find that distance to the nearest airport and accessibility of the airport significantly affect traffic volumes in regional airports. This study also highlights the specificities of Indian regional airports.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Assessing the impact of organizational culture on achieving business excellence with a moderating role of ICT: An SEM approach. Research limitations/implications This study had some conceptual limitations. In particular, it considered the organizational culture as four types in the research model, but without structuring the indices under each type. It also had some methodological limitations. It was cross-sectional and used a self-administered questionnaire, which means that no causal relationships can be implied, and there may have been some bias in responding.Originality/value This is one of the first studies that investigate the relationship between organizational culture and business excellence in UAE excellence award-winning companies.Design/methodology/approach Data were collected by questionnaire from 448 managers in nine companies that have won the Sheikh Khalifa Excellence Award in the last three years. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the data.Purpose The purpose of this paper is to discover the impact of different dimensions of organizational culture (mission culture, adaptability culture, involvement culture and consistency culture) on business excellence results criteria (customer results, people results, society results and business results) in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and explore the moderating role of information and communication technology (ICT) use in both service and manufacturing industries.Findings Organizational culture is significantly related to business excellence. However, these effects varied for different business excellence criteria. Three organizational culture types had a significant positive role in achieving excellent customer-related results. All four types of organizational culture had a positive role in achieving excellent people-related results. Only two culture types had significant role in achieving excellent society-related results. Business results were positively related to a balance between the four types of organizational culture. ICT use moderated the relationship between organizational culture and results related to customers, people and business, but not society.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "Buckling and vibration analysis of FG-CNTRC plate subjected to thermo-mechanical load based on higher order shear deformation theory. In the present study, based on 12-unknown higher order shear deformation theory (HSDT), buckling and vibration analysis of FG-CNTRC rectangular plate are investigated for various types of temperature distribution and boundary conditions. Implementing Hamilton's principle, the equations of motion are derived and solved by adopting the Navier solution for the simply supported boundary conditions and DQM method for other boundary conditions. Validation is carried out by comparing the numerical results with those obtained in the open literature. Also, a detailed parametric analysis is carried out to illuminate the influence of different system parameters such as CNT distributions, CNT volume fraction, aspect ratio, and temperature gradients on the buckling and vibrational behavior of the plate. The material properties of the CNTRC plate are computed via the extended rule of mixture. It is demonstrated that in the case of sinusoidal temperature rise, the non-dimensional fundamental frequency of the system has the greatest value in comparison with other various patterns of temperature alteration. It is concluded that the FG-X pattern of CNT distribution, as well as increasing CNT volume fraction, lead to an increase in the buckling strength of the FG-CNTRC plate.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "Drosophila Nora virus capsid proteins differ from those of other picorna-like viruses. The recently discovered Nora virus from Drosophila melanogaster is a single-stranded RNA virus. Its published genomic sequence encodes a typical picorna-like cassette of replicative enzymes, but no capsid proteins similar to those in other picorna-like viruses. We have now done additional sequencing at the termini of the viral genome, extending it by 455 nucleotides at the 5' end, but no more coding sequence was found. The completeness of the final 12,333-nucleotide sequence was verified by the production of infectious virus from the cloned genome. To identify the capsid proteins, we purified Nora virus particles and analyzed their proteins by mass spectrometry. Our results show that the capsid is built from three major proteins, VP4A, B and C, encoded in the fourth open reading frame of the viral genome. The viral particles also contain traces of a protein from the third open reading frame, VP3. VP4A and B are not closely related to other picorna-like virus capsid proteins in sequence, but may form similar jelly roll folds. VP4C differs from the others and is predicted to have an essentially a-helical conformation. In a related virus, identified from EST database sequences from Nasonia parasitoid wasps, VP4C is encoded in a separate open reading frame, separated from VP4A and B by a frame-shift. This opens a possibility that VP4C is produced in non-equimolar quantities. Altogether, our results suggest that the Nora virus capsid has a different protein organization compared to the order Picornavirales. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Absolute and convective instability of tangential discontinuities in viscous fluids: Application to heliopause. The stability of the heliopause, which is a tangential discontinuity separating the flow of the solar wind plasma compressed at the termination shock, from the flow of the insterstellar plasma compressed at the bow shock, is discussed. A brief review of the normal mode analysis is given. The recent results of the study of the absolute and convective instability of a tangential discontinuity in an incompressible plasma, viscous at one side of the discontinuity, and ideal at the other side, are presented. This equilibrium configuration can be considered as a crude model of the flow near the heliopause in its near-flank regions, where the flow is essentially subsonic. The obtained results suggest that the near flanks of the heliopause are only convectively unstable. The relation of these results with results of recent numerical investigations of the absolute and convective instability of the heliopause are discussed.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Indoor transformer stations as predictors of residential ELF magnetic field exposure. Transformer stations in apartment buildings may offer a possibility to conduct epidemiological studies that involve high exposure to extremely low frequency magnetic fields (MF), avoid selection bias and minimize confounding factors. To validate exposure assessment based on transformer stations, measurements were performed in thirty buildings in three Finnish cities. In each building, spot measurements in all rooms and a 24-h recording in a bedroom were performed in one apartment above a transformer station (AAT), in one first floor (FF) reference apartment, and one reference apartment on upper floors (UF). The apartment mean of spot measurements was 0.62 mu T in the AATs, 0.21 mu T in the FF and 0.11 mu T in the UF reference apartments The 24-h apartment mean (estimated from the spot measurements and the bedroom 24-h recording) was 0.2 mu T or higher in 29 (97%) AATs, in 7 (25%) FF and in 3 (10 %) UF reference apartments. The corresponding numbers for the 0.4 mu cut-off point were 19 (63%), 4 (14%), and 1 (3.3%). The higher MF level in the FF reference apartments indicates that they should not be considered \\\\'unexposed\\\\' in epidemiological studies. If such apartments are excluded, a transformer station under the floor predicts 24-h apartment mean MF with a sensitivity of 0.41 (or 0.58) and a specificity of 0.997 (or 0.97), depending on the MF cut-offpoint (0.2 or 0.4 mu T). The results indicate that apartments can be reliably classified as high and low MF field categories based on the known location of transformer stations. Bioelectromagnetics 29:213-218, 2008. (C) 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Low Temperature H2S Removal with Metal-Doped Nanostructure ZnO Sorbents: Study of the Origin of Enhanced Reactivity in Cu-Containing Materials. Sulfidation of pure and metal-doped ZnO nanostructure sorbents (M0.03Zn0.97O, M = Fe, Co, Ni, Cu) was studied in order to clarify the effect of metal on the transformation kinetics at 200-350 degrees C. The solids were prepared by coprecipitation from metal nitrate solution followed by calcination at 400 degrees C. Reaction with H2S was studied by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) using a gas mixture containing 0.2 vol % H2S in equimolar H-2-N-2. It was found that at 350 degrees C the TGA sulfidation profiles of all studied samples are similar, with the interface reaction being the main rate-determining step. After lowering the temperature to 250 degrees C the transformation of Cu0.03Zn0.97O continues to be controlled by the interface reaction with only a slightly decreased rate. In contrast, for all other samples the diffusion resistance appears, provoking a significant drop of their transformation rates. This finding shows that during sulfidation of Cu-doped ZnO the diffusion is faster than for all other sorbents. The same effect was observed for the sample prepared by impregnation of ZnO powder and containing supported Cu species. In order to understand the origin of this effect, the sulfided sorbents were characterized by XRD and N-2 physisorption, and no correlation was found between the sulfidation rate and textural properties of formed sulfides, This result indicates that sulfur transport during sulfidation occurs by solid state rather than gas phase diffusion. Also XPS has shown that Cu2S-ZnS solid solution is formed during sulfidation of the Cu-doped solids. We thus suggest that diffusion enhancement in the presence of copper is brought about by sulfur vacancies created through charge compensation of Cu+ replacing Zn2+.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "ONE OPPRESSION CAN HIDE ANOTHER. ANTIRACISM AND SEXISM IN DANY LAFERRIERE'S COMMENT FAIRE L'AMOUR AVEC UN NEGRE SANS SE FATIGUER. UNE OPPRESSION PEUT EN CACHER UNE AUTRE. ANTIRACISME ET SEXISME DANS COMMENT FAIRE L'AMOUR AVEC UN NEGRE SANS SE FATIGUER DE DANY LAFERRIERE(ONE OPPRESSION CAN HIDE ANOTHER. ANTIRACISM AND SEXISM IN DANY LAFERRIERE'S COMMENT FAIRE L'AMOUR AVEC UN NEGRE SANS SE FATIGUER)In his first novel, Comment faire l'amour avec un Negre sans se fatiguer, Dany Laferriere deploys an antiracist and anticolonialist discourse made possible both by the narrative erasure of black women and the exploitation of sexist stereotypes concerning white women. While he uses intertextuality and irony, in particular, to question stereotypes concerning \\\\'Negroes,\\\\' Laferriere renews those that oncem white women; these stereotypes in fact allow him to bring his antiracist discourse into play, as if racism were a justification for sexism. What ensues is the dehumanization of white women and an erasure of their subjectivity that allows the narrator to assert his. We need to remember that while racism is objectionable, so is sexism, and to the same degree.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Aggregative oviposition varies with density in processionary moths-Implications for insect outbreak propensity. In gregarious insects, groups commonly originate from females laying eggs in masses and feeding groups are established as soon as larvae hatch. Some group-living insect species may aggregate beyond the individual parent level, such that offspring from two or more egg masses develop within a common resource. Here we show that aggregative oviposition can vary with population density at oviposition and possibly be an important factor in outbreak dynamics of phytophagous insects. We analysed density data with respect to egg mass aggregation for two species of pine processionary moths, Thaumetopoea pinivora (in Sweden 2005-2019) and T. pityocampa (in Spain 1973-1991). Both species lay their eggs in egg masses and feed in groups. During the study periods, insect population density for both species varied by at least an order of magnitude. The two species showed strikingly similar patterns of egg mass aggregation. Egg masses were overdispersed at high population density, with few trees showing a high load of egg masses. Our data suggest that aggregative oviposition can be important in explaining the previously documented higher propensity for outbreaks in insects laying eggs in clusters, compared with those laying individual eggs.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "The notion of trust in J. Schellenberg's philosophy of religion: an historical investigation. The reception of Schellenberg's philosophy of religion is concentrated on his skeptical approach, on his evolutionary conception of human beings and on his principle of imagination, consistently with his own presentation of his thought. Instead, I feel the role that the concept of trust covers in his proposal, is quite neglected. Herein I propose, on the one hand, to fill this gap showing how a study of the use of the notion of trust by Schellenberg is decisive in order to understand his criticism of traditional philosophy of religion, and to appreciate his proposal of a religious skepticism. On the other hand, I intend to underline his conception about trust to better understand the relevance and the potentiality of this notion in the contemporary philosophical debate. I will use a historical method, paying attention to the context in which Schellenberg writes his works, to his more or less express sources and to the more and more well-constructed distinctions he suggests in his studies, without leaving out any terminological ambiguity.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Individual consistency in migration strategies of a tropical seabird, the Round Island petrel. Background In migratory species, the extent of within- and between-individual variation in migratory strategies can influence potential rates and directions of responses to environmental changes. Quantifying this variation requires tracking of many individuals on repeated migratory journeys. At temperate and higher latitudes, low levels of within-individual variation in migratory behaviours are common and may reflect repeated use of predictable resources in these seasonally-structured environments. However, variation in migratory behaviours in the tropics, where seasonal predictability of food resources can be weaker, remains largely unknown. Methods Round Island petrels (Pterodroma sp.) are tropical, pelagic seabirds that breed all year round and perform long-distance migrations. Using multi-year geolocator tracking data from 62 individuals between 2009 and 2018, we quantify levels of within- and between-individual variation in non-breeding distributions and timings. Results We found striking levels of between-individual variation in at-sea movements and timings, with non-breeding migrations to different areas occurring across much of the Indian Ocean and throughout the whole year. Despite this, repeat-tracking of individual petrels revealed remarkably high levels of spatial and temporal consistency in within-individual migratory behaviour, particularly for petrels that departed at similar times in different years and for those departing in the austral summer. However, while the same areas were used by individuals in different years, they were not necessarily used at the same times during the non-breeding period. Conclusions Even in tropical systems with huge ranges of migratory routes and timings, our results suggest benefits of consistency in individual migratory behaviours. Identifying the factors that drive and maintain between-individual variation in migratory behaviour, and the consequences for breeding success and survival, will be key to understanding the consequences of environmental change across migratory ranges.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Farming smarter with big data: Insights from the case of Australia's national dairy herd milk recording scheme. Digitalization and the use of Smart Farming Technologies are considered a major opportunity for the future of agriculture. However, realisation of full benefits is constrained by: (1) farmers' interest in and use of big data to improve farm decision making; (2) issues of data sovereignty and trust between providers and users of data and technology; (3) institutional arrangements associated with the governance of data platforms. This paper examines the case of Australia's dairy herd milk recording system, arguably one of agriculture's first cases of 'big data' use, which collects, analyses and uses farm-level data (milk production, lactation and breeding records) to provide individual cow and herd performance information, used by individual farmers for farm management decisions. The aim of this study was to 1) examine the use of big data to add value to farm decision making; and 2) explore factors and processes, including institutional arrangements, which influence farmer engagement with and use of big data. This paper traces the Australian history of the organisation of dairy herd recording (established in 1912 and digitalized in late 1970s) and then uses findings from a longitudinal study of 7 case study dairy farms, which were incentivised to become involved in herd recording in 2015. Applying a conceptual framework linking path dependency in farm decision making and collaborative governance capacity, we find three new important dimensions of the farm user context influencing farmer demand for big data applications: 1) the transition to a new business stage; 2) the additionality farmers seek from data generated in one component of the farm system to other subsystems, and 3) the use of data in long term or strategic decision making. Further, we identified critical attributes of support services in addressing digital literacy, capacity and capability issues at farm level, including diversity in data presentation formats and facilitation of the on-farm transition process through intermediary herd test organisations. The role of farmers as governance actors, or citizens in the decisions of the trajectory of big data applications, adds to understanding of the nature of collaborative governance arrangements that support farm engagement.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Mutations in CD96, a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, cause a form of the C (Opitz trigonocephaly) syndrome. The C syndrome is characterized by trigonocephaly and associated anomalies, such as unusual facies, psychomotor retardation, redundant skin, joint and limb abnormalities, and visceral anomalies. In an individual with the C syndrome who harbors a balanced chromosomal translocation, t(3; 18)(q13.13; q12.1), we discovered that the TACTILE gene for CD96, a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, was disrupted at the 3q13.3 breakpoint. In mutation analysis of nine karyotypically normal patients given diagnoses of the C or C-like syndrome, we identified a missense mutation (839C -> T, T280M) in exon 6 of the CD96 gene in one patient with the C-like syndrome. The missense mutation was not found among 420 unaffected Japanese individuals. Cells with mutated CD96 protein (T280M) lost adhesion and growth activities in vitro. These findings indicate that CD96 mutations may cause a form of the C syndrome by interfering with cell adhesion and growth.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Prediction of FLD for sheet metal by considering through-thickness shear stresses. In this study, the effect of through-thickness shear (TTS) stress has been examined on the prediction of forming limit diagrams (FLDs). Determination of the FLD is based on the Marciniak-Kuczynski (M-K) model with some modifications on the stress states for consideration of the TTS stress effects. For solving the equations, the Newton-Raphson method has been used. Furthermore, the Nakazima test has been simulated to investigate the stress state which occurs in the sheet during the test. Results showed that the formability of sheet metal could be better as the through-thickness stress increased. Also, implementation of TTS stress in the present model, the corresponding FLD has better agreement than the conventional FLD with the experimental test result.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "Teaching research methods to undergraduate dental students. The provision of undergraduate statistics teaching varies across UK dental schools, but some challenges are faced in all schools. These include the need to (i) demonstrate the relevance of statistics to dentistry, (ii) address the phenomenon of statistical anxiety likely to be experienced, and (iii) deliver the teaching with a limited number of statistically trained staff. Our objective was to design a research methods course that combined epidemiology and statistics teaching for undergraduates at Bristol Dental School (University of Bristol) that was clinically relevant, focused on concepts and interpretation rather than calculation, and was sustainable, using new technology to enhance learning. The research methods course was introduced in 2008, extensively developed over the next two years based on student and tutor feedback, and has run with only minor updates ever since. The aim of the course is to introduce year 2 dental students to the skills needed to practice evidence-based dentistry, i.e. understand and critically appraise published research. Basic epidemiological concepts, different types of study design, summarising and interpreting data, and choosing appropriate statistical analyses are covered. The course is introduced by a face-to-face lecture. This emphasises the relevance to future careers, and pre-empts the feelings of statistical anxiety by presenting evidence that exam results for this course are not associated with having achieved an A-level in mathematics. The rest of the course is delivered using the flipped classroom approach. Didactic teaching is in the form of nine e-lectures, each lasting 20-25 minutes. These are split into chapters to allow easy navigation, and include pop-up questions. Small group (up to 10 students) structured tutorials (one per e-lecture) are used to reinforce the material covered in the e-lectures, drawing on real clinical examples from research publications. They are interactive, and also include e-voting quizzes to allow the tutors and students to gauge the level of understanding that is being achieved. At the end of the course there is a revision session and written assessment, which must be passed before students can progress to year 3 of the dental degree. Approximately 70 students take the course each year, split into eight groups, and tutorials are based on pre-prepared materials. Tutoring on this course provides an attractive opportunity to gain teaching experience, with only a modest investment in time. Therefore, it has always been possible to recruit enough statisticians or epidemiologists in the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol to act as tutors. At least 89% of the students have passed the exam on first sitting each year, and all students have passed their re-sit exam. Marks ranged from 50-86% in 2019, and similar ranges were seen in previous years. Student feedback is consistently high, with virtually all students rating all components of the course at least satisfactory, and high percentages rating them good or excellent (e-lectures and tutorials were rated to be good or excellent by 72% and 95% of the students respectively in 2019). External examiners have been very complimentary, and only ever requested minor changes. Hence it has been possible to run a sustainable research methods course that engages students' interest and produces excellent learning outcomes.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Differences between female suicidal patients with family history of suicide attempt and family history of completed suicide. Background: Family history of suicidal behavior and suicide are both risk factors for suicide. However, the effects of family history of suicide versus suicide attempts on patient suicidal behavior remain unclear. The aim of the present study was to understand if family history of suicide as compared to family history of suicide attempts or no family history of suicidal behavior evidences different associations with suicidal behavior among psychiatric patients.Method: Participants included 157 female patients between the ages of 18 and 65 years admitted at the Dr. Braulio A. Moyano Neuropsychiatric Women's Hospital.Conclusion: There is an association between the number of suicide attempts and family history of suicide attempts in female patients hospitalized for suicidal behavior. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Results: Seventy-nine patients (50.3%) reported no family history of suicidal behavior (NFHSB), while 78 patients (49.7%) reported a family history of suicidal behavior. Specifically, 41 patients (26.1%) reported a family history of suicide attempt (FHSA) and 37 patients (23.6%) reported a family history of suicide (FHS). These groups showed significant differences between family history of psychopathology and number of previous suicide attempts. Patients with an FHSA were more likely to present with a greater number of previous suicide attempts as compared to patients with NFHSB and FHS.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "A Kantian solution to the problem of imperceptible differences. There are cases such as climate change where the cumulative effects of the actions of several agents lead to grave harm but where no individual agent can make a perceptible difference for the better or worse. According to Derek Parfit, dealing with such imperceptible difference cases requires substantial changes to the way we think about morality. In On What Matters, Parfit builds on Kantian Ethics to address the problem of imperceptible differences, but the transformation that Kant's theory undergoes in his hands is radical. I argue that Parfit's changes to Kant's theory are not only unnecessary but also detrimental to making sense of the ethical dimensions of action in collective contexts. Building on the notion of imperfect duties, I offer an alternative solution to the problem of imperceptible difference cases that remains closer to Kant's original theory and avoids the difficulties of Parfit's approach.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Shyttea richardsonii sp nov from Maine, with a key to the species known from North America. Skyttea richardsonii sp. nov. is described from a sterile corticolous lichen in Maine. It is closest to S. tavaresae, the only other member of the genus to be reported as having annelations on the excipular hairs, but that species occurs on Loxospora spp. and differs in the K+ reaction of the exciple and ascospore size. Minute Phoma-like conidiomata found in some apothecia may represent an independent fungicolous fungus growing on the new species. This is the 10th species of the genus to have been discovered in North America; a key to these species is provided.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Polymorphism of mitochondrial DNA in old believers from Siberia. The polymorphism of mtDNA was examined in populations of Old Believers (n = 104) and Russians from Novosibirsk oblast (n = 270). Most of the haplogroups identified belonged to West Eurasian lineages. The frequencies of these haplogroups constituted 96.6% in Russians from Novosibirsk and 93.2% in Old Believers from Tyumen oblast. The populations examined were characterized by a high mtDNA diversity level (h = 0.98) compared to other population samples of Russians from Russia. Among the West Eurasian haplogroups, the most common (a frequency of more than 10%) were haplogroups H, U, J, and T, the proportion of which constituted 77.9% in Old Believers and 83.1% in Russians from Novosibirsk. The Mongoloid admixture in Russians (3.3%) and Old Believers (6.7%) was represented by haplogroups A, D, Z, and C, D, M*, respectively. Statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) were revealed between the Old Believers examined and Bosnians, Czechs, Slovenes, and Russians from the cities of Nizhny Novgorod and Tula. The data obtained confirm the earlier hypothesized influence of the Finno-Ugric component on the East Slavic populations.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "A meta-analysis of acetogenic and methanogenic microbiomes in microbial electrosynthesis. A meta-analysis approach was used, to study the microbiomes of biofilms and planktonic communities underpinning microbial electrosynthesis (MES) cells. High-throughput DNA sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons has been increasingly applied to understand MES systems. In this meta-analysis of 22 studies, we find that acetogenic and methanogenic MES cells share 80% of a cathodic core microbiome, and that different inoculum pre-treatments strongly affect community composition. Oxygen scavengers were more abundant in planktonic communities, and several key organisms were associated with operating parameters and good cell performance. We suggest Desulfovibrio sp. play a role in initiating early biofilm development and shaping microbial communities by catalysing H-2 production, to sustain either Acetobacterium sp. or Methanobacterium sp. Microbial community assembly became more stochastic over time, causing diversification of the biofilm (cathodic) community in acetogenic cells and leading to re-establishment of methanogens, despite inoculum pre-treatments. This suggests that repeated interventions may be required to suppress methanogenesis.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 40]}
+{"token": "Can training of health care workers improve data management practice in health management information systems: a case study of primary health care facilities in Kaduna State, Nigeria. Introduction: Reliable and accurate public health information is essential for monitoring, evaluating and improving the delivery of healthcare services. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of training health care workers on data management practice in health management information systems in primary health care (PHC) centers in Kaduna state. Methods: The study was quasi-experimental with baseline, intervention and end point components. It was carried out in two local government areas, a study and a control. Eleven PHC facilities were selected in each LGA. The intervention was carried out among 76 PHC workers in the study LGA. Data were collected using a health facility checklist and a focused group discussion (FGD) guide. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 20.0 and statistical significance of the difference between baseline and end-line data were determined using chi-square or fisher's exact test where applicable at p < 0.05. Results: There was a statistically significant increase in completeness of reporting (p = 0.02), overall accuracy rate (p < 0.001), timeliness rate of reporting (p = <0.001) and feedback (p = 0.012). No improvement was found in the control group. During the baseline FGDs, PHC workers in both study and control LGAs expressed difficulty in filling registers/forms, data analysis and use of data. At end point, those in the study LGA said their practice had improved but those in the control LGA still expressed difficulty in data management. Conclusion: Health management information system training achieved an improvement in the data management practice of PHC workers. In-service training and re-training should be done to improve data management practice of health workers.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Digital strip searches in Australia: A threat to the privilege against self-incrimination. Law enforcement has experienced difficulties retrieving information stored on the mobile devices of suspects. Over the last years, a number of Australian jurisdictions enacted legislation that allows police officers to compel an individual to unlock their device (such as providing a PIN or fingerprint to unlock the device). Non-compliance with these legislative provisions is punishable by imprisonment. The refusal by suspects to comply with an order to unlock their devices has been addressed in a number of Australian courts. In this article, the authors will discuss this legislative activity and the courts' responses in light of the privilege against self-incrimination.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Generic relationships of New World Jerusalem crickets (Orthoptera: Stenopelmatoidea:Stenopelmatinae), including all known species of Stenopelmatus. We transfer the following 16 described United States taxa, plus S. cephalotes from the \\\\'west coast of North America\\\\', from Stenopelmatus to Ammopelmatus: A. cahuilaensis, A. californicus, A. cephalotes, A. fasciatus, A. fuscus, A. hydrocephalus, A. intermedius, A. irregularis, A. longispinus, A. mescaleroensis, A. monahansensis, A. navajo, A. nigrocapitatus, A. oculatus, A. pictus, and A. terrenus, along with the Mexican taxon A. comanchus: these species will be discussed in a subsequent paper (Weissman et al. in prep).We believe that all new Jerusalem cricket species descriptions should include, at a minimum, calling drum (most important) and DNA information.The New World Jerusalem crickets currently consist of 4 genera: Stenopelmatus Burmeister, 1838, with 33 named entities; Ammopelmatus Tinkham, 1965, with 2 described species; Viscainopelmatus Tinkham, 1970, with 1 described species, and Stenopelmatopterus Gorochov, 1988, with 3 described species. We redefine the generic boundaries of these 4 genera, synonymize Stenopelmatopterus under Stenopelmatus, and synonymize Viscainopelmatus under Ammopelmatus. We then discuss, and illustrate, all the types of the species of Stenopelmatus, all of which only occur south of the United States' border.We recognize as valid the following 5 described Mexican and Central American species: S. ater, S. piceiventris, S. sartorianus, S. talpa, and S. typhlops. We declare the following 13 described Mexican and Central American Stenopelmatus taxa as nomen dubium: S. calcaratus, S. erythromelus, S. guatemalae, S. histrio, S. lessonae, S. lycosoides, S. mexicanus, S. minor, S. nieti, S. sallei, S. sumichrasti, S. toltecus, and S. vicinus. We designate a neotype for S. talpa and lectotypes for S. ater, S. guatemalae, S. histrio, S. lessonae, S. mexicanus, S. minor, S. nieti, S. sallei, S. sumichrasti, and S. toltecus. We assign a type locality for S. piceiventris. We concur with the previous synonymy of S. politus under S. sartorianus. We describe 14 new species of Stenopelmatus from Mexico, Honduras and Ecuador, based on a combination of adult morphology, DNA, calling song drumming pattern, distribution, and karyotype: S. chiapas sp. nov., S. cusuco sp. nov., S. diezmilpies sp. nov., S. durango sp. nov., S. ecuadorensis sp. nov., S. faulkneri sp. nov., S. honduras sp. nov., S. hondurasito sp. nov., S. mineraldelmonte sp. nov., S. nuevoleon sp. nov., S. perote sp. nov., S. saltillo sp. nov., S. sanfelipe sp. nov., and S. zimapan sp. nov.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Familial Bainbridge-Ropers syndrome: Report of familial ASXL3 inheritance and a milder phenotype. De novo truncating and splicing pathogenic variants in the Additional Sex Combs-Like 3 (ASXL3) gene are known to cause neurodevelopmental delay, intellectual disability, behavioral difficulties, hypotonia, feeding problems and characteristic facial features. We previously reported 45 patients with ASXL3-related disorder including three individuals with a familial variant. Here we report the detailed clinical and molecular characteristics of these three families with inherited ASXL3-related disorder. First, a father and son with c.2791_2792del p.Gln931fs pathogenic variant. The second, a mother, daughter and son with c.4534C > T, p.Gln1512Ter pathogenic variant. The third, a mother and her daughter with c.4441dup, p.Leu1481fs maternally inherited pathogenic variant. This report demonstrates intrafamilial phenotypic heterogeneity and confirms heritability of ASXL3-related disorder.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Thermodynamics of Phosphorus and Sulphur Removal during Basic Oxygen Steelmaking. Removal of impurity elements from hot metal is essential in basic oxygen steelmaking. Oxidation of phosphorus from hot metal has been studied by several authors since the early days of steelmaking. Influence of different parameters on the distribution of phosphorus, seen during the recent work of the authors, differs somewhat from that reported earlier. On the other hand, removal of sulphur during steelmaking has drawn much less attention. This may be due to the magnitude of desulphurisation in oxygen steelmaking being relatively low and desulphurisation during hot metal pre-treatment or in the ladle furnace offering better commercial viability Further, it is normally accepted that sulphur is removed to steelmaking slag in the form of sulphide only However, recent investigations have indicated that a significant amount of sulphur removed during basic oxygen steelmaking can exist in the form of sulphate in the slag under oxidising conditions. The distribution of sulphur during steelmaking becomes more important in the event of carry-over of sulphur-rich blast-furnace slag, which increases sulphur load in the BOF. The chemical nature of sulphur in this slag undergoes a gradual transition from sulphide to sulphate as the oxidative refining progresses.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "A Reconsideration of the New Right's Formative Period (2003-2008): Conservative Experiences, Mass Media and Cultural Memory in Post-Authoritarian South Korea. The present article re-considers the emergence and institutionalization of the South Korean New Right Movement (2003-2007). Tracing institutional changes in post-democratization South Korea, I argue that the New Right can be evaluated as a process of Cultural Trauma within the conservative ideological spectrum. Revealing the movement's institutionalization until the inauguration of the Lee Myung-bak government in 2008, I investigate in detail the role of the conservative mass media in the movement's rise. Furthermore, I examine the movement's relation to contemporary Korean history and memory, clarifying why the New Right ultimately failed in gaining wide-spread support for their historical narratives.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "S.N.Eisenstadt: A sociological giant. This paper considers the work of Shmuel Noah Eisenstadt mainly in the perspective of the author's specific encounters with his work, in the course of which Eisenstadt's work is compared with that of Talcott Parsons. There are several aspects of this programme. First, brief attention is given to the biographies of Eisenstadt and Parsons; second, their styles and approaches to sociological analysis are compared and contrasted; third, the subject of their somewhat different approaches to what I will call globality is raised, against the background of Eisenstadt's great reliance on the later work of Karl Jaspers and the somewhat problematic issue of civilization(s). The discussion of Eisenstadt's deployment of Jaspers' insights is explored with particular reference to the former's Japanese Civilization. Often regarded as the graveyard of comparative sociology, Eisenstadt's attempt to place Japan in a comparative context is, in a number of respects, the consummation of his life's work, though he had many years yet to live. The paper concludes with a question concerning whether global consciousness has superseded, or transcended, the contrast between differential modernization and global civilization.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Impact of social anxiety and social context on college students' emotion regulation strategy use: An experience sampling study. Socially anxious individuals typically select more avoidant emotion regulation (ER) strategies than non-anxious individuals, contributing to interpersonal difficulties. The present study utilized smartphone-delivered experience sampling over 14 days to assess how actual and desired social situations predicted reports of ER strategy use in 115 undergraduate students with varying levels of social anxiety symptoms. After controlling for multiple comparisons, results indicated that higher (vs. lower) baseline social anxiety symptoms predicted endorsing at least one of the available eight ER strategies relatively more often than reporting no strategy use, in the context of high negative affect. We did not find the hypothesized positive relationship between social anxiety symptoms and endorsements of avoidant- (e.g., expressive suppression) versus engagement-oriented (e.g., cognitive reappraisal) ER strategies in the context of high negative affect. However, state social desire interacted with trait social anxiety at high negative affect to predict the use of an ER strategy, although the simple effects analyses at high and low levels of social desire were not statistically reliable. Collectively, our results demonstrate the importance of considering both trait-level social anxiety symptoms and in-the-moment social context when studying ER strategy selection. The importance of assessing intrinsic motivational goals and beliefs in the context of ER strategy use is also discussed.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "A size-dependent functionally graded sinusoidal plate model based on a modified couple stress theory. A size-dependent model for bending and free vibration of functionally graded plate is developed based on the modified couple stress theory and sinusoidal shear deformation theory. In the former theory, the small scale effect is taken into consideration, while the effect of shear deformation is accounted for in the latter theory. The equations of motion and boundary conditions are derived from Hamilton's principle. Analytical solutions for the bending and vibration problems of simply supported plates are obtained. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the influences of small scale on the responses of functionally graded microplates. The results indicate that the inclusion of small scale effects results in an increase in plate stiffness, and consequently, leads to a reduction of deflection and an increase in frequency. Such small scale effects are significant when the plate thickness is small, but become negligible with increasing plate thickness. (c) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 11, 12]}
+{"token": "Equality in Canada: A tale of non-normative groups struggling with grounds of discrimination. This article intends to address the limits associated with a rigid grounds-based approach to equality, requiring claimants to categorize their identity within an enumerated ground to \\\\'deserve\\\\' the protection of the equality guarantee. To this end, I first shed light on the irreconcilability of rigid grounds with post-structuralist accounts of identity, and then lay claim to an approach to equality that extends its reach to fluid, intersectional groups. Thereafter, taking Canada as a case study, I parse out the Canadian equality jurisprudence, particularly the cases offering an analysis of the aforementioned grounds. I then move to sketch out two proposals to overcome the risks associated with the current equality jurisprudence, by focusing on marital status discrimination. I ultimately offer a cursory overview of the complex interplay between approaches to equality and the organization of interest groups, and illustrate the issues around the organization of \\\\'post-identity groups\\\\'.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "South Africa's new Cooperatives Act: A missed opportunity for small farmers and land reform beneficiaries. Agricultural cooperatives are often viewed as appropriate vehicles to facilitate vertical coordination with, or horizontal integration between, small farmers who would otherwise be excluded from value-adding opportunities and disceming markets. In South Africa, renewed interest in development-oriented cooperatives saw the introduction of a new Cooperatives Act in 2005, along with support measures dedicated to 'emerging' cooperatives. This paper contends that the architects of the new Act discounted important trends in international legislation that would have made development-oriented cooperatives more versatile and given their members better access to capital and expertise through equity partnerships with private agribusiness firms. It is concluded that the new Act should be amended to admit non-patron investors as members, and to allow for non-redeemable and hence appreciable and tradable shares. Such innovations are emerging internationally, usually with a cap on non-patron voting power.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Designing optimal human-modified landscapes for forest biodiversity conservation. Agriculture and development transform forest ecosystems to human-modified landscapes. Decades of research in ecology have generated myriad concepts for the appropriate management of these landscapes. Yet, these concepts are often contradictory and apply at different spatial scales, making the design of biodiversity-friendly landscapes challenging. Here, we combine concepts with empirical support to design optimal landscape scenarios for forest-dwelling species. The supported concepts indicate that appropriately sized landscapes should contain >= 40% forest cover, although higher percentages are likely needed in the tropics. Forest cover should be configured withc. 10% in a very large forest patch, and the remaining 30% in many evenly dispersed smaller patches and semi-natural treed elements (e.g. vegetation corridors). Importantly, the patches should be embedded in a high-quality matrix. The proposed landscape scenarios represent an optimal compromise between delivery of goods and services to humans and preserving most forest wildlife, and can therefore guide forest preservation and restoration strategies.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Monitoring the Salt Stability of Layer-by-Layer Self-Assembled Films From Polyelectrolyte Blends by Quartz Crystal Microbalance-Dissipation and Their Ion Separation Performances. Our study is concerned with the development of a novel type of layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembled membrane from a single cationic polyelectrolyte (PE) and blended anionic PEs. Their synthetic seawater stability is investigated as a function of PE type and blend ratios using quartz crystal microbalance-dissipation (QCM-D). These materials adsorbed into multilayers with significant viscoelasticity. Poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) and poly(vinylamine hydrochloride) (PVA) based LbL blend films did not show any multilayer decomposition with the addition of synthetic seawater regardless of blend ratio while chitosan based multilayers disintegrated. The flux of PVA based blend membrane to water with 1,000 ppm NaCl was found to be 6.7 L/m(2).h at 40 bar and the flux properties of the membranes were highly dependent on both the thickness and hydrophilicity of multilayers. Ion rejection can be controlled with the charge of the top layer consistent with a Donnan exclusion approach. Sodium ion rejection of 60.5 layered LbL blend membrane was 98.4% at 40 bar and it was determined that sodium ion rejection improved 110.7% compared to a commercial nanofiltration membrane. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 60:1006-1018, 2020. (c) 2020 Society of Plastics Engineers", "label": [1, 4, 16, 33]}
+{"token": "Column flotation of Florida phosphate: an optimization study. This paper presents the results of a column flotation study on a fine feed sample of Florida phosphate. A central composite design was used to study the main and interaction effects of parameters affecting column efficiency. The statistical design is also used to determine the optimum conditions. The results indicate that, depending on the experimental conditions, it is possible to produce a high-grade concentrate with a high recovery. A 15-ppm concentration of nonionic frother was found sufficient to maximize the recovery at pH of 9.5.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Detection of rennet whey solids in UHT milk by capillary electrophoresis. The fraudulent presence of rennet whey solids in UHT milk was studied by capillary electrophoresis (CE). Commercial UHT samples of different origins, genuine milk samples and milk samples adulterated with rennet whey were analysed. Linear discriminant functions using ratios of peak areas of caseinmacropeptide (CMP) and two other CMP-like degradation products were defined. The interference of proteolysis in the detection was estimated in samples adulterated on purpose with rennet whey, UHT treated in a pilot plant, and stored at 10, 20 and 30 degrees C for up to 150 days. The application of the classification functions obtained allowed the detection of rennet whey solids added to milk. Only interferences due to very severe proteolysis, occurring after very long storage periods and/or at storage temperatures above room temperature, were observed. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Complete nucleotide sequences of two new begomoviruses infecting the wild malvaceous plant Melochia sp in Brazil. Wild malvaceous plants are hosts for a large number of begomoviruses (genus Begomovirus, family Geminiviridae) in both the Old World and the New World. Here, we report the complete genome sequences of two new begomoviruses from Melochia sp. plants from Brazil. The cloned bipartite genomes, composed of DNA-A and DNA-B, showed the typical organization of the New World begomoviruses but they were distantly related to the genomes of other begomoviruses. We propose the names Melochia mosaic virus and Melochia yellow mosaic virus for these begomoviruses.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Heat stress impacts the multi-domain ruminal microbiota and some of the functional features independent of its effect on feed intake in lactating dairy cows. Background Heat stress (HS) affects the ruminal microbiota and decreases the lactation performance of dairy cows. Because HS decreases feed intake, the results of previous studies were confounded by the effect of HS on feed intake. This study examined the direct effect of HS on the ruminal microbiota using lactating Holstein cows that were pair-fed and housed in environmental chambers in a 2 x 2 crossover design. The cows were pair-fed the same amount of identical total mixed ration to eliminate the effect of feed or feed intake. The composition and structure of the microbiota of prokaryotes, fungi, and protozoa were analyzed using metataxonomics and compared between two thermal conditions: pair-fed thermoneutrality (PFTN, thermal humidity index: 65.5) and HS (87.2 for daytime and 81.8 for nighttime). Results The HS conditions altered the structure of the prokaryotic microbiota and the protozoal microbiota, but not the fungal microbiota. Heat stress significantly increased the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes (primarily Gram-negative bacteria) while decreasing that of Firmicutes (primarily Gram-positive bacteria) and the Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes ratio. Some genera were exclusively found in the heat-stressed cows and thermal control cows. Some co-occurrence and mutual exclusion between some genera were also found exclusively for each thermal condition. Heat stress did not significantly affect the overall functional features predicted using the 16S rRNA gene sequences and ITS1 sequences, but some enzyme-coding genes altered their relative abundance in response to HS. Conclusions Overall, HS affected the prokaryotes, fungi, and protozoa of the ruminal microbiota in lactating Holstein cows to a different extent, but the effect on the structure of ruminal microbiota and functional profiles was limited when not confounded by the effect on feed intake. However, some genera and co-occurrence were exclusively found in the rumen of heat-stressed cows. These effects should be attributed to the direct effect of heat stress on the host metabolism, physiology, and behavior. Some of the \\\\'heat-stress resistant\\\\' microbes may be useful as potential probiotics for cows under heat stress.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Postpassivation of Multication Perovskite with Rubidium Butyrate. Many multication perovskites for highly stable and efficient solar cells benefit from rubidium iodide introduced in the precursor solution. It is well-known that Rb+ influences positively the optoelectronic and mobility properties and has a direct effect upon crystallization and halide homogenization. As Rb+ is often incorporated by adding Rb+ in the precursor solution, it can be difficult to distinguish the influence of Rb+ and I- separately. Herein, we report a postpassivation of methylammonium-free (CsFA) perovskite films with rubidium butyrate (RbBu). The passivation with RbBu increases the hydrophobicity of the perovskite surface and passivates shallow and deep traps, leading to an increase of charge-carrier lifetimes and diffusion lengths. Consequently, a better photovoltaic performance is also observed. These superior properties are attributed to both surface (halide-vacancy) and grain-boundary passivation by the carboxylate group and Rb+, respectively. We found that Rb+ itself acts as a direct and powerful passivating agent for multication perovskites, and this is proven by decoupling its contribution and halide's contribution to other important performance parameters (e.g., crystallization, halide vacancies filling, etc.).", "label": [1, 4, 15, 32, 11]}
+{"token": "A New Moho Map for North-Eastern Eurasia Based on the Analysis of Various Geophysical Data. We present a new Moho map for the north-eastern part of Eurasia, which remains almost non-studied by seismic methods. The new map is based on the analysis of various data sets. The key fields are the residual gravity, topography and vertical gravity gradients of GOCE (Gravity field and steady-state Ocean Circulation Explorer). Using three fields enables improvement of the final results and better separation of the Moho effect. In the first step, the effects of sediments, crystalline crust and upper mantle were removed from the observed fields based on existing crustal and tomography models. The residual fields are then inverted in the next step to find perturbations in the initial Moho map. In the inversion, it is assumed that some density anomalies are still located in the crust and upper mantle. The new Moho map demonstrates several principal features, which were not resolved before. They well correspond to tectonic fragmentation of the study area. In particularly, the crustal root is now located under the Verkhoyansk Range and extends to the depth of 47 km, also the new model demonstrates the Moho deepening in the continental part of the Laptev rift system. Next, the zone of shallow Moho in the East Siberian Sea shore is now clearly traced and has a more isometric shape compared to the initial model. New patterns have been also found in the offshore part of the Chukotka microcontinent and for the Anadyr-Koryak folded system. The new Moho map is a significant improvement of the previous maps showing crustal thickness in north-eastern Eurasia.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Reasons for and Contexts of Deep Theological Engagement with Other Religious Traditions in Europe: Toward a Comparative Theology. The different contexts of America and Europe have a significant impact on the development of comparative theology, especially in the German-speaking countries. The latter have found other solutions to the problem of religious pluralism that are not really conducive to comparative theology. Hence, the double responsibility of Catholic theology in particular toward the university and toward the Church is a part of the discourse policy of theology, which affects the theology of religions and comparative theology. On the one hand, theology is under the protection of the state, and on the other hand theology is threatened by the risk of unreliability due to ecclesiastical paternalism. But the theology of religions and comparative theology do not evade into science of religion or neo-orthodoxy, rather, they take a risk in a theological engagement with other religions, bringing one's own faith into a deep encounter with other religions and their faiths while delving into points of detail. After giving short descriptions of these tasks, this article shows some examples of practice in comparative theology and gives a prospect into potential further developments of comparative theology in theories of difference and spaces.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "VNTR ALLELES ASSOCIATED WITH THE ALPHA-GLOBIN LOCUS ARE HAPLOTYPE AND POPULATION RELATED. The human alpha-globin complex contains several polymorphic restriction-enzyme sites (i.e., RFLPs) linked to form haplotypes and is flanked by two hypervariable VNTR loci, the 5' hypervariable region (HVR) and the more highly polymorphic 3'HVR. Using a combination of RFLP analysis and PCR, we have characterized the 5'HVR and 3'HVR alleles associated with the alpha-globin haplotypes of 133 chromosomes, and we here show that specific alpha-globin haplotypes are each associated with discrete subsets of the alleles observed at these two VNTR loci. This statistically highly significant association is observed over a region spanning similar to 100 kb. With the exception of closely related haplotypes, different haplotypes do not share identically sized 3'HVR alleles. Earlier studies have shown that alpha-globin haplotype distributions differ between populations; our current findings also reveal extensive population substructure in the repertoire of alpha-globin VNTRs. If similar features are characteristic of other VNTR loci, this will have important implications for forensic and anthropological studies.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Modified vaccinia virus Ankara induces toll-like receptor-independent type I interferon responses. Modified vaccinia virus Ankara (WA) is a highly attenuated vaccinia virus strain undergoing clinical evaluation as a replication-deficient vaccine vector against various infections and tumor diseases. To analyze the basis of its high immunogenicity, we investigated the mechanism of how WA induces type I interferon (IFN) responses. WA stimulation of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DC) showed that plasmacytoid DC were main alpha IFN (IFN-alpha) producers that were triggered independently of productive infection, viral replication, or intermediate and late viral gene expression. Increased IFN-alpha levels were induced upon treatment with mildly UV-irradiated MVA, suggesting that a virus-encoded immune modulator(s) interfered with the host cytokine response. Mice devoid of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), the receptor for double-stranded DNA, mounted normal IFN-alpha responses upon WA treatment. Furthermore, mice devoid of the adaptors of TLR signaling MyD88 and TRIF and mice deficient in protein kinase R (PKR) showed IFN-alpha responses that were only slightly reduced compared to those of wild-type mice. MVA-induced IFN-a responses were critically dependent on autocrine/paracrine triggering of the IFN-alpha/beta receptor and were independent of IFN-beta, thus involving \\\\'one-half\\\\' of a positive-feedback loop. In conclusion, MVA-mediated type I IFN secretion was primarily triggered by non-TLR molecules, was independent of virus propagation, and critically involved IFN feedback stimulation. These data provide the basis to further improve WA as a vaccine vector.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Feel the commitment: From situational emotional information to venture goal commitment. An individual's commitment stimulates action, but we know little about how entrepreneurial commitment initially emerges. Utilising affect-as-information and the appraisal theory, our objective is to investigate the influence of situational emotional information on the venture goal commitment of individuals, defined as commitment to the goal of starting a new venture. Based on a correlational pilot study and an experimental scenario approach, we first link encouragement and discouragement provided by the individual's parents and friends to venture goal commitment and test the mediating role of opportunity evaluation. Second, we find that emotional intelligence plays a moderating role in the relationship between situational emotional information and venture goal commitment as mediated through opportunity evaluation. Overall, our research underscores the emotional and cognitive mechanisms that shape venture goal commitment by explaining how and under which conditions situational emotional information is internalised and venture goal commitment emerges.", "label": [5, 44, 46]}
+{"token": "Genome characterization of cetaceanpox virus from a managed Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops aduncus). Cetaceanpox viruses (CePVs) are associated with a cutaneous disease in cetaceans often referred to as \\\\'tattoo\\\\' lesions. To date, only partial genomic data are available for CePVs, and thus, they remain unclassified members of the subfamily Chordopoxvirinae within the family Poxviridae. Herein, we describe the first complete CePV genome sequenced from the tattoo lesion of a managed Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops aduncus), using next-generation sequencing. The T. aduncus CePV genome (CePV-TA) was determined to encode 120 proteins, including eight genes unique to the CePV-TA and five genes predicted to function as immune-evasion genes. The results of CePV-TA genetic analyses supported the creation of a new chordopoxvirus genus for CePVs. The complete sequencing of a CePV represents an important first step in unraveling the evolutionary relationship and taxonomy of CePVs, and significantly increases our understanding of the genomic characteristics of these chordopoxviruses.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Parent-Reported Social-Communicative Skills of Children with 22q11.2 Copy Number Variants and Siblings. 22q11.2 deletion (22q11.2DS) and 22q11.2 duplication (22q11.2Dup) confer risk for neurodevelopmental difficulties, but the characterization of speech-language and social skills in 22q11.2Dup is still limited. Therefore, this study aims to delineate social-communicative skills in school-aged children with 22q11.2Dup (n = 19) compared to their non-carrier siblings (n = 11) and age-matched children with 22q11.2DS (n = 19). Parents completed two standardized questionnaires: the Children's Communication Checklist (CCC-2), screening speech, language, and social skills, and the Social Responsiveness Scales (SRS-2), assessing deficits in social behavior. Parents report that both children with 22q11.2Dup and 22q11.2DS show more social-communicative deficits than the general population; children with 22q11.2Dup seem to take an intermediate position between their siblings and children with 22q11.2DS. Compared to 22q11.2DS, they demonstrate less frequent and less severe problems, and more heterogeneous social-communicative profiles, with fewer restricted interests and repetitive behaviors. In siblings of 22q11Dup, milder social-communicative difficulties and equally heterogeneous profiles are reported, which might indicate that-in addition to the duplication-other factors such as the broader genetic context play a role in social-communicative outcomes.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Log-Convexity of Counting Processes Evaluated at a Random end of Observation Time with Applications to Queueing Models. We consider a counting processes with independent inter-arrival times evaluated at a random end of observation time T, independent of the process. For instance, this situation can arise in a queueing model when we evaluate the number of arrivals after a random period which can depend on the process of service times. Provided that T has log-convex density, we give conditions for the inter-arrival times in the counting process so that the observed number of arrivals inherits this property. For exponential inter-arrival times (pure-birth processes) we provide necessary and sufficient conditions. As an application, we give conditions such that the stationary number of customers waiting in a queue is a log-convex random variable. We also study bounds in the approximation of log-convex discrete random variables by a geometric distribution.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Factors associated with unreported tuberculosis cases in Spanish hospitals. Conclusions: It is important that TB Control Programs encourage thorough case reporting to improve disease control, contact tracing and accuracy of epidemiological data. The help from a TB nurse case manager could improve the rate of under-reporting.Methods: A multi-center retrospective study design was employed. The study included TB cases diagnosed in 16 facilities during 2011-2012. These cases were compared to those reported to the corresponding public health departments. Demographic, microbiological and clinical data were analyzed to determine the factors associated with unreported cases. Associated factors were analyzed on a bivariate level using the x(2) test and on a multivariate level using a logistic regression. Odds ratios (OR) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI) were calculated.Results: Of the 592 TB cases included in the study, 85 (14.4 %) were not reported. The percentage of unreported cases per healthcare center ranged from 0-45.2 %. The following variables were associated to under-reporting at a multivariate level: smear-negative TB (OR = 1.87; CI:1.07-3.28), extrapulmonary disease (OR = 2.07; CI:1.05-4.09) and retired patients (OR = 3.04; CI:1.29-7.18). A nurse case manager was present in all of the centers with 100 % reporting. The percentage of reported cases among the smear-positive cases was 9.4 % and 19.4 % (p = 0.001) among the rest of the study population. Smear-positive TB was no associated to under-reporting.Background: Under-reporting of tuberculosis (TB) cases complicates disease control, hinders contact tracing and alters the accuracy of epidemiological data, including disease burden. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the proportion of unreported TB cases in Spanish healthcare facilities and to identify the associated factors.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Fagopyrum hailuogouense (Polygonaceae), One New Species from Sichuan, China. Fagopyrum hailuogouense J. R. Shao, M. L. Zhou & Q. Zhang (Polygonaceae), a new species discovered in the Hailuogou National Glacier Forest Park, Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Garze, Sichuan Province, China, is described and illustrated. This species is perennial; it is distinguished by its succulent and ligneous rhizomes with numerous adventitious roots, congested nodes on underground rhizomes with sparser nodes on the terrestrial stems, and the smooth epicarp surface of the achene without ornamentation. The smooth achene surface distinguishes F. hailuogouense from the morphologically similar F. cymosum (Trevir.) Meisn.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "A Novel Immune-Related Seventeen-Gene Signature for Predicting Early Stage Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma Prognosis. With the increasingly early stage lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) being discovered, there is an urgent need for a comprehensive analysis of the prognostic characteristics of early stage LUSC. Here, we developed an immune-related gene signature for outcome prediction of early stage LUSC based on three independent cohorts. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified using CIBERSORT and ESTMATE algorithm. Then, a 17-immune-related gene (RPRM, APOH, SSX1, MSGN1, HPR, ISM2, FGA, LBP, HAS1, CSF2, RETN, CCL2, CCL21, MMP19, PTGIS, F13A1, C1QTNF1) signature was identified using univariate Cox regression, LASSO regression and stepwise multivariable Cox analysis based on the verified DEGs from 401 cases in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Subsequently, a cohort of GSE74777 containing 107 cases downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and an independent data set consisting of 36 frozen tissues collected from National Cancer Center were used to validate the predictive value of the signature. Seventeen immune-related genes were identified from TCGA cohort, which were further used to establish a classification system to construct cases into high- and low-risk groups in terms of overall survival. This classifier was still an independent prognostic factor in multivariate analysis. In addition, another two independent cohorts and different clinical subgroups validated the significant predictive value of the signature. Further mechanism research found early stage LUSC patients with high risk had special immune cell infiltration characteristics and gene mutation profiles. In conclusion, we characterized the tumor microenvironment and established a highly predictive model for evaluating the prognosis of early stage LUSC, which may provide a lead for effective immunotherapeutic options tailored for each subtype.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "Inhibitory cortactin nanobodies delineate the role of NTA- and SH3-domain-specific functions during invadopodium formation and cancer cell invasion. Cancer cells exploit different strategies to escape from the primary tumor, gain access to the circulation, disseminate throughout the body, and form metastases, the leading cause of death by cancer. Invadopodia, proteolytically active plasma membrane extensions, are essential in this escape mechanism. Cortactin is involved in every phase of invadopodia formation, and its overexpression is associated with increased invadopodia formation, extracellular matrix degradation, and cancer cell invasion. To analyze endogenous cortactin domain function in these processes, we characterized the effects of nanobodies that are specific for the N-terminal acidic domain of cortactin and expected to target small epitopes within this domain. These nanobodies inhibit cortactin-mediated actin-related protein (Arp) 2/3 activation, and, after their intracellular expression in cancer cells, decrease invadopodia formation, extracellular matrix degradation, and cancer cell invasion. In addition, one of the nanobodies affects Arp2/3 interaction and invadopodium stability, and a nanobody targeting the Src homology 3 domain of cortactin enabled comparison of 2 functional regions in invadopodium formation or stability. Given their common and distinct effects, we validate cortactin nanobodies as an instrument to selectively block and study distinct domains within a protein with unprecedented precision, aiding rational future generation of protein domain-selective therapeutic compounds.-Bertier, L., Boucherie, C., Zwaenepoel, O., Vanloo, B., Van Troys, M., Van Audenhove, I., Gettemans, J. Inhibitory cortactin nanobodies delineate the role of NTA-and SH3-domain-specific functions during invadopodium formation and cancer cell invasion.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Portal orientation and architecture of burrows in Tympanoctomys barrerae (Rodentia, Octodontidae). The red viscacha rat, Tympanoctomys barrerae, is an octodontid rodent endemic to the Monte and Patagonian deserts of Argentina. It lives in burrows with numerous portals facing different directions. We studied climatic factors as possible determinants of burrow architecture and portal orientation, in 2 populations. Climatic factors examined were sunlight, direction of sun's rays, and wind frequency and intensity. Variables analyzed for burrow architecture were portal orientation, slope, and depth at the 1 st turn. Mean number of portals per burrow was significantly different between populations. Burrows had few portals oriented toward predominantly cold and intense winds. More portals faced direct solar light in winter. Burrows are so constructed as to allow openings to receive direct sunlight in winter and indirect sunlight in summer.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Risky, Impulsive, and Self-Destructive Behavior Questionnaire (RISQ): A Validation Study. Risky behaviors increase the likelihood of premature death, long-term disability, and poor mental health outcomes. Most current measures of risky behavior only assess behaviors within a single domain, fail to evaluate affective triggers for engaging in these behaviors, do not index the consequences of these behaviors, and are often limited to a narrow developmental period. The present study developed and evaluated a new 38-item questionnaire-based measure, the Risky, Impulsive, and Self-Destructive Behavior Questionnaire (RISQ), designed to address each of these limitations by expanding the breadth and depth of previous questionnaires. A bifactor model with a general factor and eight domain-specific factors (measuring drug use, aggression, self-harm, gambling, risky sexual behavior, impulsive eating, heavy alcohol use, and reckless behavior) best fit the RISQ, and indicators of internal consistency, as well as, construct validity were strong. Results provide initial validation for the RISQ as a broad, yet relatively brief, measure that quantifies and qualifies risky behaviors by assessing the severity, chronicity, and triggers for a range of harmful behaviors.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Laser systems for gingival retraction in fixed prosthodontics: A narrative review. Methods An extensive search of the literature was made on the electronic databases of Pubmed (Medline), Scopus, Embase, Google Scholar, Dynamed, and Open Grey. No limitations were applied to the date of publication. The following keywords and MeSH terms were used: \\\\'gingiva\\\\', \\\\'displacement\\\\', \\\\'troughing\\\\', \\\\'retraction\\\\', and \\\\'laser\\\\'.Results Out of 344 studies found, 25 records were included for review. Laser systems are efficient in gingival retraction,allowing better intraoperative haemostasis control and postoperative patient comfort than other surgical troughing procedures. Laser-mediated gingival displacement seems to be safe particularly in the case of thick gingival biotype.Aim The present narrative review aimed to shed light on the use of laser systems for gingival retraction procedures necessary for the exposure of iuxta- and sub-gingival finish lines before impression making in fixed prosthodontics.Conclusions As regards laser-related issues in prosthodontics such as pre-setting protocols of laser devices, the best laser system in gingival retraction, their use around implants and effectiveness compared to other troughing systems, further in vitro, in vivo, and randomized controlled trial studies are needed.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Combining observations and numerical model results to improve estimates of hypoxic volume within the Chesapeake Bay, USA. The overall size of the dead zone within the main stem of the Chesapeake Bay and its tidal tributaries is quantified by the hypoxic volume (HV), the volume of water with dissolved oxygen (DO) less than 2 mg/L. To improve estimates of HV, DO was subsampled from the output of 3-D model hindcasts at times/locations matching the set of 2004-2005 stations monitored by the Chesapeake Bay Program. The resulting station profiles were interpolated to produce bay-wide estimates of HV in a manner consistent with nonsynoptic, cruise-based estimates. Interpolations of the same stations sampled synoptically, as well as multiple other combinations of station profiles, were examined in order to quantify uncertainties associated with interpolating HV from observed profiles. The potential uncertainty in summer HV estimates resulting from profiles being collected over 2 weeks rather than synoptically averaged approximate to 5 km(3). This is larger than that due to sampling at discrete stations and interpolating/extrapolating to the entire Chesapeake Bay (2.4 km(3)). As a result, sampling fewer, selected stations over a shorter time period is likely to reduce uncertainties associated with interpolating HV from observed profiles. A function was derived that when applied to a subset of 13 stations, significantly improved estimates of HV. Finally, multiple metrics for quantifying bay-wide hypoxia were examined, and cumulative hypoxic volume was determined to be particularly useful, as a result of its insensitivity to temporal errors and climate change. A final product of this analysis is a nearly three-decade time series of improved estimates of HV for Chesapeake Bay.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Random regressions to model phenotypic variation in monthly weights of Australian beef cows. Weights of beef cows recorded on a monthly basis were analysed using a random regression model. Data originated from a selection experiment in Western Australia, involving two herds of about 300 cows, Polled Herefords and a four breed synthetic, the so-called Wokalups. Weights were subject to large seasonal effects. Short mating periods and thus tight calving seasons led to substantial confounding between age and season at weighing. Records between 19 and 84 months were considered, up to 62 per cow, yielding 27 728 and 29 033 records for 922 and 1020 cows, respectively. Only phenotypic random regressions for animal effects, ignoring relationships, were considered. Covariances between regression coefficients and error variances were estimated by restricted maximum likelihood. A variety of models, involving random regressions on orthogonal polynomials of age, on segmented polynomials and on sine and cosine functions and different assumptions about the structure of error variances, were considered. Analyses identified a distinct cyclic, seasonal pattern of variation, both between animals and for temporary environmental effects. This could only partially be attributed to scale effects. Orthogonal polynomials proved well capable of modelling such sinuousity but required a high order of fit and thus a large number of parameters. Alternative curves utilising the known periodicity (12 months) provided more parsimonious parameterisations. Due to the high degree of confounding between age and season of recording their contributions to the total variance could not be separated. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Writer as translator: Cultural translation in Han Suyin's A Many-Splendnured Thing. Read in terms of postcolonial translation theories, literary writings by cosmopolitan anglophone writers of Chinese background can be seen as acts of cultural translation, as in the case of Han Suyin's 1952 autobiographical novel, A Many-Splendoured Thing. By employing different strategies to translate textual and non-textual culture-specific elements, Han's work has fostered cross-cultural communication between east and west. On the one hand, by adopting a foreignizing strategy which retains the foreignness of the original text for translating non-political elements including Chinese literary works, philosophy, and folklore, she highlights differences between Chinese and western cultures. On the other hand, her domestication of the Chinese revolution, by comparing its political ideologies to Christianity, facilitates western readers' understanding of the politics of China after 1949. Analysis of this \\\\'writer-as-translator\\\\' role sheds light on the complexities of postcolonial writing and moves postcolonial translation studies beyond binary oppositions based on political or discursive power relations.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Follow-up MRI appearance of the surgical site in dogs treated for thoracolumbar intervertebral disc herniation and showing ongoing or recurrent neurological symptoms. Reherniation and reoperation rates of 4.5%-36% are reported in canine patients treated for intervertebral disc herniation (IVDH). Decision-making for surgical reintervention can prove challenging, especially since common postoperative changes are poorly described on MRI. The purpose of this single-center, retrospective, descriptive study was to describe the MRI characteristics of the surgical site in dogs treated for thoracolumbar IVDH and presenting for ongoing or recurrent neurological signs. Twenty-one patients were included for a total of 42 MRI studies. Chondrodystrophic breeds, specifically Dachshunds, were overrepresented. Mean number of days between surgery and second MRI was 335 (range 2-1367). Metallic susceptibility artifacts were seen in seven of 21 cases (33%), but these were limited in extent, spanning on average 1.3 vertebral bodies. In 11 cases, spinal cord compression suspected to be clinically significant was found at the surgical site; the extradural compressive material consisted of intervertebral disc material only, or a combination of intervertebral disc material and hematoma or inflammatory changes in 10 cases, and a displaced articular process and fibrous tissue in one case. The latter is a newly described complication of mini-hemilaminectomies. Paravertebral soft tissue changes and vertebral new bone formation varied according to the postoperative stage at which the patients were imaged. The results of this study supported the use of MRI as a diagnostic modality for spinal imaging following IVDH surgery, and showed that the presence of extradural disc material at a spinal surgical site is common along with various vertebral and paravertebral changes.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Optimization applied to selected exoplanets. Transit and radial velocity models were applied to archival data in order to examine exoplanet properties, in particular for the recently discovered super-Earth GJ357b. There is however considerable variation in estimated model parameters across the literature, and especially their uncertainty estimates. This applies even for relatively uncomplicated systems and basic parameters. Some published accuracy values thus appear highly over-optimistic. We present our reanalyses with these variations in mind and specify parameters with appropriate confidence intervals for the exoplanets Kepler-1b, -2b, -8b, -12b, -13b, -14b, -15b, -40b and -77b and 51 Peg. More sophisticated models in WinFitter (WF), EXOFAST and DACE were applied, leading to mean planet densities for Kepler-12b, -14b, -15b and -40b as: 0.11 +/- 0.01, 4.04 +/- 0.58, 0.43 +/- 0.05 and 1.19-0.36+0.31 g per cc respectively. We confirm a rocky mean density for the Earth-like GJ357b, although we urge caution about the modelling given the low S/N data. We cannot confidently specify parameters for the other two proposed planets in this system.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "NK/ILC1 cells mediate neuroinflammation and brain pathology following congenital CMV infection. Congenital human cytomegalovirus (cHCMV) infection of the brain is associated with a wide range of neurocognitive sequelae. Using infection of newborn mice with mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) as a reliable model that recapitulates many aspects of cHCMV infection, including disseminated infection, CNS infection, altered neuro development, and sensorineural hearing loss, we have previously shown that mitigation of inflammation prevented alterations in cerebellar development, suggesting that host inflammatory factors are key drivers of neuro developmental defects. Here, we show that MCMV infection causes a dramatic increase in the expression of the microglia-derived chemokines CXCL9/CXCL10, which recruit NK and ILC1 cells into the brain in a CXCR3-dependent manner. Surprisingly, brain-infiltrating innate immune cells not only were unable to control virus infection in the brain but also orchestrated pathological inflammatory responses, which lead to delays in cerebellar morphogenesis. Our results identify NK and ILC1 cells as the major mediators of immunopathology in response to virus infection in the developing CNS, which can be prevented by anti-IFN-gamma antibodies.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "Church attendance buffers against longer-term mental distress. It has been argued that church attendance benefits mental health by buffering against stress. However, underlying mechanisms are debated and longitudinal evidence is scarce. We use eight years of longitudinal population-representative data from New Zealand to test whether consistent church attendance translates into sustained reductions in distress. We also investigate whether church attendance disrupts dynamic bi-directional relationships between the personality trait of Neuroticism and distress: relationships such as at least temporary increases in Neuroticism following escalations in distress. We compare mental distress trajectories and dynamic effects across three groups of religious people (3,535 non-attenders at church, 1,656 sporadic attenders, and 2,393 consistent attenders), controlling for the effects of gender, age, relative deprivation, and perceived physical health. We observe a more adaptive (downward) mental distress trajectory among consistent attenders as compared to non-attenders, although consistent attenders were also found to have higher baseline levels of mental distress. Among sporadic attenders, we observe elevated baseline distress levels without a decrease in mental distress over time, suggesting that the differences in the trajectories of consistent attenders and non-attenders cannot be explained solely by regression to the mean. Church attendance consistency did not modulate dynamic effects. The findings point to a role for church attendance in buffering stress specifically among people in difficult (distressing) circumstances.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "MULTI-SIGHTLINE OBSERVATION OF NARROW ABSORPTION LINES IN LENSED QUASAR SDSS J1029+2623. We exploit the widely separated images of the lensed quasar SDSS J1029+2623 (z(em) = 2.197, theta = 22.'' 5) to observe its outflowing wind through two different sightlines. We present an analysis of three observations, including two with the Subaru telescope in 2010 February and 2014 April, separated by four years, and one with the Very Large Telescope, separated from the second Subaru observation by similar to 2 months. We detect 66 narrow absorption lines (NALs), of which 24 are classified as intrinsic NALs that are physically associated with the quasar based on partial coverage analysis. The velocities of intrinsic NALs appear to cluster around values of v(ej) similar to 59,000, 43,000, and 29,000 km s(-1), which is reminiscent of filamentary structures obtained by numerical simulations. There are no common intrinsic NALs at the same redshift along the two sightlines, implying that the transverse size of the NAL absorbers should be smaller than the sightline distance between two lensed images. In addition to the NALs with large ejection velocities of v(ej) > 1000 km s(-1), we also detect broader proximity absorption lines (PALs) at za(bs) similar to z(em). The PALs are likely to arise in outflowing gas at a distance of r <= 620 pc from the central black hole with an electron density of n(e) >= 8.7 x 10(3) cm(-3). These limits are based on the assumption that the variability of the lines is due to recombination. We discuss the implications of these results on the three-dimensional structure of the outflow.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "THE UNUSUAL ERUPTION OF THE EXTRAGALACTIC CLASSICAL NOVA M31N 2017-09A. M31N 2017-09a is a classical nova and was observed for some 160 days following its initial eruption, during which time it underwent a number of bright secondary outbursts. The light-curve is characterized by continual variation with excursions of at least 0.5 magnitudes on a daily time-scale. The lower envelope of the eruption suggests that a single power law can describe the decline rate. The eruption is relatively long with t(2) = 111 days, and t(3) = 153 days.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "New Silurian and Devonian palaeomagnetic results from the Hexi Corridor terrane, northwest China, and their tectonic implications. A total of 239 orientated drill-core samples from 23 sites were collected for palaeomagnetic study from Silurian and Devonian red beds, marlaceous sandstone, and limestone rocks in the eastern part of the Hexi Corridor, southwest Ningxia, North China. The characteristic high-temperature component resides in both haematite and magnetite. It clusters around a northwesterly and shallow to moderate downward direction and its antipode after tilt correction. The primary origin of this characteristic remanent magnetization (ChRM) is ascertained by positive fold and reversal tests at the 95 per cent confidence level. The corresponding palaeopoles, at 339.0 degrees E, 60.1 degrees N with A(95) = 11.2 degrees (Silurian) and 336.0 degrees E, 56.0 degrees N with A(95) = 9.2 degrees (Devonian), imply that the North China Block (NCB) had a low palaeolatitude of around 15 degrees N in the Northern Hemisphere during the Silurian-Devonian period. Comparison with the Early-Middle Ordovician palaeopole of the NCB suggests that the NCB moved rapidly northwards by 30.8 degrees +/-10.9 degrees to cross the palaeo-equator during the Early-Middle Ordovician to Silurian. In combination with the palaeobiogeographical data from Ningxia, our palaeomagnetic results suggest that the NCB was located close to Australia during the Late Devonian.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Elastic wave propagation in heterogeneous anisotropic media using the lumped finite-element method. A numerical technique for wave-propagation simulation in 2-D heterogeneous anisotropic structures is presented. The scheme is flexible in incorporating arbitrary surface topography, inner openings, liquid/solid boundaries, and irregular interfaces, and it naturally satisfies the free-surface conditions of complex geometrical boundaries. The algorithm, based on a discretization mesh of triangles and quadrilaterals, solves the problem using integral equilibrium around each node instead of satisfying elastodynamic differential equations at each node as in the finite-difference method. This study is an extension of previous work for the elastic-isotropic case. Besides accounting for anisotropy, a simplified quadrilateral grid cell with low computational cost is introduced. The transversely isotropic medium with a symmetry axis on the horizontal or vertical plane, as typically caused by a system of parallel cracks or fine layers, is discussed in detail. A 2-D algorithm is presented that can handle the situation where the symmetry axis of the anisotropy does not lie in the 2-D plane. The proposed scheme is successfully tested against an analytical solution for Lamb's problem with a symmetry axis normal to the surface and agrees well with a numerical solution of the reflectivity method for a plane-layered model in the isotropic case. Computed radiation patterns show characteristics such as shear-wave splitting and triplications of quasi-SV wavefronts, as predicted by the theory. Examples of surface-wave propagation in an anisotropic half-space with a semicylindrical pit on the surface and mixed liquid/(anisotropic) solid model with an inclined liquid/solid interface are presented. Moreover, seismograms are modeled for dome-layered and plane-layered anisotropic structures.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Understanding travel time uncertainty impacts on the equity of individual accessibility. Most current accessibility equity studies ignore travel time uncertainties. This study investigates the travel time uncertainty impacts on the equity of individual accessibility. Travel time distributions of the road network and mobility data for a large number of individual samples across the entire study area are extracted using comprehensive big datasets of taxi trajectories and mobile phone tracking data. Two reliability-based individual accessibility measures are proposed to evaluate individual accessibility by explicitly considering individual's on-time arrival probability concern for activity participations. The proposed measures are further applied to quantify travel time uncertainty impacts on the equity of individual accessibility to shopping services. Results of this study demonstrate the capabilities of using spatiotemporal big data to examine the equity of accessibility in a disaggregated individual level. The results also suggest that travel time uncertainties have negative impacts on accessibility of all people groups, but more serious impacts on disadvantaged people groups with a lower accessibility level.", "label": [1, 5, 15, 47]}
+{"token": "Antipredator Behavioral Responses of Native and Exotic Tadpoles to Novel Predator. Factors related to the invasion process, such as high abundance of invaders, residence time, and functional distinctiveness, are well documented, but less attention has been given to the effects of antipredator strategy of invasive species during colonization. In this study, we explored the antipredator strategy of an introduced species by comparing the predator avoidance behaviors of two native anuran species and one introduced (\\\\'exotic\\\\') species in the presence of different predators. The two native anuran species used in the study were Black-spotted Pond Frog Rana nigromaculata and Terrestrial Frog Rana limnocharis. The introduced (invasive) species used was American bullfrog Litho bates catesbeianus. Chinese pond turtle Chinemys reevesii, Red-backed rat snake Elaphe rufodorsata, and Big-headed turtle Platysternon megacephalum were used as predator species. Chinese pond turtles and Red-backed rat snakes are native predators of Black-spotted Pond Frogs and Terrestrial Frogs, while Big-headed turtles are novel (\\\\'unfamiliar\\\\') to the two frogs. All three predator species are novel (\\\\'unfamiliar\\\\') to the American bullfrog. The results show that tadpoles of the two native species displayed behaviors of recognizing the two native predators, but did not display the capability of identifying the novel predator. Results from our study also suggest that American bullfrog tadpoles exhibited strong antipredator behavioral responses by displaying the capability of identifying \\\\'unfamiliar\\\\' predators without cohabitation history and prior exposure to them. Such antipredator behavioral responses could have resulted in more favorable outcomes for an invading species during the invasive introductory process.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "A scene of tensions and disputes: presente time and memories from the past in Mark's gospel. Subject of constant reflections in other works and published studies, the theme of memory and its relations between past and present always provokes renewed perspectives regarding the readings of the ancient texts in our academic discussions. Analyzing the present time of a community behind an ancient document is likewise always challenging. However, in the present document (Mark's Gospel), when analyzed in the light of heuristic concepts - such as memory, for example - there are very effective indications in proposing new perceptions about the constant interaction between past memories and memory constructions in present times (of the ancient document that has been analysed). New horizons open up in the field of study of the texts that make up the New Testament when dialogues with psychology and research on memory. In this sense, this work applies the postulate of D.L. Schacter on the adaptations that are made in the memories of the past so that they meet the needs of the present to the gospel of Mark. It follows that the author of the said gospel rewrote the traditions received so that they answered questions that were made to them in the present.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Agri-Food Land Transformations and Immigrant Farm Workers in Peri-Urban Areas of Spain and the Mediterranean. Spain is a global hotspot of transformations of agri-food land systems due to changing production intensity, diets, urbanization, market integration, and climate change. Characteristic of the Mediterranean, these expanding intersections with the migration, livelihoods, and food security strategies of immigrant farm workers urge new research into the \\\\'who,\\\\' \\\\'how,\\\\' and \\\\'why\\\\' questions of the transformation of agri-food land systems. Addressing this gap, we communicate preliminary results from field research in the Granada and Madrid areas. We use a novel conceptual framework of linkages among distinct agri-food land systems and the roles and agency of immigrant farm workers. Preliminary results integrating a combined land- and labor-centric approach address: (1) how the recent and ongoing transformations of specific agri-food land systems are indicative of close links to inexpensive, flexible labor of immigrant farm workers; (2) how the connectivity among transformations of multiple distinct agri-food land systems can be related to the geographic mobility of immigrant farm workers and livelihoods (non-farm work, gendered employment, peri-urban residential location, labor recruitment); and (3) how the struggles for food and nutrition security among immigrant farm workers are indicative of links to local sites and networked agrobiodiversity. This study can help advance the nexus of migration-land research with expanding ethical, justice, and policy concerns of land system sciences in relation to the new suite of agri-food interest and initiatives.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Effects of host plant quality on overwintering success of the leaf beetle Chrysomela lapponica (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae). I investigated effects of density-dependent variation in host plant quality on adult feeding and overwintering success of the leaf beetle Chrysomela lapponica L. During pre-overwintering period adult beetles were fed in the laboratory on host plants, Salix borealis, originating from (a) a site with low density population of C lapponica, (b) a site with peak density of C. lapponica, and (c) a post-outbreak site. Beetles fed on plants from low density and peak density sites demonstrated similar performance, whereas on plants from post-outbreak site beetles fed longer, gained more weight, and experienced greater mortality during overwintering. Higher water content in these beetles suggests that the main reason for increased winter mortality is insufficient dehydration of the beetles' bodies, presumably due to low quality food. The total carbon concentration in host plant foliage explained variation in most beetle performance indices, while total nitrogen did not correlate with beetle performance. Damage-induced decrease in quality of host plants from post-outbreak sites (delayed inducible resistance, DIR), associated with increase in carbon-containing defensive compounds, was earlier found to increase larval mortality and thus contribute to the decline in population density of C. lapponica. Results of the current study suggest that DIR can also disturb pre-overwintering feeding and thus increase winter mortality of adult beetles, enhancing post-outbreak density decline.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Sorption and diffusional studies of extruded waxy maize starch-glycerol systems. It is believed that glycerol decreases the water activity of food systems due to its hygroscopic nature. The work presented here focuses on water vapour sorption and diffusion characteristics of thermornechanically extruded waxy maize starch (WMS) and glycerol samples. The different mixtures were prepared with similar specific mechanical energies (SME similar to 50 Wh/kg). The levels of glycerol ranged from 0-20% dry weight basis. At equilibrium relative humidities RH > 70% at 25 degrees C, glycerol contributed to an increase in moisture but, for RH < 70% the moisture content decreased. The values of the monolayer (m.) and heat of sorption (C) from Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and Guggenheim-Anderson-de Boer (GAB) equations significantly decreased in the presence of the polyol, suggesting a reduction in sorption sites availability. The diffusivities (D) of these mixtures were estimated, assuming a Fickian mechanism. The D values increased with RH but, there was an apparent reduction in this value for the RH > 60% when glycerol was present. Microscopic observations indicated formation of agglomerates and loss of particle integrity, which coincided with the marked change in the diffusivity value and the mixture's transition from the glassy to rubbery state. Therefore understanding of the amount and speed of water uptake into complex systems is important if their shelf life properties and texture are to be understood.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Modulation of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release by glycolysis in cat atrial myocytes. In cardiac myocytes, glycolysis and excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling are functionally coupled. We studied the effects of inhibitors (2-deoxy-(D)-glucose (2-DG), iodoacetate (IAA)), intermediates (glucose-6-phosphate (W), fructose-6-phosphate (W), fructose-1,6bisphosphate (FBP), phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)) and products (pyruvate, L-lactate) of glycolysis on sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ release and uptake in intact and permeabilized cat atrial myocytes. In field-stimulated (0.5-0.7 Hz) intact myocytes, 2-DG (10 mm) and IAA (1 mm) caused elevation of diastolic [Ca2+](i) and [Ca2+](i) transient alternans (Ca2+ alternans) followed by a decrease of the amplitude of the [Ca2+](i) transient. Focal application of 2-DG resulted in local Ca2+ alternans that was confined to the region of exposure. 2-DG and IAA slowed the decay kinetics of the [Ca2+], transient and delayed its recovery (positive staircase) after complete SR depletion, suggesting impaired activity of the SR Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA). 2-DG and IAA reduced the rate of reuptake of Ca2+ into the SR which was accompanied by a 15-20% decrease of SR Ca2+ load. Major changes of mitochondrial redox state (measured as FAD autofluorescence) were not observed after inhibition of glycolysis. Pyruvate (10 mm) and L-lactate (10 mm) elicited similar changes of the [Ca2+], transient. Pyruvate, L-lactate and IAA - but not 2-DG - induced intracellular acidosis. Recording of single channel activity of ryanodine receptors (RyRs) incorporated into lipid bilayers revealed complex modulation by glycolytic intermediates and products (1 mm each): some were without effect (G6P, PEP, L-lactate) while others either increased (F6P, +40%; FBP, +265%) or decreased (pyruvate, - 58%) the open probability of the RyR. Consistent with these findings, spontaneous SR Ca2+ release (Ca2+ sparks) in permeabilized myocytes was facilitated by FBP and inhibited by pyruvate. The results indicate that in atrial myocytes glycolysis regulates Ca 2 + release from the SR by multiple mechanisms including direct modulation of RyR activity by intermediates and products of glycolysis and modulation of SERCA activity through local changes of glycolytically derived ATP.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "Scale evaluation and antiscalant testing based on fluorescent probe technology in RO process. Inventing the technology based on fluorescent probes to detect antiscalants in reverse osmosis (RO) concentrated water is of great significance for guiding the use of antiscalant and the control of scale. In this study, Amino trimethylene phosphonic acid (ATMP) was taken as the representative of the antiscalant, and a new fluorescent probe for ATMP detection was designed and synthesized. The new fluorescent probe showed high accuracy for ATMP detection (R2 > 0.94) and resistance to the interference of ions (change rate <3%). Further, the use of probe to detect the antiscalant in RO concentrate and realize the evaluation of the scaling phenomenon was carried out. The model of the relationship between the probe fluorescence intensity and the concentration of precipitated ions was established to analyze the scale evaluation mechanism of the probe. Meanwhile, Critical fluorescence intensity (CFI) was introduced for scale evaluation. The results showed that the new probe could accurately judge the formation of scale under the condition of different antiscalant concentrations, and 926 +/- 20 a.u. was judged as CFI for scaling evaluation. Finally, results of the new probe detection in RO scale evaluation test were consistent with the membrane flux and SEM detection, indicating that the probe can accurately evaluate scale during the RO operation. This research can provide technical support for the precise application of antiscalants and scale inhibition.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 33]}
+{"token": "In the beginning (Hartle, Hawking, wave function of the universe). In this paper, a survey is made of some of the contributions to the interpretation of Hartle and Hawking's theory of the wave function of the universe and its beginning. It is argued that there are considerable difficulties with the interpretation fo the theory, but that there is at least one interpretation hitherto not found in the literature which survives existing philosophical objections.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Water between plates in the presence of an electric field in an open system. Molecular dynamics simulations of water at 298 K and 1 atm of pressure are used to investigate the electric-field dependence of the density and polarization density of water between two graphite-like plates of different sizes (9.8 x 9.2 and 17.7 x 17.2 angstrom) in an open system for plate separations of 8.0, 9.5, and 16.4 angstrom. The interactions with water were tuned to \\\\'hard-wall-like\\\\' and \\\\'normal\\\\' C-O hydrophobic potentials. Water between the larger plates at 16.4 A separation is layered but is metastable with respect to capillary evaporation at zero field (Bratko, D.; Curtis, R. A.; Blanch, H. W.; Prausnitz, J. M. J. Chem. Phys. 2001, 115, 3873). Applying a field decreases the density of the water between the plates, in apparent contradiction to thermodynamic and integral equation theories of bulk fluid electrostriction that ignore surface effects, rendering them inapplicable to finite-sized films of water between hydrophobic plates. This suggests that the free energy barrier for evaporation is lowered by the applied field. Water, between \\\\'hard-wall-like\\\\' plates at narrower separations of 9.5 A and less, shows a spontaneous but incomplete evaporation at zero field within the time scale of our simulation. Evaporation is further enhanced by an electric field. No such evaporation occurs, on these time scales, for the smaller plates with the \\\\'hard-wall-like\\\\' potential at a separation of 8.0 angstrom at zero field, signaling a crossover n behavior as the plate dimension decreases, but the water density still diminishes with increasing field strength. These observations could have implications for the behavior of thin films of water between surfaces in real physical and biological systems.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Global Ocean Mass Change From GRACE and GRACE Follow-On and Altimeter and Argo Measurements. Satellite altimeter sea surface heights, in combination with Argo ocean temperature and salinity observations, provide an independent measure of global mean ocean mass (GMOM) change. Over the period January 2005 to April 2020, GMOM rates observed by the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and GRACE Follow-On (GFO) range from 1.88 +/- 0.10 to 2.63 +/- 0.10 mm/year, compared to 2.85 +/- 0.37 mm/year from Altimeter-Argo. Over much of the GRACE era, GRACE GMOM estimates agree well with Altimeter-Argo over a broadband of frequencies. However, during the late stage of the GRACE mission (after August 2016) and into the GFO era, differences between GRACE/GFO and Altimeter-Argo GMOM estimates become substantially larger and systematic, which may be related to the single accelerometer mode of operation during late-stage GRACE and GFO missions and/or errors of Argo and altimeter data.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "The Thomas Kelly case: Why a 'one punch' law is not the answer. The tragedy of a young man's death in King's Cross in 2012, and the perceived leniency of the sentence for manslaughter handed down to his killer in 2013, have ignited calls for a special criminal law to cover situations in which death results from a senseless act of violence: a specific one punch law. Through an examination of the operation of the existing one punch law in Western Australia, and the operation of manslaughter by unlawful and dangerous act in one punch fatality situations in New South Wales, this article argues that a new offence of assault causing death is neither necessary nor desirable. It concludes that a guideline judgment on one punch manslaughter offers a more appropriate and constructive path to responding to community concerns about alcohol-fuelled acts of fatal violence.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Phylogenetic Separation in Limb Use in Captive Gibbons (Hylobatidae): A Comparison Across the Primate Order. Although there have been few studies of self-scratching in primates, some have reported distinct differences in whether hands or feet are used, and these variations seem to reflect the evolutionary history of the Order. Monkeys and prosimians use both hands and feet to self-scratch while African great apes use hands almost exclusively. Gibbons represent an evolutionary divergence between monkeys and great apes and incidental observations at the Gibbon Conservation Center pointed to a difference in self-scratching among the four extant gibbon genera (Hoolock, Nomascus, Symphalangus, and Hylobates). To validate and further explore these preliminary observations, we collected systematic data on self-scratching from 32 gibbons, including nine species and all four genera. To supplement gibbon data, we also collected self-scratching information from 18 great apes (four species), five prosimians (two species), 26 New World Monkeys (nine species) and 20 Old World Monkeys (seven species). All monkeys and some prosimians used both hands and feet to self-scratch, whereas one prosimian species used only feet. All African great apes used hands exclusively (orangutans were an exception displaying occasional foot-use). This appears to represent a fundamental difference between monkeys and great apes in limb use. Interestingly, there was a clear difference in self-scratching between the four gibbon genera. Hylobates and Symphalangus self-scratched only with hands (like all African great apes), while Hoolock and Nomascus self-scratched with both hands and feet (like monkeys and prosimians). This difference in gibbon behavior may reflect the evolutionary history of gibbons as Hoolock and Nomascus are thought to have evolved before both Hylobates and Symphalangus. What evolutionary pressures led to this divergent pattern is currently opaque; however, this shift in limb preference may result from niche separation across the order facilitating differences in the behavioral repertoire associated with hind and forelimbs. Am. J. Primatol. 74:1035-1043, 2012. (c) 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Remedial interventions for developmental dyslexia: Comparing the rhythmic reading training to the 'Abilmente' approach. The possibility of using rhythmic auditory interventions for addressing dyslexia-related difficulties has been empirically explored by several investigations, with encouraging results. Such findings inspired the design of a novel rhythm-based intervention, Rhythmic Reading Training (RRT), specifically designed for students with developmental dyslexia (DD). To measure RRT efficacy, a clinical trial with an active-controlled design was carried out. More precisely, RRT combined with music games was contrasted with a personalized multi-componential treatment of DD of proven efficacy, namely, the Abilmente approach. Thirty-two children and preadolescents with DD received either one of the two interventions under the supervision of a specialized trainer. Immediate- and medium-term effects on reading skills did not differ between the two interventions. The analysis of the specific contribution of each methodology showed that the Abilmente approach was more effective in improving text reading, while RRT induced more consistent maintenance of all reading sub-processes 4 weeks after the end of the treatment. Consistent with previous research, the rhythmic intervention showed more consistent effects on reading speed. These results confirmed the efficacy of a unimodal process-based intervention such as RRT in inducing global reading effects comparable with those following a personalized multi-componential intervention.", "label": [3, 5, 27, 50]}
+{"token": "COVENANTAL NOMISM AS A 'SYMBOLIC UNIVERSE'. It is explored how Sanders' notion of covenantal nomism can be adapted to explain the Judean \\\\'symbolic universe\\\\'. This article throughout approaches Judeanism as an ethnic identity. At first covenantal nomism is adapted toffunction as an ethnic descriptor. Ethnicity theory is then utilized to explain what ethnicity is and how it is formed and maintained. Duling's Socio-Cultural Model of Ethnicity is then adapted to model first century Judean ethnic identity. The proposed model is termed covenantal nomism. Lastly, it is explained that the proposed model also functions as a pictorial representation of the Judean symbolic universe.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Classical localization and percolation in random environments on trees. We consider a simple model of transport on a regular tree, whereby species evolve according to the drift-diffusion equation, and the drift velocity on each branch of the tree is a quenched random variable. The inverse of the steady-state amplitude at the origin is expressed in terms of a random geometric series whose convergence or otherwise determines whether the system is localized or delocalized. In a recent paper [P. C. Bressloff er al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 5075 (1996)], exact criteria were presented that enable one to determine the critical phase boundary for the transition, valid for any distribution of the drift velocities. In this paper we present a detailed derivation of these criteria, consider a number of examples of interest, and establish a connection with conventional percolation theory. The latter suggests a wider application of the results to other models of statistical processes occurring on treelike structures. Generalizations to the case where the underlying tree is irregular in nature are also considered.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Unruly bodies: resistance, (in)action and hysteresis in a public health intervention. Schools have long been sites of public health intervention on the bodies of children. Increasingly, these interventions also act on the bodies of educators. Our case study is an intervention focused on the future health of children's bodies ('The Daily Mile'), which, we argue, also resulted in the surveillance of educators' bodies. We draw on Bourdieu's concept of hysteresis to explore how those bodies can become 'unruly' during implementation, in both resisting and being positioned as reluctant. Hysteresis, an under-utilised Bourdieusian concept, proved useful for exploring embodiment at a point when there were mismatches between habitus and the changing field of primary education. We show how the non-participation of some actors (e.g. teachers) was positioned as part of a broader resistance to health as a dominant value, whereas non-participation of less-privileged social actors (e.g. Teaching Assistants) was problematised in different ways. We argue that attending to moments of hysteresis, in which the changing symbolic values of physical capital become explicit, surfaces not just how dominant discourses (e.g. healthism) become reproduced in fields, but also how they change and are resisted, and with what effects.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Association between timing of diagnosis of trisomy 21, 18, and 13 and maternal socio-economic status in Victoria, Australia: A population-based cohort study from 2015 to 2016. Objectives To explore the association between timing of diagnosis of common autosomal trisomies, maternal age, and socio-economic status (SES). Design Retrospective study of cytogenetic diagnoses of trisomy 21 (T21), trisomy 18 (T18), and trisomy 13 (T13) in Victoria, Australia, in 2015 to 2016, stratified by timing (prenatal less than 17 weeks gestation, prenatal including or greater than or 17 weeks gestation, and postnatal before 12 months of age), maternal age, and SES region. Utilisation of prenatal testing following a live-born T21 infant was ascertained via record linkage. Results Among 160 230 total births were 571 diagnoses of T21 and 246 of T18/T13. The overall and live birth prevalences of T21 were 3.56 and 0.47 per 1000 births, respectively. Compared with women from disadvantaged SES regions, women from high SES regions were more likely to have a prenatal diagnosis of a trisomy before 17 weeks than after (P < .01) and less likely to have a live-born T21 infant than a prenatal diagnosis (P < .01). There was a significant trend to higher live birth rates of T21 with lower SES (P = .004). The majority (68.5%) of women who gave birth to a live infant with T21 did not utilise prenatal testing. Conclusion There is a significant relationship between lower SES, later prenatal diagnosis of trisomy, and higher live birth rate of T21 in Victoria.", "label": [2, 21, 19]}
+{"token": "Repellency of a kaolin particle film, surround, and a mineral oil, Sunspray oil, to silverleaf Whitefly (Homoptera : Aleyrodidae) on melon in the laboratory. Surround, a kaolin-based particle film formulation, and Sunspray oil, a mineral oil, were evaluated alone or in combination in choice and no-cboice laboratory assays on melon leaves for repellency to adults of the silverleaf whitelly, Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring. In no-choice tests, the number of adults and eggs on leaves did not significantly differ among the three treatments and the water control when materials were applied to either the upper or lower leaf surface. Significantly fewer adults and eggs were found on treated leaves compared with water when materials were applied to both leaf surfaces. Application of Surround did not affect the oviposition pattern, with 80.2-88.5% eggs oviposited on lower surface. However, whiteflies oviposited more eggs (53.1-63.8%) on the upper compared with the lower surface when Sunspray oil or Surround + Sunspray oil was applied on the lower leaf surface and both leaf surfaces. When whiteflies were allowed to choose among leaves treated with different materials on the same leaf surface (s), significantly fewer adults and eggs were found on treated leaves compared with water-treated leaves, and more adults and eggs were found on leaves when the materials were applied to upper versus lower or both surfaces. Leaves treated with materials on both leaf surfaces had fewer whiteflies compared with leaves treated on the upper or lower surface. When whiteflies were allowed to choose among leaves treated with materials versus water-treated leaves in a 6:3 or an 8:1 ratio, significantly fewer adults and eggs were found on leaves treated with treatment materials compared with water, regardless of which leaf surface (s) were treated. No significant synergistic or additive effect was detected in Surround + Sun spray oil compared with either material used separately.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "HESSIAN FLY (DIPTERA, CECIDOMYIIDAE) CONTROL BY HYDROGEN PHOSPHIDE FUMIGATION AND COMPRESSION OF HAY FOR EXPORT TO JAPAN. A multiple-quarantine treatment of compression and hydrogen phosphide fumigation (60 g/28.3 m3 for 7 d at > 10-degrees-C) was developed to control Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say), in six species of hay exported to Japan. The hay included timothy, Phleum pratense; alfalfa, Medicago sativa; oat, Avena sativa; Sudan grass, Sorghum bicolor sudanensis; Bermuda grass, Cynodon dactylon; and rye straw, Secale cereale. Commercial hay compressors configured to produce 72 and 80 kg/cm2 of pressure caused 93 and 97% mortality of Hessian fly puparia in bales held for 7 d in freight containers, respectively. Hydrogen phosphide fumigation of compressed bales significantly increased the mortality of puparia that survived compression in the bales. The total number of Hessian fly puparia tested and insect mortality for all species of hay was 255,191 and 99.940%, respectively, based on the number of puparia in wheat seedlings, and 105,763 and 99.855%, respectively, based on the number of puparia reared to the adult stage in laboratory controls. In total, 153 puparia survived bay compression and fumigation and were reared to the adult stage. The extraordinary number of insects tested in our large-scale tests would not occur in export-quality bay, and mortality would be increased by postharvest bay handling procedures. Hay compression and hydrogen phosphide fumigation can be used to control Hessian fly in a multiple-quarantine treatment and to maintain quarantine security levels required by regulatory agencies for hay exported to Japan.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Fertility Transition in Dakar, Nairobi, and Ouagadougou Since the 1970s: An Identical Reduction at All Ages Through Modern Contraception?. While some researchers have predicted a fertility transition in sub-Saharan Africa similar to that witnessed in Europe, Latin America, or Asia, where practices of fertility limitation and long-term contraception have played a major role, others believe that it will differ. The aim of this article is to contribute to this debate, testing Caldwell's prediction of comparable declines in fertility in Africa at all ages through the adoption of modern contraceptives. We examine the cases of Dakar, Ouagadougou, and Nairobi, three capital cities where fertility is now relatively low (around three children per woman in 2010-2015), drawing on the various available data sources going as far back as the early 1970s. The data for these three cities confirm the hypothesis of a similar fertility reduction across all ages. However, Nairobi is the only city where contraception is the main strategy adopted by all age groups. Sexual non-exposure outside of the postpartum period played a key role in attaining low family sizes at younger and older reproductive ages in Ouagadougou and Dakar, as well as postpartum insusceptibility in Dakar.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Reorganizing the familyParvoviridae: a revised taxonomy independent of the canonical approach based on host association. Parvoviridae, a diverse family of small single-stranded DNA viruses was established in 1975. It was divided into two subfamilies,ParvovirinaeandDensovirinae, in 1993 to accommodate parvoviruses that infect vertebrate and invertebrate animals, respectively. This relatively straightforward segregation, using host association as the prime criterion for subfamily-level classification, has recently been challenged by the discovery of divergent, vertebrate-infecting parvoviruses, dubbed \\\\'chapparvoviruses\\\\', which have proven to be more closely related to viruses in certainDensovirinaegenera than to members of theParvovirinae. Viruses belonging to these genera, namelyBrevi-,Hepan- andPenstyldensovirus, are responsible for the unmatched heterogeneity of the subfamilyDensovirinaewhen compared to theParvovirinaein matters of genome organization, protein sequence homology, and phylogeny. Another genus ofDensovirinae,Ambidensovirus, has challenged traditional parvovirus classification, as it includes all newly discovered densoviruses with an ambisense genome organization, which introduces genus-level paraphyly. Lastly, current taxon definition and virus inclusion criteria have significantly limited the classification of certain long-discovered parvoviruses and impedes the classification of some potential family members discovered using high-throughput sequencing methods. Here, we present a new and updated system for parvovirus classification, which includes the introduction of a third subfamily,Hamaparvovirinae, resolves the paraphyly within genusAmbidensovirus, and introduces new genera and species into the subfamilyParvovirinae. These proposals were accepted by the ICTV in 2020 March.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Persistent use of nicotine replacement therapy: an analysis of actual purchase patterns in a population based sample. Subjects: In a national panel of 40 000 US households, 2690 recorded NRT purchases.Results: Among 805 households that purchased nicotine gum, 2.3% of new purchase incidents led to continuous monthly purchase of gum for greater than or equal to6 months. For nicotine patches (2050 households) the percentage was 0.9%. For both gum and patch, the incidence of persistent purchase dropped below 0.4% by 24 months. Allowing one month gaps within a \\\\'continuous\\\\' purchase run resulted in increased estimates (for gum: 6.7% for greater than or equal to6 months and 1.0% for greater than or equal to24 months; for patch: 1.7% for greater than or equal to6 months and 0.05% for greater than or equal to24 months).Design: Analysis of NRT purchase patterns in data from a population based panel of US households all household purchases between January 1997 and March 2000.Background: In 1996, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved switching nicotine gum and patch from prescription to over-the-counter (OTC) status. Some expressed concerns that broader availability and lack of physician control might increase persistent use of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT)-that is, use beyond the period specified by the FDA approved label.Conclusion: Persistent use of nicotine gum and patch is very rare and has not increased with the transition to OTC use, despite removal of physician oversight.Objective: To estimate the incidence of persistent use of OTC nicotine gum and patch for periods of >3 months, greater than or equal to6 months, greater than or equal to12 months, and greater than or equal to24 months.", "label": [2, 21, 23]}
+{"token": "Misconceptions in Legislative Quality: An Enlightened Approach to the Drafting of Legislation. The chapter summarises traditional teachings in legislative drafting, and identifies five misconceptions. Misconception 1: drafting conventions always lead to quality. But the phronetic nature of drafting prevents nomoteleia of drafting conventions. Misconception 2: Legislative quality rests in a vacuum. But the interconnectivity between policy, law, and legislative expression render their interdependence profound and critical. Misconception 3: legislative quality is undefinable. But effectiveness is a prominent definition of legislative quality. Misconception 4: effectiveness always leads to legislative quality. But legislation suffers from inherent limits: its interconnection and reliance to regulation, the limits of legislation as written communication, and the intrinsic aversion of users to legislative texts. Misconception 5: in view of the unsurpassable limits of legislative texts, legislative quality should not be pursued further. But there is hope ahead, such as the layered structure of legislative texts, the use of image in legislative texts, and the restructuring of the statute book as a whole.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Spatial variation in springtime food resources influences the winter body mass of roe deer fawns. It is well established that the dynamics of mammalian populations vary in time, in relation to density and weather, and often in interaction with phenotypic differences (sex, age and social status). Habitat quality has recently been identified as another significant source of individual variability in vital rates of deer, including roe deer where spatial variations in fawn body mass were found to be only about a tenth of temporal variations. The approach used was to classify the habitat into blocks a priori, and to analyse variation in animal performance among the predefined areas. In a fine-grained approach, here we use data collected over 24 years on 1,235 roe deer fawns captured at known locations and the plant species composition sampled in 2001 at 578 sites in the Chize forest to determine the spatial structure at a fine scale of both vegetation and winter body mass of fawns, and then to determine links between the two. Space and time played a nearly equal role in determining fawn body masses of both sexes, each accounting for about 20% of variance and without any interaction between them. The spatial distribution of fawn body mass was perennial over the 24 years considered and predicted values showed a 2 kg range according to location in the reserve, which is much greater than suggested in previous work and is enough to have strong effects on fawn survival. The spatial distribution and the range of predicted body masses were closely similar in males and females. The result of this study is therefore consistent with the view that the life history traits of roe deer are only weakly influenced by sexual selection. The occurrence of three plant species that are known to be important food items in spring/summer roe deer diets, hornbeam (Carpinus betulus), bluebell (Hyacinthoides sp.) and Star of Bethlehem (Ornithogalum sp.) was positively related to winter fawn body mass. The occurrence of species known to be avoided in spring/summer roe deer diets [e.g. butcher's broom (Ruscus aculeatus) and beech (Fagus sylvatica)], was negatively related to fawn body mass. We conclude that the spatial variation in the body mass of fawns in winter in this forest is as important as the temporal variation, and that the distribution of plant species that are actively selected during spring and summer is an important determinant of spatial variation in winter fawn body mass. The availability of these plants is therefore likely to be a key factor in the dynamics of roe deer populations.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "A Formal Proof of PG Recurrence Equations of Parallel Adders. Parallel adders are extensively used in high-performance computer design and hardware acceleration for large-scale data processing. In the adder design theory, a key property of the group propagated carry and the group generated carry is based on the two recurrence equations. The property is fundamental to many parallel prefix adders. However, there is no proof of the property in the literature. This article presents a rigorous and complete proof for it. The proof can leverage a solid ground for a formal verification methodology for parallel adder-based chip design.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 37]}
+{"token": "On Sexual Lust as an Emotion. Sexual lust - understood as a feeling of sexual attraction towards another - has traditionally been viewed as a sort of desire or at least as an appetite akin to hunger. I argue here that this view is, at best, significantly incomplete. Further insights can be gained into certain occurrences of lust by noticing how strongly they resemble occurrences of \\\\'attitudinal\\\\' (\\\\'object-directed\\\\') emotion. At least in humans, the analogy between the object-directed appetites and attitudinal emotions goes well beyond their psychological structure to include similar ways in which their occurrence can be introspectively recognized, resulting in similar extensions of their functionality and meaningfulness to the subject. I conclude that although further research is needed, given the strength of the analogy, the ability of lust to satisfy some general requirements for being an emotion, and perhaps certain neurological findings, lust may somewhat uniquely straddle the line between appetite and emotion.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "IMPACT OF ROTATIONAL SPEED OF COMPOSITE FRICTION PAIR ON ENERGY ACCUMULATION IN ACOUSTIC EMISSION SIGNAL FORMATION. The paper considers the results of modelling acoustic emission signals that form under variations in the rotational speed of a friction pair made of a composite material. It is found that the energy accumulation in acoustic emission signals that form relative to time takes place in accordance with linear law under normal wear of a friction pair. If the rotational speed of a friction pair increases, the rates of accumulated average energy and accumulated total energy of the acoustic emission signals that form also grow. The resulting acoustic emission signals have both accumulated average energy and accumulated total energy. A comparison of these two types of energy is conducted. It is shown that the application of data averaging reduces the rate of the accumulated energy of the acoustic emission signals that form.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Extreme tadpoles: The morphology of the fossorial megophryid larva, Leptobrachella mjobergi. The bizarre larvae of Leptobrachella mjobergi are fossorial and live in the gravel beds of small streams. These tadpoles are vermiform in body shape. Here we present details on their skeleton and musculature, particularly of the head. The entire cranium and its associated musculature are reconstructed in three dimensions from serial histological sections. The hyobranchial apparatus is highly reduced. The head of the L. mjobergi larva is more mobile than in other anuran species. This mobility can largely be ascribed to the exclusion of the notochord from the cranial base and an articulation of the foramen magnum floor with the atlas of the tadpole. The articulation is unique among anuran species, but design parallels can be drawn to salamanders and the articulation between atlas and axis in mammals. In L. mjobergi, the atlas forms an anterior dens that articulates with the basal plate in an accessory, third occipital articular face. The muscle arrangements deviate from the patterns found in other tadpoles: For instance, epaxial and ventral trunk muscles reach far forward onto the skull. The post-cranial skeleton of L. mjobergi is considerably longer than that of other anurans: it comprises a total of 35 vertebrae, including more than 20 post-sacral perichordal centra. Despite a number of features in cranial and axial morphology of L. mjobergi, which appear to be adaptations to its fossorial mode of life, the species clearly shares other features with its megophryid and pelobatid relatives. (c) 2005 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Structural weight minimization under stress constraints and multiple loading. In this paper we present an approach for structural weight minimization under von Mises stress constraints and multiple load-cases. The minimization problem is solved by using the topological derivative concept, which allows the development of efficient and robust topology optimization algorithms. Since we are dealing with multiple loading, the resulting sensitivity is obtained as a sum of the topological derivatives associated with each load-case. The derived result is used together with a level-set domain representation method to devise a topology design algorithm. Several numerical examples are presented showing the effectiveness of the proposed approach. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "Quarter-Point Elements Are Unnecessary for the VCCT. The virtual crack closure technique (VCCT) is a well-established method for determining energy release rates and stress intensity factors in homogeneous, isotropic materials. It has been implemented with four-noded, eight-noded, quarter-point, and other higher order elements. It is most convenient and accurate when used with eight-noded, isoparametric elements. VCCT produces less accurate results when used with quarter-point elements. Yet, this method continues to be employed with quarter-point elements. It is strongly recommended to use VCCT with regular eight-noded elements. Three examples will be presented to illustrate the inaccuracy when using quarter-point elements with VCCT.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "REGIONAL AND FEDERAL STUDIES GRADUATE PRIZEWINNER 2009 Multi-level Coalitions and Statute Reform in Spain. Between 2003 and 2007 six regional statutes of autonomy were reformed in Spain. These are Organic Laws that form part of the 'constitutional bloc' in Spain and determine the characteristics of state decentralization, so contain high thresholds for revision in the regional and Spanish parliament. Statutes are a flexible component of 'non-institutional federalism' in Spain and their negotiation highlights both centripetal and centrifugal dynamics in state design. Existing empirical studies have compared the content of these reforms. This article compares the political dynamics of statute reform, in light of existing literature on coalitional bargaining. It argues that statute reform is a competitive two-level game (regional and central), which requires parties to form single-issue 'statute coalitions'. Statute coalitions require varying degrees of inter-party co-operation, and can distort more permanent governing or parliamentary coalitions between statewide and non-statewide parties. They can exacerbate intra-party tensions, but may also be useful for 'coalitional experimentation' in multi-level arenas. Statute negotiations are unbounded because Spanish parties exploit them for electoral advantage and not merely to secure their policy preferences. This article contains two case studies of statute reform (Catalonia, Valencia) which illustrate these complex and varied dynamics, and suggests comparative avenues for further research on constitutional reform in multi-level systems.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "A new aspidorhynchid fish (Teleostei: Aspidorhynchiformes) from the Upper Jurassic of Ettling, Solnhofen, Bavaria, Germany. A new species of Aspidorhynchidae is described for the first time from the Late Jurassic of Ealing, some 50 km E-SE of Solnhofen, Bavaria, Germany. This new material is attributed to a new species, Aspidorhynchus sanzenbacheri, and is diagnosed by the abbreviated premaxillae, the form and disposition of teeth in the predentary, and the number of principal rays in the caudal fin. To cite this article: PM. Brito, M. Ebert, C. R. Palevol 8 (2009). (C) 2008 Academie des sciences. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Ultrasonographic Diagnosis of Acute Extrusion of the Lateral Meniscus in a Competing Quarter Horse. A 4-year-old Quarter Horse gelding with a history of acute trauma was presented to our faculty. This report describes the inciting injury, documented in a video, and the ultrasonographic diagnosis of a traumatic extrusion of the right lateral meniscus with an accompanying extra-articular hematoma and distal collateral ligament lesion in a competing Quarter Horse. The ultrasonographic diagnosis of a lateral meniscal injury directly correlated with postmortem findings and this type of lateral meniscal injury has not been previously described in detail. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Reproduction of I-type cosmic spherules and characterization in an Fe-Ni-O system. The chemical composition and texture of cosmic spherules are influenced by atmospheric conditions and the characteristics of their parent interplanetary particles. The objective of this study was to reproduce I-type cosmic spherules, which consist mainly of Fe oxide and Fe-Ni metal, and compare their textural characteristics with those of natural I-type cosmic spherules. Thus, a series of rapid heating and quenching experiments were performed on free falling iron meteorite powders obtained from Canyon Diablo, in the United States. The experiments were conducted using a high-temperature furnace with controlled gas flow rates at oxygen fugacities of FMQ + 2.4, FMQ, and FMQ - 2.5 log unit. The resulting Fe-Ni metal and oxide phases showed the nonequilibrium state of the melted spherules formed during quenching. Two types of magnetite crystals in different orientations were found in iron oxide. As temperatures decreased, the molten metal was oxidized to form immiscible molten iron oxide that then covered the former. As the oxide melt increased at the expense of metal, magnetite began to crystallize from the iron oxide melt, as the liquidus phase, either on the surface or within the melt phase. The characteristics of the run products obtained under different oxygen fugacities were similar to those of natural I-type cosmic spherules, which have textures and compositions that may contain information regarding the oxygen content of the upper atmosphere. Our study suggests that CO2-bearing molecules in the atmosphere could form iron oxide with a texture similar to natural I-type cosmic spherules. During this process, rapid crystallization of magnetite plays an important role in texture formation in disequilibrium states.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Business and government interdependence in China: Cooperative goals to develop industries and the marketplace. Although government withdrawal from business has traditionally been considered a key reform in developing a market economy, the Chinese government remains active. This study uses the social psychological theory of cooperation and competition to analyze the interdependence between government and business. Structural equation results of interviews of specific incidents collected from 105 government officials and business people in Shanghai, China, support the model that cooperative, but not competitive or independent, goals induce open-minded discussions that in turn strengthen their relationships, accomplish tasks, foster confidence they will work productively in the future, and develop their industry and the marketplace.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "A BOUND FOR THE RANK-ONE TRANSIENT OF INHOMOGENEOUS MATRIX PRODUCTS IN SPECIAL CASE. We consider inhomogeneous matrix products over max-plus algebra, where the matrices in the product satisfy certain assumptions under which the matrix products of sufficient length are rank-one, as it was shown in [6] (Shue, Anderson, Dey 1998). We establish a bound on the transient after which any product of matrices whose length exceeds that bound becomes rank-one.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Separation of acetic acid from xylose by nanofiltration. Lignocellulose has drawn great attention in the bioethanol industry as an alternative feedstock for ethanol production due to its renewability, abundance and non-food crop characteristics. Acid hydrolyzation of lignocellulose releases sugars (mainly D-Xylose) and several derivatives. The sugars in the hydrolyzate are then converted into ethanol by fermentation. Since acetic acid is believed to be one of the inhibitors which limit the yield of ethanol, it is beneficial to remove acetic acid from the hydrolyzates before fermentation. In this study, a Desal-5 DK nanofiltration (NF) membrane was used to separate acetic acid from xylose, using a synthetic acetic acid-xylose solution as the model. The Desal-5 DK membrane had an isoelectric point of 3.7 and a pore size of 0.83 nm based on streaming potential measurement and model calculation. It was found that both the solution pH and the applied pressure affected the separation performance. The observed retention of xylose and acetic acid varied from 28% to 81% and -6.8% to 90%, respectively, depending on the solution pH and the applied pressure. The maximum separation factor was 5.4 when the system was operated at pH 2.9 and 24.5 bar. In addition, negative retention of acetic acid was observed only in the presence of xylose. The results suggested that intermolecular interactions play an important role in the separation of xylose and acetic acid. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "Hazard Relation Diagrams: a diagrammatic representation to increase validation objectivity of requirements-based hazard mitigations. When developing safety-critical embedded systems, it is necessary to ensure that the system under development poses no harm to human users or external systems during operation. To achieve this, potential hazards are identified and potential mitigations for those hazards are documented in requirements. During requirements validation, the stakeholders assess if the documented hazard-mitigating requirements can avoid the identified hazards. Requirements validation is highly subjective. Among others, validation depends on the stakeholders' understanding of the involved processes, their familiarity with the system under development, and the information available. In consequence, there is the risk that stakeholders judge the adequacy of hazard-mitigating requirements based on their individual opinions about the hazards, rather than on the documented information about the system's hazards. To improve the validation of hazard-mitigating requirements, we recently proposed a diagrammatic representation called Hazard Relation Diagrams (Tenbergen B, Weyer T, Pohl K, Supporting the validation of adequacy in requirements-based hazard mitigations. In: Requirements engineering: foundation for software quality. LNCS, vol 9013. Springer, pp 17-32, 2015). In this paper, we extend the ontology of Hazard Relation Diagrams, present their notations, and define well-formedness rules. We elaborate on the application of Hazard Relation Diagrams to visualize complex relationships between hazards and mitigations and present an automated approach to generate Hazard Relation Diagrams. Finally, we report on our empirical evaluations about the impact of Hazard Relation Diagrams on review objectivity, effectiveness, efficiency, and reviewer's subjective confidence.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Recovery by means of electrodialysis of an aromatic amino acid from a solution with a high concentration of sulphates and phosphates. In the industrial synthesis of D-alpha-p-hydroxyphenylglycine the separation of the amino acid is carried out by precipitation. During this process, a mother liquor is produced with a high salt content (phosphates and sulphates) and an amino acid concentration of approximately 0.12-0.15 M. The disposal of this mother liquor not only causes an environmental problem due its high salinity and COD (chemical oxygen demand) content but also an economic loss due to the high price of the unrecovered amino acid. To avoid this problem an electrodialytic process has been developed that allows the recovery of 85% of the amino acid in the form of a low salinity stream with a salt content 70% lower than that of the initial mother liquor. This low salinity stream can be incorporated into the main process and in this way the amino acid can be recovered. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 33]}
+{"token": "Transcriptional Profiling of Resistant and Susceptible Buffalograsses in Response to Blissus occiduus (Hemiptera: Blissidae) Feeding. Understanding plant resistance mechanisms at a molecular level would provide valuable insights into the biological pathways impacted by insect feeding, and help explain specific plant tolerance mechanisms. As a first step in this process, we conducted next-generation sequencing using RNA extracted from chinch bug-tolerant and -susceptible buffalograss genotypes at 7 and 14 d after chinch bug feeding. Sequence descriptions and gene ontology terms were assigned to 1,701 differentially expressed genes. Defense-related transcripts were differentially expressed within the chinch bug-tolerant buffalograss, Prestige, and susceptible buffalograss, 378. Interestingly, four peroxidase transcripts had higher basal expression in tolerant control plants compared with susceptible control plants. Defense-related transcripts, including two peroxidase genes, two catalase genes, several cytochrome P450 transcripts, a glutathione s-transferase, and a WRKY gene were upregulated within the Prestige transcriptome in response to chinch bug feeding. The majority of observed transcripts with oxidoreductase activity, including nine peroxidase genes and a catalase gene, were downregulated in 378 in response to initial chinch bug feeding. The observed difference in transcript expression between these two buffalograss genotypes provides insight into the mechanism(s) of resistance, specifically buffalograss tolerance to chinch bug feeding.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "GUNFIRE GAME CHANGER OR BIG BROTHER'S HIDDEN EARS?: FOURTH AMENDMENT AND ADMISSIBILITY QUANDARIES RELATING TO SHOTSPOTTER TECHNOLOGY. This Note argues that ShotSpotter's gunfire recognition technology is constitutional and does not infringe an individual's Fourth Amendment rights when it works as advertised. Considering the evolving nature of audio sensing technologies, ShotSpotter is a valuable asset to communities through its ability to identify the location of gunshots. At the same time, this form of technology raises legitimate Fourth Amendment concerns which necessitates an improved framework to approach these issues. In addition, this Note comments on the possibility of utilizing ShotSpotter data as evidence in trial. Finally, this Note proposes that ShotSpotter data should be constitutional, but warns that evolving technology has the capacity to implicate constitutional concerns if not appropriately monitored. Using a judicial bright-line framework, that divides gunshots and ambient noise, privacy interests can be adequately protected.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "In Situ exploration of the giant planets. Remote sensing observations suffer significant limitations when used to study the bulk atmospheric composition of the giant planets of our Solar System. This impacts our knowledge of the formation of these planets and the physics of their atmospheres. A remarkable example of the superiority of in situ probe measurements was illustrated by the exploration of Jupiter, where key measurements such as the determination of the noble gases' abundances and the precise measurement of the helium mixing ratio were only made available through in situ measurements by the Galileo probe. Here we describe the main scientific goals to be addressed by the future in situ exploration of Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, placing the Galileo probe exploration of Jupiter in a broader context. An atmospheric entry probe targeting the 10-bar level would yield insight into two broad themes: i) the formation history of the giant planets and that of the Solar System, and ii) the processes at play in planetary atmospheres. The probe would descend under parachute to measure composition, structure, and dynamics, with data returned to Earth using a Carrier Relay Spacecraft as a relay station. An atmospheric probe could represent a significant ESA contribution to a future NASA New Frontiers or flagship mission to be launched toward Saturn, Uranus, and/or Neptune.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "ICT-aided engineering courses: a multi-campus course management. Jerusalem College of Technology (JCT) is a multi-campus institution with identical syllabi for courses in every campus. Moreover, learning at JCT requires at the same time synchronous and asynchronous learning and teaching. For some introductory courses in Mathematics for Engineering students, websites have been built and now upgraded in order to fit the requirements due to multiple campuses. The original triple function model 'homepage-tutorial-mailing list' had to be modified in various directions, in order to fit the students' needs and the central role of the course coordinator. We discuss here the structure and management of the websites and the contribution of these supplementary materials towards teaching efficiency and towards students' better learning skills.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Isolation of Kyasanur Forest Disease Virus from Febrile Patient, Yunnan, China. We recently determined that Nanjianyin virus, isolated from serum of a patient in Yunnan Province, China, in 1989, is a type of Kyasanur Forest disease virus. Results of a 1987-1990 seroepidemiologic investigation in Yunnan Province had shown that residents of the Hengduan Mountain region of had been infected with Nanjianyin virus.", "label": [2, 17, 24]}
+{"token": "Social anxiety and Internet socialization in Indian undergraduate students: An exploratory study. Methods: In this exploratory cross-sectional study, 316 undergraduate students were screened for social anxiety using validated instruments, Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS) and Social Phobia Scale (SPS), and divided into two groups based on scores obtained. The groups were then compared with regards to behaviors and attitudes toward Facebook, obtained from a self-report questionnaire.Background: Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) is a globally prevalent, chronic, debilitating psychiatric disorder affecting youth. With comorbidities including major depression, substance abuse, lower educational and work attainment, and increased suicide risk, it has a significant public health burden. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of SAD in urban Indian undergraduate students and to study their Facebook (FB) usage patterns.Results: SAD was estimated to be a significant, prevalent (7.8%) disorder in otherwise productive youth, and showed female preponderance. Higher specific social phobia scores were associated with the inability to reduce Facebook use, urges toward increasing use, spending more time thinking about Facebook, negative reactions to restricting use, and using it to forget one's problems.Conclusions: SAD was estimated to have a prevalence of 7.8% in our study, and was associated with stronger FB usage attitudes and patterns. We recommend that the relationship between social anxiety and Internet use be explored further, to study the possibility of Internet-based screening and intervention strategies having wider reach and appeal in socially anxious individuals. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Ambiguity resolution for smartphone GNSS precise positioning: effect factors and performance. With the availability of Global Navigation Satellite Systems raw measurements in smartphones, high-precision positioning using smartphones has become possible in recent years. Integer ambiguity resolution (IAR) is critical for smartphone precise positioning, which would be more difficult in smartphones and affected by various factors. In this paper, we will numerically study the effect factors for integer property of phase ambiguities, data quality, IAR efficiency and positioning accuracy for the smartphone. The results show that integer property of phase ambiguities and data quality are governed not only by the smartphone brands and embedded antennas, but also by the mobile operating system and smartphone attitudes. In general, the different constant offsets exist for the different frequency ambiguities, and the ambiguities are fixable once the corresponding offsets are calibrated. With the operating system of EMUI 9.0, the ambiguities are fixable for Xiaomi Mi8 but not for Huawei Mate20. However, with the updated operating system of EMUI 9.0.1, the ambiguities of Huawei Mate20 become fixable. Besides the smartphone brands and embedded antennas, the smartphone attitudes significantly affect the data quality, such as carrier-to-noise density ratio (C/N0) values, data availability and observation precisions, thus affecting the ambiguity fixing rate and positioning accuracy. The ambiguity fixing rates differ from attitudes by 17%, and generally, the upward attitude has the best performance. Finally, the kinematic positioning results indicate that only the meter-level accuracy is obtained with an embedded antenna, while the centimeter to decimeter-level accuracy is achievable with the external antenna.", "label": [4, 35, 36]}
+{"token": "PURIFICATION OF CHLOROPLAST ELONGATION FACTOR-TU AND CDNA ANALYSIS IN TOBACCO - THE EXISTENCE OF 2 CHLOROPLAST ELONGATION FACTOR-TU SPECIES. We have purified a chloroplast elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and determined its N-terminal amino acid sequence. Two distinct cDNAs encoding EF-Tu were isolated from a leaf cDNA library of N. sylvestris (the female progenitor of N. tabacum) using an oligonucleotide probe based on the EF-Tu protein sequence. The cDNA sequence and genomic Southern analyses revealed that tobacco chloroplast EF-Tu is encoded by two distinct genes in the nuclear genome of N. sylvestris. We designated the corresponding gene products EF-Tu A and B. The mature polypeptides of EF-Tu A and B are 408 amino acids long and share 95.3 % amino acid identity. They show 75-78 % amino acid identity with cyanobacterial and chloroplast-encoded EF-Tu species.", "label": [4, 0, 39, 9]}
+{"token": "Integration of Online Labs into Educational Systems. Online STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) education needs online labs - the same way as classical education at schools need access to real laboratories, because various technical skills and prowesses can be effectively achieved only by putting theory into practice. There are series of open online labs available today, especially thanks to fast ICT (Information and Communications Technology) growth and innovations provided by many universities. Nevertheless integration of online labs into education systems occurs sporadically. Article aims to map the current integration options, give some existing examples and analyze how it would be possible to start the integration of online labs on a global scale.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "FRA2A Is a CGG Repeat Expansion Associated with Silencing of AFF3. Folate-sensitive fragile sites (FSFS) are a rare cytogenetically visible subset of dynamic mutations. Of the eight molecularly characterized FSFS, four are associated with intellectual disability (ID). Cytogenetic expression results from CGG trinucleotide-repeat expansion mutation associated with local CpG hypermethylation and transcriptional silencing. The best studied is the FRAXA site in the FMR1 gene, where large expansions cause fragile X syndrome, the most common inherited ID syndrome. Here we studied three families with FRA2A expression at 2q11 associated with a wide spectrum of neurodevelopmental phenotypes. We identified a polymorphic CGG repeat in a conserved, brain-active alternative promoter of the AFF3 gene, an autosomal homolog of the X-linked AFF2/FMR2 gene: Expansion of the AFF2 CGG repeat causes FRAXE ID. We found that FRA2A-expressing individuals have mosaic expansions of the AFF3 CGG repeat in the range of several hundred repeat units. Moreover, bisulfite sequencing and pyrosequencing both suggest AFF3 promoter hypermethylation. cSNP-analysis demonstrates monoallelic expression of the AFF3 gene in FRA2A carriers thus predicting that FRA2A expression results in functional haploinsufficiency for AFF3 at least in a subset of tissues. By whole-mount in situ hybridization the mouse AFF3 ortholog shows strong regional expression in the developing brain, somites and limb buds in 9.5-12.5dpc mouse embryos. Our data suggest that there may be an association between FRA2A and a delay in the acquisition of motor and language skills in the families studied here. However, additional cases are required to firmly establish a causal relationship.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Mortality due to medical and surgical complications, economic crisis and health spending in Spain, 2002-2013. Objective: To describe the evolution of mortality risks for complications due to medical care or surgery between the periods prior to (2002-2007) and after (2008-2013) the beginning of the economic crisis for Spain and by autonomous region, and to analyse the relationship between the changes in the risks of death and the socioeconomic impact of the crisis and the variation in health spending.Conclusions: Given the increase in these deaths, due to avoidable failures of the system, it is necessary to continue investigating this cause of mortality. (C) 2018 SESPAS. Published by Elsevier Espana, S.L.U.Results: The number of deaths increased for Spain in the period studied. Although the relationship between the increase in public investment in health and the decrease in mortality due to this cause has not been clearly demonstrated, it was possible to determine that the autonomous regions with the lowest increase in health expenditure had rates higher than the rest throughout the period, and that the most vulnerable to the crisis and with the lowest increase in spending presented the greatest increase in the risk of death between the periods.Method: Ecological study based on age-standardized mortality rates, synthetic index of vulnerability as a socioeconomic indicator and variation in health expenditure as an indicator of health expenditure. The relative risk of death between periods was estimated with Poisson regression models.", "label": [2, 21, 23]}
+{"token": "Political Parties and Pension Generosity in Times of Permanent Austerity. The quantitative strand of social policy research suffers from a double deficit: On the one hand, analyses of aggregate expenditure dominate, and on the other hand, most studies of replacement rates focus on unemployment or sickness benefits, while pensions are excluded. This paper addresses the said deficit firstly by discussing the pension sectors' theoretical peculiarities and by proposing two hypotheses: one on the retrenchment of pension replacement rates and one on the role played by political parties in implementing it. Secondly, after an outline of our methodological approach, we present regression results on replacement rate changes in 18 developed democracies. Our findings show considerably smaller cuts of pensions than of unemployment or sickness benefits, and striking differences regarding partisan effects between the sectors.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Cutpoints for screening blood glucose concentrations in healthy senior cats. Methods The study included a total of 120 clinically healthy client-owned cats aged 8 years and older of varying breeds and BCSs. Blood glucose was measured at the beginning of the consultation from an ear/paw sample using a portable glucose meter calibrated for cats, and again after physical examination from a jugular sample. Fasting blood glucose was measured after overnight hospitalisation and fasting for 18-24 h.Results The reference interval upper limit for screening blood glucose was 189 mg/dl (10.5 mmol/l). Mean screening blood glucose was greater than mean fasting glucose. Breed, body weight, BCS, behaviour score, fasting blood glucose concentration and amount of carbohydrate consumed 2-24 h before sampling collectively explained only a small proportion of the variability in screening blood glucose.Objectives The objectives of this study were to determine the reference interval for screening blood glucose in senior cats, to apply this to a population of obese senior cats, to compare screening and fasting blood glucose, to assess whether screening blood glucose is predicted by breed, body weight, body condition score (BCS), behaviour score, fasting blood glucose and/or recent carbohydrate intake and to assess its robustness to changes in methodology.Conclusions and relevance Screening blood glucose measurement represents a simple test, and cats with values from 117-189 mg/dl (6.5-10.5 mmol/l) should be retested several hours later. Cats with initial screening blood glucose >189 mg/dl (10.5 mmol/l), or a second screening blood glucose >116 mg/dl (6.4 mmol/l) several hours after the first, should have fasting glucose and glucose tolerance measured after overnight hospitalisation.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "BOOLE-DE MORGAN ALGEBRAS AND QUASI-DE MORGAN FUNCTIONS. In this paper we establish a Stone-type and a Birkhoff-type representation theorems for Boole-De Morgan algebras and prove that the free Boole-De Morgan algebra on n free generators is isomorphic to the Boole-De Morgan algebra of quasi-De Morgan functions of n variables. Also we introduce the concept of Zhegalkin polynomials for quasi-De Morgan functions and consider the representation problem of those functions by polynomials.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Separation of carbon dioxide from flue emissions using Endex principles. In an Endex reactor endothermic and exothermic reactions are directly thermally coupled and kinetically matched to achieve intrinsic thermal stability, efficient conversion, autothermal operation, and minimal heat losses. Applied to the problem of in-line carbon dioxide separation from flue gas, Endex principles hold out the promise of effecting a CO(2)-capture technology of unprecedented economic viability. In this work we describe an Endex Calcium Looping reactor, in which heat released by chemisorption of carbon dioxide onto calcium oxide is used directly to drive the reverse reaction, yielding a pure stream of CO(2) for compression and geosequestration. In this initial study we model the proposed reactor as a continuous-flow dynamical system in the well-stirred limit, compute the steady states and analyse their stability properties over the operating parameter space, flag potential design and operational challenges, and suggest an optimum regime for effective operation. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "Efficacy and clinical predictors of response to rTMS treatment in pharmacoresistant obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): a retrospective study. BackgroundApplication of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for treating obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has been promising and approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 2018, but effects differ between patients. Knowledge about clinical predictors of rTMS response may help to increase clinical efficacy but is not available so far.MethodsIn a retrospective study, we investigated the efficacy of rTMS over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) or supplementary motor area (SMA) in 65 pharmaco-resistant OCD outpatients recruited for rTMS treatment from July 2015 to May 2017. Patients received either SMA rTMS (n=38) or bilateral DLPFC rTMS (n=27) in case of reporting higher affective and depressive symptoms in addition to the primary OCD symptoms. OCD symptoms and depression/anxiety states were measured at baseline (before the 1st session) and after the 20th session of rTMS. Additionally, we performed a binary logistic regression analysis on the demographic and clinical variables based on the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) 3-factor and 2-factor models and individual items to investigate potential predictors of rTMS response.ResultsPatients' scores in Y-BOCS and Beck anxiety/depression inventories were significantly decreased following rTMS treatment. 46.2% of all patients responded to rTMS, based on the criterion of at least a 30% reduction in Y-BOCS scores. There was no significant difference between response rates of patients in DLPFC and SMA groups. No significant demographic predictors of rTMS efficacy were identified. The factors \\\\'obsession severity\\\\', \\\\'resistance\\\\' and \\\\'disturbance\\\\' and the \\\\'interference due to obsessions\\\\' and \\\\'resistance against compulsions\\\\' items of the Y-BOCS significantly predicted response to rTMS.ConclusionsIn patients with less intrusive/interfering thoughts, and low scores in the \\\\'obsession severity\\\\', \\\\'disturbance\\\\', and \\\\'resistance\\\\' factors, rTMS might have superior effects. Identifying clinical and non-clinical predictors of response is relevant to personalize and adapt rTMS protocols in pharmaco-resistant OCD patients. Interpretation of rTMS efficacy should be done with caution due to the lack of a sham intervention condition.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "External Determinants and Financial Outcomes of an Eco-friendly Orientation in Smaller Manufacturing Firms. With the significant growth of problems relating to the natural environment, an increasing number of firms are engaged in environmentally friendly activities. This paper reports the results of a study conducted among 153 small-sized manufacturing units located in Cyprus, focusing on the external drivers and financial outcomes of their eco-friendly orientation. The findings confirmed the instrumental role of environmental regulations, environmental public concern, competitive intensity, and market dynamism in harnessing an eco-friendly orientation within the small firm. They also underline the critical role of this orientation in enhancing the firm's financial results, although this link was found to be stronger when the firm possesses adequate resources and capabilities committed to environmental activities. Our study contributes to the literature by putting together, in a theoretically anchored, integrative, and causal fashion, concepts and ideas that touch upon important aspects of small firms' environmental behavior that have been only tangentially studied in the past, namely the role of external forces in stimulating sensitivity to green issues, the dynamics of forming an ecological orientation within the organization, the positive link between eco-friendly thinking and financial performance, and the importance of supporting ecological actions with appropriate organizational resources/capabilities. Critical implications for small business managers and public policymakers are also derived from the study findings.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "Structure, Architecture, and Blocking. Embick and Marantz (2008) present an analysis of the Danish definiteness alternation involving a postsyntactic rule of Local Dislocation (an operation sensitive to linear adjacency but not hierarchical structure). Examination of a fuller range of data reveals that the alternation cannot be determined strictly in terms of adjacency; rather, it depends on the structural relation between the D and the N. We propose to treat the alternation as an instance of conditioned allomorphy, the suffixal form appearing when D is sister to a minimal N, and the free article elsewhere. This alternation is, then, a case of blocking in the sense accepted by Embick and Marantz: the result of competition between Vocabulary items for the expression of a morpheme. Assuming that the condition for wordhood is being a complex head, we argue that the distinction between free and bound morphemes, and whether bound morphemes are prefixes or suffixes, must be encoded in the Vocabulary items spelling out the morphemes.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Do local industrial agglomeration and foreign direct investment to China enhance the productivity of Taiwanese firms?. This article examines the impacts of industrial agglomeration and outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) on the total factor productivity (TFP) of Taiwanese firms. A vertical FDI-based model of heterogeneous firms is proposed to analyze how agglomeration economies and technology incompatibilities between parent firms and their affiliates can affect firm productivity. This model suggests that firms located in areas with more concentrated industrial agglomerations are more productive, while those engaging in OFDI may not perform better in terms of TFP. Using plant-level data, this article constructs an indicator of industrial agglomeration to appraise agglomeration economies on firm productivity. Based on the data for 578 manufacturing firms and the agglomeration indicator, we estimate a cross-sectional econometric model to empirically assess the productivity effects of industrial agglomeration and OFDI. The empirical results show that local industrial agglomerations exert a positive contribution to firm productivity, but that FDI in China has no significant effects on Taiwanese firms' TFP.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Widely different characteristics of oxygen and hydrogen ion escape from Venus. We study the solar wind induced escape of O(+) and H(+) ions from Venus' atmosphere in the HYB-Venus hybrid simulation. Most of the previous Venus global plasma modelling studies have concentrated only on the O(+) escape. According to the hybrid simulation, planetary O(+) and H(+) ions behave very differently from each other in the Venusian induced magnetosphere. Both species are asymmetrically distributed in the direction of the interplanetary electric field and in the dawn-dusk plane. The H(+) flow can be understood by E x B drift motion but finite Larmor radius (FLR) effects are essential to the behavior of O(+) ions. These differences result in different H(+)/O(+) escape ratios globally and in the plasma wake. Further, the energy ratio of the escaping planetary ions was found to be consistent with the observations made in the near Venus wake by the ASPERA-4 instrument onboard the Venus Express spacecraft. Citation: Jarvinen, R., E. Kallio, S. Dyadechkin, P. Janhunen, and I. Sillanpaa (2010), Widely different characteristics of oxygen and hydrogen ion escape from Venus, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L16201, doi:10.1029/2010GL044062.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Identification of group B respiratory syncytial viruses that lack the 60-nucleotide duplication after six consecutive epidemics of total BA dominance at coastal Kenya. Respiratory syncytial virus BA genotype has reportedly replaced other group B genotypes worldwide. We report the observation of three group B viruses, all identical in G sequence but lacking the BA duplication, at a coastal district hospital in Kenya in early 2012. This follows a period of six consecutive respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) epidemics with 100% BA dominance among group B isolates. The new strains appear only distantly related to BA variants and to previously circulating SAB1 viruses last seen in the district in 2005, suggesting that they were circulating elsewhere undetected. These results are of relevance to an understanding of RSV persistence.", "label": [2, 24, 20]}
+{"token": "Traveling through: exploring doctoral demographics in archival studies. The growth of archival studies programs has prompted archival scholars to establish an international network for supporting collaborative research, curriculum development, and pedagogy. Doctoral education is key to the sustainability of such programs and the continuation of the network over time. We carried out longitudinal research to survey the population of doctoral students attending one or more Archival Education and Research Institutes (AERI), an annual meeting first held in 2009. Building on prior research on graduate archival education, we gathered demographic and qualitative data about doctoral students specializing in archival studies who are based in several countries including the USA. We sought to assess attendee motivations, guide conference planning, and help advance overall AERI objectives. Our study provides a baseline understanding of the disciplinary backgrounds, research directions, and specific professional development activities that doctoral students in archival studies pursued around the globe from 2013 to 2015. This paper argues that doctoral education should continue to be a particular subject of archival research and indicates how archival students' range of academic interests is diversifying and strengthening the scholarly community.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "One of Deleuze's Bergsonisms. In this article I attempt to reveal some continuities between the anti-psychoanalytic stance adopted by Gilles Deleuze in his later work and Henri Bergson's early philosophy. On account of these continuities I hope to provide a glimpse into what I believe is a century-old tangent of philosophical resistance to the methods and theories of Freudian psychoanalysis. In order to achieve this, I start with a brief meditation on the challenges and benefits of cross-generational inheritance and collaboration in philosophy. The purpose of this is twofold - to explore some general conditions for such collaboration and to tease out some of the implications of these conditions for the substantive argument my specific reading of Bergson via Deleuze occasions. I then expound on Bergson's theory of duration and some of the uses to which Deleuze puts it in the latter part of his career. In this I outline several fecund similarities between Bergson's critique of associationism and Deleuze's attack on Freud. Finally, I attempt a partial evaluation of Freudian psychoanalysis from the joint, albeit naturally disjointed, perspective of my primary sources.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "FOLLOW-UP NERVE CONDUCTION STUDIES IN CIDP AFTER TREATMENT WITH IGIV-C: COMPARISON OF PATIENTS WITH AND WITHOUT SUBSEQUENT RELAPSE. Introduction: Electrodiagnostic studies (EDX) are not performed routinely before treatment suspension in CIDP, and no data exist regarding their value in predicting clinical relapse. Methods: Serial EDX (baseline and after IGIV-C therapy) were analyzed from subjects in the ICE clinical trial who responded to IGIV-C treatment and were subsequently re-randomized to placebo in an extension phase. Comparisons were made between subjects who relapsed and those who did not. Results: A total of 55% (6/11) of the Relapse group had an increase in total number of demyelinating findings (DF) versus 8% (1/13) in the No Relapse group (P = 0.023). In the Relapse group, 100% had >= 1 new DF and 73% (8/11) had >= 4 new DF versus 60% (8/13) and 8% (1/13), respectively, in the No Relapse group. Conclusions: An increased total number of DF or the occurrence of >= 4 new DF may indicate a higher risk of clinical relapse after treatment cessation in IGIV-C-responsive patients.", "label": [2, 17, 21]}
+{"token": "High-transmission polarization-dependent active plasmonic color filters. Plasmonic color filters, exhibiting great promise as an alternative for existing colorant-based filters, often only output one fixed color. Developing active color filters with controllable color output will lead to more compact color filter-based devices. In this paper, we present an approach to achieve active color filtering with a polarization-dependent plasmonic structural color filter, which comprises arrays of asymmetric cross-shaped nanoapertures in an ultrathin film of silver. A systematical study for aperture size, array period, and the thickness of silver film dependences of color filter properties is carried out, and strategies for polarization-dependent color filter designing are generated. A polarization-dependent and high to/lability of color can be achieved by selecting the appropriate nanostructure parameters, which imply many potential applications. (C) 2019 Optical Society of America", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Comparison of cigarette and water-pipe smoking by Arab and non-Arab-American youth. Conclusions: Further research is needed to determine the percentages, patterns, and health risks of water-pipe smoking and its relationship to cigarette smoking among all youth. Additionally, Youth tobacco prevention/cessation programs need to focus attention on water-pipe smoking in order to further dispel the myth that water-pipe smoking is a safe alternative to cigarette smoking.Methods: A convenience sample of 1872 Arab-American and non-Arab-American high school students from the Midwest completed a 24-item tobacco survey. Data were collected in 2004-2005 and analyzed in 2007-2008.Results: Arab-American youth reported lower percentages of ever cigarette smoking (20% vs 39%); current cigarette smoking (7% vs 22%); and regular cigarette smoking (3% vs 15%) than non-Arab-American youth. In contrast, Arab-American youth reported significantly higher percentages of ever water-pipe smoking (38% vs 21%) and current water-pipe smoking (17% vs 11%) than non-Arab-American youth. Seventy-seven percent perceived water-pipe smoking to be as harmful as or more harmful than cigarette smoking. Logistic regression showed that youth were 11.0 times more likely to be currently smoking cigarettes if they currently smoked water pipes. Youth were also 11.0 times more likely to be current water-pipe smokers if they currently smoked cigarettes. If one or more family members smoked water pipes in the home, youth were 6.3 times more likely to be current water-pipe smokers. The effects of ethnicity were reduced as a result of the explanatory value of family smoking.Background: Water-pipe smoking is a rapidly growing form of tobacco use worldwide. Building on an earlier report of experimentation with cigarette and water-pipe smoking in a U.S. community sample of Arab-American youth aged 14-18 years, this article examines water-pipe smoking in more detail (e.g., smoking history, belief in harmfulness compared to cigarettes, family members in home who smoke water pipes) and compares the water-pipe-smoking behaviors of Arab-American youth with non-Arab-American youth in the same community.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "MULTI-SENSORY APPROACHES TO (AUDIO) DESCRIBING THE VISUAL ARTS. Making art accessible to blind patrons requires the ability to convey explicit and implicit visual messages through non-visual forms. Audio description is often seen as the best way to offer visual texts to blind people; however, one may query whether words alone are sufficient to convey the subtleties of art and to transport the emotional charge such works offer. It is a fact that the dialogue between words and touch may allow these particular \\\\'readers\\\\' to \\\\'see\\\\' art in its tangible forms, but perhaps more is needed if one is to give them the opportunity to live the art experience to the full. This article discusses different multi-sensory approaches to making art available to visually impaired people and proposes soundpainting as a form of artistic transcreation.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "A discrete anisotropic damage constitutive law with an enhanced mixed-mode kinematics: Application to RC shear walls. The concept of displacement discontinuities embedded into standard finite elements allows efficient modeling of regions exhibiting localized strains, e.g. fracture of quasi-brittle materials. The present paper addresses the issue of fine cracking representation and the formulation of an enhanced anisotropic model to capture anisotropic cracking failure of reinforced concrete specimens. A damage-based constitutive law accounting, in a natural manner, for particular crack families orientation is used. This latter is enhanced with a mixed-mode strong discontinuity kinematics providing a discrete model expressed in terms of the displacement jump. The formulation and the finite element implementation are described. A shear wall under cyclic loading is studied. The results obtained are compared to the experimental ones. It is shown that the proposed model succeeds in reproducing accurately the anisotropic cracking and the unilateral effect. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "Numerical study of multi-component flow and mixing in a scaled fission product venting system. Numerical simulation of isothermal multi-component gas flow was conducted to study fluid flow and mixing in a scaled low-pressure, low-temperature test facility for the fission product venting system (FPVS) of a gas cooled fast reactor (GFR). The geometry of FPVS test facility was an open loop including gradual expansion coupling and two 90 degrees pipe elbows.Using this validated model, the numerical simulation of flow and component mixing was performed for the FPVS with an inlet flowrate corresponding to a Reynolds number of 2,400 to investigate the flow behavior and component mixing. Standard deviation of the mass fraction of component, referred to as absolute mixing index (AMI), was calculated to quantify the mixing of components, showing that the component mixing length determined by AMI is related to the reattachment length downstream of the expansion. Finally, this study was able to identify the best location in the FPVS test facility to measure the velocity and concentration profies where multicomponent flow is well mixed.First, the validation of large eddy simulation (LES) wall-adapting local eddy-viscosity (WALE) turbulent model was performed for transitional flow in a circular pipe with gradual expansion. The reactingFOAM solver in OpenFOAM v8 was employed. By introducing appropriate turbulence disturbance at the flow inlet, such as turbulence intensity, the numerical results showed good agreement in (1) the velocity profile downstream of the pipe expansion measured by particle image velocimetry (PIV) in this study, and (2) the reattachment length reported in the literature.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "RUSIN TOPONYMY OF CARPATHO-DNIESTRIAN LAND AS A SOURCE OF INFORMATION ON THE ETHNIC COMPOSITION OF THE MOLDAVIAN PRINCIPALITY*. East Slavic (Rusin) toponyms are common in the Carpatho-Dniestrian lands, including the territory of the Moldavian medieval principality, the so-called historical Moldova. Although 73.8% of the names of villages in Moldavia of the 14th - 15th centuries were of Eastern Roman origin, Slavic toponyms made approximately 24.5%.Many names had suffixes -ovtsy (-evtsy), -intsy (-entsy). The settlements with these Rusin suffixes are mentioned in the Moldovan diplomacy from the 14th century and account for 12.5% of all the comonies of medieval Moldavia. Most homonyms and hydronyms of Rusin origin are noted in the north-east of Romania (Western Moldova), in the Chernovtsy region of Ukraine and in the north of the Republic of Moldova. These toponyms indicate the regions of compact residence of Rusins in the Middle Ages and the autochthonousness of this ethnos. This information is confirmed by written and archaeological sources. An ancient Moldovan legend about the founding of the principality told by a Moldovan chroniclers identifies the same regions of the compact settlement of Rusins in Medieval Moldavia. Being the second largest ethnic group after the Volokhs, the Rusins played an important role in the ethnogenesis of the Moldovan people, formation of he Moldovan.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Fast extraction of high-quality framework-specific models from application code. Our results show that for the considered frameworks and a large body of application code rather simple code analyses are sufficient for automatically retrieving framework-specific models with high precision and recall. Based on the initial results, we refine the static analyses and repeat the study on a larger set of applications to provide more evidence and confirm the results. The refined static analyses provide precision and recall of close to 100% for the analyzed applications.We describe an experimental study of the static analyses necessary to automatically retrieve framework-specific models from application code. We reverse engineer a number of applications based on three open-source frameworks and evaluate the quality of the retrieved models. The models are expressed using framework-specific modeling languages (FSMLs), each designed for an open-source framework. For reverse engineering, we use prototype implementations of the three FSMLs.Framework-specific models represent the design of application code from the framework viewpoint by showing how framework-provided concepts are instantiated in the code. Retrieving such models quickly and precisely is necessary for practical model-supported software engineering, in which developers use design models for development tasks such as code understanding, verifying framework usage rules, and round-trip engineering. Also, comparing models extracted at different times of the software lifecycle supports software evolution tasks.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "'LOVER OF SHADOWS': LOTTE REINIGER'S INNOVATION, ORIENTALISM, AND PROGRESSIVISM. The opulent colours and ornamentation, exotic characters and landscapes, as well as astonishing journeys and magic may resemble other European adaptations of Arabian Nights fairy tales. Yet remarkable technical and political innovations distinguish Lotte Reiniger's 1926 'Scherenschnitte' shadow animation film Die Abenteuer des Prinzen Achmed. Engaging with various readings of Reiniger's evolving technical and narrative approaches, this article complicates unproblematized celebrations of the film's innovations as well as critiques of the film as Orientalist, arguing that both facets are in complex ways interdependent. The technical feats and orientalist tropes at once veil the progressive messaging and permit the audience to imagine a different world.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "CMV vaccine trial endpoints. Background: Despite some significant challenges, there are several reasons for being optimistic about the prospect of developing vaccines against cytomegalovirus (CMV). The aim of this paper is to anticipate how positive results might be interpreted by those charged with making recommendations about universal immunisation, given that vaccines are normally expected to be highly cost-effective.Perspective: The cost effectiveness of a CMV vaccine will be assessed by means of quality adjusted life years gained, so we should design Phase III trials to capture the required evidence directly. Given a vaccine which is equally effective in all age groups at preventing primary CMV infection, immunisation of teenagers will be more cost-effective than immunisation of toddlers, because benefits which accrue in the future are discounted financially. Protection of women of childbearing age against primary infection is important, but may fail to convince sceptics because of the need to extrapolate to protection against transmission of virus to the fetus. The preference of this author is therefore to select congenital CMV infection as the primary endpoint of a Phase III study. We should also ensure that the primary endpoint of a study immunising seronegative women is congenital CMV infection in babies born to those women, not to women in general, because of the large number of babies born to seropositives. (c) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Joint longitudinal data analysis in detecting determinants of CD4 cell count change and adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy at Felege Hiwot Teaching and Specialized Hospital, North-west Ethiopia (Amhara Region). Results: A total of 792 adult HIV patients were studied to analyze the longitudinal joint model study. The result from this investigation revealed that age, weight, baseline CD4 cell count, ownership of cell phone, visiting times, marital status, residence area and level of disclosure of the disease to family members had significantly affected both outcomes. From the two-way interactions, time * owner of cell phone, time * sex, age * sex, age * level of education as well as time * level of education were significant for CD4 cell count change in the longitudinal data analysis. The multivariate joint model with linear predictor indicates that CD4 cell count change was positively correlated (p <= 0.0001) with adherence to HAART. Hence, as adherence to HAART increased, CD4 cell count also increased; and those patients who had significant CD4 cell count change at each visiting time had been encouraged to be good adherents.Conclusion: Joint model analysis was more parsimonious as compared to separate analysis, as it reduces type I error and subject-specific analysis improved its model fit. The joint model operates multivariate analysis simultaneously; and it has great power in parameter estimation. Developing joint model helps validate the observed correlation between the outcomes that have emerged from the association of intercepts. There should be a special attention and intervention for HIV positive adults, especially for those who had poor adherence and with low CD4 cell count change. The intervention may be important for pre-treatment counseling and awareness creation. The study also identified a group of patients who were with maximum risk of CD4 cell count change. It is suggested that this group of patients needs high intervention for counseling.Methods: A longitudinal retrospective cohort study was conducted to examine the joint predictors of CD4 cell count change and adherence to HAART among HIV adult patients enrolled in the first 10 months of the year 2008 and followed-up to June 2012. Joint model was employed to determine joint predictors of two longitudinal response variables over time. Furthermore, the generalized linear mixed effect model had been used for specification of the marginal distribution, conditional to correlated random effect.Background: Adherence and CD4 cell count change measure the progression of the disease in HIV patients after the commencement of HAART. Lack of information about associated factors on adherence to HAART and CD4 cell count reduction is a challenge for the improvement of cells in HIV positive adults. The main objective of adopting joint modeling was to compare separate and joint models of longitudinal repeated measures in identifying long-term predictors of the two longitudinal outcomes: CD4 cell count and adherence to HAART.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Mark Twain's India The Private-Public Divide in Following the Equator. Mark Twain lectured across the Indian subcontinent for over two months and narrated his experiences of India, Australia, and South Africa in his travelogue Following the Equator (1897). Even though Twain makes transnational connections between slavery at home and European imperialism around the globe, his travelogue is replete with ideologically contradictory statements. He alternates between respect for native cultures and a typical nineteenth-century assertion of the superiority of Anglo-American civilization. This article examines Twain's varying private responses to people and cultural practices in India. It also analyses his problematic endorsement of the British Empire as \\\\'reinforced by just and liberal laws,\\\\' which was in contrast with his later scathing denunciation of American imperialism. It will delve into the possible reasons for Twain's complicity with the colonialist discourse when he operates in a public sphere informed by his reliance on colonialist sources of history.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Demonstrative determiners and operators: The case of Greek. This paper offers a new account of the different positions Greek demonstratives can occupy within DP. Building on work by Campbell (1996), Bruge (1996) and Giusti (1997), I assume that while sometimes demonstratives are merged low and subsequently move to SpecDP, they sometimes stay in situ. Departing from views of the above researchers, I furthermore argue that - at least in Greek - demonstratives in SpecDP have clear semantic properties that distinguish them from those in situ and that word order variations of the in-situ position can be independently accounted for, once the option of movement of N to Num is taken into consideration. Moreover, based on additional evidence from Northern Greek, Catalan, Romanian and Macedonian, I distinguish between demonstrative operators and deictic determiners: demonstrative operator movement is parallel to wh-movement, as in Horrocks and Stavrou (1987), triggered by features of deictic determiners; the possibility of a language possessing only deictic determiners (like this and that) is also accommodated. Finally, a correlation between morphological visibility and strength is attempted in the spirit of Thrainsson's (1996) Real Minimalist Principle. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Are We There Yet? The Intersectional Future of Feminist Narratology. Feminism and narratology have changed dramatically since \\\\'Toward a Feminist Nanatology\\\\' was published in 1986. Feminism has deconstructed essentialized notions of gender, while narratology has been complicated by considerations of cognition and context. Feminist narratology has responded productively to this \\\\'postclassical\\\\' environment that it has also helped to create. My essay proposes an ambitious collective agenda whereby \\\\'intersectional\\\\' feminism, can now map and be mapped by narrative patterns across time and space, accounting for vectors of difference to create a narratology that is deeply locational and therefore cross-cultural and historical. I will further argue that \\\\'intersectionality\\\\' is itself a narrative project and that feminism can therefore be read in narrative terms. I will work briefly with a concept I call \\\\'negative plotting\\\\' as one way to think about the implications of narrative for feminist studies and conclude by recognizing feminist narratology as a collaborative project requiring an international community working on multiple fronts.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Contributions of matrix and large protein genes of the measles virus Edmonston strain to growth in cultured cells as revealed by recombinant viruses. The Edmonston strain of measles virus (MV) was obtained by sequential passages of the original isolate in various cultured cells. Although attenuated in vivo, it grows efficiently in most primate cell lines. Previous studies have revealed that MV tropism cannot be solely explained by the use of CD150 and/or CD46 as a cellular receptor. In order to evaluate the contributions of individual genes of the Edmonston strain to growth in cultured cells, we generated a series of recombinant viruses in which part of the genome of the clinical isolate IC-B (which uses CD150 as a receptor) was replaced with the corresponding sequences of the Edmonston strain. The recombinant virus possessing the Edmonston hemagglutinin (H) gene (encoding the receptor-binding protein) grew as efficiently in Vero cells as the Edmonston strain. Those viruses having either the matrix (M) or large (L) protein gene from the Edmonston strain could also replicate well in Vero cells, although they entered them at low efficiencies. P64S and E89K substitutions were responsible for the ability of the M protein to make virus grow efficiently in Vero cells, while the first half of the Edmonston L gene was important for better replication. Despite efficient growth in Vero cells, the recombinant viruses with these mutations had growth disadvantage in CD150-positive lymphoid B95a cells. Thus, not only the H gene but also the M and L genes contribute to efficient replication of the Edmonston strain in some cultured cells.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Balanus glandula: from North-West America to the west coast of South Africa. We report the occurrence of the North-East Pacific intertidal barnacle Balanus glandula in the south-western African shores of the Atlantic Ocean. In addition, an attempt is made to trace the origin of the South African population by comparing the distribution of haplotype groups of two molecular markers, cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and elongation factor 1 (EF1-alpha). The frequency of COI haplotypes in the South African specimens was most similar to that in specimens from Bodega Marine Laboratory and of Fort Bragg in Central California. Pairwise genetic distances demonstrated that the samples from Pillar Point were also similar to the Cape Town population. The frequency of EF1-alpha haplotype groups from Cape Town was most similar to that of Cape Blanco, Cape Meares and Westport Jetty, and, with lower p-values, to the populations of Cape Mendocino and Heceta Head. Pairwise genetic distances demonstrated that samples from Vancouver Island, Bodega Marine Laboratory and Heceta Head were also similar to the Cape Town population. Results indicate that the population of B. glandula from South Africa is most similar to the population from the northern portion of the Oregonian faunal province. It is possible that this is the origin of the South African population. As a result of this invasion, B. glandula out-competed the native African chthamalid species, Chthamalus dentatus. Thus, C. dentatus is presently very rare on the Atlantic South African shores.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "Company and union commitment: evidence from an adversarial industrial relations climate at a Korean auto plant. This study examines the feasibility and antecedents of worker commitment to company and union at an automobile plant in Korea. It utilized a sample of 331 workers at the plant who were implementing new management techniques, e.g. human resources management, total quality management and lean production. The plant had a long history of adversarial industrial relations, and its workforce was organized by the Korean Confederation of Trade Unions, a union organization known for its militancy. The study found little evidence of workers' dual commitment to the company and the trade union, but instead discovered a competing commitment between company and trade union. Furthermore, company and union commitment were predicated on different factors, with workers' positive perceptions of the industrial relations climate positively affecting commitment to their company and negatively affecting commitment to their union. The findings were more consistent with those at other workplaces with an adversarial industrial relations climate rather than those with a co-operative one.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "A New Species of Heterostemma (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae) from Vietnam. A new species in Apocynaceae, Heterostemma xuansonense T. B. Tran & Joo-Hwan Kim, is described from Vietnam; illustrations and a comparison with related species are also provided. Heterostemma xuansonense distinctly differs from H. grandiflorum Costantin by the flower color, the absence of a peduncle, and the size of the corona.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Safe and acceptable strategies for producing foreign molecules in plants. The ability to express foreign genes using transgenic technologies has opened up options for producing large quantities of commercially important industrial or pharmaceutical products in plants. These technologies have made it possible to use well-developed systems of commercial agriculture that were developed principally to produce raw material for large-scale food, feed or processing applications for the production of foreign molecules. The possibility of the novel industrial or pharmaceutical molecules produced in such plants, or components derived from them, contaminating the environment and food chains has become especially controversial. This potential contamination has prompted detailed consideration of how such crops and the molecules that they produce can be effectively isolated and contained. First, the crop can be completely isolated physically from its food or feed counterpart during every aspect of its development and commercialization. Second, genetic isolation systems or genetic barriers that prevent normal reproduction can be used to reduce the likelihood of the industrial or pharmaceutical crop entering the food chain.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Modelling convective heat transfer to non-spherical particles. A powder is a composition of many unique particles in almost all cases. The grains have different shapes and sizes which influence drag and heat transfer, so in multiphase flows, each particle also interacts differently with the continuous phase. In this work, a practical approach to calculate the convective in-Flight heating of differently shaped, non-spherical particles, is presented. A model from literature, which uses the same parameters for the calculation of particle drag coefficients and Nusselt numbers, was selected. The model parameters were determined by simply measuring the settling velocity of multiple particles in still air. A novel method for particle classification, which has already been proven to be essential for precise drag calculations of powders with differently shaped grains, was extended for heat transfer calculations. The approach was validated by numerical calculations and experimental data of a simple test rig where the particles were heated from room temperature in free fall through hot air. After a drop height of 1.7 m, the mean particle temperature was measured with a specially developed device. The particle temperature in the test rig increased in the order of 300 K. The commercial CFD-code Ansys Fluent 17.0 in combination with an Euler-Lagrangian approach for multiphase flow calculations was used for the simulations. The numerically and experimentally determined particle temperatures agreed very well in the case of spherical and as well for non-spherical particles. In comparison to the standard model of the CFD code, which only considers spherical particles, the error in calculating the mean particle temperature was reduced from -59 K to just 2 K. Moreover, it was shown that the standard deviation of the particle temperature distribution increases significantly when the different particle shapes are included in the calculation. It was concluded that the particle classification improves the calculation of maximum and minimum particle peak temperatures. The proposed approach is fully independent of the particle type and it can be used to determine the heat transfer characteristics of various different powders. Further, the customized model can be added to nearly every CFD-code on the market and improve the results considerably while computational cost remains low due to the numerically efficient Euler-Lagrangian approach. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "European process for the assessment of scientific support for claims on foods (PASSCLAIM). Much attention is now being paid to health and nutrition claims for foods. There are already many food products on the market with claims appealing to consumers about health effects beyond provision of basic nutrients. One important basis for claims is the increasingly documented effect of dietary components on body functions. There are three main reasons for assessing the scientific substantiation of claims: to support consumer confidence in foods with claims, to satisfy regulatory requirements, and to promote fair market competition.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Nietzsche's 'Eternal Recurrence' and the renaissance of English and Welsh insolvency law reform. Friedrich Nietzsche proposed the 'Eternal Recurrence' thought experiment in his book, The Gay Science (1882). Drawing on ancient Greek and Indian philosophy, Eternal Recurrence is the idea that with infinite time and matter events will occur again and again without end. While not (quite) infinite, English and Welsh insolvency law does have a sufficient and significant history that reveals numerous examples of this phenomenon of repetition. This paper examines some of the patterns of repetition within the law and reform processes and how 'broad', 'narrow', and 'deep' Eternal Recurrence applies to English and Welsh insolvency law. Three examples of Eternal Recurrence are examined: (1) the plight of the unsecured creditor; (2) the quest for protection, including the use of security devices; and (3) the accountability of directors in corporate insolvency, with specific reference to human rights protection for directors versus insolvency law objectives for the benefit of creditors. Finally, suggestions are provided as to why 'insolvency' Eternal Recurrence is problematic, particularly for law reform development and the reform of insolvency law in England and Wales.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Inducible Degradation of the Human SMC5/6 Complex Reveals an Essential Role Only during Interphase. The cohesin- and condensin-related SMC5/6 complex has largely been studied in the context of DNA repair. Nevertheless, SMC5/6 has an undefined essential function even in the absence of cellular stress. Through the use of an auxin-inducible degradation system for rapidly depleting subunits of the SMC5/6 complex, we show that SMC5/6 is essential for viability in cancer-derived and normal human cells. Impairment of SMC5/6 function is associated with spontaneous induction of DNA damage, p53 activation, cell-cycle arrest, and senescence, as well as an increased frequency of various mitotic chromosome segregation abnormalities. However, we show that this chromosome missegregation is apparent only when SMC5/6 function is impaired during the preceding S and G2 phases. In contrast, degradation of SMC5/6 immediately prior to mitotic entry has little or no impact on the fidelity of chromosome segregation, highlighting the importance of the complex during interphase in order to ensure faithful sister chromatid disjunction.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "EFL LEARNERS' DICTIONARY CONSULTATION BEHAVIOUR DURING THE REVISION PROCESS TO CORRECT COLLOCATION ERRORS. This article reports on the results of think-aloud protocols that describe Korean college students' dictionary consultation behaviour in self-editing collocation errors. Four participants' verbal data were collected before and after the four-step instruction targeting collocation dictionary skills. The analyses of the protocol data obtained before the instruction showed that EFL learners rely heavily on checking example sentences in a bilingualised dictionary using entry words in their L1; not infrequently, they attempt to fix lexical errors based on logical reasoning or using synonyms in context, which makes collocational error correction widely inconsistent. After receiving the instruction, all participants made marked progress in improving the correction rate. More importantly, their dictionary consultation behaviour for collocation revision, or production, was found to have changed. Such results underline the pedagogical necessity of teaching collocation dictionary skills in L2 writing classes to foster collocational competence and learner autonomy.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "The maltodextrin transport system and metabolism in Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM and production of novel alpha-glucosides through reverse phosphorolysis by maltose phosphorylase. A gene cluster involved in maltodextrin transport and metabolism was identified in the genome of Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM, which encoded a maltodextrin-binding protein, three maltodextrin ATP-binding cassette transporters and five glycosidases, all under the control of a transcriptional regulator of the LacI-GalR family. Enzymatic properties are described for recombinant maltose phosphorylase (MalP) of glycoside hydrolase family 65 (GH65), which is encoded by malP (GenBank: AAV43670.1) of this gene cluster and produced in Escherichia coli. MalP catalyses phosphorolysis of maltose with inversion of the anomeric configuration releasing beta-glucose 1-phosphate (beta-Glc 1-P) and glucose. The broad specificity of the aglycone binding site was demonstrated by products formed in reverse phosphorolysis using various carbohydrate acceptor substrates and beta-Glc 1-P as the donor. MalP showed strong preference for monosaccharide acceptors with equatorial 3-OH and 4-OH, such as glucose and mannose, and also reacted with 2-deoxy glucosamine and 2-deoxy N-acetyl glucosamine. By contrast, none of the tested di- and trisaccharides served as acceptors. Disaccharide yields obtained from 50 mm beta-Glc 1-P and 50 mm glucose, glucosamine, N-acetyl glucosamine, mannose, xylose or l-fucose were 99, 80, 53, 93, 81 and 13%, respectively. Product structures were determined by NMR and ESI-MS to be alpha-Glcp-(1 -> 4)-Glcp (maltose), alpha-Glcp-(1 -> 4)-GlcNp (maltosamine), alpha-Glcp-(1 -> 4)-GlcNAcp (N-acetyl maltosamine), alpha-Glcp-(1 -> 4)-Manp, alpha-Glcp-(1 -> 4)-Xylp and alpha-Glcp-(1 -> 4)- l-Fucp, the three latter being novel compounds. Modelling using L. brevis GH65 as the template and superimposition of acarbose from a complex with Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum GH15 glucoamylase suggested that loop 3 of MalP involved in substrate recognition blocked the binding of candidate acceptors larger than monosaccharides.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Capitalizing on Leadership Capacity: Gifted African American Males in High School. Leadership is one of the most underemphasized dimensions of high ability cited in the current federal definition of giftedness. This particular ability area is highlighted here in an effort to offer helpful information and recommendations to administrators, educators, parents, and policymakers who seek plausible solutions to the problem of underidentification among gifted secondary African American male student populations. Key topics and issues addressed include definitions of giftedness, school context and environment, identity development, resilience, and leadership potential. The analysis concludes with practitioner-and researcher-focused recommendations.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Characterization of fly ash and it effects on the compressive strength properties of Portland cement. In this study, the structure of, different type of fly ash samples collected from different thermal power plants (Soma Unit IV/ type C Catalagzi/type F, Cayirhan / type C, Tuncbilek/ type F) in Turkey has been investigated. The chemical and physical properties, mineralogical composition and particle size distributions of the samples and their effects oil the compressive strength properties of ordinary Portland cement (OPC), have been determined by FTIR, XRD, Mastersizer and SEM. Characterization results show that either Soma Unit IV and Tuncbilek or Catalagzi and Cayirhan fly ash samples give similar structure of peaks in FTIR/ATR separately. Particle size distribution and SEM results also Support each other. There are overlaps between characterization results of fly ash samples and compressive strength,results of fly ash mortars. The cement mortars are prepared and tested for compressive strength according to the European Standards (EN 196-1). Results indicate that fly ash samples in the ratio of 15% in clinker markedly increases the compressive strength value (61.1 N/mm(2)) at 90 days. It indicates that decreasing the particle size of fly ash in blended Portland cement causes an increase in compressive strength. This means that fineness is a more effective parameter than chemical composition in improving the strength development of fly ash mortars and it is suggested that fine fly ash call be used to obtain higher compressive strength values.", "label": [1, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "Optimal cellular mobility for synchronization arising from the gradual recovery of intercellular interactions. Cell movement and intercellular signaling occur simultaneously during the development of tissues, but little is known about how movement affects signaling. Previous theoretical studies have shown that faster moving cells favor synchronization across a population of locally coupled genetic oscillators. An important assumption in these studies is that cells can immediately interact with their new neighbors after arriving at a new location. However, intercellular interactions in cellular systems may need some time to become fully established. How movement affects synchronization in this situation has not been examined. Here, we develop a coupled phase oscillator model in which we consider cell movement and the gradual recovery of intercellular coupling experienced by a cell after movement, characterized by a moving rate and a coupling recovery rate, respectively. We find (1) an optimal moving rate for synchronization and (2) a critical moving rate above which achieving synchronization is not possible. These results indicate that the extent to which movement enhances synchrony is limited by a gradual recovery of coupling. These findings suggest that the ratio of time scales of movement and signaling recovery is critical for information transfer between moving cells.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "SERIC IMMUNE-COMPLEXES IN MULTIPLE-SCLEROSIS DO NOT CONTAIN MBP EPITOPES. Immune complexes from sera of MS patients, other neurological diseases, and healthy donors were precipitated using polyethyleneglycol and analyzed by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Silver staining evidenced additional protein bands whose molecular weights were 14-16, 38, and 43 kDa. These IC proteins were present in most MS patients studied. To identify their nature, immunoblotting was performed with antihuman immunoglobulins A, M, G antibodies. No immunoreactivity was found below a molecular weight of 66 kDa on a nitrocellulose sheet having the transferred protein pattern of MS IC. Using purified human myelin, MS IC transferred to an immobilon sheet and antihuman myelin basic protein antibodies, an immunoreactivity was seen only on purified human MBP. The small proteins of 14-16 kDa and the others of 38, 43 kDa were not immunoreactive. Identification of the nature of these additional proteins in MS IC is in procress.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "A meta-analysis of reverse breech extraction to deliver a deeply impacted head during cesarean delivery. Background: During cesarean delivery, extracting a deeply impacted head is a real challenge for obstetricians. Objectives: To compare selected maternal and fetal outcome indicators of the \\\\'pull\\\\' (reverse breech extraction) and \\\\'push\\\\' methods for impacted fetal head extraction during cesarean delivery. Search strategy: A computer-based search of the Medline, Cochrane library, and HINARI databases. Selection criteria: Studies that compared the maternal and perinatal outcomes of the push and pull methods for impacted fetal head extraction during cesarean delivery were included. Data collection and analysis: A meta-analysis of Mantel-Haenszel odds ratios and standardized mean differences from 11 randomized comparative and retrospective cohort studies was performed. Main results: In the pooled analysis, the risk of uterine incision extension was more than 8 times higher with the push method than with the pull method. Blood loss and operation time were also increased with the push method, and this method was associated with more perinatal deaths and admissions to the neonatal intensive care unit The risk of wound infection was not significantly different between the 2 methods. Conclusions: The present meta-analysis demonstrated marked reductions in uterine incision extension, blood loss, and operation time with reverse breech extraction. (C) 2013 International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Infection control in the management of highly pathogenic infectious diseases: consensus of the European Network of Infectious Disease. The European Network for Infectious Diseases (EUNID) is a network of clinicians, public health epidemiologists, microbiologists, infection control, and critical-care doctors from the European member states, who are experienced in the management of patients with highly infectious diseases. We aim to develop a consensus recommendation for infection control during clinical management and invasive procedures in such patients. After an extensive literature review, draft recommendations were amended jointly by 27 partners from 15 European countries. Recommendations include repetitive training of staff to ascertain infection control, systematic use of cough and respiratory etiquette at admission to the emergency department, fluid sampling in the isolation room, and analyses in biosafety level 3/4 laboratories, and preference for point-of-care bedside laboratory tests. Children should be cared for by paediatricians and intensive-care patients should be cared for by critical-care doctors in high-level isolation units (HLIU). Invasive procedures should be avoided if unnecessary or done in the HLIU, as should chest radiography, ultrasonography, and renal dialysis. Procedures that require transport of patients out of the HLIU should be done during designated sessions or hours in secure transport. Picture archiving and communication systems should be used. Post-mortem examination should be avoided; biopsy or blood collection is preferred.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Coexistence of allophane, gibbsite, kaolinite and hydroxy-Al-interlayered 2 : 1 clay minerals in a perudic andosol. Allophane and halloysite are the most common secondary aluminosilicate minerals in Andosols developed in pyroclasts in humid tropical areas. We studied the composition and the charge properties of the clays extracted from the weathered B horizon of a perhydrated Andosol developed in andesitic ash in Guadeloupe, French West Indies, by selective dissolution, X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal analysis and characterization of ion exchange properties. The Bw horizon contained weatherable minerals and exhibited an allophane content of 25%. Its clay fraction contained gibbsite, allophane, kaolinite and hydroxy-Al interlayered 2:1 clay minerals. The occurrence of gibbsite, allophane and kaolinite was linked with intense leaching of silica. After oxalate dissolution of allophane, the cation exchange capacity (CEC) was 11.8 cmol(c) kg(-1) clay, i.e. a typical value for low-activity clays. Subsequent citrate treatment completely dissolved gibbsite, but partly extracted Al interlayers from the hydroxy-Al-interlayered phase. This extraction led to a 5.6-fold increase of the cation exchange capacity (62.3 cmol(c) kg(-1) clay) and a 2.3-fold increase in K(+) selectivity. The 2:1 clay minerals involved a combination or continuum of high-charge beidellite and vermiculite. From our data, we believe that the 2:1 clay minerals first acted as a sink for aluminium and might have expressed an anti-gibbsitic effect. After substantial Al interlayering of 2:1 clay minerals mimicking low-activity clay, gibbsite might have formed in a second stage. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "White-Collar Crime' The concept and its potential for the analysis of financial crime. Despite the ubiquity of illegality in today's financial markets and the questions this raises with regard to the social legitimacy of today's financial industry, systematic scrutiny of the phenomenon of financial crime is lacking in the field of sociology. One field of research in which the illegal dimensions of capitalist dynamics have long taken center stage is the field of white-collar crime research. This article makes available to economic sociologists an overview of the most important conceptual insights generated in the white-collar crime literature. In doing so, its aim is to provide economic sociologists with some orientation for future research on financial crime. Building on the insights generated in wcc literature, the article concludes by suggesting a number of promising avenues for future sociological research on the phenomenon of illegality in financial markets.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Revision and subversion: Balzac and the myth of Napoleon. Balzac admired Napoleon Bonaparte, and even compared his task as a writer to the history-making of the Emperor. This is not to say, however, that Balzac sought to portray him as a literary myth, detached from History and exonerated from the collective and individual consequences of his acts. While Bonaparte's importance for the creation of the Comedie humaine remains incontestable, a re-reading of texts where Balzac seems to glorify Napoleon - in particular Une tenebreuse affaire and Le Medecin de campagne - reveals an ambiguous representation of the Emperor's heroic and often despotic power. After examining the famous portrait of Napoleon in Antoine-Jean Gros' La Bataille d'Eylau, the article turns to Le Colonel Chabert, revealing how the temptation to mythologize Napoleon is finally seen by Balzac as dangerous, threatening both the memories of a lived experience and the vraisemblance that upholds realist representation.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Fine-needle aspiration of cutaneous, subcutaneous, and intracavitary masses in dogs and cats using 22-vs 25-gauge needles. Background Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is a common procedure as a diagnostic tool in veterinary medicine. However, it is unclear whether the gauge of the needle affects the quality of cytology. Objective This study compared the quality of cytologic samples obtained via FNA using 22- or 25-gauge needles. Methods Fine-needle aspiration was performed on 50 masses (cutaneous, subcutaneous, or intracavitary) obtained from client-owned animals. The size of the needle was randomly assigned using either of the following two sequences: 22-25-22 gauge or 25-22-25 gauge. Samples were evaluated by two board-certified clinical pathologists to assess cellularity, blood contamination, amount of cellular debris, degree of cellular trauma, and the overall ability to make a diagnosis for each sample. Results No significant difference was detected between the 22- and 25-gauge needle samples for cellularity, whereas a significant difference was present for blood contamination, amount of cellular debris, and degree of cellular trauma. The overall ability to make a diagnosis was not significantly affected by the needle gauge. The degree of cellular trauma was significantly increased in intracavitary samples. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance Needle gauge is a contributing factor to FNA sample quality. However, it did not affect the overall ability to make a diagnosis. Samples obtained using 25-gauge needles resulted in less blood contamination yet increased cellular trauma compared to 22-gauge needle samples.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Statistical analysis of tensile properties of cast A357/Al2O3 MMCs. An analysis of the statistical distribution of the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of cast Al2O3 containing aluminium matrix composite and its matrix alloy (A357) was carried out using different volume fractions of alumina particles (0, 5, 10 15 and 20%). The scatter of UTS data was assessed by the use of two parameter Weibull analysis. Results for the matrix alloy and metal matrix composites in the heat treated condition (T6) were compared. It was found that the addition of reinforcing particles to the matrix alloy resulted in lower UTS and ductility and increased scatter of results. Weibull modulus of cast MMC rods was found to be about 22 in the matrix alloy, falling to six in the 20% alumina MMC. Fractographic examinations of lower strength specimens showed that oxide films and the consequent porosity play an important role in fracture. The future potential, if MMCs can be manufactured without entrained oxides, is seen to be exciting.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Policy Monitoring and Ministerial Survival: Evidence from a Multiparty Presidentialism. Studies on policy monitoring and ministerial survival within coalition governments are usually conducted separately. In this study, we bring these topics together and argue that the strategy of coalition partners to oversee the implementation of one another's policies has surprising consequences on the duration of office-holding ministers. Our main theoretical insight suggests that the degree to which ministers behave as faithful agents of the government depends on their expectations about their partners' monitoring behavior, such that when they expect to be under high scrutiny, they moderate their drifting behavior. Using evidence from legislative information requests on the activities of individual ministers over all multiparty cabinets formed in Brazil between 1995 and 2014, we demonstrate that: (1) greater policy monitoring by coalition partners is observed under more ideologically heterogeneous cabinets, and (2) more frequent policy-monitoring efforts by coalition partners lead to a lower ministerial replacement within the government term.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "How does convenience drive consumers' webrooming intention?. Design/methodology/approach-Data were collected using a questionnaire-based offline survey from 534 banking users in India, using systematic sampling. The covariance-based structural equation modelling and PROCESS macro were used to examine the hypotheses.Originality/value-\\\\'Webrooming\\\\', a key channel-switching concern in a multichannel banking context is investigated by examining the impact of convenience dimensions.Findings-The results indicated that access convenience, search convenience, benefit convenience and post-benefit convenience have a crucial impact on consumers' webrooming intention. The perceived hedonic values and perceived utilitarian values mediate the effects of convenience dimensions on webrooming intention, and mediation effects varied between high and low levels of consumers' perceived security concern.Research limitations/implications-This study was conducted in India using cross-sectional data. The proposed model can be replicated in other countries using longitudinal data for generalising the findings.Practical implications-The study's findings will help banks identify how to enhance convenience to manage channel-switching behaviour.Purpose-The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of convenience on banking consumers' webrooming intention. To fulfil this objective, this study empirically investigates how convenience impacts consumers' webrooming intention, using a comprehensive moderated-mediation framework. The study investigates the mediating effects of perceived hedonic values and perceived utilitarian values and how these mediating effects are moderated by consumers' perceived security concerns.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "ResAna: a resource analysis toolset for (real-time) JAVA. For real-time and embedded systems, limiting the consumption of time and memory resources is often an important part of the requirements. Being able to predict bounds on the consumption of such resources during the development process of the code can be of great value. In this paper, we focus mainly on memory-related bounds. Recent research results have advanced the state of the art of resource consumption analysis. In this paper, we present a toolset that makes it possible to apply these research results in practice for (real-time) systems enabling JAVA developers to analyse symbolic loop bounds, symbolic bounds on heap size and both symbolic and numeric bounds on stack size. We describe which theoretical additions were needed in order to achieve this. We give an overview of the capabilities of the RESANA (Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands) toolset that is the result of this effort. The toolset can not only perform generally applicable analyses, but it also contains a part of the analysis that is dedicated to the developers' (real-time) virtual machine, such that the results apply directly to the actual development environment that is used in practice. Copyright (C) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Glycogen assay for diagnosis of female genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Chlamydia trachomatis can synthesize glycogen at various stages in its developmental cycle, The glycogen content of female genital epithelial cells was detected by anthrone, and the results were compared with those from PCR, A total of 320 cervical samples were examined. Of 92 specimens that were positive by PCR, 78 were positive and 14 were negative by the glycogen assay, Of 228 specimens that were negative by PCR, 220 were negative and 8 were positive by the glycogen assay, The sensitivity and specificity of the glycogen assay obtained from these data were 84.8% (78 of 92) and 96.5% (220 of 228), respectively. Use of the glycogen assay to detect the glycogen content in genital epithelial cells may be helpful in the diagnosis of C. trachomatis infection, This is an easy, fast, and inexpensive assay and can be done in Less-sophisticated labs.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Sequence-based typing of clinical and environmental Legionella pneumophila isolates in Shenyang, China. Methods: Twenty-two L. pneumophila isolates were collected from two patients with L. pneumophila infection, two hospitals, and 13 office buildings. There were two clinical isolates, one strain isolated from domestic tap water, another from shower water and 18 strains from cooling tower water. All these isolates were analyzed by SBT and PFGE methods.Introduction: We performed SBT (sequence-based typing) on clinical and environmental Legionella pneumophila isolates in Shenyang (China). We analyzed and compared the results with those obtained by PFGE (pulsed field gel electrophoresis).Results: The 22 isolates were divided into 7 types by SBT. Five isolates belonged to novel sequence types (ST2345, ST2344, ST2406, ST2407, and ST2408) and one isolate belonged to ST328. The STs were not obtained for two of the isolates. The remaining 14 isolates belonged to ST1. PFGE typing divided the 22 isolates into 14 pulsotypes. The main pulsotype was SYC, which included seven isolates.Conclusion: Both typing methods showed that predominant clonal lines exist in the Shenyang region, with high levels of genetic polymorphisms. Five novel STs were identified, indicating a unique genetic composition of L. pneumophila strains in this region, which are significantly different from those found in other environmental water systems in the world. (C) 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Espana, S.L.U. on behalf of Sociedad Espanola de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiologia Clinica.", "label": [2, 4, 24, 40]}
+{"token": "In situ synthesis of melt-grown mullite ceramics using directed laser deposition. [GRAPHICS]While mullite is a significant oxide ceramic material, its current preparation process has many limitations such as complicated process, low efficiency, and high cost. In this paper, directed laser deposition (DLD) was used to prepare mullite ceramics directly using alpha-Al(2)O(3)and SiO(2)powder as raw materials. The phase composition, microstructure, and primary defects of prepared samples were investigated by XRD, Raman spectroscopy, and SEM/EDS. Vickers indentation and three-point bending experiments were used to evaluate mechanical properties. The results showed that microstructure was mainly composed of a mullite crystal phase and Si-rich glass phase. It is shown that mullite ceramics were successfully synthesized in situ during the DLD process with the use of Al(2)O(3)and SiO(2)powder. Morphology of mullite crystal inside cylindrical sample was particular \\\\'tabular cellular,\\\\' which transformed into \\\\'rod cellular\\\\' at the edge. Two mullite crystals were arranged along deposition direction basically, surrounded by the Si-rich glass phase. The defects included pores with various sizes and crack, in which large pores were mainly distributed at the edge of the sample, and small pores were throughout the section. The crack was distributed in the center of the sample and spread to the edge. Mechanical properties test showed flexural strength, microhardness, and fracture toughness were 62.8 +/- 30.3 MPa, 12.7 +/- 0.34 GPa, and 1.84 +/- 0.14 MPa center dot m(1/2), respectively. It is considered that pores and crack were responsible for poor mechanical properties. This research is expected to provide a new option for the rapid preparation of mullite ceramics..", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "What shapes player performance in soccer? Empirical findings from a panel analysis. In this article, we investigate the pay-performance relationship of soccer players using individual data from eight seasons of the German soccer league Bundesliga. We find a nonlinear pay-performance relationship, indicating that salary does indeed affect individual performance. The results further show that player performance is affected not only by absolute income level but also by relative income position. An additional analysis of the performance impact of team effects provides evidence of a direct impact of team-mate attributes on individual player performance.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Molecular detection, prevalence and risk factors of Theileria orientalis infection among cattle in Peninsular Malaysia. There is need to confirm the presence of Theileria orientalis among the cattle population in Peninsular Malaysia and to evaluate the risk factors associated with the infection. To this effect, blood samples were collected from 1045 cattle from 43 farms throughout the entire States of Peninsular Malaysia. The collected blood samples were subjected to DNA extraction and subsequent PCR amplification of the major piroplasm surface protein (MPSP) gene of the haemoprotozoan. Representative positive amplicons were purified, sequenced and compared with other sequences of the MPSP gene of T. orientalis curated from the GenBank. A well-structured questionnaire was used to get information about each cattle, it's demography, the bio-security, environmental and management factors. Univariate and multivariate analysis were used for the statistical evaluation, with significance set at p < 0.05. A total prevalence of 49.76% (520/1045; 95% CI: 46.73 - 52.79) was obtained. Types of breeds, age, production type, herd size, level of farm biosecurity, farm size, presence of other animal species in the farm, management systems and prophylaxis were significantly (p < 0.05) associated with the prevalence of T. orientalis. This study confirmed the presence of T. orientalis and establish that the haemoprotozoan is endemic among cattle in Peninsular Malaysia.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "The effect of imprisonment on recidivism rates of felony offenders: A focus on drug offenders. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the deterrent effect of imprisonment. Using data on offenders convicted of felonies in 1993 in Jackson County (Kansas City), Missouri, we compare recidivism rates for offenders sentenced to prison with those for offenders placed on probation. We find no evidence that imprisonment reduces the likelihood of recidivism. Instead, we find compelling evidence that offenders who are sentenced to prison have higher rates of recidivism and recidivate more quickly than do offenders placed on probation. We also find persuasive evidence that imprisonment has a more pronounced criminogenic effect on drug offenders than on other types of offenders.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Chinese Eastern Railway - the Heritage of Two Empires: Research Perspectives. The history of the Chinese Eastern Railway goes back for more than 100 years. Today we must objectively assess its historical significance and its place in the history of sociocultural relations between the peoples of Russia and China. Recently, in both Chinese and Russian science we can see the withdrawing from the study of the political history of relations between Russia and China in late 19 - early 20 centuries in favor of the study of the history of cultural interaction between the two nations. No matter how modern Chinese and Russian scientist evaluate the role of CER in the history of Sino-Russian relations, the majority of them agree that the railway itself together with the city of Harbin represent a unique sociocultural phenomenon. Historians of St. Petersburg University in cooperation with Chinese colleagues from Harbin Institute of Technology are working on the following aspects: the role of the Chinese Eastern Railway in creation of the image of China in Russia, the Railway status after the Russo-Japanese war, economic policy on the Chinese Eastern Railway line, the Chinese labor migration in Russia during the First World war, engineering and construction solutions.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Acculturation preferences and behavioural tendencies between majority and minority groups: The mediating role of emotions. The main goal of this research was twofold. First, we aimed at determining how acculturation preferences and emotions were related to specific intergroup behavioural tendencies towards majority and minority groups. Second, we aimed at developing an intergroup behavioural tendencies scale that differentiates between valence ( facilitation and harm) and intensity ( active and passive). The role of intergroup contact was also examined, as it is a known predictor of intergroup prejudice. In order to fulfil these goals, we carried out two studies. In Study 1, Spanish participants ( N=279) answered a questionnaire about Moroccans ( a devalued group) or Ecuadorians ( a valued group) by reporting their acculturation preferences for immigrants, their positive and negative emotions, quantity of contact with them and behavioural tendencies towards them. In Study 2, Moroccans ( N=92) and Ecuadorians ( N=87) assessed Spaniards on these measures. Results confirmed the structure of the new behavioural tendencies scale across four groups of participants. Overall, findings also showed that acculturation preferences and quantity of contact indirectly predicted behavioural tendencies through positive emotions. This research contributes to knowledge on how the majority and minority's acculturation preferences are related to their emotions and specific dimensions of intergroup behavioural tendencies, confirming the predominant mediating role of positive emotions in this process.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "A Flexible and Configurable Architecture for Automatic Control Remote Laboratories. In this paper, we propose a novel approach in hardware and software architecture design for implementation of remote laboratories for automatic control. In our contribution, we show the solution with flexible connectivity at back-end, providing features of multipurpose usage with different types of experimental devices, and fully configurable client side application at front-end. The physical setup and communication principles of hardware architecture are based on two types of devices: the programmable logic controllers and industrial network routers. The user interface of client application is designed as a Web page, powered by optimized JavaScript, using the sophisticated on-the-fly content generation. To prove the suitability of the architecture, we compare it with other existing approaches of remote laboratory design. We evaluate their benefits and weaknesses, especially in terms of expense, implementation difficulty, and versatility of usage. In this paper, we also show a detailed example of remote laboratory implementation based on new architecture for thermo-optical educational system and provide three other examples of developed remote laboratories. Evaluation of remote laboratory usage and its benefits is provided to demonstrate the learning value of proposed architecture in education process.", "label": [5, 4, 48, 37]}
+{"token": "Investigating the Relationships between Basic Tastes Sensitivities, Fattiness Sensitivity, and Food Liking in 11-Year-Old Children. This study investigates the relationships between basic tastes and fattiness sensitivity and food liking in 11-year-old children. The basic taste sensitivity of 106 children was measured using different methods, namely detection (DT) and recognition (RT) thresholds, and taste responsiveness. Caffeine and quinine (bitter), sucrose (sweet), citric acid (sour), sodium chloride (salty), and monosodium glutamate (umami) were investigated for DT and RT at five concentrations in water solutions. In addition, taste responsiveness and liking were collected for the high-intensity concentrations. PROP (6-n-propylthiouracil) responsiveness was tested on paper strips. Fattiness sensitivity was measured by a paired comparison method using milk samples with varying fat content. Liking for 30 food items was recorded using a food-list questionnaire. The test was completed in a gamified \\\\'taste detective\\\\' approach. The results show that DT correlates with RT for all tastes while responsiveness to PROP correlates with overall taste responsiveness. Caffeine and quinine differ in bitterness responsiveness and liking. Girls have significantly lower DTs than boys for bitterness and sweetness. Food liking is driven by taste and fattiness properties, while fatty food liking is significantly influenced by fattiness sensitivity. These results contribute to a better holistic understanding of taste and fattiness sensitivity in connection to food liking in preadolescents.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Epidemiology of biopsy-confirmed giant cell arteritis in southern Sweden-an update on incidence and first prevalence estimate. Objective To characterize the epidemiology of temporal artery biopsy-positive (TAB+) GCA, including trends in incidence, seasonal variation and prevalence in Skane, the southernmost region of Sweden. Methods All histopathology reports of TABs from 1997 through 2019 were reviewed to identify patients diagnosed with TAB+ GCA. Incidence rates based on the 23-year period and the point-prevalence at 31 December 2014 were determined. An alternative prevalence calculation included only TAB+ GCA patients living in the study area and receiving immunosuppressant therapy on the point-prevalence date. Results One thousand three hundred and sixty patients were diagnosed with TAB+ GCA (71% female). The average annual incidence 1997-2019 was 13.3 (95% CI: 12.6, 14.0) per 100 000 inhabitants aged >= 50 years and was higher in females (17.8; 95% CI: 16.7, 18.9) than in males (8.2; 95% CI: 7.4, 9.0). The age- and sex-standardized incidence declined from 17.3 in 1997 to 8.7 in 2019, with incidence ratio (IR) of 0.98 per year (95% CI: 0.98, 0.99). A seasonal variation was observed with higher incidence during spring than winter [IR = 1.19 (95% CI: 1.03, 1.39)]. The overall point-prevalence of TAB+ GCA was 127.1/100 000 (95% CI: 117, 137.3) and was 75.5 (95% CI: 67.7, 83.3) when including only patients receiving immunosuppressants. Conclusion Over the past 2 decades, the incidence of biopsy-confirmed GCA has decreased by similar to 2% per year. Still, a high prevalence of GCA on current treatment was observed. More cases are diagnosed during spring and summer than in the winter.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Compositional type characterization of Rosetta asteroid candidates. The final selection of the two Rosetta target asteroids will be made in a successive phase of the Rosetta project development, when the engineering parameters will be frozen. In this paper we present spectroscopic observations of the possible Rosetta candidates and we discuss the results obtained, particularly the definition of their compositional type. We examine the possibility to select some more \\\\'primitive\\\\' candidates. On the basis of its size and spectral type, we suggest including the asteroid 140 Siwa as one of the asteroid targets of the Rosetta mission. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Identity, Immigration, and Prejudice in Europe: A Recognition Approach. Social identity is a double-edged sword. On the one hand, identifying with a social group is a prerequisite for the sharing of common norms and values, solidarity, and collective action. On the other hand, in-group identification often goes together with prejudice and discrimination. Today, these two sides of social identification underlie contradictory trends in the way European nations and European nationals relate to immigrants and immigration. Most European countries are becoming increasingly multicultural, and anti-discrimination laws have been adopted throughout the European Union, demonstrating a normative shift towards more social inclusion and tolerance. At the same time, racist and xenophobic attitudes still shape social relations, individual as well as collective behaviour (both informal and institutional), and political positions throughout Europe. The starting point for this chapter is Sanchez-Mazas' (2004) interactionist approach to the study of racism and xenophobia, which in turn builds on Axel Honneth's (1996) philosophical theory of recognition. In this view, the origin of attitudes towards immigrants cannot be located in one or the other group, but in a dynamic of mutual influence. Sanchez-Mazas' approach is used as a general framework into which we integrate social psychological approaches of prejudice and recent empirical findings examining minority-majority relations. We particularly focus on the role of national and European identities as antecedents of anti-immigrant attitudes held by national majorities. Minorities' reactions to denials of recognition are also examined. We conclude by delineating possible social and political responses to prejudice towards immigrants.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS AND SIMPLIFIED DETECTION FOR TWO-DIMENSIONAL SIGNAL SPACE DIVERSITY WITH MRC RECEPTION. Signal space diversity (SSD) is a promising technique for obtaining diversity without increases in bandwidth, transmit power or physical hardware at the expense of increased ML detection complexity. Symbol error rate (SER) analysis of a two-dimensional system containing a single transmit antenna and N receive antennas with maximal-ratio combining (MRC) reception is presented here along with a simplifed detection scheme for SSD systems. The union bound and the nearest neighbour (NN) approximation are presented in closed form, and a new, simpler SER bound for SSD systems based on the minimum Euclidean distance of a rotated constellation is presented, also in closed form. Performance of the new bound is found to be tight for low signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs), small rotation angles and when the number of receive antennas (N) is large; the new bound is also easily applied to other systems. The simplifed detection scheme, while losing diversity and SER performance when N = 1, achieves a 7dB and 4dB performance improvement over non-SSD transmission at SERs of 10(-3) and 10(-2) for 4-QAM and 16-QAM respectively. However, when N >= 3, SER performance is close to indistinguishable from that of optimal ML detection while achieving complexity reductions of up to 5.77%, 70.19% and 91.77% for 4-QAM, 16-QAM and 64-QAM respectively.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Effect of Experience, Education, Record Keeping, Labor and Decision Making on Monthly Milk Yield and Revenue of Dairy Farms Supported by a Private Organization in Central Thailand. The objective of this research was to assess the effect of experience, education, record keeping, labor, and decision making on monthly milk yield per farm (MYF), monthly milk yield per cow (MYC), monthly milk revenue per farm (MRF), and monthly revenue per cow (MRC) of dairy farms supported by a private organization in Central Thailand. The dataset contained 34,082 monthly milk yield and revenue records collected from January 2004 to December 2008 on 497 farms, and information on individual farmer experience and education, record keeping, and decision making obtained with a questionnaire. Farmer experience categories were i) no experience, ii) one year, iii) two to five years, iv) six to ten years, v) eleven to fifteen years, vi) sixteen to twenty years, and vii) more than twenty years. Farmer education categories were i) no education or primary school, ii) high school, and iii) bachelor or higher degree. Record keeping categories were: i) no records and ii) kept records. Labor categories were: i) family, ii) hired people, and iii) family and hired people. Decision making categories were: i) decisions made by farmers themselves, ii) decisions made with help from government officials, and iii) decisions made with help from organization staff. The mixed linear model contained the fixed effects of year-season, farm location-farm size subclass, experience, education, record keeping, labor, and decision making on sire selection, and the random effects of farm and residual. Results showed that longer experience increased (p<0.05) monthly milk yield (MYF and MYC) and revenue (MRF and MRC). Farms that hired people produced the highest (p<0.05) monthly milk yield (MYF and MYC) and revenue (MRF and MRC), followed by farms that used family, and the lowest values were for farms that used both family and hired people. Better educated farmers produced more MYC and MRC (p<0.05) than lower educated farmers. Farms that kept records had higher MYF and MRF (p<0.05) than those without records. Although differences among farms were non-significant, farms that received help from the organization staff had higher monthly milk yield (MYF and MYC) and revenue (MRF and MRC) than those that decided by themselves or with help from government officials. These findings suggested that dairy farmers needed systematic training and continuous support to improve farm milk production and revenues in a sustainable manner.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "ADVANCES IN CAREER ASSESSMENT AND THE 1994 STRONG INTEREST INVENTORY. Changes in the 1994 Strong Interest Inventory (SII; Harmon, Hansen, Borgen, & Hammer, 1994) are reviewed and evaluated according to a set of criteria originally proposed by John Holland (1975) and revised for this paper by the authors. Data from over 50,000 people in 50 occupational groups representing new and resampled occupations were involved in the 1994 revision. New General Reference Samples (GRS) containing over 18,000 people were used in scale construction. Every item and scale was reconsidered. Nearly every scale has been revised. A case study illustrating the use of the revision is presented. It also serves to introduce the 1994 score report profile.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Ansa-bis(cyclopentadienyl) complexes of niobium(III) and niobium(IV); X-ray structures of [Nb(eta-C5H4-CMe2-eta-C5H4)(eta(2)-BH4)] and [Nb(eta-C5H4-CMe2-eta-C5H4)(H)PMe3]. The new compounds [Nb(eta-C5H4-CMe2-eta-C5H4)Cl-2], [Nb(eta-C5H4-CMe2-eta-C5H4)(eta(2)-BH4)]*, [Nb(eta-C5H4-CMe2-eta-C5H4)(H)PR3] (R = Me, Ph) and [Nb(eta-C5H4-CMe2-eta-C5H4)(SPh)(2)] have been prepared. An asterisk indicates that the X-ray crystal structure has been determined.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Disrupted HR?. In this paper, I discuss possible avenues for future research aimed at bridging the researchpractice gap on the topic of disruptions in human resources (HR). I focus on three global mega-trends-the flexible workforce, the digitalization of business models, and artificial intelligence and machine learning-and examine their influence on the field of human resource management (HRM) in general and in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. I discuss why HRM research has overlooked potential paradigm-shifting possibilities that could ultimately equip HR practitioners with the knowledge needed to respond to disruptions caused by these mega-trends.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "Hepatozoon canis in three imported dogs: a new tickborne disease reaching the United Kingdom. An increasing number of non-endemic vectorborne pathogens have been described in dogs imported to the UK in the past two decades. Recently, an outbreak of canine babesiosis in south-east England has raised veterinary awareness with regard to the impact of such diseases on the UK canine population. Canine hepatozoonosis, caused by Hepatozoon canis and transmitted by the ingestion of Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks, is widespread in the Mediterranean basin. Herein we describe the first three molecularly confirmed clinical cases of canine hepatozoonosis in dogs imported into the UK. Veterinarians in the UK should be aware of H. canis as a potential infection in imported dogs, especially in the face of the expanding distribution of R. sanguineus ticks in Europe.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Improved the-law-of-cosines-based fast search method for vector quantization by updating angular information. Vector quantization (VQ) is a well-known signal compression method. In the framework of VQ, fast search method is one of the key issues because it is the time bottleneck for practical VQ applications. By introducing the-law-of-cosines and directly using the angular information to reject a candidate codeword, the previous work [Chung, K.L., Lai, J.Y., 2004. Pattern Recognition Lett. 25 (14) 1613-1617] has proposed a very efficient fast search method for VQ encoding. However, there still exist two problems in this work as (1) a complicated arccosine function (i.e., COS-1) is used and (2) the reference vector for a given input vector is fixedly selected as the initial best-matched codeword in terms of the minimum difference between L, norm and no updating to the reference vector is conducted during the whole search process. This paper aims at improving these two problems further by (1) avoiding using the COS-1 function completely and (2) updating the reference vector whenever it is possible so as to be able to set up a better reference vector for the following search process. Because a better reference vector always helps to reject a candidate codeword, it in principle can speed up the search process. Experimental results confirmed that the proposed method outperforms the previous work [Chung, K.L., Lai, J.Y., 2004. Pattern Recognition Lett. 25 (14) 1613-1617] obviously. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Value chain analysis and sanitary risks of the camel milk system supplying Nairobi city, Kenya. A value chain analysis framework was used to carry out data collection between August 2014 and July 2015. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected through focus group discussions and key informant interviews with stakeholders operating in different nodes of the value chains.Food safety themes identified were associated with i) lack of cold chain, ii) gaps in hygiene practices, particularly at farm and market levels, iii) consumption of raw camel milk, and iv) lack of food safety training, among other issues. Low level involvement by government agencies in enforcing stipulated food safety measures were reported in the informal chains, as these concentrate efforts in the regulation of dairy milk chains. Isiolo milk traders were identified as the dominant group, setting milk prices and providing sanctions.The framework and findings obtained can help future research and policy makers to reach informed decision about what to regulate, where to target and importantly how to make the camel milk value chain more efficient and safer.The camel milk trade in Kenya has evolved significantly from a small-scale business undertaken in local villages to its current status involving a large number of different stakeholders supplying urban towns, particularly Nairobi City. Despite the evident growth pattern, the supply of camel milk to Nairobi has largely remained informal, with minimal enforcement of regulations. The aim of this study was to characterise the camel milk system supplying Nairobi and assess its governance, main challenges and the potential food safety risk practices.Three milk value chains supplying Nairobi were identified and mapped: the Isiolo chain, the Kajiado chain and the camel milk processing company chain. Overall, the results indicate that 94% of the milk supplied to Nairobi city is informally traded (traded without any effective regulation), while 6% originates from a formal milk processing company. In the informal chains, milk traders (mostly women) were reported to play a pivotal role in the organisation and daily functioning of the chains. The processing company had partly integrated activities and reported exporting 5% of their products to regional and international markets.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Rapid and Effective Methods for Breaking Seed Dormancy in Buffalobur (Solanum rostratum). The spread of buffalobur in China poses a serious threat to existing ecosystems, and control and eradication of this species have become increasingly important. Studies were carried out to ascertain the seed production, morphological characterization, dormancy behavior, and methods for breaking dormancy of buffalobur. The results showed that a single buffalobur plant could produce 1,600 to 43,800 seeds with an average weight of 3.0 mg. Average seed length, width, and thickness were 2.5, 2.0, and 1.0 mm, respectively. Newly ripened buffalobur seeds were innately dormant and exhibited combinational dormancy, which involves a hard seed coat (physical dormancy, PY), a partial dormant embryo (physiological dormancy, PD), and a dark requirement to germinate. PY of buffalobur seeds could be broken by dehusking or acid scarification by 14 M H2SO4 for 15 min, with germination rates of 55 or 50%, respectively. PD was effectively broken by KNO3 or gibberellic acid (GA(3)). The optimum concentration for KNO3 was between 20 and 40 mM, which resulted in over 70% seed germination. When presoaked with GA(3) at 30 C in dark for 24 h, maximum germination (> 98%) was obtained at 2.4 mM, the corresponding germination speed (85%) and germination index (16) were also highest at this concentration. Synergistic effects were observed in seed germination when H2SO4 and GA(3) were combined. The most rapid and effective combination in breaking dormancy was when the seeds were immersed in H2SO4 (14 M) for 20 min and presoaked with 2.4 mM GA(3) for 24 h. Germination index for this combination was over 35, and 95% of the seeds germinated within 7 d. Knowledge gained in this study will be useful in increasing germination of buffalobur and facilitating further laboratory studies.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Effect of dietary adipic acid and corn dried distillers grains with solubles on laying hen performance and nitrogen loss from stored excreta with or without sodium bisulfate. Effects of dietary adipic acid (0 vs. 1%) and corn dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS; 0 vs. 20%) were evaluated on hen performance and egg characteristics from 26 to 34 wk of age. Four isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets were randomly assigned to blocks of 6 consecutive cages (36 cages per diet; 2 hens per cage). On wk 2 and 7 of the experiment, excreta were collected by cage block, mixed, and equally split into 2 containers. Sodium bisulfate (SBS) was spread (8.8 kg/100 m(2)) on the top surface of half of the containers. All containers were stored uncovered for 14 d at room temperature. Excreta pH, DM, and N content were measured on d 0, 7, and 14 of storage. Feed intake (112 g/d per hen), egg production (96.1%), and egg specific gravity (1.079 g/g) were not affected by diet. On excreta collection day, a synergy (P = 0.014) between dietary adipic acid and DDGS was detected, as the lowest excreta pH was obtained with the diet including both adipic acid and DDGS. On d 7 of storage, excreta pH was still reduced by dietary adipic acid (P = 0.046) and DDGS (P < 0.001), but a week later, only dietary DDGS decreased excreta pH (8.91 vs. 9.21; P < 0.001). Whereas dietary adipic acid had no influence on excreta N loss, excreta from hens fed 20% DDGS lost 19.7% more N (P = 0.039) during storage than hens not eating DDGS. Surface amendment of excreta with SBS increased excreta DM content, with the effect being even more marked on d 14 of storage (increase of 6.7 percentage units; P < 0.001), consistently decreased excreta pH during storage (P < 0.001) and reduced N loss by 26.1% for the 14 d of storage period.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "First-line systemic therapy for advanced gastric cancer: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Background: Systemic therapy is the standard treatment against advanced gastric cancer. Fluoropyrimidine plus platinum doublet has been recommended as the preferred first-line strategy. However, there is still a lack of a comprehensive and hierarchical evidence that compares all eligible literature simultaneously. Methods: Record retrieval was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Embase, ASCO, and ESMO meeting library from inception to October 2018. Randomized controlled trials featuring comparisons between different first-line systemic treatments against advanced gastric cancer were eligible. Overall survival was utilized as the primary endpoint. Pairwise and network calculations were based on a random-effects model and the hierarchical ranking was numerically indicated by P-score. All procedures were conducted according to Cochrane Handbook 5.1 and PRISMA for Network Meta-analysis (Registration identifier: CRD42018084951). Results: A total of 119 studies were eligible for our pooled analysis. Concerning general analysis, 'fluoropyrimidine plus platinum-based triplet' topped the overall survival hierarchy (HR 0.91 [0.83-0.99], P-score = 0.903, p = 0.04) while it ranked in second place for progression-free survival and objective response rate. However, it displayed worse tolerability against 'fluoropyrimidine plus platinum doublet'. More specifically, 'Capecitabine plus cisplatin-based triplet plus targeted medication' topped the ranking among all fluoropyrimidine plus platinum-based regimens in additional analysis. Nevertheless, it did not reach statistical advantage against fluoropyrimidine plus oxaliplatin doublet in terms of survival benefits, while still displaying significantly worse safety profile. Conclusions: Taken together, fluoropyrimidine plus oxaliplatin doublet (especially capecitabine or S-1) should still be considered as the preferred first-line regimen owing to its comparable survival benefits and lower toxicity.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Dispublics: Popular Yet Political Spectatorship in Margaret Atwood's The Penelopiad and Erin Shields's If We Were Birds. Theatre, as Hannah Arendt asserts, continues to be a driving force that makes publics and affects political change. Jurgen Habermas and Michael Warner use theatre metaphors to define publics, but they neglect theatre spectators, who gather as a public in a set time and space and can act as a vehicle of public opinion. Mainstream theatre often stages political art, but the type of spectator it establishes has yet to be defined. Warner offers possible approaches to theatre audiences, but his theory tends to bifurcate groups of viewers as either normative publics or radical counterpublics. More and more mainstream theatre audiences occupy the space between these two types of publics as they attend performances that advertise palatable entertainment and perform political intervention. Theatres are gathering an alternative public a dispublic that participates in mainstream culture and can thereby transform it from within. In classifying a dispublic, the prefix \\\\'dis-\\\\' engages Michel Pecheux's and Jose Esteban Mufioz's theories of disidentification, wherein a subject at once identifies with and against a dominant ideology in order to change it from within. Theatre dispublics perform disidentification by simultaneously participating in and transforming the popular cultural imaginary. Using productions and audience demographics of Margaret Atwood's The Penelopiad and Erin Shields's If We Were Birds as case studies, this essay examines how mainstream theatre engages a politically conscious audience a dispublic. Ultimately, the essay contributes the concept of the dispublic in response to the political potential of twenty-first-century theatre publics.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Electronic structure of Sm3+ ions in YAG and cubic sesquioxide ceramics. A comparative analysis of the low temperature energy level structure of Sm3+ ion in YAG and sesquioxide (Y2O3, Lu2O3, Sc2O3) microcrystalline ceramics, based on new and previously reported data is presented. The Stark level structure of Sm3+ ion is discussed in terms of nephelauxetic and crystal field effects, determined by structural characteristics of the centers (of D-2 symmetry for YAG and C-2 or C-3i for sesquioxides). The Sm3+ electronic structure of C-2 centers in sesquioxides presents some peculiarities (barycenters positions, F-4(3/2) splitting along the series, etc.), that are correlated to J mixing effects, important for low symmetry systems and increasing from Y2O3 to Sc2O3. The energy levels of Sm3+ in centrosymmetric C-31 centers in Sc2O3, obtained by a time-resolved technique, along with the previous reported data on sesquioxides are also analyzed. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 1, 32, 11]}
+{"token": "Prevalence of occupational accident; and injuries and their associated factors in iron, steel and metal manufacturing industries in Addis Ababa. The purpose of the research is to investigate the prevalence of workplace accident/injuries (policymakers) and the associated factor in Iron, Steel and Metal Manufacturing Industries (ISMMI) in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. To achieve this objective, primary data using a questionnaire was collected from 446 production workers in 89 ISMMI. The major findings of the study showed that both availability and cultures of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) usage are found to be lower. The prevalence of workplace AoI in the metal manufacturing industries in Addis Ababa is found to be relatively very high as compared to previous studies. Employees have mostly faced AoI such as fracture, dislocation, abrasion, suffocation, burn and piercing in their workplace. Female workers are more likely to face cut AoI than their male counterparts. Moreover, employees who are working in medium and large size industries have more likely faced exhaustion, dislocation, sprain, fracture, and burn AoI than employees who are working in small size industries. The study concluded that workplace accident in ISMMI in Addis Ababa is very high and mostly caused by the absence of and poor culture on PPE usage that requires awareness creation and interventions from policymakers to improve the working environment.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Identification and allelopathic effects of 1,8-cineole from Eucalyptus urophylla on lettuce. A fast and effective method for the extraction, separation and identification of volatile compounds from intact Eucalyptus urophylla leaves has been developed by applying the SPME-GC-MS technique. Twenty seven terpenoids were identified in the headspace volatiles, dominated by 1,8-cineole. 1,8-cineole was assayed on Lactuca sativa (lettuce) to test its allelopathic effect. The lettuce seed germination rate decreased with the increase in concentration of 1,8-cineole, whereas the final germination (%) was affected at much higher concentration (0.30 mmol/L). The 1,8-cineole suppressed the seedling growth and fresh weight in dose-dependent manner and the root elongation proved the most sensitive parameter. These findings show that 1,8-cineole plays important role in allelopathic effects E. urophylla leaf.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "PERFORMANCE OF PRESSURE TUBES IN CANDU REACTORS. The ultimate tensile strength, fracture toughness, and delayed hydride-cracking properties (velocity (V) and threshold stress intensity factor (K-IH)) change with irradiation, but all reach a nearly limiting value at a fluence of less than 10(25) n.m(-2) (E > 1 MeV). At this point the ultimate tensile strength is raised about 200 MPa, toughness is reduced by about 50%, V increases by about a factor of 6, while K-IH is only slightly reduced. The role of microstructure and trace elements in these behaviours is described.The pressure tubes in CANDU reactors typically operate for times up to about 30 years prior to refurbishment. The in-reactor performance of Zr-2.5Nb pressure tubes has been evaluated by sampling and periodic inspection. This paper describes the behavior and discusses the factors controlling the behaviour of these components.Pressure tubes exhibit elongation, diametral expansion, and sag. The deformation behaviour is a function of operating conditions and the material properties that vary from tube-to-tube and as a function of axial location. Semi-empirical predictive models have been developed to describe the deformation response of average tubes as a function of operating conditions. The effect of material variability on corrosion behaviour is less well defined compared with other properties but there are instances where tube orientation and ingot source can be identified as factors that have an effect on hydrogen pick-up.The Zr-2.5Nb pressure tubes are nominally extruded at 815 degrees C, cold worked nominally 27%, and stress relieved at 400 degrees C for 24 hours, resulting in a structure consisting of elongated grains of hexagonal close-packed alpha-Zr, partially surrounded by a thin network of filaments of body-centred-cubic beta-Zr. These beta-Zr filaments are meta-stable and contain about 20% Nb after extrusion. The stress-relief treatment results in partial decomposition of the beta-Zr filaments with the formation of hexagonal close-packed alpha-phase particles that are low in Nb, surrounded by a Nb-enriched beta-Zr matrix. The material properties of pressure tubes are determined by variations in alpha-phase texture, alpha-phase grain structure, network dislocation density, beta-phase decomposition, and impurity concentration that are a function of manufacturing variables. The pressure tubes operate at temperatures between 250 degrees C and 310 degrees C with coolant pressures up to about 11 MPa in fast neutron fluxes up to 4 x 10(17) n.m(-2).s(-1) (E > 1 MeV) and the properties are modified by these conditions. The properties of the pressure tubes in an operating reactor are therefore a function of both manufacturing and operating condition variables.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Copy number variation analysis in adults with catatonia confirms haploinsufficiency of SHANK3 as a predisposing factor. Results: Co-morbid psychiatric diagnoses in these patients were autism, psychotic or mood disorders. Eight patients were found to carry rare CNVs, which could not be classified as benign, comprising 6 duplications and 2 deletions. Microdeletions on 22q13.3, considered causal for catatonia, were detected in 2 patients. Duplications on 16p11.2 and 22q11.2 were previously implicated in psychiatric disorders, but not in catatonia, and were therefore considered likely pathogenic. Driven by the identification of a rare 14q11.2 duplication in one catatonic patient, additional patients with overlapping duplications were gathered to delineate a novel susceptibility locus for intellectual disability and psychiatric disorders on 14q11.2, harboring the gene SUPT16H. Three remaining variants respectively on 2q36.1, 16p13.13 and 17p13.3 were considered variants of unknown significance.Methods: This study is exploring the genetic field of catatonia through CNV analysis in a cohort of psychiatric patients featuring intellectual disability and catatonia. Fifteen adults admitted to a psychiatric inpatient unit and diagnosed with catatonia were selected for array Comparative Genomic Hybridization analysis at 200 kb resolution. We introduced a CNV interpretation algorithm to define detected CNVs as benign, unclassified, likely pathogenic or causal with regard to catatonia.Background: Catatonia is a motor dysregulation syndrome co-occurring with a variety of psychiatric and medical disorders. Response to treatment with benzodiazepines and electroconvulsive therapy suggests a neurobiological background. The genetic etiology however remains largely unexplored. Copy Number Variants (CNV), known to predispose to neurodevelopmental disorders, may play a role in the etiology of catatonia.Conclusion: The identification of catatonia-related copy number changes in this study, underscores the importance of genetic research in patients with catatonia. We confirmed that 22q13.3 deletions, affecting the gene SHANK3, predispose to catatonia, and we uncover 14q11.2 duplications as a novel susceptibility factor for intellectual and psychiatric disorders. (C) 2016 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Absence of a Faster-X Effect in Beetles (Tribolium, Coleoptera). The faster-X effect, namely the rapid evolution of protein-coding genes on the X chromosome, has been widely reported in metazoans. However, the prevalence of this phenomenon across diverse systems and its potential causes remain largely unresolved. Analysis of sex-biased genes may elucidate its possible mechanisms: for example, in systems with X/Y males a more pronounced faster-X effect in male-biased genes than in female-biased or unbiased genes may suggest fixation of recessive beneficial mutations rather than genetic drift. Further, theory predicts that the faster-X effect should be promoted by X chromosome dosage compensation. Here, we asked whether we could detect a faster-X effect in genes of the beetle Tribolium castaneum (and T. freemani orthologs), which has X/Y sex-determination and heterogametic males. Our comparison of protein sequence divergence (dN/dS) on the X chromosome vs. autosomes indicated a rarely observed absence of a faster-X effect in this organism. Further, analyses of sex-biased gene expression revealed that the X chromosome was particularly highly enriched for ovary-biased genes, which evolved slowly. In addition, an evaluation of male X chromosome dosage compensation in the gonads and in non-gonadal somatic tissues indicated a striking lack of compensation in the testis. This under-expression in testis may limit fixation of recessive beneficial X-linked mutations in genes transcribed in these male sex organs. Taken together, these beetles provide an example of the absence of a faster-X effect on protein evolution in a metazoan, that may result from two plausible factors, strong constraint on abundant X-linked ovary-biased genes and a lack of gonadal dosage compensation.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "'Can Physicalism Be Non-Reductive?. Can physicalism (or materialism) be non-reductive? I provide an opinionated survey of the debate on this question. I suggest that attempts to formulate non-reductive physicalism by appeal to claims of event identity, supervenience, or realization have produced doctrines that fail either to be physicalist or to be non-reductive. Then I treat in more detail a recent attempt to formulate non-reductive physicalism by Derk Pereboom, but argue that it fares no better.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "STABILIZING KNOWLEDGE. If epistemic contextualism is correct, then knowledge attributions do not have stable truth-conditions across different contexts. John Hawthorne, Timothy Williamson, and Patrick Rysiew argue that this unstable picture of knowledge attributions undermines the role that knowledge reports play in storing, retrieving, and transmitting useful information. Contrary to this view, I argue that the truth-conditions of knowledge attributions are more stable than critics have claimed, and that contextualism is compatible with the role knowledge attributions play in storing, retrieving, and transmitting information across contexts. In particular, I discuss a social dimension of knowledge' that limits contextual variability. This indicates a new way of characterizing contextualism.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Functions and areas of expertise of clinical psychologists versus general health psychologists: a comment. This article reviews several future challenges for clinical and health psychology. Patients are now seeking treatment not only for traditional mental disorders, but also for emotional distress and misadjustment to everyday life. There is an ongoing discussion about the differences in the professional role of clinical psychologists and health psychologists and about the curriculum for the degree in Psychology. The differences between health psychologists and clinical psychologists are discussed in terms of their own expertise and not in terms of their workplace (public sector versus private practice). The need to integrate clinical expertise with the best available external evidence from systematic research is emphasized. Finally, drawing upon the experience of the authors in the field of teaching and research in clinical psychology, some topics are suggested for debate.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Exclusionary vertical contracts with multiple entrants. This paper constructs a model of anticompetitive exclusive dealing in the presence of multiple entrants Unlike the single-entrant model in previous literature, an entrant competes not only with the incumbent to deal with buyers but also with other entrants The competition among entrants then serves as a commitment such that low wholesale prices are offered to buyers when they deviate from exclusive contracts We argue that this commitment effect becomes a barrier to exclusive dealing and that the results differ drastically from the predictions of the single-entrant framework (C) 2009 Elsevier B V All rights reserved", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Calibration Method for Line-Structured Light Three-Dimensional Measurement Based on a Simple Target. Line-structured light three-dimensional (3D) measurement is apt for measuring the 3D profile of objects in complex industrial environments. The light-plane calibration, which is a crucial link, greatly affects the accuracy of measurement results. This paper proposes a novel calibration method for line-structured light 3D measurement based on a simple target, i.e., a single cylindrical target (SCT). First, the line-structured light intersects with the target to generate a light stripe. Meanwhile, the camera captures the calibration images, extracts the refined subpixel center points of the light stripe (RSCP) and detects the elliptic profiles of the two ends of the cylindrical target (EPCT). Second, two elliptical cones defined by the EPCT and the camera optical center are determined. Combining the two defined elliptical cones and the known radius of the SCT, we can uniquely solve the axis equation of the SCT. Finally, because the coordinates of RSCP in the camera coordinate system fulfill both the camera model and the cylindrical equation, these coordinates can be solved and used to obtain the optimal solution of the light-plane equation. The results of simulations and experiments verify that our proposed method has higher accuracy and effectiveness.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Absolute Conflicts of Law. This Article coins the term \\\\'absolute conflicts of law\\\\' to describe situations of overlapping laws from dfferent states that contain simultaneous contradictory commands. It argues that absolute conflicts are a unique legal phenomenon in need of a unique doctrine. The Article extensively explores what absolute conflicts are; how they qualitatively Offer from other doctrines like true conflicts of law, act of state, and comity; and classifies absolute conflicts' myriad doctrinal manifestations through a taxonomy that categorizes absolute conflicts as procedural, substantive, mixed, horizontal,- and vertical.Hello, Dave. I think we may be on to an explanation of the trouble with the Hal 9000 computer .... We believe his truth programming and the instructions to lie, gradually resulted in an incompatible conflict, and faced with this dilemma, he developed, for want of a better description, neurotic symptoms. - Stanley Kubrick & Arthur C. Clarke(2)A man who is habitually punished for doing what he was ordered to do can hardly be expected to respond appropriately to orders given him in the future. If our treatment of him is part of an attempt to build up a system of rules for the governance of his conduct, then we shall fail in that attempt. On the other hand if our object is to cause him to have a nervous breakdown, we may succeed. - Lon L. Fuller(1)The Article then proposes solutions to absolute conflicts that center on the rule of law and fairness to parties solutions that are in methodological tension with prevailing tests that preference largely, if not exclusively, state interests. The fairness test the Article advances pulls from considerations courts have been quietly developing over the past few decades and reorients absolute conflict analysis around these considerations. It concludes by showing that a fairness test generates better outcomes for parties, states, and the international legal system generally, not only by better conforming to the rule of law but also by better facilitating transnational activity beneficent to overall welfare.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Physicochemical properties improvement and structural changes of bamboo shoots (Phyllostachys praecoxf. Prevernalis) dietary fiber modified by subcritical water and high pressure homogenization: a comparative study. In presented study, the effects of subcritical water (SW) and high pressure homogenization (HPH) treatments on the physicochemical and structural characteristics of dietary fibers (DFs) from bamboo shoots (Phyllostachys praecoxf. Prevernalis) were investigated. The soluble dietary fiber (SDF) content was dramatically increased in SW and HPH treated DFs. Compared with HPH, SW modification enhanced higher physicochemical properties including water holding capacity (WHC), oil holding capacity (OHC) and swelling capacity (SC) of DFs. The abilities of DFs to absorb cholesterol and nitrite ions were both greatly increased after treatments. The results of Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed that the structure of DFs were changed by SW and HPH. In conclusion, SW treatment showed better effects on improvement of physicochemical properties of bamboo shoot DFs than that of HPH, and the modified DFs could be a potential new functional foods or food additives.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "A comparative study on the frequency of prophages among natural isolates of Salmonella and Escherichia coli with emphasis on generalized transducers. Several collections of natural isolates of the genus Salmonella and of the species Escherichia coli were studied for the release of viable temperate phages. The results indicated that functional prophage genomes may be a common constituent of all bacterial genomes of the investigated strains. About 99% of the Salmonella phages are capable of generalized transduction of chromosomal host markers and plasmids. The ratio of transducing E. coli phages is significantly lower.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "The interplay between product innovation and servitization: the mediating role of digitalization. Purpose The article aims to focus on the debate around the interplay between product innovation and servitization. Two conflicting approaches characterize the debate, disagreeing as to whether product innovation and servitization are complementary or not. Design/methodology/approach The authors examine two competing models proposing a direct effect of product innovation on servitization and an indirect effect through digitalization, using the sample of 500 manufacturing firms of a country participating in the European Manufacturing Survey, 2018 edition. Findings The results reveal that product innovation has no direct effect on servitization. However, the authors found that digitalization capabilities mediate the effect of product innovation and servitization. The present findings reveal that product innovation has a substantial indirect effect on servitization through digitalization capabilities, supporting the approach proposing the complementarity between product innovation and servitization. Research limitations/implications The data used in this paper correspond to a single country. The limited geographical sampling frame may likewise limit the generalizability of the findings. Researchers are encouraged to replicate the analysis with data from other countries, and to further enrich the analysis with complementary path options and resulting performance measures. Practical implications When applying a capabilities perspective, the authors find that product innovation capability is not directly related to servitization as capability. The present findings point toward the fact that if companies only have product innovation capability, this does not facilitate servitization. If companies have both product innovation capability and digitalization capability, such a situation facilitates servitization, a decision which often falls within managers' responsibilities. Originality/value Existing studies focus on antecedents and/or outcomes of single issues, either product innovation, servitization or digitalization. Only some offer dual associations (product innovation and servitization, digitalization and servitization), and even less position simultaneously at the intersection of the three pillars. Herein lies the novelty of the present approach and analysis, which explains the extent to which product innovation, digitalization and servitization are related.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "Exploring how outreach team leaders perceive community health workers' experiences of providing HIV services in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Objectives: In 2018, the KwaZulu-Natal Department of Health launched the ward-based primary health care outreach teams policy framework which sought to expand the community health worker (CHW) programme's provision of longitudinal patient support, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) services in communities. This study sought to explore the perceptions of outreach team leaders who supervise CHWs on their experiences of providing HIV services in the province. Study design: This was a qualitative, phenomenology study. Methods: Convenience sampling was done to select one outreach team leader from each of the 11 KwaZulu-Natal health districts to be interviewed using an interview guide. Thematic analysis, guided by the Ritchie and Spencer framework analysis, was used to analyse the data. Results: The challenges faced by CHWs in delivering HIV services were: the absence of individuals when CHWs visited their homes, self-HIV stigma, rejection of CHWs' HIV services due to traditional beliefs, CHW shortages, lack of other resources, low levels of CWH education and a lack of training. On the other hand, the provision of HIV services was fascilitated by: supportive supervision, training, having cell phones and having a positive attitude towards providing HIV services by CHWs that were HIV-positive. Conclusion: The CHWs in KwaZulu-Natal face more challenges than enablers in the provision of HIV services. The delegation of HIV services to CHWs should be aligned with their holistic empowerment by eliminating barriers to the provision of HIV services.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Influence of steam addition during carbonation or calcination on the CO2 capture performance of Ca9Al6O18-CaO sorbent. Calcium looping process, on the basis of the reversible reaction between CaO and CO2, is a promising technology for capture of CO2 from different gas streams. The performance of CO2 sorbents could be easily influenced by the gas stream composition. As the exhaust gas stream generally contains a considerable amount of steam, a good understanding of its side effects on the performance of CaO-based sorbents is essential. However, there is not consensus on the mechanism with which the presence of steam during. carbonation influences the CO2 capture performance and contradictory results have been reported regarding the effect of steam addition during calcination. This work aims to investigate the effect of steam addition during either carbonation or calcination on the reactivity of a home-made synthetic CaO sorbent containing 78 wt% CaO and 22 wt% Ca9Al6O18. Various concentrations of steam up to 9.5 vol% were provided during either carbonation or calcination for 15 carbonation-calcination cycles (carbonation: 650 or 550 degrees C; calcination: 800 degrees C). The morphology changes of the sorbent after cyclic carbonation-calcination experiments were studied in detail at different operating conditions. It was concluded that the sorbent reactivity was significantly increased for all concentrations of steam injected during carbonation step, due to the accelerated solid-state diffusion and steam catalysis. In case of steam addition during calcination, the carbonation performance was affected negatively or positively depending on the concentration of steam in the gas stream. For 2.3 vol% steam injection, the sorbent reactivity was worsened, while the presence of 9.5 vol% steam increased the CO2 capture capacity during 9 initial cycles. Such behavior was attributed to the intensified material sintering in the presence of steam during calcination step, which results in the formation of large pores and the decrease of specific surface area. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "An intergeneric hybrid in the family Phocoenidae. A 60-cm female fetus recovered from a Dall's porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli) found dead in southern British Columbia was fathered by a harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). This is the first report of a hybrid within the family Phocoenidae and one of the first well-documented cases of cetacean hybridization in the wild. In several morphological features, the hybrid was either intermediate between the parental species (e.g., vertebral count) or more similar to the harbour porpoise than to the Dall's porpoise (e.g., colour pattern, relative position of the flipper, dorsal fin height). The fetal colour pattern (with a clear mouth-to-flipper stripe, as is found in the harbour porpoise) is similar to that reported for a fetus recovered from a Dall's porpoise to off California. Hybrid status was confirmed through genetic analysis, with species-specific repetitive DNA sequences of both the harbour and Dall's porpoise being found in the fetus. Atypically pigmented porpoises (usually traveling with and behaving like Dall's porpoises) are regularly observed in the area around southern Vancouver Island. We suggest that these abnormally pigmented animals, as well as the previously noted fetus from California, may also represent hybridization events.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Does network board capital matter? A study of innovative performance in strategic SME networks. This article examines the effects of network board capital (i.e., human capital and relational capital) on total, radical and incremental network innovative performance. Results from five-year longitudinal study of network boards in 53 strategic networks Suggest that a network board's diversity, education level, and interlocking directorates with other Such networks affect network innovative performance. The degree of board diversity and interlocking directorates primarily influence incremental innovation, whereas education level influences radical innovation. The study finds that a network board's diversity of expertise and education level are important for improving all components of innovative performance (total, radical and incremental) in smaller networks. Managerial implications of these findings are discussed. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "Pregnancy-related mortality in Africa and Asia: evidence from INDEPTH Health and Demographic Surveillance System sites. Results: These analyses are based on reports from 14 INDEPTH sites, covering 14,198 deaths among WRA over 2,595,605 person-years observed. MMRs varied between 128 and 461 per 100,000 live births, while maternal mortality rates ranged from 0.11 to 0.74 per 1,000 person-years. Detailed rates per cause are tabulated, including analyses of direct maternal, indirect maternal, and incidental pregnancy-related deaths across the 14 sites.Objective: To describe patterns of pregnancy-related mortality at INDEPTH Network Health and Demographic Surveillance System sites in sub-Saharan Africa and southeast Asia in terms of maternal mortality ratio (MMR) and cause-specific mortality rates. Design: Data on individual deaths among women of reproductive age (WRA) (15-49) resident in INDEPTH sites were collated into a standardised database using the INDEPTH 2013 population standard, the WHO 2012 verbal autopsy (VA) standard, and the InterVA model for assigning cause of death.Background: Women continue to die in unacceptably large numbers around the world as a result of pregnancy, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. Part of the problem is a lack of accurate, population-based information characterising the issues and informing solutions. Population surveillance sites, such as those operated within the INDEPTH Network, have the potential to contribute to bridging the information gaps.Conclusions: As expected, these findings confirmed unacceptably high continuing levels of maternal mortality. However, they also demonstrate the effectiveness of INDEPTH sites and of the VA methods applied to arrive at measurements of maternal mortality that are essential for planning effective solutions and monitoring programmatic impacts.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Prevalence and correlates of major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia among nursing home residents without dementia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Background The elderly population and numbers of nursing homes residents are growing at a rapid pace globally. Uncertainty exists regarding the actual rates of major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder and schizophrenia as previous evidence documenting high rates relies on suboptimal methodology. Aims To carry out a systematic review and meta-analysis on the prevalence and correlates of MDD, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia spectrum disorder among nursing homes residents without dementia. Method Major electronic databases were systematically searched from 1980 to July 2017 for original studies reporting on the prevalence and correlates of MDD among nursing homes residents without dementia. The prevalence of MDD in this population was meta-analysed through random-effects modelling and potential sources of heterogeneity were examined through subgroup/meta-regression analyses. Results Across 32 observational studies encompassing 13 394 nursing homes residents, 2110 people were diagnosed with MDD, resulting in a pooled prevalence rate of 18.9% (95% CI 14.8-23.8). Heterogeneity was high (I-2 = 97%, P <= 0.001); no evidence of publication bias was observed. Sensitivity analysis indicated the highest rates of MDD among North American residents (25.4%, 95% CI 18-34.5, P <= 0.001). Prevalence of either bipolar disorder or schizophrenia spectrum disorder could not be reliably pooled because of the paucity of data. Conclusions MDD is highly prevalent among nursing homes residents without dementia. Efforts towards prevention, early recognition and management of MDD in this population are warranted.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "A Prospective Study Conducted Among Participants Reporting Acute Febrile Illness in a Cohort of Periurban and Rural Cambodians. By understanding the incidence of diseases causing morbidity and mortality in rural areas within Cambodia, mitigating strategies can be developed to reduce infections.The objective of this prospective cohort study was to assess the incidence of dengue, chikungunya, respiratory viruses, and diarrheal etiologies among periurban and rural Cambodians with confirmed acute febrile illness. During a 2-year period (2016-2017), 612 participants aged 6 months to 30 years who exhibited vector-borne febrile illness (median [interquartile range] age, 8.0 [4-11] years), in which 288 (48.0%) were female, were tested for acute dengue virus and chikungunya virus infection. A total of 67 (11.2%) clinical specimens were positive for dengue virus by either nucleic acid detection (n = 23 [34.3%]; dengue serotype 1 [n = 5] and dengue serotype 2 [n = 18]) or dengue IgM capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (n = 44 [65.7%]), and only 8 specimens were both positive. Clinical presentations included fever (100%), headache (74.1%), muscle aches (27.2%), and joint pain (17.3%). Forty-two of the 612 participants were diagnosed with chikungunya (7.0%) by anti-chikungunya virus enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (IgM) or chikungunya-specific reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.", "label": [2, 17, 24]}
+{"token": "Black utopian and dystopian technological simulation: Tupac Shakur's holographic persona at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival. Tupac Shakur's holographic persona at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival in Indio, California is a point of departure for discussing the Black utopian and dystopian imagery in a future world through technological innovation. In conversation with hip hop studies and critical race theory, Afrofuturism is used as an aesthetic and humanistic methodology to interpret the manner in which Tupac's posthumous representation complicates ethical, cultural, and theological debates about idealistic and undesirable depictions of Black virtual reality. Understanding Tupac's routine through an Afrofuture perspective presents a model for assessing perceptions of virtual Black life in the context of a range of social issues, including the perspectives of alternative Black religious futures, resistance of Black artists to White appropriation and altering of Black dead people for the purposes of profitmaking. Tupac's performance underscores the need for broader dialogue, not only on the racial implications of post-human mediations in public space, but also the ideological challenges that Black scholars of future studies face due to larger cultural concerns, especially those of the White hegemony in a hyper-commodified digital age.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "CMOS tunable linear current divider. A CMOS current divider is proposed which can handle an input current as large as the bias current, i.e. the modulation depth can be 100%. The performance of the circuit is nearly independent of transistor characteristics. Therefore the circuit is well applicable for designs in modern submicron processes. The measured divider can be tuned over more than a factor 2.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Modification of PES/PU membrane by supercritical CO2 to enhance CO2/CH4 selectivity: Fabrication and correlation approach using RSM. Integrally skinned asymmetric gas separation membranes of polyethersulfone (PES)/polyurethane (PU) blend were prepared using supercritical CO2 (SC-O-2) as a nonsolvent for the polymer solution. The membrane consisted of a dense and a porous layer, which were conjoined to separate CO2 from CH4. The FTIR, DSC, tensile and SEM tests were performed to study and characterize the membranes. The results revealed that an increase in SC-CO2 temperature causes an increment in permeance and a decrease in membrane selectivity. Furthermore, by raising the pressure, both permeance and selectivity increased. The modified membrane with SC-CO2 had much higher selectivity, about 5.5 times superior to the non-modified membrane. This higher selectivity performance compared to previous works was obtained by taking the advantages of both using partial miscible blend polymer due to the strong polar-polar interaction between PU PES and SC-CO2 to fabricate the membrane. The response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to find the relationships between several explanatory variables and CO2 and CH4 permeance and CO2/CH4 selectivity as responses. Finally, the results were validated with the experimental data, which the model results were in good agreement with the available experimental data. (C) 2018 The Chemical Industry and Engineering Society of China, and Chemical Industry Press. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "Comparative ultrastructure of gastropod cephalic tentacles: Patellogastropoda, Neritaemorphi and Vetigastropoda. The epithelium of neritaemorphs and vetigastropods is generally characterized by ensheathing sensory cells forming ciliary tufts and by sunken, solitary, vestigial cilia, which are probably characteristic of all supporting cells. Patellogastropoda show plesiomorphic ciliary features that also occur in Bivalvia and Solenogastres. Vetigastropoda usually have papillary tentacles. The Neritaemorphi may be divided into two groups based on the fine structure of supporting cells.The fine structure of the cephalic tentacles of the three major basal gastropod clades, Patellogastropoda (Docoglossa), Neritaemorphi, and Vetigastropoda, is described based on transmission and scanning electron microscopy. This was done to clarify cytological details and to provide data for functional considerations and for reconstructions of phylogenetic relationships. The ultrastructural characteristics of the sensory elements, supporting cells, and mucous cells of the cephalic tentacles differ considerably between taxa, whereas subepithelial cell types are remarkably uniform.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Randomised clinical trial: mesalazine versus placebo in the prevention of diverticulitis recurrence. Results: Mesalazine did not increase the proportion of recurrence-free patients over 48 or 96 weeks compared to placebo. In SAG-37, the proportion of recurrence-free patients during 48 weeks was 67.9% with mesalazine and 74.4% with placebo (P=.226). In SAG-51, the proportion of recurrence-free patients over 48 weeks was 46.0% with 1.5 g mesalazine, 52.0% with 3 g mesalazine and 58.0% with placebo (P=.860 for 3 g mesalazine vs placebo) and over 96 weeks 6.9%, 9.8% and 23.1% respectively (P=.980 for 3 g mesalazine vs placebo). Patients with only one diverticulitis episode in the year prior to study entry had a lower recurrence risk compared to >1 episode. Safety data revealed no new adverse events.Conclusion: Mesalazine was not superior to placebo in preventing recurrence of diverticulitis.Background: Previous studies have reached conflicting conclusions regarding the efficacy of mesalazine in the prevention of recurrent diverticulitis.Aim: To investigate the efficacy and safety of mesalazine granules in the prevention of recurrence of diverticulitis after acute uncomplicated diverticulitis.Methods: Two phase 3, randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind multicentre trials (SAG-37 and SAG-51) investigated mesalazine granules in patients with prior episodes (<6 months) of uncomplicated left-sided diverticulitis. Patients were randomised to receive either 3 g mesalazine once daily or placebo (SAG-37, n=345) or to receive either 1.5 g mesalazine once daily, 3 g once daily or placebo for 96 weeks (SAG-51, n=330). The primary endpoint was the proportion of recurrence-free patients during 48 weeks (SAG-37 and SAG-51) or 96 weeks (SAG-51) of treatment.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Verteilung von Wortlangen in englischen Spam-E-Mails. The present paper deals with word length in twenty English spam e-mails and is part of the Gottingen Projekt Quantitative Linguistik. In order to get a homogenous text sample, all of the e-mails are impersonal mails with a length between 75 and 304 words. We show that the Hirata-Poisson distribution appears to be a good model in the majority of texts analyzed. This paper tries to make a contribution to the hypothesis that word length in texts abides by certain distribution laws.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Density assessment and reporting for Phlebotomus perniciosus and other sand fly species in periurban residential estates in Spain. Green periurban residential areas in Mediterranean countries have flourished in the last decades and become foci for leishmaniasis. To remedy the absence of information on vector ecology in these environments, we examined phlebotomine sand fly distribution in 29 sites in Murcia City over a 3-year period, including the plots of 20 detached houses and nine non-urbanized sites nearby. We collected 5,066 specimens from five species using \\\\'sticky\\\\' interception and light attraction traps. The relative frequency of the main Leishmania infantum vector Phlebotomus perniciosus in these traps was 32% and 63%, respectively. Sand fly density was widely variable spatially and temporally and greatest in non-urbanized sites, particularly in caves and abandoned buildings close to domestic animal holdings. Phlebotomus perniciosus density in house plots was positively correlated with those in non-urbanized sites, greatest in larger properties with extensive vegetation and non-permanently lived, but not associated to dog presence or a history of canine leishmaniasis. Within house plots, sand fly density was highest in traps closest to walls. Furthermore, the study provides a guideline for insect density assessment and reporting and is envisioned as a building block towards the development of a pan-European database for robust investigation of environmental determinants of sand fly distribution.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "Developing a reduced consumer-led lexicon to measure emotional response to beer. Previous researchers have recently recommended and utilised consumer-led lexicons to measure emotional response. This study further advances this approach by (1) making the lexicon generation process more efficient by using consumer focus groups as opposed to individual consumer interviews and (2) decreasing the number of responses required from each consumer by reducing the lexicon to categories of similar terms. In response to 10 lager samples which were manipulated in order to control selected sensory properties, focus groups generated a lexicon of 44 emotion terms. This lexicon was reduced to 12 distinct emotion categories using linguistic checks and cluster analysis. Naive beer consumers (n = 113) used these 12 emotion categories to rate their emotional response to the 10 samples. The reduced consumer-led lexicon was validated through its ability to discriminate across samples as well as show differences in emotional response between genders and age groups. The 12 emotion categories were found to discriminate well between samples, although a number of categories grouped samples similarly. However, differences in responses to otherwise comparable emotion categories were identified between genders and age groups, highlighting the importance of including all emotion categories so as to not over-reduce the lexicon and risk missing out on valuable emotion data. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Fecal incontinence and spinal cord abnormalities in seven dogs. In dogs, spinal cord abnormalities associated with fecal incontinence are often cystic in character.Surgical correction of focal spinal cord abnormalities can improve or resolve fecal incontinence.Spinal cord abnormalities, specifically those located in the dorsal aspect of the spinal cord, should be considered in dogs with fecal incontinence.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Kuraishia mediterranea sp nov., a methanol-assimilating yeast species from olive oil and its sediment. Six yeast strains isolated from olive oil sediments and spoiled olive oils originating from Slovenia and Portugal, respectively, proved to represent an undescribed yeast species based on DNA sequence comparisons. The analysis of gene sequences for internal transcribed spacer regions and the large subunit rRNA gene D1/D2 domain placed the novel species in the genus Kuraishia in a subclade containing Kuraishia capsulata, the type species of the genus. Although the novel species is well separated genetically from the recognized species of the genus, only a minor phenotypic difference differentiating it from Kuraishia capsulata and K. molischiana was observed. Relevant to its isolation source, no lipolytic activity was detected in the strains of the novel species. To accommodate the above-noted strains, Kuraishia mediterranea sp. nov. (holotype: ZIM 2473(T); isotype: CBS 15107(T); MycoBank no.: MB 822817) is proposed.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Argentina: Questioning Menem's way. \\\\'Since 1989, Argentina has undergone a transformation that has dramatically enhanced the country's economic and political stability. Nevertheless, the functioning of Argentina's political system continues to be troubled by several factors-factors that can be linked to the recent defeat handed to the ruling [Peronist Party] in the 1997 congressional election.\\\\'", "label": [5, 47, 49]}
+{"token": "Population structure and effect of inbreeding on milk yield of Saanen goats in Brazilian production systems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the history of a population of Saanen goats based on the population structure and the effect of inbreeding on accumulated 305-d milk yield (MY305) and lactation length (LL). Pedigree records of 7640 individuals born between 1997 and 2014 were analyzed and population parameters were estimated based on the probability of gene origin, effective population size (Ne), average inbreeding coefficient (F), flock classification according to origin and use of breeding animals, average relatedness coefficient (AR), pedigree completeness and number of generations using the ENDOG v4.8 program. A total of 79.57 %, 50.73 %, 29.10 % and 11.60 % of the examined individuals had pedigrees in the first, second, third and fourth ascendancy, respectively. The total number of founders and ancestors was 123 and 101, respectively, and 39 of the latter explained 50 % of the genetic variability in the population, which indicates a loss of original genes. The AR and F coefficients were 0.78 % and 1.48 %, respectively. There was no significant inbreeding effect on LL. The MY305 was significantly affected by inbreeding, with a reduction of 2.31 kg per 1% increase in the individual inbreeding coefficient. The LL and MY305 exhibited heritability of 0.03 and 0.18 respectively, with a genetic correlation of 0.97.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "A darker side of knowledge transfer following international acquisitions. We consider a knowledge flow that dominates the international acquisition context but can actually harm foreign acquired firms' performance: non-location-specific knowledge transfer from acquirers to acquired firms (N-LSKT). Considering its behavioral consequences, we argue that such knowledge transfer often may destabilize existing power structures in foreign acquired firms prompting conflict and power struggles, and as a result negatively affects their performance. We find support for this adverse knowledge transfer effect. Only at very high levels of N-LSKT, when acquirers are likely to extend their own capabilities and associated power structures more completely, do the performance effects improve. Further, predeal success of acquirers and post-deal functional integration amplify, while acquirers' strategic control over the acquired firm alleviates the generally negative effects of N-LSKT. Copyright (c) 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [5, 44, 46]}
+{"token": "An accuracy analysis of a Hamiltonian particle method with the staggered particles for seismic-wave modeling including surface topography. A Hamiltonian particle method (HPM), which is one of the mesh-free methods, can simulate seismic wavefields for models including surface topography in a simple manner. Numerical error caused by a curved free surface or by particles not aligned with the surface is not obvious in HPM. In general, the accommodation of irregular free surfaces requires more grids or particles in a minimum wavelength for achieving sufficient accuracy in the simulation. We tested the accuracy of HPM with staggered particles for simulating seismic-wave propagation including the surface topography, and we established the relationship between desired accuracy and spatial resolution. We conducted numerical simulations for models with a planar free surface aligned with the regular particle alignment and a dipping free surface. Our accuracy tests revealed that the numerical error strongly depends on the dipping angle of the slope. We concluded that about 25 particles in a minimum wavelength are required to calculate Rayleigh waves propagating along the irregular topography with good accuracy. Finally, we simulated Rayleigh wave propagation along irregular topography using a layered model with a hill. HPM can reproduce not only surface-wave propagation but also the reflected and refracted waves. Our numerical results were in good agreement with those from a finite-element method. Our investigations indicated that HPM could be a solution to simulate Rayleigh waves in the presence of complex surface topography.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Trends in red mud utilization - A review. Red mud is the major waste material produced during alumina production following the Bayers process. Depending on the quality of the raw material processed, 1 - 2.5 tons of red mud is generated per ton of alumina produced. The treatment and disposal of this residue is a major operation in an alumina plant. A lot of research and developmental activities are going on throughout the world to find effective utilization of red mud, which involves various product developments. This article attempts to review these developments.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Remembering the Past and Contesting the Future of School Desegregation in Louisville, Kentucky, 1975-2012. This article examines memories of the long struggle for school desegregation in Louisville and Jefferson County, Kentucky, and considers the relationship between oral history and contemporary policy debates. It draws primarily on interviews conducted during a period when a series of legal challenges undermined and then overturned the local school desegregation plan. In addition to documenting the almost forgotten story of support for busing and its positive results between 1975 and 2007, the article emphasizes the ways in which narrators use their interviews to engage in the debate over the future of racial equality and diversity in the schools.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Calorimetric determination of metabolic heat, CO2 rates and the calorespirometric ratio of soil basal metabolism. Characterizing soil metabolism requires measurement of the CO2 production rate or metabolic heat rate. While a single rate provides information on how rapidly substrates are being metabolized, the ratio of metabolic heat rate to CO2 production rate provides information on the nature of the substrates and the biochemical reactions taking place in the soil. Methodology to simultaneously monitor metabolic heat and CO2 production rates of soil basal metabolism by calorimetry is described. Plots of metabolic heat and CO2 rates against time for thirteen soil samples collected along a transect in northern Spain are presented. The ratio of metabolic heat rate to CO2 production rate showed degradation of carbohydrates through aerobic respiration in some of the samples and informed about the nature of the organic matter being degraded in all of them. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Religious (de)politicisation in Uganda's 2016 elections. Religion has influenced Ugandan politics ever since colonial times. While the interrelations of religion and politics have altered since the coming to power of president Museveni's National Resistance Movement (NRM), religion continues to influence Ugandan public culture and formal politics in important ways. Building on ethnographic fieldwork in Kampala and Acholi, as well as analysis of media reporting and discussions in social media, this article focuses on the role of religious leaders during Uganda's 2016 parliamentary and presidential elections. We argue that the striking differences between Ugandan clerics' teaching on politics relate in part to genuine differences in religious beliefs, but also to patronage, intimidation, and ethnicity, and to the strategic calculations religious leaders make about how best to affect change in a constricted political environment. In discussion with previous research on religion and politics in Africa, and utilising analytical concepts from the study of publics, the article proposes a model of religious (de)politicisation, whereby both the politicising and depoliticising effects of religion are acknowledged. To do so, the analysis distinguishes between NGO-ised and enchanted planes of religion, and shows that on both planes, religion contributed simultaneously to enhancing and diminishing the space for public debate in election-time Uganda. While many religious leaders actively or silently supported the incumbent regime, religious leaders also took vocal public stands, fostered political action, and catered for vernacular imaginaries of political critique, by so doing expanding the space of public debate. However, by performing public debate that remained vague on crucial issues, and by promoting a religious narrative of peace, religious leaders participated in the enactment of a facade of political debate, in so doing legitimising the autocratic facets of Museveni's hybrid regime. Acknowledging religion as an important constituent of public culture contributes to more nuanced understandings of election dynamics in Eastern Africa.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Summary of the morphological and ecological traits of Central European dung beetles. Ecological, morphological and life-history traits have been increasingly used in community ecology during the last decade. Dung beetles represent a model group of insects frequently used in studies of landscape ecology and grassland management. Their body sizes and nesting behavioral traits are regularly used to help understand ecological processes at the community level. However, information on their seasonal activity, wing morphometry and dung specialization is sparse in published reports, or is simply not available yet. We thus compiled a comprehensive list of the morphological and ecological traits of Central European dung beetles (Geotrupidae, Scarabaeidae and Aphodiidae). We gathered information from published works and, for the first time, took morphometric measurements of wings. We provide a database of 12 traits for all 100 dung beetle species occurring in Central Europe. Most species are not restricted to one specific dung type, and the most frequently used dung types are sheep/goat, cattle and horse dung, which are almost equally exploited by 90, 89 and 87 species, respectively. More than one-third of all species are active in winter, and the number of active species is the highest in June. The wing morphometry shows a high variation and is largely determined by the family identity; the ratio of elytron length to wing area is the largest in Aphodiidae but the smallest in Geotrupidae. Our database is the first standardized set of information for Central European dung beetles and can be used in future trait-based studies focusing on the ecology and conservation of these beetles.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "EQUILIBRIUM CONDITIONS FOR METHANE HYDRATE FORMATION IN AQUEOUS MIXED ELECTROLYTE-SOLUTIONS. Equilibrium pressures predicted using a recently proposed method (Englezos and Bishnoi, 1988) have been compared with the data obtained and it was found that the predictions match the data very well.  The standard errors for the mixtures of NaCl and KCl, NaCl and CaCl2 and the synthetic sea water were 5.54, 3.5 and 1.4%, respectively.  The largest prediction error for an experimental data point was 10.1%.Equilibrium data on the formation of methane hydrate in six mixtures of NaCl and KCl, six mixtures of NaCl and CaCl2 and a mixture of eight electrolytes found in sea water were experimentally obtained.  The ionic strength (in molality units) of the NaCl and KCl mixtures ranged from 0.97 to 4.72 and that of the NaCl and CaCl2 mixtures from 1.27 to 3.90.  The experimental temperatures ranged from 264 to 284 K and the pressures from 2.5 to 9.7 MPa.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "Two novel cadmium(II) carboxyphosphonates with 3D framework structure: synthesis, crystal structures, luminescence and molecular recognition properties. Two novel cadmium(II) carboxyphosphonates with 3D framework structure, namely, [Cd-3(L)(2)(H2O)(2)] (1) and [Cd3Cl2(HL)(2)(H2O)(2)] (2) (H3L = H2O3PCH2-NC5H9-COOH) have been synthesized under hydrothermal conditions and structurally characterized. For compound 1, the interconnection of Cd(1)O5N, Cd(2)O-6, and CPO3 polyhedra via edge- and corner-sharing forms a 1D chain. The adjacent chains connect with each other by sharing the carboxyphosphonate ligands, thereby generating a 2D layered structure. Neighboring layers are composed in a 3D pillared-layered structure by carboxyphosphonate ligands. Compound 2 exhibits a 3D framework structure. The Cd(1)O4Cl, Cd(2)O4Cl2, and CPO3 polyhedra are interconnected into a 2D layered structure in the bc-plane via corner-sharing, which is further linked to adjacent layers through carboxyphosphonate ligands to form a 3D framework structure. The luminescence properties of compounds 1 and 2 have been investigated. An interesting feature of compound 2 is that it is selective and reversible for sensing of acetone.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Hierarchies Ontological and Ideological. Godel claimed that Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory is 'what becomes of the theory of types if certain superfluous restrictions are removed'. The aim of this paper is to develop a clearer understanding of Godel's remark, and of the surrounding philosophical terrain. In connection with this, we discuss some technical issues concerning infinitary type theories and the programme of developing the semantics for higher-order languages in other higher-order languages.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Combining fuzzy AHP and fuzzy Kano to optimize product varieties for smart cameras: A zero-one integer programming perspective. In an era of global customization, dominating the majority market with a single product has become increasingly difficult and almost impossible for most companies. In contrast, they must provide various product varieties that attract diverse customers, particularly when acquiring distinct market segments. In practice, however, most companies cannot effectively reduce the gap between customer requirements and design characteristics, although this impacts the profitability and future growth of companies. Meanwhile, companies often get stuck in the trade-offs between enhancing product varieties and controlling manufacturing costs. Accordingly, this paper proposes a hybrid framework that combines fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (AHP), fuzzy Kano model with zero-one integer programming (ZOIP) to incorporate customer preferences and customer perceptions into the decision-making process of product configuration. Specifically, fuzzy AHP is used to extract customer preferences for core attributes while fuzzy Kano model is utilized to elicit customer perceptions of optional attributes. Finally, by virtue of ZOIP, the optimal product varieties ( smart cameras) for distinct segments are determined by maximizing overall customer utility (OCU) and taking a firm's pricing policy into account. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "BAND-SPECIFIC LOCALIZATION OF THE MICROSATELLITE AT D13S71 BY MICRODISSECTION AND ENZYMATIC AMPLIFICATION. Microsatellite DNA consists of tandemly repeated simple DNA sequence motifs, the number of these repeats being polymorphic. These recently described polymorphisms are ubiquitously distributed throughout the human genome and are highly informative, making them ideal markers for linkage analysis. Physical localization of these microsatellites is an important prerequisite for aligning physical and genetic maps. We have physically mapped the microsatellite at D13S71, which has previously been assigned to chromosome 13. Band-specific mapping of D13S71 to the distal part of band 13q32, near 13q33, was achieved by microdissection of GTG-banded chromosomes and subsequent enzymatic amplification with a heminested PCR approach. Analysis of a panel of somatic cell hybrids confirmed this localization. The technique presented may also be useful in a variety of complex mapping situations and whenever the precise localization of very small (as small as 70 bp) DNA probes is necessary.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Genetic origins of marine gases in the Tazhong area of the Tarim basin, NW China: Implications from the pyrolysis of marine kerogens and crude oil. Although abundant natural gases have been discovered in Carboniferous and Ordovician reservoirs in the Tazhong area, central Tarim basin, their genetic origins is still an open question because of significant variations in chemical and carbon isotopic compositions. In the present study, three samples representing the possible gas sources were pyrolyzed using sealed gold tubes to investigate their gas potentials, and chemical and carbon isotopic signatures. The samples were a crude oil, a low maturity kerogen and a high maturity kerogen. The results show that the chemical and isotopic compositions of gaseous pyrolysates from the three samples are quite different. Generally, the gases from oil cracking are compositionally wetter and isotopically lighter than those from kerogen cracking at similar thermal levels. The large quantities of methane experimentally observed in oil cracking gases are mainly associated with the re-cracking of wet gases at very high maturity levels. Methane in gases derived from kerogen, especially high maturity kerogen, in contrary, is mainly generated by the demethylation reaction. The diagrams of delta C-13(1) vs. delta C-13(5)-delta C-13(3) and C-2/C-3 vs. delta C-13(2)-delta C-13(3), along with natural gas plots, have proven to be a very effective tool in the genetic interpretation of natural gases from kerogen and oil cracking in the Tarim basin. Their combined application shows that two types of gas source can be identified in the Tazhong area. The first type is oil cracking gas, mainly discovered in Carboniferous reservoirs of the central fault horst area, but also partly in Ordovician reservoirs, such as in the wells 1745, TZ44b and TZ 16. The other is kerogen cracking gas occurring largely in Ordovician reservoirs, especially in the North Slope area. The two types of gases, however, are mixed in many reservoirs as their generation is overlapped in time and/or space. This mixing process is especially obvious for methane. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35]}
+{"token": "An Experimental and Theoretical Study of Alkali Metal Cation Interactions with Cysteine. The interactions Of alkali metal cations (M+ = Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+) with the amino acid cysteine (Cys) are examined in detail. Experimentally, bond energies are determined using threshold collision-induced dissociation of the W(Cys) complexes with xenon ill a guided ion beam mass spectrometer. Analyses of the energy dependent cross sections provide 0 K bond energies of 2.65 +/- 0.12. 1.83 +/- 0.05, 1.25 +/- 0.03, and 1.06 +/- 0.03 eV for complexes of Cys with Li+, Na+, K+, and Rb+, respectively. All bond energy determinations include consideration Of unimolecular decay rates, internal energy of reactant ions, and multiple ion-molecule collisions. Ab initio calculations Lit the MP2(full)/6-311+G(2d,2p), B31-YP/6-311+G(2d,2p), and B3P86/63 11+G(2d,2p) levels with geometries and zero-point energies calculated Lit the B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) level for the lighter metals show good agreement with the experimental bond energies. For Rb+(Cys), similar calculations using the HW* basis set and ECP Underestimate the experimental bond energies, whereas the Def2TZVP basis set yields results in good agreement. Ground state conformers are tridentate for Li+ and Na+, and Subtle changes in the Cys side-chain orientation are found to cause noticeable changes in the alkali metal binding energy. For K+ and Rb+, tridentate and carboxylic acid bound (both charge-solvated and zwitterionic) structures are nearly isoenergetic, with different levels of theory predicting different ground conformers. The combination of this series of experiments and calculations; allows the influence of the sulfur functional group Of CYS Oil the overall binding strength to be explored. comparisons to previous results for serine elucidates the influence of sulfur for oxygen Substitution.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Teacher training on diversity and ethnic relations: comparative perspective of France, Quebec, Belgium and Switzerland. The training and assessment of teachers' competencies for working in a context of diversity concerns both government decision-makers and educational institutions. This article provides a cross-sectional comparative view on the training of school personnel on diversity, equity and ethnic relations in France, Quebec, French-speaking Belgium and Switzerland, in particular on policies, skill frameworks, programs, courses and training content. This comparative view of four French-speaking societies shows that each context has developed a discourse on these issues with very different orientations and training methods, but are still united by certain lines of convergence.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "A PSYCHOCULTURAL THEORY OF MUSICAL INTERVAL: BYE BYE PYTHAGORAS. THE PYTHAGOREANS LINKED MUSICAL INTERVALS with integer ratios, cosmic order, and the human soul. The empirical approach of Aristoxenus, based on real musicians making real music, was neglected. Today, many music scholars and researchers still conceptualize intervals as ratios. We argue that this idea is fundamentally incorrect and present convergent evidence against it. There is no internally consistent \\\\'Just'' scale: a 6th scale degree that is 5:3 above the 1st is not a perfect 5th (3:2) above the 2nd (9:8). Pythagorean tuning solves this problem, but creates another: ratios of psychologically implausible large numbers. Performers do not switch between two ratios of one interval (e.g., 5:4 and 81:64 for the major third), modern studies of performance intonation show no consistent preferences for specific ratios, and no known brain mechanism is sensitive to ratios in musical contexts. Moreover, physical frequency and perceived pitch are not the same. Rameau and Helmholtz derived musical intervals from the harmonic series, which is audible in everyday sounds including voiced speech; but those intervals, like musical intervals, are perceived categorically. Musical intervals and scales, although they depend in part on acoustic factors, are primarily psychocultural entities-not mathematical or physical. Intervals are historically and culturally variable distances that are learned from oral traditions. There is no perfect tuning for any interval; even octaves are stretched relative to 2:1. Twelve-tone equal temperament is not intrinsically better or worse than Just or Pythagorean. Ratio theory is an important chapter in the history Western musical thought, but it is inconsistent with a modern evidence-based understanding of musical structure, perception and cognition.", "label": [3, 5, 27, 50]}
+{"token": "Curvilinear Association Between Language Disfluency and FMR1 CGG Repeat Size Across the Normal, Intermediate, and Premutation Range. Historically, investigations of FMR1 have focused almost exclusively on the clinical effects of CGG expansion within the categories of the premutation (55-200 CGG repeats) and fragile X syndrome (> 200 CGG repeats). However, emerging evidence suggests that CGG-dependent phenotypes may occur across allele sizes traditionally considered within the \\\\'normal\\\\' range. This study adopted an individual-differences approach to determine the association between language production ability and CGG repeat length across the full range of normal, intermediate, and premutation alleles. Participants included 61 adult women with CGG repeats within the premutation (n = 37), intermediate (i.e., 41-54 repeats; n = 2), or normal (i.e., 6-40 repeats; n = 22) ranges. All participants were the biological mothers of a child with a developmental disorder, to control for the potential effects of parenting stress. Language samples were collected and the frequency of language disfluencies (i.e., interruptions in the flow of speech) served as an index of language production skills. Verbal inhibition skills, measured with the Hayling Sentence Completion Test, were also measured and examined as a correlate of language disfluency, consistent with theoretical work linking language disfluency with inhibitory deficits (i.e., the Inhibition Deficit Hypothesis). Blood samples were collected to determine FMR1 CGG repeat size. A general linear model tested CGG repeat size of the larger allele (allele-2) as the primary predictor of language disfluency, covarying for education level, 10, age, and CGG repeats on the other allele. A robust curvilinear association between CGG length and language disfluency was detected, where low-normal (similar to <25 repeats) and mid-premutation alleles (similar to 90-110 repeats) were linked with higher rates of disfluency. Disfluency was not associated with inhibition deficits, which challenges prior theoretical work and suggests that a primary language deficit could account for elevated language disfluency in FMR1-associated conditions. Findings suggest CGG-dependent variation in language production ability, which was evident across individuals with and without CGG expansions on FMR1.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Delaminating Quadrature Method for Physical Optics Integrals over High-Order Triangular Mesh for Complex Source Beam Applications. A novel method for calculating physical optics (PO) integrals over an electrically large target illuminated by a complex source beam is presented. A high-order triangular element is used to mesh the surface of this target. The PO integrals over these elements are calculated with a delaminating quadrature method. This method is very stable, accurate, and efficient, and its computation cost remains constant as the frequency increased. The influence of critical points is taken into account by subdividing the integral intervals. Numerical results are shown in this article to demonstrate the efficiency of this approach.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Application of the Health Belief Model on the intention to stop smoking behavior among young adult women. Design and Methods: This study was conducted cross-sectionally to analyze the correlation between young adult women's intention to stop smoking with perceived factors in the construction of HBM. A sample of 58 young adult women smokers and aged between 15-30 years were selected through the use of a purposive sampling technique in 2018.Background: The smoking behavior among young adult women causes health issues and has effects on ethical norms, especially femininity and gender. A woman smoker usually has an intention to quit and several factors have been perceived to be related to this action according to the Health Belief Model (HBM).Conclusions: The intention of stop smoking behavior among women smokers has a significant correlation with the perceived factors of the Health Belief Model construct, which includes perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, and perceived self-efficacy.Results: The results showed the intention to stop smoking has a significant correlation with perceived susceptibility (P=0.036), perceived severity (P=0.028), perceived benefits (P=0.011), perceived barriers (P=0.003), and perceived self-efficacy (P=0.005). This means there was a significant correlation between the intention of young adult smokers to quit smoking and the perceived factors of HBM.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Predictors of a medical-offset effect among patients receiving antidepressant therapy. Objective: Characteristics of patients receiving antidepressant therapy were examined to identify factors that may be associated with a medical-offset effect. Method: In a retrospective study, the authors analyzed claims data from a large health insurer in New England. The study subjects included 1,661 persons initiating treatment for depression with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or tricyclic antidepressants between July 1991 and June 1993. Results: Patients with anxiety disorders, coronary heart disease, cancer, and chronic fatigue syndrome and those remaining on their initial regimens of antidepressant therapy for at least 6 months were more likely to experience significant reductions in the costs of medical care services. The number of visits to mental health providers had no effect on the costs of medical services. Conclusions: Specific comorbid conditions and sustained use of antidepressant drugs may be associated with a medical-offset effect for patients receiving treatment for depression.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Weed populations in olive groves under non-tillage and conditions of rapid degradation of simazine. In 49 olive tree groves in southern Spain under non-tillage and treated in the autumn with simazine, a total of 315 weed species was identified. However, only eight annual species reached a moderate mean infestation of infested fields. In each field the number of observed species ranged from 4 to 78. The most important annual species that survived simazine treatment were Lolium rigidum, Galium tricornutum and Sherardia arvensis and, locally in a few fields, others such as Amaranthus spp., Conyza spp., Pulicaria paludosa, Sinapis alba, Torilis arvensis and Rumex bucephalophorus. Sedum album, R. bucephalophorus, P. paludosa, Briza maxima and Hypericum perforatum were mainly found in slope soils with high altitude and low carbon content. Cyperus rotundus, Conyza bonariensis, Amaranthus blitoides, Galium spurium and Diplotaxis virgata were found at high densities in irrigated fields. Simazine residues recorded 6 months after herbicide application were very low, amounting on average to levels less than 3% of the applied rate. In soil treated with simazine for 7 years, simazine degradation was much faster than in previously untreated soil, particularly at temperatures of 15-25 degrees C.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Cosmological brightness distribution fits of gamma-ray burst sources. We discuss detailed Ms of the BATSE and PYO gamma-ray burst peak-flux distributions with Friedmann models taking into account possible density evolution and standard candle or power-law luminosity functions. A chi(2) analysis is used to estimate the goodness of the fits, and we derive the significance level of limits on the density evolution and luminosity function parameters. Cosmological models provide a good st over a range of parameter space that is physically reasonable.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Genome-wide association analysis identifies three new breast cancer susceptibility loci. Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women. To date, 22 common breast cancer susceptibility loci have been identified accounting for similar to 8% of the heritability of the disease. We attempted to replicate 72 promising associations from two independent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in similar to 70,000 cases and similar to 68,000 controls from 41 case-control studies and 9 breast cancer GWAS. We identified three new breast cancer risk loci at 12p11 (rs10771399; P = 2.7 x 10(-35)), 12q24 (rs1292011; P = 4.3 x 10(-19)) and 21q21 (rs2823093; P = 1.1 x 10(-12)). rs10771399 was associated with similar relative risks for both estrogen receptor (ER)-negative and ER-positive breast cancer, whereas the other two loci were associated only with ER-positive disease. Two of the loci lie in regions that contain strong plausible candidate genes: PTHLH (12p11) has a crucial role in mammary gland development and the establishment of bone metastasis in breast cancer, and NRIP1 (21q21) encodes an ER cofactor and has a role in the regulation of breast cancer cell growth.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "From Emancipation through Employment to Emancipation through Entrepreneurship: An Analysis of the Special Labor Market Initiatives (BRYT) and Tax Deduction for Domestic Services (RUT) in Sweden. Debates on gender equality policy in Sweden assume that women's labor market participation is central to gender equality and should be promoted via special initiatives and programs. This paper examines how gender equality discourses have changed over time, analyzing Swedish state labor market policy in the 1980s and 1990s, special labor market initiatives to eliminate gender segregation and encourage nontraditional gendered work choices, and contemporary state subsidies for paid domestic work (i.e., tax deduction for domestic services). Critically interpreting these reforms reveals consistencies and continuities in how labor market participation is viewed as the key promoter of gender equality, revealing transformations in how gender equality is understood and constructed. A transition is discernible from state-funded programs and reforms to governmental agencies/authorities and state subsidies to promote enterprise and the growth of specific labor market sectors.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "The Work/Nonwork Spillover: The Enrichment Role of Work Engagement. This study examines whether work engagement enriches employees beyond the contribution of the domain of work, focusing on satisfaction with life and community involvement. Moreover, the ambivalence of scholars about the added value of the work engagement concept compared with similar work-related attitudes prompted us to assess the benefits that work engagement offers with regard to improving one's satisfaction with life and community involvement compared with the benefits of other, similar work-related attitudes such as job involvement and job satisfaction. Furthermore, given the studies indicating the impact of sector of employment (public vs. business) on understanding the work/nonwork nexus, the current study also investigates the effect of the sector of employment on this enrichment process. Utilizing multilevel modeling analysis techniques on data from 554 employees in public and business sector organizations, we obtained results consistent with our hypotheses. Work engagement and employees' outcomes beyond work had positive and significant relationships. Moreover, the relationship between work engagement and community involvement was stronger in public sector employees than in business sector employees. The implications for organizational theory, research, and practice are discussed as possible leverage points for creating conditions that promote engagement at work and beyond.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "Three new species and new distributional records of Discogastrini from Central and South America (Hemiptera : Heteroptera : Coreidae : Coreinae). Savius terrabanus, new species (Costa Rica), Scamurius goianus, new species (Brazil) and Scamurius pucalpanensis, new species (Peru) are described and placed in the coreid tribe Discogastrini. Details of antennae, pronotum, male genital capsule and parameres are illustrated. New localities are given for Savius diversicornis.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Two-Scale Particle Simulation. We propose a two-scale method for particle-based fluids that allocates computing resources to regions of the fluid where complex flow behavior emerges. Our method uses a low-and a high-resolution simulation that run at the same time. While in the coarse simulation the whole fluid is represented by large particles, the fine level simulates only a subset of the fluid with small particles. The subset can be arbitrarily defined and also dynamically change over time to capture complex flows and small-scale surface details. The low-and high-resolution simulations are coupled by including feedback forces and defining appropriate boundary conditions. Our method offers the benefit that particles are of the same size within each simulation level. This avoids particle splitting and merging processes, and allows the simulation of very large resolution differences without any stability problems. The model is easy to implement, and we show how it can be integrated into a standard SPH simulation as well as into the incompressible PCISPH solver. Compared to the single-resolution simulation, our method produces similar surface details while improving the efficiency linearly to the achieved reduction rate of the particle number.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Determination of dilute slurry densities in a vertical annulus using isokinetic sampling. Local solids densities (concentrations) at a test cross section of a concentric annulus in the fully developed flow region were measured by using an isokinetic sampling technique during upward flow of water-feldspar slurries. As solids, 72 or 138 mu m feldspar particles at an average concentration of 1 or 2% v/v (volume of solids/volume of vessel) were used in the feed slurry. The amounts of solids in the collected slurry samples from different radial locations were determined by a gravimetric method (Ozbelge and Somer, 1988; Ozbelge and Camc iota, 2004; Camc iota, 2003). In turbulent flow regime, at relatively lower mixture velocities (slurry Reynolds number, Re m , being around 9000), radial solids concentration profiles showed a local minimum at a dimensionless radial distance (DRD) of 0.45, then increasing trends towards the inner and outer walls of the annulus were observed. As the slurry Reynolds number increased further to 19500, the solid particles gathered more at around DRD = 0.45 in the annular gap and were transported near the axis rather than near the walls. Accordingly, the two-phase pressure gradients in the test section decreased with the superficial water velocity in the 9000-19500 range of the slurry Reynolds number, most probably as a result of decreasing particle-wall interactions. In the laminar flow regime, local solids concentrations being extremely low due to the transportation difficulty of solids up to the test section at very low velocities, the two phases behaved like a single phase, and the pressure gradients increased with the Reynolds number from Re m = 2000 up to Re m = 9000. The two-phase pressure gradients increased with the increasing consistency of the feed slurry and particle size at each superficial water velocity.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "Role of Surfactants in Promoting Gas Hydrate Formation. Gas hydrates have been proposed as a potential technology for a number of applications, such as separation of gas mixtures, CO2 capture, transportation, and sequestration, methane storage and transport, and seawater desalination. Most of these applications will benefit from reduced induction time of hydrate nucleation, enhanced hydrate growth rate, and maximum water-to-hydrate conversion. The addition of surfactants to the gas-water system serves this purpose in a very effective manner. This review focuses on different surfactants that were utilized for gas hydrate formation studies; insights have been provided on the possible mechanisms of action through which these surfactants affect hydrate formation kinetics. A thorough analysis of the existing literature on surfactants suggests that enhanced rate of hydrate nucleation and growth kinetics may not be directly linked to micelle formation. Conversely, reduced surface tension in the presence of surfactants not only enhances the mass transfer but also changes the morphology of hydrate formation, which in turn enhances gas-water interactions for faster hydrate growth rate.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "Grain Boundary Evaluation of Cu(In1-xGax)Se-2 Solar Cells. The grain boundary (GB) properties of polycrystalline Cu(In1-x,Ga-x)Se-2 (CIGS) have been characterized using electron beam-induced current (EBIC) measurements, electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) patterns, and scanning spreading resistance microscopy (SSRM) measurements. The polished cross section of CIGS solar cells was evaluated by these three methods, and the surface EBIC image was obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A combination of the EBIC and EBSD techniques makes it possible to investigate the effect of the GBs on the minority carrier collection. Furthermore, the SSRM mapping enables the analysis of grain-by-grain carrier profiling by measuring the spreading resistance of CIGS solar cells. It was found from these results that the twin boundaries of CIGS grains do not contribute to carrier recombination. Furthermore, the brighter EBIC signals were observed at the GBs of CIGS, which showed that the produced electron-hole pairs easily separate from each other and that the minority carriers are repelled from the GBs. This remarkable property of the GBs is suitable for application of CIGS to solar cells. (C) 2010 The Japan Society of Applied Physics DOI: 10.1143/JJAP.49.062301", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Comparative genome analysis reveals a complex population structure of Legionella pneumophila subspecies. The majority of Legionnaires' disease (LD) cases are caused by Legionella pneumophila, a genetically heterogeneous species composed of at least 17 serogroups. Previously, it was demonstrated that L. pneumophila consists of three subspecies: pneumophila, fraseri and pascullei. During an LD outbreak investigation in 2012, we detected that representatives of both subspecies fraseri and pascullei colonized the same water system and that the out-break-causing strain was a new member of the least represented subspecies pascullei. We used partial sequence based typing consensus patterns to mine an international database for additional representatives of fraseri and pascullei subspecies. As a result, we identified 46 sequence types (STs) belonging to subspecies fraseri and two STs belonging to subspecies pascullei. Moreover, a recent retrospective whole genome sequencing analysis of isolates from New York State LD clusters revealed the presence of a fourth L. pneumophila subspecies that we have termed raphaeli. This subspecies consists of 15 STs. Comparative analysis was conducted using the genomes of multiple members of all four L. pneumophila subspecies. Whereas each subspecies forms a distinct phylogenetic clade within the L. pneumophila species, they share more average nucleotide identity with each other than with other Legionella species. Unique genes for each subspecies were identified and could be used for rapid subspecies detection. Improved taxonomic classification of L. pneumophila strains may help identify environmental niches and virulence attributes associated with these genetically distinct subspecies.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Social bonding as a determinant of share of wallet and cross-buying behaviour in B2B relationships. Findings - Social bonding was found to affect both investigated relationship outcomes, share of wallet and cross-buying, through the generation of trust over and above the customer's perceptions of value.Research limitations/implications - Only one product category was investigated in this study, and further research should explore boundary conditions for the relevance of social bonding in B2B.Purpose - Research on how social bonding between boundary spanners influences relationship outcomes in business-to-business (B2B) settings is sparse and controversial. This longitudinal study aims to close this gap and assess the impact of social bonding on the share of wallet and actual cross-buying behaviour.Design/methodology/approach - B2B relationships between a manufacturer of light commercial vehicles and its customers were investigated. A random sample of fleet managers answered two telephone surveys.Practical implications - Social bonding represents one lever (next to value perceptions) for building a competitive advantage in a B2B context. Relationship marketing activities that are intended to strengthen the development of social bonds between customers and account managers should be encouraged.Originality/value - The authors provide clear evidence regarding the disputed impact of social bonding between boundary spanners on relationship outcomes in B2B relationships by testing its impact on real purchase behaviour and not only purchase intentions, as is the case in most published studies to date.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "L-p Solutions of Second Order Differential Equations. We give criteria for the p-integrability of the solutions of u '' + q(t)u = 0.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Assessing 5 years of GOSAT Proxy XCH4 data and associated uncertainties. We compare this uncertainty to the a posteriori retrieval error (which is assumed to reduce with sqrt(N)) and find typically that the model XCO2 uncertainty becomes significant during summer months when the a posteriori error is at its lowest due to the increase in signal related to increased summertime reflected sunlight.We present 5 years of GOSAT XCH4 retrieved using the \\\\'proxy\\\\' approach. The Proxy XCH4 data are validated against ground-based TCCON observations and are found to be of high quality with a small bias of 4.8 ppb (similar to 0.27 %) and a single-sounding precision of 13.4 ppb (similar to 0.74 %). The station-to-station bias (a measure of the relative accuracy) is found to be 4.2 ppb. For the first time the XCH4 = XCO2 ratio component of the Proxy retrieval is validated (bias of 0.014 ppbppm 1 (similar to 0.30 %), single-sounding precision of 0.033 ppbppm 1 (similar to 0.72 %)).The uncertainty relating to the model XCO2 component of the Proxy XCH4 is assessed through the use of an ensemble of XCO2 models. While each individual XCO2 model is found to agree well with the TCCON validation data (r = 0.94-0.97), it is not possible to select one model as the best from our comparisons. The median XCO2 value of the ensemble has a smaller scatter against TCCON (a standard deviation of 0.92 ppm) than any of the individual models whilst maintaining a small bias (0.15 ppm). This model median XCO2 is used to calculate the Proxy XCH4 with the maximum deviation of the ensemble from the median used as an estimate of the uncertainty.We assess the significance of these model and retrieval uncertainties on flux inversion by comparing the GOSAT XCH4 against modelled XCH4 from TM5-4DVAR constrained by NOAA surface observations (MACC reanalysis scenario S1-NOAA). We find that for the majority of regions the differences are much larger than the estimated uncertainties. Our findings show that useful information will be provided to the inversions for the majority of regions in addition to that already provided by the assimilated surface measurements.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Studies on Japanese Botryllid ascidians. II. A new species of the genus Botryllus from the vicinity of Shimoda. Morphology and life history of a new species of the genus Botryllus belonging to the family Botryllidae were described in detail. This ascidian was collected from the stony shore in the vicinity of Shimoda (Shizuoka prefecture, Japan). The arrangement of ovary and testis in this ascidian was the same as that in other species of the genus Botryllus, while the embryo developed in a brood pouch formed from the invagination of peribranchial epithelium, as in the other genus Botrylloides. The processes and features of the allorecognition reaction of this ascidian were observed. The reaction showed the same processes as that in the species of the genus Botrylloides. Therefore, this ascidian has both features of the two genera of the family Botryllidae, which strongly suggests the necessity of reconsidering on the classificatory criteria of botryllid ascidians.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Determinants of Insecticide Resistance Evolution: Comparative Analysis Among Heliothines. It is increasingly clear that pest species vary widely in their propensities to develop insecticide resistance. This review uses a comparative approach to analyze the key pest management practices and ecological and biochemical or genetic characteristics of the target that contribute to this variation. We focus on six heliothine species, three of which, Helicoverpa armigera, Heliothis virescens, and Helicoverpa zea, have developed resistances to many pesticide classes. The three others, Helicoverpa punctigera, Helicoverpa assulta, and Helicoverpa gelotopoeon, also significant pests, have developed resistance to very few pesticide classes. We find that host range and movement between alternate hosts are key ecological traits that influence effective selection intensities for resistance. Operational issues are also critical; area-wide, cross-pesticide management practices that account for these ecological factors are key to reducing selection intensity. Without such management, treatment using broad-spectrum chemicals serves to multiply the effects of host plant preference, preadaptive detoxification ability, and high genetic diversity to create a pesticide treadmill for the three high-propensity species. Without rigorous ongoing management, such a treadmill could still develop for newer, more selective chemistries and insecticidal transgenic crops.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "On predictive entrepreneurial action in uncertain, ill-structured conditions. Decision-making is at the heart of entrepreneurship. Unsurprisingly, entrepreneurship research has engaged with processes of entrepreneurial decision-making resulting, most importantly, in the notions of causation, effectuation, and enactment. Nevertheless, the range of processes delineated to date remains somewhat incomplete. Drawing on crucial insights from the analysis of decision problem structures reveals that entrepreneurship theory has lacked a process that both recognizes the ill-structuredness typically surrounding entrepreneurial decisions and places prognoses center stage. While effectuation implicitly addresses structural defects but denies prognoses a central role, causation emphasizes the importance of predictions while being associated with well-structured, risky environments, and thus, unaffected by structural defects. Theorizing about a combination thereof, that is, a process recognizing and considering the ill-structuredness of entrepreneurial environments yet building on predictions of the future is overdue. This paper, therefore, seeks to foster a more comprehensive yet nuanced understanding of entrepreneurial decision-making processes by outlining the intrinsic features of one such process that we termexecutionand relating it to existing processes.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "Protracted hiccups due to severe erosive esophagitis - A case series. Cases: We report 4 cases of prolonged hiccups in patients who failed to respond to initial treatment with abortive neurologic medications and who Subsequently improved on proton-pump inhibitors. Endoscopic examination revealed severe reflux esophagitis.Background: Hiccups although a common annoyance of life, have been linked with significant morbidity and even death. There are numerous causes of prolonged hiccups. including diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Hiccups are reported to represent ail atypical manifestation of gastroesophageal reflux disease.Conclusion: Hiccups are an atypical manifestation and may represent it more severe course of gastroesophageal reflux disease.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "PARIS - ROME - LONDON. INFORMATION AND PROPAGANDA CAMPAIGN FOR THE POLISH QUESTION PRIOR TO THE GREAT WAR (1907-14). The article reconstructs Polish information and propaganda campaigns in Western Europe in the run-up to the Great War. Those initiatives allowed the issues related to the Polish question, especially the persecution of Poles under the Prussian and Russian partitions, to be brought to public attention in the West. The authors trace the process of disseminating information to the intellectual communities of Paris, Rome and London based on participant accounts, reports, propaganda pamphlets, the press from the period and secondary literature. They conclude that propaganda campaigns reached a relatively narrow group of intellectuals, writers, members of the artistic community, journalists, and to a lesser extent, parliamentarians. Although the information campaign could not immediately alter the previously established stereotypes, its specifi c effects could be observed during the Great War and at the Paris Peace Conference.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "A probabilistic approach to measure hotel service quality. In this paper we present a probabilistic approach to the evaluation of hotel service quality. The proposed model stems from the need to provide hotel management with a diagnostic tool to evaluate and control the service quality from the customer satisfaction perspective. In order to manage a service effectively, its main quality 'elements' need to be evaluated, identifying suitable standards of comparison and verifying that the quality requirements are fulfilled. The quality elements of the hotel service can be classified into different categories. So the proposed model evaluates the contribution of each category to the hotel service quality level by identifying the logical structures which represent the relationships between them (the categories) and customer satisfaction. ne practical implementation of the model does not involve the customers but only some quality experts who are specifically instructed in simulating, in a short time, several contacts between customers and service. A practical application of the method to the hotel industry is analysed and discussed.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "Relevance of education in competitiveness. Education has been linked as a determinant of growth and in an expanded sense, of development. The emergence of new analytical levels as competitiveness considers understanding what the relevance of education in these new spaces is. This document makes a journey through theoretical approaches of the relationship between education and a concept of competitiveness in a broader sense than growth and development. It also presents a critical view of the emphasis given to education coverage by policy makers, even though the evidence shows that without quality of education, as a main determinant of competitiveness, the accomplishments that can be achieved are few. Finally, new realities facing competitiveness are presented as a further challenge to these critical areas.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Complexity theory and the War on Terror: understanding the self-organising dynamics of leaderless jihad. This article seeks to substantiate theoretically Marc Sageman's claims of a 'leaderless jihad' through the application of the conceptual framework offered by the novel scientific paradigm of complexity theory. It is argued that jihadist networks, such as those behind the September 11 attacks and the bombings in London and Madrid, can be profitably understood in terms of complex adaptive systems, emergent organisations that coalesce and self-organise in a decentralised fashion. Complexity sheds new light on the jihadist movement by providing an account of the bottom-up self-organisation of its networks and the systems of distributed intelligence which allow those networks to operate and pursue successful attacks on the basis of partial and localised information, and this despite the strenuous efforts at counter-terrorism deployed by states. Journal of International Relations and Development (2012) 15, 345-369. doi:10.1057/jird.2011.24; published online 4 November 2011", "label": [5, 47, 49]}
+{"token": "Why They Fight: How Perceived Motivations for Military Service Shape Support for the Use of Force. What shapes public support for military missions? Existing scholarship points to, on the one hand, individuals' affiliations and predispositions (such as political partisanship and gender), and, on the other hand, factors that shape a rational cost-benefit analysis (notably, mission objectives, the prospects for victory, and the magnitude and distribution of costs). We argue that public opinion is also shaped by beliefs about why soldiers voluntarily enlist. Using novel survey data and an experiment, deployed to a nationally representative sample of Americans, we test how four conceptions of soldiering affect support for a prospective military operation. We find, in observational data, that believing that a soldier is a good citizen or patriot bolsters support for the mission, while believing that a soldier has enlisted because he wants the material benefits of service or has \\\\'no other options\\\\' undermines support. These results support our causal argument: Americans' attitudes toward military missions are shaped by their perception of whether the soldier has consented to deployment rather than by feelings of social obligation. This article has implications for debates on the determinants of public support for military missions and the relationship between military service and citizenship in democracies.", "label": [5, 47, 49]}
+{"token": "Surgeon Specialty and Outcomes After Elective Spine Surgery. Study Design. Retrospective cohort analysis of prospectively collected clinical data.Objective. To compare outcomes of elective spine fusion and laminectomy when performed by neurological and orthopedic surgeons.Summary of Background Data. The relationship between primary specialty training and outcome of spinal surgery is unknown.Results. Diagnosis and procedure were the only factors that were found to be significantly different between surgical subspecialties in the full sample. We found that compared with patients who underwent NS, patients who underwent OS were more than twice as likely to experience prolonged length of stay (LOS) (odds ratio: 2.6, 95% confidence interval: 2.4-2.8), and significantly more likely to receive a transfusion perioperatively, have complications, and to require discharge with continued care. After matching, patients who underwent OS continued to have slightly higher odds for prolonged LOS, and twice the odds for receiving perioperative transfusion compared with patients who underwent NS. Taking into account perioperative transfusion did not eliminate the difference in LOS between patients who underwent OS and those who underwent NS.Methods. We analyzed the 2006 to 2012 American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Project database of 50,361 patients, 33,235 (66%) of which were operated on by a neurosurgeon. We eliminated all differences in preoperative and intraoperative risk factors between surgical specialties by matching 17,126 patients who underwent orthopedic surgery (OS) to 17,126 patients who underwent neurosurgery (NS) on propensity scores. Regular and conditional logistic regressions were used to predict adverse postoperative outcomes in the full sample and matched sample, respectively. The effect of perioperative transfusion on outcomes was further assessed in the matched sample.Conclusion. Patients operated on by OS have twice the odds for undergoing perioperative transfusion and slightly increased odds for prolonged LOS. Other differences between surgical specialties in 30-day postoperative outcomes were minimal. Analysis of a large, multi-institutional sample of prospectively collected clinical data suggests that surgeon specialty has limited influence on short-term outcomes after elective spine surgery.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Ending up in pizza: Accountability as a problem of institutional arrangement in Brazil. Brazilians often complain that investigations of corruption by public servants drag on for years or bring few legal sanctions on the perpetrators. This lack of accountability is so pervasive that a slang phrase, acabou em pizza, is often invoked when investigations are inconclusive. This article investigates the role of four Brazilian public institutions charged with keeping public servants accountable. For analysis, it breaks the accountability process into its three component stages: oversight, investigation, and sanction. Through a study of six prominent cases of corruption, it shows that the weakness of the accountability process in Brazil is due not entirely to the toothlessness of individual institutions of accountability, but also to the independence of such institutions at each of the three stages. These findings suggest that institutional arrangements influence the degree of accountability, and thereby also public trust and confidence, in Latin America's largest democracy.", "label": [5, 47, 49]}
+{"token": "Reproductive aspects of Mugil curema (Perciformes: Mugilidae) in two areas of Baja California Sur, Mexico. The white mullet Mugil curema is one of the main species that exploits the artisanal fishery on the Mexican Pacific coast. Addressing the reproductive aspects of species by fishing area will reduce bias in evaluating the status of their populations. The objective of the present study was to describe the reproductive cycle and estimate some biological parameters of the white mullet in two fishing sites on the coast of Baja California Sur. Monthly, samples from the catch were obtained in Bahia de La Paz (BLP) and Bahia Magdalena (BM), during 2010-2013. Gonadal maturation process was histologically analyzed and the reproductive cycle was described. Gonadosomatic index (GSI), condition factor (CF), hepatosomatic index (HSI), the weight-length relationship and average length of sexual maturity (L50%) were estimated. The size of the fish varied between 244 and 455 mm in total length (LT). Females were more abundant (> 70%), large and heavy than males at both fishing sites. A reproductive pattern was identified with two annual peaks in BLP (March-June and October-November) and one in BM (April-August). A similar pattern of GSI, CF and HSI by sex was identified at both sites. The white mullet showed negative growth allometry, features of total spawning, synchronous gonadal development by groups and an L50% higher in females than males. It is recommended to readjust the closure period by fishing site and based on the L50% be cautious in the mesh size of the fishing nets.Resumen.- La liseta Mugil curema esta entre las principales especies que explota la pesqueria artesanal en la costa mexicana del Oceano Pacifico. Abordar aspectos reproductivos de las especies por zona de pesca reducira el sesgo en la evaluacion del estado de sus poblaciones. El objetivo del presente estudio fue describir el ciclo reproductivo y estimar algunos parametros biologicos de la liseta en dos sitios de pesca de la costa de Baja California Sur. Mensualmente, se muestreo la captura de Bahia de La Paz (BLP) y Bahia Magdalena (BM), durante 2010-2013. Se analizo histologicamente la maduracion gonadal y se describio el ciclo reproductivo. Se estimaron, el indice gonadosomatico (IGS), factor de condicion (FC), indice hepatosomatico (IHS), la relacion peso-longitud y longitud promedio de madurez sexual (L50%). La longitud total de los peces vario entre 244 y 455 mm. Las hembras fueron mas abundantes, grandes y pesadas que los machos en ambos sitios de pesca. Se identifico un patron reproductivo con dos maximos", "label": [4, 42, 36]}
+{"token": "A Hybrid Least-square Support Vector Machine Approach to Incipient Fault Detection for Oil-immersed Power Transformer. In this article, incipient fault detection methods using a novel hybrid classifier are developed for dissolved gas analysis of oil-immersed power transformers. New fault features are derived by analyzing various industry standards of dissolved gas analysis. Two effective data pre-processing methods are employed for improving diagnosis accuracies. Bootstrap is first utilized to equalize sample numbers of different fault types, and then the logarithmic transform is applied to generate additional classification features. In experiments, a least-square support vector machine, support vector machine, and support vector data description are developed as fault classifiers, and the optimal parameters of the three classifiers are obtained using particle swarm optimization. A comprehensive comparison is made regarding the performance of the three support vector machine based classifiers for the first time in the area of dissolved gas analysis. Moreover, classification boundaries are illustrated to provide an in-depth understanding upon the performance of each classifier with clear visualization figures. The results indicate that least-square support vector machine can significantly improve the diagnosis accuracy of dissolved gas analysis along with the proposed pre-processing methods.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Re-searching Ethics: Towards a More Reflexive Critical Management Studies. Fournier and Grey (2000) suggest that those inhabiting the contested terrain of Critical Management Studies (CMS) share a commitment to identifying inequality and subordination in organizations and to the associated possibility of emancipation, however this is conceived. Despite their additional claim that one crucial distinction between critical and non-critical management studies is the 'philosophical and methodological reflexivity' of the former (Fournier and Grey 2000:19) our review indicates limits to this reflexivity in CMS's empirical practices - indeed, we argue these may even be counter-productive with regard to its political allegiances. To encourage wider discussion of these issues, we provide a tripartite framework of understandings of research ethics drawn from within and outside the management academy, and interrogate the opportunities and limitations of each for enriching CMS research.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "The categorical relational process mechanism in enactment learning: effects of divided attention and categorical cues. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of divided attention and the notification of categorical cues on the categorical relational processing of an enactment paradigm. In this study, we conducted a 3 (encoding condition: verbal tasks vs. experimenter-performed tasks vs. subject-performed tasks) x 2 (attention state: full attention vs. divided attention) x 2 (cue notification condition: with notification vs. without notification) mixed design to explore these questions. Our data analysis showed that the categorical relational processing of subject-performed tasks was not significantly disrupted by divided attention regardless of whether categorical cues were provided. Additionally, categorical cues did not help effectively resist the reduction effects of divided attention in experimenter-performed tasks and verbal tasks. These findings suggest that subject-performed tasks mainly relied on automatic categorical relational encoding processes, minimally disrupted by divided attention.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Viral metagenomics of aphids present in bean and maize plots on mixed-use farms in Kenya reveals the presence of three dicistroviruses including a novel Big Sioux River virus-like dicistrovirus. Conclusions: The discovery of ALPV and RhPV in aphids and maize further demonstrates the broad occurrence of these dicistroviruses. Dicistroviruses are remarkable in that they use plants as reservoirs that facilitate infection of their insect replicative hosts, such as aphids. This is the first report of these viruses being isolated from either organism. The BSRV-like sequences represent a potentially novel dicistrovirus infecting A. fabae.Results: Cytochrome oxidase 1 (CO1) gene sequencing showed that Aphis fabae was the sole aphid species present in bean plots in the farms visited. Sequencing of total RNA from aphids using the Illumina platform detected three dicistroviruses. Maize leaf RNA was also analysed. Identification of Aphid lethal paralysis virus (ALPV), Rhopalosiphum padi virus (RhPV), and a novel Big Sioux River virus (BSRV)-like dicistrovirus in aphid and maize samples was confirmed using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactions and sequencing of amplified DNA products. Phylogenetic, nucleotide and protein sequence analyses of eight ALPV genomes revealed evidence of intra-species recombination, with the data suggesting there may be two ALPV lineages. Analysis of BSRV-like virus genomic RNA sequences revealed features that are consistent with other dicistroviruses and that it is phylogenetically closely related to dicistroviruses of the genus Cripavirus.Background: Aphids are major vectors of plant viruses. Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) are important crops that are vulnerable to aphid herbivory and aphid-transmitted viruses. In East and Central Africa, common bean is frequently intercropped by smallholder farmers to provide fixed nitrogen for cultivation of starch crops such as maize. We used a PCR-based technique to identify aphids prevalent in smallholder bean farms and next generation sequencing shotgun metagenomics to examine the diversity of viruses present in aphids and in maize leaf samples. Samples were collected from farms in Kenya in a range of agro-ecological zones.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "AN INFANT WITH DELETION OF THE DISTAL LONG ARM OF CHROMOSOME 15 (Q26.1-]QTER) AND LOSS OF INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR-I RECEPTOR GENE. We reported on an infant with a previously undescribed chromosome 15 deletion (q26.1-->qter) and compare the clinical findings with those of 7 reported patients with deletions of distal 15q, as well as ring chromosome 15 syndrome patients. Most of the patients with deletions of distal 15q, including our patient, have intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), microcephaly, abnormal face and ears, micrognathia, highly arched palate, renal abnormalities, lung hypoplasia, failure to thrive and developmental delay/mental retardation. Several genes have been assigned to the 15q25-->qter region, including insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R). DNA analysis from our patient documented the loss of one IGF1R gene copy. Our study further localizes the IGF1R gene distal to the 15q26.1 band. It is interesting to speculate that the severe IUGR and postnatal growth deficiency of our patient and other patients with similar chromosome 15 deletions are related to the loss of an IGF1R gene copy which may lead to an abnormal number and/or structure of the receptors.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Encounter-based approach to diffusion with resetting. An encounter-based approach consists in using the boundary local time as a proxy for the number of encounters between a diffusing particle and a target to implement various surface reaction mechanisms on that target. In this paper, we investigate the effects of stochastic resetting onto diffusion-controlled reactions in bounded confining domains. We first discuss the effect of position resetting onto the propagator and related quantities; in this way, we retrieve a number of earlier results but also provide complementary insights into them. Second, we introduce boundary local time resetting and investigate its impact. Curiously, we find that this type of resetting does not alter the conventional propagator governing the diffusive dynamics in the presence of a partially reactive target with a constant reactivity. In turn, the generalized propagator for other surface reaction mechanisms can be significantly affected. Our general results are illustrated for diffusion on an interval with reactive end points. Further perspectives and some open problems are discussed.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Addressing the agricultural financing gap in Malaysia via Manihah Agricultural Financing Model: will Islamic banks go the extra mile?. Purpose This paper introduces the concept of manihah and develops a conceptual framework to address Malaysia's abandoned lands and food security issues. Design/methodology/approach This is a conceptual paper based on insights from the existing literature and secondary data on food security, abandoned lands and manihah. Based on the prevailing gaps, the study proposes a conceptual framework of the Manihah Agricultural Financing Model to address Malaysia's abandoned land and food security issues. Findings The proposed model can address abandoned lands and food security issues due to the new incorporation of manihah within Malaysia's agricultural and Islamic financial industries' milieu. Research limitations/implications This is a conceptual paper mainly intended to spark a discussion on the potentiality of manihah. Practical implications The paper contends that Islamic banks have a crucial role in furthering the socio-economic development agenda under the value-based intermediation (VBI). The paper will also be an excellent introduction to Islamic bank practitioners in understanding manihah's relevance to their daily operation. Originality/value This paper introduces manihah as the potential solution to food security issues by utilizing abandoned lands.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Going limp': The Practice and Mise en Scene of Vulnerability as Activist Strategy for Civil Disobedience Actions in the United States. This article focuses on physical non-cooperation - aka \\\\'going limp\\\\' - during civil disobedience arrests in the United States. It contends that by performing refusal, activists deploy their vulnerability as a strategic tool. Going limp allows us to rethink and go beyond the labels that define resistance as \\\\'active\\\\' and \\\\'passive\\\\' and tend to obscure how complex action repertoires are, especially when used by so-called minorities. These labels also tend to erase agency and portray civil disobedience as a moral and selfless act, which contributes to depoliticizing the practice. Resisting arrest by going limp disrupts the separation between the public and private spheres, demonstrating that bodies do not have equal access and claim to public space and that bodily and emotional experience shape activist commitment.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Still supplementation: Stan Douglas's Cuba photographs. Focusing closely on the incorporation of photographs into Stan Douglas's media installations, this essay argues that the relationship between photography and film in his work is more complex than critics have acknowledged. Drawing on Jacques Derrida's concept of the 'supplement' as a necessary addition, both inside and outside specific forms, it contends that Douglas's use of photography is an integral part of his film works and installations and functions to foreground stillness as a theme. In doing so, the Cuba Photos undermine the seeming finality of still images and ironically reveal the end of faith in historical progress. While scholarship on circulation, following John Tagg's pioneering research, has emphasised Michel Foucault's concern with the historical construction of ideological meaning, the supplement in Douglas's work invites us to interrogate the very category of history by foregrounding the notion of re-construction. Approaching the relationship between photography and film in terms of the supplement offers a provocative way of understanding the significance of photographic circulation.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Diagnosis of Second-Order Turbulent Properties of the Surface Layer for Three-Dimensional Flow Based on the Mellor-Yamada Model. Accurate representation of heterogeneous surface layer processes is essential for numerical weather prediction (NWP) with sub-kilometer grid spacing. NWP models such as the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model generally use second-moment turbulent models for parameterizing the planetary boundary layer (PBL). The most common parameterizations follow Mellor-Yamada and account for the vertical turbulent mixing only; that is, standard PBL parameterizations are one-dimensional (1DPBL). The horizontal diffusion of momentum is parameterized based on Smagorinsky's model for numerical stability. Although the combination of 1DPBL and 2D Smagorinsky parameterizations is successful at coarse grid resolutions (e.g., grid-size dx similar to 12-2 km), it does not represent well the effect of horizontal turbulence as gridcell size decreases (<1 km). To reconcile the representation of vertical and horizontal turbulent mixing, a full three-dimensional PBL scheme (3DPBL) based on the Mellor-Yamada model was implemented in WRF. The 3DPBL uses the horizontal and vertical turbulent fluxes diagnosed from the flow gradients to handle the turbulent mixing. These gradients cannot be directly calculated near the surface. Therefore, the 3DPBL parameterization is coupled herein to a second-order diagnostic model of the three-dimensional turbulent fluxes in the surface layer. Several adjustments to the original Mellor-Yamada model, including a modified length scale, were introduced to capture flow anisotropy and dependence on stability conditions. The results are compared against data from the Wind Forecast Improvement Project 2 (WFIP2) for different weather regimes and using different grid resolutions to examine stability and scale dependency.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Tactic responses to pollutants and their potential to increase biodegradation efficiency. A significant number of bacterial strains are able to use toxic aromatic hydrocarbons as carbon and energy sources. In a number of cases, the evolution of the corresponding degradation pathway was accompanied by the evolution of tactic behaviours either towards or away from these toxic carbon sources. Reports are reviewed which show that a chemoattraction to heterogeneously distributed aromatic pollutants increases the bioavailability of these compounds and their biodegradation efficiency. An extreme form of chemoattraction towards aromatic pollutants, termed hyperchemotaxis', was described for Pseudomonas putida DOT-T1E, which is based on the action of the plasmid-encoded McpT chemoreceptor. Cells with this phenotype were found of being able to approach and of establishing contact with undiluted crude oil samples. Although close McpT homologues are found on other degradation plasmids, the sequence of their ligand-binding domains does not share significant similarity with that of NahY, the other characterized chemoreceptor for aromatic hydrocarbons. This may suggest the existence of at least two families of chemoreceptors for aromatic pollutants. The use of receptor chimers comprising the ligand-binding region of McpT for biosensing purposes is discussed.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 40]}
+{"token": "A meta-analysis of particle water uptake reconciliation studies. Water uptake by aerosol particles controls their ability to form cloud droplets, and reconciliation between different techniques for examining cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) properties is important to our understanding of these processes and our ability to measure and predict them. Reconciliation between measurements of sub-saturated and supersaturated aerosol particle water uptake was attempted at a wide range of locations between 2007 and 2013. The agreement in derived number of CCN (N-CCN) or particle hygroscopicity was mixed across the projects, with some data sets showing poor agreement across all supersaturations and others agreeing within errors for at least some of the supersaturation range. The degree of reconciliation did not seem to depend on the environment in which the measurements were taken. The discrepancies can only be attributable to differences in the chemical behaviour of aerosols and gases in each instrument, leading to under-or overestimated growth factors and/or CCN counts, though poorer reconciliation at lower supersaturations can be attributed to uncertainties in the size distribution at the threshold diameter found at these supersaturations. From a single instrument, the variability in N-CCN calculated using particle hygroscopicity or size distribution averaged across a project demonstrates a greater sensitivity to variation in the size distribution than chemical composition in most of the experiments. However, the discrepancies between instruments indicate a strong requirement for reliable quantification of CCN in line with an improved understanding of the physical processes involved in their measurement. Without understanding the reason for discrepancies in the measurements, it is questionable whether quantification of CCN behaviour is meaningful.", "label": [4, 5, 36, 47]}
+{"token": "Pareto Efficiency and Allocative Efficiency. The article analyses the conceptual relation between Pareto efficiency (\\\\'at lease someone is better-off and no one is worse-off\\\\') and allocative efficiency (\\\\'consumer welfare is maximized\\\\'). In particular, it points out that voluntary exchanges are not always Pareto efficient for the contracting parties and that not all Pareto efficient exchanges are allocative efficient. The latter result highlights a tension in the conceptual foundations of mainstream economic analysis of law: on the one hand, Pareto efficiency is generally considered an unsustainably strict normative criterion and Kaldor-Hicks efficiency is preferred; on the other, the allocative efficiency of markets is praised.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "(Dis-)honesty: Measuring overcharging in a real-world marker. The present research investigates the occurrence of honest vs. dishonest behavior in a real-world competitive retail market involving the sales of loose candy that is priced according to a pay-per-weight scheme. Our results provide evidence for a high degree of honesty among sellers. There are only a few cases of overcharging, in particular when scales are hidden from the buyer (Study 1). Further details suggest that many sellers are consistently honest over repeated sales, and that honesty is robust to the appearance of the buyer or the amount that was purchased (Study 2). We discuss sellers' concerns for reputation as a plausible explanation for our results. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Extensional imprecision and intensional inaccuracy: the 'true' grammar. In this paper the semantic and syntactic properties of current Spanish cierto are throughly described and analysed. It is first shown that cierto, in addition to being a qualifying adjective in some contexts, behaves as a determiner in the sequence <cierto+N> and is a predicate when preceded by a determiner <Det+cierto+N>. It is also shown that determiner cierto is an inherently specific indefinite, whereas predicative cierto is an intensional adjective, and it is argued that cierto denotes vagueness in both cases, i.e. extensional vagueness in the former and intensional vagueness in the latter. Moreover, some relevant facts on historical and cross-linguistic variation are addressed, and the behaviour of determiner otro is compared with that of other lexical specificity markers, such as determinado(s), en concreto and en particular.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "On a module containment theorem of piecewise continuous almost periodic functions and its application. This paper is concentrated on giving a module containment theorem for piecewise continuous almost periodic functions (pcap function for short). One first analyses the relationship between the translation number set and some Fourier exponents of a pcap function. And then, combining with Kronecker's theorem, a module containment theorem for a pcap function is established for the first time. As an application, the module structure of a pcap solution for an impulsive differential equation is characterized. Some remarks and a corollary are given to show the advantage of the module containment theorem.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Metabolic measures 12 months after a randomised controlled trial of treatment of clozapine associated obesity and diabetes with exenatide (CODEX). Clozapine is associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Glucagon-like-peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists such as exenatide can counter clozapine-associated GLP-1 dysregulation. Our 24-week randomized, controlled, open-label, pilot trial of once-weekly extended-release subcutaneous exenatide or usual care (CODEX) (n = 28), found exenatide was associated with significantly greater weight loss. We examined whether this effect was maintained at 12-months post-intervention. We followed up CODEX trial participants at 12-months post trial endpoint, collecting information on weight, BMI, waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting glucose, HbA1c, and use of metformin. The primary outcome of interest was change in weight from trial baseline to 12-months post endpoint and trial endpoint to 12-months post endpoint compared between former exenatide and usual care participants. Only HbAlc differed between baseline and 12-months post endpoint between the exenatide and control groups. From endpoint to 12-month follow up there were significantly greater increases among the former exenatide versus former usual care participants for weight, BMI, HbA1c and proportion with > 5% weight gain. Stratifying results by whether participants used metformin post trial did not alter proportion with > 5% weight gain. Although there were no significant differences in weight and BMI between baseline and 12-month post endpoint, there were significant increases in weight and BMI in the 12 months post endpoint for the former exenatide group. This was irrespective of metformin use and is in keeping with studies of other GLP-1RA agents. Further studies on GLP-1RAs use beyond 24 weeks for people with clozapine associated weight gain are needed.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Do Arctic Hares Play Parrondo's Games?. We remark on Nelson and Masel's (2017, 2018) papers [Intercellular competition and the inevitability of multicellular aging, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 114 (2017) 12982-12987; Reply to Cheong et al.: Unicellular survival precludes Parrondo's paradox, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 115 (2018) E5260, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1806709115], addressing the connection between the published work and the game-theoretic Parrondo's paradox. The Parrondo's paradox refers to the phenomenon of achieving winning outcomes by playing two losing games in a random or deterministic order, and is intimately related to flashing Brownian ratchets with applications in physics, engineering and biology. In this paper, we raise important considerations and intricacies pertaining to the paradox, for the benefit of future Parrondo-related research.", "label": [4, 32, 38]}
+{"token": "Spatio-temporal modelling of the first Chikungunya epidemic in an intra-urban setting: The role of socioeconomic status, environment and temperature. Viruses transmitted by the Aedes mosquitoes represent a major public health concern. With the abundance of the mosquito and susceptible human population, the entry of new Aedes-transmitted viruses brings the risk of large epidemics. The first-ever chikungunya epidemic in Rio de Janeiro city, Brazil, happened in 2016. We used information neighbourhood information on the environment, socioeconomic status, and weekly temperature, to study the disease spread within the city. Our results show that better socioeconomic status plays a major role in preventing the disease, with poorer areas being affected first and harder by the epidemic. This highlights that improving sanitary and socioeconomic conditions is essential for Aedes-borne diseases prevention and control. The temperature increased the risk of chikungunya cases, and this effect persisted for longer in areas where the epidemic was concentrated. This indicates that interventions should be designed to be long-lasting in such locations. Our results contribute to understanding better the dynamics of a first urban Aedes-borne disease epidemic in a tropical metropolitan city, with the potential to help design better interventions for disease prevention and control.Three key elements are the drivers of Aedes-borne disease: mosquito infestation, virus circulating, and susceptible human population. However, information on these aspects is not easily available in low- and middle-income countries. We analysed data on factors that influence one or more of those elements to study the first chikungunya epidemic in Rio de Janeiro city in 2016. Using spatio-temporal models, under the Bayesian framework, we estimated the association of those factors with chikungunya reported cases by neighbourhood and week. To estimate the minimum temperature effect in a non-linear fashion, we used a transfer function considering an instantaneous effect and propagation of a proportion of such effect to future times. The sociodevelopment index and the proportion of green areas (areas with agriculture, swamps and shoals, tree and shrub cover, and woody-grass cover) were included in the model with time-varying coefficients, allowing us to explore how their associations with the number of cases change throughout the epidemic. There were 13627 chikungunya cases in the study period. The sociodevelopment index presented the strongest association, inversely related to the risk of cases. Such association was more pronounced in the first weeks, indicating that socioeconomically vulnerable neighbourhoods were affected first and hardest by the epidemic. The proportion of green areas effect was null for most weeks. The temperature was directly associated with the risk of chikungunya for most neighbourhoods, with different decaying patterns. The temperature effect persisted longer where the epidemic was concentrated. In such locations, interventions should be designed to be continuous and to work in the long term. We observed that the role of the covariates changes over time. Therefore, time-varying coefficients should be widely incorporated when modelling Aedes-borne diseases. Our model contributed to the understanding of the spatio-temporal dynamics of an urban Aedes-borne disease introduction in a tropical metropolitan city.Author summary", "label": [2, 17, 21, 24]}
+{"token": "STEM educated women entrepreneurs in Denmark, Latvia and Turkey: a context-based explorative study. The number of women entrepreneurs has increased significantly over the past years. However, literature suggests that women from science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields are inadequately represented in this growing trend. Meanwhile, the circumstances which cause this underrepresentation have not yet been sufficiently analysed. To help fill this gap, this paper focuses on women's entrepreneurship in specific educational and country contexts, acknowledging that relations between these factors play a crucial role in entrepreneurship. By means of an explorative approach, 21 interviews with seven STEM educated women entrepreneurs from Denmark, Latvia and Turkey have been conducted and analysed with a qualitative content analysis. The results show the main motivations, challenges, and support sources for the women entrepreneurs, and provide important advice for future women entrepreneurs as well as for policy makers to increase the number of STEM educated women on the national level.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "Vi antigen expression in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi clinical isolates from Pakistan. The accurate identification of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi variants that fail to express the capsular polysaccharide, Vi, is an important and much discussed issue for medical microbiology. We have tested a multiplex PCR method which shows the presence or absence of the genetic locus required for Vi expression. Of 2,222 Salmonella serovar Typhi clinical isolates collected from patients' blood over a 4-year period in a region of Pakistan where typhoid is endemic, 12 tested negative for Vi expression by serological agglutination. However, only 1 of these 12 was Vi negative by the multiplex PCR method. This result was confirmed by immunofluorescence, the most sensitive method for Vi characterization in Salmonella serovar Typhi. The multiplex PCR described therefore represents a simple and accurate method for surveillance for Vi-negative variants of Salmonella serovar Typhi in Pakistan. Testing of clinical isolates of Salmonella serovar Typhi, before subculture, from other regions where Vi-negative Salmonella serovar Typhi has been described should be carried out so that the impact of vaccination with purified Vi antigen on the levels of Vi-negative Salmonella serovar Typhi in bacterial populations can be assessed.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Temporal dynamic of a ground beetle community of Eastern Alps (Coleoptera Carabidae). Ground-beetles are often used in biodiversity assessment and conservation plans as they are easily captured, are taxonomically well known, and respond to changes in habitat structure. An investigation of carabid beetle communities of a managed spruce forest in eastern Alps (Cadore, Veneto region, Italy) was carried out. Samples were collected by pitfall traps from May to September (2013). We positioned the pitfall traps across different sample units (i.e. forest stands), at an elevation between 800 and 1500 m a.s.l. We sampled 22 species of Carabidae and 7,420 individuals. We investigated the phenology appearance of adult Carabidae to understand the temporal variation in species richness, diversity, and community composition. The study of the variation of species composition along time and the ecological structure of carabids assemblages during sample sessions allow to understand temporal dynamics of each structural parameters of communities and to analyse in detail how the ground beetle communities arrange across time. We observed a great species replacement during the season, with different species showing different temporal patterns of activity. This temporal information could be useful for management plans and for further studies on ecological communities of beetles to plan sampling programme because allow understanding how local communities arrange along season.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Paul Would Be Proud: The New Testament and Jewish-Gentile Respect. The article analyzes Jewish-Catholic relations with respect to New Testament interpretation, the apostle Paul, and theology. In the New Testament era, Paul promoted God's openness to Gentiles. In recent decades, increasing numbers of Jewish scholars have engaged the New Testament and specifically Paul's letters. This has called forth, for the most part, Christian hospitality toward Jewish interpretations. But the opportunities of this renewed relationship also bring new challenges for cultivating respect; the latter part of this article addresses four of these contemporary biblical, liturgical, legal, and theological topics.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Fascism and legal culture. This article attempts to explain how legal history has painted the relationship between fascism and juridical culture. First and foremost, the problem of the authors is considered, given that, for many years, the history of legal culture was written not by law historians but by scholars of current law. Secondly, the article evaluates how the historical works conceived two different expressions of legal culture during Fascism: on the one hand were the so called \\\\'regime jurists\\\\'-which is to say jurists who agreed with the fascist idea of totalitarian State, and who made their contribution to focus on the juridical boundaries of that idea; on the other hand were the so called technical jurists, namely the jurists who continued, throughout the fascist age, to use the theoretical instruments typical of the prior liberal legal order.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "From figures to people. The population of San Vicente (Buenos Aires) according to Argentina's First National Census (1869). Census data from the First National Census (1869) of Saint Vincent Partido (Buenos Aires) will allow us to address a number of aspects regarding the population, such as productive activities and their development from the early nineteenth century onwards. These aspects will be analysed by parameter, including place of residence (rural or urban), gender and birth place. Beyond purely quantitative aspects, levels of illegitimacy and literacy, type of dwelling and areas of residence will also allow us to understand what lies beneath certain present-day cultural issues, thereby providing a better picture of this rural area at the time when immigrants began to enter the country en masse.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "TROPES AND PHYSICS. This paper looks at quantum theory and the Standard Model of elementary particles with a view to suggesting a detailed empirical implementation of trope ontology in harmony with our best physics.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Phylogenetic detection of novel Cryptomycota in an Iowa (United States) aquifer and from previously collected marine and freshwater targeted high-throughput sequencing sets. Fungi are everywhere and interact with humans in countless ways, but a large group of fungi called 'Cryptomycota' has escaped detection until very recently. Still, the extent of diversity and ecological habits of this group remain largely unknown. We interrogated publically available 18S rRNA gene datasets, obtained via high-throughput sequencing from marine and freshwater samples, for Cryptomycota sequences. Contrary to previous work, we found evidence of substantial Cryptomycota diversity in the marine upper water column. Additionally, we produced a sequencing set from a groundwater aquifer, an environment unrepresented among 18S rRNA gene pyrosequencing sets. The Cryptomycota community in this aquifer sample appears distinct from the community in both freshwater and marine environments with evidence of a unique aquifer clade. This study significantly expands the boundary of known Cryptomycota sequence diversity and characterizes the phylogenetic distribution of this diversity in aquatic environments. Furthermore, the approach utilized is generalizable to discovery of novel microeukaryotic diversity from any lineage.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Passive Voice and the Language of Translation: A Comparable Corpus-Based Study of Modern Greek Popular Science Articles. Little research has been conducted so far into the translation-specific features that are dependent on both the source and the target language. This study aims at examining whether Modern Greek translated popular science articles differ from non-translated ones by being closer to the source language, which is English, in terms of the frequency and the word order of the passive voice constructions. This is one of the few Modern Greek studies that use a comparable corpus in order to better understand the nature of the translation practice. The corpus analysed consists of Modern Greek popular science articles and is divided into two subcorpora: the translated language corpus and the non-translated language corpus. The study indicates that there is substantial evidence that Modern Greek articles employ some translation-specific features which are dependent on the source language, at least in terms of some passive voice features. More importantly, it suggests that the non-translated texts tend to be similar to the translated ones, which are in turn closer to the English source texts. Even though it is early to conclude that translation encourages the different usage of particular linguistic features in non-translated texts, the data provide indirect evidence that translation is a potential field of language contact with important consequences.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "A broad read of Ely: Political process theory for fragile democracies. This article, part of a symposium on the fortieth anniversary of John Hart Ely's Democracy and Distrust, contrasts two reads of Ely's political process theory. The narrow read, which focuses on keeping clear the channels of political change and protecting discrete and insular minorities, stems from Ely's focus on the twentieth-century United States. However, when Ely's work is transplanted into the context of fragile democracies in danger of lapsing into authoritarianism and with serial political dysfunction, a broader read emerges. This article develops a typology of functions that courts play under a broad read, in addition to the traditional focus on protecting discrete and insular minorities: guarding against democratic breakdown, improving the quality of democratic institutions, and responding to failures of political institutions impacting majoritarian groups. The article also shows that although the broad read of Ely raises new problems, it offers a useful guide to theorists and courts.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Strain energy spectral density and information content of materials deformation. A broader range of analytical tools can enhance understanding of the unusual mechanical properties of meta materials and other advanced material systems. Here, we discuss a mechanics analogue of the Parseval's energy theorem that leads to a density of the strain energy in the reciprocal space. It reflects the ways for an elastic medium to translate static deformation patterns between two points in space. A normalized spectral density also provides an information entropy of deformation at those points. Both differential and discrete (numerical) entropies of the Shannon's type are discussed. Spectral entropy is a basic measure of information available in the material interior about surface loads, or a measure of disorder introduced into elastic medium by the deformation. An exact analytical entropy function is derived for an isotropic plane solid under Gauss-distributed and point loads. Approaches to numerical calculation of spectral entropy in computational solid mechanics are also discussed. Energy spectral density and spectral entropy of an elastic continuum is shown to translate, logically, in agreement with the Saint-Venant's principle. However, it also becomes clear that microstructured media may demonstrate anomalous pathways of evolution of the strain energy spectrum, enabling interesting transformation mechanics studies of engineered material systems.", "label": [1, 15, 12]}
+{"token": "Characterization and Calibration of High-Energy Electron Instruments Onboard the Arase Satellite. This study investigates the characterization and calibration of the high-energy electron experiments (HEP) instrument onboard the exploration of energization and radiation in geospace (ERG). Two detector modules, HEP-L and HEP-H, which employ stacks of multichannel silicon strip detectors, detect electrons in the energy ranges of 70 keV-1 MeV and 700 keV-2 MeV, respectively. The detector response to electron irradiation needs to be assessed to obtain accurate electron fluxes from these detectors. In this study, we perform Monte Carlo simulations using the Geant4 particle simulation tool to reconstruct incident electron fluxes from detected count rates. Based on the simulation results, we investigate the response characteristics of the detectors when electrons with a certain range of energy are irradiated onto them. A response function is constructed by combining the simulation results for different incident energies. A response matrix is calculated by binning the response function according to the energy channels of the detector, and an inverse matrix derived from the response matrix is used to calibrate the observational data. Compared with the data obtained from another electron instrument onboard the Arase satellite (MEP-e), whose energy range overlaps with that of the HEP, the differential flux data for the overlapping energy range (85-95 keV) are consistent with each other. The basic characteristics of the HEP detectors are thus confirmed to provide well-calibrated data.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Hadronic gamma-ray emission from windy microquasars. The jets of microquasars with high-mass stellar companions are exposed to the dense matter field of the stellar wind. We present estimates of the gamma-ray emission expected from the jet-wind hadronic interaction and we discuss the detectability of the phenomenon at high energies. The proposed mechanism could explain some of the unidentified gamma-ray sources detected by EGRET instrument on the galactic plane.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "Adaptive target detection with a polarization-sensitive optical system. We developed an adaptive polarimetric target detector (APTD) to determine the optimum combination strategy for a multichannel polarization-sensitive optical system. The proposed algorithm is based on scene-derived polarization properties of the target and background, and it seeks to find an optimum multichannel combination of linear polarizing filters that maximizes the signal-to-clutter ratio (SCR) in intensity and Stokes parameter images. The algorithm is validated by performing RX anomaly detection and a generalized likelihood ratio test on both synthetic and real imagery. The experimental results are analyzed through calculated SCR and receiver operating characteristic curves. Compared with several conventional operation methods, we find that better target detection performance is achieved with the APTD algorithm. (C) 2011 Optical Society of America", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "The comparative effect of direct written corrective feedback and metalinguistic explanation on learners' explicit and implicit knowledge of the English indefinite article. The study extends current work on written error feedback in writing in two ways. First, it examines whether it has an effect on adult ESL learners' L2 implicit and explicit knowledge. Second, the study compares the effect of one common type of feedback - direct corrective feedback (DCF) - with an alternative type of error feedback - the provision of. metalinguistic explanation (ME). The effect of these two types of error feedback was measured by an Error Correction Test (ECT) and by examining the accuracy of use of the target feature (the English indefinite article) in both a revised text and in new pieces of writing by 49 lbw-intermediate ESL students in an intensive language programme in the United States. In addition, eye-tracking data and self-reports elicited from the learners provided information about the use that they made of the DCF and ME. It was found that the DCF had no effect on accurate use of the target feature suggesting that it benefited neither implicit nor explicit knowledge. In contrast, the ME led to gains in accuracy in the ECT and in a new piece of writing completed immediately after the treatment but not in a second new text completed two weeks later. These results are interpreted as indicating that the ME helped to develop learners' L2 explicit knowledge but that the effect was not durable and thus probably had no effect on their implicit knowledge. Learners' self-reports indicate that the learners receiving the DCF did not develop awareness of the rule whereas those receiving the ME did and were able to use it when revising their original text. These findings tire discussed from the perspective of both SLA theory and language pedagogy and suggestions for further research are put forward. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Competition between cheatgrass and bluebunch wheatgrass is altered by temperature, resource availability, and atmospheric CO2 concentration. Global change drivers (elevated atmospheric CO2, rising surface temperatures, and changes in resource availability) have significant consequences for global plant communities. In the northern sagebrush steppe of North America, the invasive annual grass Bromus tectorum (cheatgrass) is expected to benefit from projected warmer and drier conditions, as well as increased CO2 and nutrient availability. In growth chambers, we addressed this expectation using two replacement series experiments designed to test competition between B. tectorum and the native perennial bunchgrass Pseudoroegneria spicata. In the first experiment, we tested the effects of elevated temperature, decreased water and increased nutrient availability, on competition between the two species. In the second, we tested the effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 and decreased water availability on the competitive dynamic. In both experiments, under all conditions, P. spicata suppressed B. tectorum, though, in experiment one, warmer and drier conditions and elevated nutrient availability increased B. tectorum's competitiveness. In experiment two, when grown in monoculture, both species responded positively to elevated CO2. However, when grown in competition, elevated CO2 increased P. spicata's suppressive effect, and the combination of dry soil conditions and elevated CO2 enhanced this effect. Our findings demonstrate that B. tectorum competitiveness with P. spicata responds differently to global change drivers; thus, future conditions are unlikely to facilitate B. tectorum invasion into established P. spicata communities of the northern sagebrush steppe. However, disturbance (e.g., fire) to these communities, and the associated increase in soil nutrients, elevates the risk of B. tectorum invasion.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "New insights into the systematics of Lumbricillus and Marionina (Clitellata: Enchytraeidae) inferred from Southern Hemisphere samples, including three new species. Enchytraeid worms collected in South Africa and on the Marion, South Orkney, South Georgia and South Shetland Islands during 2008-2015 were studied using morphology and seven genetic markers. Nine species were recognized: one terrestrial (Christensenidrilus blocki) and all the others marine littoral (five Lumbricillus and three Marionina s.s.). An estimated phylogeny including other enchytraeids from the Northern Hemisphere, many of which are members of Lumbricillus and some representing Marionina s.l., confirmed a non-monophyletic Lumbricillus, with some of its current species closely related to Grania or Marionina s.s. The phylogeny also corroborated a non-monophyletic Marionina s.l., with Marionina s.s. closely related to Grania and Lumbricillus s.l., but not to the remaining sequenced 'Marionina' or to Ch. blocki. These results provide a long-needed starting point for a revision of both Marionina and Lumbricillus. We provide morphological descriptions of all nine species, three of which are new to science: Lumbricillus finisafricae sp. nov., Lumbricillus nivalis sp. nov., and Marionina fusca sp. nov. Comments on three related species of Marionina s.s. based on re-examined type material are also provided.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Intangible heritage and community identity in post-apartheid Africa. ResumeLa recente metamorphose geopolitique, en Afrique du Sud, d'une societe en conflit en societe incarnant le consensus, invite a s'interroger sur l'utilisation du patrimoine dans la production de l'identite communautaire et sur la facon de commemorer et de presenter le patrimoine immateriel. Cet article presente des etudes de cas, pour montrer qu'il y a un mouvement emergent s'ecartant de la representation hegemonique de l'Etat post-apartheid sous la forme de tres timides expressions individuelles ou a dimension communautaire de l'histoire de la lutte.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Dynamical Quantum Phase Transitions in U(1) Quantum Link Models. Quantum link models (QLMs) are extensions of Wilson-type lattice gauge theories which realize exact gauge invariance with finite-dimensional Hilbert spaces. QLMs not only reproduce standard features of Wilson lattice gauge theories in equilibrium, but can also host new phenomena such as crystalline confined phases. The local constraints due to gauge invariance also provide kinetic restrictions that can influence substantially the real-time dynamics in these systems. We aim to characterize the nonequilibrium evolution in lattice gauge theories through the lens of dynamical quantum phase transitions, which provide general principles for real-time dynamics in quantum many-body systems. Specifically, we study quantum quenches for two representative cases, U(1) QLMs in (1 + 1)D and (2 + 1)D, for initial conditions exhibiting long-range order. Finally, we discuss the connection to the high-energy perspective and the experimental feasibility to observe the discussed phenomena in recent quantum simulator settings such as trapped ions, ultracold atoms, and Rydberg atoms.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Clinical Evaluation of the BD ProbeTec (TM) Chlamydia trachomatis Q(x) Amplified DNA Assay on the BD Viper (TM) System With XTR (TM) Technology. Methods: Specimens were collected at 7 geographically diverse clinical sites from 1538 women and men attending sexually transmitted disease, family planning, and obstetrics and gynecology clinics. There were 1465 evaluable participants, 993 women and 472 men. CTQ assay results from female endocervical, self-collected vaginal, male urethral swab specimens, and male and female neat (unpreserved) urine specimens as well as those obtained using the Urine Preservative Transport (UPT) tube for the CTQ assay were compared with patient-infected status (PIS). PIS was determined based on the combined results from Aptima Combo 2 and BD ProbeTec ET CT Amplified DNA Assay.Background: This study evaluated the performance of the BD ProbeTec Chlamydia trachomatis Q(x) (CTQ) Amplified DNA Assay on the BD Viper System with XTR Technology in a multicenter study.Conclusions: The CTQ assay demonstrated performance characteristics comparable with other commercially available nucleic acid-based tests such as Aptima Combo 2 and BD ProbeTec ET CT-Amplified DNA assay. Vaginal swabs and male urine specimens, the sample types recommended by the Centers for Disease Control for chlamydia screening, both performed at least as well as other sample types evaluated.Results: The sensitivity versus PIS for endocervical, vaginal, and both female urine samples was 91.3%, 96.5%, and 93.0%, respectively. The specificity for the same specimen types was 98.3%, 99.2%, and 99.4% (urine neat) and 99.2% (UPT), respectively. The sensitivity versus PIS for male urethral swabs and both male neat and UPT urine were 92.1% and 98%, respectively, with specificities of 98.4%, 99.2%, and 98.1%, respectively.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Interactome Analysis of the Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus RNA Polymerase Complex Identifies Protein Chaperones as Important Cofactors That Promote L-Protein Stability and RNA Synthesis. IMPORTANCE Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) represents a major health care and economic burden, being the main cause of severe respiratory infections in infants worldwide. No vaccine or effective therapy is available. This study focused on identifying those cellular proteins that potentially interact specifically with the viral proteins that are central to virus replication and transcription, with a view to providing potential targets for the development of a specific, transient therapeutic which disrupts virus biology but prevents the emergence of resistance, while maintaining cell viability. In particular, protein chaperones (heat shock proteins 70 and 90), which aid protein folding and function, were identified. The mechanism by which these chaperones contribute to virus biology was tested, and this study demonstrates to the field that cellular protein chaperones may be required for maintaining the correct folding and therefore functionality of specific proteins within the virus replication complex.The human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) core viral RNA polymerase comprises the large polymerase protein (L) and its cofactor, the phosphoprotein (P), which associate with the viral ribonucleoprotein complex to replicate the genome and, together with the M2-1 protein, transcribe viral mRNAs. While cellular proteins have long been proposed to be involved in the synthesis of HRSV RNA by associating with the polymerase complex, their characterization has been hindered by the difficulty of purifying the viral polymerase from mammalian cell culture. In this study, enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-tagged L-and P-protein expression was coupled with high-affinity anti-GFP antibody-based immunoprecipitation and quantitative proteomics to identify cellular proteins that interacted with either the L-or the P-proteins when expressed as part of a biologically active viral RNP. Several core groups of cellular proteins were identified that interacted with each viral protein including, in both cases, protein chaperones. Ablation of chaperone activity by using small-molecule inhibitors confirmed previously reported studies which suggested that this class of proteins acted as positive viral factors. Inhibition of HSP90 chaperone function in the current study showed that HSP90 is critical for L-protein function and stability, whether in the presence or absence of the P-protein. Inhibition studies suggested that HSP70 also disrupts virus biology and might help the polymerase remodel the nucleocapsid to allow RNA synthesis to occur efficiently. This indicated a proviral role for protein chaperones in HRSV replication and demonstrates that the function of cellular proteins can be targeted as potential therapeutics to disrupt virus replication.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Effect of planter and tractor wheels on row and inter-row weed populations. Real time weed detection could reduce herbicide inputs in fields but its application is constrained by weed/crop discrimination. This hurdle could be bypassed in crops like corn and soybean if weeds were detected on the inter-row only. However, using inter-row data to control weeds could be risky if weeds are more abundant on rows. A field study was carried out in the province of Quebec (Canada) to evaluate the effect of the planter unit and tractor wheels on relative weed cover, density and biomass between rows and inter-rows in corn and soybean when a post-emergence application of herbicide is scheduled. The experimental design included two sites, two fields per site, two years, and two crops. Treatments included: 1) seeded row (control) 2) unseeded row (seeder pass without crop seeds) and 3) tractor wheel (wheel tracked inter-row). Weed cover was evaluated using digital images and a custom made program. The absence of a crop on rows (unseeded vs. seeded rows) did not modify weed density and biomass before herbicide application in both corn and soybean. Weed density was always higher on rows than on inter-rows unless inter-rows had been tracked by tractor wheels indicating that soil disturbance by the planter and tractor wheels increased weed seed germination and subsequent seedling emergence. Weed cover on undisturbed inter-rows was generally lower or equivalent to weed cover on rows. Weed cover on inter-rows compacted by tractor wheels was always equivalent or higher than weed cover on rows. Using inter-rows to detect weeds could underestimate weed pressure in corn and soybean in Quebec, unless the inter-rows trampled by tractor wheels were scanned. Crown Copyright (C) 2015 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "Free vibrational behavior of functionally graded carbon nanotube composite fluid-filled cylindrical-conical shell: Analytical and experimental investigation. This investigation analyzes the effects of internal static fluid on the free vibrational behavior of joined shells made of carbon nanotube (CNT) fiber-reinforced composite. Various types of functionally graded CNTs composite with temperature dependence are considered. Classic shell theory and Love's assumptions combined with Hamilton's principle are used to obtain motion equations. Bernoulli equation, velocity potential, and impermeability condition are employed to the coupling effects of fluid pressure with motion equations of shells. Continuity conditions in the joint point of conical and cylindrical sections are supposed to couple equations of two parts. The generalized differential quadrature (GDQ) method is employed to solve equations for various boundary conditions. Experimental modal tests on a sample made by the 3-D printer and prior others' research are used to validate the accuracy of results. Consequently, parametric studies are expressed, such as longitudinal and circumferential mode numbers, semi-vertex angle, distributions of CNTs, CNTs fraction volumes, fluid density, shell thickness, and operating temperature. According to the results, although fluid decreases the frequency generally, the process of changing frequency in terms of other parameters is similar.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "Organization of the gymnotiform fish pallium in relation to learning and memory: I. Cytoarchitectonics and cellular morphology. The present article examines the anatomical organization of the dorsal telencephalon of two gymnotiform fish: Gymnotus sp. and Apteronotus leptorhynchus. These electric fish use elaborate electrical displays for agonistic and sexual communication. Our study emphasizes mainly pallial divisions: dorsolateral (DL), dorsodorsal (DD), and dorsocentral (DC), previously implicated in social learning dependent on electric signals. We found that the pallial cytoarchitectonics of gymnotiformes are similar to those reported for the commonly studied goldfish, except that DC is larger and better differentiated in gymnotiformes. We identified a new telencephalic region (Dx), located between DL and DC, and describe the morphological and some biochemical properties of its neurons. Most neurons in DL, DD, and DC are glutamatergic with spiny dendrites. However, the size of these cells as well as the orientation and extent of their dendrites vary systematically across these regions. In addition, both DD and DL contained numerous small GABAergic interneurons as well as well-developed GABAergic plexuses. One important and novel observation is that the dendrites of the spiny neurons within all three regions remain confined to their respective territories. We confirm that DL and DC express very high levels of NMDA receptor subunits as well as CaMKIIa, a key downstream effector of this receptor. In contrast, this enzyme is nearly absent in DD, while NMDA receptors are robustly expressed, suggesting different rules for synaptic plasticity across these regions. Remarkably, GABAergic pallial neurons do not express CaMKIIa, in agreement with previously reported results in the cortex of rats. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:33903413, 2012. (C) 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.", "label": [2, 4, 17, 43]}
+{"token": "The Changing Landscape of Modern Constitutionalism: Transitional Perspective. This article deals with the question of whether and to what extent constitutional developments in new democracies have changed our understandings of constitutionalism. We attempt to theorize a changing landscape of constitutionalism and examine its features, functions and characteristics. We first analyze the development of transitional constitutionalism by identifying its features, perspectives, functions, and characteristics. Then we examine to what extent and in what ways the developments in transitional constitutionalism pose challenges to our traditional understanding of modern constitutional laws. Providing possible solutions to the challenges, we finally argue that notwithstanding challenges, the addition of transitional constitutionalism to traditional understandings has expanded the horizon of constitutionalism and created new opportunities for a coming generation of constitutional lawyers.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "US Forest Service termiticide tests. The U.S. Forest Service has been testing chemicals for termite control since 1939. Today its termiticide testing program is nationally recognized for providing unbiased efficacy data for product registration using standardized tests, sites, and evaluation procedures. Virtually all termiticides undergo Forest Service testing before being registered by EPA. Termiticides undergo 18-24 months of laboratory screening before going to the field. Based on the concrete slab test, termiticides are considered effective in the field at the lowest concentration(s) that prevent termites from penetrating treated soil in 10 plots at each site for at least five years. Sites are located in Arizona, Mississippi, Florida, and South Carolina. Results provide a benchmark to compare and assess new and existing products. Because termite control is no longer limited to repellent or contact chemical barriers, tests are also performed on non-repellent delayed-action termiticides, barriers, and wood products. Some of the new products have novel effects on termite biology, ecology, and behavior that require new evaluation procedures. The Forest Service presently has 26 funded agreements with industry involving laboratory screening of three termiticides and field evaluations of 20 termiticides and four impregnated barriers. We also continued to monitor plots on five termiticides and two physical barriers from past (expired) agreements. Marketed termiticides being tested by the Forest Service include bifenthrin (Biflex(R)), chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, fenvalerate, permethrin (Dragnet(R) and Torpedo(R)), imidacloprid (Premise(R)), and fipronil (Termidor(R)). Candidate termiticides include chlorfenapyr, cyfluthrin (Tempo(R)), and deltamethrin(2).", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Neutral theory and community ecology. I review the mathematical and biological aspects of Hubbell's (2001) neutral theory of species abundance for ecological communities, and clarify its historical connections with closely related approaches in population genetics. A selective overview of the empirical evidence for and against this theory is provided, with a special emphasis on tropical plant communities. The neutral theory predicts many of the basic patterns of biodiversity, confirming its heuristic power. The strict assumption of equivalence that defines neutrality, equivalence among individuals, finds little empirical support in general. However, a weaker assumption holds for stable communities, the equivalence of average fitness among species. One reason for the surprising success of the neutral theory is that all the theories of species coexistence satisfying the fitness equivalence assumption, including many theories of niche differentiation, generate exactly the same patterns as the neutral theory. Hubbell's neutral theory represents an important synthesis and a much needed demonstration of the pivotal role of intraspecific variability in ecology. Further improvements should lead to an explicit linking to niche-based processes. This research programme will depend crucially on forthcoming theoretical and empirical achievements.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Protective CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells against influenza virus induced by vaccination with nucleoprotein DNA. DNA vaccination is an effective means of eliciting both humoral and cellular immunity, including cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). Using an influenza virus model, we previously demonstrated that injection of DNA encoding influenza virus nucleoprotein (NP) induced major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted CTL and cross strain protection from lethal virus challenge in mice (J, B, Ulmer et al., Science 259:1745-1749, 1993), In the present study, we have characterized in more detail the cellular immune responses induced by NP DNA, which included robust lymphoproliferation and Th1-type cytokine secretion (high levels of gamma interferon and interleukin-2 [IL-2], with little IL-4 or IL-10) in response to antigen specific restimulation of splenocytes in vitro. These responses were mediated by CD4(+) T cells, as shown by in vitro depletion of T-cell subsets. Taken together, these results indicate that immunization with NP DNA primes both cytolytic CD8(+) T cells and cytokine-secreting CD4(+) T cells. Further, we demonstrate by adoptive transfer and in vivo depletion of T-cell subsets that both of these types of T cells act as effecters in protective immunity against influenza virus challenge conferred by NP DNA.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Recrystallization Behavior of CoCrCuFeNi High-Entropy Alloy. We investigated the recrystallization behavior of a cold-rolled CoCrCuFeNi high-entropy alloy (HEA). Two different face-centered cubic phases having different chemical compositions and lattice constants in the as-cast specimen have different chemical compositions: One phase was the Cu-lean matrix and the other was the Cu-rich second phase. The second phase remained even after a heat treatment at 1373 K (1100 A degrees C) and Cu enriched more in the Cu-rich second phase. The calculated mixing enthalpies of both Cu-lean and Cu-rich phases in the as-cast and heat-treated specimens explained that Cu partitioning during the heat treatment decreased the mixing enthalpy in both phases. In the specimens 90 pct cold rolled and annealed at 923 K, 973 K, and 1073 K (650 A degrees C, 700 A degrees C, and 800 A degrees C), recrystallization proceeded with increasing the annealing temperature, and ultrafine recrystallized grains with grain sizes around 1 mu m could be obtained. The microhardness tended to decrease with increasing the fraction recrystallized, but it was found that the microhardness values of partially recrystallized specimens were much higher than those expected by a simple rule of mixture between the initial and cold-rolled specimens. The reason for the higher hardness was discussed based on the ultrafine grain size, sluggish diffusion expected in HEAs, and two-phase structure in the CoCrCuFeNi alloy. (C) The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society and ASM International 2014", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Bore Impact on Decks of Coastal Structures. Bore impact on horizontal fixed decks of coastal structures is studied by use of the Level I Green-Naghdi (GN) equations and the Navier-Stokes (NS) equations. The bore is generated by the breaking of a water reservoir, and may represent the propagation of a tsunami on land or broken storm waves. The bore-induced horizontal and vertical forces are determined and their variation with the bore and deck conditions is studied in this work. Various conditions of deck location with respect to the water level are considered, including cases with the deck under or above the still-water level. Two types of bore are considered, namely (i) a bore generated by a dam break, where the reservoir water depth is substantially larger than the downstream depth, and (ii) a bore generated by an initial mound of water, where the reservoir water depth is comparable to the downstream depth. It is shown that these mechanisms result in the formation of significantly different bore shapes. It is also shown that the relative height of the reservoir and the downstream water depth play a significant role in the bore generation and its impact on coastal structures. It is also found that the bore-induced forces vary almost linearly with the change in amplitude of the reservoir, while a change in the length of the reservoir has little effect on the loads. The horizontal force on submerged decks is shown to be independent of the submergence depth of the deck; this is due to the uniform velocity distribution over the water column of the bore. Results of the GN and NS models are compared with each other for submerged cases and the limitations, accuracy, and efficiency of these models in studying this problem are discussed. Results of the GN equations are in close agreement with the NS equations, making them a computationally efficient alternative for the study of this problem.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 36]}
+{"token": "A comprehensive global genotype-phenotype database for rare diseases. ConclusionsThe database offers a comprehensive summary of the clinical validity and causality of detected gene variants with their associated phenotypes, and is a valuable tool for identifying new disease genes through the correlation of novel genetic variants with specific, well-defined phenotypes.ResultsMore than 100,000 genetically screened individuals are documented in the database, resulting in more than 470 million variant detections. Approximately, 57% of the clinically relevant and uncertain variants in the database are novel. Notably, 3% of the genetic variants identified and previously reported in the literature as being associated with a particular rare disease were reclassified, based on internal evidence, as clinically irrelevant.MethodsThis database (CentoMD((R))) is a browser-based tool that enables access to a comprehensive, independently curated system utilizing stringent high-quality criteria and a quickly growing repository of genetic and human phenotype ontology (HPO)-based clinical information. Its main goals are to aid the evaluation of genetic variants, to enhance the validity of the genetic analytical workflow, to increase the quality of genetic diagnoses, and to improve evaluation of treatment options for patients with hereditary diseases. The database software correlates clinical information from consented patients and probands of different geographical backgrounds with a large dataset of genetic variants and, when available, biomarker information. An automated follow-up tool is incorporated that informs all users whenever a variant classification has changed. These unique features fully embedded in a CLIA/CAP-accredited quality management system allow appropriate data quality and enhanced patient safety.BackgroundThe ability to discover genetic variants in a patient runs far ahead of the ability to interpret them. Databases with accurate descriptions of the causal relationship between the variants and the phenotype are valuable since these are critical tools in clinical genetic diagnostics. Here, we introduce a comprehensive and global genotype-phenotype database focusing on rare diseases.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "National 'Beauty' and Yahweh's 'Glory' as a Dialectical Key to Ezekielian Theology. The message of the book of Ezekiel is addressed to three nations: Phoenicia (chaps 26-28), Egypt (chaps 29-32), and Judah. Its judgment oracles are predominantly \\\\'announcements of doom.\\\\' But at certain junctures the author states the \\\\'reason\\\\' for the coming destruction. In each case, the fundamental \\\\'reason\\\\' for imminent divine punishment is trust in one's own \\\\'beauty\\\\' (yph): Phoenicia (27:3, 4, 11; 28:12, 17); Egypt (31:3, 8, 9); Judah (16:14, 15, 25). In stark contrast to this self-fascination, Yahweh's \\\\'glory\\\\' (kbd) appears in a theophanic vision recurring throughout the book: over against Phoenicia (18: 22), Egypt (31:18, by implication), and Judah/Jerusalem (1:28; 3:12, 23 [2x]; 8:4; 9:3; 10:4 [2x], 18, 19; 11:22, 23; 43:2 [2x], 4, 5; 44:4). This dialectic between Yahweh's \\\\'glory\\\\' and nations' preoccupation with their own \\\\'beauty\\\\' seems to be the theological thread which holds the book of Ezekiel together.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Identification of the ubiquitin carrier proteins, E2s, involved in signal-induced conjugation and subsequent degradation of I kappa B alpha. The last step in the activation of the transcription factor NF-kappa B is signal-induced, ubiquitin- and proteasome-mediated degradation of the inhibitor I kappa B alpha. Although most of the components involved in the activation and degradation pathways have been identified, the ubiquitin carrier proteins (E2) have remained elusive. Here we show that the two highly homologous members of the UBCH5 family, UBCH5b and UBCH5c, and CDC34/UBC3, the mammalian homolog of yeast Cdc34/Ubc3, are the E2 enzymes involved in the process. The conjugation reaction they catalyze in vitro is specific, as they do not recognize the S32A,S36A mutant species of I kappa B alpha that cannot be phosphorylated and conjugated following an extracellular signal. Furthermore, the reaction is specifically inhibited by a doubly phosphorylated peptide that spans the ubiquitin ligase recognition domain of the inhibitor. Cys-to-Ala mutant species of the enzymes that cannot bind ubiquitin inhibit tumor necrosis factor a-induced degradation of the inhibitor in vivo. Not surprisingly, they have a similar effect in a cell-free system as well. Although it is clear that the E2 enzymes are not entirely specific to I kappa B alpha, they are also not involved in the conjugation and degradation of the bulk of cellular proteins, thus exhibiting some degree of specificity that is mediated probably via their association with a defined subset of ubiquitin-protein ligases. The mechanisms that underlie the involvement of two different E2 species in I kappa B alpha conjugation are not clear at present. It is possible that different conjugating machineries operate under different physiological conditions or in different cells.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Introduction to the special issue on the nature of industrial marketing work. Peter Drucker once remarked that everything degenerates into work, and if it does not degenerate into work, nothing gets done. This special issue presents our vision for generating more analytical attention to the nature of industrial marketing work and to explore ways in which future research can contribute to this nascent research area. In this introductory article we seek to scope out an agenda for taking some of the themes of industrial marketing work further. In particular, the review points to the opportunities within industrial marketing, drawing on the intersections of Margaret Archer's morphogenetic agency approach with the neoinstitutional and Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) fields of study. It then highlights the useful contributions of the papers in this special issue. Our contribution lies in advancing new avenues for researching and, in so doing, ensuring something gets done to research this nascent area.", "label": [5, 44, 46]}
+{"token": "The Good, the Bad, and the Male: Men, But Not Women, Avoid Own-Gender Stereotypical Judgments of Affective Valence. We examine gender differences in the endorsement of gender-stereotypical judgments of the affective valence of social concepts. Sociological as well as social psychological theories indicate that individuals are inclined to behave in ways concordant with prevailing roles and corresponding stereotypes. Recent debates suggest gender biases in the social desirability of gender-stereotype endorsement. We use words with apparent gender differences in perceived affective valence and ask participants to (a) individually rate the valence of each word, (b) estimate how, in general, same-sex individuals would rate the word, and (c) estimate how, in general, opposite-sex individuals would rate the word. Results show that female participants' self-ratings align with their estimated ratings of the majority of women, whereas male participants' self-ratings notably deviate from their estimated male majority ratings. We interpret these results as a consequence of a declining esteem of stereotypically male attributes in society.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Analytical Model for Human Thermal Comfort in Passenger Vehicles. An analytical model, which takes care of thermal interactions of human body with surroundings via basic heat transfer modes like conduction, convection, radiation and evaporation, is compiled. The analytical model takes measurable inputs from surroundings and specific human parameters. Using these parameters a quick calculation entailing all heat transfer modes ensues in net heat exchange of human body with surroundings. Its magnitude and direction decides the qualitative indication of thermal comfort of concerned human being. The present model is scaled on actual human beings by noting the subjective assessment in comfortable as well as uncomfortable surroundings. As a part of validation, it is implemented in an actual Climatic Wind Tunnel Heater test, where temperatures and other parameters on different parts of the body are noted down and fed to the model as input. Output of the equation is then compared with the subjective assessment of human beings. A realistic concurrence of the output and test data validates the analytical model in the complex geometry like passenger cabin for thermal sensation prediction in a heater test. This model helps in predicting the human thermal comfort in early design stage and supporting HVAC component design for better performance and will save the cost, time and efforts for human comfort assessment road trials.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Development of under bump metallizations for flip chip bonding to organic substrates. Several under bump metallization (UBM) schemes using CuNi alloys as the solderable layer were investigated. Nickel slows down dissolution of the UBM into the solder and formation of intermetallics during reflow. To study the intermetallic reaction, CuNi foils of different concentrations were immersed in a eutectic PbSn solder bath for reaction times ranging from 30 seconds to 30 minutes. It was observed that when 10% and 20% Ni is added into copper, the intermetallic forms a continuous layer, instead of the discrete scallops seen in pure Cu/solder interfaces. However, the thickness of the intermetallic remained about the same. For 30% and 45% Ni alloys a definite decrease in the intermetallic thickness was observed compared to the lower Ni alloys. actual under bump metallizations were also made on Si wafers to study the reactions when there is a limited supply of CuNi available. Cr or Ti was used as the adhesion layer, and the solderable layer was a copper-nickel alloy, instead of pure copper used in the conventional UBM scheme. The metal lavers were deposited on a wafer by evaporation and patterned into contact pads. Eutectic PbSn solder balls were reflowed on top of the pads. SEM micrographs of the intermetallic that forms at the UBM/solder interface show the refining effect of Ni in the interfacial microstructure. Since nickel metallizations often have high stresses, stress in the UBMs was measured by the wafer curvature method. Stress vs Ni content plots show that while stresses increase somewhat with the Ni content, the adhesion layer under the CuNi layer has a much larger effect on the stress. UBMs with Cr/CrCu adhesion layer had stresses ranging from about 300 to 600 MPa, while the stresses in UBMs with Ti/TiNi layers were between 70 and 350 MPa.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 32, 11]}
+{"token": "Precursor genes of future pandemic influenza viruses are perpetuated in ducks nesting in Siberia. Influenza A viruses of different subtypes were isolated from fecal samples of ducks in their nesting areas in Siberia in summer from 1996 to 1998. Phylogenetic analysis of the NP genes of the isolates in Siberia and those in Hokkaido, Japan on their flyway of migration from Siberia to the south in autumn revealed that they belong to the Eurasian lineage of avian influenza viruses. It is noted that the genes of the isolates in Siberia are closely related to those of H5N1 influenza virus strains isolated from chickens and humans in Hong Kong in 1997 as well as to those of isolates from domestic birds in southern China. The results indicate that influenza viruses perpetuated in ducks nesting in Siberia should have contributed genes in the emergence of the H5N1 virus in Hong Kong. Vaccine prepared from avirulent A/duck/Hokkaido/4/96 (H5N3) influenza virus was potent enough to protect mice from challenge with lethal dose of the pathogenic H5N1 virus [19]. Intensive surveillance study of aquatic birds especially in Siberia is, therefore, stressed to provide information on the future pandemic influenza virus strains and for vaccine preparation.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Role of the alpha 1G T-type calcium channel in spontaneous absence seizures in mutant mice. Alterations in thalamic T-type Ca2+ channels are thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of absence seizures. Here, we found that mice with a null mutation for the pore-forming alpha1A subunits of P/Q-type channels (alpha1A(-/-) mice) were prone to absence seizures characterized by typical spike-and-wave discharges (SWDs) and behavioral arrests. Isolated thalamocortical relay (TC) neurons from these mice showed increased T-type Ca2+ currents in vitro. To examine the role of increased T-currents in alpha1A(-/-) TC neurons, we cross-bred alpha1A(-/-) mice with mice harboring a null mutation for the gene encoding alpha1G, a major isotype of T-type Ca2+ channels in TC neurons. alpha1A(-/-)/alpha1G(-/-) mice showed a complete loss of T-type Ca2+ currents in TC neurons and displayed no SWDs. Interestingly, alpha1A(-/-)/alpha1G(+/-) mice had 75% of the T-type Ca2+ currents in TC neurons observed in alpha1A (+/+)/alpha1G (+/+) mice and showed SWD activity that was quantitatively similar to that in alpha1A (-/-)/alpha1G (+/+) mice. Similar results were obtained using double-mutant mice harboring the alpha1G mutation plus another mutation also used as a model for absence seizures, i.e., lethargic (beta4(1h/1h)), tottering (alpha1A(tg/tg)), or stargazer (gamma2(stg/stg)). The present results reveal that alpha1G T-type Ca2+ channels play a critical role in the genesis of spontaneous absence seizures resulting from hypofunctioning P/Q-type channels, but that the augmentation of thalamic T-type Ca2+ currents is not an essential step in the genesis of absence seizures.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "Weed control in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea). A field experiment was conducted at Morena during winter seasons of 1995-96 and 1996-97 on mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj & Cosson]. Two hand-weedings at 20 and 40 days after sowing and application of metribuzin @ 0.175 kg ai/ha (P.E.) and isoproturon @ 0.75 kg ai/ha (P.P.) were observed to be at par with respect to minimizing weed density, increasing yield attributes and seed yield and fetching maximum additional net returns over rest of the treatments under study.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "A trap baited with multiple pheromones attracts sympatric hemipteran pests of sweet persimmon. Sympatric hemipterans such as Riptortus pedestris Thunberg (Hemiptera: Alydidae), Plautia stall Scott (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), and Halyomorpha halys Stal (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) are reported as economic pests of persimmon fruits in Korea and Japan. Multi-attractiveness of the aggregation pheromones (AP) of R. pedestris and P. stali mounted on a single sticky trap was evaluated for the sympatric hemipteran pests of persimmon fruit. Four trap types were prepared: traps mounted with R. pedestris AP alone (lure R), P. stall AP alone (lure P), pedestris and P. stali AP mixed in a septum (lure R P), and traps with two parallel lures (lure R/P). R pedestris was equally captured in traps carrying lures R + P and R/P. P. stali and Gymnosoma rotundatum (Diptera: Tachinidae), a parasitoid of P. stall, were attracted to the traps included P. stall AP lures: P, R + P, and R/P. All traps carrying lure P attracted H. halys and Glaucias subpunctatus (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), a pest of Japanese cedar and cypress, with no significant difference from control. This study shows that a single trap baited with pheromones of R pedestris and P. stall together, mixed, or set in parallel, is effective to attract sympatric hemipteran pests of sweet persimmon, R pedestris, P. stall, G. subpunctatus, and H. halys, in addition to G. rotundatum. Attracting multispecies simultaneously could be a viable option in managing these sympatric pest species. (C) 2015 Korean Society of Applied Entomology, Taiwan Entomological Society and Malaysian Plant Protection Society. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Machiavellianism, self-concept and resilience: do they affect employee performance? A moderated-mediated analysis. Purpose Over the years, the impact of personality attributes on work behavior has constituted a broad research domain. The manner in which employees view themselves have been regarded as significant in analyzing their work behavior and eventual employee performance from the organizational perspective. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between self-concept and performance, with resilience as a mediator and Machiavellianism as a moderating variable. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected from 271 employees from four medium-sized private sector companies in India after excluding missing data. Correlation, regression and Hayes Macro analysis were conducted to test the hypotheses. Findings Resilience mediates the relationship between self-concept and performance. Second, Machiavellianism moderated the relationship between self-concept and resilience and moderated the mediation effect of resilience on the relationship between self-concept and performance. The role of personality attributes has been found to profoundly impact the employee's perception of self and work performance. Resilience, which refers to the individual's ability to bounce back amidst adverse situations, is simultaneously moderated by one of the dark triad personalities, Machiavellianism. Practical implications Understanding the self-concept dimension, the dual effects of resilience and the Machiavellianism personality have gradually become immensely significant for improvising employee work performance in the organization. Originality/value This original research has examined a model of untested variables and explored the mediating effect of resilience by connecting self-concept to performance along with the moderated-mediated impact of Machiavellianism on the variables, which is a novel attempt.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "Harnessing Supply Chain Knowledge for Mitigating the Negative Effects of Bricolage. Bricolage is a term used to illustrate the practice in which small firms tap scant available resources to exploit business opportunities and to facilitate innovation. We focus on decreasing returns from excessive bricolage and, more importantly, highlight an important role played by supply chain knowledge in mitigating decreasing returns from bricolage. The role played by supply chain knowledge in reducing the negative effects of excessive bricolage is not explored yet. This study, in the context of an emerging economy, seeks to isolate the linear and quadratic effects of bricolage on firm performance and examines the moderating influence of supply chain knowledge on the bricolage-to-firm performance relationship. To test the proposed relationships, data from large-scale manufacturing firms in north-west India were used. The final sample size of 106 firms was used for testing the relationships using stepwise OLS analysis. The results revealed that at lower levels of supply chain knowledge, bricolage had an inverted-U relationship with firm performance. In other words, supply chain knowledge mitigates the negative effects of bricolage on performance. However, it did not strengthen the positive effect of bricolage on performance.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "Mental-Physical Comorbidity in Korean Adults: Results from a Nationwide General Population Survey in Korea. Results Subjects with any mental disorder showed significantly higher prevalence of chronic physical conditions (adjusted odds ratio, AOR=1.5 to 2.8, p<0.001) and medical risk factors including smoking, heavy drinking, overweight, and hypertension (AOR=1.5 to 4.0, p<0.001). Of those with chronic physical conditions, 21.6% had one or more comorbid mental disorder compared with 10.5% of the subjects without chronic physical disorders (AOR=2.6, p<0.001). Contrary to expectations, depressive disorders did not show significant association with hypertension and prevalence of obesity was not influenced by presence of mental disorders. Further studies should assess these findings.Objective The aims of this study were to estimate the prevalence of mental-physical comorbidity and health-threatening risk factors in subjects with mental disorders, and the risks of mental disorders in those with physical diseases for the last 12 months in the general Korean population.Methods Korean Epidemiologic Catchment Area study replication (KECA-R) was conducted for 6,510 adults between August 2006 and April 2007. The Korean version of Composite International Diagnostic Interview 2.1 (K-CIDI) was used in the survey. Prevalence of mental and physical disorders, and risk factors for physical health were calculated, and their associations were evaluated with adjustment for age and sex.Conclusion This is the first identification of significant mental-physical comorbidity in the general Korean population. Clinicians and health care officials should keep in mind of its potential adverse effects on treatment outcome and aggravated disease-related socioeconomic burden.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "A general boundary layer corrector for the asymptotic homogenization of elastic linear composite structures. Asymptotic homogenization method is often used in multiscale analysis of periodic structures instead of conducting a full field heterogeneous analysis, in order to achieve computational feasibility and efficiency. When completed with a relocalization process, this method may provide relevant estimates to microscale fields within the material. Nevertheless, the construction of a solution near the boundaries remains beyond the capabilities of classical relocalization schemes due to the loss of periodicity in the vicinity of the boundaries. This paper proposes a post-processing scheme in order to conduct the relocalization step within a finite element framework for periodic linear elastic composite materials. It also assesses the boundary layer effect and a new general method, effective for various boundary conditions (Dirichlet, Neumann or mixed), is proposed based on the idea of computing corrective terms as solution of auxiliary problems on the unit-cell. These terms are finally added to the usual fields obtained from the relocalization process to obtain the corrected solution near the boundaries. The efficiency, accuracy and limitation of the proposed approach are studied on various numerical examples.", "label": [1, 11, 12]}
+{"token": "Capabilities as real options. Strategy research consists of a balance between positive and normative theory. Normative theories suggest particular heuristics, or cognitive representations, to find appropriate solutions. Heuristics permit faster solutions to real-time problems; they also suffer from the potential of negative transfer to inappropriate applications.The theory of real options provides the appropriate heuristic framing of competencies and exploratory search. A real options approach marries the theory of financial options to foundational ideas in strategy, organizational theory, and complex systems. We join these approaches to identify three pairs of concepts: scarce factor and the underlying asset in option theory, inertia and irreversibility, and the ruggedness of landscape and option values. Strategic theories of resources largely define a core competence as unique and nonimmutable. In doing so, this definition has wrongly forgotten Barney's initial insight into scarce factor markets as determining the valuation of a competitive asset. Financial theory of real options derives its heuristics of investing in exploratory search by inferring future value of today's investments from market prices.We apply the three conceptual pairs to the evaluation of capabilities as real options through a formal descriptive model. The valuation of core capabilities is derived from observing the price dynamics of correlated strategic factors in the market. Because of inertia, managers cannot easily adjust the wrong set of organizational capabilities to the emergence of market opportunities. However, firms that have made investments in capabilities appropriate to these opportunities are able to respond. From this description, we define core competence as the choice of capabilities that permits the firm to make the best response to market opportunities. The heuristic framing of capabilities as real options guides the normative evaluation of the balance between exploitation and exploration.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "Synergistic antifungal activities of bafilomycin A(1), fluconazole, and the pneumocandin MK-0991/caspofungin acetate (L-743,873) with calcineurin inhibitors FK506 and L-685,818 against Cryptococcus neoformans. Cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that causes life-threatening infections of the central nervous system. Existing therapies include amphotericin B, fluconazole, and flucytosine, which are limited by toxic side effects and the emergence of drug resistance. We recently demonstrated that the protein phosphatase calcineurin is required for growth at 37 degrees C and virulence of C. neoformans, Because calcineurin is the target of potent inhibitors in widespread clinical use, cyclosporine and FK506 (tacrolimus), it is an attractive drug target for novel antifungal agents. Here we have explored the synergistic potential of combining the calcineurin inhibitor FK506 or its nonimmunosuppressive analog, L-685,818, with other antifungal agents and examined the molecular basis of FK506 action by using genetically engineered fungal strains that lack the FK506 target proteins FKBP12 and calcineurin, We demonstrate that FK506 exhibits marked synergistic activity with the H(+)ATPase inhibitor bafilomycin A(1) via a novel action distinct from calcineurin loss of function. FK506 also exhibits synergistic activity with the pneumocandin MK-0991/caspofungin acetate (formerly L-743,873), which targets the essential beta-1,3 glucan synthase, and in this case, FK506 action is mediated via FKBP12-dependent inhibition of calcineurin. Finally, we demonstrate that FK506 and fluconazole have synergistic activity that is independent of both FKBP12 and calcineurin and may involve the known ability of FK506 to inhibit multidrug resistance pumps, which are known to export azoles from fungal cells. In summary, our studies illustrate the potential for synergistic activity of a variety of different drug combinations and the power of molecular genetics to define the mechanisms of drug action, as well as identify a novel action of FK506 that could have profound implications for therapeutic or toxic effects in other organisms, including humans.", "label": [2, 4, 21, 40]}
+{"token": "Measures of engagement in the first three weeks of higher education predict subsequent activity and attainment in first year undergraduate students: a UK case study. Effective use of learning analytics systems has been purported to confer various benefits to learners in terms of both attainment and retention. There is, however, little agreement on which data are meaningful or useful. Whilst measures of engagement might correlate with outcomes, thereby retrospectively 'predicting' them, there are fewer studies which attempt to predict using 'live' system data in a face-to-face teaching environment. This study reports an analysis of week by week data from a learning analytics system which monitored 1,602 first year UK undergraduates. Uniquely, although students could view their own data, no formal interventions took place. Results showed that students who obtained the highest end-of-year marks were more likely to be in a higher engagement quintile as early as the first 3-4 weeks, and that early engagement was highly predictive of future engagement. Students who started in a higher engagement quintile, but their engagement decreased, were more likely to have higher marks than those that started in a lower quintile and then increased their engagement. Early measures of engagement are therefore predictive of future behaviour and of future outcomes, a finding which has important implications for universities wishing to improve student outcomes.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "The Feasibility of Expanding the Jury Pool in Hong Kong: A Comparison of Legal Decision Making Between Youth and Adult Mock Jurors. The present study aims to provide an empirical demonstration that a feasible solution to expand the jury pool is to lower the minimum age requirement to include 18-year-olds. The present study compares the following three types of responses from a youth sample and from an adult sample: (a) the ratings of reliability of commonly seen evidence, (b) guilt judgments in a hypothetical rape trial, and (c) rationales for verdicts. Results showed that both youth and adult participants were capable of basing their judgments largely on legally relevant information. When guided by evidence, some youths in the present sample could reach similar guilt judgments to the adults. However, youths appeared to have a lower threshold for being satisfied beyond reasonable doubt when certain evidence was presented.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Reaction Kinetics of CO2 in Aqueous Methyl- and Dimethylmonoethanolamine Solutions. In the present work, kinetics of the carbon dioxide (CO2) reactions with N-methylmonoethanolamine (MMEA) and N,N-dimethylmonoethanolamine (DMMEA) is investigated by using a stirred-cell reactor. The reaction with the linear secondary amine, MMEA, is described by both the zwitterion and termolecular mechanisms, whereas the reaction with the tertiary amine, DMMEA, is described by the base-catalyzed hydration of CO2. Densities and viscosities of both amines in aqueous solutions are measured at 298, 303, and 308 K over a wide range of amine concentrations. The investigated reactions are of the first order with respect to both CO2 and amine. On the basis of the temperature dependence of the second-order rate constants, the activation energy is evaluated. It is found that the increase in temperature and amine concentration causes the expected increase in the values of the observed reaction rate constants.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "Prevalence and molecular epidemiology of bovine leukemia virus in Colombian cattle. Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is one of the five agents considered most significant for cattle. It is important to determine the prevalence and molecular epidemiology of BLV throughout the country in order to gain a more thorough understanding of the current situation of BLV and to reveal the possibility of masked genotypes that the primers used by OIE are unable to identify. Blood samples were collected at random from 289 cows distributed in 75 farms across the country. PCR amplification of env, gag and tax gene segments was performed. The obtained amplicons were sequenced and then subjected to phylogenetic analyses. A total of 62% of the cows present at 92% of the farms were BLV-positive for gag fragment. Genotype 1 was exclusively detected by env gene segment when analyzed using previously reported primers. However, tax gene analysis revealed circulation of genotype 6 variants, which were also detected based on env gene analysis with newly designed primers. These results indicate that current genotyping approaches based on partial env sequencing may bias BLV genetic variability approaches and underestimate the diversity of the detected BLV genotypes. This report is one of the first molecular and epidemiological studies of BLV conducted in Colombia, which contributes to the global epidemiology of the virus; it also highlights the substantial impact of BLV on the country's livestock and thus is a useful resource for farmers and government entities.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "FOOL ME ONCE: CAN INDIFFERENCE VINDICATE INDUCTION?. Roger White (2015) sketches an ingenious new solution to the problem of induction. He argues from the principle of indifference for the conclusion that the world is more likely to be induction-friendly than induction-unfriendly. But there is reason to be skeptical about the proposed indifference-based vindication of induction. It can be shown that, in the crucial test cases White concentrates on, the assumption of indifference renders induction no more accurate than random guessing. After discussing this result, the paper explains why the indifference-based argument seemed so compelling, despite ultimately being unsound.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Experimental and numerical investigation of vortex-induced flame propagation in a biomass furnace with tangential over fire registers. The tangentially fired furnaces have evolved because of rapid contacting of the fuel and air flame impingement, and the increased particulate residence time due to vortex motion. Tangentially fired units have a good record in being able to meet emission regulation on NOx as a result of their flexibility and the ability to control the heat release rate. Yet, the flow inside the tangentially fired furnaces is known to have its own peculiar aerodynamics; it is quite complicated in such a way that it is not easy to reach a satisfactory model to describe it. The drawbacks with the traditional tangentially fired furnaces are burner velocities. Low velocities are not suitable for fuels having high volatile contents, as ignition occurs in or near the burner causing slugging and distortion problems. Very high velocities on the other hand are undesirable as fuel particles can centrifuge out of the main combustion zone as unburnt carbon. The test boiler used in this work has tangential over fire registers located in the side walls, which are directed to form an imaginary circle at the centre to aid the suspension burning. The vortex formed by these jets, is then induced by the under grate air in reaching the higher levels in the furnace. In the test furnace, the fuel is not coming along with the tangential over fire air, but enters the furnace through the bagasse spreaders and carried by the distributor air. The combustion of bagasse and the propagation of the flame within the furnace are influenced by the tangential over fire air and the under grate air. In the present work, the furnace is simulated and analyzed for the propagation of flame and the patterns at various heights of the furnace supported by the measurements.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "Cellular Automata: Descriptional Complexity and Decidability. We give a survey on the descriptional complexity of cellular models including one-way and two-way cellular automata, iterative arrays, and models with a fixed number of cells. For the former models so-called non-recursive trade-offs can be shown, that is, the savings in size that such automata may provide are not bounded by any recursive function. A consequence is that almost all commonly studied decidability questions are undecidable and not even semidecidable for such automata. On the other hand, for the latter models with a fixed number of cells it is possible to show recursive, in particular, polynomial bounds for mutual transformations which yield the decidability of the standard questions. Finally, we summarize results on the state complexity of the Boolean operations for one-way cellular automata and their variant with a fixed number of cells.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Carbon processing at the deep-sea floor of the Arabian Sea oxygen minimum zone: A tracer approach. We have elucidated the trophic interactions in the foodweb of sediments from and close to the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) of the Arabian Sea. Sediment cores from inside (885 m depth) and outside (1791 m depth) the OMZ were manipulated onboard by adding C-13-enriched phytodetritus. The incorporation of phytodetritus by the benthic community was quantified after incubating for 7 days. To assess the effect of bottom-water oxygenation on the processing of organic matter, the oxygen concentration in the overlying water of the incubated cores was also manipulated. Biomass values inside and outside the OMZ were comparable for bacteria (1068 and 1276 mg C m(-2)) and macrofauna (2528 and 3263 mg C m(-2)), but not for meiofauna (63 and 1338 mg C m(-2)). Uptake values in percentage of total added tracer were 0.8 and 0.5% for bacteria suboxic and oxic treatments inside the OMZ, and 0.5 and 12% for suboxic and oxic treatments outside the OMZ. Macrofauna uptake accounted for 17.4 and 4.4% in the suboxic and oxic treatments inside the OMZ, and only for 0.1% and 13% respectively outside the OMZ. Respiration accounted for 13% of total tracer added inside the OMZ for both treatments, 4.6 and 6.8% for oxic and suboxic treatments outside the OMZ, respectively. Our results show that phytodetritus is most efficiently processed at in situ oxygen conditions, that foraminifera and bacteria remain active both under elevated and lowered bottom-water oxygen levels and that macrofauna was present in high abundance and showed high tracer uptake. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 42, 36]}
+{"token": "Universal quantification as degree modification in Arabic. This paper demonstrates similarities between the universal quantifier kull 'every/all' and superlatives of quality and quantity in Standard Arabic. These similarities point to an analysis of kull as a kind of superlative. An analysis is developed that characterizes the meaning of kull as a minor variation on the meaning of the superlative morpheme that occurs in quality and quantity superlatives. The difference between kull's strongly distributive meaning analogous to every and its weakly distributive meaning analogous to all is argued to be the result of a type-shifting mechanism. This analysis teases apart the syntactic and semantic components of the three construction types examined here and identifies the uniformity that runs through them.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Superconductivity in a Copper(II)-Based Coordination Polymer with Perfect Kagome Structure. A highly crystalline copper(II) benzenehexathiolate coordination polymer (Cu-BHT) has been prepared. The two-dimensional kagome structure has been confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy. The as-prepared sample exhibits bulk superconductivity at about 0.25K, which is confirmed by the zero resistivity, AC magnetic susceptibility, and specific heat measurements. Another diamagnetic transition at about 3K suggests that there is a second superconducting phase that may be associated with a single layer or few layers of Cu-BHT. It is the first time that superconductivity has been observed in a coordination polymer.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "A POLITICAL ECONOMY THEORY OF FISCAL POLICY AND UNEMPLOYMENT. This paper presents a political economy theory of fiscal policy and unemployment. The underlying economy is one in which unemployment can arise but can be mitigated by tax cuts and increases in public production. Such policies are fiscally costly, but can be financed by issuing government debt. Policy decisions are made by a legislature consisting of representatives from different political districts. With the available policies, it is possible for the government to completely eliminate unemployment in the long run. However, with political decision making, the economy always has unemployment. Unemployment is higher when the private sector experiences negative shocks. When these shocks occur, the government employs debt-financed fiscal stimulus plans which involve both tax cuts and public production increases. When the private sector is healthy, the government contracts debt until it reaches a floor level. Unemployment levels are weakly increasing in the economy's debt level, strictly so when the private sector experiences negative shocks. Conditional on the level of workers employed, the mix of public and private output is distorted.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Production of Mn-Fe Alloy from Slag Generated in Mn-removal Treatment of Molten Cast Iron. Production of Fe-Mn alloy from the slag generated in the Mn-removal treatment of cast iron was investigated by using the method of carbon reduction of FeO-SiO(2)-MnO and FeO-SiO(2)-MnO-CaO slags at 1 723 K.In the first stage, almost all the Fe was reduced from the slags, followed by the reduction of Si and Mn. Finally, Fe-Mn-Si metal was obtained as a result of the reduction treatment. The addition of CaO to the FeO-SiO(2)-MnO slag had two effects: (1) the slag viscosity decreased, thereby improving slag reactivity, and (2) the SiO(2) activity in the slag melt decreased, thereby lowering the Si content in the metal. It was confirmed that the reaction between carbon and the slag is rate limiting reaction. The contact condition between the slag and carbon has a significant influence on the slag reactivity; improvement of the contact condition leads to an increase in the slag reactivity.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Class Actions, Compliance and Moral Cost. We study the effects of introducing class action lawsuits into a competitive environment where some firms have an intrinsic motivation to implement efficient care. The standard aggregation argument in favor of class action holds that there will be increasing efficiency due to lower litigation costs. In the short run, intrinsically motivated firms benefit from the introduction of a class action procedure. In the long run, new intrinsically motivated entrants are attracted into the market, thereby increasing consumer surplus. Overall, the average care level increases.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "CROSS HABITUATION TO FEEDING DETERRENTS AND ACCEPTANCE OF A MARGINAL HOST-PLANT BY PIERIS-RAPAE LARVAE. Sensitivity of the cabbage butterfly, Pieris rapae L. to feeding deterrents was compared for larvae reared on different food sources under laboratory conditions. Since cabbage-reared larvae normally reject nasturtium. Tropaeolum majus L., the effects of previous exposure to allelochemicals on larval acceptance or rejection of this plant were also examined. When compared with cabbage-reared larvae, nasturtium-reared larvae were less sensitive to feeding deterrents including cymarin, erysimoside and 2-O-beta-D-glucosyl cucurbitacin E. Nasturtium-reared larvae were insensitive to chlorogenic acid, which was deterrent to cabbage-reared larvae. Feeding by larvae reared on a wheat germ diet was not deterred by these compounds. The results indicate that dietary experience can extensively affect larval sensitivity to feeding deterrents and that cross habituation of larvae to deterrents occurs in response to certain chemical constituents of nasturtium and wheat germ diet. Digitoxin, however, proved to be an exception. Larvae reared on either nasturtium or wheat germ diet were as sensitive to digitoxin as those reared on cabbage. Previous results have shown that rejection of nasturtium by cabbage-reared larvae is due to the presence of strong feeding deterrents in this plant. However, more than 50% of 2nd instar larvae reared from neonate on cabbage leaves treated with strophanthidin, cymarin, erysimoside, digitoxigenin and digitoxin accepted nasturtium as a food source. 2-O-beta-D-glucosyl cucurbitacin E, 2-O-beta-D-glucosyl cucurbitacin I and rutin were also active in causing larvae to feed on nasturtium. Thus dietary exposure to unrelated plant chemicals can profoundly affect insect acceptance of a plant that contains feeding deterrents.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Subsoil compaction effects on crops in Punjab, Pakistan: II. Root growth and nutrient uptake of wheat and sorghum. Crop yields can be reduced by soil compaction due to increased resistance to root growth, and decrease in water and nutrient use efficiencies. A field experiment was conducted during 1997-1998 and 1998-1999 on a sandy clay loam (fine-loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplargids, USDA; Luvic Yermosol, FAG) to study subsoil compaction effects on root growth, nutrient uptake and chemical composition of wheat (Triticum,l aestivum L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench). Soil compaction was artificially created once at the start of the study. The 0.00-0.15 m soil was manually removed with a spade. The exposed layer was compacted with a mechanical compactor from 1.65 Mg m(-3) (control plot) to a bulk density of 1.93 Mg m(-3) (compacted plot). The topsoil was then again replaced above the compacted subsoil and levelled. Both compacted anti control plots were heed manually and levelled. Root length density, measured at flowering stage, decreased markedly with compaction during 1997-1998 but there was little effect during 1998-1999. The reduction in nutrient uptake by wheat due to compaction of the subsoil was 12-35% for N, 17-27% for P and up to 24% for K. The reduction in nutrient uptake in sorghum due to subsoil compaction was 23% for N, 16% for P, and 12% for K. Subsoil compaction increased N content in wheat grains in 1997-1998, but there was no effect on P and K contents of grains and N and P content of wheat straw or sorghum stover During 1997-1998, K content of wheat straw was statistically higher in control treatment compared with compacted treatment. In 1998, P-content of sorghum leaves was higher in compacted treatment than uncompacted control. Root length density of wheat below 0.15 m depth was significantly reduced and was significantly and negatively correlated with soil bulk density. Therefore, appropriate measures such as periodic chiselling, controlled traffic, conservation tillage, and incorporating of crops with deep tap root system in rotation cycle is necessary to minimize the risks of subsoil compaction. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Modeling aerobic carbon source degradation processes using titrimetric data and combined respirometric-titrimetric data: Experimental data and model structure. Experimental data are presented that resulted from aerobic batch degradation experiments in activated sludge with simple carbon sources (acetate and dextrose) as substrates. Data collection was done using combined respirometric-titrimetric measurements. The respirometer consists of an open aerated vessel and a closed non-aerated respiration chamber for monitoring the oxygen uptake rate related to substrate degradation. The respirometer is combined with a titrimetric unit that keeps the pH of the activated sludge sample at a constant value by addition of acid and/or base. The experimental data clearly showed that the activated sludge bacteria react with consumption or production of protons during aerobic degradation of the two carbon sources under study. Thus, the cumulative amount of added acid and/or base could serve as a complementary information source on the degradation processes. For acetate, protons were consumed during aerobic degradation, whereas for dextrose protons were produced. For both carbon sources, a linear relationship was found between the amount of carbon source added and the amount of protons consumed (in case of acetate: 0.38 meq/mmol) or produced (in case of dextrose: 1.33 meq/ mmol) during substrate degradation. A model taking into account substrate uptake, CO2 production, and NH3 uptake for biomass growth is proposed to describe the aerobic degradation of a CxHyO2-type carbon source. Theoretical evaluation of this model for reference parameters showed that the proton effect due to aerobic substrate degradation is a function of the pH of the liquid phase. The proposed model could describe the experimental observations with both carbon sources. (C) 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "We have no greater enemies than these savages'. Franco-Innu alliance revisited (1603-1653). Referring to the Innu with whom the French settlers at Quebec had been in contact since the beginning of the seventeenth century, Champlain noted in 1624 that, \\\\'we have no greater enemies than these savages.\\\\' This statement, surprising at first glance, nevertheless reflects a very real deterioration in the relationship between these two nations. The question of conflict in French-Innu relations has attracted relatively little attention, save for the work of those approaching it from a legal perspective. The murders of several French colonists by Innu and the reactions that these events elicited at Quebec offer an ideal context for studying the divide between French legal claims and the reality of their relationship with Aboriginal peoples, What meaning should be ascribed to these outbursts of violence that punctuated French-Innu relations between the 1610s and the 1630s? How can the subsequent \\\\'normalisation\\\\' of these relations be explained and what meaning can be ascribed to this process? These questions form the foundation of this article, which re-examines the initial phase of the French-Innu alliance through the process of the creation of a relationship of colonial domination over the Aboriginal population.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Faecal progestagen profiles in wild southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum). Knowledge of the reproductive biology of wild animals can provide valuable information for the development of appropriate in situ and ex situ management plans. The present study aimed to establish a non-invasive protocol for monitoring faecal progestagen metabolite (FPM) patterns in wild female southern white rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum simum). Six adult females at Lapalala Wilderness, South Africa, were tracked and accurately identified at least once every week. Three animals gave birth during the study period. Fresh faecal samples were collected for 12 months and stored frozen at -20 degrees C until analysis with an enzyme immunoassay utilizing an antiserum raised against 5 alpha-pregnan-3 beta-ol-20-one which cross-reacts with a number of progestagens. Mean FPM concentrations were 35 to 64-fold higher during pregnancy (55-145 days before parturition) compared to postpartum (120-140 days after parturition) (P < 0.001). Also, the non-pregnant animals had mean FPM concentrations significantly higher than postpartum values (P = 0.006). Our results show that non-invasive FPM measurements provide information on the pregnancy status of wild female white rhinoceroses, and may be used for the detection of pregnancy in free-living individuals, without the necessity of immobilization and/or relocation of the animal. This information has potential value for optimizing breeding management of wild and captive populations.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "A Historic Review on R&D of China's FCC Riser Termination Device Technologies. Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is a dominant refining conversion process in China's most refineries. After decades of development, China has already become one of the major FCC technology licensors in the world. In this review, the research and development (R&D) activities on FCC riser termination device (RTD) technologies in China are reviewed and discussed. Emphasis is put on the R&D of a series of advanced RTD technologies led by China University of Petroleum, Beijing, which initiated in the early 1990s when more and more China's FCC units chose to process more residue feedstock. Followed by the guideline of three \\\\'quick\\\\'s and two \\\\'high\\\\'s, two early types of RTD systems with coupled zones for gas-solids centrifugal separation and pre-stripping were developed and applied successfully in commercial units. Significantly reduced yields of coke and dry gas due to restrained post-riser reactions and satisfactory particle recovery efficiency were achieved. These were the fender-stripper cyclone and vortex quick separator systems designed for external-and internal-riser FCC units, respectively. Later, further improvement efforts led to the development of another two RTD systems, i.e. the circulating-stripper cyclone system for external-riser units and super vortex quick separator system for internal-riser units. By now, nearly 50 applications were commissioned with a sum FCC capacity of 40.0 Mton/a, nearly one-third of China's total FCC processing capacity. Besides, other research efforts, such as the geometry optimization efforts on LD2 type separator, the studies on RTD for down-flow riser FCC units, and the idea of non-disengager FCC unit are also discussed in this review. To accommodate to degraded feedstock, more stringent environmental regulations and new FCC process technologies, future R&D efforts on RTD technologies should be put on improvements to further satisfy the three-\\\\'quick\\\\'s and two-\\\\'high\\\\'s requirements with changing FCC operating conditions and different process requirements.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "Comparative sequence analysis of the distal one-third of the genomes of a systemic and an enteric ferret coronavirus. Ferret systemic coronavirus (FRSCV) infection is associated with an emerging, highly fatal disease of ferrets. Enhanced macrophage tropism and the resulting induction of pyogranulomatous lesions are shared with feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) infection in cats, but are not features of ferret enteric coronavirus (FRECV) infection. Comparative sequence analysis of the distal one-third of the genomes of one FRSCV and one FRECV strain showed that these two ferret coronaviruses share >96% nucleotide sequence identities in the membrane (M), nucleocapsid (N) and non-structural protein genes (partial polymerase, open reading frames [ORFs] 3 and 7b). The envelope (E) protein gene showed a moderate nucleotide sequence similarity of 91.6%. In contrast, nucleotide and amino acid sequence similarities observed with the spike (S) protein were only 79.5 and 79.6%, respectively. Twenty-one amino acid differences within a 195-199-amino acid C-terminal portion of the S protein were conserved between 3 strains each of FRSCV and FRECV. Both systemic and enteric strains were found to carry a single ORF 3 gene with truncated proteins observed in two out of three FRSCV strains examined. The two enteric strains analyzed each contained an intact ORF 3 gene. Phylogenetically, FRSCV is more closely related to FRECV than to other group 1 coronaviruses. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Changes in the VAT Gap in Poland: The Role of Cyclical and Structural Factors. This article attempts to decompose the changes in the value-added tax (VAT) gap in Poland into the cyclical and the structural component. To this end, a methodology for quantifying changes in the VAT gap alternative to the ones commonly used in the literature is proposed. The methodology combines three traditions of tax revenues modelling: the discrepancy method, the tax elasticity estimation, and the so-called indicator methods. The proposed approach makes it possible to quantify changes in the VAT gap while controlling for the business cycle, and thereby to extract their structural component that is most relevant for the long-term sustainability of public finances. The obtained results indicate that the trajectory of the VAT gap in Poland is determined by both cyclical and structural factors. However, their relative importance has changed over time. Since the global financial crisis, structural factors have started to play a greater role, both in the increase of the VAT gap in the years 2008-2012 and its decrease in 2015-2018. Nevertheless, even in the case of 2012-2015, when the gap reached its highest level in the sample period, over 40% of its increase compared to prior to the financial crisis can be explained by unfavourable economic conditions.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Morphology of methane and carbon dioxide hydrates formed from water droplets. Methane and carbon dioxide hydrate crystals were formed on nearly spherical water droplets at 274.6 K and 2,150 kPa or 1,000 kPa above the corresponding three-phase hydrate equilibrium pressure. Each experiment was performed with two droplets 5 mm and 2.5 mm in diameter or three droplets with a diameter of 2.5 mm. At the higher pressure the water droplets quickly became jagged and exhibited many needlelike or hairlike crystals extruding from the droplet, whereas at the lower pressure the surface was smooth. In almost all experiments, a depression or collapse of the hydrate layer was observed to occur. This collapse was interpreted as evidence of a continuing hydrate formation after the droplet surface was covered by the hydrate layer. The type of hydrate forming gas and the size of the droplet was observed not to influence the macroscopic hydrate crystal molpholoy. The decomposition of the methane and carbon dioxide hydrate layers was also observed. Reformation was also experimented, and the effect of memory on the morphology of hydrate crystal growth was determined.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "Design and evaluation for mechanical strength of an anodically bonded pressurized cavity array for wafer-level MEMS packaging. We present a strength evaluation method and design guidelines for a pressurized cavity array fabricated by the anodic bonding of silicon substrates to glass cavity plates. The mechanical strength of the bonding of a pressurized cavity array has been evaluated in terms of the interfacial fracture toughness measured for a silicon-glass specimen with pre-inserted blades. From a set of the glass-silicon bonding specimens, we have obtained an average value of the critical interfacial fracture toughness of 6.12 J/m(2). Using a theoretical analysis, a simple fracture mechanics model of the pressurized cavity array has been developed. The interfacial fracture toughness for a bonded cavity of infinitely wide plates has been derived analytically in terms of cavity dimensions, material properties and cavity pressure. For a bonded cavity of plates of finite width, we performed a finite element analysis and evaluated interfacial fracture toughness by varying intercavity bonding length. In the case of a cavity array with an intercavity bonding length longer than half the cavity length, the bonding strength approaches that of an infinite plate. For a cavity array having shorter intercavity bonding length, however, the bonding strength of the cavity array decreases as the ratio of the bonding length to the cavity size decreases. The measured interfacial fracture toughness and the derived equations result in a cavity design chart, which enables us to determine the ratio of bonding length to cavity size required for the failure-free wafer-level MEMS packaging of a pressurized cavity array.", "label": [1, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "Mapping groundwater recharge potential using GIS approach in Darwha block. Groundwater is the most important source of water in meeting irrigation, drinking, and other needs in India. The assessment of the potential zone for its recharge is critical for sustainable usage, quality management, and food security. This study reports alternative mapping of the groundwater recharge potential of a selected block by including large-scale soil data. Thematic layers of soil, geomorphology, slope, land use land cover, topographical wetness index, and drainage density of Darwha block (District Yavatmal, Maharashtra, India) were generated and integrated in a geographic information system environment. The topographic maps, thematic maps, field data, and satellite image were processed, classified, and weighted using analytical hierarchical process for their contribution to groundwater recharge. The layers were integrated by weighted linear combination method in the GIS environment to generate four groundwater potential zones viz., \\\\'poor,\\\\' \\\\'poor to moderate,\\\\' \\\\'moderate to high,\\\\' and \\\\'high.\\\\' Based on the generated groundwater potential map, about 9830 ha (12%) of the study area was categorized as high potential for recharge, 25,558 ha (31%) as poor to moderate, 33,398 ha (40%) as moderate to high, and 12,565 ha (15%) as poor potential zone. The zonation corresponds well with the field data on greater well density (0.22/ha) and irrigated crop area (27%) in the high potential zone as against 0.02 wells/ha and only 6% irrigated area in the poor zone. The map is recommended for use in regulating groundwater development decisions and judicious expenditure on drilling new wells by farmers and the state authorities.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Visible Perforating Lateral Osteotomy: Internal Perforating Technique with Wide Periosteal Dissection. There are two general categories of lateral osteotomy techniques-the external perforating method and the internal continuous method. Regardless of which technique is used, procedural effectiveness is hampered by limited visualization in the surgical field. Considering this point, we devised a new technique that involves using a wide subperiosteal dissection and internal perforation under direct visualization. Using an intranasal approach, whereby the visibility of the intended fracture line was maintained, enabled a greater degree of control, and in turn, results that were more precise, and thus predictable and reproducible. Traditionally, it has been taken as dogma that the periosteum must be preserved, considering the potential for dead space and bony instability; however, under sufficient visualization of the surgical field with an internal perforating method, complete osteotomy with fully preserved intranasal mucosa could be conducted exactly as intended. This intact mucosal lining compensates for the elevated periosteum. Compressive dressing and drainage through a Silastic angio-needle catheter enabled the elimination of dead space. Therefore, precise, reproducible, and predictable osteotomy minimizing the potential for associated complications such as ecchymosis, that is, bruising owing to hemorrhage, could be performed. In this article, we introduce a novel technique for lateral osteotomy with improved visualization.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Absence of the Parasite Escovopsis in Fungus Garden Pellets Carried by Gynes of Atta sexdens. Before the mating flight, the gyne of leaf-cutting ants takes a small pellet of their mutualistic fungus garden to start fungus culture in its new colony by vertically transmitting it. This mutualism is threatened by the specialized microfungal parasite Escovopsis, which is exclusively associated with the ant's fungus gardens. Evidences suggest that Escovopsis transmission between colonies is horizontal, i.e. the parasite is transferred between established nests. However, such studies analyzed a relatively small number of fungal pellets or were restricted to a few ant colonies. Additionally, there is a report of rapid parasite dispersion, compatible with a winged vectored mechanism, suggesting that there is also vertical transmission. Herein, we carried out a complementary study on the possibility of vertical transmission of Escovopsis by sampling a large number of fungus pellets from gynes of Atta sexdens, a species not previously studied from this perspective. Gynes were collected during their mating flights in 2009 and 2010, and were left in moist chambers upon fungus regurgitation. Each pellet was inoculated on potato dextrose agar and incubated at 25 degrees C, resulting in prevalence of the mutualistic cultivar, low proportions of other fungal species, and absence of Escovopsis. Thus, our study consolidates the results of previous reports that Escovopsis vertical transmission does not occur or is negligible, thus enabling the characterization of this parasite transmission as horizontal. Future studies on Escovopsis transmission mechanisms may explain why, although horizontal, it seems to be as fast as the transmission mediated by winged vectors.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Adhesin-Encoding Genes from Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Are More Prevalent in Atypical than in Typical Enteropathogenic E. coli. Four of six adhesin-encoding genes (lpfA, paa, iha, and toxB) from Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains were detected in typical and atypical enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) strains of various serotypes. Although the most prevalent gene was lpfA in both groups, paa was the only potential diarrhea-associated gene in atypical EPEC.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Organizational culture and leadership in Egypt, Iran, and Turkey: The contextual constraints of society and industry. Drawing on institutional theory, this paper aims to examine whether society and industry act as constraining factors on organizational culture and leadership preferences in three countries in the Middle East and North Africa. The sample includes 55 organizations in Egypt, Iran, and Turkey operating in the finance and food industries. The findings show that organizational culture and leadership preferences vary across different societies in the region. Moreover, some organizational culture practices differ across industries, whereas leadership preferences do not. These findings demonstrate the importance of context (mainly on society and partially on industry) on shaping organizational culture and perceived leadership effectiveness. The practical implications suggest that managers must be aware that even countries in the same region have practice differences.", "label": [5, 44, 46]}
+{"token": "Bilateral radial agenesis with absent thumbs, complex heart defect, short stature, and facial dysmorphism in a patient with pure distal microduplication of 5q35.2-5q35.3. Conclusions: We postulate that a terminal distal trisomy of 5q35.2-5q35.3, which maps 1.1 Mb telomeric to the MSX2 gene is causative for both radial agenesis and complex heart defect in our proband. A potential candidate gene causative for limb malformation in our proband could be FGFR4, which maps relatively in the closest position to the chromosomal breakage site (about 1.3 Mb) from all known 5q duplications. Since the limb malformation as well as the underlying genetic defect are distinct from other 5q trisomy patient we propose that a position effect resulting in altered long-range regulation of the FGFR4 (alternatively MSX2) may be responsible for the limb malformation in our proband.Case presentation: We report on a 9.5-year-old boy with some feature of Hunter-McAlpine syndrome including short stature, complex heart defect (dextrocardia, dextroversion, PFO), bilateral cryptorchidism, hypothyroidism, and craniofacial dysmorphism. Additionally, bilateral radial agenesis with complete absence of Ist digital rays, ulnar hypoplasia with bowing, choroidal and retinal coloboma, abnormal biliary vesicle were identified, which have never been noted in 5q trisomy patients. Karyotype analysis, sequencing and MLPA for TBX5 and SALL4 genes were unremarkable. Array comparative genomic hybridization detected a duplication on 5q35.2-5q35.3, resulting from a de novo chromosomal rearrangement. Our proband carried the smallest of all previously reported pure distal 5q trisomies encompassing terminal 5.4-5.6 Mb and presented with the most severe limb malformation attributed to the increased number of distal 5q copies.Background: A partial duplication of the distal long arm of chromosome 5 (5q35- > qter) is known to be associated with a distinct phenotype referred to as Hunter-McAlpine syndrome. Clinical spectrum of this disorder mainly consists of mental retardation, microcephaly, short stature, skeletal anomalies, and craniofacial dysmorphism featuring flat facies, micrognathia, large, low-set dysplastic ears, hypertelorism, almond-shaped, down-slanted palpebral fissures, epicanthal folds, small nose, long philtrum, small mouth, and thin upper lip. Less frequent remarkable findings include craniosynostosis, heart defect, hypoplastic phalanges, preaxial polydactyly, hypospadias, cryptorchidism, and inguinal hernia. In most patients with a partial duplication of 5q the aberration occurred due to an inherited unbalanced translocation, therefore the phenotype was not reflective of pure trisomy 5q.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Herpes simplex virus tegument protein VP22 contains overlapping domains for cytoplasmic localization, microtubule interaction, and chromatin binding. We have previously shown that the 301-amino-acid herpes simplex virus tegument protein VP22 exhibits a range of subcellular localization patterns when expressed in isolation from other virus proteins. By using live-cell analysis of cells expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged VP22 we have shown that when VP22 is first expressed in the cell it localizes to the cytoplasm, where, when present at high enough concentrations, it can assemble onto microtubules, causing them to bundle and become highly stabilized. In addition we have shown that when a cell expressing VP22 enters mitosis, the cytoplasmic population of VP22 translocates to the nucleus, where it efficiently binds mitotic chromatin. Here we have investigated the specific regions of the VP22 open reading frame required for these properties. Using GFP-VP22 as our starting molecule, we have constructed a range of N- and C-terminal truncations and analyzed their localization patterns in live cells. We show that the C-terminal 242 residues of VP22 are sufficient to induce microtubule bundling. Within this subregion, the C-terminal 89 residues contain a signal for cytoplasmic localization of the protein, while a larger region comprising the C-terminal 128 residues of the VP22 protein is required for mitotic chromatin binding. Furthermore, a central 100-residue domain of VP22 maintains the ability to bind microtubules without inducing bundling, suggesting that additional regions flanking this microtubule binding domain may be required to alter the microtubule network. Hence, the signals involved in dictating the complex localization patterns of VP22 are present in overlapping regions of the protein.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Habitat complexity in shallow lakes and ponds: importance, threats, and potential for restoration. In this review we describe patterns and mechanisms by which habitat complexity is crucial for the functioning of shallow lakes and ponds, and for the abundance and diversity of biological communities in these ecosystems. Habitat complexity is affected by processes acting at different spatial scales, from the landscape to the ecosystem level (i.e., morphometric attributes) that generate different complexities, determining the potential for organisms to succeed and processes to occur, such as energy and nutrient transfer, and fluxes of greenhouse gases, among others. At the local scale, the three major habitats, pelagic, littoral, and benthic, are characterised by different degrees of structural complexity and a particular set of organisms and processes. Direct and indirect effects of changes in within-lake habitat complexity can either hinder or promote regime shifts in these systems. We also review several anthropogenic pressures (eutrophication, urbanisation, introduction of exotic species, and climate change) that decrease lake resilience through changes in habitat complexity and strategies for habitat complexity restoration. Overall, we emphasize the need to preserve and/or restore habitat complexity as key challenges to account for ecosystem integrity, maintenance of local/regional biodiversity, and for the provision of crucial ecosystem services (e.g., biodiversity, self-purification, and carbon sequestration).", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "The 'diverse economies' of applied theatre. Some of the perennial tensions in applied theatre arise from the ways in which practice is funded or financed. They include the immediate material pressures and pragmatic dilemmas faced by theatre makers on the ground and the struggle to secure the resources needed to produce and sustain work or to negotiate the dynamics and demands of particular funding relationships. In the applied theatre literature, there are many examples of groups and organizations that have compromised their political, pedagogic, artistic or ethical principles to make their work economically viable. There are also ongoing debates about the nature of the relationship between applied theatre and the local, national and global economic conditions in which it is produced. These debates examine the extent to which economic conditions shape the forms and intentions of socially committed theatre movements over time. This article takes a practice-based approach, drawing on fieldwork conducted in 2012 with three applied theatre companies: Applied Theatre Consultants Ltd in New Zealand; C&T in the UK; and FM Theatre Power in Hong Kong. This multi-sited organizational ethnography generates critical insights into the ways in which these companies bring social and artistic values to bear on business models and financial relationships. Analysis of the companies' practice takes seriously the aim of J.K. Gibson-Graham's (2006) diverse economies project: to imagine and create spaces of economic possibility. Organizational, management and economic processes can be insidious technologies by which capitalist/neo-liberal ideologies infiltrate socially committed theatre and performance. But they can also be critically informed practices, involving considerable ethical consideration, creativity and care.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "DEFAMATION LAW IN TURBULENCE: DOES ISRAEL NEED 'LIBEL REFORM'?. Based on case law from the eight-year period 2004-11 on damages awarded by Israeli courts in defamation cases - both damages awarded 'without proof of damage' (the plaintiff does not need to prove damage caused by the publication) and damages awarded for 'general damage' (some general damage needs to be proved) -I conclude that the spectrum of judicial discretion is sufficiently broad to accommodate any level of deterrence seen fit by the courts in any circumstances. The fact that average damages awards do not reach the statutory caps indicates that, for all practical purposes, legislative intrusion in the manner proposed is erroneous. As to the normative standards the bill strives to convey, I maintain that absent reasonable justifications based on identifiable changes in cultural, social or other circumstances over time, the attempt to change the currently accepted balance between the rights of reputation and freedom of speech in Israeli defamation law in terms of damages awards is also erroneous.Even if some modification of the current balance between reputation and free speech, as a result of specified changes in circumstances, do indeed appear to be necessary, the particular content, form and measure of this specific bill - which have yet to be examined and assessed - do not seem to provide the right approach to achieve such modifications.Among the various bills proposing amendments to Israel's Defamation (Prohibition) Law that were presented to the 18th Knesset, the most controversial one is the bill proposing an increase in the caps on statutory damages (without proof of special or general damage). The current NIS 50,000 cap (NIS 100,000 when the publication was intended to cause injury) will be replaced, if the bill is approved, by a NIS 300,000 cap (NIS 600,000 when the publication was intended to cause injury). This proposed massive change has ignited a heated public debate. The bill, according to its proponents, is targeted principally at the media. Its aim is deterrence and even punishment, accomplished by attaching a higher price tag to libellous publications while focusing on remedies and leaving liability tests (including defences) untouched.I claim that this bill is both unnecessary and detrimental.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Brief Report: Autistic-Like Traits in Childhood Predict Later Age at Menarche in Girls. We investigated the relationship between autistic-like traits in early childhood and age at menarche in typically developing girls. Autistic-like symptoms were measured at age 2 years using the Child Behaviour Checklist, and age at menarche (AAM) was determined prospectively using self-report questionnaires at age 8, 10, 14 and 17 years. Girls with 'high' autistic-like symptoms at age 2 years demonstrated significantly later AAM (n = 70; M = 13.07 years; SD = 1 year) than girls reported to show 'typical' (n = 216; M = 12.72 years; SD = 1.1) or 'low' (n = 47; M = 12.66 years; SD = 1.13 years) levels of these behaviors. These data further establish a link between the autism phenotype and later AAM and may provide insights into the etiology of the condition.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Helicosporium luteosporum sp nov and Acanthohelicospora aurea (Tubeufiaceae, Tubeufiales) from terrestrial habitats. Morphological characters and molecular data are currently used to identify and confirm genotypic and phenotypic distinctions and connections in fungi. In this paper, we introduce Helicosporium luteosporum sp. nov. based on morpho-phylogenetic traits. The species is characterized by shiny yellow colonies on woody substrates, erect pigmented conidiophores with denticulate conidiogenous cells and coiled conidia. Phylogenetic analysis of combined ITS, LSU and TEF1 alpha sequence data place H. luteosporum as a distinct lineage among other Helicosporium species. In addition, both sexual and asexual morphs of Acanthohelicospora aurea were found from different specimens and their relationship is confirmed by molecular data.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "The impact of study design on schizophrenia incidence estimates: A systematic review of Northern European studies 2008-2019. The best estimates of the incidence of schizophrenia range more than 25-fold from 3 to 80 per 100,000 person years. To what extent do differences in study design explain this wide variation? We selected all studies published between 2008-2019 reporting the incidence of schizophrenia in general populations of Northern Europe. We identified 17 estimates covering 85 million person-years and more than 15,000 individual cases. The estimates ranged from 4-72 per 100,000 person-years (median 30; interquartile range 13-41). We classified the estimates in terms of three study design factors (coverage of services, time frame, and diagnostic quality) and two population factors (urbanicity and age). A meta-regression model of the three design factors, using the two population factors as covariates, explained 91% of between-study variation. Studies performed in general psychiatric services reported similar estimates [incidence rate ratio 1.12 (95% confidence interval 0.88 to 1.43)] to those performed in specialized services. But studies applying a cumulative time frame to diagnosis reported fourfold higher estimates [4.04 (3.14 to 5.2)] than those applying a first-contact time frame. And studies based on clinical diagnoses reported lower estimates [0.55 (0.43 to 0.72)] than those based on standardized research diagnoses. The three study design factors by themselves explained 67% of between-study variation. When comparing incidence rates from different populations, distorsions arising from differences in study design can eclipse differences caused by schizophrenia risk factors, such as gender, age or migrant status. (c) 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Identification of CD8(+) T cell subsets that normalize in early-treated people living with HIV receiving antiretroviral therapy. Background Although combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) has decreased the mortality associated with HIV infection, complete immune reconstitution is not achieved despite viral suppression. Alterations of CD8(+) T cells and some of their subpopulations, such as interleukin (IL)-17-producing cells, are evidenced in treated individuals and are associated with systemic inflammation and adverse disease outcomes. We sought to evaluate if different CD8(+) T cell subsets are differentially normalized during a clinical follow-up of people living with HIV (PLWH) receiving suppressive cART. Methods We explored the changes in the frequencies, activation/exhaustion phenotypes (HLA-DR, CD38, PD-1, and TIM-3), and function (total and HIV-specific cells expressing CD107a, perforin, granzyme B, interferon [IFN]-gamma and IL-17) of CD8(+) T cells from early-treated PLWH receiving cART in a 1-year follow-up, using a multidimensional flow cytometry approach. Results Despite continuous cART-induced viral suppression and recovery of CD4(+) T cells, after a 1-year follow-up, the CD8(+) T cell counts, CD4:CD8 ratio, PD-1 expression, and IL-17 production by CD8(+) T cells exhibited incomplete normalization compared with seronegative controls. However, the proportion of CD8(+) T cells with an exhausted phenotype (co-expressing PD-1 andTIM-3), and cells co-expressing cytotoxic molecules (Perforin and Granzyme B), reached normalization. Conclusions Although suppressive cART achieves normalization of CD4(+) T cell counts, only particular subsets of CD8(+) T cells are more rapidly normalized in PLWH receiving cART, which could be routinely used as biomarkers for therapy efficiency in these patients.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Cassini imaging of Saturn: Southern hemisphere winds and vortices. [ 1] High-resolution images of Saturn's southern hemisphere acquired by the Cassini Imaging Science Subsystem between February and October 2004 are used to create maps of cloud morphology at several wavelengths, to derive zonal winds, and to characterize the distribution, frequency, size, morphology, color, behavior, and lifetime of vortices. Nonequatorial wind measurements display only minor differences from those collected since 1981 and reveal a strong, prograde flow near the pole. The region just southward of the velocity minimum at 40.7 degrees S is especially active, containing numerous vortices, some generated in the proximity of convective storms. The two eastward jets nearest the pole display periodicity in their longitudinal structure, but no direct analogs to the northern hemisphere's polar hexagon or ribbon waves were observed. Characteristics of winds and vortices are compared with those of Saturn's northern hemisphere and Jupiter's atmosphere.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Survey of cat owners on features of, and preventative measures for, feline scratching of inappropriate objects: a pilot study. Results Scratching of inappropriate items was reported for 83.9% of cats. Most cats (81.5%) scratched chairs or other furniture and 64.1% scratched carpet. The frequency of scratching inappropriate items was significantly influenced by type and material of the items scratched, with furniture and carpet, and fabric and carpet, respectively, being scratched most often. Most cats (76.1%) had a designated scratching item. The frequency of scratching designated items was significantly influenced by type, with cats using scratching posts and other items more often than scratch pads. Owners used a variety of punishment- and reward-based techniques to stop inappropriate scratching and encourage scratching of designated items; only one technique was found to have a significant effect, with the frequency of scratching designated items being significantly lower in cats that were placed near the item.Methods A paper questionnaire was distributed to 140 cat-owning clients of a small animal practice. The response rate was 82.9%. Questions related to features of inappropriate and designated items scratched, frequency of the behavior and how owners attempted to modify the behavior. The frequency of scratching was ranked and analyzed with repeated-measures models for differences between features of items. The effectiveness of techniques to modify scratching was analyzed with Student's t-tests comparing frequencies of scratching between cats of survey participants who did and did not use specific techniques.Conclusions and relevance Furniture covered with fabric was an object frequently scratched. Fabric should be further investigated as a potential material to encourage desired scratching behavior. Scratch pads appeared less desired than scratching posts. Punishment was a common strategy to deter scratching but did not appear to influence the frequency of scratching.Objectives The objective of this study was to collect preliminary data on relevant features and preventative measures of feline inappropriate scratching. Preliminary data could then be used to inform future randomized controlled studies.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "On the use of weather data in ecological studies along altitudinal and latitudinal gradients. Global warming has created a need for studies along climatic gradients to assess the effects of temperature on ecological processes. Altitudinal and latitudinal gradients are often used as such, usually in combination with air temperature data from the closest weather station recorded at 1.52 m above the ground. However, many ecological processes occur in, at, or right above the soil surface. To evaluate how representative the commonly used weather station data are for the microclimate relevant for soil surface biota, we compared weather station temperatures for an altitudinal (500900 m a.s.l.) and a latitudinal gradient (4968 degrees N) with data obtained by temperature sensors placed right below the soil surface at five sites along these gradients. The mean annual temperatures obtained from weather stations and adjusted using a lapse rate of -5.5 degrees C km-1 were between 3.8 degrees C lower and 1.6 degrees C higher than those recorded by the temperature sensors at the soil surface, depending on the position along the gradients. The monthly mean temperatures were up to 10 degrees C warmer or 5 degrees C colder at the soil surface. The within-site variation in accumulated temperature was as high as would be expected from a 300 m change in altitude or from a 4 degrees change in latitude or a climate change scenario corresponding to warming of 1.63.8 degrees C. Thus, these differences introduced by the decoupling are significant from a climate change perspective, and the results demonstrate the need for incorporating microclimatic variation when conducting studies along altitudinal or latitudinal gradients. We emphasize the need for using relevant temperature data in climate impact studies and further call for more studies describing the soil surface microclimate, which is crucial for much of the biota.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Strange bedfellows: Federal systems and performance management. This paper offers the first link between models of the measurement and management of performance and the dimensions of governance arrangements in federal systems. Four ideal type approaches to governance in federal systems are correlated against four ideal types of measuring and managing performance. The paper develops a model that will support empirical research examining reform trajectories where evolving systems of federalism require evolving systems to manage performance in joint arrangements between levels of government.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Research note: a comparison of free vote patterns in Westminster-style parliaments. The research note examines levels of intra-party cohesion during free voting on abortion, euthanasia and same-sex civil partnerships and marriage in the lower houses of four Westminster-style parliaments: Australia, Britain, Canada and New Zealand. In free vote circumstances, to what extent do political parties in these 'most similar' parliaments remain cohesive? Do political parties with similar ideological commitments exhibit similar levels of cohesiveness across the parliaments? The main finding of the article is that, although the level of cohesion within political parties varies depending upon the issue being considered, across the four parliaments, political parties with similar ideological commitments display broadly similar patterns of intra-party cohesion during free vote circumstances. Whilst 'centre-left' parties were the most cohesive on abortion and civil unions, but divided on euthanasia, 'centre-right' parties were consistently split on all three issues.", "label": [5, 47, 49]}
+{"token": "Elephant Head on White Body: Reflexive Interculturalism in Ganesh Versus the Third Reich. Back to Back Theatre's Ganesh Versus the Third Reich (2011) is about the quest of Ganesh, the popular elephant-headed Hindu God, to recover the sacred symbol of the swastika that has been appropriated by Hitler and his Nazi regime. Such a narrative intention and dramaturgical direction of placing an elephant head on a white body and having an all white cast play Hindu Gods and Goddesses would readily provoke reactions about a persistence and renewal of the Orientalist tropes prevalent in the intercultural works most critiqued in the discourse; an allusion to Peter Brook's the Mahabharata (1985) becomes inevitable. Yet, the production contains another narrative that interacts with the Ganesh-Nazi narrative; intersecting this 'mythic' story is a 'rehearsal' story of the company's attempts at devising the work. In this line of action, the patterns and processes of staging Ganesh Versus the Third Reich are revealed - it erupts and punctuates the mythic story. In such a meta-theatrical mode, Back to Back Theatre persistently interrogates the politics of representation. The complex interplay of meta-fiction, fiction, and reality, with these boundaries eventually bleeding into each other, advanced an intercultural strategy that confronts the problematic issues of auteurism, a prevalent characteristic of western interculturalism best described as what Daphne Lei terms 'HIT' (Hegemonic Intercultural Theatre). This article thus seeks to examine the production's dramaturgical strategies of reflexivity and meta-theatricality as approaches to performing Otherness.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Molecular Engineering of Triphenylamine-Based Non-Fullerene Electron-Transport Materials for Efficient Rigid and Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells. There has been a growing interest in the design and synthesis of non-fullerene electron transport materials (ETMs) for perovskite solar cells (PSCs), which may overcome the drawbacks of traditional fullerene derivatives. In this work, a novel donor-acceptor (D-A) structured ETM termed TPA-3CN is presented by molecular engineering of triphenylamine (TPA) as the donor group and (3-cyano-4,5,5-trimethyl-2(5H)-furanylidene) malononitrile as the acceptor group. To further improve the electron mobility and conductivity and achieve excellent photovoltaic performance, a solution processable n-type dopant is introduced during the ETM spin-coating step. After device optimization, PSCs based on the doped TPA-3CN exhibit an impressive power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 19.2% with a negligible hysteresis. Benefitting from the low temperature and good solution processability of ETM TPA-3CN, it was further applied in flexible inverted PSCs and an impressive PCE of 13.2% was achieved, which is among the highest values reported for inverted flexible fullerene-free PSCs.", "label": [1, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "Complete, annotated sequence of the pseudorabies virus genome. We have obtained the complete DNA sequence of pseudorabies virus (PRV), an alphaherpesvirus also known as Aujeszky's disease virus or suid herpesvirus 1, using sequence fragments derived from six different strains (Kaplan, Becker, Rice, Indiana-Funkhauser, NIA-3, and TNL). The assembled PRV genome sequence comprises 143,461 nucleotides. As expected, it matches the predicted gene arrangement, genome size, and restriction enzyme digest patterns. More than 70 open reading frames were identified with homologs in related alphaherpesviruses; none were unique to PRV. RNA polymerase H transcriptional control elements in the PRV genome, including core promoters, splice sites, and polyadenylation sites, were identified with computer prediction programs. The correlation between predicted and experimentally determined transcription start and stop sites was excellent. The transcriptional control architecture is characterized by three key features: core transcription elements shared between genes, yielding divergent transcripts and a large number of coterminal transcripts; bifunctional transcriptional elements, yielding head-to-tail transcripts; and short repetitive sequences that could function as insulators against improperly terminated transcripts. Many of these features are conserved in the alphaherpesvirus subfamily and have important implications for gene array analyses.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Comparative effect of feeding commercial milk replacer and whole milk on growth performance and feed conversion efficiency for Indian dairy calves. Newly born crossbred dairy calves (24) of either sex were selected and equally distributed into 3 treatment groups, viz. control, treatment-1 and treatment-2, for evaluating the effect of feeding different liquid diets on their growth performances. Control group received whole milk and skim milk as per institute feeding schedule, whereas the T1 and T2 groups were fed on whole milk and milk replacer, respectively, at the constant rate 1/10th of their body weight. The birth weights of calves in control, T1 and T2 groups were 29.83+/-3.12, 29.66+/-2.47 and 30.83+/-3.07 kg and the final body weights were 64.00+/-3.39, 73.43+/-3.40 and 58.16+/-3.68 kg, respectively. The overall average daily gain (ADG) in control, T1 and T2 were 406.74+/-17.50, 521.03+/-17.00 and 325.39+/-13.23 g, respectively, where T1 showed significantly higher ADG than control and T2. The average daily dry matter intake in control, T1 and T2 was 0.86+/-0.04, 0.91+/-0.05 and 0.83+/-0.05 kg, respectively, which were nonsignificant from each other. The feed conversion efficiency in control, T1 and T2 were 2.08+/-1.14, 1.68+/-0.06 and 2.491.14, respectively, in which T1 was significantly higher than T2. The growth rate in milk replacer group was comparatively lower than whole milk and control group. The milk replacer used in the present study was more economical than feeding whole milk and skim milk. Therefore, raising crossbred calves on milk replacer could be better option for commercial dairy farms to save the saleable whole milk for human consumption.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "CASHING IN ON RELIGION'S CURRENCY?: ETHICAL CHALLENGES FOR A POST-SECULAR MILITARY. Religion's prominence in this era of globalization is increasingly difficult to deny, and secular institutions are making significant adjustments to the new realities. The U.S. military is one such organization coming to grips with the post-secular world it inhabits. Indeed, we are told, engaging war's spiritual dynamics has become a military necessity. This essay considers the shifting contours of this post-secular landscape and the attendant ethical challenges for a consummately secular organization that rather suddenly discovers the relevance of religion to its mission and operating areas.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Comparative Genomic Analysis of Capsule-Producing Black Yeasts Exophiala dermatitidis and Exophiala spinifera, Potential Agents of Disseminated Mycoses. The two black yeasts Exophiala dermatitidis and Exophiala spinifera that are clinically considered as the most virulent species potentially causing disseminated infections are both producing extracellular capsule-like material, are compared. In this study, 10 genomes of E. spinifera and E. dermatitidis strains, including both clinical and environmental isolates, were selected based on phylogenetic analysis, physiology tests and virulence tests, sequenced on the Illumina MiSeq sequencer and annotated. Comparison of genome data were performed between intraspecific and interspecific strains. We found capsule-associated genes were however not consistently present in both species by the comparative genomics. The prevalent clinical species, E. dermatitidis, has small genomes containing significantly less virulence-associated genes than E. spinifera, and also than saprobic relatives. Gene OG0012246 and Myb-like DNA-binding domain and SANT/Myb domain, restricted to two strains from human brain, was shared with the neurotropic species Rhinocladiella mackenziei. This study indicated that different virulence profiles existed in the two capsule-producing black yeasts, and the absence of consistent virulence-associated profiles supports the hypothesis that black yeasts are opportunists rather than primary pathogens. The results also provide the key virulence genes and drive the continuing research forward pathogen-host interactions to explore the pathogenesis.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "DIETARY FIBRE CHARACTERISTICS AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF SESAME SEED COATS (TESTAE). The dietary fibre contained in the seed coats (testae) of sesame, by-products of the dehulling processes during the manufacture of sweetened sesame paste (halaweh), were evaluated with two assays: the AOAC enzymatic-gravimetric method and the enzymatic-chemical method. Functional properties and antioxidant activity of sesame seed coats were also determined. The total, insoluble, and soluble dietary fibre contents measured were significantly higher using the AOAC method, than with the enzymatic-chemical method. The dietary fibre contained high amounts of neutral sugars (15.11 g/100 g seed coat dry matter), insoluble uronic acids (10.52 g/100 g seed coat dry matter), and lignin (5.42 g/100 g seed coat dry matter). Physical property analyses showed a high positive correlation between particle size reduction of seed coat, water holding capacity, and oil holding capacity; however, there was a negative correlation with bulk density. Sesame testae showed a relatively high polyphenol content (9.9 mg/g of seed coat dry matter). Aqueous methanol, ethanol, and acetone extracts of seed coats yielded similar polyphenol levels (similar to 75 mg/g of extract), higher than those found in aqueous extracts (52.7 mg/g of extract). Aqueous organic solvent extracts possessed higher antioxidant activity than water extracts. Our results suggested that sesame seed coats can be used in the preparation of low calorie, high fibre, and antioxidant-rich foods.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Phylogeny of the Prolecithophora (Platyhelminthes) inferred from 18S rDNA sequences. Complete nuclear 18S rDNA sequences from 14 species of the Prolecithophora were obtained and used, in combination with literature data, to generate the first parsimony-based hypothesis of the phylogeny of the order Prolecithophora (Platyhelminthes). Bootstrap, parsimony jack-knife, and Bremer support values were computed and compared. The monophyly of the Prolecithophora sensu stricto and the family Plagiostomidae is strongly supported. The taxa Separata, Combinata, and Plagiostomum are shown to be nonmonophyletic. Cylindrostomidae and Ulianinidae are transferred to Pseudostomidae. The Urastomidae is not part of the Prolecithophora. (C) 1999 The Will Hennig Society.", "label": [4, 39, 43]}
+{"token": "Diversity and distribution of peracarid crustaceans (Malacostraca) from the abyss adjacent to the Kuril-Kamchatka Trench. During the KuramBio expedition in 2012, macrobenthos samples were collected with an epibenthic sledge from 12 sites on the abyssal plain of the Northwest Pacific Basin adjacent to the Kuril-Kamchatka Trench (KKT) and on the western slope of the KKT, at depths between 4830 and 5780 m. In terms of the peracarid fauna, the NW Pacific abyss was found to be one of the richest and densely populated deep-sea regions of the World Ocean. With 482 species, 168 genera, 61 families and 5 orders, the superorder Peracarida was found to be the most diverse and one of the most abundant macrobenthic taxa in the collection. Of the taxa found, 3 genera and 386 (80%) species were apparently new to science, 30 genera and the family Dendrotionidae (Isopoda) being recorded for the first time in the NW Pacific. The peracarid fauna composition at the abyssal depths of the KKT region was typical of the open, non-isolated abyssal plain. The Isopoda proved the most diverse and abundant peracarid order (245 species, 61.3% of the individuals), followed by the Amphipoda (79 species, 19.6%), Tanaidacea (77 species, 9.1%), the Cumacea (70 species, 9.7%), and the Mysida (11 species, 0.23%). The highest peracarid abundance (up to 1047 ind./1000 m(2)) was recorded on the western slope of the trench, abundances at the abyssal plain being lower (125-639 ind./1000 m(2)). The peracarid distribution in the area studied was affected by a complex of various factors, the food availability reflected in the Particular Organic Matter (POM) flux belonging to the most important ones. Specifically, increases in the peracarid abundance and species richness corresponded in most cases with a high sediment organic carbon content or the high surface productivity level in the area. As indicated by the sediment composition, the food input to the deep-sea system apparently differed between the sites sampled. On the trench slope, accumulation of organic debris, transported down the slope from shallower regions, played an apparently major role. The abyss in the northern and in the southern parts of the area sampled is influenced by the high surface productivity, resulting from the regional hydrography. The area east of the Middle Kuril Islands is likely influenced by the organic material transported from the Sea of Okhotsk through the Kuril Straits.", "label": [4, 42, 36]}
+{"token": "Understanding the use and tolerance of a pediatric and an adult commercial blenderized enteral formula through real-world data. Background Home enteral nutrition (HEN) is frequently prescribed to individuals who cannot consume adequate food orally. Commercial blenderized enteral formulas (CBEF) containing real-food ingredients are becoming more popular and more widely available; however, the demographics of patients receiving these formulas have rarely been evaluated, and little data are available on patient tolerance in the community. Methods US claims data were obtained for children and adolescents/adults who used the CBEF of interest as the sole source of nutrition via enteral feeding tube in the community setting following discharge from acute care. Demographics, concomitant medications, clinical diagnoses, and Charlson Comorbidity Index scores were tabulated using descriptive statistics. Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms before and after hospital discharge were compared using significance tests. Results The study included 231 participants (180 children, 51 adolescents/adults). CBEFs were prescribed to patients with a variety of diagnoses, of which the most common were digestive and respiratory disorders. Children experienced significantly lower rates of diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, constipation, and abdominal distension in the weeks following hospital discharge compared with the baseline (all P < 0.001). Adolescents/adults experienced significantly lower rates of constipation, nausea, and vomiting (all P < 0.05). Neither group increased their usage of GI medications following hospital discharge. Conclusion These CBEFs, based on real-food ingredients, were prescribed to diverse patients in the community and were well tolerated. These formulas offer an alternative to standard polymeric formulas and an alternative or adjunct to homemade blenderized formulas.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Back to Square One? - An Assessment of the Latest Proposals for a Patent and Court for the Internal Market and Possible Alternatives. In 2009, when the Council reached a political agreement on the creation of a substantive patent right for the internal market and of a flanking litigation system, the prospects of that project looked brighter than ever before. However, the project has since taken some heavy blows, administered by permanent disagreement in the Council over translation arrangements on the one hand and by a negative ECJ opinion on the court system on the other. The Commission and Council have since been busy to reassemble the leftovers patchwork-style. This article suggests that such an approach might do more harm than good to the project overall and that perhaps one step back should be taken to reconsider the latest proposals and assess alternatives.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "The Separation and Overlap of War and Military Powers. Absent from war-powers scholarship is an account of when war and military powers separate and when they overlap. Making arguments sounding in text, structure, and history, this Article supplies such a theory. Numerous English statutes and practices help identify the meaning of the Constitution's war and military powers. Additional insights come from the Revolutionary War and the half-dozen or so wars fought in the three decades after 1789. In those early years, Congress micromanaged military and wartime operations. Presidents (and their advisors) acquiesced to these congressional assertions of power, expressing rather narrow understandings of presidential power over war and military matters. Using early history as a guide, this Article argues that the Constitution grants Congress complete control over all war and military matters. Some authorities, such as the powers to declare war and establish a system of military justice, rest exclusively with Congress. Military authorities not granted exclusively to Congress vest concurrently with the President and Congress, meaning that either can exercise such powers. In this area of overlap, where congressional statutes conflict with executive orders, the former always tramps the latter. Tempering Congress's ability to micromanage military operations are significant institutional and constitutional constraints that typically make it impossible for Congress to control military assets on a fiar-off battlefield. In sum, the Constitution creates a powerful Commander in Chief who may direct military operations in a host of ways but who nonetheless lacks any exclusive military powers and is thus subject to congressional direction in all war and military matters.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Gender and international crisis response: do we have the data, and does it matter?. For more than a decade the humanitarian community has been mandated to mainstream gender in its response to crises. One element of this mandate is a repeated call for sex-disaggregated data to help guide the response. This study examines available analyses, assessments and academic literature to gain insights into whether sex-disaggregated data are generated, accessible and utilised, and appraised what can be learned from existing data. It finds that there is a gap between policy and practice. Evaluations of humanitarian responses rarely refer to data by sex, and there seems to be little accountability to do so. Yet existing data yield important information, pointing at practical, locally-specific measures to reduce the vulnerability of both males and females. This complements population-level studies noting the tendency for higher female mortality. The study discusses some possible obstacles for the generation of data and hopes to spur debate on how to overcome them.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Tatar Literary Criticism Of The Xx-Xxi Centuries In 'Lights Of Kazan': Names, Problems, Genres. The role of the edition, which has a 95-year history in the formation of national public opinion, in rendering assistance in dissemination and promotion of Tatar literature, development of critical thought is invaluable. New works are publishedon the pages of the magazine \\\\'The Lights of Kazan\\\\', both the works by the venerable Tatar writers, and the worksby young fans of writing who presented their first creations before the readers. It is important that it is this journal where both critical and historical-literary materials are printed, where the literary process at a certain stage of its development, certain phenomena of national literature are studied, as well as the critical evaluationis given to the works of individual writers and individual works that are a definite contribution to the history of Tatar literature.Literary-artistic and socio-political magazine ( ) (\\\\'The Lights of Kazan\\\\', Kazan), published in the Tatar language, is the only edition that has a 95-year history, continues its activity from the second decade of the twentieth century to the present. The magazine, perceived by the Tatar community as a continuer of traditions started at the beginning of the 20th century by the publications such as ( ) (\\\\'New Century\\\\'), ( ) (( ) / \\\\'The Council\\\\'), ( ) (\\\\'Thought\\\\') occupies a special place in the development of the Tatar national culture in general, literature and literary criticism, in particular. Set up in 1922 under the title ( ) (\\\\'Our Road\\\\'), the magazine was published in 1933-1965 as \\\\'Soviet Literature\\\\', and in 1965 it was given a new title\\\\' The Lights of Kazan\\\\' and has been known under this title throughout the Tatar world.The study of the problems and genre classification of critical material, which has been published in the magazine for the last quarter of a century (since 1990 till the present) will provide an opportunity to follow the state of the national literary critical process of the transition period, which is the novelty and topicality of this work.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Determining Number of Independent Sources in Undercomplete Mixture. Separation of independent sources using independent component analysis (ICA) requires prior knowledge of the number of independent sources. Performing ICA when the number of recordings is greater than the number of sources can give erroneous results. To improve the quality of separation, the most suitable recordings have to be identified before performing ICA. Techniques employed to estimate suitable recordings require estimation of number of independent sources or require repeated iterations. However there is no objective measure of the number of independent sources in a given mixture. Here, a technique has been developed to determine the number of independent sources in a given mixture. This paper demonstrates that normalised determinant of the global matrix is a measure of the number of independent sources, N, in a mixture of M recordings. It has also been shown that performing ICA on N randomly selected recordings out of M recordings gives good quality of separation. Copyright (C) 2009 G. R. Naik and D. K. Kumar.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Identification of off airport interspecific avian hazards to aircraft. Understanding relative hazards of wildlife to aircraft is important for developing effective management programs that can minimize hazards from wildlife strikes. Although interspecific differences in hazard level of birds and mammals on airport properties are described, no studies have quantified hazard level of bird species or identified factors that influence hazard level when birds are struck beyond airport boundaries (e.g., during aircraft climb or approach). We used Federal Aviation Administration National Wildlife Strike Database records from 1990 through 31 May 2014 to identify bird species involved most often in collisions with aircraft beyond airport boundaries in the United States and to quantify the interspecific hazard level of those birds. We also investigated whether body mass, group size (single or multiple birds), region (Flyway), and season influenced the likelihood of aircraft damage and substantial damage when strikes occurred using binary logistic regression analysis. Canada geese (Branta canadensis; n=327), turkey vultures (Cathartes aura; 217), American robins (Turdus migratorius; 119), and mallards (Anas platyrhynchos; 107) were struck most often by aircraft beyond airport boundaries. Waterbirds (cormorants, ducks, geese, and to a lesser extent, gulls) and raptors (including vultures) were most likely to cause damage or substantial damage to aircraft when strikes occurred. Body mass was an important predictor of hazard level; group size, region, and season had lesser effects on hazard level. Management strategies to reduce bird strikes with aircraft beyond airport properties should be active throughout the year and prioritize waterbirds and raptors. Published 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.", "label": [4, 34, 43]}
+{"token": "THE EFFECTS OF ELECTRONIC WORD OF MOUTH (EWOM) ON THE ADOPTION OF CONSUMER EWOM INFORMATION. The purpose of this research is to explore and test the effect of electronic Word-of-mouth (eWOM) on the adoption of consumer eWOM information. Through the credibility variables of the eWOM, namely the trust of the eWOM news source, the quantity of eWOM, the quality of eWOM and consumer expertise in the case of female consumers when buying cosmetics in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. To achieve this goal, the author does conduct research by submitting an online survey questionnaire and obtained 200 valid questionnaires. The online questionnaire has targeted internet users, who have previously purchased online and read reviews online received from the provider's website. The result from Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) shows that consumer expertise has the most significant effect on consumer adoption of eWOM information while the number of eWOM has the least impact. Besides, the credibility of eWOM news sources and the quality of eWOM also indirectly affect the adoption of eWOM information. What is more, the study suggests some recommendations to cosmetic businesses so that they develop applications or websites where assessments and quality of information are relevant, and the current expertise of consumers is increasingly present.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "Phenomenology of Concretion? A Political-phenomenological Critique of Heidegger's Philosophical Program in 1919/2. In this paper I descibe Heidegger's philosophical program in his lecture course of 1919/20, Basic problems of Phenomenology, emphasizing his concept of concretion. I try to make explicit how Heidegger understood the subject and the task of philosophy in those years. Next, I critically review his claims about concretion and formality in his philosophy, showing that they are burdened by various prejudices. Finally, I underscore some phenomenological and political consequences of this idea of philosophy.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "PleistoDist: A toolbox for visualising and quantifying the effects of Pleistocene sea-level change on island archipelagos. Pleistocene sea-level change played a significant role in the evolution and assembly of island biotas. The formation of land bridges between islands during Quaternary glacial maxima, when sea levels were more than 120 metres below present-day sea levels, often facilitated historical dispersal and gene flow between islands that are today geographically disconnected. Despite the importance of Pleistocene sea-level change, few software packages exist that model the effects of this phenomenon in a standardised and generalised manner. Here, we present PleistoDist, an R package that allows users to visualise and quantify the effects of Pleistocene sea-level change on islands over time, and test multiple temporally explicit hypotheses of inter-island dispersal and community assembly. Re-analysing published datasets, we demonstrate how using PleistoDist to account for historical sea-level change can provide greater explanatory power when analysing extant island communities, and show how population genetic simulations can be used to generate spatiotemporally explicit neutral expectations of population genetic structure across island archipelagos.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Collectors and makers of pilgrimage pennants (1853-1970). An emotional approach to a traditional religious legacy. Especially Bernard Janssens (Lier), Stan Jena (Leuven) and Renaat van der Linden (Zottegem) have been active in this area.In the middle of the nineteenth century, local historians started to consider the pilgrimage pennant as a valuable historical source of information.This contribution verifies which meanings have been attributed by historians and folklorists to the medium of pilgrimage pennants and how collectors have tried to influence the production, shaping and distribution of this type of devotional item. Any insight in this matter could lead to a better interpretation of some still in public or private collections archived copies.Several folklorists-collectors, in consultation with the local clergy, started to make pilgrimage pennants during the twentieth century in order to conserve the age-old custom of distributing these pennants at pilgrimage sites.Some of these historians even started to collect them. However, as of the late nineteenth century, especially folklorists started to pay attention. They considered the pennant as an aspect of a religious popular culture from the past and the present. Many folklorists saw the pennant as a typical form of popular art.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "The role of membrane charge on nanofiltration performance. The zeta potential along the surface and through the pores of a commercial nanofiltration membrane was studied with several electrolyte solutions (including monovalent and divalent hardness ions, KCl, CaCl2 and MaSO(4)) to investigate the influence of salt type and pH on the charge of the membrane surface and in the membrane pores. The membrane negative charge increased with increasing pH, the membrane surface being more negatively charged than the pores, but having the same isolectric point (pH 4.2 +/- 0.2). The membrane was less negatively charged in the presence of divalent salts. The membrane performance evaluated in terms of flux and retentions showed an inverse behaviour: flux decreased with pH, whereas retention increased. Results were explained by membrane charge variation and its effect on membrane pore size and by electroviscous and osmotic effects. For higher salt concentrations (higher ionic strength) flux and retention decrease, this decrease being more pronounced for the highly rejected MgSO4 salt. Negative proton retentions were obtained at low pH due to the behaviour of the more mobile co-ion H+ in a mixture of electrolytes. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 33]}
+{"token": "Advances in characterization of size-resolved organic matter in marine aerosol over the North Atlantic. Size-segregated marine aerosols were collected at Mace Head Atmospheric Research Station (Ireland) during spring and autumn 2002 corresponding with the phytoplankton bloom periods in the North Atlantic. Strict control of the sampling, air mass back trajectory analysis, and analysis of pollutant tracers allowed the selection of a set of samples representative of clean marine conditions. A comprehensive chemical characterization of both (1) water-soluble and water-insoluble organic fraction and (2) water-soluble inorganic ions was performed. The selected samples illustrated a consistent picture in terms of chemical composition. The supermicron mode predominantly comprises sea-salt aerosol with a mass concentration of 10.16 +/- 0.80 mug m(-3), the remainder being non-sea-salt (nss) sulphate, 0.03 +/- 0.01 mug m(-3), and nitrate, 0.13 +/- 0.04 mug m(-3). By comparison, the mass of sea salt, nss sulphate, and nitrate in the submicron mode is found to be 0.39 +/- 0.08 mug m(-3), 0.26 +/- 0.04 mug m(-3), and 0.02 +/- 0.01 mug m(-3), respectively. Water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) is observed in the submicron mode with a mass concentration of 0.25 +/- 0.04 mug m(-3), comparable to that of nss sulphate, and in the supermicron mode with a mass concentration of 0.17 +/- 0.04 mug m(-3). The WSOC to total carbon (TC) ratio is found to be 0.20 +/- 0.12 for the submicron fraction and 0.29 +/- 0.08 for the supermicron fraction, while the black carbon (BC) to TC ratio is, on average, 0.032 +/- 0.001 for both aerosol modes. The remaining carbon, water-insoluble organic carbon, contributes 0.66 +/- 0.11 mug m(-3) and 0.26 +/- 0.06 mug m(-3) to the submicron and supermicron modes, respectively and, thus, represents the dominant submicron aerosol species. Furthermore, the WSOC chemical composition comprises mainly aliphatic and only partially oxidized species and humic-like substances, resulting in appreciable surface-active properties. The observed organic matter chemical features (size-dependent concentration, hydrophobic nature of a substantial fraction of the organic matter, and low oxidized and surface-active WSOC species) are consistent with the hypothesis of a primary marine source; bubble-bursting processes, occurring at the surface of the North Atlantic Ocean during phytoplankton blooms, effectively transfer organic matter into marine aerosol particles, particularly enriching the fine-aerosol fraction.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Most Jacobsen syndrome deletion breakpoints occur distal to FRA11B. Recent studies have identified a (CCG)(n) repeat in the 5' untranslated region of the CBL2 protooncogene (11q23.3) and have demonstrated that expansion of this repeat causes expression of the folate-sensitive fragile site FRA11B, It has also been demonstrated that FRA11B is the site of breakage in some cases of Jacobsen syndrome (JS) involving terminal deletions of chromosome 11q, We report on 2 patients with JS and a 46,XX,del(11)(q23.3) karyotype, In both cases, microsatellite and fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses indicated that the deletion breakpoint was approximately 1.5-3 Mb telomeric to FRA11B. There was no evidence of expansion of the CBL2 (CCG)(n) repeat in the parents of either patient, The deleted chromosome was of paternal origin in both cases, although it was of maternal origin in the cases reported to be caused by FRA11B, These findings and those in previously reported patients suggest that the breakpoint for most 11q deletions in JS patients is telomeric to FRA11B, which raises the possibility that there may be other fragile sites in 11q23.3 in addition to FRA11B, These findings also support previous evidence that there may be a propensity for breakpoints to differ depending on the parental origin of the deleted chromosome, (C) 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Soot removal from diesel engine exhaust using a rotating fluidized bed filter. A horizontal rotating fluidized bed filter was used to capture soot from diesel engine exhaust, achieving mass filtration efficiencies exceeding 80%. In the packed bed mode, the filtration efficiency increased with increasing gas flow rate at all rotating speeds. A mathematical model developed for this radial in-flow configuration was used to predict filtration efficiency as a function of superficial gas velocity. The resulting theoretical curve provided an upper bound for the data, exhibiting the same trend at higher rotating speeds. At low rotating speed, the efficiency after fluidization decreased with increasing gas velocity due to bubble bypassing. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "The current status of major tick borne diseases in Zambia. Tick-borne diseases occurring in Zambia are assuming more importance as they continue to be a major economic problem not only in Zambia, but in many parts of Eastern, Southern and Central Africa. The current control methods, which include the use of toxic acaricides to kill ticks, and the virulent sporozoite infection and treatment method have limitations. Recombinant vaccines, currently in their experimental stages, offer hope for the future. The use of acaricides is hampered by the development of acaricide resistance and live vaccines are dependent on cold chain facilities, which are a formidable obstacle in the poorly developed infrastructure in parts of Zambia where the vaccine is most needed. Amidst these drawbacks are the results of the recent research on parasites and vector recombinant vaccines which promise to circumvent these problems. The history, current status and attitudes regarding the control of these diseases, taking into account their complexity, are reviewed. The establishment of the well-designed Central Veterinary Research Institute (CVRI) and Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA) sponsored veterinary school, both have a potential for high quality research, with access to a wealth of specimens a veritable goldmine of research material. It is thus hoped that this review will stimulate the desire to maximize the value of the tick and tick-borne disease research in both Zambia and the international research community.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Predicting Current and Future Potential Distributions of Parthenium hysterophorus in Bangladesh Using Maximum Entropy Ecological Niche Modelling. Parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) is among the most noxious invasive alien plant species, which can pose a threat to agro- and native-ecosystems. Despite potential parthenium infestation risks at the south-western regions of the Ganges-Brahmaputra floodplains of Bangladesh, no studies exist that document parthenium infestation. Using field surveys and a maximum entropy (Maxent) modelling approach, the present study tries to address the problem in the concerned region comprised of five Districts: Jashore, Jhenaidah, Chuadanga, Meherpur, and Khustia. The results revealed high infestation in the Jashore, Jhenaidah, and Chuadanga Districts, mainly along roadsides, in grasslands, and in fallow and cropped fields. The greatest abundance of the weed (ca. 30 plants m(-2)) occurred at the Indian border area, suggesting cross-border spreading, possibly through the linking road systems. Furthermore, we found that under both low and high emissions scenarios (Representative Concentration Pathways 2.6 and 8.5), parthenium weed suitability areas were likely to expand, suggesting an increased threat to the agro-ecosystems of Bangladesh. The present study is the first attempt to survey and model potential parthenium weed distribution affecting one of the major hubs of agricultural production in Bangladesh. The findings of this study can help land managers to make judicious decisions towards the future management of these agro-ecosystems.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Prenatal care and uptake of HIV testing among pregnant women in Gambia: a cross-sectional study. Background Improving the coverage of antenatal care is regarded as an important strategy to reduce the risks of maternal and child mortality in low income settings like Gambia. Nonetheless, a large number of countries in Africa, including Gambia, are struggling to attain an optimum level of healthcare utilization among pregnant women. The role of socioeconomic inequalities in maternal healthcare uptake has received little attention in Gambia. To address this evidence gap, the present study analyses nationally representative data to explore the socioeconomic inequalities in the use of maternal healthcare. Methods Data on women aged 15-49 years (n = 5351) were extracted from the latest round of Gambia Demographic and Health Survey in 2013 for this study. The outcome measures were early and adequate antenatal visit and HIV tests during the last pregnancy. Data were analyzed using descriptive and multivariate regression methods. Socioeconomic status was assessed through the women's education, type of employment, and household wealth quintile. Results From the total of 5351 participants included in the study, 38.7 and 78.8% of the women had early and adequate ANC visits respectively with a 65.4% HIV test coverage during ANC visits. The odds of early [OR = 1.30, 95% confidence interval (CI) =1.06, 1.59] and adequate [OR = 1.45, 95%CI = 1.15, 1.82] ANC visits were higher in the rural areas compared with urban. Women with secondary [OR = 1.24, 95%CI = 1.04, 1.48] and higher education [OR = 1.80, 95%CI = 1.20, 2.70] had higher odds of making early ANC visits. Women from richest wealth quintile households had significantly higher odds of having early [OR = 1.49, 95%CI = 1.14, 1.95] and adequate ANC visits [OR = 2.06, 95%CI = 1.48, 2.87], but not of having HIV tests. Having access to electronic media showed a positive association with adequate ANC visits [OR = 1.32, 95%CI = 1.08, 1.62] and with taking HIV test during ANC [OR = 1.48, 95%CI = 1.21, 1.80]. A fewer odds of having unintended child was associated with early ANC visit [OR = 0.70, 95%CI = 0.59, 0.84], but positively associated with taking HIV test [OR = 1.75, 95%CI = 1.42, 2.15]. Conclusion A large proportion of women in Gambia were not using antenatal care and HIV tests during pregnancy. There are important sociodemographic differences in using maternal healthcare services such as HIV testing during pregnancy. This calls for strategic direction to promote the utilization of these services.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "CURRENT STUDIES AND APPROACHES IN THE FIELD OF CULTURAL HERITAGE CONSERVATION SCIENCE. HARMONISING THE TERMINOLOGY IN AN INTERDISCIPLINARY CONTEXT. During the last years, both the problem of harmonizing the specific terminology of Conservation Science and the modern approach related to the scientific investigation, preservation, restoration, display, and treasuring of cultural heritage assets have been frequently addressed at prominent events and meetings in the field. With this in mind, this paper addresses some aspects concerning the nomenclature employed in the field of Conservation Science, as it has emerged from its use in interdisciplinary contexts. The paper also advances a series of considerations made by our research team, such as: heritage elements and functions, routes of the cultural assets with their historical context, the role of scientific investigation in valorisation of old artefacts, and current nomenclature of the specific professions in the field of Conservation Science.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Formation of Z-Ti50Al30O20 in the sub-oxide zones of gamma-TiAl-based alloys during oxidation at 1000 degrees C. The oxidation behaviour of gamma-TiAl and alpha(2)-Ti3Al + gamma-TiAl alloys was studied at 1000 degrees C in pure oxygen up to 250 h. All alloy coupons were polished to a 1 mu m finish prior to oxidation. A series of gamma-Ti48Al52 coupons polished to a 600-grit finish were also prepared. The type of scale which formed during oxidation and the consequent subsurface changes in the alloy were found to depend on the presence and amount of alpha(2) in the starting alloy microstructure, surface finish, and oxidation time. The gamma-alloy with a 600-grit finish formed a protective Al2O3-rich scale during the early stages of oxidation, whereas the same alloy with a 1 mu m finish formed a less protective Al2O3 + TiO2 scale. In the former case, a continuous subsurface layer of Z-Ti50Al30O20 formed from gamma by essentially equal amounts of oxygen enrichment and aluminium depletion; essentially no titanium diffusion was required. With continued oxidation, the continuous Z-layer destabilized at the Z/gamma interface into a mixture of alpha(2)(O) + Z. The presence of alpha(2)(O) + Z in the subsurface zone always corresponded to the growth of a non-protective Al2O3 + TiO2 scale, suggesting that alpha(2)(O) precipitation initiates the breakdown of the initially formed Al2O3-rich scale. The subsurface zone in the gamma alloy with a 1 mu m finish varied, containing either internal Al2O3 and no Z phase or alpha(2)(O) + Z. The alpha(2) + gamma alloys formed a non-protective Al2O3 + TiO2 scale and subsurface zone of a2(0) + Z at all the times studied. The discontinuous distribution of gamma in the two-phase alloys prevented formation of a continuous Z layer. The Z phase was determined to be metastable on the basis of equilibration experiments with Ti-Al-O alloys. (C) 1999 Acta Metallurgica Inc. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Ion transport behavior in diffusion layer of new designed ion exchange-mosaic composite polymer membrane. New designed ion exchange-mosaic composite polymer membrane (MM/AEM) was proposed in this study. The new membrane was made from anionic exchange polymer gel (AEM) that coated onto mosaic polymer membrane (MM) to form MM/AEM polymer composite membrane system. Also, AEM membrane without mosaic membrane layer was used as reference commercial ion exchange membrane. The electrochemical properties of new designed composite polymer membrane system (MM/AEM) and non-composite one (AEM) were investigated by chronopotentiometry measurements (CP) and current-voltage curves (I-V). In the presence of KCl solution, the limiting current density of new designed composite MM/AEM was higher than that of commerical AEM. In other words, at the same current density, the transition time of composite MM/AEM was shorter than that of commercial AEM, and also diffusion layer thickness (6), of composite MM/AEM was smaller than that of commercial AEM. It can be concluded that the new designed composite anionic exchange polymer membrane provides relatively good ion transport and other good membrane properties. In addition, the production of this new designed composite polymer membrane can be used in industry, like electrodialysis, as an alternative membrane instead of the commercial ion exchange membrane, which suffers from low limiting current density. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 33]}
+{"token": "Institutional responses to child sexual abuse: how a moral conversation with its lawyers might contribute to cultural change in a faith-based institution. This paper examines in detail the quality of the relationship the Catholic Church in its Sydney Archdiocese had with its lawyers in the John Ellis matter as revealed in the Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse inquiry. It identifies the particular moral perspective embedded in its lawyers' adversarial approach and asks whether a different approach involving explicit moral conversations might have better served the Church's avowed pastoral ethos.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Quantitative fluorescence PCR analysis of > 40000 prenatal samples for the rapid diagnosis of trisomies 13, 18 and 21 and monosomy X. Objective To present the results of 10 years of quantitative fluorescence PCR (QF-PCR) analysis of prenatal samples for the rapid diagnosis of the common aneuploidies. This represents the largest QF-PCR data set from a single testing centre. Methods QF-PCR analysis using a single assay containing 17 microsatellite markers was applied to all prenatal samples for the identification of trisomies 13, 18 and 21 and triploidy. A separate assay containing 14 sex chromosome markers was targeted to prenatal samples at increased risk of monosomy X. Results Results from 40?624 prenatal samples comprising 14?144 chorionic villus and 26?480 amniotic fluid samples are summarised. A QF-PCR result was not possible for 2.24% amniotic fluid and 0.25% chorionic villus samples because of the presence of an additional genotype consistent with maternal cell contamination. Just 0.08% samples were uninformative for one or more chromosomes and 0.05% of samples failed to produce a genotype. Ninety-eight percent of samples were reported the following working day from sample receipt. Consumable costs were 5 pound/sample. Conclusion QF-PCR analysis is proven to be an accurate, robust and efficient method for the rapid diagnosis of common aneuploidies in prenatal samples. It has the advantage of detecting triploidy and mosaicism and benefits from considerable economy of scale. (C) 2012 Crown copyright.", "label": [2, 21, 19]}
+{"token": "The lyric, history, and the avant-garde: Theorizing Paul Celan. Discussions of lyric tend to bifurcate into, on the one hand theoretical reflection, in which lyric is defined as a self-referring language artifact, and on the other hand, historical reference, which tends to ignore formal considerations. This article argues against such an opposition between theory and history and argues for a lyric theory that sees poetic language as representing historical experience within the very formal elements and self-consciousness of language that are lyric poetry's distinctive features. Paul Celan offers a paradigmatic illustration of such synthesis.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Expression of Bax, Bcl-2, and p53 in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. It has been shown in vitro that IC viral protein can form a complex with wild-type p53 protein, which is a key regulator of both cell proliferation and cell death. Cellular factors, Bax and Bcl-2, are two essential downstream elements involved in p53-dependent apoptosis. To determine whether association of JC virus with p53 protein affects the expression of Bax and Bcl-2 in viral-infected cells in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), we studied the expression of pax, Bcl-2, and p53 in 14 cases from 13 PML patients by using paraffin immunohistochemistry. Seven of 13 patients were known to be HIV positive. Overexpression of p53 was found in viral-infected oligodendrocytes and some astrocytes in all 14 cases. Intense immunostaining of Bax was strongly expressed in viral-infected oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. Bax immunostaining was also found in macrophages in the demyelinating lesions. Bcl-2 was not detected in viral-infected glial cells. The expression pattern of Bax positive/Bcl-2 negative in viral-infected glial cells suggests that the oligodendrocyte may be undergoing apoptosis which may in turn contribute to the demyelinating process in PML. The coexpression of p53 and Bax in the infected glial cells suggests that p53 detected by immunohistochemistry may still maintain its wild-type function.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "What is the history of science the history of? Early modern roots of the ideology of modern science. The mismatch between common representations of \\\\'science\\\\' and the miscellany of materials typically studied by the historian of science is traced to a systematic ambiguity that may itself be traced to early modem Europe. In that cultural setting, natural philosophy came to be rearticulated (most famously by Francis Bacon) as involving both contemplative and practical knowledge. The resulting tension and ambiguity are illustrated by the eighteenth-century views of Buffon. In the nineteenth century, a new enterprise called \\\\'science\\\\' represents the establishment of an unstable ideology of natural knowledge that was heavily indebted to those early modem developments. The two complementary and competing elements of the ideology of modem science are accordingly described as \\\\'natural philosophy\\\\' (a discourse of contemplative knowledge) and \\\\'instrumentality\\\\' (a discourse of practical or useful knowledge; know-how). The history of science in large part concerns the story of their shifting, often mutually denying, interrelations.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "CONJUGATION OF SEMISIMPLE SUBGROUPS OVER REAL NUMBER FIELDS OF BOUNDED DEGREE. Let G be a linear algebraic group over a field k of characteristic 0. We show that any two connected semisimple k-subgroups of G that are conjugate over an algebraic closure of k are actually conjugate over a finite field extension of k of degree bounded independently of the subgroups. Moreover, if k is a real number field , we show that any two connected semisimple k subgroups of G that are conjugate over the field of real numbers R are actually conjugate over a finite real extension of k of degree bounded independently of the subgroups.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Diagnostic procedure for the verification of an assumed backproblem in the horse. Horses with on assumed backproblem should be examined according to a certain diagnostic procedure. Anamnesis, adspectation and most importantly palpation ore the essential steps towards the secure diagnosis of a backproblem. Only reproducable and painful reactions or behavior can comment as clearly positive palpatory indications. Furthermore, since a chronic hindlimblameness can cause secundary painful backproblems, it is indispensible to examine the hindlimb with regard to a possible lameness. Otherwise, wrong diagnoses are likely.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Hopper-valve for fine powders in a moving-bed standpipe. In this paper, a new valve for Geldart-A powder, so-called hopper-valve, is presented. The method of its design, the range of operation, and the method of monitoring are also discussed in detail. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "Crack Initiation and Propagation Behavior of Hydrogen-induced Quasi-cleavage Fracture in X80 Pipeline Steel with Stress Concentration. The processes leading to hydrogen-related fracture in X80 pipeline steel with stress concentration have been investigated comprehensively through observations of fracture surfaces and subsidiary cracks, a stress analysis, crack initiation and propagation analyses and a crystallographic analysis of fracture surfaces. Fracture morphology showed quasi-cleavage (QC) fracture under various amounts of hydrogen. It was found that QC cracks initiated in the area ranging from the notch tip to 100 mu m inside based on interrupted tensile tests just before fracture strength with hydrogen charging. Moreover, fracture surface topography analysis (FRAS-TA) revealed that QC cracks initiated at the notch tip. A finite element analysis indicated that the equivalent plastic strain was maximum at the crack initiation site at the notch tip. In addition, a backscattered electron image showed that nanovoids of 50-250 mu m in diameter were present near the initiation site. Regarding the crack propagation process, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) and FRASTA results indicated that some microcracks in ferrite grains coalesced step- wise and propagated. Trace analyses using EBSD revealed that the QC fracture surface consisted of {011} slip planes, {001} cleavage planes and non-specific index planes. These findings indicate that QC fracture initiates at the notch tip due to the interaction between dislocations and hydrogen associated with local plastic deformation, and propagates stepwise by coalescence through vacancies, nanovoids and microcracks on various planes associated with/without plastic deformation in ferrite grains.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Effect of a High Static Magnetic Field on the Origin of Stray Grains during Directional Solidification. The formation of stray grains in directionally solidified Al-4.5 mass% Cu alloy under an axial high static magnetic field up to 6 T has been investigated. Electron backscattering diffraction (EBSD) was performed to analysis the orientation of the stray grains. The experimental results suggest that the formation of the stray grains are significantly affected by the external magnetic field. The modification of dendrite morphology demonstrates the existence of thermoelectric magnetic effect on dendrite scale. It is implied that the thermoelectric magnetic force (TEMF) gives rise to the pinch-off of the sidebranches. When the fragments form, they will become the souce of the stray grains. Moreover, free dendritic fragment will rotate in melt and tend to align the (310) crystallographic axis along the direction of the magnetic field. This is because of the magnetic torque induced by the anisotropic susceptibility of alpha-Al crystal.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "A Portable Airborne Scanning Lidar System for Ocean and Coastal Applications. A portable compact airborne scanning lidar system based on the Riegl LMS-Q240i has been developed and its functionality demonstrated for oceanographic and coastal measurements. Differential GPS (DGPS) and an inertial navigation system are synchronized with the lidar, resulting in vertical rms errors of less than 9 cm. Surveys with this airborne system are compared with ground-based DGPS surveys of fixed targets. Measurements of the southern California coastline and nearshore surface wave fields from 17 research flights between August 2007 and December 2008 are analyzed and discussed. The October 2007 landslide on Mt. Soledad in La Jolla, California, was documented by two of the flights. The topography, lagoon, reef, and surrounding wave field of Lady Elliot Island in Australia's Great Barrier Reef were measured with the airborne scanning lidar system on eight research flights in April 2008. Applications of the system, including coastal topographic surveys, wave measurements, ship wake studies, and coral reef research, are presented and discussed.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 36]}
+{"token": "Nitric oxide induced polarization of myometrium cells plasmalemma revealed by application of fluorescent dye 3,3 '-dihexyloxacarbocyanine. The fluorescence probe 3,3'-dihexyloxacarbocyanine was employed to estimate NO-induced changes of myometrium cells plasma membrane and mitochondria membrane potential by the methods of flow cytometry and spectrofluorimetry. The donors of NO. sodium nitroprusside and sodium nitrite were shown to increase the plasma membrane potential. The polarization of the plasma membrane exhibited by applied nitro-compounds was appreciable at physiologically significant concentrations of extracellular Ca2+. The rise of membrane potential has not been achieved as dihydropyridine-sensitive Ca2+-channels were blocked by nitrendipine or nonselective inhibitors of K- channels. 4-aminopyridine, and tetraethylammonium. Nitro compounds-induced inhibition of high-potassium membrane depolarization was time-dependent. In conclusion, NO caused the increase in membrane potential of myometrium cells at the state of functional rest due to the stimulation of Ca2+-dependent K+-permeability of the plasma membrane and counteracted membrane depolarization thus, suggesting the increased susceptibility of myocytes to myoconstriction factors.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Navigating Terrorist Innovation: A Proposal for a Conceptual Framework on How Terrorists Innovate. While many scholars acknowledge terrorist innovation as a crucial issue, it still remains a rather under-researched phenomenon. This paper intends to map the field in order to propose an original conceptualization of terrorist innovation. In doing so, it draws on the Terrorism Studies, Strategic Studies, and Business Studies literatures to propose a definition of terrorist innovation, while also distinguishing between the categories of tactical, operational, and strategic innovation. Additionally, enriched with empirical observations, the paper explores potential drivers of the innovation process. Finally, it provides a set of suggestions for future research.", "label": [5, 47, 49]}
+{"token": "A genome-wide approach accounting for body mass index identifies genetic variants influencing fasting glycemic traits and insulin resistance. Recent genome-wide association studies have described many loci implicated in type 2 diabetes (T2D) pathophysiology and beta-cell dysfunction but have contributed little to the understanding of the genetic basis of insulin resistance. We hypothesized that genes implicated in insulin resistance pathways might be uncovered by accounting for differences in body mass index (BMI) and potential interactions between BMI and genetic variants. We applied a joint meta-analysis approach to test associations with fasting insulin and glucose on a genome-wide scale. We present six previously unknown loci associated with fasting insulin at P < 5 x 10(-8) in combined discovery and follow-up analyses of 52 studies comprising up to 96,496 non-diabetic individuals. Risk variants were associated with higher triglyceride and lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels, suggesting a role for these loci in insulin resistance pathways. The discovery of these loci will aid further characterization of the role of insulin resistance in T2D pathophysiology.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Impact of Traffic Incidents on Reliability of Freeway Travel Times. Travel time reliability is a key measure of a freeway system's performance. Traffic incidents are one of the more important factors affecting travel time reliability because they reduce the capacity of a freeway segment and generate a temporary bottleneck. In this study an empirical travel time reliability analysis was conducted with the use of 4 years of travel time and incident data collected on Interstate 5 and Interstate 405 in the Seattle, Washington, metropolitan area. The incident data used for this study are notable for their highly detailed information for each incident. Three incident types (i.e., shoulder, single-lane, and multiple-lane incidents) were considered in the data analysis. Travel time reliability was analyzed through several measures, including travel time variability, buffer index, and probability of freeway segment traffic breakdown. The results show that incidents result in higher values for all these measures. To be more specific, multiple-lane incidents induce the highest buffer index and variability in freeway route travel times, whereas shoulder incidents induce the lowest buffer index and variability. Travel time variability and buffer index during multiple-lane incidents increase by an average of 205% and 237%, respectively, compared with normal conditions (conditions with no incidents). Compared with normal conditions, shoulder incidents can significantly increase the probability of freeway segment traffic breakdown. In general, incidents can significantly reduce travel time reliability. The findings in this study can help shape incident mitigation and management policies for different incident types, especially when the aim is to improve freeway travel time reliability.", "label": [1, 5, 15, 47]}
+{"token": "ARCHEOLOGY OF EL CALVARIO, A CARACAS SUBURB OF THE COLONIAL ERA. The archaeological researchs that have been carried out in Caracas have contributed important information about the daily life of the city, from the initial moments of its foundation to the republican times, in the 19th century. These researchs have been interested, fundamentally, by the historic center of the city that corresponds, to a large extent, to the old urban center. This paper presents the results of an archaeological research project carried out in El Calvario Park, which is part of the space occupied by an old suburb of colonial Caracas, which began to form in the 17th century and was definitely integrated into the city during the nineteenth century. The documentary data coming from primary and secondary sources and in a detailed way the archaeological field work and the analysis and interpretation of the collected artifacts are briefly presented.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Kaufman oculo-cerebro-facial syndrome in a child with small and absent terminal phalanges and absent nails. Kaufman oculo-cerebro-facial syndrome (KOS) is caused by recessive UBE3B mutations and presents with microcephaly, ocular abnormalities, distinctive facial morphology, low cholesterol levels and intellectual disability. We describe a child with microcephaly, brachycephaly, hearing loss, ptosis, blepharophimosis, hypertelorism, cleft palate, multiple renal cysts, absent nails, small or absent terminal phalanges, absent speech and intellectual disability. Syndromes that were initially considered include DOORS syndrome, Coffin-Siris syndrome and Dubowitz syndrome. Clinical investigations coupled with karyotype analysis, array-comparative genomic hybridization, exome and Sanger sequencing were performed to characterize the condition in this child. Sanger sequencing was negative for the DOORS syndrome gene TBC1D24 but exome sequencing identified a homozygous deletion in UBE3B (NM_183415:c.3139_3141del, p.1047_1047del) located within the terminal portion of the HECT domain. This finding coupled with the presence of characteristic features such as brachycephaly, ptosis, blepharophimosis, hypertelorism, short palpebral fissures, cleft palate and developmental delay allowed us to make a diagnosis of KOS. In conclusion, our findings highlight the importance of considering KOS as a differential diagnosis for patients under evaluation for DOORS syndrome and expand the phenotype of KOS to include small or absent terminal phalanges, nails, and the presence of hallux varus and multicystic dysplastic kidneys.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "The Transubstantiated Word. This paper will explore the relation between Walter Ong's \\\\'Presence of the word\\\\' and Rene Girard's anthropological understanding of the HebreoChristian revelation. Girard's insights into mimetic desire and the role of the victim in culture suggest how the Judeo-Christian revelation subverts the cultural mechanisms of violence. Examining the convergences between Girard's insights and Ong's work on the presence of the word offers opportunity for expanding our understanding of the Word and revelation from an anthropological perspective. Girard's insights are gaining greater acceptance and currency in mainstream and Catholic scholarly and clerical circles, eg. the Pontifical Household preacher, Fr Raniero Cantalamessa, used Girard's insights in a Lenten meditation in 2005. This article seeks to further the dialogue between Girard's insights, Ong's communication studies and Catholic theology.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Effect of tempering on nitrided and deformed austenitic stainless steel. The effect of tempering on nitrided austenitic stainless steel AISI 316 has been studied. Nitrided specimens (with 0.4 wt-%N) were tempered for short times at temperatures up to 900 degreesC and the results show a small effect on the microstructures and mechanical properties. The strength is consistent with a Hall-Petch relationship dependent on nitrogen content in solution. The effect of tempering has also been studied on cold and hot deformed nitrided specimens. In these cases, tempering had a range of different effects on the microstructures and mechanical properties. Specimens that are tempered before cold rolling showed a continuous decrease in strength as the tempering temperature increased, while specimens cold rolled and then tempered had a maximum strength at 550 degreesC. Specimens with 0.4 wt-%N subjected to tempering followed by hot deformation also showed a maximum strength at similar tempering temperatures. The nature of these changes has been analysed and mechanisms have been proposed that relate microstructural effects and properties. (C) 2001 IoM Communications Ltd.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Development and progression of proteinuria in dogs treated with masitinib for neoplasia: 28 cases (2010-2019). Clinical Significance Proteinuria, when it occurs, tends to develop within 1 month of masitinib commencement and may progress rapidly. Weekly proteinuria monitoring should be considered for the first month and a urine protein:creatinine greater than 0.5 should prompt reassessment within 1 week. Masitinib treatment can be considered in patients with pre-treatment proteinuria and does not inevitably cause worsening of proteinuria.Objectives To describe the incidence, severity and progression of proteinuria over the first 6 months of masitinib treatment in tumour-bearing dogs without pre-existing proteinuria. To describe the effect of treatment on urine protein:creatinine and renal parameters in patients with pre-existing proteinuria.Results Twenty-eight dogs were included. Eighteen percent of dogs non-proteinuric at baseline (four of 22) developed proteinuria during treatment, all within 1 month of treatment initiation. One dog developed hypoalbuminaemia, none developed oedema or ascites, azotaemia or were euthanased/died due to proteinuria. Masitinib was immediately discontinued in both dogs in which urine protein:creatinine greater than 2.0 was detected and in both, proteinuria improved.Six dogs with pre-treatment proteinuria were treated with masitinib, significant worsening of proteinuria did not occur. Neither azotaemia nor severe hypoalbuminaemia occurred.Materials and Methods Records were reviewed from patients receiving masitinib for neoplasms between June 1, 2010, and May 5, 2019. Patients without pre-treatment and at least one urine protein:creatinine after >= 7 days treatment were excluded. Signalment, tumours and concurrent diseases, treatments, haematology, biochemistry and urinalysis results before, during and after treatment for up to 202 days were collected. Patient visits were grouped into six timepoints for analysis.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Contribution Towards Improvement of Getting Rid of Heavy Metals and Toxic Substances in Wastewater Operations: The Case of Soba / Khartoum Treatment Plant. Growing demand for and limitations to traditional water sources (surface-groundwater) led to the development of non-conventional sources. This research assessed the waste stabilisation pond treatment system built in the Green Belt, GB, in Khartoum state and the prototype model that was constructed simulating the same dimensions of the GB plant. The study took into account the system's hydraulic symmetry, rheological simulation, organic loadings conditions and some parameters applied at the station. Wastewater reaching the GB station is domestic in addition to industrial waste from tanning plants and Khartoum's coin manufacturing industry. Monthly laboratory analysis results for heavy metals and toxic substances at the GB station and model farm were monitored and recorded for two years. Attained values were not in conformity with the specifications of treated effluent reuse and reclamation, particularly in the GB station. This research applied a case study to upgrade wastewater treatment in an experimental field model using natural means. This is through introduction of a system of aquatic plants as an advanced biological treatment following natural ponds. The achieved results indicated high-quality of wastewater treatment with low-cost, which is suitable for agricultural irrigation or other beneficial uses without exposing stakeholders to any health risks or environmental ailments. Shouldered research advocates broader implementation of this advanced biological treatment system for gray wastewater using vegetation and plants. This is due to sound socio-economic rewards and ease of operation and maintenance. The purpose of re-use of such treated effluent reduces health risks and ill-environmental impacts. This is besides supports to traditional water sources, contribution to integrated water resources management and mitigation of any potential environmental pollution.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Habitat preference by the Anatolian leopard (Panthera pardus tulliana Valenciennes, 1856) in North-eastern Anatolia, Turkey. This study aims to document the existence and habitat preferences of the Anatolian leopard (Panthera pardus tulliana Valenciennes, 1856) in north-eastern Anatolia, Turkey. We sampled eleven study areas in 2013-2017, primarily based on our previous field experiences, reports from local people, and literature. Based on the findings from initial surveys, camera traps and leopard studies were mostly used in parts of the Giresun (Saricicek Mountain), Erzincan (Sansa Strait), and Bingol (Yedisu Valley) Provinces. We employed both direct observations and indirect observations. A total of 58 observations were recorded, ranging from 1176-3050 meters in altitude: six camera trap pictures, three thermal video camera images, three sightings by local people, 28 sets of tracks, 13 pieces of scat, two ground-scrapings, and three tree-scratches belonging to the Anatolian leopard. We defined eight habitat types and found that leopards preferred sparse forest areas, rocky habitats, and agriculture and pasture regions the most. Furthermore, 49 of 58 observations made in the sampling areas were detected in the southerly aspects of the study region. The Anatolian leopard habitat selection is mainly based on prey abundance, and we found that leopards prefer wild boar (Sus scrofa) the most, followed by wild goat (Capra aegagrus), chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra), and roe deer (Capreolus capreolus).", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "l(p)-norm multiple kernel learning with low-rank kernels. Kernel-based learning algorithms are well-known to poorly scale to large-scale applications. For such large tasks, a common solution is to use low-rank kernel approximation. Several algorithms and theoretical analyses have already been proposed in the literature, for low-rank Support Vector Machine or low-rank Kernel Ridge Regression but not for multiple kernel learning. The proposed method bridges this gap by addressing the problem of scaling l(p)-norm multiple kernel for large learning tasks using low-rank kernel approximations. Our contributions stand on proposing a novel optimization problem, which takes advantage of the low-rank kernel approximations and on introducing a proximal gradient algorithm for solving that optimization problem. We also provide partial theoretical results on the impact of the low-rank approximations over the kernel combination weights. Experimental evidences show that the proposed approach scales better than the SMO-MKL algorithm for tasks involving about several hundred thousands of examples. Experimental comparisons with interior point methods also prove the efficiency of the algorithm we propose. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Effect of dry-heated egg white on wheat starch gel and gluten dough. Characterization of the mechanisms of improvement of Chinese noodles by dry-heated egg white, were estimated by rheological and spectroscopic data of the effects of dry-heated egg white on wheat starch gel and gluten dough. The dry-heated egg white significantly increased breaking stress and elasticity of the starch gel but had little effect on retrogradation of the gel and distribution of proteins in the gel. On the other hand, the dry-heated egg white had a negligible effect on creep curves and IR spectra of gluten dough. From these data, improvement of Chinese noodles by the dry-heated egg white is believed to be due to interaction between the dry-heated egg white proteins and gelatinized starch molecules rather than gluten proteins. However, the effect of the dry-heated egg white on starch gel was unexpectedly small compared to the effect on the noodles.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Enabling the Localization of Large Role-Playing Games. In order to achieve total immersion in the game world, increasing therefore player' satisfaction, localization should ideally aim at creating complete suspension of disbelief. However, time constraints and constant design and script changes mean that localisation is sometimes forced to trade quality in favor of speed, because missing release dates can mean multimillion losses. This article explains the strategies BioWare has developed internally to counteract the problems provoked by long-established game development practices with the ultimate goal of supporting quality localization from the start, and so guaranteeing players' suspension of disbelief whatever the language version they play.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Constructivist Multi-Access Lab Approach in Teaching FPGA Systems Design with LabVIEW. Embedded systems play vital role in modern applications [1]. They can be found in autos, washing machines, electrical appliances and even in toys. FPGAs are the most recent computing technology that is used in embedded systems. There is an increasing demand on FPGA based embedded systems, in particular, for applications that require rapid time responses. Engineering education curricula needs to respond to the increasing industrial demand of using FPGAs by introducing new syllabus for teaching and learning this subject. This paper describes the development of new course material for teaching FPGA-based embedded systems design by using 'G' Programming Language of LabVIEW. A general overview of FPGA role in engineering education is provided. A survey of available Hardware Programming Languages for FPGAs is presented. A survey about LabVIEW utilization in engineering education is investigated; this is followed by a motivation section of why to use LabVIEW graphical programming in teaching and its capabilities. Then, a section of choosing a suitable kit for the course is laid down. Later, constructivist closed-loop model the FPGA course has been proposed in accordance with [24; 80,86,89,92]. The paper is proposing a pedagogical framework for FPGA teaching; pedagogical evaluation will be conducted in future studies. The complete study has been done at the Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Aleppo University.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Phenomenal conservatism and self-defeat: a reply to DePoe. John DePoe has criticized the self-defeat argument for Phenomenal Conservatism. He argues that acquaintance, rather than appearance, may form the basis for non-inferentially justified beliefs, and that Phenomenal Conservatism conflicts with a central motivation for internalism. I explain how Phenomenal Conservatism and the self-defeat argument may survive these challenges.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Paraguay: Unveiling migration patterns with ancestry genetic markers. Before the arrival of Spanish settlers, the East region of Paraguay, was inhabited by Guarani people. After the Paraguayan war in 1870, which ended in loss of a high percentage of the male population, the migration to the country was encouraged. Immigration data indicate a high input of Eurasians to the territory. Also, since 1960s, a large number of Brazilians and Argentineans arrived in Paraguay. Samples from the eastern provinces of Paraguay were sequenced for the mtDNA control region and 88% presented native American haplogroups. A preliminary study on the same samples using AIMs indicates a high autosomal contribution from Europe and native America. The comparison of both type of markers showed that the European ancestry for autosomes is higher than expected when averaging mtDNA and the Y chromosome. This result supports recent admixture between Paraguayans and other populations probably already admixed, where the men contributed with high European ancestry.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Kant on Perceptual Content. Call the idea that states of perceptual awareness have intentional content, and in virtue of that aim at or represent ways the world might be, the 'Content View.' I argue that though Kant is widely interpreted as endorsing the Content View there are significant problems for any such interpretation. I further argue that given the problems associated with attributing the Content View to Kant, interpreters should instead consider him as endorsing a form of acquaintance theory. Though perceptual acquaintance is controversial in itself and in attribution to Kant, it promises to make sense of central claims within his critical philosophy.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "GENE TIC VARIATION IN THE NERITIC SQUID LOLIGO-FORBESI (MYOPSIDA, LOLIGINIDAE) IN THE NORTHEAST ATLANTIC-OCEAN. Horizontal starch gel electrophoresis was employed to investigate levels of genetic differentiation between 13 samples of the neritic squid species Loligo forbesi Steenstrup obtained from throughout the majority of its known geographical range. Six enzyme loci identified in a preliminary study as being polymorphic were screened for variation between samples. No significant differences in allele distribution were detected between any of the samples obtained from the Faroe Bank in the north to Lisbon in the south, suggesting that squid throughout this range in the vicinity of the continental shelf are able to maintain panmixia, and effectively belong to a single population sharing a common gene pool. No clinal variation in allele distribution was detected throughout this range, a result which complements the findings of a detailed morphological companion study of the same individuals. Comparison of this homogenous European continental shelf population with squid from the Azores revealed highly significant (P < 0.01) differences in allele distribution at five of the six polymorphic enzyme loci studied. A genetic identity value (I) equivalent to 0.93 over 33 loci was obtained. Analysis of F-statistics suggested migration rates between sites to be as low as one individual per five generations, a rate deemed insufficient under most models to prevent divergence by random genetic drift. The large distance and oceanic depths separating the Azores from continental Europe seem to present an effective barrier to gene now to L. forbesi, a squid belonging to a family considered to be confined in distribution to relatively shallow, near coastal waters. The two populations of squid in the Azores and along the European continental shelf currently both ascribed to L. forbesi should therefore probably best be regarded as relative subspecies.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "On Timing Model Extraction and Hierarchical Statistical Timing Analysis. In this paper, we investigate the challenges of applying statistical static timing analysis in hierarchical design flow, where modules supplied by IP vendors are used to hide design details for IP protection and to reduce the complexity of design and verification. For the three basic circuit types, combinational, flip-flop-based, and latch-controlled, we propose methods for extracting timing models that contain interfacing and compressed internal constraints. Using these compact timing models, the runtime of full-chip timing analysis can be reduced, while circuit details from IP vendors are not exposed. We also propose a method for reconstructing correlation between modules during full-chip timing analysis. This correlation cannot be incorporated into timing models because it depends on the layout of the corresponding modules in the chip. In addition, we investigate how to apply the extracted timing models with the reconstructed correlation to evaluate the performance of the complete design. Experiments demonstrate that using the extracted timing models and reconstructed correlation full-chip timing analysis can be several times faster than applying the flattened circuit directly, while the accuracy of statistical timing analysis is still well maintained.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 37]}
+{"token": "Welfare to well-being transition. Welfare to well-being leads to better quality of life for families and communities. Around the world, societies are experimenting and shifting policies that address welfare to well-being for families and communities. In the U. S., the greatest shift in several decades has occurred with the welfare reform policies. These shifts have placed at issue the extent to which individuals and families and governments contribute to self-sufficiency and sustainability of their members and the collective whole in society. The paper addresses: a framework for thinking about sustaining well-being in the context of making transitions from welfare for the few to well-being for the many; a research illustration of focus group findings on the meaning of self-sufficiency for families who are currently receiving one type of welfare (food stamps); and the opportunities emerging in the context of the interaction of the family and society at the community, state, national and global level that allows for a wholistic response to issues around well-being and quality of life studies.", "label": [5, 47, 51]}
+{"token": "(CDRGI)-Cancer detection through relevant genes identification. Cancer is a genetic disease that is categorized among the most lethal and belligerent diseases. An early staging of the disease can reduce the high mortality rate associated with cancer. The advancement in high throughput sequencing technology and the implementation of several Machine Learning algorithms have led to significant progress in Oncogenomics over the past few decades. Oncogenomics uses RNA sequencing and gene expression profiling for the identification of cancer-related genes. The high dimensionality of RNA sequencing data makes it a complex and large-scale optimization problem. CDRGI presents a Discrete Filtering technique based on a Binary Artificial Bee Colony coupling Support Vector Machine and a two-stage cascading classifier to identify relevant genes and detect cancer using RNA seq data. The proposed approach has been tested for seven different cancers, including Breast Cancer, Stomach Cancer (STAD), Colon Cancer (COAD), Liver Cancer, Lung Cancer (LUSC), Kidney Cancer (KIRC), and Skin Cancer. The results revealed that the CDRGI performs better for feature reduction while achieving better classification accuracy for STAD, COAD, LUSC and KIRC cancer types.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Drivers of physical accessibility among hotels. Using the concept of Universal Design, this study examines the state of physical accessibility and its drivers among hotels in the Accra Metropolis of Ghana through physical accessibility audit and in-depth interviews. The findings reveal that there is poor compliance with physical accessibility though four and five-star hotels have better compliance than lower rated hotels. Also, non-compliance among lower rated, local hotel brands is driven by commercial interest, and lack of clarity and enforcement of disability legislation while compliance among higher rated, multinational brands is driven by the desire to comply with disability legislation, remain competitive, and adhere to the standards of parent companies. The implications of these findings in the context of hotel design and management are discussed.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Effect of Poly Vinyl Caprolactam Concentration on the Dissociation Temperature for Methane Hydrates. The use of KHI in conventional gas production has become common, but its applicability to methane hydrate production has not yet been extensively studied) particularly in the presence of residual hydrate structures. Methane gas from marine hydrate deposits can be produced by methods like depressurization, thermal stimulation, and the injection of hydrate inhibitors. Because residual hydrate structures known as hydrate precursors will exist in the liquid water phase after dissociation, the risk of methane hydrate reformation has to be evaluated during the production and transportation of methane gas through offshore pipelines. Even though one viable option to avoid hydrate reformation is injecting hydrate inhibitor before transporting the fluids through pipelines, one must consider the effect that these chemicals have on hydrate plug dissociation. In the research literature, results regarding dissociation phenomena are few. This study reports the effect on dissociation for methane hydrates formed with the kinetic hydrate inhibitor Poly Vinyl Caprolactam. (PVCap). Kinetic inhibitor concentrations ranging from 40 to 6000 ppm have been,examined. Results reveal that PVCap concentrations of 750 and 1500 ppm result in nearly equal displacement of the dissociation temperature, compared to noninhibited hydrates. Furthermore, 3000 and 6000 ppm PVCap give an identical increase in the dissociation temperature. Even PVCap concentrations as low as 40 ppm produce a higher dissociation temperature than corresponding hydrates, formed without an inhibitor. Thus, more energy is, required to remove hydrates formed under conditions where the kinetic inhibitor PVCap is applied. This is a factor that must be considered in the field of flow assurance.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "Coloring Things Together: Experiences of Leading Together as Pastor Couples in the Norwegian Pentecostal Movement. This article focuses on the growing, yet under-researched, phenomenon of co-leadership in which spouses lead congregations together as pastor couples. The study addresses the topic from the perspective of organizational leadership, probing the experiences of leading together among pastor couples in the Norwegian Pentecostal movement. Systematic text condensation of in-depth interviews showed that the participants described co-leadership as all-encompassing and tension-filled, constantly having to balance private and professional concerns in addition to managing expectations from congregants and global church culture. Amidst these challenges, they described unity in diversity and a sense of being called to lead the church together.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Incompatibilism and the transfer of non-responsibility. Arguments for the incompatibility of determinism and moral responsibility sometimes make use of various transfer of non-responsibility principles. These principles purport to specify conditions in which lack of moral responsibility is transmitted to the consequences of things for which people are not morally responsible. In this paper, after developing what I take to be the most serious objections to extant principles of this sort, I identify and defend a new transfer of non-responsibility principle that is immune to these and other objections. This new principle says, roughly, that if you are not morally responsible for any of the circumstances that led to a particular outcome, and if you are not morally responsible for those circumstances leading to that outcome, then you are not morally responsible for the outcome either. After defending this principle against a number of objections, I use it to argue for the conclusion that no one is even partly morally responsible for anything, if determinism is true.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Repair of Monteggia Fractures Using an Arthrex Tightrope System and Ulnar Plating. Methods: One dog and 1 cat were treated for MF by use of a Tightrope suture, toggle, and button implant. In both patients the fracture/luxations were reduced using an open technique and the tightrope was placed using a cannulated drill system and guide wire from cranial to caudal. Cases were retrospectively reviewed at 1, 5, and 8 weeks (cat) and at 4 weeks and 4 months (dog) for complications and outcome. Outcomes were measured by subjective assessment of range of motion comparing affected to unaffected limbs, and lameness scoring and by client description of function.Objective: To report the outcome after treatment of Monteggia fractures (MF) using a novel surgical technique.Conclusions: Tightrope repair of MF resulted in excellent clinical results with no complications.Study design: Clinical reports.Results: Both animals returned to normal function with range of motion close to that of the unaffected limb. No complications were recognized.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Scattering Characteristics of the Human Body in 67-GHz Band. The fifth generation (5G) system using millimeter waves is considered for application to high traffic areas with a dense population of pedestrians. In such an environment, the effects of shadowing and scattering of radio waves by human bodies (HBs) on propagation channels cannot be ignored. In this paper, we clarify based on measurement the characteristics of waves scattered by the HB for typical non-line-of-sight scenarios in street canyon environments. In these scenarios, there are street intersections with pedestrians, and the angles that are formed by the transmission point, HB, and reception point are nearly equal to 90 degrees. We use a wide-band channel sounder for the 67-GHz band with a 1-GHz bandwidth and horn antennas in the measurements. The distance parameter between antennas and the HB is changed in the measurements. Moreover, the direction of the HB is changed from 0 to 360 degrees. The evaluation results show that the radar cross section (RCS) of the HB fluctuates randomly over the range of approximately 20 dB. Moreover, the distribution of the RCS of the HB is a Gaussian distribution with a mean value of -9.4 dBsm and the standard deviation of 4.2 dBsm.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
+{"token": "Real interest rate, income and bank loans: panel evidence from Egypt. The relevance of bank lending channel indicates that the role of commercial banks is very important in transmitting monetary policy shocks to the real sector.Social implicationsThe results reveal that real interest rate has a significant impact on bank loans, which indicates that the bank lending channel is effective in Egypt. Furthermore, the bank level variables, namely, banks' size, liquidity and income have significant effects on bank loans in Egypt, which sustains the heterogeneous effect of monetary policy on bank loans. Therefore, the Central Bank of Egypt (CBE) can adjust interest rate to influence the bank loans and total demand.FindingsDesign/methodology/approachOriginality/valueThis paper examines the impact of monetary policy shocks on bank loans in Egypt by applying the GMM technique and panel data from 1996 to 2014.It is important for the CBE, banks and people because it shows the effectiveness of bank lending channel and the effect of global financial crisis on the Egyptian economy.This paper aims to examine the effectiveness of monetary policy on bank loans in Egypt using generalized method of moments (GMM) model. Also, it investigates the impact of bank level variables, namely, total assets, liquidity, capital and income on bank loans. It develops the equation of loans, which is introduced by Ehrmann et al. (2002) using bank level variables such as income and the interaction between income and interest rate.Purpose", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Making the economic case for independence: The Scottish National Party's electoral strategy in post-devolution Scotland. This article examines the strategic behaviour of the Scottish National Party (SNP) in regional elections from 1999 to 2016. It builds on recent work that has theorized the kind of strategic tools regionalist parties have at their disposal in electoral competition, and the factors expected to determine the strategic choices these parties make. An in-depth case study of the SNP describes when and explores why the party makes strategic choices in an effort to bolster its electoral support in post-devolution Scotland. The analysis finds (i) that the SNP has consistently sought to frame' the issue of independence in economic terms, by advancing an economic case for separating Scotland from the UK and (ii) that this strategic approach is the result of competing constraints internal and external to the party. These findings suggest that the strategic behaviour of regionalist parties in electoral competition is more sophisticated than expected by extant theoretical accounts.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "LANGUAGE RELATIVITY. We produce language forms via their relations in coordinate systems: languages. That is virtual language relativity. Languages are related to phenomena and work in the real life of communities. That is real language relativity. We use languages via symbolic behaviors, living in human communities. Relativism collapses at the level of successful exchange of experience between humans belonging to distant cultures. Relativism is a stance of not recognizing the real relatedness of all languages to one and the same human form and world. Absolutism (Universalism) is a stance of not recognizing relativity as definiteness, that is, the virtual interrelatedness of all languages. Languages are shaped by human life processes. We follow the path from \\\\'local languages,\\\\' which are analogous to 'inertial systems', (this represents 'virtual relativity,' which is analogous to special relativity in physics) to living people talking about one shared sensual world (this represents 'real relativity').", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Adjoining classified and unclassified information by abstract interpretation. Completeness in abstract interpretation models the ideal situation where no loss of precision is introduced in computations by approximating concrete data by their abstractions. If we interpret the abstraction as the ability of an attacker to distinguish, i.e., observe, properties of public computations, and the computation as the concrete denotational semantics of the program, then the lack of precision, encoded in abstract interpretation as a lack of completeness, corresponds precisely to the leakage of information corresponding to a violated security policy. This correspondence allows us to inherit, in the field of language-based security, the whole theory and methodology for making abstract domains complete. In particular, we prove that an adjoint relation exists between the power of the attacker and the amount of the information released - the more the attacker can observe, the less information can be kept private. This characterisation is achieved by interpreting, in the security context, the standard adjoint transformations making an abstract domain complete by refining and simplifying abstractions.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Montagnes Russes and Calicot Print Culture and Visual Satire in Restoration Paris. Restoration-era discourse on the montagnes russes-early roller coasters-reveals how leisure activity could become a lightning rod for perspectives on public space, tensions among social groups, and expressions of patriotism. Eager to profit from the montagnes russes craze, boulevard theaters hosted a number of plays on the subject. Through the buffoonish character M. Calicot, one such comedy-entitled The Battle of the Mountains-caricatured young clothing-trade salesclerks who frequented roller-coaster parks. The play provoked the ire of some of these men, who \\\\'waged war\\\\' on the Variety Theater, where the play was performed. The conflict in turn sparked satires in print, visual, and other media. These cultural productions both reflected the short-lived mania for roller coasters and shaped attitudes in their own right, all while employing laughter to deal with postwar trauma.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Three decades of gender and education differentials in attitudes toward divorce in Taiwan, 1985-2015. Rising rates of divorce in Taiwan prompted debates over changes in the meaning of family, which must be understood alongside changes in attitudes toward divorce. The diffusion and lagged diffusion theories offer competing hypotheses regarding divorce attitude change by education and gender over time. Using the Taiwanese Social Change Survey, this study examines the trends in attitudes toward divorce in Taiwan over three decades (1985-2015). We test the diffusion and lagged diffusion theories by examining the relationships between higher educational attainment, gender, and attitudes towards divorce. We find that Taiwanese men and women became more open toward divorce in general along with higher education expansion. Increased acceptance toward divorce is more substantial for the college educated than those without, and college-educated women are more open to divorce than are college-educated men. The results support the diffusion theory and highlight the importance of education and gender in shaping attitude shift.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Measurement of true ileal calcium digestibility in meat and bone meal for broiler chickens. The objective of the present experiment was to determine the true ileal calcium (Ca) digestibility in three samples of meat and bone meal (coded as MBM-1, MBM-2 and MBM-3) for broiler chickens. Four experimental diets, containing graded concentrations of Ca, were formulated from each MBM sample with inclusion levels of 20, 40,60 and 80 g/kg diet. Each experimental diet was randomly allotted to four replicate cages (six birds per cage) and fed for three days from day 28 post-hatch. Apparent Heal digestibility coefficient of Ca was measured by the indicator method and linear regression analysis was used to determine the true Ca digestibility coefficient. Apparent Ca digestibility was unaffected (P > 0.05) by increasing Ca concentrations. The apparent digestibility coefficients in MBM-1, MBM-2 and MBM-3 were 0.50, 0.44 and 0.45, respectively. Significant linear (P < 0.001) relationship was observed between dietary Ca intake and digesta Ca output for MBM-1, MBM-2 and MBM-3 with R2 values of 0.82, 0.93 and 0.95, respectively. The true ileal digestibility coefficients of Ca in MBM-1, MBM-2 and MBM-3 were determined to be 0.60, 0.46 and 0.50, respectively. The corresponding ileal endogenous Ca losses were 292, 123 and 174 mg/kg dry matter intake, respectively. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Selected physico-mechanical properties of lentil seed. This study was conducted to investigate the physico-mechanical properties of lentil seed. The average diameter, thickness, thousand-grain mass, angle of repose and porosity of lentil seed increased by about 10, 8, 17, 10 and 6%, but both true and bulk density decreased by about 10 and 13%, respectively, with increase of moisture content from 8 to 20% w.b. Coefficient of static friction increased against surfaces of glass (by 31%), galvanized steel (by 33%), and plywood (by 17%) as the moisture content increased. Deformation, rupture energy and rupture force of lentil seed decreased with increasing moisture content. Compressive tests were conducted at loading rates of 1, 3, 6 and 10 mm min(-1) at a moisture content of 8%. Results indicate that force required to crack the seed increased from 159.6 to 182.32 N as the loading rates increased from 1 to 10 mm min(-1), respectively. With this increase in loading rate, seed deformation showed a negative trend as it decreased from 0.61 to 0.18 mm.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "You Do Not Hear The Cry of the People to Whom You Owe So Much ...': The Image of the Bulgarians in Russian Pan-Slavism of the 19th Century. In the 19th century, the idea of Pan-Slavism was widespread among the Slavic nations. However, the very concept of Slavic reciprocity had different connotations in various fields of culture. The 'imperial' or 'Russian' Pan-Slavism that became widespread in Russia was characterized by identification of interests of all Slavism with the interests of the Russian politics. It began to form in the 1820s and developed mainly on the basis of the South Slavic material. At the same time, the Bulgarians were the focus of 'imperial' Pan-Slavic theories. Through the example of works by Y.I. Venelin, A.F. Veltman and I.P. Liprandi, this paper traces the process of gradual transformation of the Bulgarians into one of the key elements of the 'Russian' Pan-Slavic theories of 1820-1870s. For a long time, the fantasies of Pan-Slavists found no response among the political elites. However, the situation changed radically after the Crimean War. The ideas about Russian-Bulgarian reciprocity expressed by Venelin formed the core of the theory of imperial Pan-Slavism and, thanks to state and near-state figures like Liprandi, they became an integral part of the Russian policy in the Balkans in the second half of the 19th century.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Limited Interference at the Early Stage of Infection between Two Recombinant Novirhabdoviruses: Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus and Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus. The genome sequence of a hypervirulent novirhabdovirus, viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) French strain 23-75, was determined. Compared to the genome of the prototype Fil3 strain, a number of substitutions, deletions, and insertions were observed. Following the establishment of a plasmid-based mini-genome replication assay, recombinant VHSV (rVHSV) was successfully recovered. rVHSV exhibits wild-type-like growth properties in vitro as well as in vivo in rainbow trout. The dispensable role of NV for the novirhabdovirus replication was confirmed by generating rVHSV-Delta NV, in which the NV gene was deleted. This deletion mutant was shown to be as debilitated as that previously described for infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), a distantly related novirhabdovirus (S. Biacchesi, M. I. Thoulouze, M. Bearzotti, Y. X. Yu, and M. Bremont, J. Virol. 74: 11247-11253, 2000). Recombinant VHSV and IHNV expressing tdTomato and GFP(max) reporter genes, respectively, were generated, demonstrating the potential of these rhabdoviruses to serve as viral vectors. Interestingly, rIHNV-GFP(max) could be recovered using the replicative complex proteins of either virus, whereas rVHSV-Tomato could be recovered only by using its own replicative complex, reflecting that the genome signal sequences of VHSV are relatively distant from those of IHNV and do not allow their cross-recognition. Moreover, the use of heterologous protein combinations underlined the importance of strong protein-protein interactions for the formation of a functional ribonucleoprotein complex. The rIHNV-GFP(max) and rVHSV-Tomato viruses were used to simultaneously coinfect cell monolayers. It was observed that up to 74% of the cell monolayer was coinfected by both viruses, demonstrating that a limited interference phenomenon exists during the early stage of primary infection, and it was not mediated by a cellular antiviral protein or by some of the viral proteins.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Host range and natural infection of tomato chlorosis virus in weeds collected in Central Brazil. Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV), transmitted by whiteflies, is an important virus that infect tomato plants worldwide. The incidence of ToCV in tomato crops in Brazil is usually high, especially in the Distrito Federal and the state of Goias, in the central part of the country. We conducted a survey in central Brazil to detect natural infections of ToCV in weeds near tomato plants with typical criniviral symptoms to determine the possible causes of its high incidence. We also conducted an experimental host range study using a Brazilian ToCV isolate, ToCV-BR. ToCV was only detected in three out of 19 weed species collected under natural conditions: Solanum americanum, Nicandra physaloides and Amaranthus viridis. Although these species are the most important weeds, occurring at high frequencies associated with tomato crops in Brazil, the number of weed species infected by ToCV was low in the vicinity of tomato fields. In experimental trials of whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) transmission, the ToCV-BR isolate infected 10 out of 50 plant species tested. The natural abundance of both whiteflies and ToCV-susceptible plants in the field throughout the year may affect the incidence of ToCV in tomato in central Brazil.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "DOMESTIC ENVIRONMENTS AND SOCIAL DYNAMICS IN COLONIAL SAO PAULO. This article proposes to analyze the material dimension of the social life of intermediate groups living in the city of Sao Paulo during the 18th century and dealing with trade. Therefore, we assume that the physical attributes of pieces of furniture not only inform about the utilitarian function of the object, but rather its uses indicate the reiteration and / or transformation of patterns of behavior and of family and social hierarchies. To develop the argument, first we will weave brief comments on the domestic space in Sao Paulo during the 18th century. Then we will concentrate on the analysis of the social use of some furniture in the interiors of commercial sectors houses, relating their existence with the socioeconomic changes the capital underwent due to the commercial activities that developed in Sao Paulo region because of the supply of mining areas of Minas Gerais, Goias and Cuiaba.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Endogenous timing in a mixed oligopoly: a forgotten equilibrium. The aim of this note is to slightly correct Proposition 4.1 of [Economic Letters 61 (1998) 181]. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Ecological Theory, Protestant Theology, and Derek Mahon's Sense of the Natural World. A close reading of Derek Mahon's ocean-grounded and meteorologically rounded poems with direct reference to his stance on ecology and the environment. The article argues that Mahon's sense of the natural world - and the ways in which it is under siege at the hands of man - finds a certain resemblance in his background as a Northern Irish Protestant who was brought up on a theology of apocalypse.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Behavioral interactions between coexisting species: Song playback experiments with wood warblers. Behavioral interactions between coexisting species may reflect underlying ecological interactions or may arise from factors unrelated to ecological interactions between species. We examined behavioral interactions between two coexisting, migratory wood warblers that competitively interact on breeding territories in central Arizona, USA. The larger Orange-crowned Warbler (Vermivora celata) is aggressive toward the later-arriving Virginia's Warbler (V. virginiae) and responds to playback of Virginia's Warbler songs by approaching the playback speaker or by singing over Virginia's Warbler songs. Virginia's Warblers retreat from interactions with Orange-crowned Warblers and avoid the playback speaker when presented with Orange-crowned Warbler songs. Responses of both species to song playback of the opposite species differed from responses to conspecific songs, indicating that behavioral interactions do not result from misdirected intraspecific aggression. Behavioral responses were consistent with observed ecological interactions between the two species and suggest that asymmetrical behavioral aggression by the dominant Orange-crowned Warbler may be an important mechanism for competitive interactions involving nest sites. These results support previous studies that have used behavioral experiments to infer ecological interactions among coexisting species. While Orange-crowned Warblers may benefit from aggressively excluding Virginia's Warblers from preferred nest sites, limited data on Virginia's Warbler settlement patterns suggest that Virginia's Warblers do not avoid settling on Orange-crowned Warbler territories. Similar reproductive success in sympatric vs, allopatric habitats suggests little consequence for Virginia's Warblers settling with Orange-crowned Warblers, despite increased reproductive success of Virginia's Warblers in sympatric habitat when Orange-crowned Warblers were experimentally removed.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Hydrophobic response of the fungus Rhinocladiella similis in the biofiltration with volatile organic compounds with different polarity. Rhinocladiella similis biodegraded volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of different polarity in gas-phase biofilters. Elimination capacities, (EC) of 74 g(hexane) m(-3) h(-1), 230 g(ethanol) m(-3) h(-1), 85 g(toluene) m(-3) h(-1) and 30 g(phenol) m(-3) h(-1) were obtained. EC values correlated with the solubility of the VOCs. R. similis grown with n-hexane or ethanol in biofilters packed with Perlite showed that the surface hydrophobicity was higher with n-hexane than ethanol. The hydrophobin-like proteins extracted from the mycelium produced with n-hexane (15 kDa) were different from those in the ethanol biofilter (8.5 kDa and 7 kDa).", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "Is there a common response in Australian bilateral exchange rates following current account announcements?. A growing literature exists analysing the impact of balance on current account announcements on bilateral exchange rates. This literature typically considers and reports results for a number of bilateral exchange rates. This paper investigates whether there are distinct effects across the range of bilateral exchange rates, or alternately whether a common response carries across all the bilateral exchange rates. Our results favour a common response. JEL classification: F30.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Barriers to healthcare coordination in market-based and decentralized public health systems: a qualitative study in healthcare networks of Colombia and Brazil. Although integrated healthcare networks (IHNs) are promoted in Latin America in response to health system fragmentation, few analyses on the coordination of care across levels in these networks have been conducted in the region. The aim is to analyse the existence of healthcare coordination across levels of care and the factors influencing it from the health personnel' perspective in healthcare networks of two countries with different health systems: Colombia, with a social security system based on managed competition and Brazil, with a decentralized national health system. A qualitative, exploratory and descriptive-interpretative study was conducted, based on a case study of healthcare networks in four municipalities. Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted with a three stage theoretical sample of (a) health (112) and administrative (66) professionals of different care levels, and (b) managers of providers (42) and insurers (14). A thematic content analysis was conducted, segmented by cases, informant groups and themes. The results reveal poor clinical information transfer between healthcare levels in all networks analysed, with added deficiencies in Brazil in the coordination of access and clinical management. The obstacles to care coordination are related to the organization of both the health system and the healthcare networks. In the health system, there is the existence of economic incentives to compete (exacerbated in Brazil by partisan political interests), the fragmentation and instability of networks in Colombia and weak planning and evaluation in Brazil. In the healthcare networks, there are inadequate working conditions (temporary and/or part-time contracts) which hinder the use of coordination mechanisms, and inadequate professional training for implementing a healthcare model in which primary care should act as coordinator in patient care. Reforms are needed in these health systems and networks in order to modify incentives, strengthen the state planning and supervision functions and improve professional working conditions and skills.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "C-14 DATING AND MATERIAL ANALYSIS OF THE LIME BURIAL OF COVA DE NA DENT (MALLORCA, SPAIN). Lime burials are a characteristic phenomenon of the protohistoric funerary tradition on the Balearic Islands. At Cova de Na Dent, a lime burial has been sampled for analysis. The lime burial was made up of lime and fragmented bones. Six layers were sampled and described in the laboratory according to their color, the consistency of the deposition, and the aspect and quantity of the bone fragments. Bone samples and lime were dated. The lime was analyzed by using petrographic analysis, X-ray diffraction, FTIR spectroscopy, and simultaneous thermal analysis. The results show that the bones were cremated in the presence of crushed rock carbonate. The C-14 dates on the lime suggest an earlier chronology for this ritual, starting in the Bronze Age, as generally is accepted.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Myoanatomy of three aberrant kinorhynch species: similar but different?. Aberrant kinorhynchs show several modifications deviating from the typical kinorhynch body plan, including a modified introvert with very elongated and flexible scalids, a weakly developed neck, and a slender trunk with less distinct segmentation. How these aberrant external features are reflected in the inner anatomy and how their aberrant body plan evolved are not understood. Here, we provide a comprehensive and comparative myoanatomical study of three putatively, distantly related worm-like species: Cateria styx, Franciscideres kalenesos and Zelinkaderes yong. Despite the weak external segmentation of the trunk, the studied species show a distinct segmental arrangement of the musculature. However, this arrangement is shifted posteriorly with respect to the external segmentation, because the extremely thin and flexible cuticle is lacking the apodeme-like cuticular thickenings (pachycycli) where the longitudinal muscles usually attach. The muscular arrangement in the three species is overall similar, yet, C. styx shows most resemblance to the allomalorhagid F. kalenesos, whereas the cyclorhagid Z. yong differs in several ways. This suggests a closer relationship of C. styx to Allomalorhagida. Whereas most kinorhynchs prefer muddy sediments, both the allomalorhagid and cyclorhagid worm-like kinorhynchs are mainly found in sandy environments, suggesting that a flexible, slender body evolved at least twice independently as an adaptation to the interstitial environment.", "label": [2, 4, 17, 43]}
+{"token": "The kinetics of the oxidation of iron(II) by chlorate in the leaching of uranium ores. The oxidation of iron(II) is an essential step in the oxidative leaching of uranium(IV) minerals such as uraninite and one of the reagents used in practice for this oxidation is sodium chlorate. This paper presents the results of an investigation into the kinetics of the oxidation of iron(II) by chlorate in solutions typical of the leaching of uranium. The results have confirmed the known form of the rate equation which is first-order in each of iron(II), chlorate and acid concentration. An overall rate equation has been derived which can be used to model the rate of iron(II) oxidation as a function of the reactant concentrations and the temperature. The half-life was found to be less than 1 min under typical leach conditions at the Olympic Dam operation in South Australia and this species cannot be considered to be the direct oxidant for uranium(IV) minerals. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Characterisation of severely deformed austenitic stainless steel wire. The microstructure of 8 mu m diameter wire produced by the severe deformation of 316L austenitic stainless steel has been examined using TEM and X-ray diffraction. The deformation imparted amounts to a true strain of 6.3. Data from previous studies on strain induced transformation of this steel have been combined with new results to show that true strains >2 are required in order to observe mechanical stabilisation, i.e. the cessation of martensitic transformation when the martensite/austenite interfaces are unable to propagate through the dislocation debris created in the austenite.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Sandwich'-like structure modified anion exchange membrane with enhanced monovalent selectivity and fouling resistant. Surface modification is a critical method for fabricating novel anion exchange membranes (AEMs) with high monovalent anion selectivity and desired antifouling property. In this work, we have modified a commercial AEM with \\\\'sandwich\\\\'-like structure, composed of upper/bottom bilayers of polydopamine (PDA) and sandwich alternating bilayers of poly (sodium 4-styrene sulfonate) (PSS)/hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan-nano silver particles (HACC-Ag Np), aiming to enhance the monovalent selectivity and fouling resistant for electrodialysis (ED) application. Our investigations suggest that the permselectivity (P-SO42-(cl-))of the modified AEM with 4.5 bilayers of PSS can reach 5.1, significantly outperforming that of commercial standard AEM (0.98). Due to the electrostatic repulsion resulted from the negatively charged top layer in sandwich structure and hydrophilia of PDA, the time elapsed until the occurrence of fouling (transition time) of the modified AEM (125 min) is much longer than that of the original one (60 min). In addition, anchored silver nanoparticles in sandwich alternating bilayers endow the modified AEMs with effective antibacterial activities of Escherichia coli. These results are indicative of the desired fouling resistant for ED process. The facile fabrication process and superior performances of modified AEM suggest that the as-prepared \\\\'sandwich\\\\'-like structure modified AEM is potentially applicable in ED for separation of monovalent and multivalent anions.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 33]}
+{"token": "Health information networking via the Internet with the former Soviet Union. This paper reviews the historical context of the health care partnerships between the United States and the NIS, and of the UIC LHS International Health Information Networking Project. In the context of UIC, international networking cross-cultural observations, teaching techniques, a Russian training experience, and the development of a Web-based course are reported.Because of the severe financial hardships associated with the transition to a market economy in the Newly Independent States (NIS) of the former Soviet Union, the Internet has become a major link to health care resources for many health care workers. In 1992, the University of Illinois at Chicago Library of the Health Sciences (UIC LHS) initiated a special support project with goals of enhancing access to international biomedical information and facilitating international professional networking for interested NIS organizations and individuals. Project objectives included an information needs assessment, development of culturally sensitive Internet training applications, information and referral services, and follow-up e-mail consultations for NIS participants.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Translation of the Literality Some problems of Translation and Writing of Tawada. One of the characteristics in Yoko Tawada's writings is her concentration on Wortlichkeit, which requires deep theoretical and practical considerations on translation. With the concept of bricolage, we discuss Wortlichkeit based on the observation of compound words and a neologism such as Uberseezungen. An experimental model in the short story Die Botin also deals with a critical and alienating moment of translation. As a result, we find out that in Tawada's works, translation as writing and translation into other languages are a process that reveals difference, breaks and uncertainty in languages, thoughts and cultures.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Selection Constrains High Rates of Tandem Repetitive DNA Mutation in Daphnia pulex. A long-standing evolutionary puzzle is that all eukaryotic genomes contain large amounts of tandemly-repeated DNA whose sequence motifs and abundance vary greatly among even closely related species. To elucidate the evolutionary forces governing tandem repeat dynamics, quantification of the rates and patterns of mutations in repeat copy number and tests of its selective neutrality are necessary. Here, we used whole-genome sequences of 28 mutation accumulation (MA) lines of Daphnia pulex, in addition to six isolates from a non-MA population originating from the same progenitor, to both estimate mutation rates of abundances of repeat sequences and evaluate the selective regime acting upon them. We found that mutation rates of individual repeats were both high and highly variable, ranging from additions/deletions of 0.29-105 copies per generation ( reflecting changes of 0.120.80% per generation). Our results also provide evidence that new repeat sequences are often formed from existing ones. The non-MA population isolates showed a signal of either purifying or stabilizing selection, with 33% lower variation in repeat copy number on average than the MA lines, although the level of selective constraint was not evenly distributed across all repeats. The changes between many pairs of repeats were correlated, and the pattern of correlations was significantly different between the MA lines and the non-MA population. Our study demonstrates that tandem repeats can experience extremely rapid evolution in copy number, which can lead to high levels of divergence in genome-wide repeat composition between closely related species.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Understanding Critical-Pedagogical-Performative-Autoethnography. This work is an attempt to understand critical-pedagogical-performative-autoethnography. This effort took place in an independent study that we understood as a pedagogical encounter. As a way to communicate my learning, this experimental text was written. I present it here with the hope that the following words will perform the meaning for the readers.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Mixing quality of powder-liquid mixtures studied by near infrared spectroscopy and colorimetry. In many industries, mixing powder with a low amount of liquid is a frequently used process step, e.g. in order to generate agglomerate/granule product structures or for sintering and extrusion of wet powders or pastes. There are still great difficulties in achieving a homogeneous mixture due to local agglomeration and lump formation. A new mixing methodology has therefore been developed, in which the liquid is transformed into a solid powder by spray chilling, generating so-called powder-liquids. These powder-liquids are then mixed with other dry powders.An even liquid distribution, as well as the related even distribution of functional components in the final product is of high relevance. We thus aimed to evaluate the mixing quality of such powder/powder-liquid mixtures studied by near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and colorimetry. For this purpose we quantified the homogeneity of fat based powder-liquids mixed with flour. NIRS is a well-recognized quantification method that successfully has been used to analyze powder mixtures before, while colorimetry is a method less used for such an application. The results demonstrated that both methods are applicable for quantifying the mixing behavior of such powder mixtures. We showed that cheap, easy and fast colorimetry is as reliable as NIRS measurements and hence can be a first choice validation method in industry. Comparing the powder-liquid mixing with spraying the liquid directly into the powders, the powder-liquids mixed faster and resulted in better homogeneity. Our results support the use of powder-liquids to process new highly homogeneous products required in functional foods or pharmaceutical products. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "Large Eddy Simulation of Transient Flow, Particle Transport, and Entrapment in Slab Mold with Double-Ruler Electromagnetic Braking. To study the transient transport and capture of inclusions and argon bubbles simultaneously in slab mold with double-ruler electromagnetic braking (EMBr), a transient large eddy simulation model coupling molten steel flow, solidification, electromagnetic field, and particle motion is constructed. In this model, momentum transfer between argon bubbles and molten steel is implemented by two-way coupling. The results indicate that the EMBr changes the molten steel transient flow pattern in the liquid pool. Due to the braking effect, the asymmetry and instability of the molten steel transient flow are weakened. Moreover, EMBr changes the transient particle (inclusion and argon bubble) transports inside the liquid pool. The particle motions inside the liquid pool are constrained, and the dispersion of the particles inside the liquid pool is weakened by EMBr. In addition, the contents of particles within the slab surface layer are decreased under the application of EMBr. Nevertheless, in the slab interior, the contents of the particles under the application of EMBr are higher than those in the absence of EMBr.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Performance-based financing to increase utilization of maternal health services: Evidence from Burkina Faso. Performance-based financing (PBF) programs are increasingly implemented in low and middle-income countries to improve health service quality and utilization. In April 2011, a PBF pilot program was launched in Boulsa, Leo and Titao districts in Burkina Faso with the objective of increasing the provision and quality of maternal health services. We evaluate the impact of this program using facility-level administrative data from the national health management information system (HMIS). Primary outcomes were the number of antenatal care visits, the proportion of antenatal care visits that occurred during the first trimester of pregnancy, the number of institutional deliveries and the number of postnatal care visits. To assess program impact we use a difference-in-differences approach, comparing changes in health service provision post-introduction with changes in matched comparison areas. All models were estimated using ordinary least squares (OLS) regression models with standard errors clustered at the facility level. On average, PBF facilities had 2.3 more antenatal care visits (95% CI [0.446-4.225]), 2.1 more deliveries (95% CI [0.034-4.069]) and 9.5 more postnatal care visits (95% CI [6.099, 12.903]) each month after the introduction of PBF. Compared to the service provision levels prior to the interventions, this implies a relative increase of 27.7 percent for ANC, of 9.2 percent for deliveries, and of 118.7 percent for postnatal care. Given the positive results observed during the pre-pilot period and the limited resources available in the health sector, the PBF program in Burkina Faso may be a low-cost, high impact intervention to improve maternal and child health.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "SECTORS OF ACTIVITY AND OCCUPATIONS OF GAYS AND LESBIANS IN A UNION: A SMALLER GENDER DIVIDE. Despite an increase in research on homosexuality in recent decades, it is still difficult to socially characterize gay and lesbian populations using general population surveys. It is rarely possible to obtain a sample of sufficient size that is representative of the general population, along with the appropriate indicators of homosexuality and social status that are required for such an analysis. This article proposes a novel approach based on data from the Family and Housing survey carried out by INSEE in 2011. For the first time in France, this survey enabled us to implement this approach by studying individuals who report being \\\\'in a union\\\\'. Our analysis highlights the high levels of education among women and men in same-sex unions, as well as the specific features of their occupational profiles. Gays and lesbians are more present in the higher occupational categories, are over-represented in sectors characterized by equal numbers of men and women and are less present in highly gender-segregated categories that are numerically dominated by their own sex. In this regard, individuals in same-sex unions are less influenced by gender norms.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Cohesion-defective mutants of Myxococcus xanthus. Cohesion of Myxococcus xanthus cells involves interaction of a cell surface cohesin with a component of the extracellular matrix. In this work, two previously isolated cohesion-defective (fbd) mutants were characterized. The fbdA and fbdB genes do not encode the cohesins but are necessary for their production. Both mutants produce type IV pili, suggesting that PilA is not a major cohesin.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Complex invasion history of the Asian long-horned beetle: fifteen years after first detection in Europe. The Asian long-horned beetle (ALB), a Cerambycidae, is an urban tree pest native to East Asia accidentally introduced to other continents via solid wood packing material. It was first detected in Europe in 2001, and since then infestations have been found in ten European countries. Using a 485-bp-long fragment of the mitochondrial barcode gene (COI), we studied the genetic diversity and structure of ALB populations in both native and invaded ranges, with a specific focus on Europe. Three main haplotypes were found across the native and invaded distribution of ALB. The native area in Asia was the most diverse with 23 haplotypes, but a low genetic structure was observed. Our results revealed up to nine distinct haplotypes that was diverged by no more than six mutational steps in European populations collected from 2001 to 2016. Nevertheless, the genetic structure was characterized by one widespread dominant haplotype in Europe. The overall complex genetic structure observed in Europe suggested a convoluted invasion scenario. Indeed, invasion history may include several introduction events as well as secondary dispersal.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Competitive complexation of gaseous Mn-II by 1,10-phenanthroline, 2,2 '-bipyridine, and 4,5-diazafluorene. Complexes of Mn-II with 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) and 2,2'-bipyridine (bipy) are investigated by means of electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry. Under the conditions used, [MnLn](2+) with n = 2 and 3, [MnLnCl](+) with n = 0-2, and [Mn(2)LnCI(3)](+) with n = 2 and 3 are produced (where L = phen or bipy). The collision-induced dissociation (CID) spectra of the mass-selected ions show various dissociation pathways, most notable among them is the reduction of the ligated Mn-II to Mn-I by intracomplex electron transfer. CID experiments of mixed-ligand complexes formed upon ESI from solutions which contain both phen and bipy exhibit preferential eliminations of bipy, indicating that bipy is a significantly weaker ligand for Mn-II than phen. This effect is mainly attributed to the flexibility of the bipy ligand concomitant with thermodynamic control in ion dissociation. To support this hypothesis, mixed complexes with some methylated derivatives as well as those containing 4,5-diazafluorene (daf) are examined also. Interestingly, the differences between the ligands diminish in charge-separation reactions of dicationic Mn-II complexes, due to the joined operation of thermodynamic as well as kinetic effects. In addition, the complexes [Mn(bipy)](+), [Mn(phen)](+), [Mn(bipy)](2+), [Mn(phen)](2+), and [Mn(bipy)(phen)](2+) are computed using the mPW1PW91 hybrid density functional along with the Stuttgart-Cologne-type pseudopotential and basis-set suite, and relative energies for charge-separation reactions and losses of neutral ligands are evaluated.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Outdoor academic debate as a tool to stimulate critical thinking and scientific orientation: a pilot experience. This paper aims to present a pilot experience conducted during the spring of 2018 in the Jardi Botanic (Botanic Garden) of the Universitat de Valencia. The experience brought about 24 students from the degrees of Sociology, Primary School Education and Psychology in the same university (6 students from each degree), and 6 students from different academic backgrounds, including Master ' s Degree students and one PhD student. The main goal of the pilot study is to analyze the perception and effectiveness of an academic debate seminar made outdoors and including students from different academic backgrounds. It was organized in three sessions of three hours each, with a preestablished distribution of roles between moderators and participants was pre-established. Clear rules of the functioning were also set up. The debate was structured in different parts, the duration of which had been previously established, as well as the time allocated to each intervention. Mutual trust and respect were also promoted and different dialectical positions and arguments were encouraged. At the end the students assessed the experience and had the opportunity to explain the extent to which the experience was fruitful in an individual essay, highlighting especially two positive aspects: the outdoor environment and the possibility to interact with students of other careers.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Effect of monospecific and mixed litters on bacterial communities' structure and functions under contrasting Mediterranean climate conditions. Global climate change is expected to contribute to intense droughts and heatwaves in the Mediterranean basin, motivating ecological research to explore the responses of litter microbial communities to more drastic climatic conditions. Here, we investigated how the functioning of microbial decomposition systems may be affected by litter source and mixing in two contrasting Mediterranean climate contexts: a sub-humid climate in France vs a semi-arid climate in Algeria. Studies included in situ incubation of litter bags of monospecific litters (Punts halepensis, Pistacia lentiscus, and Quercus ilex) and binary mixtures (Pinus/Pistacia; Pinus/Quercus) of litters in France and Algeria. Following a 12-month incubation, the remaining litter was chemically characterised using elemental analyses and solid-state C-13 NMR spectroscopy. Microbial properties evaluated included basal respiration (BR), active microbial biomass (MB), community-level physiological profiling (CLPP), and molecular fingerprinting (T-RFLP). In both countries, negative correlations were observed between MB and ratios of C/N and (aromatics + phenols)/N. Basal respiration was also negatively correlated to both ratios in France; however, the opposite trend was found in Algeria. The effect of litter mixing on MB, BR, and microbial functional diversity (catabolic diversity index ECO H') also differed between climates. The mixture of Pinus and Quercus litter led to limited heterotrophic CO2 release in the Algerian arid context i.e. a synergistic effect on MB associated with an antagonistic effect on BR. Higher bacterial genetic diversity (Terminal Restriction Fragment TRF richness and evenness) was found in Algeria whereas higher functional diversity (catabolic diversity index ECO H') was found in France, suggesting that the higher genetic diversity potential in the arid climate context did not lead to functionally diverse bacterial communities. Our findings on the differing effect of litter chemical properties-(aromatics + phenols)/N and C/N- on microbial functioning (BR and MB) in sub-humid and semi-arid climates indicate that the impact of litter chemistry (litter source; litter admixtures) on C cycling is climate-dependent.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Enhanced tolerance to salt stress in highland barley seedlings (Hordeum vulgare ssp vulgare) by gamma irradiation pretreatment. Salinity toxicity has become a major threat to the yield of highland barley in Tibet due to severe soil salinization. This research disclosed the effects of low-dose gamma-irradiation on the physio-biochemical and transcriptional responses to NaCl stress in highland barley seedlings. The results revealed that 50-Gy gamma irradiation pretreatment could markedly stimulate highland barley growth under NaCl stress and alleviate the salt-induced oxidative stress (evidenced by lower malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide contents in irradiated seedlings) through elevating the antioxidant enzyme activities and proline level. Moreover, transmission electron microscopy results revealed that irradiation pretreatment could alleviate the salt damage to chloroplasts ultrastructure. Notably, transcriptional analysis showed that gamma-irradiation pretreatment could enhance the expression of salt stress related genes. Overall, our results show that gamma ray pretreatment can improve the salt tolerance of barley seedlings.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Cancer risk in waterpipe smokers: a meta-analysis. Contrary to the perception of the relative safety of waterpipe smoking, this meta-analysis provides quantitative estimates of its association with cancers of the head and neck, esophagus and lung. The scarcity and limited quality of available reports point out the need for larger carefully designed studies in well-defined populations.We performed a systematic literature search to identify relevant studies, scored their quality, used fixed and random-effect models to estimate summary relative risks (SRR), evaluated heterogeneity and publication bias.To quantify by meta-analysis the relationship between waterpipe smoking and cancer, including cancer of the head and neck, esophagus, stomach, lung and bladder.We retrieved information from 28 published reports. Considering only highquality studies, waterpipe smoking was associated with increased risk of head and neck cancer (SRR 2.97; 95 % CI 2.26-3.90), esophageal cancer (1.84; 1.42-2.38) and lung cancer (2.22; 1.24-3.97), with no evidence of heterogeneity or publication bias. Increased risk was also observed for stomach and bladder cancer but based mainly on poor-quality studies. For colorectum, liver and for all sites combined risk estimates were elevated, but there were insufficient reports to perform a meta-analysis.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Graphene Nanoplatelets and Temperature Gradient Affecting Electrical Tree in Graphene/SiR Nanocomposites. In this paper, graphene/silicone rubber (SiR) nanocomposites with filler contents of 0.001-0.005 wt% are prepared to improve electrical tree inhibiting ability under different temperature gradients. The electrical treeing test is performed under three temperature gradients by controlling the temperature of high voltage and ground sides. Experimental results indicate that the SiR sample with 0.003 wt% graphene presents the best performance on electrical tree resistance. The tree length and accumulated damage are both reduced with the increase of graphene content from 0 to 0.003 wt%, but increased with the further increase of filler content from 0.003 to 0.005 wt%. The tree outline tends to be circular in neat SiR under negative temperature gradient, while it is triangular under positive temperature gradient. However, the effect of temperature gradient is weakened when graphene exists. Based on quantum dot models, the role of graphene quantum wells (QWs) in the regulation of charge transport and electrical tree resistance in SiR is revealed. This research provides an effective method to suppress electrical trees of SiR for cable accessories.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 32]}
+{"token": "Common Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) Causes Severe Yield Losses in Soybean and Impairs Bradyrhizobium japonicum Infection. Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. (Asteraceae), known as common ragweed, is an annual herbaceous species native to North America that has become one of the most economically important weeds in arable fields throughout Central Europe. Its large ecological amplitude enables the species to become established in several types of environments, and management options to effectively contain its spread are limited due to a lack of efficacy, high cost, or lack of awareness. In the last decade, in particular, soybean fields have been severely affected by common ragweed invasion. However, until now, information on the yield-decreasing effects of the plant has been scarce. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the competition effects of common ragweed on (1) soybean growth (aboveground/belowground), (2) the yield of two different soybean cultivars, and (3) the nodulation potential. Based on a greenhouse and biennial field trial, we found that in plots with the highest common ragweed biomass, the soybean yield loss accounted for 84% compared to the weed-free control, on average. The number of nodules, in addition to the mean nodule weight, which are tightly correlated with soybean yield, were significantly reduced by the presence of common ragweed. Just one common ragweed plant per square meter reduced the number of nodules by 56%, and consequently led to a decrease in yield of 18%. Although it has been reported that the genus Ambrosia produces and releases several types of secondary metabolites, little is known about the influence of these chemical compounds on soybean growth and nodulation. Thus, there is substantial need for research to understand the mechanisms behind the interaction between common ragweed and soybean, with a view to finding new approaches for improved common ragweed control, thereby protecting soybean and other crops against substantial yield losses.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Mycorrhizal ecology on serpentine soils. Background: Serpentine ecosystems support different, often unique, plant communities; however, we know little about the soil organisms that associate with these ecosystems. Mycorrhizas, mutualistic symbioses between fungi and roots, are critical to nutrient cycling and energy exchange below ground.Aims: We address three hypotheses: H1, diversity of mycorrhizal fungi in serpentine soils mirrors above-ground plant diversity; H2, the morphology of mycorrhizas and fungi on serpentine soils differs from that on non-serpentine; and H3, mycorrhizal fungal communities of the same or closely related hosts differ between serpentine and non-serpentine soils.Methods: This review focuses on whether plant diversity on serpentine soils correlates with the below ground diversity of mycorrhizal fungi.Results: Studies show that plants and fungi formed abundant ectomycorrhizal and arbuscular mycorrhizal symbioses on and off serpentine soils. No serpentine-endemic fungi were identified. Molecular analyses indicate distinct serpentine isolates for Cenococcum geophilum and for Acaulospora, suggesting adaptation to serpentine soils. While fungal sporocarp assemblages on serpentine sites resembled those off serpentine, fruiting of hypogeous fungi was greatly reduced.Conclusions: Ectomycorrhizal fungal communities did not differ between soil types; however, arbuscular mycorrhizal communities differed in some cases but not others. The additive response to multiple factors, described as the serpentine syndrome, may explain part of the response by fungi.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Critical two-dimensional Ising model with free, fixed ferromagnetic, fixed antiferromagnetic, and double antiferromagnetic boundaries. The critical two-dimensional Ising model is studied with four types boundary conditions: free, fixed ferromagnetic, fixed antiferromagnetic, and fixed double antiferromagnetic. Using bond propagation algorithms with surface fields, we obtain the free energy, internal energy, and specific heat numerically on square lattices with a square shape and various combinations of the four types of boundary conditions. The calculations are carried out on the square lattices with size N x N and 30 < N < 1000. The numerical data are analyzed with finite-size scaling. The bulk, edge, and corner terms are extracted very accurately. The exact results are conjectured for the corner logarithmic term in the free energy, the edge logarithmic term in the internal energy, and the corner logarithmic term in the specific heat. The corner logarithmic terms in the free energy agree with the conformal field theory very well.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Type I IFN Exhaustion is a Host Defence Protecting Against Secondary Bacterial Infections. Type I interferons (IFN-I) have been known for decades for their indispensable role in curtailing viral infections. It is, however, now also increasingly recognized that IFN-I is detrimental to the host in combating a number of bacterial infections. We have previously reported that viral infections induce partial lymphocyte activation, characterized by significant increases in the cell surface expression of CD69 and CD86, but not CD25. This systemic partial activation of lymphocytes, mediated by IFN-I, is rapid and is followed by a period of IFN-I unresponsiveness. Here we propose that IFN-I exhaustion that occurs soon after a primary viral infection may be a host response protecting it from secondary bacterial infections.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "Blodgettia chinensis and Nigrolentilocus saprophyticus spp. nov., and a first record of Anapleurothecium botulisporum from southern China. Two new anamorphic fungi, Blodgettia chinensis sp. nov. and Nigrolentilocus saprophyticus sp. nov., are described and illustrated from specimens collected on dead branches of unidentified plants in southern China. Blodgettia chinensis is characterized by monoblastic, integrated, terminal conidiogenous cells that produce broadly ellipsoidal, 5-euseptate, smooth conidia with darkened and thickened bands at the septa. Nigrolentilocus saprophyticus is distinguished by its polyblastic, sympodially extending, terminal and intercalary, integrated conidiogenous cells with conspicuous, lenticular conidiogenous loci and ellipsoidal to fusiform, 3-euseptate, versicolored conidia. A key to Nigrolentilocus species is provided. Anapleurothecium botulisporum is recorded for the first time from China.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Disulfated Ophiuroid Type Steroids from the Far Eastern Starfish Pteraster marsippus and Their Cytotoxic Activity on the Models of 2D and 3D Cultures. New steroidal 3 beta,21-disulfates (2-4), steroidal 3 beta,22-disulfate (5), and the previously known related steroidal 3 beta,21-disulfate (1) were isolated from the ethanolic extract of the Far Eastern starfish Pteraster marsippus, collected off Urup Island in the Sea of Okhotsk. The structures of these compounds were determined by intensive NMR and HRESIMS techniques as well as by chemical transformations. Steroids 2 and 3 have an oxo-group in the tetracyclic nucleus at position C-7 and differ from each other by the presence of the 5(6)-double bond. The Delta(24)-22-sulfoxycholestane side chain of the steroid 5 has not been found previously in the starfish or ophiuroid steroids. The cytotoxic activities of 1, 4, 5, and the mixture of 2 and 3 were determined on the models of 2D and 3D cultures of human epithelial kidney cells (HEK293), melanoma cells (SK-MEL-28), small intestine carcinoma cells (HuTu80), and breast carcinoma cells (ZR-75-1). The mixture of 2 and 3 revealed a significant inhibitory effect on the cell viability of human breast carcinoma ZR-75-1 cells, but other tested compounds were less effective.", "label": [2, 17, 21]}
+{"token": "Foraging-patch use and within-patch diet selectivity in mourning doves, Zenaida macroura. Past studies of foraging-patch exploitation among granivorous animals largely have focused on mammals, so we sought to test patch-use strategies in an avian granivore, the Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura). Based on available experimental evidence and existing food habits/selection information, we hypothesized that Mourning Doves use a fixed-time patch departure strategy and an expanding specialist within-patch diet-selection strategy (specialization at high resource densities but generalization at low densities). We tested predictions based on these hypotheses and selected alternatives in three outdoor aviary experiments. Mourning Doves failed to equalize food giving-up densities (GUDs; food densities at the point of patch departure) between rich and poor patches, and no indirect interactions took place between multiple foods in patches. The ratio of GUDs between rich and poor patches equaled the ratio of initial food densities. Neither selectivity among, nor ratio of GUDs between, multiple foods varied with degree of patch exploitation. Results of all experiments supported a fixed-time patch-departure strategy among Mourning Doves; this may be a general pattern among open area-foraging avian granivores.. A fixed-time strategy in this guild may indicate inability to assess patch resource density, possibly due to lack of olfactory capabilities or to a constant rate of seed intake,at most seed densities. Results did not completely support an expanding specialist diet-selection strategy, but this strategy seems a more likely cause of partial diet preferences than does an alternative mechanism, a generalist strategy with unequal encounter rates.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Causal Aspects of Social Capital of Iranian Patients with Cancer: Evidence of Predictive, Modifying and Descriptive Effects in Health Inequality. Conclusion: People with similar social capital in their life have different experiences of cancer-related stress and unhealthy behaviors. Thus a specific feature of a stressful social determinant is not a reliable criterion to determine the degree of stress and the extent of its effect on affliction to cancer.Background: There is a good literature confirming the effects of social capital on different health domains. The increase in different types of cancer has caused scientists to encounter a number of issues regarding the reasons of affliction by this disease. The aim of this empirical research was to study the causal aspects of social capital of Iranian patients with cancer.Methods: The study was a causal-comparative study conducted in the spring and summer of 2010 in Tehran. The sample consists of 212 people selected based on affliction or no affliction to cancer. Social capital emphasizes two dimensions of structure and cognition. Social participation, social trust and sense of social solidarity are considered as different dimensions of social capital. The focus has been on personal social capital.Results: The effect and association of social capital are not significant with any of stomach and colon cancers. The effect and association of social trust are not significant with any of stomach, colon and breast cancers.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Portmanteau biota' and Ecofeminist Interventions in Zakes Mda's The Heart of Redness. When Nobel Peace Prize laureate Wangari Maathai, the first African woman, and the first person ever to win the award for environmental activism, was asked by Time magazine's Stephan Faris, \\\\'What's the world's biggest challenge?\\\\', she replied: \\\\'The environment. We are sharing our resources in a very inequitable way.. And that is partly the reason why we have conflict\\\\'(Faris 2004: 4). Conflict over natural resources is very much at the centre of Mda's novel The Heart of Redness (2000). The historical past, emblematised by the cattle-killings in the Eastern Cape during the 1850s, is linked to the present through the ecological consciousness of Qukezwa, whose character is conceived in mythopoeic terms. Positing the notion that Qukezwa is the quintessential ecofeminist in the novel, this paper foregrounds her role as a catalyst in the war of words between the \\\\'Believers\\\\'in the prophecies of Nongqawuse and the \\\\'Unbelievers\\\\'. Her seemingly reckless act of cutting down foreign trees may be viewed as a protest against what Alfred W. Crosby has termed \\\\'portmanteau biota\\\\'(1986: 270), a collective term for the organisms that Europeans took with them to the lands they colonised. Qukezwa's actions register a strong message to those governments which exploit Planet Earth without regard for the deleterious consequences of their actions.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "A chip off the old block: A model for the evolution of genomic imprinting via selection for parental similarity. A consequence of genomic imprinting is that offspring are more similar to one parent than to the other. depending on which parent's genes are inactivated in those offspring. We hypothesize that genomic imprinting may have evolved at some loci because of selection to be similar to the parent of one sex or the other. We Construct and analyze an evolutionary-genetic model of a two-locus two-deme system, in which one locus codes for a character under local selection and the second locus is a potential cis-acting modifier of imprinting. A proportion of males only migrate between demes every generation, and prebreeding males are less fit, on average, than females. We examine the conditions in which an imprinting modifier allele can invade a population fixed for a nonimprinting modifier allele and vice versa. We find that the conditions under which the imprinting modifier invades are biologically restrictive (high migration rates and high values of recombination between the two loci) and thus this hypothesis is unlike] to explain the evolution of imprinting. Our modeling also shows that, as with several other hypotheses, polymorphism of imprinting status may evolve under certain circumstances, a feature not predicted by verbal accounts.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Neutral density response to solar flares at Mars. First direct observations of heating of the Mars neutral atmosphere by solar flares are presented in this study. Solar flares were detected using the Extreme Ultraviolet Monitor on board the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) spacecraft, and upper atmospheric temperature enhancements were determined by changes in the density scale height of Argon (Ar) made by the Neutral Gas and Ion Mass Spectrometer also on board MAVEN. We analyzed 14 M-class or greater flares that occurred during the early part of the MAVEN mission in addition to a 30 day period of high flare activity during May 2015. We report that the Mars dayside upper atmosphere shows significant heating near the flare soft X-ray peak; and it responds and recovers rapidly to heating from M-class or larger flares. In addition, we present atmospheric density versus altitude profiles that were taken near the soft X-ray peak of two flares.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "The synthesis and flash memory behavior of alternate copolymer containing carbazole donor and perylenediimide derivatives acceptor by the hybridization of organo-silicon. In this study, two new donor-acceptor alternate copolysiloxanes containing carbazole and PDI derivatives pendants (PCzMSi-alt-PDISi and PCzPhSi-alt-PDISi) were prepared. The two copolysiloxanes showed the resistor type memory behavior. The memory devices based on PCzMSi-alt-PDISi and PCzPhSi-alt-PDISi exhibited nonvolatile flash memory characteristics, with an ON/OFF current density ratio of 103 and low threshold voltages (less than 1 V). As far as we know, it is the first nonvolatile flash memory device reported with the lowest threshold voltage based on the copolymer due to high flexibility of Si-O bonds. The conformation change from the regiorandom and regioregular alignments and the charge transfer interactions between pendent carbazole donor and PDI acceptor moieties as well as the unstable CT complex explain their memory characteristics. Our results open a new way to prepare the low-energy cost flash memory devices with the donor-acceptor pendent polysiloxanes.", "label": [4, 1, 32, 11]}
+{"token": "Growth and mortality of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) in response to artificial defoliation. To simulate the effects of forest tent caterpillar (FTC) defoliation on trembling aspen growth and mortality, an artificial defoliation experiment was performed over three years in young aspen stands of northwestern Quebec. Defoliation plots of 15 x 15 m were established on three sites, together with associated control stands of pure trembling aspen. In 2007, root collar diameters were measured and positions of all trees were mapped prior defoliation. Severe FTC defoliation was simulated for three successive years (2007-2009) by manually removing all leaves from all but 7-10% of the trees present in the defoliation plots. Yearly surveys of growth and mortality were conducted until 2010 to evaluate defoliation effects on defoliated as well as surrounding undefoliated trees. In absence of other factors, growth and mortality of trembling aspen decreased and increased, respectively, after defoliation. Our study further revealed that small diameter trees died after one year of artificial defoliation, while larger-diameter trees died after repeated defoliations. Distributions of tree mortality tended to be aggregated at small scales (<5 m), corroborating gap patterns observed in mature stands following FTC outbreaks. This experiment revealed that trembling aspen mortality can be directly attributed solely to defoliation. Repeated defoliations during FTC outbreaks have the potential to profoundly modify stand productivity and structure by reducing tree growth and increasing tree mortality in the absence of predisposing factors. (C) 2014 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "East German fertility after unification: Crisis or adaptation?. Since the fall of the Berlin Wall, East Germans have drastically changed their demographic behavior. Marriages and births have dropped to an unprecedentedly low level. The authors track birth rates of the East German population, past, present, and future and propose a simulation model of future cohort fertility. Their hypotheses build on the historical record of reproductive behavior in the German Democratic Republic between 1960 and 1989 and on an analysis of the pattern of change between 1990 and 1994. They argue that East German couples will rapidly westernize their family size by trying to reach completed fertility levels of the corresponding West German cohort. This implies that the resulting adaptation process includes the postunification crisis as a logical first step.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Cultural implications in the interpretation of sexual references in social institutions. The purpose of this paper is to analyze and describe certain aspects of language whose knowledge, expression and reception affect the social and cultural field rather than what's purely formal; that is to say, sometimes we may understand the words but we may not understand the implicit message or we may even dismiss some kind of linguistic constructions because they are seen as strange or anomalous and therefore not very significant from our own social and cultural perspective, even though such constructions may be highly significant from the speaker's point of view and their social and cultural context. In order to highlight this kind of linguistic constructions, I will address those references and expressions with sexual content that required to be translated from Arabic to Spanish when interpreting on the public services context. That is why this paper will focus exclusively on interpretation, given that, unlike translation, interpretation requires the physical presence and effectiveness of the three players in communication, namely: the service provider, the user of such service and the interpreter.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Working Dog Training for the Twenty-First Century. Dogs are trained for a variety of working roles including assistance, protection, and detection work. Many canine working roles, in their modern iterations, were developed at the turn of the 20th century and training practices have since largely been passed down from trainer to trainer. In parallel, research in psychology has advanced our understanding of animal behavior, and specifically canine learning and cognition, over the last 20 years; however, this field has had little focus or practical impact on working dog training. The aims of this narrative review are to (1) orient the reader to key advances in animal behavior that we view as having important implications for working dog training, (2) highlight where such information is already implemented, and (3) indicate areas for future collaborative research bridging the gap between research and practice. Through a selective review of research on canine learning and behavior and training of working dogs, we hope to combine advances from scientists and practitioners to lead to better, more targeted, and functional research for working dogs.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Mechanisms of drought-induced dissipation of excitation energy in sun- and shade-adapted drought-tolerant mosses studied by fluorescence yield change and global and target analysis of fluorescence decay kinetics. Some mosses stay green and survive long even under desiccation. Dissipation mechanisms of excess excitation energy were studied in two drought-tolerant moss species adapted to contrasting niches: shade-adapted Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus and sun-adapted Rhytidium rugosum in the same family. (1) Under wet conditions, a light-induced nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) mechanism decreased the yield of photosystem II (PSII) fluorescence in both species. The NPQ extent saturated at a lower illumination intensity in R. squarrosus, suggesting a larger PSII antenna size. (2) Desiccation reduced the fluorescence intensities giving significantly lower F (0) levels and shortened the overall fluorescence lifetimes in both R. squarrosus and R. rugosum, at room temperature. (3) At 77 K, desiccation strongly reduced the PSII fluorescence intensity. This reduction was smaller in R. squarrosus than in R. rugosum. (4) Global and target analysis indicated two different mechanisms of energy dissipation in PSII under desiccation: the energy dissipation to a desiccation-formed strong fluorescence quencher in the PSII core in sun-adapted R. rugosum (type-A quenching) and (5) the moderate energy dissipation in the light-harvesting complex/PSII in shade-adapted R. squarrosus (type-B quenching). The two mechanisms are consistent with the different ecological niches of the two mosses.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "The virtual puppet in the Machinima movement: discovering virtual puppetry in the 3D performance space of videogames. Jane McGonigal, a game designer who received her PhD in performance studies, argues that 'gamers maximise their play experience by performing belief' (2003, p. 1). McGonigal calls this habit of 'pretending' to believe the 'Pinocchio effect' (2003, p. 4). She goes on to say that all gameplay is a type of performance (McGonigal 2005, p. 1). The human body, in relation to the evolution of games/gaming, is more often represented by another figure, that of the 'avatar' - a Sanskrit word which originally referred to 'a deity who has descended to the physical world taking an incarnate form' (Hakonen and Smed 2008, p. 4). To speak of theatre and identity, the avatar on-screen can represent the puppet on-stage. This research analyses performance in virtual space, focusing on the emerging genre of Machinima - a linear art form using gameworlds as expressive 3D performance spaces (Mazalek and Nitsche 2007, p. 155) - thus attempting to reclassify the virtual performer with regards to modern videogames. In finding similarities between theatrical puppetry and Machinima manipulation, the Machinima performer can be considered both actor and puppeteer. This comparison is aided by discussing the techniques of Rooster Teeth Productions and the ILL Clan, companies that film in the videogame landscape of first-person shooters like Halo and Quake respectively.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Director's Duties in Groups of Companies Legalizing the Interest of the Group at the European Level. The Action Plan of the European Commission of December 2012 on \\\\'European company law and corporate governance - a modern legal framework for more engaged shareholders and sustainable companies\\\\' mentioned that \\\\'the Commission will, in 2014, come with an initiative to improve both the information available on groups and recognition of the concept of 'group interest'.\\\\' The origin of this renewed interest by the European Commission can be found in the report of the Reflection Group on the Future of EU Company Law of 2011. Recognising the interest of the group at the European level would provide many advantages, especially for groups having cross-border activities in the European Union, whether led by a large parent company or a Small and Medium Sized Enterprise (SME). In addition, recognition of the interest of the group has become Ius Commune in Europe. However, there is a need to proceed cautiously. Therefore, a recommendation would be the most attractive legal instrument. Any action at the European level should also take into consideration the distinction between wholly-owned and non-wholly-owned subsidiaries. In the case of the latter, specific instruments of protection of minority shareholders should be left to the Member States to develop.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "Apophatic Inquiry: Living the Questions Themselves. In qualitative research, the importance of knowledge production is illustrated by the confidence in logos, that still flags. Although there is significant attention for approaches that are inclusive to the body, affect and non-rational dimensions, these approaches still aim to generate understandings by the appropriation of knowledge. This paper critiques that view and proposes another view of inquiry that centers the praxis of living the questions instead. Here, research is seen as a gradual unfolding of a process. The quest that belongs with this view of research is concerned with how to make space for life phenomena to emerge. We frame this as apophatic inquiry, a non-methodology, as it is not a matter of applying activities in a set of steps. For apophatic inquiry, a process of unknowing and wonder is imperative. The paper discusses how to foster a triadic inter-beingness in a research praxis that fosters the calling forth of and reflection on phenomena. For that, the researcher nurtures awareness and reflection on a triadic sphere of three closely connected spaces: the Inner Space, the Aesthetic Space, and the Wondrous Space. By being receptive to the impressions that unfold within and between these spaces, the research becomes part of a process of living a question in real-time. Thus, living and life itself become the heart of the research.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Neighborhood socioeconomic status and racial disparities in schizophrenia: An exploration of domains of functioning. Black Americans are disproportionately diagnosed with schizophrenia and experience worse objective functional outcomes (e.g., hospitalizations) than their White counterparts. However, we have a limited understanding of the psychological pathways through which Black Americans with schizophrenia reach worse outcomes. This study assessed race and domains of functioning (e.g., neurocognition, functional capacity) known to be associated with objective outcomes in a sample of 108 non-Hispanic Black and 61 non-Hispanic White individuals with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders from the Social Cognition Psychometric Evaluation (SCOPE) study. Three primary findings emerged: First, Black participants showed lower scores than White participants on measures of neurocognition(NC), social cognition(SC), and everyday living skills, but not social skills or community functioning. Second, neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES) explained 21% of the relationship between race and NC but did not mediate the relationship between race and SC or everyday living skills. Finally, prior research has established that NC, SC, social skills, and everyday living skills predict community functioning in individuals. Finally, prior research has established that NC, SC, social skills, and everyday living skills predict community functioning in individuals with schizophrenia. In our sample, after controlling for neighborhood SES, race did not moderate the relationships of NC, SC, social skills, or everyday living skills to community functioning. This indicates that relationships between these domains are comparably strong across Black and White Americans. Taken together, these findings show that NC, SC, and everyday living skills may be important areas to explore in regards to racial disparities in schizophrenia. More research, especially incorporating nuanced raceand SES-related variables, is needed to understand how to best intervene and improve real-world outcomes for Black Americans with schizophrenia. (C) 2020 Published by Elsevier B.V.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "The evolution of manus shape in sauropod dinosaurs: Implications for functional morphology, forelimb orientation, and phylogeny. Sauropods have a unique digitigrade and semi-tubular manus whose shape has been used as a synapomorphy that unites most sauropod taxa. The vertical orientation and semi-tubular arrangement of the metacarpals suggest the sauropod manus improved the mechanical ability of the forelimb to support great weight. However, the evolutionary mechanism responsible for modifying the relatively flat metacarpus of basal saurischians into a semitubular arrangement has remained uninvestigated. Furthermore, trackway evidence shows that manus pronation was more developed in sauropods than other saurischians. However, because the radius and ulna do not cross completely in sauropods, reconciling mantis print orientation with forelimb osteology has been difficult. Restudy of North American neosauropod appendicular osteology and anatomy suggests that the unique manus shape of sauropods is linked temporally with reversion to a quadrupedal posture and the necessity of manus pronation. Articulation and manipulation of neosauropod forelimbs and casts, as well as a scale model of Apatosaurus louisae, suggest that, as the sauropod forelimb resumed a weight-bearing role, the primitively anterolateral position of the radius shifted to assume a more internal (anteromedial) orientation in relation to the ulna proximally and distally. The internal shift of the radius may have subsequently pronated the manus while simultaneously altering the shape of the digital arch, transforming a flat dinosaurian manus into a digitigrade, semi-tubular structure. Morphological evidence presented here suggests a semitubular manus was an exaptation that ultimately functioned as a weight-distributing structure, and that this unique morphology may have been present in basal sauropods.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Proximity risk assessment for two sensitive chemical plants based on the accident scenario consequence analysis. Petrochemical complexes include high risk interconnected plants processing large quantities of dangerous/flammable substances, complex reactors of high thermal sensitivity operated under severe conditions of high productivity and associated equipment, vessels or separation units operating at intense temperature and pressures. Such plant design/operation problems contribute quite frequently to the occurrence of small incidents or rare major accidents including domino effects. The study applies classical boiling liquid expanding vapour explosion fire and toxic puff release models to evaluate the effects and consequences of different accident scenarios involving two neighbouring risk plants, with exemplifications for the aniline and maleic anhydride synthesis plants. A proposed joint probability index of human casualties, related to thermal radiation doses and toxic material released around plants, points out the influence of production capacity and plant proximity on the severity of accident consequences and domino-effect occurrence. (c) 2013 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "State of the North American PM industry - 2006. In 2006 the PM industry in North America faces challenges on many-fronts. PM's major market, the automotive industry, is undergoing unprecedented structural changes. Zooming commodity prices, coupled with rising energy and transportation costs, are playing havoc with the bottom line of almost every company in the industry. Globalization and the flattening of the global supply base, along with the rise of China as a serious competitor are all testing the fortitude and strategic decision making of industry executives. Despite the challenges, the PM industry still has a positive future. The basics of our industry and technology remain strong and positive. We continue to push the edge of PM's capabilities to compete with wrought products. At our best, we are the low-cost producer of precision, I high-performance products and materials. It is safe to claim that no other metalworking process can match PM's competitive advantages. But are we promoting that enough?", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Two new species of the lichen genus Phlyctis in India. Phlyctis subagelaea, with muriform spores and P. karnatakana with septate spores are newly described from India. Both species have a restricted distribution in Western Ghats south India where they grow on tree trunks in evergreen forest.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Identification of serine protease, serine protease homolog and prophenoloxidase genes in Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). In insects, proteolytic cascades medicated by serine proteases (SPs), serine protease homologs (SPHs) and prophenoloxidases (PPOs) control several physiological processes, notably the innate immunity. However, no attempts have been made to identify and characterize these genes in Spodoptera frugiperda, one of the most destructive agricultural pests. In this study, 83 SPs, 26 SPHs and four PPOs were respectively identified in S. frugiperda genome based on homology blast against those of other insects. We then analyzed the domain organization of these proteins and assigned them into different groups by phylogenetic reconstruction. Furthermore, the mRNA levels of clip-domain SPs/SPHs (cSPs/cSPHs) and PPOs were quantified in response to a mixed infection of Micrococcus luteus and Escherichia coli, and obvious accumulations were recorded in immune tissues, including hemocytes and fat body. In the latter study, we profiled the expression patterns of highly expressed cSPs and PPOs in different developmental stages, including egg, larva, pupa, female and male adults. It was shown that most cSPs were abundantly expressed in adults, while PPOs were detected at high levels in both egg and larval stages. These current findings substantially add to our understanding of the roles of S. frugiperda SPs, SPHs and PPOs in immune regulation and further lay a solid foundation for uncovering the interaction mechanisms between insects and pathogens.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Monomethylolated Thiourea - Sawdust as a New Adsorbent for Removal of Hg (II) from Contaminated Water: Equilibrium Kinetic and Thermodynamic Studies. Sawdust (SD), a very low cost material, has been utilized as adsorbent material for the removal of Hg (II) from aqueous solutions after treatment with mono methylol thio urea (MMTU) in presence of zinc chloride as catalyst to form MMTU-SD. The reaction of MMTU-SD was carried out under different conditions including MMTU/SD molar ratio, catalyst concentration, and reaction time and temperature. The MMTU-SD samples were characterized by estimating the nitrogen content. The ability of MMTU-SD to adsorb Hg (II) was investigated by using batch adsorption procedure. The effects such as pH, contact time, adsorbate concentration and adsorbent dosages on the adsorption capacity were studied. Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Redlich-Peterson isotherm models were applied in the adsorption studies at different temperatures. The experimental data were analysed using different adsorption kinetic models viz., the pseudo-first and second-order equations, Bangham's equation, intraparticle diffusion, Elovich and Bhattacharya-Venkobacha models. Results show that the pseudo-second-order equation provides the best correlation for the adsorption process.The adsorption experiments indicated that the MMTU-SD particles have great potential for the removal of Hg (II) from aqueous solution. The maximum adsorption capacity (Q(max)) of the MMTU-SD towards Hg (II) ions was found to be 1000, 1000, and 1100 mg/g at 30, 50, and 60 degrees C, respectively. Similarly, the Freundlich constant, n values were found to be 4.258944, 4.492363, and 5.293806 at 30, 50, and 60 degrees C, respectively. The thermodynamics constants of the adsorption process: Delta H, Delta S and Delta G were evaluated.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Soliton-like excitations and solectrons in two-dimensional nonlinear lattices. We discuss here the thermal excitation of soliton-like supersonic, intrinsic localized modes in two-dimensional monolayers of atoms imbedded into a heat bath. These excitations induce local electrical polarization fields at the nano-scale in the lattice which influence electron dynamics, thus leading to a new form of trapping. We study the soliton-mediated electron dynamics in such systems at moderately high temperatures and calculate the density of embedded electrons in a suitable adiabatic approximation.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Social-ecological network analysis for sustainability sciences: a systematic review and innovative research agenda for the future. Social-ecological network (SEN) concepts and tools are increasingly used in human-environment and sustainability sciences. We take stock of this budding research area to further show the strength of SEN analysis for complex human-environment settings, identify future synergies between SEN and wider human-environment research, and provide guidance about when to use different kinds of SEN approaches and models. We characterize SEN research along a spectrum specifying the degree of explicit network representation of system components and dynamics. We then systematically review one end of this spectrum, what we term 'fully articulated SEN' studies, which specifically model unique social and ecological units and relationships. Results show a larger number of papers focus on methodological advancement and applied ends. While there has been some development and testing of theories, this remains an area for future work and would help develop SENs as a unique field of research, not just a method. Authors have studied diverse systems, while mainly focusing on the problem of social-ecological fit alongside a scattering of other topics. There is strong potential, however, to engage other issues central to human-environment studies. Analyzing the simultaneous effects of multiple social, environmental, and coupled processes, change over time, and linking network structures to outcomes are also areas for future advancement. This review provides a comprehensive assessment of (fully articulated) SEN research, a necessary step that can help scholars develop comparable cases and fill research gaps.", "label": [4, 5, 36, 47]}
+{"token": "Educational inequalities in mortality in four Eastern European countries: divergence in trends during the post-communist transition from 1990 to 2000. Conclusions Different trends were observed between the two former Soviet republics and the two Central Eastern European countries. This divergence can be related to differences in socioeconomic development during the 1990s and in particular, to the spread of poverty, deprivation and marginalization. Alcohol and psychosocial stress may also have been important mediating factors.Background Post-communist transition has had a huge impact on mortality in Eastern Europe. We examined how educational inequalities in mortality changed between 1990 and 2000 in Estonia, Lithuania, Poland and Hungary.Methods Cross-sectional data for the years around 1990 and 2000 were used. Age-standardized mortality rates and mortality rate ratios (for total mortality only) were calculated for men and women aged 3564 in three educational categories, for five broad cause-of-death groups and for five (seven among women) specific causes of death.Results Educational inequalities in mortality increased in all four countries but in two completely different ways. In Poland and Hungary, mortality rates decreased or remained the same in all educational groups. In Estonia and Lithuania, mortality rates decreased among the highly educated, but increased among those of low education. In Estonia and Lithuania, for men and women combined, external causes and circulatory diseases contributed most to the increasing educational gap in total mortality.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "ITRF2014, Earth Figure Changes, and Geocenter Velocity Implications for GIA and Recent Ice Melting. Using a selection of Global Navigation Satellite System vertical velocities from the latest solution of the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF) ITRF2014, we calculate the degree-1 and degree-2 spherical harmonics coefficients (SHC) of the solid Earth figure changes at different dates, with realistic errors that take into account the inhomogeneity of the network. We find that the SHC are globally close to zero except the zonal coefficients, which show values notably larger than those derived from different glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) models and which have tended to increase during the time span of observations. We show that these differences are most probably due to global recent ice melting (RIM). Assuming elastic RIM deformation, we then investigate the Earth's geocenter velocity and the geoid oblateness time evolution (J(2)-rate) derived from our SHC estimations. The obtained geocenter velocity reaches 0.9 +/- 0.5 mm/year in 2013 with a z-component of 0.8 +/- 0.4 mm/year, which is slightly larger than previous estimations. We compare our J(2)-rate estimations with observations. Our estimations show a similar acceleration in J(2) after 2000. However, our estimates are notably larger than the observations. This indicates either that the J(2)-rate due to GIA processes is lower than expected (as proposed by Nakada et al., 2015, 2016) or that the deformation induced by RIM is not purely elastic, or both. Finally, we show that viscous relaxation or phase transitions in the mantle transition zone may only partly explain this discrepancy. This raises the question of the accuracy of current mass estimations of RIM and GIA models.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "A segmental evaluation model for determining residual rail service life based on a discrete-state conditional probabilistic method. Because steel rail is one of the most fundamental components of railway operations, the accurate estimation of residual rail service life is of great significance in ensuring the safe operation of railways. In addition, maintenance expenses must be minimized in a manner that allows limited railroad resources to be optimally allotted. In this study, the typical types of continuous rail segments on a rail line are classified into non-sharply curved rail segments and sharply curved rail segments. Using these classifications, a model for estimating the residual service lives of rail segments using a discrete-state conditional probability method is proposed based on an analysis of rail deterioration characteristics. The model considers several heterogeneous factors to determine their influence on the deterioration process and is shown to be capable of estimating the residual service lives of rail segments. Finally, the model is validated through a case study of the Beijing Metro, using inspection records of rail defects in conjunction with heterogeneous factor data to predict the service life of the rail, which is then compared with its actual service life. The model is found to show good agreement with the rail inspection and maintenance records of the Beijing Metro, indicating its appropriateness for use by railroad management in allocating future rail maintenance resources.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Behavioural differences during host selection between alate virginoparae of generalist and tobacco-specialist Myzus persicae. Host plant selection and acceptance by aphids involves four consecutive steps: (1) prealighting behaviour, (2) leaf surface exploration and probing of subepidermal tissues, (3) deep probing of plant tissues, and (4) evaluation of the phloem sap. Host specialisation in aphids may involve not only different performances on potential hosts, but also different strategies for host selection and acceptance. Myzus persicae s.s. (Sulzer) (Homoptera: Aphididae) is one of the most polyphagous aphid species, although a tobacco-adapted subspecies, M. persicae nicotianae, has been described. These two taxa constitute a good system for studying the effect of host range on host selection strategies. We studied the first two steps in the host selection process by alate virginoparae of M. persicae s.s. and M. persicae nicotianae on host and non-host plants, using three types of behavioural assays: wind tunnel, olfactometry, and video-recording. Alate virginoparae of M. persicae nicotianae recognised and chose their host plant more efficiently than M. persicae s.s., on the basis of olfactory and visual cues, and factors residing at cuticular and subcuticular levels. Host recognition was evident before phloem tissues were contacted. Olfactory cues were apparently not involved in host selection by M. persicae s.s.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "At Home with the War: The Great War in Victorian Private Life. This article examines the Great War in Victoria through the lens of private sentiment. It exposes not only the diversity of perspectives and sentiment surrounding the war, but also the stresses endured by Victorians trying to reconcile their commitment to the war with personal and familial needs. Their experience was dominated by a confrontation with powerful currents of anxiety over the war and their loved ones, and increasing tensions within their communities over who was bearing the greater burdens of the war. Investigating private experience of total war at home allows us to see how Victorians made as well as endured the Great War, as their communities struggled to remain cohesive, and individuals struggled to cope with its demands.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "The Psalm Commentary of Daniel of Salah and the Formation of Sixth-Century Syrian Orthodox Identity. By the 540s the anti-Chalcedonian Syrian Miaphysites had experienced frequent periods of persecution and were in the process of developing into an independent church, with distinct structures and doctrine. Unable to found schools for their clergy, they needed alternative methods to provide ideological formation. This paper argues that the Miaphysite leaders identified the exegesis of the Psalms, the quintessence of the scriptures and the heart of the daily liturgy, as a key means not only of shaping their community's religious beliefs but also of addressing larger political issues. Their chosen exegete was Daniel of Salah who in c.542 produced a Psalm commentary in homiletic form which addressed numerous issues of contemporary relevance. His response to Christological controversy is touched upon, but the focus is on his development of Miaphysite imperial ideology. Previous historians have usually argued that the Miaphysites demonstrated great loyalty to the institution and person of the emperor, despite persecution at their hands. This paper argues to the contrary that while Daniel accepted the need for political allegiance to the emperors, he denies them any role as special mediators of divine revelation or faith. The true king is the crucified Christ, in whose image the mind or reason of each human was created, and it is the guidance of these which is to be followed in religious matters.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Slavery and the Dutch economy, 1750-1800. This article presents the first methodologically grounded calculation of the weight of Atlantic slave-based activities in the Dutch economy of the second half of the eighteenth century. In this period, the Dutch Republic was one of the most developed commercial societies in Europe. The import, processing and export of slave-produced goods such as sugar, coffee and tobacco played an important role in this economy. In 1770, 5.2% of the GDP of the Dutch Republic and 10.36% of the GDP of its richest province Holland was based on Atlantic slavery. In this year, 19% of Dutch imports and (re-) exports consisted of goods produced by the enslaved in the Atlantic. These high percentages were dependent on the prominent role that the Dutch Republic and the province of Holland in particular played in Atlantic slavery-based commodity chains. These chains ran from the provisioning of slave ships in the Dutch Republic, through the slave trade, to the plantations, the transport of tropical products to Europe, their processing in the Dutch Republic, to their final export to the European hinterland. As much as 40% of all the growth of the economy of Holland in the decades around 1770 can be traced back to slavery.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "A Perspective on Nanotechnology and COVID-19 Vaccine Research and Production in South Africa. Advances in nanotechnology have enabled the development of a new generation of vaccines, which are playing a critical role in the global control of the COVID-19 pandemic and the return to normalcy. Vaccine development has been conducted, by and large, by countries in the global north. South Africa, as a major emerging economy, has made extensive investments in nanotechnology and bioinformatics and has the expertise and resources in vaccine development and manufacturing. This has been built at a national level through decades of investment. In this perspective article, we provide a synopsis of the investments made in nanotechnology and highlight how these could support innovation, research, and development for vaccines for this disease. We also discuss the application of bioinformatics tools to support rapid and cost-effective vaccine development and make recommendations for future research and development in this area to support future health challenges.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Statesmanship and the Problem of Theoretical Generalization. In this article we argue that in their quest for parsimony and through their denial of human agency, international relations scholars often endorse deterministic theories. The field of international relations suffers greatly for its devotion to excessive theoretical generalization. In rejecting the more pluralistic methodology of early international relations work, scholars may produce superficially valid predictive theories. Yet these theories rarely grant deep insight into why actual states behave as they do. Because of this, they provide little guidance for statesmen. While we do not advocate the complete rejection of any of the major approaches in the field, we argue that international relations scholars should reorient their work to account for the way leadership can overcome the constraints of structure. We suggest the field strive actively to embrace complexity and foster a greater epistemological modesty than it currently demonstrates. Polity (2010) 42, 156-184. doi:10.1057/pol.2009.13; published online 14 September 2009", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "IO circuit design for 2.5D through-silicon-interposer interconnects. This paper presents four topologies of voltage-mode un-terminated IO cells in 28-nm CMOS for single-ended rail-to-rail signaling over a passive interposer die in 2.5D configuration for >1Gbps data rates. The presented design explores the existing IO design-space from a 2.5D viewpoint, optimizing existing topologies from area, speed, power and protection perspectives, with a higher degree of configurability in the form of pre-emphasis and slew-rate control. The transmitter (TX) embeds pre-emphasis to enhance high-frequency components of the signal for longer low-pass natured channels. The TX also implements slew-rate control to minimize reflections on shorter channels because of impedance discontinuities and also to minimize simultaneous switching noise. Level-shifting capability embedded in the receiver (RX) enables multi-technology interfacing where different dies are signaling at their core voltages (range: 0.7V-1.8V) instead of following a particular signaling standard. The measurement results of the transceivers, over a interposer of length of 3.5mm, demonstrate +/- 5% duty-cycle distortion with 700W at 500MHz/0.8-V-signaling on the channel with jitter of 20ps, +/- 10% duty-cycle distortion with 1.8mW at 1Gbps/0.9-V signaling with jitter of 20ps, +/- 10% duty-cycle distortion with 2mW at 2Gbps/0.7-V signaling for 1-V receiver core voltage with a jitter of 10ps. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Insights into fruit function from the proteome of the hypanthium. Apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) was used as a model to studying essential biological processes occurring in mature fruit hypanthium, commonly referred to as the fruit flesh or pulp, a highly active tissue where numerous metabolic processes such as carbohydrate metabolism and signal transduction occur. To understand the complex biological processes occurring in the hypanthium, a proteomics approach was used to analyze the proteome from freshly harvested ripe apple fruits. A total of 290 well-resolved spots were detected using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). Out of these, 216 proteins were identified representing 116 non-redundant proteins using matrix-assisted laser-desorption ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and either the MASCOT or ProteinProspector engine for peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF) database searching. Identified proteins were classified into 13 major functional categories. Among these, the energy metabolism class was the most represented and included 50% of proteins homologous to Arabidopsis proteins that are involved in the response to biotic and abiotic stresses, suggesting a dual role for these proteins in addition to energy metabolism. We also identified dynein heavy chain in the hypanthium although this protein has been proposed as absent from angiosperms and thus suggest that the lack of dyneins in higher plants studied to date may not be a general characteristic to angiosperm genomic organisation. We therefore conclude that the detection and elucidation of the apple hypanthium proteome is an indispensable step towards the comprehension of fruit metabolism, the integration of genomic, proteomic and metabolomic data to agronomic trait information and thus fruit quality improvements. (C) 2011 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "What Role Can Trust Play? Conflicts and Trust-Building in East Asia. The article explores the concept of trust and its relevance to conflicts and their solution. In conflicts, threat perceptions are a driving force for action. Trust fulfills a psychological need and acts as a stabilizer in human interaction. It is important in efforts of building a cooperative environment and peaceful relations as well as in situations of conflict. Different kinds of trust exist, but all involve some risk-taking. Structural conditions and institutional mechanisms conducive to trust-building, education for trust, and confidence-building measures can reduce uncertainty and allow actors to trust one another more. The article applies the issue of trust to a case study of East Asia. The East Asian region is in great political movement with various potential and actual conflicts. The significant role that trust and trust-building can play in reducing tension and fostering dialogue and cooperation in this region is elaborated.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Eomes expression reports the progressive differentiation of IFN-gamma-producing Th1-like gamma delta Tcells. The transcription factor Eomesodermin (Eomes) plays a crucial role in regulating cytotoxic function, development gamma delta and survival of immune cells. Tcells can express Eomes, but its contribution to their differentiation is unknown. Using Eomes-IRES-GFP mice, we show that Eomes(+) gamma delta T cells are unequally distributed among organs, with the highest proportion in spleen. While the majority of Eomes(+) gamma delta T cells expressed V gamma 1(+) and V gamma 4(+) TCRs, Eomes was absent in V gamma 5(+), V gamma 6(+), and V gamma 7(+) subsets. Moreover, Eomes was co-expressed in gamma delta Tcells with Th1 lineage-related factors such as CD27, T-bet, and Ly6C, but not with Th17 lineage-related genes. Eomes(+) and Eomes T-cell populations showed distinct gene expression profiles, with an increase of cytotoxic-related genes in Eomes(+) gamma delta Tcells. Furthermore, Eomes could be induced in peripheral gamma delta T cells by IL-12 and IL-4, and Eomes(+) gamma delta Tcells presented a higher proliferation rate and IFN- production when stimulated in vitro with IL-12 and IL-18. However, gamma delta Tcells with very high Eomes levels displayed an exhausted phenotype with high levels of PD-1, and were less capable of IFN-gamma production. Together, this study highlights Eomes as a marker for the differentiation of Th1-like effector gamma delta Tcells.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "Periodic transmission and control of optical solitons in optical fibers. The control of the optical soliton is important for the stable transmission, and is studied in optical communication, mathematical physics and other fields. In this paper, analytical soliton solution for the fifth-order variable coefficient nonlinear Schrodinger equation, which can describe the transmission of femtosecond optical solitons in optical fiber, is obtained. Periodic transmission of optical solitons is observed, and the method for control the optical solitons is proposed. Results are useful for the stable transmission of optical solitons in optical fibers.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Simulation modelling of greenhouse gas balance in continuous-cover forestry of Norway spruce stands on nutrient-rich drained peatlands. We used a simulation model to analyse the effect of continuous-cover forestry on the carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) emissions from nutrient-rich drained peatland sites in southern Finland. The simulation scenarios were constructed by varying harvesting interval and post-harvest basal area in a typical mature Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.) stand. A process-based model of soil organic matter dynamics supplied with some additional empirical routines was used for calculation of emission due to decomposition of fresh litter and peat. The amount and chemical properties of litter inputs, as well as the hydrothermal conditions and the water table depth in the peat layer were used as predictors. We estimated the net ecosystem production as a difference between carbon sequestration in stand biomass and carbon losses due to decomposition of dead organic matter, and the net biome production as the net primary production minus losses due to harvesting. Simulations showed that the peatland forest acted as a carbon sink with low and middle harvest intensity, while it turned into a carbon source with high harvesting intensities. This was mostly because intensive harvesting raised the water table level, thus decreasing tree production and increasing soil methane emission. Carbon dioxide emissions from peat and litter, in turn, correlated negatively with the intensity of harvesting. Correlation of site carbon balance with harvested roundwood indicated that there is a significant trade-off between maintaining carbon in drained peatland forests and providing harvest revenues. The simulations provide novel results and fill a gap of knowledge in ecosystem responses to alternative management regimes in continuous-cover forestry on drained peatlands.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Intrusion of Rhone River diluted water into the Bay of Marseille: Generation processes and impacts on ecosystem functioning. The Rhone River provides the largest inputs of terrestrial freshwater and nutrients into the Mediterranean Sea. The Rhone River diluted water intrusions into the Bay of Marseille were investigated, examining their physical generation processes and associated biogeochemical impact by using in situ observations, remote sensing data, and a three-dimensional physical/biogeochemical coupled model. During our study period from 2007 to 2011, Rhone River intrusions occurred on average 7.6 times per year and affected more frequently the northern part of the bay. A classification of intrusion events in three categories is proposed (short lived, big, and small) as a function of their duration and spatial extent. The intrusions appeared to be driven by: (i) wind forcing, (ii) the presence of a mesoscale eddy, (iii) the Rhone River discharge volume, and (iv) the variation in thermocline depth. Typically, a combination of these favorable factors was necessary to induce an intrusion. An intrusion strongly impacts the biogeochemical functioning of the Bay of Marseille by bringing large quantities of nutrients into the bay. Mass balances were computed allowing us to quantify this impact on the Bay of Marseille. The results show that the ecological impact depends very much on the type of intrusion, with big intrusions having the highest impact.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "The interest in the study of 'vulgar Arabic' generated around the war of Africa. The Plagiarism of a patriot, Pedro Maria del Castillo y Olivas. The book Dialogos espanoles-arabes o guia de la conversacion mogharbi (Spanish-Arabic Dialogs or Moroccan Conversation Guide) was written in 1860 by Pedro Maria del Castillo y Olivas and it was dedicated to the soldiers who participated in the war of Africa. Its study reflects that the Arabic used was Algerian and a plagiarism of the book Guide written by Delaporte, in spite of its aim to be addressed to the Spanish Military that occupied Tetouan after the Spanish-Moroccan war. Its Edition is also a reflect of the Africanism Spirit that Spain lived during the 19th.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Effects of rice bran rancidity on the oxidation and structural characteristics of rice bran protein. Rice bran rancidity may affect rice bran protein through protein oxidation. However, little is known about the relationship between rice bran rancidity and rice bran protein oxidation. The effects of rice bran rancidity on the oxidation extent and structural characteristics of rice bran protein were investigated. As storage time of rice bran increased, the acid value, peroxide value, and value of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in crude rice bran oil increased from 4.31 mg KOH/g, 2.84 Meq/kg, and 6.22 mu g MDA/g to 38.72 mg KOH/g, 15.58 Meq/kg, and 28.99 mu g MDA/g, respectively, which indicated that hydrolytic rancidity and oxidative rancidity of rice bran occurred simultaneously. The gradual increase in protein carbonyl and dityrosine content from 2.12 nmol/mg and 88.61 A.U. to 13.8 nmol/mg and 159.37 A.U. was accompanied by a steady decrease in free sulfhydryl content of rice bran protein from 22.6 to 9.6 nmol/mg, which implied that the products of rice bran rancidity induced rice bran protein oxidation. The rice bran protein oxidation subsequently resulted in a loss of the ordered state of secondary structure and the formation of aggregates as well as cross-link, when both disulfide bonds and non-disulfide covalent bonds participated in cross-link formation.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Specifities of forming electrochemical dissolution zones at ferrite - Cementite-structured alloys in sulfuric acid solutions. Specific features of the formation of electrochemical dissolution zones at steels C(T)20 and C(T)45 with a ferrite-cementite structure, were revealed by combining electrochemical and metallographic methods. A possibility of developing the self-dissolution process at the ferrite/cementite boundary is shown. A spontaneous sequence of the anodic dissolution of structural constituents of the alloys is found.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Malonic Semialdehyde Reductase from the Archaeon Nitrosopumilus maritimus Is Involved in the Autotrophic 3-Hydroxypropionate/4-Hydroxybutyrate Cycle. The recently described ammonia-oxidizing archaea of the phylum Thaumarchaeota are highly abundant in marine, geothermal, and terrestrial environments. All characterized representatives of this phylum are aerobic chemolithoautotrophic ammonia oxidizers assimilating inorganic carbon via a recently described thaumarchaeal version of the 3-hydroxypropionate/4-hydroxybutyrate cycle. Although some genes coding for the enzymes of this cycle have been identified in the genomes of Thaumarchaeota, many other genes of the cycle are not homologous to the characterized enzymes from other species and can therefore not be identified bioinformatically. Here we report the identification and characterization of malonic semialdehyde reductase Nmar_1110 in the cultured marine thaumarchaeon Nitrosopumilus maritimus. This enzyme, which catalyzes the reduction of malonic semialdehyde with NAD(P)H to 3-hydroxypropionate, belongs to the family of iron-containing alcohol dehydrogenases and is not homologous to malonic semialdehyde reductases from Chloroflexus aurantiacus and Metallosphaera sedula. It is highly specific to malonic semialdehyde (K-m, 0.11 mM; V-max, 86.9 mu mol min(-1) mg(-1) of protein) and exhibits only low activity with succinic semialdehyde (K-m, 4.26 mM; V-max, 18.5 mu mol min(-1) mg(-1) of protein). Homologues of N. maritimus malonic semialdehyde reductase can be found in the genomes of all Thaumarchaeota sequenced so far and form a well-defined cluster in the phylogenetic tree of iron-containing alcohol dehydrogenases. We conclude that malonic semialdehyde reductase can be regarded as a characteristic enzyme for the thaumarchaeal version of the 3-hydroxypropionate/4-hydroxybutyrate cycle.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 40]}
+{"token": "Efficacy of a kaolin-impregnated gauze in the prevention of postoperative bleeding after cervical conization. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of a kaolin-impregnated gauze in preventing postoperative bleeding after a loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP). Methods: The medical records of 1322 women who underwent a LEEP at a university hospital were retrospectively reviewed, of which 1006 patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were included in the final analysis. During the study period, the bleeding in patients undergoing a LEEP was managed with the application of a kaolin-impregnated gauze (treatment group, n = 539) or without application of a kaolin-impregnated gauze (control group, n = 467). The primary outcome measure was the incidence of postoperative bleeding requiring hemostatic intervention after a LEER A logistic regression model was used to identify the clinical variables for postoperative bleeding. Results: The baseline characteristics were similar between the two study groups. Postoperative vaginal bleeding necessitating an intervention was observed in 12.8% of the study population (129 of 1006 women), with a significant difference between the two groups (9.3% in the treatment group vs. 16.9% in the control group; p < 0.001). On multivariate analysis, significantly lower postoperative bleeding was observed with the use of a kaolin-impregnated gauze than without its use (odds ratio= 0.496; 95% confidence interval = 0.267-0.870; p = 0.009). Conclusions: Prophylactic use of a kaolin-impregnated gauze reduced the incidence of postoperative bleeding after a LEEP.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Biodegradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol originating from pharmaceutical industries. The aims of this work were to isolate a microorganism from the wastewater of pharmaceutical industries, to examine the difference in its growth utilization of 2,4-dichlorophenol as the sole carbon source pre and post-exposure to UV-irradiation and to investigate its efficiency of biodegradation at different temperatures and pH values using a laboratory benchtop bioreactor. Sludge was obtained from the wastewater and standard isolation and identification techniques were used to identify the microorganism. The biodegradability was tested at temperatures of 25, 30, 35 and 40 C and at pH values of 6.5, 7.0 and 8.0. The results indicated that the isolated microorganism was Pseudomonas alcaligenes, the maximum concentration of 2,4-dichlorophenol which bacteria can grow on before UV-irradiation was 220 and 380 mg/l after UV-irradiation. The variation in temperature values resulted in different degradation rates and that the degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol increased at a higher pH value. From these results, it is concluded that P. alcaligenes can be used for the degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol, UV-irradiation can be successfully used for the improvement of P. alcaligenes biodegradability and that the best 2,4-dichlorophenol biodegradation was at 35 degrees C and pH 7.", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "Disentangling the transmission channel NPLs-cost of capital-lending supply. This paper analyses the effects of non-performing loans (NPLs) on the cost of capital, and on lending and liquidity supply, for a sample of 225 Eurozone banks over the period 2002Q1-2016Q4. Our results demonstrate that NPLs increase the cost of capital, which reduces both lending supply and liquidity creation. This phenomenon is comparatively more significant for periphery county banks than for core country banks.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Host range tests cast doubt on the suitability of Epiblema strenuana as a biological control agent for Parthenium hysterophorus in Africa. Parthenium hysterophorus (Asteraceae: Heliantheae) (parthenium weed), one of the most aggressive terrestrial weeds, has wide-ranging negative impacts on crop and animal production, biodiversity conservation, and human and animal health in Africa, Asia and Australia. In 2010, South Africa imported the biological control agent, Epiblema strenuana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), into quarantine for testing. It is one of the most widespread and damaging agents to have established on parthenium weed in Australia and China. However, it was rejected in India for completely developing on Guizotia abyssinica (Asteraceae: Heliantheae) during laboratory testing. Although G. abyssinica is not cultivated in South Africa, if E. strenuana were to be released here, there are concerns that the moth could readily reach East Africa (where G. abyssinica is an important native commercial oil crop in some countries) due to its dispersal ability and broad host acceptance across several genera. As a matter of responsibility, initial host-range testing in South Africa focussed on determining the susceptibility of selected Ethiopian cultivars of G. abyssinica. Under no-choice conditions, E. strenuana completed development on only one of five test cultivars. However, significant larval feeding damage was recorded on all cultivars. During multiple-choice studies, E. strenuana did not complete development on any of the cultivars, and significantly reduced larval feeding damage was recorded as compared to damage in no-choice tests. Larval development studies showed gall formation and adult eclosion on four cultivars. The interpretation of these results concluded with a decision by South African researchers in 2012 to deprioritise E. strenuana as a potential biological control agent, at least until its host range and potential impact on non-target species in Africa were resolved through field host range trials in Australia.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Production and Physicochemical Properties of Rice Bran Protein Isolates Prepared with Autoclaving and Enzymatic Hydrolysis. The objectives of this study were to increase the protein purity in the rice protein isolate, and to enhance the functional properties of the extracted rice bran protein via enzymatic hydrolysis and/or high temperature treatment. Washing the isolates with 30% ethanol solution achieved significant improvements in the protein contents (77.62%) of the rice bran protein isolates. The highest improvement in solubility was detected in the isolate autoclaved after enzymatic hydrolysis, up to 97.4% at a pH of 10.0. A combined modification of the method involving autoclaving and protease-hydrolysis improved the emulsion activity of the isolate at pH values above 6.0. The autoclaving and enzymatic hydrolysis increased the foaming capacity of the isolate, but reduced the foam stability at all pH ranges except 5.0. Enzymatically hydrolyzed isolates evidenced lower minimum concentrations of gel formation proteins and higher gel strengths than were detected in the other isolates.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Murine cytornegalovirus m38.5 protein inhibits Bax-mediated cell death. Many viruses encode proteins that inhibit the induction of programmed cell death at the mitochondrial checkpoint. Murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) encodes the m38.5 protein, which localizes to mitochondria and protects human HeLa cells and fibroblasts from apoptosis triggered by proteasome inhibitors but not from Fas-induced apoptosis. However, the ability of this protein to suppress the apoptosis of murine cells and its role during MCMV infection have not been investigated previously. Here we show that m38.5 is expressed at early time points during MCMV infection. Cells infected with MCMVs lacking m38.5 showed increased sensitivity to cell death induced by staurosporine, MG132, or the viral infection itself compared to the sensitivity of cells infected with wild-type MCMV. This defect was eliminated when an m38.5 or Bcl-X-L gene was inserted into the genome of a deletion mutant. Using fibroblasts deficient in the proapoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins Bak and/or Bax, we further demonstrated that m38.5 protected from Bax- but not Bak-mediated apoptosis and interacted with Bax in infected cells. These results consolidate the role of m38.5 as a viral mitochondrion-localized inhibitor of apoptosis and its functional similarity to the human cytomegalovirus UL37x1 gene product. Although the m38.5 gene is not homologous to the UL37x1 gene at the sequence level, m38.5 is conserved among rodent cytomegaloviruses. Moreover, the fact that MCMV-infected cells are protected from both Bak- and Bax-mediated cell death suggests that MCMV possesses an additional, as-yet-unidentified mechanism to block Bak-mediated apoptosis.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "The Genome of Burkholderia cenocepacia J2315, an Epidemic Pathogen of Cystic Fibrosis Patients. Bacterial infections of the lungs of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients cause major complications in the treatment of this common genetic disease. Burkholderia cenocepacia infection is particularly problematic since this organism has high levels of antibiotic resistance, making it difficult to eradicate; the resulting chronic infections are associated with severe declines in lung function and increased mortality rates. B. cenocepacia strain J2315 was isolated from a CF patient and is a member of the epidemic ET12 lineage that originated in Canada or the United Kingdom and spread to Europe. The 8.06-Mb genome of this highly transmissible pathogen comprises three circular chromosomes and a plasmid and encodes a broad array of functions typical of this metabolically versatile genus, as well as numerous virulence and drug resistance functions. Although B. cenocepacia strains can be isolated from soil and can be pathogenic to both plants and man, J2315 is representative of a lineage of B. cenocepacia rarely isolated from the environment and which spreads between CF patients. Comparative analysis revealed that ca. 21% of the genome is unique in comparison to other strains of B. cenocepacia, highlighting the genomic plasticity of this species. Pseudogenes in virulence determinants suggest that the pathogenic response of J2315 may have been recently selected to promote persistence in the CF lung. The J2315 genome contains evidence that its unique and highly adapted genetic content has played a significant role in its success as an epidemic CF pathogen.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Putting the economy back in to the city. Given the dominance of economic matters in the daily news, this article speculates why the topic has attracted relatively little attention amongst urban historians over the last 40 years, and why it is important that the local economy gains a wider acceptance as a powerful determinant of a city's fortunes.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Public intermediate goods, endogenous growth, and indeterminacy. This paper presents analysis of indeterminacy and endogenous growth in a simple one-sector model of capital accumulation, in which the presence of public intermediate goods creates a positive externality in the production of final goods. In our model, public intermediate goods are assumed to be a stock variable (similar to public capital goods). According to the existence of public intermediate goods, the model generates transitional dynamics and then the intertemporal elasticity of substitution that is particularly critical to local indeterminacy. The possibility of indeterminacy is demonstrably consistent with plausible parameter values. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Reconfigurable FIFO memory circuit for synchronous and asynchronous communication. We present a new FIFO (first-in first-out) architecture for both synchronous and asynchronous communication for high-speed and low-power operation. Our FIFO design is reconfigurable and scalable using a separate datapath with an 8T-Cell SRAM and control circuits, which enables specialization for different application requirements. The datapath uses a two-phase clock system of nonoverlapping signals such that one signal increments the address pointer, while the other signal activates the memory decoder for data reading and writing. This structure halves the critical path delay and simplifies the timing operations between the memory decoder and address pointer while maintaining robustness against process-voltage-temperature (PVT) variations. Our design uses two alternative control circuits to manage separate synchronous and asynchronous operations by generating nonoverlapping control signals that drive the datapath circuit. The empty-full flag circuitry records only the state of the address pointers' rollover independent of the memory size, and, thus, improves scalability and reconfigurability. Compared to prior works, our design is 5X faster with a 2.3X lower power consumption and has a throughput of 1 Giga-Word/s. For a 64-bit word size with a free latency cycle. Additionally, our design functions clocklessly with the synthesizable structure for asynchronous communication that leverages Internet of Things (IoT) and Networks on Chip (NoCs) applications.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Elastic boundary layers in two-dimensional isotropic lattices. The phenomenon of elastic boundary layers under quasistatic loading is investigated using the Floquet-Bloch formalism for two-dimensional, isotropic, periodic lattices. The elastic boundary layer is a region of localized elastic deformation, confined to the free edge of a lattice. Boundary layer phenomena in three isotropic lattice topologies are investigated: the semiregular Kagome lattice, the regular hexagonal lattice, and the regular fully triangulated lattice. The boundary layer depth is on the order of the strut length for the hexagonal and the fully triangulated lattices. For the Kagome lattice, the depth of boundary layer scales inversely with the relative density. Thus, the boundary layer in a Kagome lattice of low relative density spans many cells.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "HOST-PLANT PREFERENCE OF THE ASIATIC OAK WEEVIL (COLEOPTERA, CURCULIONIDAE). Natural oak regeneration is poor in Missouri's forests. The potential of the Asiatic oak weevil to affect Missouri's oak resource was addressed by determining the weevil's host plant preference for 10 common Missouri tree species. Host plant preference was assessed in two-choice feeding experiments and no-choice longevity and oviposition experiments. Changes in host plant preference because of previous feeding experience also was investigated. Black oak, red oak, white oak, and sugar maple were acceptable hosts for adult weevils because measurable feeding occurred on these species during two-choice preference tests. In 1985, significantly more leaf was consumed from each oak species than from sugar maple. Leaf consumption for sugar maple and black oak did not differ in 1986. Adults fed red oak and black oak in no-choice tests lived significantly longer and laid significantly more eggs than weevils fed white oak or sugar maple, indicating that red and black oaks were preferred hosts. Of the other species tested, ash, basswood, dogwood, elm, hickory, and sassafras were considered nonhosts because adults did not feed or oviposit when restricted to these tree species. Sugar maple and white oak were acceptable but not preferred hosts because longevity and egg production were reduced when weevils fed on these species. A feeding preference for white oak and sugar maple could not induced in adults by an earlier feeding experience on these hosts.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Requirement of a putative mitochondrial GTPase, GemA, for azole susceptibility, virulence, and cell wall integrity in Aspergillus fumigatus. Drug resistance in fungal pathogens is a new challenge in clinical aspergillosis treatment. Mitochondria as dynamic organelles are involved in numerous biological processes in fungi, including drug resistance. However, little is known about the mechanism underlying mitochondrial regulation of the response of fungal pathogens to antifungal drugs. Here, we showed that a putative mitochondrial GTPase, GemA, a yeast Gem1 homolog, is crucial for the azole response and cell wall integrity in the opportunistic pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. The fluorescence observation showed that GFP-labeled GemA is located in mitochondria, and loss of gemA results in aberrant giant mitochondrial morphology and abnormal mitochondrial membrane potential. Moreover, a Delta gemA mutant attenuates fungal virulence in the Galleria mellonella model of aspergillosis. Furthermore, gemA loss increases resistance to azoles and terbinafine but not to amphotericin B. Of note, RNA-seq combined with RT-qPCR showed that a series of drug efflux pumps were upregulated in the gemA deletion mutant. Deleting mdr1 or inhibiting the expression of drug efflux pumps can partially decrease the resistance to azoles resulting from the gemA mutant, implying that GemA influences azole response by affecting the expression of drug efflux pumps. Importantly, the Delta gemA mutant is susceptible to the cell wall-perturbing reagent CR, but not to CFW, and this defect can be partly rescued by hyperosmotic stress. TEM revealed that the cell wall of Delta gemA was thicker than that of the WT strain, demonstrating that GemA plays a role in cell wall composition and integrity. Collectively, we identified a putative mitochondrial GTPase, GemA, which is critical for hyphal growth, virulence, azole susceptibility, and cell wall integrity and acts by affecting mitochondrial function.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Meiotic Chromosome Homology Search Involves Modifications of the Nuclear Envelope Protein Matefin/SUN-1. Genome haploidization during meiosis depends on recognition and association of parental homologous chromosomes. The C. elegans SUN/KASH domain proteins Matefin/SUN-1 and ZYG-12 have a conserved role in this process. They bridge the nuclear envelope, connecting the cytoplasm and the nucleoplasm to transmit forces that allow chromosome movement and homolog pairing and prevent nonhomologous synapsis. Here, we show that Matefin/SUN-1 forms rapidly moving aggregates at putative chromosomal attachment sites in the meiotic transition zone (TZ). We analyzed requirements for aggregate formation and identified multiple phosphotarget residues in the nucleoplasmic domain of Matefin/SUN-1. These CHK-2 dependent phosphorylations occur in leptotene/zygotene, diminish during pachytene and are involved in pairing. Mimicking phosphorylation causes an extended TZ and univalents at diakinesis. Our data suggest that the properties of the nuclear envelope are altered during the time window when homologs are sorted and Matefin/SUN-1 aggregates form, thereby controling the movement, homologous pairing and interhomolog recombination of chromosomes.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Ternary complex formation on the adenovirus packaging sequence by the IVa2 and L4 22-kilodalton proteins. Assembly of infectious adenovirus particles requires seven functionally redundant elements at the left end of the genome, termed A repeats, that direct packaging of the DNA. Previous studies revealed that the viral IVa2 protein alone interacts with specific sequences in the A repeats but that additional IVa2-containing complexes observed during infection require the viral L4 22-kDa protein. In this report, we purified a recombinant form of the 22-kDa protein to characterize its DNA binding properties. In electrophoretic mobility shift assay analyses, the 22-kDa protein alone did not interact with the A repeats but it did form complexes on them in the presence of the IVa2 protein. These complexes were identical to those seen in extracts from infected cells and had the same DNA sequence dependence. Furthermore, we provide data that the 22-kDa protein enhances binding of the IVa2 protein to the A repeats and that multiple binding sites in the packaging sequence augment this activity. These data support a cooperative role of the IVa2 and 22-kDa proteins in packaging and assembly.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "ANTIGEN RECOGNITION ON ANAPLASMA-MARGINALE AND BOVINE ERYTHROCYTES - AN ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY STUDY. The reactivity of sera from Anaplasma marginale-infected bovine with red blood cells and with purified anaplasma bodies was analyzed by electron immunomicroscopy. Red blood cells from noninfected and from anaplasma-infected cows and A. marginale bodies separated from parasitized erythrocytes, were incubated with control, pre-immune and immune sera followed by anti-bovine IgG-Peroxidase. Immune sera from cows infected with the venezuelan and Florida isolate reacted with red blood cell membranes from normal and infected bovines, while sera from non-infected cows did not. The immune sera also recognized epitopes localized on the cell wall, membrane and on unidentified intracellular structures of the purified anaplasma bodies. Thus, we propose that A. marginale infection may cause structural and biochemical modifications of the plasma membrane of the bovine red blood cells during its intraerythrocytic cycle. This in turn could elicit an autoimmune type of response against its own cells that would stimulate erythrophagocitosis. The strong reactivity of the immune sera with the Anaplasma bodies suggests that the bovine immune system also recognizes epitopes located on the parasite.", "label": [2, 0, 17, 10]}
+{"token": "Recognition of a Nocardia transvalensis complex by resistance to aminoglycosides, including amikacin, and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Amikacin resistance, rare among nocardiae, was observed in 58 clinical isolates of nocardiae, All of these isolates hydrolyzed hypoxanthine, and 75 to 100% utilized citrate, D-galactose, and D-trehalose as sole carbon sources. Based on utilization of I-erythritol, D-glucitol, i-myo-inositol, D-mannitol, and ribitol and susceptibility to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, the 58 isolates were separable into four groups. One group was negative for I-erythritol and ribitol and included all the isolates belonging to Nocardia asteroides complex antibiogram type IV. The remaining three groups were positive for I-erythritol and ribitol and were grouped within Nocardia transvalensis. The group that included the type strain was designated N. transvalensis sensu stricto, and the other two groups were designated new taxons 1 and 2, PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of a 439-bp segment of the 65-kDa heat shock protein gene with XhoI and HinfI produced identical patterns for 53 (91%) and 58 (100%) isolates, respectively, and differentiated them from all other Nocardia taxa, NarI- and HaeIII-derived RFLP patterns clearly differentiated each of the four biochemically defined taxa, These four groups were also distinguishable by using the chromogenic substrates in Dade MicroScan test panels, By high-performance liquid chromatography, these isolates exhibited the same unique mycolic acid-ester elution patterns that differed from those of all other clinically significant nocardiae. Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of fatty acids also produced similar patterns for all isolates that distinguished them from all other Nocardia taxa, but did not differentiate the four taxa within the complex, We propose the designation N, transvalensis complex for these four groups of nocardiae, pending further genetic evaluation.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Exploring the black box: Board gender diversity and corporate social performance. This study explores the association between board gender diversity (BGD) and Corporate Social Performance (CSP). Using a unique sample of the top 81 non-financial European companies, we applied generalized method of moments (GMM) estimators for panel vector autoregressive regression (PVAR) models, to analyze the dynamic causal relationships between the BGD-CSP debate and eliminate potential bias and heterogeneity. Our results illustrate that BGD has a positive effect on the overall CSP and its four dimensions. Moreover, firms with a critical mass of female directors have a positive effect on overall CSP, especially on the dimensions of the community and employees.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "Safe Harbours in Merger Guidelines: What Should They Be?. Safe harbours in merger guidelines define post-merger market concentration or concentration change thresholds below which proposed mergers are unlikely to be anti-competitive; anti-competitiveness is usually measured as a 'substantial lessening of competition'. Yet competition agencies have different safe harbours. We used merger models to run many simulations involving a wide range of market structures and merger-induced aggregations. The post-merger unilateral price increases in these scenarios were used to gauge what the safe harbours should be to keep price increases below a specified threshold. The safe harbour thresholds commonly used were found typically to be too restrictive, in that they failed to screen out mergers that were almost certainly competitively benign.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "SWAGAN: A Style-based WAvelet-driven Generative Model. In recent years, considerable progress has been made in the visual quality of Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs). Even so, these networks still suffer from degradation in quality for high-frequency content, stemming from a spectrally biased architecture, and similarly unfavorable loss functions. To address this issue, we present a novel general-purpose Style and WAvelet based GAN (SWAGAN) that implements progressive generation in the frequency domain. SWAGAN incorporates wavelets throughout its generator and discriminator architectures, enforcing a frequency-aware latent representation at every step of the way. This approach, designed to directly tackle the spectral bias of neural networks, yields an improvement in the ability to generate medium and high frequency content, including structures which other networks fail to learn. We demonstrate the advantage of our method by integrating it into the SyleGAN2 framework, and verifying that content generation in the wavelet domain leads to more realistic high-frequency content, even when trained for fewer iterations. Furthermore, we verify that our model's latent space retains the qualities that allow StyleGAN to serve as a basis for a multitude of editing tasks, and show that our frequency-aware approach also induces improved high-frequency performance in downstream tasks.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "EVIDENCE FOR THE EXISTENCE OF GANGLIOSIDE MOLECULES ON PNEUMOCYSTIS-CARINII FROM HUMAN LUNGS. This study was undertaken to assess whether glycolipid antigens (particularly gangliosides) are associated with Pneumocystis carinii obtained from human lungs. Gangliosides were extracted, purified in high performance thin-layer chromatography and stained with resorcinol. Two resorcinol-positive bands, co-migrating with GM1 and GD1a were demonstrated, suggesting the existence of ganglioside molecules on P. carinii. No resorcinol-positive bands were revealed in the pulmonary control tissue. In addition, an antiserum obtained from rabbits immunized with P. carinii antigen reacted with gangliosides GM1 and GD1a, as revealed by a dot immunobinding assay. This reactivity was inhibited by first incubating the antiserum with ganglioside micelles. Furthermore, anti-glycosphingolipid antibodies (aGM1) reacted with the bands of 200 and 55 kDa of P. carinii antigen. These results suggest that ganglioside antigens expressed on P. carinii can trigger specific immune responses.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "The dynamics of emerging economy MNEs: How the internationalization process model can guide future research. The rapid emergence of multinational enterprises (MNEs) from emerging economies calls for a re-assessment of established theories of the MNE. We assess the usefulness of the internationalization process model (IPM), also known as the Uppsala model, to explain the recent strategies of emerging economy MNEs. We argue that popular stages models derived from the IPM are not helpful, but the underlying process of experiential learning driving steps of increased commitment is an important element in explaining the evolution of these MNEs over time. Focusing on the role of acquisitions within internationalization processes, we illustrate our arguments with six case studies of Thai MNEs. On this basis, we discuss how the IPM can inform future research on emerging economy MNEs. Specifically, the IPM suggests focusing on the internal and external factors that may induce firms to accelerate their cycle of international learning and commitment, in particular the roles of networks, acquisitions, human resources, big step commitments, the home country institutional environment, and possible managerial biases.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "Smoking-Cessation and Adherence Intervention Among Chinese Patients with Erectile Dysfunction. Results: The intervention groups (Al +A2) achieved higher rates of abstinence, both self-reported (23% vs 12.8%, RR= 1.79,95% CI = 1.22, 2.62) and biochemically validated (11.4% vs 5.5%, RR= 2.07, 95% CI= 1.13, 3.77), than the control group. The NRT adherence rate did not differ between Groups Al and A2 (13.7% vs 12.7%, RR= 1.08,95% CI= 0.69, 1.69). An improvement in erectile dysfunction status from baseline to 6 months was associated with self-reported quitting at 6 months but not with intervention status.Conclusions: Although quitting smoking was associated with improvement in erectile dysfunction, this study found significant outcome differences among the means used to achieve smoking cessation.Background: Whether the association between smoking and erectile dysfunction is causal is uncertain. No RCTs have been previously conducted on cessation counseling and additional nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) adherence counseling among smokers with erectile dysfunction.Purpose: The aim of the study was to determine if smoking-cessation counseling in conjunction with NRT increases quitting and NRT adherence compared to usual care, and if stopping smoking would improve erectile function among Chinese erectile dysfunction patients who smoke.Design: An RCT was conducted. Data were collected in 2004 2007 and analyzed in 2008.Setting/participants: The sample included 719 Chinese adult erectile dysfunction patients who smoked at least 1 cigarette per day, intended to quit smoking within the next 7 days, and would use NRT.Interventions: Group A1 received 15-minute smoking-cessation and 3-minute NRT adherence counseling at baseline, 1 week, and 4 weeks with free NRT for 2 weeks. Group A2 received the same treatment, except for the adherence counseling. Group B received 10 minutes of quitting advice. All subjects received a self-help quitting booklet at first contact.Main outcome measures: Self-reported 7-day tobacco abstinence at 6 months, 4-week NRT adherence at 1 month, and improvement in erectile dysfunction condition at 6 months.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Changing or Getting Changed: The Example of the German Greens since 1979. The German Greens will soon celebrate the 40th anniversary of their foundation. It is time to look back and take stock of their achievements and failures. As always in the real world of politics, the balance is a mixed one. There can be little doubt that the Greens have had a considerable impact on the political agenda of Germany and beyond. This has influenced the policy output. Whether this counts as success or failure is largely a matter of normative conviction. Things are different when we look at their attempt to implant a new mode of intra-party democracy into the systemic framework of representative democracy. Here the record is far more modest. By and large, the Greens have adapted their party organization to the dominant model of their competitors. This can be explained by theories of party change and the institutional constraints of representative democracy.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Fair bargains: Distributive justice and Nash bargaining theory. The Suppes-Sen dominance relation is a weak criterion of impartiality in distributive justice. I propose its application to Nash bargaining theory. The Nash Bargaining Solution (NBS) is characterized by replacing the controversial Independence of Irrelevant Alternatives axiom with an axiom embodying the Suppes-Sen principle. This allows a clear interpretation of the NBS as a fair arbitration scheme. In addition, the proposed characterization is more robust than the standard one with respect to variations in the domain of bargaining problems.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "The diversity of repression: Measuring state repressive repertoires with events data. Tactical repertoires of mobilization and repression play an essential role in understanding dynamics of political violence, yet existing quantitative approaches focus primarily on intensities or counts of repressive actions. We focus instead on the diversity of repression, and demonstrate a novel method of measuring repertoires of state repression using event data. We show that more repressive states are likely to employ more diverse repertoires of repression, rather than specializing narrowly in particularly coercive tactics. We demonstrate that, globally, repertoires of state repression are growing less diverse over time. Finally, in the Online appendix, we model repertoires of repression across countries and over time, finding evidence of broader repertoires during protest and civil war, but narrower under democratic regimes and international human rights treaties.", "label": [5, 47, 49]}
+{"token": "Aspects of the inverse scattering problem in neutron specular reflection. A two-step Marchenko inversion method is presented for samples mounted on a thick substrate, representing the substrate by a background potential. The inversion for complex potentials is discussed in regard to the Elimination of negative wave numbers and the phase problem. The effect of a wave number cut-off in reflectivity measurements is illustrated.", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Revisiting the Appearance of Grating Lobes for Antennas With Circular Periodicity. This work aims to provide insight into the appearance of grating lobes when the geometry of an antenna exhibits circular periodicity. Examples of such antennas can be uniform circular arrays or rib-deployable umbrella reflectors. The array factor for a single-ring uniform circular array is first analyzed in depth to estimate the location of the grating lobes in both the elevation and azimuth directions. Further, simple analytical expressions are derived to estimate the level of grating lobes that occur nearest to the main beam. We also extend these formulations to predict the behavior of grating lobes when the array elements are arranged in the form of concentric rings, which is more suitable for modeling apertures of antenna that possess circular periodicity.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
+{"token": "Modeling of Physical Characteristics of Speech under Stress. This letter presents a method to perform the classification of speech under stress based on physical characteristics. A physical model is proposed to model airflow patterns in the physiological system in order to represent the process of speech production under psychological stress, and physical parameters characterizing airflow variations in the vocal folds, the vocal tract, and laryngeal ventricle are explored. Experimental evaluations show that the physical parameters are effective for the classification of stressed speech.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Worldwide survey of Corynebacterium striatum increasingly associated with human invasive infections, nosocomial outbreak, and antimicrobial multidrug-resistance, 1976-2020. Corynebacterium striatum is part of microbiota of skin and nasal mucosa of humans and has been increasingly reported as the etiologic agent of community-acquired and nosocomial diseases. Antimicrobial multidrug-resistant (MDR) C. striatum strains have been increasingly related to various nosocomial diseases and/or outbreaks worldwide, including fatal invasive infections in immunosuppressed and immunocompetent patients. Although cases of infections by C. striatum still neglected in some countries, the improvement of microbiological techniques and studies led to the increase of survival of patients with C. striatum nosocomial infections at different levels of magnitude. Biofilm formation on abiotic surfaces contributes for the persistence of virulent C. striatum and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance in hospital environment. Besides that, empirical antibiotic therapy can select multi-resistant strains and transfer intra and interspecies genes horizontally. In this study, a worldwide survey of C. striatum human infections and nosocomial outbreaks was accomplished by the analysis of clinical-epidemiological and microbiological features of reported cases from varied countries, during a 44-year period (1976-2020).", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "What not to wear? Oppositional ideology, fashion, and governmentality in wardrobe self-help. In this paper, we draw attention to the emancipatory premises of oppositional ideologies and the ideological nature of consumption in the context of fashion. Drawing on the Foucauldian concept of power, we illustrate how a specific genre of self-help literature, which we have termed wardrobe self-help (WSH), produces an alternative mode of discourse about fashion and clothing as a cultural mediator. Our findings challenge the prevailing fashion ideology that capitalizes on emancipation, and unravel the means through which WSH oppositional ideology governs consumers. Consequently, we argue that while oppositional ideologies can blur the boundaries between coercion and consent, and act as vehicles of repression and liberation, they ultimately come to govern, if not limit, consumer choice and expression.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "Multimodal Meaning in Context: Pragmatics. This chapter continues the journey through multimodal meaning dealing with pragmatics and how this discipline can contribute to the study of multimodal communication. In this context, literature on the relationship between multimodality and pragmatics is presented and discussed (Sect. 3.1) with particular reference to major pragmatic theories such as Grice's theory of cooperativeness and Sperber and Wilson's Relevance Theory. This chapter also references and analyses pre-existing work on pragmatics and translation studies and investigates the connections with multimodal issues found in this literature (Sect. 3.2).", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "Effects of peer and instructor rationales on online students' motivation and achievement. Providing students with a rationale, or explanation of why learning content may be useful, can enhance motivation, but it remains unclear whether the source of the rationale moderates the effect. Accordingly, this study used a randomized experimental-control design to compare the effects of instructor and peer rationales on 59 undergraduates' motivation and achievement in an online course. Both peer and instructor rationales positively influenced students' interest in and perceived utility value of upcoming course content in the short term, but only peer rationales increased students' applied knowledge and final grades at the end of the semester. Unexpectedly, peer rationales also decreased students' relatedness to instructors. Qualitative results suggest that peer rationales may influence achievement by way of identification processes, while instructor rationales focus students' attention on content. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "IQ and non-clinical psychotic symptoms in 12-year-olds: results from the ALSPAC birth cohort. Aims To investigate the prevalence, nature and frequency of psychosis-like symptoms in 12-year-old children and study their relationship with IQ.Conclusions Non-clinical psychotic symptoms occur in a significant proportion of 12-year-olds. Symptoms are associated with low IQ and also less strongly with a high IQ score. The pattern of association with IQ differs from that observed in schizophrenia.Results The 6-month period prevalence for one or more symptoms was 13.7% (95% Cl 12.8-14.5). After adjustment for confounding variables, there was a non-linear association between IQ score and psychosis-like symptoms, such that only those with below average IQ score had an increased risk of reporting such symptoms.Background Non-clinical psychotic symptoms appear common in children, but it is possible that a proportion of reported symptoms result from misinterpretation. There is a well-established association between pre-morbid low IQ score and schizophrenia. Psychosis-like symptoms in children may also be a risk factor for psychotic disorder but their relationship with IQ is unclear.Method Longitudinal study using the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) birth cohort. A total of 6455 children completed screening questions for 12 psychotic symptoms followed by a semi-structured clinical assessment. IQ was assessed at 8 years of age using the Wechsler intelligence Scale for Children (3rd UK edition).", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Charging-induced asymmetric spin distribution in an asymmetric (9,0) carbon nanotube. Asymmetry in the electronic structure of low-dimensional carbon nanomaterials is important for designing molecular devices for functions such as directional transport and magnetic switching. In this paper, we use density functional theory to achieve an asymmetric spin distribution in a typical (9,0) carbon nanotube (CNT) by capping the CNT with a fullerene hemisphere at one end and saturating the dangling bonds with hydrogen atoms at the other end. The asymmetric structure facilitates obvious asymmetry in the spin distribution along the tube axis direction, with the maximum difference between the ends reaching 1.6 e angstrom(-1). More interestingly, the heterogeneity of the spin distribution can be controlled by charging the system. Increasing or decreasing the charge by 2e can reduce the maximum difference in the linear spin density along the tube axis to approximately 0.68 e angstrom(-1) without changing the proportion of the total electron distribution. Further analyses of the electron density difference and the density of states reveal the loss and gain of charge and the participation of atomic orbitals at both ends. Our study characterizes the asymmetric spin distribution in a typical asymmetric carbon system and its correlation with charge at the atomic level. The results provide a strategy for controlling the spin distribution for functional molecular devices through a simple charge adjustment.", "label": [4, 33, 32]}
+{"token": "The Effect of Value Congruence Between Founder and Successor on Successor's Willingness: The Mediating Role of the Founder-Successor Relationship. Drawing from social exchange theory, this article explores the founder-successor relationship quality as a mediated pathway in examining the effects of founder-successor value congruence on successor's willingness to take over the business. Based on survey data from 102 founder-successor dyads, polynomial regression analysis shows that when both a founder and a successor have high value congruence in family prosperity, the relationship quality will be enhanced, which leads to higher successor's willingness. When there is value incongruence between a founder and a successor, the successor's family prosperity value has a more important impact on the founder-successor relationship and successor's willingness.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "Investigation of the effect of axial loads on the transverse vibrations of a vertical cantilever with variable parameters. The method of influence function is applied to the solution of the boundary-value problem on the free transverse vibrations of a vertical cantilever and a bar subjected to axial loads. To demonstrate the capabilities of the method, a cantilever with the free end under two types of loading - point forces (conservative and follower) and a load distributed along the length (dead load) - is analyzed. A characteristic equation in the general form, which does not depend on the cantilever shape and on the type of axial load, is given. The Cauchy influence function depends on the cantilever shape and the type of axial load. As an example, a tapered cantilever subjected to conservative and follower forces and an elastically supported bar under the dead load are considered in detail, The characteristic equation derived allows one to evaluate the natural frequencies and the Euler critical loads, It is shown that the calculated natural frequencies and critical forces are in a good agreement with the exact values when several terms are retained in the characteristic series. The high accuracy of the method is also confirmed.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "Exploring the nature of teacher-student interaction in small-group discussions in a Chinese university setting. Rapid evolution of information technology has changed traditional classroom pedagogies, and a number of computer-supported collaborative learning forms have burgeoned. However, research concerning the analysis of teacher-student interaction in actual classroom discussions is still less established. This article addresses the nature of teacher-student interaction in small-group discussions in a Chinese higher education setting. We analysed the social network and verbal behavioural features of teacher-student interaction using an analytical framework that integrates the social network analysis (SNA) and Flanders interaction analysis (FIA). The results of SNA indicated that the teacher exerted the main control of the social network and the group leaders were more actively engaged than other students. The findings of FIA showed a range of teacher-student behavioural characteristics. Teacher lecturing, student-initiated talk and teacher's clarifying student ideas accounted for the largest percentage of interaction. Although the teacher spent a large percentage of talk in lecturing, he acted more like a guide and facilitator, developing student ideas with appropriate comments and providing ample opportunities for student talk. The students as a whole were found to be active in verbal behaviours and vigorous in raising questions. This case study provided a framework for analysing teacher-student interactional behaviours in higher education context. It also added our understanding of Chinese professors' and graduate students' experience in small-group discussions.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Microfluidic Platform for Enzyme-Linked and Magnetic Particle-Based Immunoassay. This article presents design and testing of a microfluidic platform for immunoassay. The method is based on sandwiched ELISA, whereby the primary antibody is immobilized on nitrocelluose and, subsequently, magnetic beads are used as a label to detect the analyte. The chip takes approximately 2 h and 15 min to complete the assay. A Hall Effect sensor using 0.35-mu m BioMEMS TSMC technology (Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company Bio-Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems) was fabricated to sense the magnetic field from the beads. Furthermore, florescence detection and absorbance measurements from the chip demonstrate successful immunoassay on the chip. In addition, investigation also covers the Hall Effect simulations, mechanical modeling of the bead-protein complex, testing of the microfluidic platform with magnetic beads averaging 10 nm, and measurements with an inductor-based system.", "label": [4, 1, 33, 15, 32]}
+{"token": "A new outburst in the extraordinary central star of LMC-N66. This is the first report on the new outburst presented by the central star of the LMC-N66 nebula. This object was classified as a planetary nebula; however, its true nature is under debate. In the period 1955-1990 the central star was almost undetectable and only nebular emission lines were observed. In 1990, the beginning of an outburst was detected and in few months it became much brighter and developed wide He and N lines, typical of a Wolf-Rayet star of the N-sequence. The maximum occurred in 1994 and afterward the star slowly faded. Analysis of its evolution showed that it has a variable mass-loss rate which occasionally increases enormously, creating a false photosphere at a much larger radius, making it appear a few magnitudes brighter. The present outburst has occurred 13 years after the episode from 1994 to 2000. So far this new event has similar characteristics although there are some significant differences in the spectral features. We present optical and FUSE spectra showing the main properties of this latter event.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "The Delay-Dependent DOFC for Damping Inter-Area Low-Frequency Oscillations in an Interconnected Power System Considering Packet Loss of Wide-Area Signals. In this paper, the inter-area low-frequency oscillations are restrained in the interconnected power system by making use of the delay-dependent wide-area dynamic output feedback controller (DOFC). Modal analysis is adopted to obtain the modes of inter-area oscillation to be controlled and the Schur truncation model reduction technique is represented to reduce the order of the power system. The augmented closed-loop system model, where the transmission delay and packet loss of wide-area signals are considered, is established. The sufficient conditions of exponentially mean-square stable are obtained according to Lyapunov's stability theory. Finally, case studies are carried out on a two-area four-machine power system, where our proposed controller, a conventional controller, and the wide-area damping controller in the existing references are installed, respectively. The simulation results under different external disturbances, packet loss rates, and delays are presented to show the effectiveness and advantages of our proposed controller.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine: A global assessment of demand and supply balance. Over the past decade, several countries across all regions, income groups and procurement methods have been unable to secure sufficient BCG vaccine supply. While the frequency of stock-outs has remained rather stable, duration increased in 2014-2015 due to manufacturing issues and attracted the attention of national, regional and global immunization stakeholders. This prompted an in-depth analysis of supply and demand dynamics aiming to characterize supply risks. This analysis is unique as it provides a global picture, where previous analyses have focused on a portion of the market procuring through UN entities. Through literature review, supplier interviews, appraisal of shortages, stock-outs and historical procurement data, and through demand forecasting, this analysis shows an important increase in global capacity in 2017: supply is sufficient to meet forecasted BCG vaccine demand and possibly buffer market shocks. Nevertheless, risks remain mainly due to supply concentration and limited investment in production process improvements, as well as inflexibility in demand. Identification of these market risks will allow implementation of risk-mitigating interventions in three areas: (1) enhancing information sharing between major global health actors, countries and suppliers, (2) identifying interests and incentives to expand product registration and investment in the BCG manufacturing process, and (3) working with countries for tighter vaccine management. (C) 2017 Published by Elsevier Ltd.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "ORGANISATIONAL JUSTICE AND MANAGING WORKPLACE INNOVATION: HOW IMPORTANT ARE FORMAL PROCEDURES?. Few studies examine organisational justice and innovation simultaneously within workplace settings. Thus, the purpose of our study was to investigate the impact of organisational justice on workplace innovation. We tested the three dimensions of organisational justice (distributive, procedural and interactional) and the four dimensions of workplace innovation (individual, team, organisational and overall climate for innovation) across multiple industry contexts. The sample comprised 282 individuals employed in a variety of industries based in the United States. The Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) analysis identified a significant finding where organisational justice formal procedures promoted all four dimensions of workplace innovation and thus was important in managing workplace innovation. Distributive justice only had an impact on organisational innovation, while interactional procedures justice only had an impact on innovation climate and thus were less important. The study results provide new contributions to the innovation literature.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "COVID-19 impact on the Chinese top academic libraries: Libraries' response to space, collection and services. In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic was a major public health emergency on a global scale. The literature regarding the pandemic and its impact on academic libraries is still rising. This article examines the two-year process of developing a flexible service scenario and the broader picture by analyzing data on Chinese top university libraries' programmes and outreach initiatives prior to, during, and the normal COVID-19 pandemic (Sept. 2019-Sept. 2021). COVID-19 is found to have a significant impact on the physical space, collection development, and service of the library, demonstrating the characteristics of space access restricted by security measures, collection digitization, and online service. This research also examines the previous year's initiatives and programmes and discusses the next phase of \\\\'new normal\\\\' procedures. Hopefully, this study will give insight on how Chinese libraries responded to the recent pandemic, informing libraries' outreach and efforts to be better prepared to take imperative, swift, and decisive action in the post-COVID-19 era and beyond.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Hincmar of Reims and his contemporaries about the uxoricide: church teaching and social practice. In the early middle ages the customary practice of killing wifes who did not conformed to the accepted norms (by breaking sexual code, plotting against her husband, practicing witchcraft), or were only suspected of doing it, was generally considered legal and tolerable, as testified the legal sources from different parts of Europe. During the 8th and 9th centuries growing influence of the Church on the matrimonial matters and the consolidation of the doctrine about spiritual nature of christian marriage and marital relations inclined the ecclesiastical authorities to make efforts to eradicate this sinful practice from social life. The different texts of this period cast light on the tension between traditional morality based on the, economy of honour\\\\' and christian teaching. This tension disturbed the stability of value systems of early medieval society. Writings of Hincmar of Reims dealing with the theory of christian marriage and the limits of husband's authority over his wife (De coercendo ed exstirpando raptu viduarum, puellarum ac sanctimonialium; De divortio Lotharii regis et Theutbergae reginae) are here analysed in order to reveal that canonists and moralists of this period were aware of these conflicts, and tried to harmonize the contradictory norms. Such practices as mediation between the spouses, public penance and monastic exclusion of the adulterous wife can be considered as a model of the strategies proposed by ecclesiastical authorities to protect the woman's life and at the same time to preserve honour of her husband. However, in spite of the Church condemnation of uxoricide and dissemination of the Christian concept of the marriage, the several cases from the narrative and diplomatic records from the 9th century clearly demonstrate that killing the wife in the name of family's honour was not only the accepted tradition, but it was also considered as the moral obligation of the husband or his male relatives. The refusal to fulfill such obligation, even in the name of Christian principles, could be dangerous not only for the social position of the husband but also for his male identity.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "The impact of dengue on liver function as evaluated by aminotransferase levels. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of dengue virus infection on liver function by measuring aminotransferase in blood samples from patients serologically diagnosed by according to two MAC-ELISA protocols. Degrees of liver damage were classified according to aminotransferase levels: grade A - normal enzyme levels; grade B - increased levels of at least one of the enzymes; grade C - increased, with at least one of the enzymes being at levels higher than three times the upper reference values; grade D - acute hepatitis, with aminotransferase levels at least ten times their normal values. Of the 169 serologically confirmed cases of dengue at the dengue referral center in Campos dos Goytacazes in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 65.1% had abnormal aminotransferase levels: 81 cases being classified as grade B, 25 as grade C and 3 as grade D. A further 34.9% of cases had normal enzyme levels and were classified as grade A. Liver damage is a common complication of dengue infection and aminotransferase levels are a valuable marker for monitoring these cases.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Methods used for parasuicide: results of the WHO/EURO Multicentre Study on Parasuicide. Background: National suicide statistics show remarkable differences in the frequencies of various methods used for completed suicide. The WHO/EURO Multicentre Study on Parasuicide makes possible for the first time an international comparison of the frequencies of methods used in attempted suicide, because the data are based on geographical catchment areas of medical institutions. Method Ongoing standardized monitoring of attempted suicide in all medical institutions serving the catchment areas was performed in 14 centres in 12 European countries. The data analysis is based on 20,649 events involving 15,530 persons, recorded between 1989 and 1993. Results: The comparison of rates per 100,000 shows striking differences between the centres. The highest rates for drug overdoses were found for female attempters in Oxford (347/100,000), Helsinki (238/100,000) and Stockholm (221/100,000). Guipuzcoa had the lowest rates (61/100,000). The differences were most prominent in the age group 15-24, with outstanding rates for women in Oxford (653/100,000), which was mainly due to the frequent use of analgesics. Szeged had outstandingly high rates for pesticides and solvents. In some centres the use of multiple methods was frequent. Conclusions: There is a need, especially for areas with high frequencies for certain methods, to understand the factors involved and to develop new and specific prevention projects and to monitor their effects. The WHO/EURO Multicentre Study on Parasuicide has proved to be a useful and reliable instrument for continuous monitoring of trends in parasuicide.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Economic crises, child mortality and the protective role of public health expenditure. The aim of the study was to analyze how economic crises affect child health globally and between subgroups of countries with different levels of income. Data from the World Bank and the World Health Organization were used for 127 countries between 1995 and 2014. A fixed effects model was used, evaluating the effect of the change on macroeconomic indicators (GDP per capita, unemployment and inflation rates and misery index) in neonatal, infant and under-five mortality rates. Moreover, we evaluated whether there was a change in the association effect according to the income of the countries and also analyzed the role of public health expenditure in this association. Evidence has shown that worse economic indicators (lower GDP per capita, higher inflation, unemployment rates and misery index) are associated with higher child mortality rates. In the subsamples by income strata, the same association is observed, but with effects of greater magnitude for low- and middle-income countries. We also verified that a higher percentage in public health expenditures alleviates the effects of economic indicators on child mortality rates. Thus, more attention needs to be paid to the harmful effects of the macroeconomic crises to ensure improvements in child health.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Functional characterization of two alkane hydroxylases in a versatile Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain NY3. Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain NY3 has an extraordinary capacity to utilize a wide range of substrates, including n-alkanes of lengths C-5 to C-34, aromatic compounds, phenols, diesel and crude oil, and it can produce a variety of small bioactive molecules, including rhamnolipids, which can enhance its metabolic capacity for hydrophobic organic pollutants. This capacity makes NY3 a good candidate for use in environmental pollution remediation. Alkane hydroxylases catalyze both the initial and rate-limiting step of the terminal oxidation of n-alkanes. To better understand the genetic mechanisms by which P. aeruginosa NY3 degrades such a wide range of n-alkanes, two putative coding genes of alkane hydroxylases were functionally characterized using a gene-knockout approach with three different degradation systems. The single n-alkane test indicated that the hydroxylase AlkB2 acted in the early growth phase and played a major role in the utilization of C-12-C-18. However, a double mutant showed a trend towards recovery when C-20-C-24 were used as sole carbon source. This suggests that there are other enzymes capable of utilizing n-alkanes longer than C-20. Tests of both artificial n-alkanes mixture and crude oil-containing waste water showed similar results, suggesting that both AlkB1 and AlkB2 are involved in n-alkane degradation, and, moreover, that AlkB2 plays a major role. Finally, given the wider functional range of both AlkBs in the mixture of n-alkanes compared to that of single n-alkanes, these results hint at co-metabolism.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 40]}
+{"token": "Production of carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide in alkaline saline soil of Texcoco at different water contents amended with urea: A laboratory study. Soil of the former lake Texcoco is alkaline saline with pH often >10 and electrolytic conductivity (EC) >70 dS m(-1) with rapidly changing water contents. Little is known how fertilizing this area with urea to vegetate the soil would affect emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and dynamics of N. Texcoco soil with electrolytic conductivity (EC) 2.3 dS m(-1) and pH 8.5 (TEXCOCO A soil), EC 2.0 dS m(-1) and pH 9.0 (TEXCOCO B soil) and 200 dS m(-1) and pH 11.2 (TEXCOCO C soil) was amended with or without urea and incubated at 40% of water holding capacity (WHC), 60% WHC, 80% WHC and 100% WHC,while emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O) and CO2 and dynamics of ammonium (NH4+), nitrite (NO2-) and nitrate (NO3-) were monitored for 7 days. An agricultural soil served as control (ACOLMAN soil). The emission of CO2 increased in the urea amended soil 1.5 times compared to the unamended soil, it was inhibited in TEXCOCO C soil and was >1.2 larger in soil incubated at 40%, 60% and 80% WHC compared to soil incubated at 100% WHC. The emission of N2O increased in soil added with urea compared to the unamended soil, was similar in TEXCOCO A and B soils, but was <0.2 mg N kg(-1) soil day(-1) in TEXCOCO C soil and generally larger in soil incubated at 60% and 80% WHC compared to soil incubated at 40% and 100% WHC. The water content of the soil had no significant effect on the mean concentration of NH4+, but addition of urea increased it in all soils. The concentration of NO2- was not affected by the water content and the addition of urea except in TEXCOCO A soil where it increased to values ranging between 20 and 40 mg N kg(-1). The concentration of NOT increased in the ACOLMAN, TEXCOCO A and TEXCOCO B soil amended with urea compared to the unamended soil, but not in the TEXCOCO C soil. It decreased with increased water content, but not in TEXCOCO C soil. It was found that the differences in soil characteristics, i.e. soil organic matter content, pH and EC between the soils had a profound effect on soil processes, but even small changes affected the dynamics of C and N in soil amended with urea. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "ERROR-RESILIENT CONSUMER CONTRACTS. When firms contracting with consumers make mistakes, people get hurt. Inaccurate billing, misapplied payments, and similar problems push lucky consumers into Kafkaesque customer service queues-and unlucky ones off the financial cliff. Despite significant regulatory interventions, firms contracting with consumers continue to struggle to accurately bill customers, update accounts, and process payments. Firms largely rely on technology, especially databases and software, to discharge these servicing obligations. This technology must accommodate firms' innovations in their contracts, shifting governmental regulations, and consumers' unpredictable behavior. Given the complexity of servicing, even when firms invest significantly in technology, it will inevitably produce mistakes. When firms skimp on their servicing technology, errors that harm consumers become even more likely. And even if it were possible to build perfect servicing technology, the costs that firms would pass on to consumers may outweigh the benefits. The challenge, then, is how to reduce customer harm, accepting that perfect servicing is neither possible nor desirable.This Article argues that structural improvements to consumer contracts can make them more resilient to errors. Far from being new, these structural improvements have long been recognized in contract theory. But the resulting theoretical insights have not been applied to modern consumer financial contracts. Specifically, modularity and formalities improve resilience by mitigating the complexity of servicing, regulation, and consumer behavior. While mitigating complexity may reduce errors ex ante, the bigger payoff is in simplifying customer redress if and when errors occur. Intervening in the structure of consumer financial contracts is an underappreciated tool for achieving substantive consumer protection.", "label": [3, 26]}
+{"token": "REFORMING THE CHIVALRIC ELITE IN THIRTEENTH-CENTURY FLORENCE: THE EVIDENCE OF BRUNETTO LATINI'S IL TESORETTO. Chivalric ideas exercised an important influence on the lay elite of medieval Europe, encouraging knights to pursue and defend honor with violence. Recent scholarship has stressed the explicit connection between chivalry and the violence of elite society in northwestern Europe, but little attention has been given to this reality in medieval Italy, especially Florence. Indeed, the chivalric elite of thirteenth-century Florence were also animated by chivalric ideas, which encouraged their violence. While many of the efforts made by contemporaries to control these excesses are familiar to scholars, the unique reform emphasized by the Florentine Brunetto Latini in his II Tesoretto is much less familiar. By combining virtues grounded in both chivalry and the revival of classical works, Latini constructed a multifaceted reform message that sought to temper chivalric violence by promoting restraint and prudence, while still respecting the traditional chivalric lifestyle.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Genomic and phenotypic insights from an atlas of genetic effects on DNA methylation. Characterizing genetic influences on DNA methylation (DNAm) provides an opportunity to understand mechanisms underpinning gene regulation and disease. In the present study, we describe results of DNAm quantitative trait locus (mQTL) analyses on 32,851 participants, identifying genetic variants associated with DNAm at 420,509 DNAm sites in blood. We present a database of >270,000 independent mQTLs, of which 8.5% comprise long-range (trans) associations. Identified mQTL associations explain 15-17% of the additive genetic variance of DNAm. We show that the genetic architecture of DNAm levels is highly polygenic. Using shared genetic control between distal DNAm sites, we constructed networks, identifying 405 discrete genomic communities enriched for genomic annotations and complex traits. Shared genetic variants are associated with both DNAm levels and complex diseases, but only in a minority of cases do these associations reflect causal relationships from DNAm to trait or vice versa, indicating a more complex genotype-phenotype map than previously anticipated.DNA methylation quantitative trait locus (mQTL) analyses on 32,851 participants identify genetic variants associated with DNA methylation at 420,509 sites in blood, resulting in a database of >270,000 independent mQTLs.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Hydraulic jump over an adverse slope controlled by different roughness elements. Hydraulic jump that frequently occurs downstream of hydraulic structures reduces the excess energy of the incoming flow. This study tested two different heights of discontinuous roughness elements over the horizontal bed and two adverse slopes of -1.5% and -2.5% in the stilling basin. In total, 280 data were collected in laboratory conditions to assess the impact of adverse bed slope with a variation of roughness elements height on hydraulic jump characteristics, with Froude numbers ranging from 4.9 to 12.4. The results showed that the average value of the bed shear coefficient on the adverse slope of -2.5% with relative roughness elements of h/d(1) = 1.33 was 12.4 times that in a smooth bed. The observation showed that the bed shear stress caused by the bed roughness reduced the sequent depth ratio and consequently increased the energy dissipation by generating large eddies and more turbulence. The reduction was more prominent when roughness elements and adverse bed slope height increased. On the other side, a semi-theoretical solution was presented based upon momentum analysis to assess the sequent depth ratio by considering upstream Froude number, roughness element height, and bed slope. The computed values were compared with the experimental measurements. Empirical predictive relationships were proposed to estimate hydraulic jump characteristics over adverse-sloped and rough beds.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 36]}
+{"token": "Low-cost launch of payloads to low earth orbit. A CRITICAL factor for the viability of a sustained human presence in space is launch cost. The exploration vision brings a heavy lift requirement for thousands of metric tons of propellant and hardware to establish, resupply, and expand moon and Mars bases. Because the basis for the exploration effort is guided by budget limitations, it is expected that the development of off-planet infrastructure will be chiefly driven by launch dollars per kilogram. High launch costs have a multiple budgetary impact. With present heavy lift technology, launch costs are in the range of $6000-$20,000/kg. Because high launch costs severely constrain system mass, ultralightweight reliable structures and payloads must be developed at high cost. Consequently, budget limits and high launch cost determine the scale of the entire exploration effort,.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Prediction of reservoir parameters in gas hydrate sediments using artificial intelligence (AI): A case study in Krishna-Godavari basin (NGHP Exp-02). The estimation of accurate reservoir parameters is essential for conventional and non-conventional hydrocarbon prospects. An artificial neural network has been developed to predict the reservoir parameters (porosity and saturation of gas hydrates) in a silty-sand, sandy-silt and pelagic-poor clay reservoir at two neighbour wells using the petrophysical information at another well in the Krishna-Godavari basin. The well log data were acquired during the Expedition-02 of Indian National Gas Hydrates Program (NGHP Exp-02). The estimation of gas hydrate saturation using Archie's equation may be erroneous, as it is valid for the quantification of conventional hydrocarbons in the clean sand reservoir. Since the study area is clay dominated, it is subjective to adjust Archie's exponents so that it matches with the saturation, measured from the core data. To overcome this problem of estimating the reservoir parameters in such a scenario, first of all we have derived porosity from the density log data and estimated saturation by employing modified Archie's equation to the resistivity log data at one well. In order to train the network, the log data at one well are taken as inputs and corresponding porosity and saturation are taken as outputs. The reservoir parameters are then predicted at two neighbour wells using the wireline log data as input in those two wells. The predicted porosity and saturation of gas hydrates are alike to the traditionally estimated porosity and saturation at the neighbour wells. The predicted porosity in the studied region varies between 33 and 76%, whereas the saturation of gas hydrates ranges between 3.39 and 86.92%. This shows that the designed network can be used to estimate the reservoir parameters directly from the well log data in the same reservoirs.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "About nationalism in Mallorca (1890-1936). This article analyses the evolution of the groups, entities and nationalist or regionalist parties in Mallorca from their origins until the beginning of the Civil War of 1936. The author also studies the social roots, political thought and the link with other Catalan-speaking territories.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Barrier height distribution and dipolar relaxation in metal-insulator-semiconductor junctions with molecular insulator: Ageing effects. Electrical transport through molecular monolayers being very sensitive to disorder effects, admittance and current density characteristics of Hg//C12H25-n Si junctions incorporating covalently bonded n-alkyl molecular layers, were investigated at low temperature (150-300 K), in the as-grafted state and after ageing at the ambient. This comparison reveals local oxidation effects both at the submicron scale in the effective barrier height distribution and at the molecular scale in the dipolar relaxation. In the bias range dominated by thermionic emission and modified by the tunnel barrier (TB) attenuation, expd(-beta(0)d(T)), where d(T) is the thickness of the molecular tunnel barrier and beta(0) is the inverse attenuation length at zero applied bias, some excess current is attributed to a distribution of low barrier height patches. Complementary methods are used to analyze the current density J(V, T) characteristics of metal-insulator-semiconductor tunnel diodes. Assuming a Gaussian distribution of barrier heights centered at q Phi(B) provides an analytical expression of the effective barrier height, q Phi(EFF)(T) = q Phi(B) + (kT)beta(0)d(T) - (q delta Phi)(2)/2kT; this allows fitting of the distribution standard deviation delta Phi and tunnel parameter (beta(0)d(T)) over a wide temperature range. In a more realistic modeling including the voltage dependence of barrier height and circular patch area, the so-called \\\\'pinch-off\\\\' effect is described by a distribution of parameter gamma = 3(Delta R-P(P)2/4)(1/3), which combines interface potential modulation and patch area variations. An arbitrary distribution of gamma values, fitted to low-temperature J(V) data, is equally well described by Gaussian or exponential functions. Ageing in air also increases the interface oxidation of Si substrate and affects the density of localized states near mid gap, which typically rises to the high 10(11) eV(-1) cm(-2) range, as compared with D-S < 10(11) eV(-1) cm(-2) in the as-grafted state. The bias-independent relaxation observed near 1 kHz at low temperature may be attributed either to dipoles in the alkyl chain induced by the strong permanent dipoles of interface silicon oxide or to a local relaxation of water molecules trapped at the OML/silicon interface. The respective roles of SiO2 formation and water physisorption on the decrease of patch barrier height are also discussed. (C) 2012 American Institute of Physics. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4767121]", "label": [4, 32]}
+{"token": "Gracilibacillus orientalis sp nov., a novel moderately halophilic bacterium isolated from a salt lake in Inner Mongolia, China. Three Gram-positive, moderately halophilic, spore-forming rods, designated XH-63(T), XH-62 and EJ-15, were isolated from two salt lakes located near Xilin Hot and Ejinor, in Inner Mongolia, China. The strains were strictly aerobic and motile, with spherical, terminal and deforming endospores. They grew at pH 5.0-9.0 (optimal growth at pH 7.5), between 4 and 45 degrees C (optimal growth at 37 C) and at salinities of 1-20 % (w/v) total salts, growing optimally at 10 % (w/v) salts. They had meso-diaminopimelic acid in the cell wall peptidoglycan and DNA G+C contents of 36.1-37.1 mol%. The polar lipid pattern of strain XH-63T, selected as the representative strain, consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and a phospholipid and two amino phospholipids of unknown structure. This strain possessed anteiso-C-15:0 and anteiso-C-17:0 as the major fatty acids (altogether representing 72.5 % of total) and MK-7 as the major menaquinone. 16S rRNA gene analysis of the three strains showed that they were within the Gracilibacillus cluster, with highest sequence similarity (95.4-95.8%) with Gracilibacillus dipsosauri. Based on a combination of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic features, it is proposed that the three isolates represent a novel species of the genus Gracilibacillus, Gracilibacillus orientalis sp. nov. The type strain is strain XH-63T (=CCM 7326(T)=AS 1.4250(T)=CECT 7097(T)).", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Volatile profile of Malbec wine from Buenos Aires province (Argentina). This work presents the characterization of the volatile composition of Malbec wines from the southwestern of Buenos Aires Province. Volatiles were studied by HS-SPME associated to GC and Mass Spectrum (MS), using DVB-CAR-PDMS and PDMS fibers. This is the first contribution to the characterization of wines from this new and non-traditional production area in Argentina. Ethyl octanoate (28-45%) and ethyl acetate (14-29%) were the aroma volatiles that showed the highest relative percentages, followed by diethyl succinate (9-14%) and ethyl hexanoate (11-13%). Principal components analysis proved to be useful in understanding relationship between aroma attributes and samples examined. Moreover, the results were compared with those observed in Malbec wines from others viticulture regions of the country. Similarities were observed between wines produced in different geographical regions, in term of major contributors of volatile compounds from this emblematic Argentine wine. (C) All Rights Reserved.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "The impact of on-officer video cameras on police-citizen contacts: findings from a controlled experiment in Mesa, AZ. Bivariate and multilevel logistic regression analyses indicate that officers assigned to wear a camera were less likely to perform stop-and-frisks and make arrests, but were more likely to give citations and initiate encounters. Officers were also more likely to report OVCs as being helpful if they wore a camera and in situations where they issued a warning or citation, performed a stop-and-frisk, and made an arrest.Our results provide important insights into the consequences of OVCs on police behavior and suggest that officers are more proactive with this technology without increasing their use of invasive strategies that may threaten the legitimacy of the organization.On-officer video camera (OVC) technology in policing is developing at a rapid pace. Large agencies are beginning to adopt the technology on a limited basis, and a number of cities across the United States have required their police departments to adopt the technology for all first responders. However, researchers have just begun to examine the effects of OVC technology on citizen complaints, officers' attitudes, and police-citizen contacts.This study examines officer behavior and perceptions of camera technology among 100 line officers in the Mesa Police Department during police-citizen encounters over a 10-month period. Experimental data from 3698 field contact reports were analyzed to determine whether being assigned to wear an OVC influences officer behavior and perceptions of OVC technology.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Linearity in the aggregate effects of multiple predators in a food web. Theory in community ecology often assumes that predator species have similar indirect effects and thus can be treated mathematically as a single functional unit (e.g. guild or trophic level). This assumption is questionable biologically because predator species typically differ in their effects, creating the potential for nonlinearities when they coexist. We evaluated the nature of indirect effects caused by three species of hunting spider predators, singly and in multiple species combinations, on grass and herb plants in experimental old-field food webs. Despite the potential for nonlinearities indirect effects in different multiple predator combinations consistently did not differ significantly from the respective means of the single species effects. Thus, for this experimental system, the whole was simply the average of the parts. Consequently, models which abstract predator species as single trophic levels would successfully predict indirect effects in this system regardless of the composition of the predator fauna.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Seismic Performance Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Frame Structures Based on Computational Mechanics. In order to study the degradation law and seismic performance of reinforced concrete frame structure with the extension of service time under normal service environment, the multi-scale modeling of corroded reinforced concrete frame is carried out by using the general finite element analysis software ABAQUS. The correctness of the multi-scale modeling method is verified by the experimental data of corroded reinforced concrete members and single frame. The pushover analysis and elastic-plastic time history analysis of a four story reinforced concrete frame structure are carried out by using a multi scale model. Then the seismic response and damage of RC frame structures with different service time are compared. The experimental results show that the established seismic performance model of reinforced concrete frame structure is more practical in practical application and can meet the research requirements.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "Identification of a novel nanovirus in parsley. Using next-generation sequencing to characterize agents associated with a severe stunting disease of parsley from Germany, we identified a hitherto undescribed virus. We sequenced total RNA and rolling-circle-amplified DNA from diseased plants. The genome sequence of the virus shows that it is a member of the genus Nanovirus, but it lacks DNA-U4. In addition to the seven genomic DNAs of the virus, we identified a second DNA-R and seven distinct alphasatellites associated with the disease. We propose the name parsley severe stunt associated virus (PSSaV) for this novel nanovirus.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Extreme methane clumped isotopologue bio-signatures of aerobic and anaerobic methanotrophy: Insights from the Lake Pavin and the Black Sea sediments. Microbial methane oxidation -or methanotrophy -is a key control of the global methane budget on Earth, and perhaps in other planetary systems. Here, we explore the potential role of mass-18 isotopo-logues of methane, expressed as A13CH3D and A12CH2D2 values, in tracking both aerobic and anaerobic methanotrophy in nature. We examine two well documented methanotrophic environments: the Lake Pavin (France) water column, where methane degradation is dominated by aerobic methanotrophy (AeOM), and the Black Sea sediments (offshore Romania), dominated by anaerobic methanotrophy (AOM) coupled to sulfate-reduction. In both settings, lighter isotopologues are preferentially consumed, generating elevated (CH4)-C-13/(CH4)-C-12, (CH3D)-C-12/(CH4)-C-12, (CH3D)-C-13/(CH4)-C-12 and (CH2D2)-C-12/(CH4)-C-12 ratios. This results in increasing of 813C and 8D values in the residual methane for both settings, as observed commonly in sys-tems dominated by methanotrophy. As a result, AeOM and AOM cannot be easily distinguished by the development of delta C-13 and delta D. In contrast, the A(13)CH(3)D and A(12)CH(2)D(2) (departure from stochastic) values have opposite trajectories, with minimal decreases in the case of the AeOM-dominated system, but dra-matic increases in the case of AOM, with A(13)CH(3)D and A(12)CH(2)D(2) reaching values as high as 15.7 & PTSTHOUSND; and 76.6 & PTSTHOUSND;, respectively. This contrasting behavior of clumped isotopologues signatures illustrates funda-mental distinction between the two processes and the way they segregate methane isotopologues. These data demonstrate that both AeOM and AOM have distinctive kinetic isotope effects in natural set-tings, consistent with preliminary laboratory work. In particular, we find that 7-values (which measure the deviation to the product of 'normal' bulk isotope fractionation factors) are close to unity in the case of AeOM (i.e. a negligible clumped isotope effect), but significantly below unity in the case of AOM (i.e. strong clumped isotope effect). In addition, our data also illustrate how AOM under low-sulfate condi-tions may promote methane isotopologue equilibration. Taken together, we suggest these data and apparent isotopologue fractionation factors extrapolated from these two environments may help refine the potential bio-signatures of methane affected by methanotrophy.(C) 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Sweet corn cultivar sensitivity to bentazon. Five sweet corn cultivars were evaluated for tolerance to bentazon in five field experiments conducted during 2 yr in Ontario. Bentazon was applied postemergence (POST) at 1.08 and 2.16 kg ai/ha, the highest registered rate and twice the highest registered rate, respectively, used in sweet corn in Ontario. When bentazon was applied POST at 1.08 and 2.16 kg/ha to sweet corn cultivar 'DelMonte 2038', injury included plant stunting and leaf damage ranging from 6 to 69% and 15 to 90%, respectively. Plant height was reduced to 48 and 100% of the untreated check when treated with bentazon at 1.08 and 2.16 kg/ha, respectively. The visual injury and height reductions were reflected in the marketable yields, which were reduced to 94% when treated with bentazon. Significant reductions in height and marketable yield were not observed in the other four cultivars tested. No correlation was observed between bentazon sensitivity and endosperm genotype. Based on visual injury ratings, sweet corn height, and marketable yield, it was concluded that 'Calico Belle', 'GH 2684', 'Reveille', and 'Rival' are tolerant to POST application of bentazon.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Historical and gender analysis of unemployment in Spain, from dictatorship to democracy. Spain started the transformation of its economic model in the 1980s with a female labour force participation rate much lower than other Western European countries and an underdeveloped welfare state, what did not facilitate female entry to the labour market. This article applies a gender and historical analysis of the Spanish labor market to uncover the impact of Francoist regime heritage in the constant precarization of female work, particularly visible during economic crises, but also in expansionary phases.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Disentangling the roles of frequency-vs. state-dependence in generating individual differences in behavioural plasticity. Theoretical work suggests that both negative frequency-dependent payoffs and state-dependent payoffs can lead to individual variation in behavioural plasticity. We investigated the roles of both frequency- and state-dependence on the occurrence of individual variation in behavioural plasticity in a series of experiments where we manipulated perceived predation danger for red knots (Calidris canutus islandica). We found individual variation in plasticity in a trait with negative frequency-dependent payoffs (vigilance), but not in a trait with positive frequency-dependent payoffs (escape flights). Furthermore, there was no correlation between the average level of vigilance under low predation danger and the magnitude of response to increased predation danger, as would be expected under state-dependence. Thus, our results provide support for the hypothesis that negative-frequency dependence favours individual variation in plasticity. However, negative-frequency dependence alone cannot explain why plasticity would be consistent within individuals, and future studies should address the factors that might favour individual consistency.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Toponymy, a branch of Onomastics with its own entity. Not everyone who approaches Toponymy is sure about what it is understood to be, what its scientific aims are, what it studies or analyzes, or even if it has enough weight to be considered an autonomous scientific discipline. Its condition as a field of Onomastics, where Anthroponymy is also situated, and as a place of encounter of the many disciplines that collaborate in this field might lead one to believe that Toponymy does not have its own identity. In the study at hand, however, we will see how this discipline has not always been well defined, but that it has a true identity and scientific nature where the interdisciplinary nature that characterizes it is the hallmark of this identity, not a defect, and that there exist various points in common, but also ones that differentiate it with respect to Anthroponymy (multivocity, motivation and exonymy). All of which will allow us to better understand Toponymy as a humanistic science.", "label": [3, 25]}
+{"token": "The Laboratory Impact of Changing Syphilis Screening From the Rapid-Plasma Reagin to a Treponemal Enzyme Immunoassay: A Case-study From the Greater Toronto Area. Conclusions: EIA screening facilitates identification of probable latent syphilis and earlier serological detection of infectious syphilis, but may transiently cause increases in testing and indirectly suggests that physicians' interpretation of RPR(-) serology may lead to partner testing. In the absence of a true gold standard, implementation of EIA screening warrants careful communication regarding serological interpretation.Methods: Samples positive under RPR (1998-2005) and EIA (2005-2008) screening were confirmed with an alternate treponemal test, and during the latter period underwent RPR testing. We compared monthly rates and the forecasting relationship between positives and future submissions with time-series methods, and assessed risk factors for EIA(+)/RPR(-) results using Poisson regression.Results: A total of 3,092,938 submissions were included. Following EIA implementation, confirmed positive rates increased by 10.3 per 100,000 population (P < 0.001). 0.59% of EIA(+)/RPR(-) individuals converted to RPR(+) within 2 months. EIA(+/RPR(-) patients were more likely to be male (incidence rate ratio [IRR]: 2.3, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.6-2.5), asymptomatic (IRR: 1.8, 95% CI: 1.3-2.8), and aged > 50 years (IRR: 2.4, 95% CI: 1.6-3.5) than those with EIA(+)/RPR(+) results. We detected a significant positive feedback loop between positive tests and subsequent submissions. This relationship was only transiently evident for EIA(+)/RPR(-) results up to 1 year following the changeover.Background: In 2005, syphilis screening in the Greater Toronto Area of Canada moved from the rapid plasma reagin (RPR) to a treponemal enzyme immunoassay (EIA). We sought to understand the consequences of this change on laboratory results and testing patterns with a population-based retrospective study of laboratory-based diagnoses of syphilis.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Performance evaluation of different designs of back-contact perovskite solar cells. Back-contact design for the architecture of devices is a promising approach to develop high-performance perovskite solar cells. Here, numerical simulation methods are used to investigate device properties of back contact perovskite solar cells (BC-PSCs) with the quasi-interdigitated, flat-interdigitated, and interdigitated electrode designs. The results highlight the principal differences in the designs of the electrodes and provide an investigation and analysis of the impact of these electrodes on the photovoltaic properties of their BC-PSCs. The effect of the perovskite photoactive layer electronic properties on the performance of BC-PSCs is also investigated. It is revealed that while BC-PSCs with the quasi-interdigitated electrode design can potentially produce power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) well above 25 %, BC-PSCs with the flat-interdigitated and interdigitated electrode designs are more tolerant to electronic imperfections in the perovskite layer and can produce PCEs higher than those in devices with the quasi-interdigitated electrode design. Manufacturing and prospective use of electrodes with the quasi-interdigitated, flat-interdigitated, and interdigitated designs in developing BC-PSCs are discussed from the experimental standpoint.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 32, 11]}
+{"token": "Factors influencing the retention and attrition of community health aides/practitioners in Alaska. Context: The Community Health Aide Program (CHAP) is a unique program employing program employing local, indigenous peoples as primary as primary care nonphysician provides in extremely remote frontier, tribal Alaskan communities. With attrition rates up to 20%, recommendations for improving retention are necessary to maintain access to health services for Alaska Natives in these communities. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify factors contributing to retention in Alaska's CHAP program. Methods: Key informant interviews were conducted with 41 community health aides/practitioners (CHA/Ps) in 15 villages statewide. Efforts were made to ensure the sample included a mix of villages with high retention of health aides ann villages with lower retention. Geographic and ethnic diversity were also considered. Transcripts were coded using NUD*IST software, and data were analyzed for differences between more experienced and less experienced CHA/Ps. Findings: Five fundamental needs of health aides were identified as crucial for retention of personnel. These include strong co-worker support, access to basic training, a fully staffed clinic, good community support, and supportive families. Conclusions: For 35 years, the CHAP program has worked to diminish health disparities for Alaska Natives. Though unique challenges associated with the job have factored into low retention of CHA/Ps, improved retention is possible with easier access to basic training, increased support from colleagues and community, enhanced team-building skills, and better on-call schedules.", "label": [2, 21, 23]}
+{"token": "Sex pheromone composition of Ascotis selenaria (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) and its regional variation in Korea. The blend ratios of the two isomers showing peak catch of A. selenaria males had large variations among the locations investigated. A. selenaria populations in Gunwi showed peak activity at ratios of 0.9:0.1 and 0.8:0.2, whereas the populations in Goheung, Yeongam, and Jeju (Aewol and Harye) showed peak activity at a 0.5:0.5 ratio. In Changnyeong, the peak activity occurred in a bimodal form at ratios of 0.7:0.3 and 0.4:0.6. Such variation was partially explained by geographical isolation due to mountain ranges. Consequently, the results of our study should be useful for designing a region-specific pheromone lure for successful A. selenaria monitoring. (C) Korean Society of Applied Entomology, Taiwan Entomological Society and Malaysian Plant Protection Society, 2012. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.This study was conducted to investigate sex pheromone composition of Ascotis selenaria (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) in Korea. Two sex pheromone compounds such as (Z,Z)-6,9-cis-3,4-epoxynonadecadiene (6Z,9Z-cis-3,4-epoxy-19:H) and (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-nonadecatriene (3Z,6Z,9Z-19:H) were identified in the glands of A. selenaria females by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. However, the component 3Z,6Z,9Z-19:H neither elicited an electroantennogram response nor increased the attractiveness for A. selenaria males in the field. The role of 3Z,6Z,9Z-19:H seems to be as an antagonistic signal for mating behavior of A. selenaria males. The blend ratios of two 6Z,9Z-cis-3,4-epoxy-19:H isomers such as, 6Z,9Z-cis-3R,4S-epoxy-19:H and 6Z,9Z-cis-35,4R-epoxy-19:H, were critical to attract A. selenaria males.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Effects of sublethal glyphosate rates on fresh market tomato. Two field trials were conducted to determine the effect of low doses of glyphosate on tomato plant growth and marketable yield. The herbicide was applied to the foliage I day before transplanting. There was a rapid decline on tomato plant vigour and height as the herbicide dose reached 100 mg/L. Marketable yield was also affected by sublethal herbicide doses, with a 41% yield decrease with 25mg/ L of glyphosate. These results confirm that low glyphosate doses, which could be found in multi-purpose spraying equipment, might severely reduce tomato marketable yield. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "Recent Admixture in an Indian Population of African Ancestry. Identification and study of genetic variation in recently admixed populations not only provides insight into historical population events but also is a powerful approach for mapping disease loci. We studied a population (OG-W-IP) that is of African-Indian origin and has resided in the western part of India for 500 years; members of this population are believed to be descendants of the Bantu-speaking population of Africa. We have carried out this study by using a set of 18,534 autosomal markers common between Indian, CEPH-HGDP, and Hap Map populations. Principal-components analysis clearly revealed that the African-Indian population derives its ancestry from Bantu-speaking west-African as well as Indo-European-speaking north and northwest Indian population(s). STRUCTURE and ADMIXTURE analyses show that, overall, the OG-W-IPs derive 58.7%, of their genomic ancestry from their African past and have very little inter-individual ancestry variation (8.4%). The extent of linkage disequilibrium also reveals that the admixture event has been recent. Functional annotation of genes encompassing the ancestry-informative markers that are closer in allele frequency to the Indian ancestral population revealed significant enrichment of biological processes, such as ion-channel activity, and cadherins. We briefly examine the implications of determining the genetic diversity of this population, which could provide opportunities for studies involving admixture mapping.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Genetic population data of 38 autosomal InDels for the Amerindian community Embera-Chami of Lapo, Antioquia-Colombia. This paper presents the genetic characterization of the Embera-Chami Amerindian community of Lapo-Antioquia-Colombia using 38 autosomal Indels. This group of markers showed a high discriminatory power (>99.9999%) and an appropriate power of exclusion (99.40%), allowing the use of these markers in the field of forensic genetics in this population. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "A new method for calculating number concentrations of cloud condensation nuclei based on measurements of a three-wavelength humidified nephelometer system. The number concentration of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) plays a fundamental role in cloud physics. Instrumentations of direct measurements of CCN number concentration (N-CCN) based on chamber technology are complex and costly; thus a simple way for measuring N-CCN is needed. In this study, a new method for N-CCN calculation based on measurements of a three-wavelength humidified nephelometer system is proposed. A three-wavelength humidified nephelometer system can measure the aerosol light-scattering coefficient (sigma(sp)) at three wavelengths and the light-scattering enhancement factor (fRH). The angstrom ngstrom exponent (angstrom) inferred from sigma(sp) at three wavelengths provides information on mean predominate aerosol size, and hygroscopicity parameter (kappa) can be calculated from the combination of fRH and angstrom. Given this, a lookup table that includes sigma(sp), kappa and angstrom is established to predict N-CCN. Due to the precondition for the application, this new method is not suitable for externally mixed particles, large particles (e.g., dust and sea salt) or fresh aerosol particles. This method is validated with direct measurements of N-CCN using a CCN counter on the North China Plain. Results show that relative deviations between calculated N-CCN and measured N-CCN are within 30% and confirm the robustness of this method. This method enables simpler N-CCN measurements because the humidified nephelometer system is easily operated and stable. Compared with the method using a CCN counter, another advantage of this newly proposed method is that it can obtain N-CCN at lower supersaturations in the ambient atmosphere.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "New specimens of the tanzanian dicynodont 'Cryptocynodon' parringtoni von Huene, 1942 (Therapsida, Anomodontia), with an expanded analysis of Permian dicynodont phylogeny. The dicynodont species \\\\'Cryptocynodon\\\\' parringtoni von Huene, 1942 was described from a single poorly preserved specimen collected from the Upper Permian Kawinga Formation, Ruhuhu Basin, Tanzania. No additional specimens have been referred to the species since its erection. Two new specimens of \\\\'C.\\\\' parringtoni, which were collected from the Kawinga Formation in 1933, are described. The holotype and new specimens share tusks, the absence of postcanine teeth, a shortened snout, relatively large palatines that contact the premaxillary secondary palate, a blade-like mid-ventral vomerine plate, and an intertuberal ridge between the basisphenoid-basioccipital tubera. The new specimens also allow the description of many previously unknown characters of the species, including an intertemporal region in which the postorbitals extensively overlap the parietals but are relatively horizontally oriented for most of their width; the presence of paired anterior palatal ridges; the absence of a labial fossa; the presence of palatine pads that are rugose posteriorly, but smoother where they contact the secondary palate; the presence of a dorsal process on the anterior end of the epipterygoid footplate; markedly shortened dentary tables; the presence of a posterior dentary sulcus; and the presence of a slit-like mandibular fenestra. Size and proportional differences between the holotype and new specimens suggest that the former is a juvenile. The morphology of the new specimens demonstrates that \\\\'C.\\\\' parringtoni is not part of Cryptocynodon, Pristerodon, or Diictodon, and the species is referred to a new taxon, Katumbia, gen. nov. A phylogenetic analysis suggests that Katumbia is a member of the large clade that includes Tropidostoma and Kannemeyeria, although its exact position within the clade is uncertain. Confirmation that Katumbia parringtoni, comb. nov., is a distinct, valid dicynodont species that is endemic to Tanzania reinforces the uniqueness of the Ruhuhu fauna and provides further evidence of provinciality among Late Permian terrestrial vertebrates.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "A faux hawk fullerene with PCBM-like properties. Reaction of C-60, C6F5CF2I, and SnH(n-Bu)(3) produced, among other unidentified fullerene derivatives, the two new compounds 1,9-C-60(CF2C6F5)H (1) and 1,9-C-60(cyclo-CF2(2-C6F4)) (2). The highest isolated yield of 1 was 35% based on C-60. Depending on the reaction conditions, the relative amounts of 1 and 2 generated in situ were as high as 85% and 71%, respectively, based on HPLC peak integration and summing over all fullerene species present other than unreacted C-60. Compound 1 is thermally stable in 1,2-dichlorobenzene (oDCB) at 160 degrees C but was rapidly converted to 2 upon addition of Sn-2(n-Bu)(6) at this temperature. In contrast, complete conversion of 1 to 2 occurred within minutes, or hours, at 25 degrees C in 90/10 (v/v) PhCN/C6D6 by addition of stoichiometric, or sub-stoichiometric, amounts of proton sponge (PS) or cobaltocene (CoCp2). DFT calculations indicate that when 1 is deprotonated, the anion C-60(CF2C6F5) can undergo facile intramolecular SNAr annulation to form 2 with concomitant loss of F . To our knowledge this is the first observation of a fullerene-cage carbanion acting as an SNAr nucleophile towards an aromatic C-F bond. The gas-phase electron affinity (EA) of 2 was determined to be 2.805(10) eV by low-temperature PES, higher by 0.12(1) eV than the EA of C-60 and higher by 0.18(1) eV than the EA of phenyl-C-61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). In contrast, the relative E-1/2(0/-) values of 2 and C-60, -0.01(1) and 0.00(1) V, respectively, are virtually the same (on this scale, and under the same conditions, the E-1/2(0/-) of PCBM is -0.09 V). Time-resolved microwave conductivity chargecarrier yield x mobility values for organic photovoltaic active-layer-type blends of 2 and poly-3-hexylthiophene (P3HT) were comparable to those for equimolar blends of PCBM and P3HT. The structure of solvent-free crystals of 2 was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The number of nearest-neighbor fullerene-fullerene interactions with centroid/centroid (circle dot...circle dot) distances of <= 10.34 angstrom is significantly greater, and the average circle dot...circle dot distance is shorter, for 2 (10 nearest neighbors; ave. circle dot...circle dot distance = 10.09 angstrom) than for solvent-free crystals of PCBM (7 nearest neighbors; ave. circle dot...circle dot distance = 10.17 angstrom). Finally, the thermal stability of 2 was found to be far greater than that of PCBM.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Theorising gun control: the development of regulation and shooting sports in Britain. Utilising an account of the development of gun control legislation in Britain and the work of Norbert Elias, this paper argues that there are a number of processes that influence the development of such legislation, both in Britain and elsewhere. It argues that while processes such as the state's predisposition to consolidate its monopoly on the use of violence and advances in people's threshold of repugnance at violence influence the development of legislation, they can also lead to a blurring of the distinction between legally held sporting guns and illegal firearms in the hands of criminals. The paper concludes by considering other factors such as the efficacy of the prohibitionist lobby on the one hand and the gun lobby on the other, together with historical factors that may, in part, account for international variation in regimes of gun control.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "The Problem of Distinction of the Ideas of Things from the Ideas of Nonthings in Descartes. The paper begins with the analysis of Third Meditation, and it is shown that there is no difference between any objects of the representations as such. Descartes' understanding relies on Late Scholastics concept of simple conception. By the example of two ideas of sun and the idea of self it is shown that Descartes could argue that some ideas certainly do not represent just beings of reason, but that is not enough. Using his other writings the conclusion is that, in fact, there are two problems: how to distinguish between the essences of things from beings of reason and how to make a demarcation within very beings of reason between possible and impossible constructs. In the second part of the paper, Leibniz's critique of Descartes' ontological argument is analyzed The historic cause of the problem is Descartes 'use of mutually irreconcilable concepts of human mind and divine ideas, and the cause within his metaphysics is dualism and his insufficiently clear notion of clarity and distinctness of ideas.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "On the concepts used in return stroke models applied in engineering practice. In this paper, we investigate the similarities between two basic concepts used in engineering return stroke models. In one type, the current propagation (CP) models, the return stroke channel merely acts as a medium for the current propagation with the driving source being at the ground. In the other type, the current generation (CG) models, the current sources (corona current) are assumed to be distributed along the return stroke channel. Our analysis shows that popular CP models, such as transmission line (TL), the modified transmission-line exponeintial (MTLE) model [2], and the modified transmission-line linear (MTLL) can be converted to CG models leaving the temporal and spatial variation of the return stroke current the same. In this alternative representation, the equivalent corona currents of the TL, MTLE, and MTLL models are bipolar, indicating initial deposition and subsequent removal of positive charge from the channel. This knowledge is applied to construct a simple CG model which generates electromagnetic fields identical to those obtained with the TL model at short times, but free from the difficulties associated with the latter at longer times.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
+{"token": "Relating the Strength of Density Dependence and the Spatial Distribution of Individuals. Spatial patterns in ecology contain useful information about underlying mechanisms and processes. Although there are many summary statistics used to quantify these spatial patterns, there are far fewer models that directly link explicit ecological mechanisms to observed patterns easily derived from available data. We present a model of intraspecific spatial aggregation that quantitatively relates static spatial patterning to negative density dependence. Individuals are placed according to the colonization rule consistent with the Maximum Entropy Theory of Ecology (METE), and die with probability proportional to their abundance raised to a power alpha, a parameter indicating the degree of density dependence. This model can therefore be interpreted as a hybridization of MaxEnt and mechanism. Our model shows quantitatively and generally that increasing density dependence randomizes spatial patterning. alpha = 1 recovers the strongly aggregated METE distribution that is consistent with many ecosystems empirically, and as alpha -> 2 our prediction approaches the binomial distribution consistent with random placement. For 1 < alpha < 2, our model predicts more aggregation than random placement but less than METE. We additionally relate our mechanistic parameter alpha to the statistical aggregation parameter k in the negative binomial distribution, giving it an ecological interpretation in the context of density dependence. We use our model to analyze two contrasting datasets, a 50 ha tropical forest and a 64 m(2) serpentine grassland plot. For each dataset, we infer alpha for individual species as well as a community alpha parameter. We find that alpha is generally larger in the tightly packed forest than the sparse grassland, and the degree of density dependence increases at smaller scales. These results are consistent with current understanding in both ecosystems, and we infer this underlying density dependence using only empirical spatial patterns. Our model can easily be applied to other datasets where spatially explicit data are available.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Pastoral care of women: A paradigm shift. Pastoral care of women: A paradigm shiftThis article shows that church and society find themselves somewhere between the modern and postmodern eras. Postmodern thinking is becoming more and more prevalent. In the premodern era society was structured according to a strict hierarchy. In modern times people were placed in the hierarchical system on account of their instrumental value. Those considered to be of more worth dominated those of lesser value. In postmodern thinking hierarchy, dominance and value judgements of people are questioned. The article investigates the consequences of this shift for the disciplines of gender studies and pastoral counseling with women. It indicates how women are still caught up in various power systems and explores ways in which narratives of hope and transformation can assist women in finding healing and new possibilities in the church. The article consists of four sections in which the following are explored: scientific theories regarding pastoral counseling with women; the relationship between these theories and shifting paradigms; the effect of paradigms on pastoral counseling with women; an adequate model for pastoral counseling with women.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Familiarity seekers are fast and novelty seekers are slow. Christie and Klein (1995) demonstrated that a familiar item (word) rapidly attracts attention when presented simultaneously with an unfamiliar item (nonword). However, this finding has never been replicated. The current study is an attempt at such a replication. Participants were presented a familiar word and unfamiliar nonword in the experimental condition. At varying times after stimulus onset one of the items moved, and the participant reported the direction of the movement. A replication of Christie and Klein would be obtained if performance was better for movement discrimination of the familiar item shortly after onset but not at later intervals. The original finding was replicated in fast participants while slower participants show a different effect. A potential individual difference variable is suggested to explain this difference between the fast and slow participants.", "label": [2, 5, 17, 50]}
+{"token": "Slow pyrolysis pine wood-derived biochar reduces nitrous oxide production from surface but not subsurface soil. Soil amended with biochar is expected to produce less nitrous oxide (N2O), although this may depend on nitrate (NO3-N) availability. Our objective was to determine how pine wood biochar, slow pyrolyzed at 500 degrees C, affects N2O production in soil having different denitrification potentials with variable NO3-N concentrations under controlled laboratory conditions. Sandy loam surface soils (0-30 cm, pH 5.7) and sandy clay loam subsurface soils (40-60 cm, pH 5.6) were amended with four biochar rates (0, 10, 20, and 30 g.kg(-1)), two nitrogen fertilizer rates (0 and 100 mg.kg(-1) NO3-N) and two acetylene levels (0% and 10% headspace), arranged as a full factorial. Soil moisture content was adjusted to 80% water-filled pore space, and flasks were incubated at 20 degrees C for 30 h. Headspace gas was collected from each flask at 25, 26, 28, and 30 h. There was a significant reduction in N2O production with an increasing rate of biochar in the surface soil but not in the subsurface soil. On average, less N2O was produced in the subsurface soil than in the surface soil. As the NO3-N concentration was not a limiting factor for denitrification, the most likely explanation was that denitrifier activity was influenced by the availability of soluble organic carbon in the soil-biochar mixtures. We recommend further study of the coupled carbon-nitrogen transformations during denitrification to understand how biochar influences soil N2O production in sandy loam soils.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Earthworm metallothionein production as biomarker of heavy metal pollution in abattoir soil. The direct response of animals to environmental challenges, such as the production of biomarkers, is a better tool to assess environmental pollution than the conventional methods. In this study, the production of metallothionein (MT) in earthworms (Libyodrilus violaceous, Eudrilus eugeniae and Alma millsoni) was measured as tool for assessing heavy metal pollution in abattoir soil. Earthworm and abattoir soil samples were collected from three abattoir sites (Lafenwa, Gbonogun and Madojutimi) and a control site located beside an undisturbed stream located in Abeokuta, Ogun State, in South-western Nigeria. Heavy metal (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni and Mn) and MT concentrations were measured in the earthworm tissue and abattoir soil using standard methods. The concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd and Mn were highest in the tissue of earthworms obtained from Lafenwa abattoir. The Bioaccumulation Factors (BAFs) for all the metals tested for were less than unity, except for Cd which had a BAF > 1. The MT concentrations recorded in the earthworm samples from the Gbonogun and Lafenwa abattoir sites were significantly higher (p <= 0.05) than in earthworms from Madojutimi. The lowest MT concentration was recorded in earthworms from the control. Significant (p <= 0.05) positive correlations were observed between MT and heavy metal concentrations in all earthworm species indicating that MT concentrations can be used as biomarker of heavy metal pollution in abattoir soils. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "HIGH-LEVEL OPTIMIZATIONS IN COMPILING PROCESS DESCRIPTIONS TO ASYNCHRONOUS CIRCUITS. Asynchronous/Self-Timed designs are beginning to attract attention as promising means of dealing with the complexity of modem VLSI technology. In this article, we present our views on why asynchronous systems matter. We then present details of our high level synthesis tool SHILPA that can automatically synthesize asynchronous circuits from descriptions in our concurrent programming language, hopCP. We outline many of the novel features of hopCP and also sketch how these constructs are compiled into asynchronous circuits, and then focus on the high level optimizations employed by SHILPA, including concurrent guard evaluation and concurrent process decomposition.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 37]}
+{"token": "Successful terrorism: framework and review. Is terrorism successful? This oft-asked but infrequently answered question is at the heart of understanding terrorism's use. Effective policy and practice rest on a clear appreciation of how terrorism succeeds and fails. This paper identifies and reviews the literature on terrorism's effectiveness and considers its strengths and weaknesses. To organise the review, a multi-level framework for conceptualising the goals of terrorism and its enactors is presented. Crucially, this includes the perspective of both sides of the conflict dyad, and considers the tactical, organisational, strategic and ultimate goals of extremist groups. This speaks to the need for a comprehensive framework within which to situate the question of terrorism's goals, and aims to assess the state of the knowledge with respect to terrorism's efficacy.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "ENANTIOMERIC SEPARATION BY MICELLAR ELECTROKINETIC CHROMATOGRAPHY. Enantiomeric separation by micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) has been developed recently by using chiral surfactants or a cyclodextrin (CD) modified system (CD-MEKC). As chiral detergents, some amino acid derivatives, bile salts, glycosides and saponins are used with or without achiral micelles and other additives. In CD-MEKC, beta- or gamma-CDs and sodium dodecyl sulphate are normally used.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Quality related aspects of high pressure low temperature processed whole potatoes. The optimization of freezing and thawing paths for faster processes, leading to better quality and safety of processed food products, was studied with whole potatoes. Microstructure of processed products was examined through a light microscopy based method on the embedding of the samples in a resin. Colour of samples (visual appearance and spectrometric measurements) and drip loss after the thawing treatment were also examined. A processing time reduction for pressure-induced thawing at pressure levels of 290 MPa has been demonstrated, taking advantage of the existence of a solid ice I metastable phase in the domain of ice III. This time reduction is a direct consequence of the increase of the temperature gradient between sample and heating medium. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Preference evolution, two-speed dynamics, and rapid social change. We present a dynamic analysis of the evolution of preferences in a strategic environment. In our model, each player's behavior depends on both the game's payoffs and his idiosyncratic biases, but only the game's payoffs determine his evolutionary success. Dynamics run at two speeds at once; while natural selection slowly reshapes the distribution of preferences, players quickly learn to behave as their preferences dictate. We establish the existence and uniqueness of the paired trajectories of society's preferences and behavior. While aggregate behavior adjusts smoothly in equilibration games, in coordination games aggregate behavior can jump discretely in an instant of evolutionary time. (C) 2001 Academic Press.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "A numerical and experimental investigation of a special type of floating-slab tracks. Floating-Slab Tracks (FST) are predominantly used for mitigating railway-induced vibrations where the concrete slab is mounted on soft resilient bearings to provide vibration isolation. This paper presents a research study on the dynamic behavior of a special type of FST used in the recently built subway system in Doha, Qatar. The special FST has a continuous concrete slab with periodic grooves. Therefore, the track can be modeled as a periodic structure with a slab unit having two elements with different cross-sections. Extensive numerical and experimental investigations were conducted on a multi-unit full-scale mockup track representing the special FST. A fast running model based on the Dynamic Stiffness Method was developed and examined, in an initial numerical exercise, against a detailed Finite Element model for a track with a finite length. In the experimental campaign, a test was performed with an impact hammer to identify the actual vibration response of the mockup track. Results from the experimental investigations were then used for model updating of the fast running model. The model updating process was carried out according to an automated hybrid optimization approach that combines genetic algorithms with a local search method. Finally, the updated model was extended to an infinite model to investigate the influence of varying grooves thickness on the dynamic behavior of the special track with infinite length for both bending and torsion scenarios. The investigations suggested that reducing the thickness below 50% of the full thickness of the slab significantly affects the dynamic behavior of the special FST.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Isolation of Corynebacterium falsenii and description of Corynebacterium aquilae sp nov., from eagles. Biochemical, molecular chemical and molecular genetic studies were performed on seven unidentified Gram-positive, rod-shaped organisms recovered from eagles. The strains were provisionally identified as Corynebacterium jeikeium with the commercial API Coryne system, but they were able to grow under anaerobic conditions and were non-lipophilic. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequencing studies demonstrated that the isolates belonged phylogenetically to the genus Corynebacterium. Three strains were identified genotypically as Corynebacterium falsenii; the remaining four strains corresponded to a hitherto unknown lineage within the genus Corynebacterium, associated with a small subcluster of species that included Corynebacterium diphtheriae and its close relatives. The unknown bacterial strains were readily distinguished from these and other species of the genus by biochemical tests. Based on both phenotypic and phylogenetic evidence, it is proposed that the unknown bacterial strains from eagles should be classified as Corynebacterium aquilae sp. nov. (type strain is S-613(T)=CECT 5993(T)=CCUG 46511(T)).", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "MULTIPLE PATERNITY IN THE ENDANGERED AMUR RAT SNAKE (Elaphe schrenckii). We determined the occurrence of multiple paternity and minimum number of fathers in eight clutches of the endangered E. schrenckii in South Korea using offspring obtained from a captive breeding program between 2014 and 2016. By examining five microsatellite loci and comparing the result with the characteristics of mother, egg and offspring we found that seven clutches out of eight (87.5%) showed multiple paternity with mean number of minimum fathers per clutch as 2.3 based on the alleles of fathers, which confirmed sire of offspring. The degree of multiple paternity was negatively correlated with the infertility rate of eggs, but not with any aspects of offspring, suggesting that multiple mating functions to assure the fertilization of eggs. Based on this result, we recommend that each female in the breeding program should be allowed to mate with more than three different males to keep appropriate levels of genetic variability in offspring.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Drugs and Criminal Justice: an analysis the social origin of the criminalization of drugs in Sao Paulo from 2004 to 2009. This paper presents quantitative data on the criminalization of the criminal justice system for drugs in Sao Paulo, between the years 2004 to 2009. This focus is relevant because it is the year 2006 which comes into force in Brazil called New Drug Law (law 11.343 de 2006). In the proposed paper, meet the \\\\'social origin\\\\' of the individuals in this type of crime from the data of in two police districts in this city: Santa Cecilia and Itaquera. It is thought the relationship between criminality and \\\\'social origin\\\\' (Gender, age, education and occupation) of the subjects criminalized in the criminal justice system. The broader analytical question text refers to the different mechanisms of power practices state that operate citizenship \\\\'regulated\\\\', in which there is no \\\\'one\\\\' formula official and legitimate in conflict management. These policies and practices distinguish the ilegalism unevenly triggering therefore the mechanisms of stigmatization according to status, group and social class of the individual criminalized in Sao Paulo.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Cooperation, technical education and politics in early agricultural policy in Catalonia (1914-24). After the crisis of the late nineteenth century, the role of the state in European agriculture expanded to many new areas: education and technical innovation; commercial policies and market regulations; farm support policies, and sometimes interventions in property rights. The development of these policies was a difficult and costly process, without the intervention of intermediary organisations like agricultural cooperatives and farmers' associations. This article analyses the early agricultural policy in Catalonia (Spain) and the role of cooperatives in its implementation. It argues that this regional case was quite exceptional in the early twentieth-century Spanish context, where state intervention in agriculture was extremely limited. In 1914, an autonomous government was set up in Catalonia, and a modern agricultural policy was introduced in which technical education and cooperatives played a crucial role, as well as politics. The agricultural policy promoted and developed by the Catalan government was part of a state-building project based on a regionalist ideology.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "E-Relationships for e-Readiness: Culture and corruption in international e-B2B. The role of electronic networks in B2B relationships has been growing exponentially. From massive internet 13213 exchanges to tiny RFID chips, 13213 is increasingly becoming e-B2B. whilst e-B2B has been explored intra-riationally, its international counterpart is less well documented; as has been the role that culture might play in the development of international e-B2B relationships. In this paper we address this important issue of international e-business relationships. Specifically we explore the interconnection between national e-readiness and cultural values, and address the research question: How do cultural values impact a nation's readiness to engage in e-business? Drawing upon international surveys we link cultural values with national e-business infrastructure. Our findings suggest an intriguing link between cultural values and a nation's readiness for e-B2B. From these results we develop managerial recommendations and extrapolate research opportunities. (C) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 44, 46]}
+{"token": "Phytoplasma Effector SAP54 Induces Indeterminate Leaf-Like Flower Development in Arabidopsis Plants. Phytoplasmas are insect-transmitted bacterial plant pathogens that cause considerable damage to a diverse range of agricultural crops globally. Symptoms induced in infected plants suggest that these phytopathogens may modulate developmental processes within the plant host. We report herein that Aster Yellows phytoplasma strain Witches' Broom (AY-WB) readily infects the model plant Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) ecotype Columbia, inducing symptoms that are characteristic of phytoplasma infection, such as the production of green leaf-like flowers (virescence and phyllody) and increased formation of stems and branches (witches' broom). We found that the majority of genes encoding secreted AY-WB proteins (SAPs), which are candidate effector proteins, are expressed in Arabidopsis and the AY-WB insect vector Macrosteles quadrilineatus (Hemiptera; Cicadellidae). To identify which of these effector proteins induce symptoms of phyllody and virescence, we individually expressed the effector genes in Arabidopsis. From this screen, we have identified a novel AY-WB effector protein, SAP54, that alters floral development, resulting in the production of leaf-like flowers that are similar to those produced by plants infected with this phytoplasma. This study offers novel insight into the effector profile of an insect-transmitted plant pathogen and reports to our knowledge the first example of a microbial pathogen effector protein that targets flower development in a host.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Creating consumer-based brand equity for young Iranian consumers via country of origin sub-components effects. Design/methodology/approach - To accomplish this, a conceptual framework was designed and relationships between its constructs (COB image, COM image, brand equity dimensions, overall brand equity) were hypothesized. Data were collected from Iranian students who were the owners of selected brands of laptops and mobile phones. All hypotheses were tested using structural equation modeling (SEM) in LISREL.Purpose - The main purpose of this study is to decompose the concept of country of origin (COO) and to investigate the influence of country of brand (COB) and country of manufacture (COM) on brand equity formation. Moreover, the secondary aim of this research is to examine the moderating role of product involvement.Research limitations/implications - This study only investigates in the country of origin of the product. The effect of laptops and mobile phones from a student's point of view were not taken into consideration, which includes other controlled variables (e.g. income, gender) and moderating factors (e.g. product familiarity).Originality/value - This paper is important in order to identify the effect of brand equity formation from the point of view of young Iranian consumers. Product involvement effect is another important case in this research.Findings - As a result of exploratory factor analysis, three factors, namely brand loyalty, perceived quality and brand association/awareness were introduced for the brand equity dimensions. Results indicated that unlike COM, COB has a direct and significant effect on brand loyalty and COB positively influences perceived quality and brand awareness or association. Brand loyalty has a positive and direct effect on the overall brand equity. The results also indicate the moderating effect of product involvement on relationships between COB and brand equity dimensions.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "Is Medication Information for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Monitored and Coordinated Across Professionals? Findings from a Teacher Survey. Prescription medications are commonly used for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD); however, there is little research regarding how the effect of medication is monitored across settings once prescribed. The present study addressed this issue for children with ASD in school by administering a questionnaire to teachers of students with ASD who were and were not being given medication. Specifically, the questionnaire assessed the teachers' knowledge about whether the child was being given medication, and whether behavior changes or side effects were being communicated in any way to the child's family and prescribing physician. The results showed that for children who were being given medication, fewer than half of the teachers reported knowing the child was being given medication. For those children who were not being given medication, only 53 % of the teachers reported correct information for their students. Of the teachers who knew their students were being given medication, all reported that they were not conferring with the child's prescribing physician regarding behavioral observations or side effects. Whether teachers are blind to the medication types and dosage the students are being given or not, some type of communication to physicians about the children's behavior at school is important. Given the importance of monitoring medication for children with ASD, implications for system change, for professionals and for funding agencies, are discussed.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Intensification of Zinc Bioleaching from a Zinc-Iron Bearing Ore by Condition Optimization and Adding Catalysts. Zinc bioleaching from sphalerite associated with pyrite ore using Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidant was studied. The ore containing 3.4 wt% zinc and in some experiments its combination with sphalerite concentrate was prepared. The effect of culture media, pH, Fe2+ iron concentration, and the addition of different materials including shredded newspaper, starch, and sugar as a catalyst on the zinc bioleaching were evaluated. It was found that 9 K media, pH of 1.8, and 10 g L-1 Fe2+ iron concentration were optimum conditions. The catalysts acted as an electron acceptor for Fe3+ iron reduction. The amount of zinc bioleaching was obtained 88% for the ore and 95% for the second sample at the optimum pH of 1.8 in 18 days. The addition of starch and shredded newspaper increased the bioleaching rate of zinc. Also, the bioleaching time was decreased from 18 days to 10 and 13 days in the presence of shredded newspaper and starch, respectively.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "H-1 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Relaxometry and Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Applications in Food Science and Processing. Low-field bench top H-1 nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) relaxometry instruments have been increasingly popular as analytical tools for engineering research. Magnetic resonance imaging, which is a more advanced approach to NMR technology, provides the researcher with images of the internal structure without any disruption to the sample and has been commonly used in medical applications in analysis of soft tissue. The non-invasive and non-destructive nature coupled with the high discriminative power of LF-NMR and MRI, makes them invaluable tools of analysis for a wide range of applications in food science. This review covers the basic concept behind NMR/MRI technology and discusses some of its most commonly used food applications. The review addresses the food scientist with no prior knowledge of NMR/MRI and aims to supply the reader with both the theory of the method and its fundamentals, as well as the practical uses in scientific research and industrial applications.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Heparinase selectively sheds heparan sulphate from the endothelial glycocalyx. A healthy vascular endothelium is coated by the endothelial glycocalyx. Its main constituents are transmembrane syndecans and bound heparan sulphates. This structure maintains the physiological endothelial permeability barrier and prevents leukocyte and platelet adhesion, thereby mitigating inflammation and tissue oedema. Heparinase, a bacteria] analogue to heparanase, is known to attack the glycocalyx. However, the exact extent and specificity of degradation is unresolved. We show by electron microscopy, immunohistological staining and quantitative measurements of the constituent parts, that heparinase selectively sheds heparan sulphate from the glycocalyx, but not the synclecans.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "The One and the Many in Radhakrishnan's and Hick's Thinking(1). This essay focuses on two eminent thinkers whose perspectives on religious pluralism have attracted much attention: Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (1888-1975), a prominent Indian philosopher, statesman and cultural ambassador to the West, interpreting Indian philosophy and religion to a Western audience, and John Hick (1922-2012), a world renowned British theologian and philosopher of religion, known for his contentious views on Christian beliefs and philosophy of religious pluralism. The paper draws attention to some significant convergences and divergences in their thinking on religious pluralism, which can be seen in how they conceptualise the relation between the One and the Many in their writings.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Preparative-scale synthesis of 3,3,3-trifluoropropene oxide. Bromination of 3,3,3-trifluoropropene in 20% oleum, followed by treatment with acetic acid furnishes 2-bromo-3,3,3-trifluoropropyl acetate in quantitative yield, which upon acid hydrolysis and cyclization with alkali affords 3,3,3-trifluoropropene oxide (TFPO) in 63% overall yield. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All fights reserved.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "16p13.3 microduplication syndrome: A new characteristic case without intellectual disability. This case highlights the importance of an accurate clinical examination and the utility of array-CGH in pediatric patients with a characteristic phenotype but without intellectual disability. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.We report on a de novo microduplication of chromosome 16p13.3 revealed using array-comparative genomic hybridization (array-CGH) technology in a patient presenting with variable congenital anomalies and typical facial dysmorphisms, but with no evidence of developmental delay.Interstitial 16p13.3 microduplication, encompassing the CREBBP gene, is now considered a well recognizable syndrome. To date, 28 patients have been reportedwith a 16p13.3 microduplication. The majority of the patients share a similar phenotype which is mainly characterized by typical facial dysmorphisms and variable intellectual disability. Other features include microcephaly, growth retardation, limb anomalies and defects of the brain, heart, genitalia, palate and eyes.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "High-Resolution Melting of 18S rDNA sequences (18S-HRM) for discrimination of bivalve's species at early juvenile stage: application to a spat survey. It is particularly difficult to identify bivalve species at early development stages (larvae and spat) by morphological examination. Targeting genetic marker commonly used for species identification, we developed a cheap and user friendly tool for bivalve identification through High-Resolution Melting (HRM) analysis. Based on the polymorphism of the nuclear 18S ribosomal RNA gene among 11 orders of bivalve, the 18S-HRM method allowed discriminating species of the Ostreida, Mytilida and Pectinida orders. In this study, this method proved to be a very sensitive tool able to authenticate one species that differed by only one mutation from another one. We applied the method by identifying bivalve species in spat collections from different benthic substrates moored at subtidal and intertidal areas in euhaline conditions. This field survey showed that the settlement of the invasive species Crassostrea gigas was limited vertically to intertidal substrates. In conclusion, the 18S-HRM analysis is a fast, closed-tube method with high resolution and cost effectiveness, and is thus a good alternative method to identify bivalve species. This HRM assay can by applied for species identification of bivalves in the context of ecological management as well as food traceability for bivalves with economical interests.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "The Wolf and the Hare: Boudica's Political Bodies in Tacitus and Dio. This article analyzes how Tacitus and Dio use the concept of exemplarity in their narratives of Boudica's revolt in order to present the queen as a complex model of female leadership. Tacitus' Boudica assimilates herself to positive Roman models from Livy; Dio's Boudica separates herself from Herodotean anti-models, as well as from the imperial women of Rome. In her condemnation of Nero, Dio's Boudica criticizes the populace for succumbing to the influence of a negative model of leadership. Exempla contribute to each author's characterization of Boudica; a comparative reading reveals significant differences in each author's position on the efficacy of exempla in historiography.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Syntheses and quadratic nonlinear optical properties of 2,7-fluorenylene- and 1,4-phenylene-functionalized o-carboranes. o-Carboranes C-functionalized by (4-substituted-phen-1-yl)ethynyl-1,4-phenyl groups or (2-substituted-fluoren-7-yl)ethynyl-2,7-fluorenyl groups, in which the pendant functionalization is electron-withdrawing nitro or electron-donating diphenylamino groups, have been synthesized and in many cases structurally characterized. Diphenylamino-containing examples coupled via the two pi-delocalizable bridges to the electron-accepting o-carborane unit exhibit the greater quadratic optical nonlinearities at 1064 nm (hyper-Rayleigh scattering, ns pulses), the nonlinearities also increasing on proceeding from 1,4-phenylene- to 2,7-fluorenylene-containing bridge. The most NLO-efficient example 2-(n-butyl)-1-(2-((9,9-di(n-butyl)-2-(N,N-diphenylamino)-9H-fluoren-7-yl)ethynyl)-9,9-di(n-butyl)-9H-fluoren-7-yl)-1,2-ortho-carborane, consisting of diphenylamino donor, fluorenyl-containing bridge, o-carborane acceptor, and solubilizing n-butyl units, exhibits large beta(HRS) (230 x 10(-30) esu) and frequency-independent (two-level model) beta(0) (96 x 10(-30) esu) values. Coupling two (2-((9,9-di(n-butyl)-2-(N,N-diphenylamino)-9H-fluoren-7-yl)ethynyl)-9,9-di(n-butyl)-9H-fluoren-7-yl) units to the 1,2-ortho-carborane core affords a di-C-functionalized compound with enhanced nonlinearities (309 x 10(-30) esu and 129 x 10(-30) esu, respectively).", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Factors associated with rates of tobacco treatment delivery by General Practitioners in Greece: Missed opportunities for prevention?. CONCLUSIONS Providers are significantly more frequently delivering tobacco treatment to a sub-group of high-risk patients compared to other tobacco users in their clinical practice. This results in missed opportunities for early intervention and disease prevention.RESULTS Our analysis found clinic characteristics, including the presence of an electronic medical record, being located in a rural setting, and being in private practice were significantly associated with increased rates of tobacco treatment delivery. Female GPs were more likely than males to arrange follow-up (AOR 3.38, 95% CI 1.11, 10.35). Our analysis found a variety of patient-level factors were positively associated with tobacco treatment delivery, including: longer smoking history; presence of a smoking related illness; readiness to quit smoking; and symptoms or a diagnosis of anxiety, depression or other mental health illness. Other patient-level factors were negatively associated with tobacco treatment delivery, including level of education and reason for visit. Patients seen in clinic for episodic care were less likely to be 'asked' (AOR 0.22, 95% CI 0.12, 0.39), 'advised' (AOR 0.22, 95% CI 0.13, 0.38), and receive 'assistance' (AOR 0.36, 95% CI 0.19, 0.66) compared to patients seen in clinic for a medical examination.METHODS We conducted a secondary analysis of data derived from a quasi-experimental study (The TiTAN Crete study) among general practitioners (GPs) in Crete, Greece in 2015-2016. Twenty-four GPs and a cross-sectional sample of 1301 smokers from their practices were surveyed. This paper reports on the results of the multi-level modelling conducted to examine predictors of 4As delivery.INTRODUCTION This study investigates the clinic-, provider- and patient-level factors associated with delivery of 4 (Ask, Advise, Assist, Arrange) elements of the 5As approach to smoking cessation in general practice in Greece.", "label": [2, 21, 23]}
+{"token": "A double intramolecular cage contraction within a self-assembled metallo-supramolecular bowl. When isolated in the high vacuum of an ESI-FTICR mass spectrometer, bowl-shaped metallo-supramolecular M6L4 assemblies undergo a surprising and mechanistically interesting intramolecular double cage contraction to yield smaller M3L2 cages.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "Endogenous formation of coalitions in a model of a race. This paper examines the endogenous formation of coalitions among symmetric firms who are racing to innovate a new product or process. The probability of success depends on a coalition's research intensity, which in turn depends on the R&D of member firms. Forming joint ventures allows firms to maintain a higher research intensity and increase their probability of success. We characterize the equilibrium coalition structure when the innovation is drastic as well as non-drastic and examine its variation with respect to input spillovers and imperfect appropriability of benefits. We also compare equilibrium and efficient coalition structures. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "NGC 2579 and the carbon and oxygen abundance gradients beyond the solar circle. We present deep echelle spectrophotometry of the Galactic H ii region NGC 2579. The data have been taken with the Very Large Telescope Ultraviolet-Visual Echelle Spectrograph in the 3550-10 400 A range. This object, which has been largely neglected, shows however a rather high surface brightness, a high ionization degree and is located at a galactocentric distance of 12.4 +/- 0.7 kpc. Therefore, NGC 2579 is an excellent probe for studying the behaviour of the gas phase radial abundance gradients in the outer disc of the Milky Way. We derive the physical conditions of the nebula using several emission line-intensity ratios as well as the abundances of several ionic species from the intensity of collisionally excited lines. We also determine the ionic abundances of C2+, O+ and O2+ - and therefore the total O abundance - from faint pure recombination lines. The results for NGC 2579 permit to extend our previous determinations of the C, O and C/O gas phase radial gradients of the inner Galactic disc to larger galactocentric distances. We find that the chemical composition of NGC 2579 is consistent with flattened gradients at its galactocentric distance. In addition, we have built a tailored chemical evolution model that reproduces the observed radial abundance gradients of O, C and N and other observational constraints. We find that a levelling out of the star formation efficiency about and beyond the isophotal radius can explain the flattening of chemical gradients observed in the outer Galactic disc.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "A novel crosslinked poly(AMPS-co-VA-co-DVB) viscosifier for high temperature water-based drilling muds. Deep and ultra-deep well exploration is rapidly becoming an important means to meet the enormous world oil and gas demands. Currently, many rheology builders exhibit poor salt tolerance and display low thermal stability at elevated temperatures, rendering them inefficient for deep-drilling operations. In this study, synthesis of a suitable polymer-based rheology enhancer with excellent thermal properties for water-based drilling muds (WBMs) was prepared. The novel polyviscosifier (PI) mainly consisted of 2-acrylamido-2-methy-propane sulfonic acid (AMPS), 4-aminostyrene (VA), and a crosslinker divinylbenzene (DVB), synthesized via a free-radical copolymerization method. The experimental conditions were characterized by a combination of analyses namely FTIR, H-1 NMR, TEM, TGA, ESEM and elemental analysis. The rheological properties of PI as part of the drilling mud system were evaluated and compared with typical commercial viscosifier 80A51. The experimental results showed that adding the optimum PI concentration (1.5wt %) at the aging temperature of 180 degrees C can increase the rheological properties of the drilling mud by 81% compared to 41% of 80A51. PI demonstrated superb thermal resistance of up to 230 degrees C in salt-free condition, with a maximum decomposition temperature of 328 degrees C, and 180 degrees C under 15% brine saturated solution. The high thermal stability was induced by the rigid phenyl ring of 4-aminostyrene, whereas the para-amine functionality strongly enhanced the polymer/bentonite interaction in the drilling mud. PI displayed good shear resistance and larger hydrodynamic volume due to electrostatic repulsion and van der waals forces acting between the chains, compared to viscosifier 80A51 in drilling mud formulations. In general, PI exhibits excellent thermal stability and salt tolerance, promising for practical applications as a rheology additive for enhanced deep-oil recovery in industrial scale-up technology.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "The Evil That Free Will Does: Plantinga's Dubious Defense. Alvin Plantinga's controversial free will defense (FWD) for the problem of evil is an important attempt to show with certainty that moral evils are compatible and justifiable with God's omnipotence and omniscience. I agree with critics who argue that it is untenable and the FWD fails. This paper proposes new criticisms by analyzing Plantinga's presuppositions and objectionable assumptions in God, Freedom and Evil. Notably, his limited concept of omnipotence, and possible worlds theory lack rigorous argument and are subjectively biased with irrelevant weak examples. My ontological possible worlds theory (Possible Conditional Timelines) shows that it is very likely that the omnipotent God exists of necessity in some worlds but perhaps not this one. Omnipotence is total and absolute, and should imply the freedom of will to actualize all worlds God chooses. Plantinga's position regarding God's omniscience of future counterfactuals is implausible based on modal logic conjecture.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Proxy War between Iran and Saudi Arabia. Main Spots of Conflict in the Middle East. The Middle East is a geostrategic spot marked by various conflicts and crises nowadays, which determine the relationship between state actors and non-state actors involved in the area, as well as the establishment of strategies and alliances among them. The main cause of some of these problematic dynamics is the rivalry between two powers: Iran and Saudi Arabia. These states seek the essential goal of standing up themselves as the only political and religious leader in the local scenario. The antagonism of their interests awakens in a climate of high tension and enmity that translates into a form of indirect confrontation, proxy war, which has repercussions in their surroundings, coming up greater instability and insecurity throughout the region.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Safety and Tolerability of Active Immunotherapy Targeting alpha-Synuclein with PD03A in Patients with Early Parkinson's Disease: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Phase 1 Study. Objective: This phase 1 study characterized the safety and tolerability of PD03A in patients with early PD. A key secondary objective was to evaluate immunological activity following immunization.Conclusion: The safety profile and positive antibody response of PD03A supports the further development of active immunotherapeutic approaches for the treatment of PD.Results: Overall, 36 patients were randomized, of which 35 received five immunizations and completed the study. All patients experienced at least one adverse event. Transient local injection site reactions affected all but two patients; otherwise most AEs were considered unrelated to study treatment. A substantial IgG antibody response against PD03 was observed with a maximum titer achieved at Week-12. Differences in titers between both active groups versus placebo were statistically significant from the second immunization at Week-8 until Week-52.Methods: This was a phase 1 study of two different doses of PD03A versus placebo in PD patients. Patients were randomized (1:1:1) to receive four priming plus one booster vaccination of PD03A 15 mu g, PD03A 75 mu g or placebo and were followed for 52 weeks.Background: Immunotherapies targeting alpha-synuclein aim to limit its extracellular spread in the brain and prevent progression of pathology in Parkinson's disease (PD). PD03A is a specific active immunotherapy (SAIT) involving immunization with a short peptide formulation.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "Multicenter study using standardized protocols and reagents for evaluation of reproducibility of PCR-based fingerprinting of Acinetobacter spp.. Seven laboratories in six European countries examined 40 isolates belonging to the Acinetobacter calcoaceticus-Acinetobacter baumannii complex to investigate whether standardized protocols and quality-controlled reagents could produce reliable, discriminatory, and reproducible PCR-based fingerprinting results, Four PCR protocols with different primers (primers DAF4, ERIC-2, M13, and REP1 + REP2) were used. The epidemiological conclusions reached by the participating laboratories were substantially correct, with 96.4% of the total isolate grouping allocations agreeing with the consensus view, All laboratories identified the main epidemiological clusters, and each laboratory also identified two non-outbreak-related isolates. There were no significant differences between the isolate grouping results obtained by the different protocols and with the different primers, Visual comparison indicated that the standardized protocols and reagents yielded reproducible fingerprint patterns, but with some variations in particular band intensities. Minor variations in fingerprint profiles were detected, but computer-assisted analysis of PCR fingerprints obtained on agarose gels demonstrated that 88.3 to 91.6% (depending on the source of DNA) of the patterns clustered correctly, while 96.4 to 98.9% of the patterns clustered correctly following automated high-resolution laser fluorescence analysis. Correlation of the patterns for isogenic isolates ranged from 83.3 to 86.6% but was slightly better (mean correlation, 87.1%) for centrally prepared DNA extracts than for DNA extracts prepared by individual laboratories (mean correlation, 84.7%). It was concluded that independently produced PCR fingerprint patterns can be obtained reproducibly for Acinetobacter spp. at the practical level if (i) quality-controlled reagents, (ii) standardized extraction of DNA, and (iii) standardized amplification conditions are used.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Legionella antibiotic susceptibility testing: is it time for international standardization and evidence-based guidance?. Legionella pneumophila, a Gram-negative bacillus, is the causative agent of Legionnaire's disease, a form of severe community-acquired pneumonia. Infection can have high morbidity, with a high proportion of patients requiring ICU admission, and up to 10% mortality, which is exacerbated by the lack of efficacy of typical empirical antibiotic therapy against Legionella spp. The fastidious nature of the entire Legionellaceae family historically required inclusion of activated charcoal in the solid medium to remove growth inhibitors, which inherently interferes with accurate antimicrobial susceptibility determination, an acknowledged methodological shortfall, now rectified by a new solidmedium that gives results comparable to those of microbroth dilution. Here, as an international Legionella community (with authors representing various international reference laboratories, countries and clinical stakeholders for diagnosis and treatment of legionellosis), we set out recommendations for the standardization of antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods, guidelines and reference strains to facilitate an improved era of antibiotic resistance determination.", "label": [2, 4, 21, 24, 40]}
+{"token": "Melatonin protects blood-brain barrier integrity and perm-ability by inhibiting matrix metalloproteinase-9 via the NOTCH3/NF-kappa B patnway. The pathophysiological mechanism of white matter hyperintensities of cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) includes an impaired blood-brain barrier (BBB) with increased permeability. Neuroinflammation likely contributes to the disruption of the BBB in CSVD. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanism of how neuroinflammation causes BBB damage is essential to preventing BBB disruption in CSVD. Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) contributes to BBB damage in neuroinflammatory diseases. In this study, we observed that interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta)-induced MMP-9 secretion in pericytes increased BBB permeability to sodium fluorescein (Na-F) by damaging the disruption of VE-cadherin, occludin, claudin-5, and zonula occludin-1 (ZO-1). Melatonin reduced BBB permeability to Na-F and inhibited the disruption of the adherens and tight junction proteins. Melatonin also downregulated MMP-9 and upregulated tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP-1) gene expression, which decreased the MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio. In addition, nuclear translocation of NF-kappa B/p65 induced by IL-1 beta in pericytes upregulated MMP-9 expression, which was inhibited by the NF-kappa B inhibitor PDTC. However, the NOTCH3 inhibitor DAPT significantly inhibited NF-kappa B/p65 translocation to the nucleus, while melatonin in combination with DAPT significantly prevented NF-kappa B/p65 translocation than DAPT alone. Our results suggest that melatonin reduced MMP-9-induced permeability of the BBB. Melatonin reduced MMP-9 expression and activity, which was induced by IL-1 beta through the regulation of the NOTCH3/NF-kappa B signaling pathway in pericytes, suggesting that pericytes regulate BBB integrity and function.", "label": [2, 4, 21, 39]}
+{"token": "Modulation of astroglial energy metabolism by nitric oxide. Activated astroglial cells produce large amounts of nitric oxide (NO) which, through the binding to soluble guanylyl cyclase, rapidly increases cyclic GMP concentrations. In addition, through the binding with the a-a(3) binuclear center of cytochrome c oxidase, NO rapidly decreases the affinity of this complex for O-2, hence reversibly inhibiting the mitochondrial electron flux and ATP synthesis. Despite promoting a profound degree of mitochondrial inhibition, astrocytes show remarkable resistance to NO and peroxynitrite, whereas neurons are highly vulnerable. Recent evidence suggests that the inhibition of mitochondrial respiration by these nitrogen-derived reactive species leads to the modulation of key regulatory steps of glucose metabolism. Thus, upregulation of glucose uptake, the stimulation of glycolysis and the activation of pentose-phosphate pathway appear to be important sites of action. The stimulation of these glucose-metabolizing pathways by NO would represent a transient attempt by the glial cells to compensate for energy impairment and oxidative stress, and thus to emerge from an otherwise pathological outcome.", "label": [2, 4, 21, 39]}
+{"token": "Emergency learning during the COVID-19 pandemic: experiences and reflections from a virtual community of practice. Purpose This study aims to reflect on the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on education and draw some tentative assumptions from the information and experiences gathered from participants in this community about their possible impact on the future of education. Design/methodology/approach This study uses a single-case descriptive case study that analyses some indicators of changes in teaching and learning that have taken place to date in the pandemic period as seen from Docentes en linea, a virtual community of practice of the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. Findings A number of shortcomings in the educational system, technological infrastructure and teacher formation in many of our members' countries. Concurrently, rising interest in the use of information and communication technology (ICT) in education and a new awareness of possible changes. Research limitations/implications Part of the data comes from informal sources; therefore, they cannot be completely systematised or quantified. Besides, the results are provisional because the pandemic has not ended. Originality/value This analysis was conducted on the basis of first-hand data collected in the activity developed by the members of this virtual community of practice. There is little research on this type of activity at the moment.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Realizing enhanced dielectric and mechanical performance of polyvinylidene fluoride/SiC nanocomposites through a bio-inspired interface design. The incorporation of high-dielectric permittivity ceramic or conductive fillers into the polymer is an effective method to obtain flexible high-performance dielectric materials, but it is still a huge challenge to achieve a balance between dielectric and mechanical properties. In this paper, we report a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanocomposite based on a novel crab leg-like filler, in which Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) were decorated on the surface of polydopamine (PDA)-coated silicon carbide (SiC) nanowhiskers (NWs). Compared with the nanocomposites with as-received SiC, this PVDF/SiC@PDA@Ag nanocomposites exhibited significantly suppressed dielectric loss (0.03 at 1 kHz) and leakage current. The Argant plot (epsilon'-epsilon '' curve) and electric modulus analysis demonstrated that the inhibition of the organic layer of PDA to interface polarization and the coulomb-blockade effect of AgNPs hindered carrier transport, which resulted in the largely suppressed dielectric loss. Furthermore, while the dielectric properties were improved, the PVDF/SiC@PDA@Ag nanocomposites also exhibited excellent mechanical and thermal conductivity. Ultimately, the nanocomposites prepared via this method are promising for applications in microelectronic devices.", "label": [1, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "Heterogeneous tax sensitivity of firm-level investments. This paper introduces a stylized theoretical framework to identify five different firm types depending on their financial situation and their ownership structure. The model explains the heterogeneous tax sensitivity of firm-level investments. The empirical analysis uses a large firm database for 24 countries allowing for a quantification of the regime-specific investment responses to taxation and identifies the partly latent firm types using a threshold estimation approach. We find important differences in the tax sensitivity of investment across firm-types for dividend as well as for corporate taxation. The impact of corporate taxation is substantially higher for entrepreneurial firms than for managerial firms. In contrast, dividend taxation has a comparable negative effect for cash-constrained managerial firms and entrepreneurial firms but no significant impact on their unconstrained counterparts. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Taxonomy of the Leptogenys chalybaea species group (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Ponerinae) from Southeast Asia. Leptogenys atra sp. n., L. chalybaea, and L. cyanicatena sp. n. are described from Southeast Asia. These three species are distinguished from other congeners by their eye position and the shapes of the clypeal median lobe and petiolar node. The L. chalybaea species group is proposed based on the similarity of these three species. A key to the species in this group is provided. Colonies of this group contain many ergatoid queens, of which virgin queens do not reproduce, but instead remain in the colony. We believe that they form a multi-purpose caste that can either reproduce or function as helpers. Chain-making behavior for the collective transport of food was confirmed in L. atra and L. cyanicatena. Furthermore, as supporting information, an update key to the Oriental species of Leptogenys is presented.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "PSYCHOSOCIAL ANALYSIS ON COMMUNITY-HEALTH EDUCATION EXPERIENCES. Four experiences in health education in communities located in the state of Lara in Venezuela were analyzed from a sociopsychological perspective.  Under a qualitative approach, the information was obtained from three sources:  documental analysis of didactic material; participant observation in workshops, and interviews to leaders and participants.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "KVAM: model for measuring knowledge management performance of engineering community of practice. The research presents the development of the knowledge value-adding model (KVAM) for quantitative performance measurement of the community of practice (CoP) of the knowledge management system (KMS) in an A/E consulting firm. The proposed KVAM combines several existing KM theories including knowledge creation spiral, knowledge chain model, and knowledge value added theory to form a process-level model for measuring the performance of a generic community of practice (CoP). Case study results show that the proposed KVAM provides KM managers with a useful tool not only to monitor the performance of a CoP and its members but also to plan an effective strategy for performance improvement. Unlike the traditional organizational-level approaches, the proposed KVAM was concluded to better reflect the actual values solely generated by the KMS rather than other management factors.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "The impact of the Quality and Outcomes Framework (QOF) on the recording of smoking targets in primary care medical records: cross-sectional analyses from The Health Improvement Network (THIN) database. Background: Smoking is a UK public health threat but GPs can be effective in helping patients to quit; consequently, the Quality and Outcomes Framework (QOF) incentivises the recording of smoking status and delivery of cessation advice in patients' medical records. This study investigates the association between smoking-related QOF targets and such recording, and the factors which influence these clinical activities.Methods: For 2000 to 2008, using medical records in The Health Improvement Network (THIN) database, the annual proportions of i) patients who had a record of smoking status made in the previous 27 months and ii) current smokers recorded as receiving cessation advice in the previous 15 months were calculated. Then, for all patients at selected points before and after the QOF's implementation, data on gender, age, Townsend score, and smoking-related morbidity were extracted. Multivariate logistic regression was used to investigate individual-level characteristics associated with the recording of smoking status and cessation advice.Results: Rapid increases in recording smoking status and advice occurred around the QOF's introduction in April 2004. Subsequently, compliance to targets has been sustained, although rates of increase have slowed. By 2008 64.5% of patients aged 15+ had smoking status documented in the previous 27 months and 50.5% of current smokers had cessation advice recorded in the last 15 months. Adjusted odds ratios show that, both before and after the introduction of the QOF, those with chronic medical conditions, greater social deprivation and women were more likely to have a recent recording of smoking status or cessation advice. Since the QOF's introduction, the strongest characteristic associated with recording activities was the presence of co-morbidity. An example of this was patients with COPD, who in 2008, were 15.38 (95% CI 13.70-17.27) times and 11.72 (95% CI 10.41-13.21) times more likely to have a record of smoking status and cessation advice, respectively.Conclusions: Rates of recording smoking status and cessation advice plateaued after large increases during the QOF's introduction; however, recording remains most strongly associated with the presence of chronic disease as specified by the QOF, and suggests that incentivised targets have a direct effect on clinical behaviour.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Bandpass Class-F Power Amplifier Based on Multifunction Hybrid Cavity-Microstrip Filter. This brief presents a filter-integrated high-efficiency class-F power amplifier (PA). The hybrid cavity-microstrip filtering circuit is employed not only to realize output impedance matching and the third-harmonicmanipulation but also to provide high-selectivity bandpass responses. To fulfill the requirements of high-efficiency class-F PAs, cavity resonators and microstrip feeding structures are involved, and their benefits are fully exploited. The metal cavity resonator features a high Q value and, thus, low loss in the passband, resulting in high efficiency. Moreover, metal walls of cavities act as heat sink for the transistor. The microstrip feeding structures are used to improve the skirt selectivity and manipulate the third harmonic. Moreover, it features easy integration with the transistor, and thus, the transition between cavity and microstrip lines is eliminated. The hybrid filter is characterized based on filter synthesis theory. Complex impedance conversion analysis is carried out to guide the impedance transformation from 50 Omega to a complex one desired by the transistor. For demonstration, a filtering PA operating at 2.4 GHz is designed and measured. It exhibits both high-selectivity bandpass responses and good PA performance with maximum power-added efficiency of 70.9% at 40.8-dBm output power.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Effect of Welsh onion (Allium fistulosum L.) on breadmaking properties. Breadmaking properties, such as bread height and specific volume, were improved in bread, made with wheat flour blended with Welsh onion (Allium fistulosum L.) powder, which is high in di-n-propyl disulfide (Pro(2)S(2)). Breadmaking properties also were improved in bread prepared from wheat flour blended with Pro(2)S(2) alone. Bra-bender farinographs of Welsh onion powder/wheat flour and Pro(2)S(2)/wheat flour showed interesting properties in modifying the width of the tail. Size-exclusion high performance liquid chromatography of the wheat proteins in the control and blended flours showed a profile of low, medium, and high molecular weight peaks. The area of the high molecular weight peak was larger in the 2 blended flours than in control, indicating this protein was important for the improvement.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "H. J. Fleure: a paradigm for inter-war race thinking in Britain. In the inter-war years, the politicization of 'race', especially in Nazi Germany during the 1930s, produced a dilemma for race scientists in Britain. For the most part deeply unsympathetic to the Nazi regime, they nevertheless found it difficult to dismiss the concept of 'race' when analysing and classifying the peoples of the world. Kushner argues that the leading geographer and anthropologist H. J. Fleure provides an intriguing paradigm in the British case. He was a strong and genuine opponent of the Nazi regime who made great efforts to help its Jewish victims, both by providing refugees with support and by giving lectures and writing articles attacking antisemitism and the concept of 'Aryanism'. Even so, Fleure never fully abandoned race science, even after the Second World War. The failure of even progressive thinkers such as Fleure to leave behind racial categorization, according to Kushner, had a lingering impact after 1945. It led to confusion in the use of terminology well into the twentieth century and beyond, enabling the continuation and revival of race science in a direction opposite to that intended by Fleure and others who found racism morally repugnant.", "label": [3, 27]}
+{"token": "Health systems reforms in Latin America: neoliberal influences and challenges to the Sustainable Development Goals. This study analyzes the characteristics of health system reforms in Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries, the trend of public health spending, and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). It also discusses the neoliberal influences on public health reforms and the possible consequences for the upcoming Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The study is a comparative, non-exhaustive literature review of selected countries, with data extracted from CEPALStat, Global Health Observatory, MDG Indicators platforms, and the Health in the Americas reports available in the Institutional Repository for Information Sharing of the Pan American Health Organization. The reforms were divided into three periods, namely: up to 1990, with a prevailing regulated national solidarity logic; 1990-2000, moving towards a market-oriented competitive logic; 2001-2015, evolving towards public logic programs, maintaining competition between service providers. Public spending fluctuated over time, and the MDG targets analyzed were not completely met. Changes in health systems followed the models prescribed by neoliberalism, with market-oriented competitive logic, weakening the care system and the achievement of the SDGs.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Calculation of the mean orbit of a meteoroid stream. The traditional approach used for averaging the parameters of a meteoroid gives results that are biased by several conceptual defects: among others things, the mean orbital elements do not satisfy the laws of celestial mechanics. The Voloshchuk & Kashcheev method in the domain of geocentric parameters removes all of these defects except one: the epoch corresponding to the mean geocentric values, which is critical for the calculation of the mean heliocentric orbital elements from the mean geocentric radiant coordinates and velocity. We propose a new approach: our solution gives the mean orbital elements and the geocentric radiant parameters of the meteor stream, free from all conceptual faults. Instead of the Keplerian orbital elements, we average the heliocentric vectorial elements, and the solution is obtained by the least-squares method completed by placing two constraints on the mean vectorial elements. One may calculate the corresponding geocentric parameters using the theoretical radiant approach. However, to obtain mutually numerically consistent helioparameters and geoparameters, all members of the stream should be pre-integrated into a common epoch of time. Our approach, due to simultaneous averaging of seven variables, is limited to the streams of seven or more members only. We give the results of the numerical example, which shows that the mean values obtained by our approach differ slightly from those obtained by the traditional averaging. However, for some streams and for some particular orbital elements, the differences can exceeds 2 au in the semimajor axes or 0.5 in the angular orbital elements.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "The Stability of Facial Attractiveness: Is It What You've Got or What You Do with It?. Physical attractiveness is suggested to be an indicator of biological quality and therefore should be stable. However, transient factors such as gaze direction and facial expression affect facial attractiveness, suggesting it is not. We compared the relative importance of variation between faces with variation within faces due to facial expressions. 128 participants viewed photographs of 14 men and 16 women displaying the six basic facial expressions (anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise) and a neutral expression. Each rater saw each model only once with a randomly chosen expression. The effect of expressions on attractiveness was similar in male and female faces, although several expressions were not significantly different from each other. Identity was 2.2 times as important as emotion in attractiveness for both male and female pictures, suggesting that attractiveness is stable. Since the hard tissues of the face are unchangeable, people may still be able to perceive facial structure whatever expression the face is displaying, and still make attractiveness judgements based on structural cues.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Production of the ZnO-folic acid nanoparticles and poly(vinyl alcohol) nanocomposites: investigation of morphology, wettability, thermal, and antibacterial properties. The packaging system is one of the most challenging researches, in which antibacterial agents were embedded. In this research activity, we used folic acid (FA), as a biosafe and biodegradable substance for the surface modification of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs). Then, the ZnO-FA NPs as nanofillers were inserted in the poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) with different weight percentages (2, 5, and 8 wt%, relative to polymer weight). The synthesized substances were characterized using various analyses like Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, water contact angle, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. The image of transmission electron microscopy analysis displayed the excellent dispersal of the ZnO-FA NPs within the polymeric matrix. By increasing the percentage of the modified ZnO NPs into the PVA, the intensity of the absorption peaks in the UV-Vis spectra was raised, and the thermal stability ofNC films got better compared to the pure polymer. PVA/ZnO-FA NC film 8 wt% showed better antibacterial activity than the pure PVA and had the best resistance against Grampositive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus).", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "The impact of an exciting store environment on consumer pleasure and shopping intentions. In this paper, we reinvestigate whether a stimulating store environment is beneficial or whether it could have a negative effect on consumers. Consistent with previous studies we find that the answer lies in the consumer's motivational orientation: a stimulating in-store experience has a positive effect on pleasantness and shopping intentions for consumers with a recreational motive while at the same time having a negative effect on both pleasantness and shopping intentions for task-oriented consumers. (C) 2015 Elsevier BM. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "Ectopia ureteris - A contribution to diagnostic, therapy and pathology. Because of urinary incontinence since birth and a resulting extensive chronic dermatitis at the hindlimbs a standard-bred mare was admitted to different clinics for examination.Examinations which were performed by vaginoscopical, endoscopical and radiographical means at 2 months, 6 months and 18 months of age did not lead to diagnostic clarification, so that the horse was put down. The following section of the carcass revealed an ectopia ureteris with an urethral orifice of the left ureter. So the present paper summarises the different possibilities of clinico-diagnostical and surgical-therapeutical approaches in cases of suspected ectopia ureteris in order to enable earliest diagnosis since the early diagnosis proposes successfull treatment of the anomaly by surgical means.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Further from the truth: The impact of moving from in-person to online settings on dishonest behavior. Recent policies require some interactions previously conducted in close social proximity (e.g., school, workplace) to take place remotely, which motivates our investigation of how in-person versus online environments impact honesty. We modify a well-known coin-flip task and examine the influence of going from the physical laboratory environment, to online with identifiable participants (using the same lab-based subject pool). We also compare behavior in these treatments to that from an online subject pool that is fully anonymous. For this we use Amazon Mechanical Turk (mTurk). Surprisingly, while a simple move from in-lab to online (using the same subject pool) appears to increase \\\\'fake effort\\\\' - those who likely never flip the coin - it does not predict more dishonest behavior when there is a monetary incentive to cheat. We find the more socially distant and anonymous participants (mTurk workers) are most likely to be deemed cheaters in our analysis (i.e., more likely to report coin flip outcomes consistent with cheating for monetary gain). Implications of our findings indicate the greatest risk of potentially costly dishonest behavior results when anonymity, not just social distance, is high.", "label": [5, 45]}
+{"token": "Wrapper design for the reuse of a bus, network-on-chip, or other functional interconnect as test access mechanism. A new core test wrapper design approach is proposed which transports streaming test data, for example scan test patterns, into and out of an embedded core exclusively via (some of) its functional data ports. The latter are typically based on standardised protocols such as AXI, DTL, and OCP. The new wrapper design allows a functional interconnect, such as an on-chip bus or network-on-chip (NOC) to transport test data to embedded cores, and hence eliminates the need for a conventional dedicated test access mechanism (TAM), such as a TestRail or test bus. The approach leaves both the tester, as well as the embedded core and its test unchanged, while the functional interconnect can handle the test data transport as a regular data application. The functional interconnect is required to offer guaranteed throughput and zero latency variation, a service that is available in many buses and networks. For 672 example cases based on the ITC'02 System-on-Chip (SOC) Test Benchmarks, the new approach in comparison with the conventional approach shows an average wrapper area increase of 14.5%, which is negligible at the SOC level, especially since the dedicated TAM can be eliminated. Futhermore, the new approach decreases the core test length by 3.8% on average.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Two Allelopathic Substances from Plumbago rosea Stem Extracts and Their Allelopathic Effects. The plant Plumbago rosea Linn., belonging to the Plumbaginaceae family, is an important medicinal herb distributed in part of Southeast Asia, and there are many reports of its pharmacological properties. However, the allelopathic activities of P. rosea have not been examined. Thus, the present study was conducted to assess the allelopathic activity of P. rosea and to identify its allelopathic substances. The aqueous methanol stem extract of P. rosea significantly suppressed the seedling growth of barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli L. P. Beauv.), Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), timothy (Phleum pretense L.), cress (Lepidium sativum L.), lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). The extract of P. rosea was then purified through chromatographic steps, and two active substances were isolated and determined as 7,4',5'-tri-O-methyl dihydroquercetin and 7,4',5'-tri-O-methylampelopsin. The two compounds significantly inhibited the seedling growth of cress, with 7,4',5'-tri-O-methylampelopsin showing a greater inhibitory effect than 7,4',5'-tri-O-methyl dihydroquercetin. This result may be due to the 3'-OH group in 7,4',5'-tri-O-methylampelopsin. The effective concentrations of both compounds required for 50% growth inhibition (EC50 values) of cress seedlings were 0.24 mM and 0.59 mM for root and shoot, and 0.07 mM and 0.21 mM, respectively. These findings suggest that the two compounds may contribute to the allelopathic effect of P. rosea and could be used as a natural source of allelopathic substances.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "The clandestine political economy of war and peace in Bosnia. Most contemporary intrastate military conflicts have a criminalized dimension: In various ways and to varying degrees they use smuggling networks and criminal actors to create and sustain the material basis for warfare. Despite its importance, the criminalized side of intrastate war and its legacy for postwar reconstruction is not a central focus of analysis in most scholarly accounts of armed conflict. A detailed examination of the Bosnian conflict illustrates the explanatory usefulness of a \\\\'bottom up,\\\\' clandestine political economy approach to the study of war and post-war reconstruction. Drawing on interviews with former military leaders, local and international officials, and in-country observers, I argue that the outbreak, persistence, termination, and aftermath of the 1992-1995 war cannot be explained without taking into account the critical role of smuggling practices and quasi-private criminal combatants. The article suggests the need for greater bridging and broadening of the study of security, political economy, and crime.", "label": [5, 47, 49]}
+{"token": "Crumbs 3b promotes tight junctions in an ezrin-dependent manner in mammalian cells. Crumbs 3 (CRB3) is a component of epithelial junctions, which has been implicated in apical-basal polarity, apical identity, apical stability, cell adhesion, and cell growth. CRB3 undergoes alternative splicing to yield two variants: CRB3a and CRB3b. Here, we describe novel data demonstrating that, as with previous studies on CRB3a, CRB3b also promotes the formation of tight junctions (TJs). However, significantly we demonstrate that the 4.1-ezrin-radixin-moesin-binding motif of CRB3b is required for CRB3b functionality and that ezrin binds to the FBM of CRB3b. Furthermore, we show that ezrin contributes to CRB3b functionality and the correct distribution of TJ proteins. We demonstrate that both CRB3 isoforms are required for the production of functionally mature TJs and also the localization of ezrin to the plasma membrane. Finally, we demonstrate that reduced CRB3b expression in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) correlates with cytoplasmic ezrin, a biomarker for aggressive disease, and shows evidence that while CRB3a expression has no effect, low CRB3b and high cytoplasmic ezrin expression combined may be prognostic for HNSCC.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Effects of weed control strategy on weed dynamics, soybean productivity and profitability under conservation agriculture in India. Weed management in conservation agriculture is very important for attaining sustainable crop yields. The effect of tillage, crop establishment techniques and weed management practices was evaluated on weed population of Echirzochloa colona (L.) Link and Digera arvensis (Forssk) as well as the productivity of soybean in the soybean. wheat system during 2009-2012. The four main treatments, viz. conventional-tillage with raised bed (CT-B), conventional tillage with flat bed (CT-F), zero-tillage with raised bed (ZT-B), and zero-tillage with flat bed (ZT-F), and four sub-treatments, viz. unweeded control, pendimethalin 0.75 kg ha(-1) as pre-emergence(PE) followed by one hand weeding at 30 days after sowing (DAS); pendimethalin 0.75 kg ha(-1) as PE followed by imazethapyr 0.075 kg ha(-1) as post-emergence (POE), and imazethapyr 0.075 kg ha(-1) as POE were evaluated in split-plot design with three replications. Results indicated that total weed density and biomass was maximum in the first year, and declined gradually in third and fourth years. In 2009, ZT-F recorded the highest weed density and weed biomass followed by ZT-B. However in 2012, the highest weed density and weed biomass was observed in CT-F, while the lowest weed biomass was found in ZT-B followed by CT-B. In 2009, the highest grain and stover yield of soybean was recorded in CT-B but ZT-B out-yielded all other treatments from 2010 onwards. The highest gross and net returns were found in ZT-B and ZT-F during the study period. Application of pendimethalin at 0.75 kg ha(-1) along with one hand weeding at 30 days after sowing recorded the lowest total weed density and biomass. This treatment also recorded higher grain yield but lower net returns compared to pendimethalin 0.75 kg ha(-1) + imazethapyr 0.075 kg ha(-1). Overall, application of pendimethalin as PE and imazethapyr as POE in ZT proved to be the most effective herbicide strategy for weed management in soybean leading to higher grain yield and net returns, irrespective of crop establishment practices. However, high infestation of other weeds species such as Dactyloctenium aegyptiutn (L.) Willd, Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nees, Eieusine indica (L.) and Phyllanthus niruri (L.) in ZT is a concern. Furthermore, the possible build-up of herbicide residuals and its impact on the environment needs to be studied to devise an effective weed management strategy for soybean.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "Pingos on Earth and Mars. Pingos are massive ice-cored mounds that develop through pressurized groundwater flow mechanisms. Pingos and their collapsed forms are found in periglacial and paleoperiglacial terrains on Earth, and have been hypothesized for a wide variety of locations on Mars. This literature review of pingos on Earth and Mars first summarizes the morphology of terrestrial pingos and their geologic contexts. That information is then used to asses hypothesized pingos on Mars. Pingo-like forms (PLFs) in Utopia Planitia are the most viable candidates for pingos or collapsed pingos. Other PLFs hypothesized in the literature to be pingos may be better explained with other mechanisms than those associated with terrestrial-style pingos. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd, All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 31]}
+{"token": "The Next Climate Treaty? Pedagogical and Policy Lessons of Classroom Negotiations. Scholars and policy pundits have advanced more than thirteen different designs of a climate change treaty to succeed the Kyoto Protocol. Each of these designs claims to correct the defects of the current agreement. But what kind of a treaty is likely to pass the test of international and domestic politics and negotiations? Can we learn something about the hurdles and opportunities for climate cooperation from negotiations simulations in the classroom? The paper engages these questions by analyzing an experimental course design organized around simulated negotiations of the next climate change treaty. Unlike classroom simulations which rely on hypothetical scenarios, this course sought to approximate actual domestic and international constraints within which countries negotiate. The paper details the structure of the course, the ways in which it familiarizes students with domestic and international climate politics, and the components of the negotiations module. The analysis examines the pedagogical impact and policy learning associated with the simulation and draws conclusions about the broader applicability of this approach.", "label": [5, 47]}
+{"token": "Effects of larval antlions Euroleon nostras (Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae) and their pits on the escape-time of ants. Pit-building antlions are predators with a unique predation strategy, namely using pitfall traps constructed in loose sand to catch prey. Here, prey escape-time in the field is measured by introducing ants into one of four different treatment arenas. The first treatment lacks pits and antlions, the second includes 10 antlions that did not build pits, the third comprises eight artificially constructed pits, and the fourth is a treatment of eight antlions in pits and two without pits. Their pits are of a similar size to those used in the third treatment. When antlions are present without constructing pits, they impede the dispersal of prey. The mean escape-time for one half of the released ants is twice as long with antlions present as without them. When pits are present, the time taken for one half of the released ants to escape the predator is more than 10 times as long as when pits are absent. Escape-time from artificial pits is three times that from nonpit building antlions. Pits hinder the escape of ants and therefore increase the amount of time that the prey is available for capture. In the area where the pits are occupied by antlions, escape-time is four times longer than in a treatment with similar sized artificial pits. Thus, it appears that not only a pit, but also the presence of antlions influences the capture success.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "THE ROLE OF INTERACTIONAL AGREEABLENESS IN RESPONSIVE TREATMENTS FOR PATIENTS WITH BORDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER. It has been shown that agreeableness of patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) had an impact on therapy process and outcome (Hirsh, Quilty, Bagby, & McMain, 2012). The goal of our study was to test whether agreeableness affects the therapeutic alliance and outcome assessed after brief treatment for BPD, and whether this link is moderated by therapist responsiveness. We compared two types of interventions (N = 60) in 10-session treatments (Kramer et al., 2014): a general psychiatric management (GPM)-based treatment and the same treatment supplemented with motive-oriented therapeutic relationship (MOTR), based on plan analysis case conceptualizations (PA; Caspar, 1995), as operationalization of therapist responsiveness. The results showed that there was a significant link between agreeableness and outcome for the GPM, but not for the MOTR. No links between agreeableness and the therapeutic alliance were found in both conditions. MOTR enables suppression of the influences of the patient's initial characteristics on the therapeutic results.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Consumer intentions to engage in s-commerce: a cross-national study. Social media has reached global proportions; yet, little is known about how consumers engage with firms in ways that lead to social commerce (s-commerce) - an emerging area of importance in the literature. This study addresses this gap and extends previous research by examining factors that influence consumers' intentions to engage in s-commerce in four countries: Chile, Spain, South Africa and Australia. Specifically, this study develops and tests a model of consumers' intentions to engage in s-commerce through brands' Facebook pages incorporating personal variables (involvement in brands' products and services, satisfaction with brands' Facebook page), trust variables (message credibility of Facebook posts, trust in firms' Facebook) and social variables (peer communication, social media dependency, online social interaction propensity) on predicting intentions to purchase products and services through brands' Facebook pages if s-commerce was available to them. The findings show that the main drivers of s-commerce engagement are message credibility, trust in the brands' Facebook, involvement, peer communication and online social interaction propensity, as influencers of consumer satisfaction with brands' Facebook and social media dependency, which in turn drive intentions to engage in s-commerce. Contributing to theory and practice, these relationships are discussed for the four countries involved in the study.", "label": [5, 44, 46]}
+{"token": "THE BULBAR NETWORK OF RESPIRATORY NEURONS DURING APNEUSIS INDUCED BY A BLOCKADE OF NMDA RECEPTORS. Our aim was to study the mechanisms producing the transition from the inspiratory phase to the expiratory phase of the breathing cycle.  For this purpose we observed the changes affecting the discharge patterns and excitabilities of the different types of respiratory neurons within the respiratory network in cat medulla, after inducing an apneustic respiration with the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist MK-801 given systemically.  Respiratory neurons were recorded extracellularly through the central barrel of multibarrelled electrodes, in the ventral respiratory area of pentobarbitalanesthetized, vagotomized, paralyzed and ventilated cats.  Inhibitions exerted on each neuron by the pre-synaptic pools of respiratory neurons were revealed when the neuron was depolarized by an iontophoretic application of the excitatory amino-acid analogue quisqualate.  Cycle-triggered time histograms of the spontaneous and quisqualate-increased discharge of respiratory neurons were constructed in eupnea and in apneusis induced with MK-801.  During apneustic breathing, the activity of the respiratory neuronal network changed throughout the entire respiratory cycle including the post-inspiratory phase, and the peak discharge rates of all types of respiratory neurons, except the late-expiratory type, decreased.  During apneusis, the activity of the post-inspiratory neuronal pool, the post-inspiratory depression of other respiratory neurons, and the phrenic nerve after-discharge were reduced (but not totally suppressed), whereas the discharge of some post-inspiratory neurons shifted into the apneustic plateau.  The shortened post-inspiration (stage 1 of expiration) altered the organization of the expiratory phase.  Late-expiratory neurons (stage 2 of expiration) discharged earlier in expiration and their discharge rate increased.  The inspiratory on-switching was functionally unaffected.  Early inspiratory neurons of the decrementing type retained a decrementing pattern followed by a reduced discharge rate in the apneustic plateau, whereas early-inspiratory neurons of the constant type maintained a high discharge rate throughout the apneustic plateau.  Inspiratory augmenting neurons, late-inspiratory and \\\\'off-switch\\\\' neurons also discharged throughout the apneustic plateau.  During the apneustic plateau, the level of activity was constant in the phrenic nerve and in inspiratory neurons of the early-constant, augmenting, and late types.  However, progressive changes in the activity of other neuronal types demonstrated the evolving state of the respiratory network in the plateau phase.  There was a slowed but continued decrease of the activity of early-inspiratory decrementing neurons, accompanied by an increasing activity and/or excitability of \\\\'off-switch\\\\', post-inspiratory and late-expiratory neurons.  In apneusis there was a decoupling of the duration of inspiration and expiration.  The variability of inspiratory duration increased five-fold whereas the variability of expiration was unchanged.  We conclude that in the apneustic state, (1) inspiratory on-switching and the successive activation of the different inspiratory neuronal types are preserved; (2) near the end of the inspiratory ramp, the reversible phase of inspiratory off-switching is prolonged, producing the apneustic plateau, and (3) the irreversible phase of off-switching is impaired by a reduced activity of post-inspiratory neurons.These results support the 3-phase model of respiratory rhythm generation, in which key roles are played by early-inspiratory and post-inspiratory neurons.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "Non-nucleoside inhibitors of herpesviruses. While the treatment of herpes simplex virus with acyclovir and similar nucleoside analogues was one of the first success stories in antiviral chemotherapy, substantial unmet medical needs remain for herpesvirus diseases. In particular, the increasing numbers of immunosuppressed people due to AIDS, transplantation, cancer and aging has driven the need for improved antivirals to treat diseases caused by human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). Currently available drugs for the treatment of HCMV diseases are less than ideal agents due to issues of toxicity modest efficacy and poor oral bioavailability. High throughput screening of large compound collections for inhibitors of specific viral enzymes or inhibition of viral growth in cell culture have identified a number of new HCMV inhibitors at several pharmaceutical companies. These compounds act by inhibition of novel molecular targets such as the viral protein kinase, viral protease and viral proteins involved in DNA cleavage/packaging. In addition, novel non-nucleoside inhibitors of the herpesvirus DNA polymerase have recently been described. This review will summarise some of these research efforts and will focus on non-nucleoside compounds that directly inhibit a viral process. Copyright (C) 2002 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Revocation by consent: The United States Parole Commission's expedited revocation procedure. This article examines the United States Parole Commission's development and use of an expedited revocation procedure for parole violations not involving serious new felony offenses. The majority of parole revocation proceedings involve charges of administrative violations (such as alcohol abuse, drug use, or failure to report) or misdemeanor offenses, and most parolees charged with such violations admit them. When there is no dispute as to the charged violation, the sole issue is the determination of the appropriate sanction.In 1996, the commission began a pilot project designed to expedite the processing of parole violations involving administrative, misdemeanor, and lesser felony charges. Certain alleged parole violators were given the option of waiving the right to a revocation hearing, acknowledging responsibility for the charged violation, and accepting a specified revocation penalty determined by the commission on the basis of the case record. The goal was to conserve commission resources without negatively affecting the due process rights of the alleged parole violator or the integrity of the guideline system used to sanction parole violations. In 1998, the commission incorporated the expedited revocation procedure developed in the pilot project into its permanent regulations. By FY 2003, expedited revocation determinations accounted for 40 percent of all commission revocation actions. The savings generated by the expedited revocation procedure allowed the commission to devote more resources to conducting revocation hearings involving more serious and/or contested charges. Published by Elsevier Ltd.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Expressed sequence tags in venomous tissue of Scorpaena plumieri (Scorpaeniformes: Scorpaenidae). Species of the family Scorpaenidae are responsible for accidents and sporadic casualties by the shore they inhabit. The species Scorpaena plumieri from this family populate the Northeastern and Eastern coast of Brazil causing human envenomation characterized by local and systemic symptoms. In experimental animals the venom induces cardiotoxic, hypotensive, and airway respiratory effects. As first step to identify the venom components we isolated gland mRNA to produce a cDNA library from the fish gland. This report describes the partial sequencing of 356 gland transcripts from S. plumieri. BLAST analysis of transcripts showed that 30% were unknown sequences, 17% hypothetical proteins, 17% related to metabolic enzymes, 14% belonged to signal transducing functions and the remaining groups (7-8%) composed by gene related with expressing proteins, regulatory proteins and structural proteins. A considerable number of these EST were not found in available databases suggesting the existence of new proteins and/or functions yet to be discovered. By screening the library with antibodies against a lectin fraction from S. plumieri venom we identified several clones whose DNA sequence showed similarities with lectins found in fish. In silico analysis of these clones confirm the identity of these molecules in the venom gland of S. plumieri.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "A new cicada species (Hemiptera: Cicadidae), with a key to the species of the genus Euterpnosia Matsumura, 1917 from Vietnam. A new species of cicada, Euterpnosia cucphuongensis, is described from Cuc Phuong National Park in northern Vietnam. Photos of the adult, illustrations of the male genitalia, a distribution map and biological data are provided. A key to the species of Euterpnosia from Vietnam based on the male adults is also given.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Pyrolysis Characteristics and Char Reactivity of Oedogonium sp and Loy Yang Coal. The proposition of combining the application of algae in wastewater treatment, CO2 fixation, and energy production maximizes the opportunity of algal bioremediation. In this paper, the freshwater macroalga Oedogonium, a key target species for the bioremediation of waste waters, was investigated for its utilization in energy production via gasification or co-gasification with coal. The pyrolysis characteristics of Oedogonium and the effects of pyrolysis conditions on char reactivity were investigated in this paper, and an Australian lignite was also studied for comparison purposes. The pyrolysis process of Oedogonium and coal can be divided into three stages: moisture evaporation, volatile release, and decomposition of the remaining carbonaceous compounds. However, the devolatilization of Loy Yang coal was slower and occurred over a wider temperature range compared to Oedogonium. As the heating rate increased, the pyrolysis curves for both Oedogonium and Loy Yang coal shifted to higher temperatures. To investigate the effects of pyrolysis conditions on char reactivity, a tube reactor was employed to generate char samples under a range of pyrolysis conditions. The produced char samples were characterized using a CHN analyzer and scanning electron microscopy technique. It was found that char samples almost maintain their original shape following pyrolysis at a low heating rate. However, evidence of char swelling was observed in the structure of chars prepared at a high heating rate. Pyrolysis conditions also had a significant influence on the reactivity of the derived chars. Char reactivity for both fuels was enhanced at a higher heating rate and lower pyrolysis temperature. Oedogonium char reactivity was around 2-5 times that of Loy Yang char prepared under the same pyrolysis conditions. However, the differences in reactivity became less significant as the pyrolysis temperature increased. Oedogonium has a higher devolatilization rate and higher char reactivity than Loy Yang lignite. It implies that it is easier to be gasified, and the co-gasification with lignite is advantageous.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "Conflict between engineers and marketers: the experience of German engineers. An effective interface between engineering and marketing is considered to be vital for the successful development and commercialization of new products. Studies in the US, Japan and the UK have, however, identified that conflict between engineers and marketers can act as a barrier to effective cooperation. This study aims to further our understanding in this important area by studying conflict between engineers and marketers, from the engineer's perspective, in German companies. This study has found that German engineers recognize the importance of trust, good understanding, common knowledge, integration and teamwork in building a good relationship with marketers. Although the levels of integration between the two functions and the quality of the relationship were found to be relatively low, so too was the level of perceived conflict. The main sources of conflict between German engineers and their marketing colleagues are differences in education and training and different goals and priorities. Both managers and educators of engineers and marketers need to understand how the differences in education and training influence the relationship, and to develop courses, which will help the two functions to become more sensitive to each other's needs. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 44, 46]}
+{"token": "Study of Antimicrobial Properties of Fabrics Treated with Ocimum Sanctum L (tulsi) Extract as a Natural Active Agent. The present study was aimed at development of microbial resistant textile product using a natural bioactive agent. Ocimum sanctum leaf extract was applied on cotton and polyester/cotton blended fabrics for imparting antibacterial properties to the textile product for health care applications. The fabrics were treated with herbal extract of different concentrations, along with glutaraldehyde as cross-linking agent and sodium hypophosphite as catalyst by exhaust method. Antimicrobial assessment was performed quantitatively by percentage reduction test (AATCC-147-1998) against test organisms gram-positive bacteria staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) and gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli (ATCC 11230). The results provided evidence that the treated fabric inhibited the growth of gram-positive bacteria by more than 92% as compared to the control samples. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis confirmed the presence of eugenol in Ocimum sanctum extract. Although, the treated fabrics showed enhanced crease recovery property, there was a marginal reduction in tensile properties. Improvement in crease recovery property of treated blended fabric was slightly less as compared to treated cotton fabric. The antimicrobial treatment negatively affects the bending properties and this negative effect was found to be slightly less for blended fabric as compared to pure cotton fabric.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "Arithmetical properties of double Mobius-Bernoulli numbers. L-HM(s; n, x) := Sigma(d/n)Sigma(infinity)(m=0) mu(d)/(md + x)(s) (for Re(s) > 1),which has analytic continuation to the whole s-complex plane, where it is the Mobius function.Given positive integers n, n' and k, we investigate the Mobius-Bernoulli numbers M-k(n), double Mobius-Bernoulli numbers M-k(n , n'), and Mobius-Bernoulli polynomials M-k(n)(x). We find new identities involving double Mobius-Bernoulli, Barnes-Bernoulli numbers and Dedekind sums. In part of this paper, the Mobius-Bernoulli polynomials M-k(n)(x), can be interpreted as critical values of the following Dirichlet type L-function", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Subjective cognitive complaints and relations to objective cognitive performance among Lebanese patients with schizophrenia. Background Patients with schizophrenia have a particularly low level of insight into their illness compared to people with other mental health disorders. The objectives of the study were to evaluate: 1) subjective cognitive complaints in individuals with schizophrenia in comparison with health controls, 2) the relation between subjective cognitive complaint (SCC) and objective cognitive performance in the patients group, and 3) factors related to cognitive complaint, such as depression, insight, autonomy, and psychological symptoms. Methods Cross-sectional study was conducted between July 2019 and March 2020 enrolled 120 patients with schizophrenia disorders, selected from the Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross (HPC) - Lebanon and 60 healthy controls. The Self-Assessment Scale of Cognitive Complaints in Schizophrenia (SASCCS) was used to measure people living with schizophrenia perception of their cognitive impairment, while the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS) was used to evaluate their cognitive functioning. Results A significant difference was found between schizophrenia patients and healthy controls in all neurocognition and SASCCS tests. The hierarchical regression analysis showed that the BACS total score (Beta = -.06, p = .04), the PANSS general psychopathology (Beta = .29, p = .003), higher depression (Beta = .75, p = .003) were significantly associated with higher SCC. However, higher autonomy (Beta = - 6.35, p = .001) was significantly associated with lower SCC. A Structural equation model showed that the two most contributing variables were general psychopathology (Standardized Beta (SB): .33, p < 0.001) and autonomy (SB: -.29, p < 0.001). Conclusion A significant proportion of patients with schizophrenia could estimate their cognitive impairment. It also showed a positive correlation between depression and activity of daily living with SCC, suggesting that this aspect should be investigated alongside the clinical symptoms when a patient with schizophrenia presents with SCC.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "SOCIAL ROLE OF SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIOLOGICAL DIAGNOSTICS OF THE SOCIETY (ON MK GORSHKOV'S BOOK 'RUSSIAN SOCIETY AS IT IS: A STUDY OF SOCIOLOGICAL DIAGNOSTICS'). While analyzing a new M.K. Gorshkov's book, author reflects on current idea of sociology, its functions in the world. Neoclassical style of sociological thinking is stated, combining principles of sociologism and anthropocentrism, as well as the use of sociological approach to reality studies. The understanding of research interdisciplinarity is specified suggesting to term these studies in the given context as multidisciplinary ones. A differentiated evaluation is offered of the studies carried on for many years, the metaphor of 'conservative wave' is commented on with regard to descriptions of qualitative shifts in the Russians' mass consciousness from the position of sociological diagnostics of contemporary Russian society.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Multiple origin of flightlessness in Phaneropterinae bushcrickets and redefinition of the tribus Odonturini (Orthoptera: Tettigonioidea: Phaneropteridae). The possession of wings and ability to fly are a unifying character of higher insects, but secondary loss of wings is widespread. Within the bushcrickets, the subfamily Phaneropterinae (Orthoptera: Tettigonioidea) comprises more than 2000 predominantly long-winged species in the tropics. However, the roughly 300 European representatives are mainly short-winged. The systematics of these radiations have been unclear, leading to their unreliable formal treatment, which has hindered analysis of the evolutionary patterns of flight loss. A molecular phylogeny is presented for 42 short-winged species and members of all European long-winged genera based on the combined data from three nuclear gene sequences (18S, H3, ITS2). We found four phylogenetic lineages: (i) the first included the short-wing species of the genus Odontura; (ii) a further branch is represented by the South-American short-winged Cohnia andeana; (iii) an assemblage of long-wing taxa with a deep branching pattern includes the members of the tribes Acrometopini, Ducetiini, Phaneropterini, and Tylopsidini; (iv) a large group contained all short-winged taxa of the tribe Barbitistini. Phaneropterinae flightlessness originated twice in the Western Palaearctic, with a number of mainly allo- and parapatrically distributed species of the Barbistini in Southeastern Europe, and the Middle East and a limited number of Odontura species in Northern Africa and Southwestern Europe. Both short-winged lineages are well separated, which makes it necessary to restrict the tribe Odonturini to the West-Palaearctic genus Odontura. Other flightless genera previously included in the Odonturini are placed as incertae sedis until their phylogenetic position can be established.", "label": [4, 39, 43]}
+{"token": "Response of the distributary channel of the Huanghe River estuary to water and sediment discharge regulation in 2007. The water and sediment discharge regulation (WSDR) project, which has been performed since 2002 before flood season every year, is of great significance to the river management in China Until 2007, six experiments have been fulfilled to evaluate the effect of the project on the natural environment To fill the gap of investigations, a study on flood and suspended sediment transportation and channel changing along the distributary channel of the Huanghe (Yellow) River was conducted during the WSDR project period in 2007 The lower channel was scoured rapidly and the channel became unobstructed gradually several days after the flood peak water was discharged from the Xiaolangdi Reservoir Within four days after the flood peak at 3 000 m(3)/s entered the distributary, the channel in the river mouth area was eroded quickly Both the mean values of area and depth of the main channel were tripled, and the maximum flood carrying capacity increased to 5 500 m(3)/s or more Then, the river channel was silted anew in a very short time after completion of the WSDR Favored by the WSDR project, the river status in April 2008 became better than that of the year before The adjustment ranges of main channel parameters were about 30%, 10%, and 10% at sections C2, Q4, and Q7, respectively The process of rapid erosion-deposition was more active 15 km away in the channel from the river mouth due to the marine influence It is reasonable for discharging sediment at concentration peak from Xiaolangdi Reservoir at the end of the flood peak As a result, the sediment peak reached the river mouth about two days later than that of the water current In addition, the WSDR project has improved the development of the estuarine wetland Wetland vegetation planted along the river banks restrained the water flow as a strainer and improved the main channel stability It is suggested to draw water at mean rate of 150 m(3)/s from the Huanghe River during flood periods, because at the rate the water in the wetland would be stored and replenished m balance Moreover, we believe that cropland on the river shoal of the lower Huanghe River should be replaced by wetland These activities should achieve the Huanghe River management strategy of' To concentrate flow to scour sediment, stabilize the main channel, and regulate water and sediment\\\\'", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Thermal Properties of Asphalt Mixtures Modified with Conductive Fillers. This paper investigates the thermal properties of asphalt mixtures modified with conductive fillers used for snow melting and solar harvesting pavements. Two different mixing processes were adopted to mold asphalt mixtures, dry- and wet-mixing, and two conductive fillers were used in this study, graphite and carbon black. The thermal conductivity was compared to investigate the effects of asphalt mixture preparing methods, the quantity, and the distribution of conductive filler on thermal properties. The combination of conductive filler with carbon fiber in asphalt mixture was evaluated. Also, rheological properties of modified asphalt binders with conductive fillers were measured using dynamic shear rheometer and bending beam rheometer at grade-specific temperatures. Based on rheological testing, the conductive fillers improve rutting resistance and decrease thermal cracking resistance. Thermal testing indicated that graphite and carbon black improve the thermal properties of asphalt mixes and the combined conductive fillers are more effective than the single filler.", "label": [1, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "Mold level control in continuous caster by neural network model. In continuous billet casting, keeping the mold level steady is one of the most important technologies for maintaining steel quality. Using conventional methods, it is difficult to attain precise control of the mold level because of the nonlinear characteristics of the process. We have developed a control system using a neural network model to overcome this problem. In this paper, control problems of a continuous easter are introduced first. Next, the structure of the control system is proposed. In our proposed system, the neural network model recognizes the temporal patterns of inlet flow and controls the stopper stroke for a main control loop with a PI controller. The problems involved in construction of a valid neural network model that has good generalization and robust properties, are discussed from the viewpoint of optimizing the number of hidden layer units by the information criterion. Finally some results of its application are described.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Effects of cylindrical particle properties on pile formation. Cylindrical particles are common in nature and many industries and their stacking behavior will affect production. The slope angle and porosity are two main parameters affecting the packing and mixing phenomenon. In this work, the influences of the properties of cylindrical particles on the shape, slope angle, and packing fraction of particle piles were investigated using discrete element method (DEM). The results showed that Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio of cylindrical particles have minor influences on pile formation. The slope angle and packing fraction both decrease with increases in the restitution coefficient. Furthermore, the static and rolling friction coefficients directly affect the shape and slope angle of the pile. The effect of the sliding friction coefficient on the packing fraction at the bottom of the pile is much greater than that of the rolling friction coefficient.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "Temperature-based phenology model for predicting the present and future establishment and distribution of recently invasive Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) in India. Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) is a polyphagous and highly destructive invasive insect pest of many crops. It was recently introduced into India and widely reported in almost all parts of India. Development of a temperature-based phenology model for predicting its rate of development and distribution will help in understanding the establishment and further spread of introduced invasive insect pests. Development, survival and reproduction parameters of S. frugiperda at six constant temperature conditions (15, 20, 25, 27, 30 and 35 degrees C) were investigated and further validated with data generated under fluctuating temperature conditions. The estimated lower developmental threshold temperatures were 12.1 degrees C for eggs, 11 degrees C for larvae, 12.2 degrees C for pupae, 15.13 degrees C for males and 12.66 degrees C for females. Degree-day (DD) requirements for the development of the different stages of S. frugiperda were 50, 250 and 200 DD for egg, larva and pupa, respectively. The best-fitted functions were compiled for each life stage to yield a phenology model, which was stochastically simulated to estimate the life table parameters. The developed phenology model predicted temperature ranges between 27 and 30 degrees C as favourable for S. frugiperda development, survival and reproduction. The results revealed that maximum net reproductive rate (215.66 females/female/generation) and total fecundity (981.08 individuals/female/generation) were attained at 30 degrees C constant temperature. The mean length of generations decreased from 74.29 days at 15 degrees C to 38.74 days at 30 degrees C. The maximum intrinsic rate of increase (0.138 females/female/day) and shortest doubling time (4.9 days) were also observed at 30 degrees C. Results of simulated life table parameters showed high temperature-dependent development of S. frugiperda and complete development within all the tested constant temperature ranges (15-35 degrees C). Simulated life table parameters for predicting risk indices of S. frugiperda in India indicated a significant increase in activity indices and establishment risk indices with a higher number of generations during future (2050 and 2070) climatic change scenarios compared to present conditions. Our results indicate that India will be highly suitable for the establishment and survival of S. frugiperda in future time periods.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Influence Strategies and Channel Member Satisfaction in Cameroon. Researchers have called for increased understanding of channel member satisfaction as a bidimensional construct comprising economic and social elements. In addition to responding to this call, the view that threats and punishments are natural necessities in the African context by reason of cultural preponderances is examined. The study was conducted among brewers and their retailers. The authors found that the brewers' use of threats and indirect influence strategies respectively decreases and increases both economic and social satisfaction of their less powerful retailers, whereas the use of promises contributes to retailers' economic satisfaction. Contrary to theory, however, the use of promises does not undermine channel members' autonomy and intrinsic motivation as will be expected in some Western countries.", "label": [5, 44]}
+{"token": "Norethindrone substituted for megestrol in the treatment of metastatic endometrial carcinoma: Three cases. Megestrol is an effective palliative treatment for endometrial carcinoma. Some persons with progestin-responsive cancer continue on hormonal therapy for months or even years. In persons who respond to megestrol, long term use can cause weight gain and other side effects via activity of the drug at the corticosteroid receptor. Norethindrone is a progestin which has been used clinically for decades and which is without corticosteroid activity. We report three women with metastatic endometrial cancer responding to megestrol for whom a switch to norethindrone decreased weight gain with continued cancer control. A clinical trial of first line norethindrone for metastatic endometrial cancer could benefit people with this disease.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "An exponential model for the accumulation of chemical elements in soil under fertilizing conditions. An exponential compartment model for the accumulation of chemical elements introduced into soil with fertilizers, which takes into account the removal of elements by plants and water from the soil and fertilizers, has been proposed. The model requires knowledge of essential dynamic parameters-the transition rate constants of the element between the neighboring soil compartments.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Computed tomographic features of suspected traumatic injury to the iliopsoas and pelvic limb musculature of a dog. Computed tomographic (CT) findings in a dog with acute suspected traumatic injury to the iliopsoas and neighboring pelvic musculature include enlargement of the affected muscles, multifocal intramuscular hypoattenuating areas, and nonuniform contrast enhancement of injured musculature. The CT features are postulated to be the result of intramuscular edema and inflammation, and correspond well to previously described ultrasonographic findings in dogs. Because of the close anatomic association between the femoral nerve and iliopsoas muscle, dogs with suspected iliopsoas injuries should be carefully evaluated for evidence of femoral nerve dysfunction. CT imaging may provide useful information regarding the nature and extent of iliopsoas muscular damage, as well as concurrent injuries in the actuely traumatized patient.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Complexes of multifunctional phosphorus ligands. Rhenium(V) complexes of the multidentate phenoxyphosphine ligands bis(o-trimethylsilyloxyphenyl)phenylphosphine and tris(o-trimethylsilyloxyphenyl)phosphine. Stepwise elimination of Me3SiX (X = Cl, OEt) from the metal-ligand system. The silylated aryloxo ligands bis(o-silyloxyphenyl)phenylphosphine (abbreviated PhP{OT}(2)) and tris(o-trimethylsilyloxyphenyl)phosphine (abbreviated P{OT}(3), where T = Me3Si) were prepared. Complexation reactions with O=ReCl2(OEt)(PPh3)(2) and O=ReCl3(PPh3)(2) proceed by displacement of one PPh3 and the subsequent stepwise replacement of the Oft and/or Cl substituents. The new complex Re(O)Cl-2[kappa(2)-(P,O)-(PhP(O){OT})](PPh3), formed by elimination of Me3SiOEt, exists in diastereomeric cis and trans forms. Elimination of a second equivalent of Me3SiCl gives Re(O)CI[kappa(3)-(P,O,O)-(PhP(O)(2))] (PPh3). Similarly P{OT}(3) converts Re(O)Cl-2(OEt)(PPh3)(2) to ReOCl2[kappa(2)-(P,O)-(P(O){OT}(2))] (PPh3) (5) (structurally characterized as 5 . 0.875CH(2)Cl(2)): crystal data; triclinic P (1) over bar, a = 14.302(4) Angstrom, b = 18.734(2) Angstrom, c = 17.639(4) Angstrom, alpha = 80.950(12)degrees, P = 80.12(2)degrees, gamma = 81.76(2)degrees, Z = 4. Final R-1 and wR(2) values are 0.0852 and 0.1525, respectively on F-o(2) > 2 sigma(F-o(2)) data (or 0.1948 and 0.2019 on all data). The phenoxy phosphine ligand in 5 is bound via P and one O to Re. The P atoms are mutually cis to each other and to the terminal oxygen on Re. Two ortho-trimethylsiloxy substituted phenyl rings dangle from the coordinated phosphorus atom. Complex 5 can be converted to Re(O)Cl[kappa(3)-(P,O,O)-(P(O)(2){OT})](PPh3) (6) by treatment with PPN+ Cl- and 6 was also obtained by direct reaction of Re(O)Cb(PPh3)(2) with P{OT}(3) at higher temperatures. The complex 6 has been structurally characterized: crystal data triclinic, P (1) over bar, a = 10.1509(6) Angstrom, b = 12.1123(8) Angstrom, 16.2142(14) Angstrom, alpha = 97.851(7)degrees beta = 94.852(7)degrees, gamma = 96.889(6)degrees, Z = 2. Final R-1 and wR(2) values were 0.0303 and 0.0721 on F-o(2) > 2 sigma S(F-o(2)) data (or 0.0348 and 0.0742 on all data). The phenoxyphosphine ligand in 6 is bound facially to Re through P and two of the phenoxy oxygens. The Ph3P group and terminal oxygen atoms are cis to the oxygen atoms of the phenoxy ligands and the Cl lies trans to P. One trimethylsiloxyphenol group dangles. Careful hydrolysis of 6 gave Re(O)Cl[kappa(3)-(P,O,O)-(P(O)(2){OH})](PPh3) which was also formed during complexation reactions in moist solvent. Solution P-31{H-1} NMR demonstrated cis-or trans-(P,P) geometry for the complexes, which was confirmed in the two aforementioned cases by structure determinations.", "label": [4, 33]}
+{"token": "The core of a reinsurance market. We propose a game-theoretic model for a market of pure exchange. Some properties of the core of a reinsurance market are given.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Fractality and Variability in Canonical and Non-Canonical English Fiction and in Non-Fictional Texts. This study investigates global properties of three categories of English text: canonical fiction, non-canonical fiction, and non-fictional texts. The central hypothesis of the study is that there are systematic differences with respect to structural design features between canonical and non-canonical fiction, and between fictional and non-fictional texts. To investigate these differences, we compiled a corpus containing texts of the three categories of interest, the Jena Corpus of Expository and Fictional Prose (JEFP Corpus). Two aspects of global structure are investigated, variability and self-similar (fractal) patterns, which reflect long-range correlations along texts. We use four types of basic observations, (i) the frequency of POS-tags per sentence, (ii) sentence length, (iii) lexical diversity, and (iv) the distribution of topic probabilities in segments of texts. These basic observations are grouped into two more general categories, (a) the lower-level properties (i) and (ii), which are observed at the level of the sentence (reflecting linguistic decoding), and (b) the higher-level properties (iii) and (iv), which are observed at the textual level (reflecting comprehension/integration). The observations for each property are transformed into series, which are analyzed in terms of variance and subjected to Multi-Fractal Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (MFDFA), giving rise to three statistics: (i) the degree of fractality (H), (ii) the degree of multifractality (D), i.e., the width of the fractal spectrum, and (iii) the degree of asymmetry (A) of the fractal spectrum. The statistics thus obtained are compared individually across text categories and jointly fed into a classification model (Support Vector Machine). Our results show that there are in fact differences between the three text categories of interest. In general, lower-level text properties are better discriminators than higher-level text properties. Canonical fictional texts differ from non-canonical ones primarily in terms of variability in lower-level text properties. Fractality seems to be a universal feature of text, slightly more pronounced in non-fictional than in fictional texts. On the basis of our results obtained on the basis of corpus data we point out some avenues for future research leading toward a more comprehensive analysis of textual aesthetics, e.g., using experimental methodologies.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "The effect of positive interactions on community structure in a multi-species metacommunity model along an environmental gradient. Positive interactions are widely recognized as playing a major role in the organization of community structure and diversity. As such, recent theoretical and empirical works have revealed the significant contribution of positive interactions in shaping species' geographical distributions, particularly in harsh abiotic conditions. in this report, we explore the joint influence of local dispersal and an environmental gradient on the spatial distribution, structure and function of communities containing positive interactions. While most previous theoretical efforts were limited to modelling the dynamics of single pairs of associated species being mutualist or competitor, here we employ a spatially explicit multi-species metacommunity model covering a rich range of interspecific interactions (mutualism, competition and exploitation) along an environmental gradient. We find that mutualistic interactions dominate in communities with low diversity characterized by limited species dispersal and poor habitat quality. On the other hand, the fraction of mutualistic interactions decreases at the expense of exploitation and competition with the increase in diversity caused by higher dispersal and/or habitat quality. Our multi-species model exemplifies the ubiquitous presence of mutualistic interactions and the role of mutualistic species as facilitators for the further establishment of species during ecosystem assembly. We therefore argue that mutualism is an essential component driving the origination of complex and diverse communities. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "DOWN-SYNDROME CONSEQUENT TO A CRYPTIC MATERNAL 12P-21Q-CHROMOSOME TRANSLOCATION. A 9-year-old, mildly mentally retarded girl presented with phenotypic manifestations of Down syndrome, G-banded chromosomal analyses of peripheral blood lymphocytes from the patient and her parents, and skin fibroblasts from the patient, did not detect any abnormality, Molecular analysis of 15 highly polymorphic chromosome 21 dinucleotide repeat markers demonstrated a partial duplication of the Down syndrome critical region (D21S55, subband 21q22.2) of maternal origin in the patient. The segmental trisomy was confirmed by FISH analysis using the cosmid probe D21S55. Further analysis demonstrated that the trisomy was due to segregation of an apparently balanced cryptic translocation from the mother, The patient's karyotype is 46,XX,-12, tder(12)t(12;21)(p13.l;q22.2)mat. (C) 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Persistence of high maternal mortality in Koppal district, Karnataka, India: Observed service delivery constraints. Rural women with obstetric complications access many health providers in Koppal, the poorest district in the state of Karnataka, south India. Yet they die. Based on insights derived from case studies of women seeking emergency obstetric care and participant-observation of government health services, this article highlights service delivery constraints that underlie the persistence of high levels of maternal mortality in Koppal. Weak information systems, discontinuity in Care, unsupported health workers, haphazard referral systems and distorted accountability mechanisms are identified as critical service delivery problems. For example, maternal deaths are under-reported and not reviewed, antenatal care and institutional delivery are not linked to post-partum or emergency obstetric care, and health workers use inappropriate injections but don't treat anaemia or sepsis. Families waste valuable time and resources accessing many providers but foil to get effective care, and blame is laid on lower-level health workers and women for not accessing institutional delivery. Lastly, the role of administrators and politicians in ensuring functioning health services is obscured. While important supply and demand-side reforms are being implemented, these do not constructively engage with informal providers nor address systemic service delivery constraints. Critical managerial change is required, without which new budgetary allocations will be squandered with little impact on saving women's lives. (c) 2007 Reproductive Health Matters. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Supporting Scientific Practice through Model-Based Inquiry: A Students'-Eye View of Grappling with Data, Uncertainty, and Community in a Laboratory Experience. Modeling is a scientific practice that supports creative reasoning, motivates inquiry, and facilitates community sense-making. This paper explores students' perspectives on modeling in an undergraduate laboratory course, Authentic Inquiry through Modeling (AIM-Bio), in which they proposed, tested, and revised their own models. We conducted comparative case studies of eight students over a semester. Students described using models to support multiple forms of scientific reasoning and hypothesis generation. They recounted the challenges of dealing with uncertainty and integrating diverse ideas. They also described how these challenges pushed their thinking. Overall, students reported feeling a sense of scientific authenticity and agency through their modeling experience. We additionally provide an in-depth look at two students whose unique experiences in AIM-Bio emphasize the variable ways modeling can support inquiry learning. We claim that modeling emerged as a legitimate practice among students, because the AIM-Bio curriculum encouraged diversity in students' models, provided opportunities for students to grapple with uncertainty, and fostered collaboration between students. We suggest that biology educators consider how model-based inquiry can allow students to participate in science, as a way to support interest in, identification with, and ultimately persistence in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics fields.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "The Pet-friendly Veterinary Practice: A Guide for Practitioners. Low-stress handling is important for the safety of the veterinary staff and for the welfare of the patient. The commitment to ensuring the emotional well-being of the patient should be equal to that shown toward the physical well-being of the animals under a veterinarian's care. Before handling animals it is essential to assess the environment and the patient's response to it. Taking the time to create a behavior handling plan makes future visits easier and bonds clients to the practice. Understanding how and when to use handling tools is key to making patient visits safer, more humane, and more efficient.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Classification Methods and Identification of Reniform Nematode Resistance in Known Soybean Cyst Nematode-Resistant Soybean Genotypes. Plant parasitic nematodes are a major yield-limiting factor of soybean in the United States and Canada. It has been indicated that soybean cyst nematode (SCN; Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) and reniform nematode (RN; Rotylenchulus reniformis Linford and Oliveira) resistance could be genetically related. For many years, fragmentary data have shown this relationship. This report evaluates RN reproduction on 418 plant introductions (PIs) selected from the U.S. Department of Agriculture Soybean Germplasm Collection with reported SCN resistance. The germplasm was divided into two tests of 214 PIs reported as resistant and 204 PIs reported as moderately resistant to SCN. The defining and reporting of RN resistance changed several times in the last 30 years, causing inconsistencies in RN resistance classification among multiple experiments. Comparison of four RN resistance classification methods was performed: (i) <= 10% as compared with the susceptible check, (ii) using normalized reproduction index (RI) values, and using (iii) transformed data log(10)(x), and (iv) transformed data log(10)(x + 1) in an optimal univariate k-means clustering analysis. The method of transformed data log(10)(x) was selected as the most accurate for classification of RN resistance. Among 418 PIs with reported SCN resistance, the log(10)(x) method grouped 59 PIs (15%) as resistant and 130 PIs (31%) as moderately resistant to RN. Genotyping of a subset of the most resistant PIs to both nematode species revealed their strong correlation with rhg1-a allele. This research identified genotypes with resistance to two nematode species and potential new sources of RN resistance that could be valuable to breeders in developing resistant cultivars.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "AGRONOMICS1: A New Resource for Arabidopsis Transcriptome Profiling. Transcriptome profiling has become a routine tool in biology. For Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), the Affymetrix ATH1 expression array is most commonly used, but it lacks about one-third of all annotated genes present in the reference strain. An alternative are tiling arrays, but previous designs have not allowed the simultaneous analysis of both strands on a single array. We introduce AGRONOMICS1, a new Affymetrix Arabidopsis microarray that contains the complete paths of both genome strands, with on average one 25mer probe per 35-bp genome sequence window. In addition, the new AGRONOMICS1 array contains all perfect match probes from the original ATH1 array, allowing for seamless integration of the very large existing ATH1 knowledge base. The AGRONOMICS1 array can be used for diverse functional genomics applications such as reliable expression profiling of more than 30,000 genes, detection of alternative splicing, and chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled to microarrays (ChIP-chip). Here, we describe the design of the array and compare its performance with that of the ATH1 array. We find results from both microarrays to be of similar quality, but AGRONOMICS1 arrays yield robust expression information for many more genes, as expected. Analysis of the ATH1 probes on AGRONOMICS1 arrays produces results that closely mirror those of ATH1 arrays. Finally, the AGRONOMICS1 array is shown to be useful for ChIP-chip experiments. We show that heterochromatic H3K9me2 is strongly confined to the gene body of target genes in euchromatic chromosome regions, suggesting that spreading of heterochromatin is limited outside of pericentromeric regions.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "BIFURCATIONS AND MULTISTABILITY OF THE OSCILLATIONS OF A THREE-DIMENSIONAL SYSTEM. A generator with inertial nonlinearity is considered. The bifurcations are illustrated by simple examples using the comparison method and Lyapunov functions", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "Validation Study on Spatially Averaged Two-Fluid Model for Gas-Solid Flows: I. A Priori Analysis of Wall Bounded Flows. In our prior study (Schneiderbauer, AIChE J, 2017;63(8):3544-3562), we presented a spatially averaged two-fluid model, where closure models for the unresolved terms were derived. These closures require constitutive relations for the turbulent kinetic energies (TKEs) of the gas and solids phase as well as for the sub-filter variance of the solids volume fraction (VVF). In this study, we have performed highly resolved TFM simulations of a set of three-dimensional wall dominated periodic channels. An a priori analysis shows that these closures are able to correctly predict the wall profiles of the sub-grid drag modification, the TKEs, the turbulent viscosities and the VVF without requiring special wall corrections. Solely the mixing lengths, which is required by the closures, has to be adapted in the vicinity of wall similar to single-phase turbulence;in particular, the minimum of the filter size and the distance to the wall should be used. (C) 2018 The Authors AIChE Journal published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Institute of Chemical Engineers", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "Elevated blood pressure, heart rate and body temperature in mice lacking the XL alpha s protein of the Gnas locus is due to increased sympathetic tone. Imbalances of energy homeostasis are often associated with cardiovascular complications. Previous work has shown that Gnasxl-deficient mice have a lean and hypermetabolic phenotype, with increased sympathetic stimulation of adipose tissue. The Gnasxl transcript from the imprinted Gnas locus encodes the trimeric G-protein subunit XLs, which is expressed in brain regions that regulate energy homeostasis and sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity. To determine whether Gnasxl knock-out (KO) mice display additional SNS-related phenotypes, we have now investigated the cardiovascular system. The Gnasxl KO mice were approximate to 20 mmHg hypertensive in comparison to wild-type (WT) littermates (P 0.05) and hypersensitive to the sympatholytic drug reserpine. Using telemetry, we detected an increased waking heart rate in conscious KOs (630 +/- 10 versus 584 +/- 12 beats min(-1), KO versus WT, P 0.05). Body temperature was also elevated (38.1 +/- 0.3 versus 36.9 +/- 0.4 degrees C, KO versus WT, P 0.05). To investigate autonomic nervous system influences, we used heart rate variability analyses. We empirically defined frequency power bands using atropine and reserpine and verified high-frequency (HF) power and low-frequency (LF) LF/HF power ratio to be indicators of parasympathetic and sympathetic activity, respectively. The LF/HF power ratio was greater in KOs and more sensitive to reserpine than in WTs, consistent with elevated SNS activity. In contrast, atropine and exendin-4, a centrally acting agonist of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor, which influences cardiovascular physiology and metabolism, reduced HF power equally in both genotypes. This was associated with a greater increase in heart rate in KOs. Mild stress had a blunted effect on the LF/HF ratio in KOs consistent with elevated basal sympathetic activity. We conclude that XLs is required for the inhibition of sympathetic outflow towards cardiovascular and metabolically relevant tissues.", "label": [2, 17]}
+{"token": "Molecular characterisation of a mosaicism with a complex chromosome rearrangement: evidence for coincident chromosome healing by telomere capture and neo-telomere formation. Methods: G banding, array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH), fluorescence in-situ hybridisation (FISH) and short tandem repeat analysis (STR) was performed on a girl presenting with mental retardation, facial dysmorphism, urogenital malformations and limb anomalies carrying a complex chromosomal mosaicism.Conclusion: Broken chromosomes can coincidently be rescued by both telomere capture and neo-telomere synthesis.Results & discussion: The karyotype showed a de novo chromosome rearrangement with two cell lines: one cell line with a deletion 9pter and one cell line carrying an inverted duplication 9p and a non-reciprocal translocation 5pter fragment. aCGH, FISH and STR analysis enabled the deduction of the most likely sequence of events generating this complex mosaic. During embryogenesis, a double-strand break occurred on the paternal chromosome 9. Following mitotic separation of both broken sister chromatids, one acquired a telomere via neo-telomere formation, while the other generated a dicentric chromosome which underwent breakage during anaphase, giving rise to the del inv dup(9) that was subsequently healed by chromosome 5 telomere capture.Background: Broken chromosomes must acquire new telomeric \\\\'caps'' to be structurally stable. Chromosome healing can be mediated either by telomerase through neo-telomere synthesis or by telomere capture. Aim: To unravel the mechanism(s) generating complex chromosomal mosaicisms and healing broken chromosomes.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Genetic variation in desiccation tolerance of Dendrobaena octaedra cocoons originating from different climatic regions. The aim of this study was to examine genetic variation in desiccation tolerance in cocoons of the parthenogenetically reproducing earthworm Dendrobaena octaedra by comparing populations originating from different geographic regions (Denmark, Norway and Finland), representing large differences in precipitation and temperature. In one experiment, the tolerance of the three populations to, increasing desiccation stress in the range from 100 to 91.6% relative humidity (RH) was examined, aiming to represent ecologically relevant RH values. In a second experiment, the effect of cocoon size on desiccation tolerance was investigated at 92.3% RH in the same three populations. There were highly significant differences in desiccation tolerance between populations, indicating a high genetic differentiation of this trait in D. octaedra. Cocoons from Denmark were much more sensitive (71 +/- 14% mortality at 91.6% RH) than cocoons from Norway (21 +/- 4% mortality) and Finland (4 +/- 5% mortality). Cocoons of worms from Finland and Norway were significantly larger than cocoons produced by worms from Denmark suggesting that cocoons from Denmark lost water at a higher rate when subjected to low humidity. Assuming that slow dehydration is necessary for physiologically based protection mechanisms it may be expected that desiccation tolerance is positively correlated with cocoon size. However, within each of the populations cocoon fresh weight did not have any significant impact on desiccation tolerance. When all populations were pooled there was a significant positive effect of cocoon fresh weight on desiccation tolerance, explaining about 20% of the total variation (linear regression). It seems therefore that genetic variation of desiccation tolerance in D. octaedra cocoons is related to variation in both cocoon size and other, physiologically based tolerance mechanisms. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "The position of x-ray beam-centring affects radiographic measurements of palmar angle and sole thickness on radiographs of the equine thoracic distal limb. Background Different locations of x-ray beam centring on the equine distal limb for lateromedial and dorsopalmar radiographs of the equine digit may affect clinically relevant radiographic measurements. Objectives To evaluate the effects of two different locations of x-ray beam centring on lateromedial and dorsopalmar radiographic measurements of the equine digit and to assess intra- and inter-observer variability of measurements. Study design Prospective, observational and method comparison. Methods Comparisons were made of nine measurements on orthogonal radiographs acquired from 24 unshod equine feet at two locations of x-ray beam centring: coronary band and hoof-ground interface. Radiographic measurements were obtained by three observers of varied equine veterinary experience and made in triplicate by a board-certified veterinary radiologist. Results Radiographs acquired with x-ray beam centred at the coronary band and hoof-ground interface produced differences in the mean measurements of palmar angle, defined as the angle created by the palmar processes of the distal phalanx relative to the ground surface, on the lateromedial projection (p = 0.002), and medial (p < 0.001) and lateral (p < 0.001) sole thickness on the dorsopalmar projection. There was less variability of palmar angle (p = 0.039) and more superimposition of the palmar processes (p < 0.001) with the x-ray beam centred at the hoof-ground interface. Main limitations The study population was homogeneous and only included horses without outwardly visible abnormalities of the foot. Anatomic measurements were not used for comparison due to the nonterminal nature of the study. Conclusions Centring the x-ray beam at the hoof-ground interface produces more repeatable and smaller radiographic measurements of palmar angle and sole thickness when compared to centring the x-ray beam centred at the coronary band. The distal phalangeal palmar processes are more superimposed with the more distal x-ray beam centring. The strong inter- and intraobserver variability support the use of these nine radiographic measurements by practitioners of all levels of experience.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "A compactness result for polyharmonic maps in the critical dimension. For n = 2m a (c) 1/2 4, let Omega a a\\\\'e (n) be a bounded smooth domain and N aS, a\\\\'e (L) a compact smooth Riemannian manifold without boundary. Suppose that {u (k) } a W (m,2)(Omega, N) is a sequence of weak solutions in the critical dimension to the perturbed m-polyharmonic maps with Omega (k) -> 0 in (W (m,2)(Omega, N))* and weakly in W (m,2)(Omega,N). Then u is an m-polyharmonic map. In particular, the space of m-polyharmonic maps is sequentially compact for the weak-W (m,2) topology.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Kinetic Studies on Cocoa Roasting Including Volatile Characterization. Despite roasting being the most crucial step in cocoa manufacture, its thermochemical effects on cocoa are not entirely understood. This work aims to understand the kinetics and chemical composition of the volatile compounds formed during roasting. The weight loss of two sizes of cacao powder was evaluated in thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) with five heating rates (10 to 180 degrees C min(-1)), using air and nitrogen as the carrier gas. A global Friedman isokinetic model was used to obtain kinetic data from the TGA measurements. For this, seven different stages were discriminated, and the kinetics were determined for each stage separately. PTV-GC-MS identified the gas phase, and SPME-GC-MS quantified the volatile compounds trapped in the solid phase. At intermediate temperatures (150 to 250 degrees C), aromatics (e.g., pyrazines, aldehydes, ketones, phenols, and pyrroles) are formed and transferred to the gas at higher temperatures for a prolonged time. Typical Maillard and Strecker degradation reaction products in both gas and solid phases were identified and used to set up a reaction network for cocoa roasting.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Evaluation of an actinomycin-D-containing combination chemotherapy protocol with extended maintenance therapy for canine lymphoma. In this retrospective study, a 6-drug (prednisone, L-asparaginase, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and actinomycin-D) chemotherapy protocol with extended maintenance for the treatment of lymphoma was evaluated for efficacy and toxicity in 39 dogs. The complete remission rate was 97%, with a median progression-free survival (PFS) of 331 d. The median overall survival (OS) was 461 d. Of the variables evaluated for prognostic significance, only immunophenotype and sex were found to be prognostic. Dogs with T-cell lymphoma had shorter PFS and OS than dogs with B-cell lymphoma. Castrated male dogs had a shorter PFS and OS than spayed female dogs. Although the majority of dogs experienced one or more episodes of chemotherapy associated toxicity, the majority of these episodes were mild and self-limiting. The results of this study warrant further investigation into the value of extended maintenance therapy and inclusion of actinomycin-D in combination chemotherapy protocols for canine lymphoma.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Compulsory admissions of patients with mental disorders: State of the art on ethical and legislative aspects in 40 European countries. Background. Compulsory admission procedures of patients with mental disorders vary between countries in Europe. The Ethics Committee of the European Psychiatric Association (EPA) launched a survey on involuntary admission procedures of patients with mental disorders in 40 countries to gather information from all National Psychiatric Associations that are members of the EPA to develop recommendations for improving involuntary admission processes and promote voluntary care. Methods. The survey focused on legislation of involuntary admissions and key actors involved in the admission procedure as well as most common reasons for involuntary admissions. Results. We analyzed the survey categorical data in themes, which highlight that both medical and legal actors are involved in involuntary admission procedures. Conclusions. We conclude that legal reasons for compulsory admission should be reworded in order to remove stigmatization of the patient, that raising awareness about involuntary admission procedures and patient rights with both patients and family advocacy groups is paramount, that communication about procedures should be widely available in lay-language for the general population, and that training sessions and guidance should be available for legal and medical practitioners. Finally, people working in the field need to be constantly aware about the ethical challenges surrounding compulsory admissions.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "An extracellular matrix-specific microarray allowed the identification of target genes downstream of discoidin domain receptors. The two discoidin domain receptors, DDR1 and DDR2, are tyrosine kinases that are activated by collagen and are essential regulators of cell-matrix communication. However, the target genes downstream of activated DDRs and their physiological significance are largely unknown. Here, we describe a novel method to dissect signaling pathways induced by extracellular matrix (ECM) receptors. Using the doxycycline-inducible repression system (tet-off), we generated human fibrosarcoma and mouse fibroblast cell lines over-expressing DDR1 or DDR2. These cell lines were employed for gene expression analysis using microarrays specific for human and mouse genes coding for ECM proteins or ECM-interacting factors. We found that approximately 10% of the genes studied were up- or down-regulated more than twofold in response to signals generated by over-expressing DDRs. A common event downstream of DDR1 and DDR2 in human and mouse cells was the up-regulation of P-selectin glycoprotein ligand. Key target genes repressed upon DDR activation were agrin, syndecan-1 and alpha3 integrin. ECM-specific microarrays were found a valuable tool to dissect gene expression changes induced by collagen-receptor signaling pathways. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V./Intemational Society of Matrix Biology. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Prediction of UT1-UTC, LOD and AAM chi(3) by combination of least-squares and multivariate stochastic methods. This article presents the application of a multivariate prediction technique for predicting universal time (UT1-UTC), length of day (LOD) and the axial component of atmospheric angular momentum (AAM chi(3)). The multivariate predictions of LOD and UT1-UTC are generated by means of the combination of (1) least-squares (LS) extrapolation of models for annual, semiannual, 18.6-year, 9.3-year oscillations and for the linear trend, and (2) multivariate autoregressive (MAR) stochastic prediction of LS residuals (LS + MAR). The MAR technique enables the use of the AAM chi(3) time-series as the explanatory variable for the computation of LOD or UT1-UTC predictions. In order to evaluate the performance of this approach, two other prediction schemes are also applied: (1) LS extrapolation, (2) combination of LS extrapolation and univariate autoregressive (AR) prediction of LS residuals (LS + AR). The multivariate predictions of AAM chi(3) data, however, are computed as a combination of the extrapolation of the LS model for annual and semiannual oscillations and the LS + MAR. The AAM chi(3) predictions are also compared with LS extrapolation and LS + AR prediction. It is shown that the predictions of LOD and UT1-UTC based on LS + MAR taking into account the axial component of AAM are more accurate than the predictions of LOD and UT1-UTC based on LS extrapolation or on LS + AR. In particular, the UT1-UTC predictions based on LS + MAR during El Nino/La Nina events exhibit considerably smaller prediction errors than those calculated by means of LS or LS + AR. The AAM chi(3) time-series is predicted using LS + MAR with higher accuracy than applying LS extrapolation itself in the case of medium-term predictions (up to 100 days in the future). However, the predictions of AAM chi(3) reveal the best accuracy for LS + AR.", "label": [4, 35, 36]}
+{"token": "Deviation from the grain protein concentration-grain yield negative relationship is highly correlated to post-anthesis N uptake in winter wheat. In plants, carbon and nitrogen (N) economies are intimately linked at the physiological and biochemical level. The strong genetic negative correlation between grain yield and grain protein concentration observed in various cereals is an illustration of this inter-relationship. Studies have shown that deviation from this negative relationship (grain protein deviation or GPD) has a genetic basis, but its physiological basis is still poorly understood. This study analysed data on 27 genotypes grown in multienvironment field trials, representing a wide range of agricultural practices and climatic conditions. The objective was to identify physiological processes related to the genetic variability in GPD. Under most environments, GPD was significantly related to post-anthesis N uptake independently of anthesis date and total N at anthesis. The underlying physiological trait might be related to genotypic differences in either access to soil N, regulation of N uptake by plant N status, or ability to maintain root activity during the grain-filling period. GPD is an interesting potential target in breeding as it appears to be relatively robust across different environments and would be valuable in increasing total N uptake by maturity.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Emulating US Counterinsurgency Doctrine: Barriers for Developing Country Forces, Evidence from Peru. Recent US advances in counterinsurgency doctrine have been adopted by developing country armed forces. Nevertheless, no systematic study has examined the barriers they face to implementing highly involved counterinsurgency strategy. Tracing the evolution of Peruvian doctrine demonstrates that Peru was able to quickly improve the unity of effort, intelligence capacity, and military basing to meet the demands of a population-centric hearts-and-minds approach to counterinsurgency. Nevertheless, the limited tactical initiative and flexibility of Peruvian forces remains a challenge. The Peruvian experience is instructive for other militaries undergoing similar transitions. However, given the diversity of insurgent conflicts, this doctrine is not universally appropriate.", "label": [5, 47, 49]}
+{"token": "Discovery of four recessive developmental disorders using probabilistic genotype and phenotype matching among 4,125 families. Discovery of most autosomal recessive disease-associated genes has involved analysis of large, often consanguineous multiplex families or small cohorts of unrelated individuals with a well-defined clinical condition. Discovery of new dominant causes of rare, genetically heterogeneous developmental disorders has been revolutionized by exome analysis of large cohorts of phenotypically diverse parent-offspring trios(1,2). Here we analyzed 4,125 families with diverse, rare and genetically heterogeneous developmental disorders and identified four new autosomal recessive disorders. These four disorders were identified by integrating Mendelian filtering (selecting probands with rare, biallelic and putatively damaging variants in the same gene) with statistical assessments of (i) the likelihood of sampling the observed genotypes from the general population and (ii) the phenotypic similarity of patients with recessive variants in the same candidate gene. This new paradigm promises to catalyze the discovery of novel recessive disorders, especially those with less consistent or nonspecific clinical presentations and those caused predominantly by compound heterozygous genotypes.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Absorption limit of kaolinitic and montmorillonitic soils. Engineering behaviour of soils depends on the water present in it, which in turn depends on its capacity to absorb water. This property of soils may specifically be useful in predicting the performance of highways pavements. A simple method to predict water absorption capacity of soils through any of their index properties considering the factors influencing it would be beneficial, not only for preliminary assessment of its influence on soil behaviour and performance of structure, but also aid to take preventive measures to alter this property of soil before use. From the results of this study, it was found that both types of clay minerals as well as drying have an influence on their water absorption limit. It also has a good relation with their respective liquid limits, being lesser for kaolinitic soils than the montmorillonitic soils; and it is more for air-dried samples than the oven-dried samples, irrespective of the type of clay mineral.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "On the sex ratio of juvenile Lepidochelys kempii in Georgia. Sex was determined from stranded Kemp's ridley sea turtles (Lepidochelys kempii) on Cumberland Island, Georgia, between 1983 and 2001. During that period, over which there was an apparent increase in the annual numbers of stranding, there was a shift in the sex ratio. During 19831989, the sex ratio was slightly male-biased but not significantly different from 1:1, but the strandings from 1990 to 2001 were significantly female-biased.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Pasture management, grazing, and fire interact to determine wetland provisioning in a subtropical agroecosystem. Wetlands in agroecosystems provide multiple ecosystem services, including provisioning services such as forage production. Here, we examine how pasture management intensity (semi-natural pastures vs. highly managed pastures (fertilized, heavily drained, planted with productive grasses), cattle exclusion (grazed vs. fenced), prescribed fire (burned vs. unburned), and their interactions affect provisioning services provided by small, isolated, and seasonally flooded wetlands in subtropical pastures and rangelands. We used a replicated, full-factorial experiment on 40 seasonally flooded wetlands located in Florida (USA), and measured standing plant biomass and annual net primary productivity in each wetland. Biomass was sorted by species to calculate species abundance of palatable and unpalatable plants. We used general linear mixed models to evaluate the effect of treatments and their interactions on biomass quantity, plant tissue nutrients (% C, % N, and % P), and forage nutritive value (using in vitro organic matter digestibility). Plant standing biomass and productivity were greatest in wetlands embedded in highly managed pastures, but in grazed wetlands, a large proportion of this biomass was unpalatable to cattle. Excluding cattle from wetlands in highly managed pastures increased productivity, standing biomass, and the amount of palatable species (similar to 6.3 t/ha) compared to grazed wetlands (similar to 3.3 t/ha), especially when these wetlands were also exposed to prescribed fire. Total P in plant tissue was consistently higher in wetlands within highly managed pastures, but total N responses to treatments varied between years. In vitro digestibility was higher in vegetation from wetlands within highly managed pastures, but not in fenced wetlands despite the higher amount of palatable species, suggesting that palatability and digestibility were decoupled. Subtropical wetlands in agroecosystems provide substantial provisioning services, and our study suggests that targeted management can increase these services. However, the pasture type surrounding a wetland interacts with grazing and fire management to affect provisioning services. We propose that fencing off selected wetlands (specifically in highly managed pastures) followed by low-intensity grazing with adequate resting periods could benefit ranchers and have less persistent impacts on this ecosystem.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Counterfactuals vs. conditional probabilities: A critical analysis of the counterfactual theory of information. Cohen and Meskin [2006] recently offered a counterfactual theory of information to replace the standard probabilistic theory of information. They claim that the counterfactual theory fares better than the standard account oil three grounds: first, it provides a better framework for explaining information flow properties; second, it requires a less expensive ontology; and third, because it does not refer to doxastic states of the information-receiving organism, it provides an objective basis. In this paper, I show that none of these is really an advantage. Moreover, the counterfactual theory fails to satisfy one of the basic properties of information flow, namely the Conjunction principle. Thus, I conclude, there is no reason to give up the standard probabilistic theory for the counterfactual theory of information.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Characterising smokers of menthol and flavoured cigarettes, their attitudes towards tobacco regulation, and the anticipated impact of the Tobacco Products Directive on their smoking and quitting behaviours: The EUREST-PLUS ITC Europe Surveys. INTRODUCTION Little research exists on the sociodemographic characteristics of menthol and flavoured cigarette (MFC) smokers in Europe. This study assessed the proportion of MFC smokers in Europe, their sociodemographic characteristics, and their attitudes towards tobacco control measures.RESULTS Among the respondents, 7.4% smoked menthol cigarettes and 2.9% other flavoured tobacco, but large differences existed between countries (e.g. 0.4% smokers smoked menthol cigarettes in Spain vs 12.4% in England). Compared to other groups, menthol cigarette smokers were younger, more likely to be female, better educated, had higher household income, and smoked fewer cigarettes (all p<0.001). A quarter of menthol smokers supported a ban on additives, compared with almost half of all other smokers (p<0.001). In case of a ban on flavourings, around a fifth of all MFC smokers intended to switch to another brand, and a third to reduce the amount they smoked or to quit smoking, but there was no consistent pattern across MFC smokers among the countries.CONCLUSIONS The ban on flavourings introduced by the EU Tobacco Products Directive (extended to 2020 for menthols) will affect one in ten smokers in the countries surveyed, which provides an opportunity for targeting these groups with cessation programmes. However, smokers of menthol and flavoured cigarettes in the different European countries are a heterogeneous group and may need different approaches.METHODS Cross-sectional data were collected in 2016 among 10760 adult current smokers from 8 European countries (ITC Europe Project and EUREST-PLUS). Smokers of menthol, other flavoured, unflavoured tobacco, or no usual brand were compared on sociodemographic characteristics, attitudes towards a range of tobacco control measures (e.g. ban on flavouring), and on intentions regarding their smoking behaviour following the ban on flavoured tobacco. Data were analysed in SPSS Complex Samples Package using univariate analyses.", "label": [2, 21, 23]}
+{"token": "Value adding in the agri-food value chain. Global agricultural markets reflect the increasing complexity of modern consumer demand for food safety and quality. This demand has triggered changes throughout the food industry, and led to greater opportunities for product differentiation and the potential to add value to raw commodities. Greater differentiation and value adding over time has in turn dramatically changed the price spread or marketing bill between the farm value of products and the retail value. Thus a significantly greater percentage of the final price paid by consumers is now garnered down chain rather than up chain over the last 20 years. This apparent shifting of value creation or addition, as measured by the marketing margin, has invigorated empirical questions as to where, and how much value, is created along the agri-food value chain. First we define value creation/adding, and then we estimate the economic value added for 454 firms. We validate our findings by creating and employing three additional value creation measures - the modified economic value added, the creation or destruction of value, and the persistence of value creation. Finally we estimate value creation at each node of the value chain, measure the relative differences among firms and nodes, and estimate a model measuring the drivers of value adding.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "The impact of dynamic capabilities on SME performance during COVID-19. Dynamic capabilities (DCs) are a growing field of research within the scope of theoretical structures based on resource and strategic management. Given the demonstrated impact of DCs on company performance, it is important to study the effects of DCs on small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) within the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Hence, this research evaluates the role of DCs during the pandemic and its impact on the performance levels of SMEs. Analysing the responses of 209 SMEs using a structural equations model, we report that DCs positively affect company performance both prior to and during the pandemic. However, we also verify that while prior to the pandemic companies placed greater emphasis on the search for new opportunities, following the onset of the pandemic the focus shifted to getting their products to the market. These results contribute to the literature on strategic management and the DC based approach during periods of turbulence and pandemics.", "label": [5, 46]}
+{"token": "Socio-sexual functioning in autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review and meta-analyses of existing literature. Socio-sexual functioning encompasses an individual's interests, behaviors, and knowledge with respect to sexual, romantic, and social aspects of life. An individual's understanding of these domains is developed through a range of informal and formal avenues of sexual health education. The current model demonstrated this and proposed that, compared to typically developing individuals, those with ASD develop socio-sexual functioning differently due to having less peer engagement, less relationship experience, more parental guidance, greater use of online materials, receive less school-based sexual health education, and more support from wellbeing services. Systematic review and meta-analysis of existing literature revealed that individuals with ASD have greater difficultly adhering to privacy norms, engage in less social behavior, are described as engaging in less appropriate sexual behavior, have greater concerns about themselves, and receive less sexual health education. Having fewer opportunities for appropriate informal and formal sexual health education leaves them at a double disadvantage from others who are receiving this information from both of these avenues. Some of the current meta-analytic results are cautioned by large l-square statistics which suggest that a degree of variance is being caused by extraneous factors. Further empirical research in this area is needed to overcome current design and sample limitations. Finally, the Sexual Behavior Scale was the most commonly utilized tool in the meta-analyzed studies, thus comprehensive evaluation of its functioning is warranted. The importance of work in this area is highlighted by the central role of social and sexual wellbeing on one's quality of life. Autism Res2017, 10: 1823-1833. (c) 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Lay SummaryReview of existing literature revealed that individuals with ASD have greater difficultly adhering to privacy norms, engage in less social behavior, are described as engaging in less appropriate sexual behavior, have greater concerns about themselves, and receive less sexual health education. Having fewer opportunities for appropriate informal and formal sexual health education leaves them at a double disadvantage from others who are receiving this information from both of these avenues.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Multicenter Voxel-Based Morphometry Mega-Analysis of Structural Brain Scans in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Method: A multicenter voxel-based morphometry mega-analysis was performed on 1.5-T str.uctural T-1-weighted MRI scans derived from the International OCD Brain Imaging Consortium. Regional gray and white matter brain volumes were compared between 412 adult OCD patients and 368 healthy subjects.Conclusions: These findings partially support the prevailing fronto-striatal models of OCD and offer additional insights into the neuroanatomy of the disorder that were not apparent from previous smaller studies. The group-by-age interaction effects. in orbitofrontal-striatal and (para)limbic brain regions may be the result of altered neuroplasticity associated with chronic compulsive behaviors, anxiety, or compensatory processes related to cognitive dysfunction.Results: Relative to healthy comparison subjects, OCD patients had significantly smaller volumes of frontal gray and white matter bilaterally, including the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, the anterior cingulate cortex, and the inferior frontal gyrus extending to the anterior insula. Patients also showed greater cerebellar gray matter volume bilaterally compared with healthy subjects. Group differences in frontal gray and white matter volume were significant after correction for multiple comparisons. Additionally, group-by-age interactions were observed in the putamen, insula, and orbitofrontal cortex (indicating relative preservation of volume in patients compared with healthy subjects with increasing age) and in the temporal cortex bilaterally (indicating a relative loss of volume in patients compared. with healthy subjects with increasing age).Objective: Results from structural neuroimaging studies of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have been only partially consistent. The authors sought to assess regional gray and white matter volume differences between large samples of OCD patients and healthy comparison subjects and their relation with demographic and clinical variables.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "The nested games of the UK's EU referendum: ruptures, reconfigurations and lessons for Europe. The 2016 decision by the United Kingdom to withdraw from the European Union was a seminal one for both parties. In this special issue, we consider the extent to which the inter-penetration of the national and the European arenas produced significant opportunities for recasting political action. The nesting of these two levels matters firstly in allowing for the politicisation and mobilisation of domestic actors around European issues and secondly in explaining why seemingly sub-optimal or counter-productive actions are taken. The tensions this generated reached a critical juncture with the referendum, a rupture that highlights the extent to which a nominally second-order vote can have fundamental impacts on the first order's structure and preferences. Bringing together scholars from a wide range of approaches and covering various aspects of the Brexit process, this special issue offers a significant contribution to improving our understanding of an event that will shape British and European politics for a generation.", "label": [5, 47, 49]}
+{"token": "Sex Chromosomes and the Genetics of Gender Differences. The imbalance in the sex chromosome complement also implies that males are in general more severely affected by diseases caused by loss of function mutations on the X chromosome, while in females the phenotypic spectrum of such diseases is more heterogeneous. It is becoming increasingly evident that a deeper knowledge of the genetics of the sex chromosomes is pivotal to a better understanding of sexually dimorphic traits in both baseline physiology and disease susceptibility and may be also informative in gender differences in the response to therapies.The twenty third pair of chromosomes in the human genome comprises two counterparts, chromosomes X and Y, which are strikingly different in size, morphology and gene content. Males have one X and one Y chromosome whereas females have two X chromosomes and the impact of this essential difference in the biology of the sexes, although not yet totally understood, certainly goes beyond sex determination. The Y chromosome is highly specialised, harbouring an abundance of genes involved in male reproduction, while the X chromosome has a larger and more diverse repertoire of genes. These characteristics of the X and Y, and of sex linked genes, must be considered in the light of more than 180 million years of divergent evolution from a pair of identical chromosomes which existed in a mammalian ancestor.In spite of the fact that the X chromosome contains a large number of genes that are not present on the Y chromosome, at the cellular level any dramatic differences in gene expression between males and females are minimised by a dosage compensation mechanism (X-inactivation). Nevertheless, a minority of X-linked genes is more highly expressed in females and several others are represented by different isoforms in each of the chromosomes. Therefore, differences in expression and function of sex linked genes may be fairly common.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Simplification of complex EPR spectra by cepstral analysis. As the Fourier transform of time-series data is known as the spectrum, the Fourier transform of the logarithm of the time-series data is called the cepstrum of the data. When cepstral analysis is applied to free induction decay signals of free radicals showing first-order EPR spectra, the identification of nuclear hyperfine coupling constants becomes simple. In a systematic manner, we have examined how the technique of cepstral analysis is affected by the presence of aliasing, noise, uncertainty in the time origin of the free induction decay, the presence of second-order hyperfine couplings, and the applications of various apodization methods. This technique was then applied to analyze the EPR spectrum of anthraquinone anion radical, and anion radicals of porphycene and tetrapropyl-porphycene, and the hyperfine coupling constants thus obtained were compared with published data. A good agreement was always found. We make a case for the usefulness of cepstral analysis in determining the hyperfine coupling constants of complex EPR spectra of organic free radicals.", "label": [4, 33, 32]}
+{"token": "Properties of CdS thin films chemically deposited in the presence of a magnetic field. CdS films were grown on glass substrates by chemical bath deposition (CBD) technique using CdCl2 as the Cd ions and thiourea as the S ions source. The films were grown with and without the influence of a constant D.C. magnetic field. The magnetic field (B) was applied perpendicular and parallel to the substrate and the film depositions were carried out at different fixed B intensity values. Various properties of the films, such as optical transmission, dark resistivity, surface morphology and the X-ray diffraction patterns were studied as a function of magnetic parameters. In the present work preliminary results are presented and discussed. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science S,A. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 1, 32, 11]}
+{"token": "Dielectric Elastomer Actuator-Based Multifunctional Smart Window for Transparency Tuning and Noise Absorption. Soft actuators are compliant material-based devices capable of producing large deformation upon external stimuli. Dielectric elastomer actuators (DEA) are a type of soft actuator that operates on voltage stimuli. Apart from soft robotics, these actuators can serve many novel applications, for example, tunable optical gratings, lenses, diffusers, smart windows and so on. This article presents our current work on tunable smart windows which can regulate the light transmittance and the sound absorption. This smart window can promote daylighting while maintaining privacy by electrically switching between transparent and opaque. As a tunable optical surface scatters, it turns transparent with smooth surfaces like a flat glass; but it turns 'opaque' (translucent) with the micro-rough surface. The surface roughness is varied employing surface micro-wrinkling or unfolding using dielectric elastomer actuation. Moreover, this smart window is equipped with another layer of transparent micro-perforated dielectric elastomer actuator (DEA), which acts like Helmholtz resonators serving as a tunable and broader sound absorber. It can electrically tune its absorption spectrum to match the noise frequency for maximum acoustic absorption. The membrane tension and perforation size are tuned using DEA activation to tune its acoustic resonant frequency. Such a novel smart window can be made as cheap as glass due to its simple all-solid-state construction. In future, they might be used in smart green buildings and could potentially enhance urban livability.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Identity Sorting and Political Compromise. In this article, I explore the relationship between sorting and the value that individuals assign to compromise. Analyzing four separate, nationally-representative surveys from 2007 to 2016, I show that a reliable asymmetry among partisans exists regarding their preference for political leaders who compromise. Among persons with right-leaning identities, high levels of overlap between partisanship and ideology undercut the professed desirability of compromise and amplify the association between compromise and selling out one's principles. However, when individuals are asked about the specific extent to which one's \\\\'side\\\\' deserves greater deference in the policymaking process, differences between persons with left- and right-leaning identities disappear. Well-sorted individuals are uniformly unwilling to distribute policymaking demands equally. Although this disconnect is emblematic of the general tension between abstract principles and episodic behavior (or \\\\'practicing what you preach\\\\'), it also highlights how the introduction of material threat may challenge expressive commitments to lofty ideals.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "TWO POSITIVE SOLUTIONS TO THREE-POINT SINGULAR BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEMS. In this article, we consider the existence of two positive solutions to nonlinear second order three-point singular boundary value problem: u ''(t) = lambda f(t, u(t)) for all t is an element of (0, 1) subjecting to u(0) = 0 and alpha u(eta) = u(1), where eta is an element of (0, 1), alpha is an element of [0, 1), and lambda is a positive parameter. The nonlinear term f (t, u) is nonnegative, and may be singular at t 0, t = 1, and u = 0. By the fixed point index theory and approximation method, we establish that there exists lambda* is an element of (0, +infinity], such that the above problem has at least two positive solutions for any lambda is an element of (0, lambda)*) under certain conditions on the nonlinear term f.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "New taxa and notes on spine-headed katydids (Orthoptera: Conocephalinae: Agraeciini) from the Philippines. The diversity of the Agraeciini spine-headed katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigonioidea: Conocephalinae) in Southeast Asia remains poorly known, with species still awaiting discovery. Recent field collections in the Philippines resulted in the discovery of three novel species and redescription of two known species of Agraeciini, namely, (1) Anthracites furvuseques sp. nov. from Siargao in Mindanao, a species close to A. major Hebard, 1922; (2) Axylus mabinii sp. nov. from Luzon: (3) a new variant in Axylus c.f. philippinus (Hebard, 1922); (4) Salomona lumadae sp. nov. from Siargao in Mindanao; and (5) Salomona brevicollis Stal, 1877 comb. resurr. is a valid species distinct from Salomona maculifrons Stal, 1877.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Non-Local Sparse and Low-Rank Regularization for Structure-Preserving Image Smoothing. This paper presents a new image smoothing method that better preserves prominent structures. Our method is inspired by the recent non-local image processing techniques on the patch grouping and filtering. Overall, it has three major contributions over previous works. First, we employ the diffusion map as the guidance image to improve the accuracy of patch similarity estimation using the region covariance descriptor. Second, we model structure-preserving image smoothing as a low-rank matrix recovery problem, aiming at effectively filtering the texture information in similar patches. Lastly, we devise an objective function, namely the weighted robust principle component analysis (WRPCA), by regularizing the low rank with the weighted nuclear norm and sparsity pursuit with L-1 norm, and solve this non-convex WRPCA optimization problem by adopting the alternative direction method of multipliers (ADMM) technique. We experiment our method with a wide variety of images and compare it against several state-of-the-art methods. The results show that our method achieves better structure preservation and texture suppression as compared to other methods. We also show the applicability of our method on several image processing tasks such as edge detection, texture enhancement and seam carving.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Political interests and the emergence of commercial banking in transition economies. This paper examines how interactions between government agencies and banking organizations led to the emergence of commercial banking in the Czech Republic and Hungary during the 1990s. We rely on interviews with bank managers at six large banks, government officers, and experts at other organizations to learn how actions based on different political ideologies shaped the banking field. We integrate prior research on institutional change, political interest, and transition economies to describe the emergence of commercial banking. Three important problems characterized commercial banking in the two countries: the disposal of bad loans, the privatization of banks, and the establishment of banking services. We argue that the solutions to these problems based on the changing political interests of organizational actors and regulators represent the phases of institutional development in commercial banking during the 1990s. Implications of our research are discussed regarding the political perspective of organizational fields in transition economies.", "label": [5, 44, 46]}
+{"token": "Defending secondary education to save Latin: The lost wager of the Franco-Ancienne teachers' association (1946-1978). Specialist associations and teachers' unions are usually studied separately, a fact that tends to lend credence to the assertion that these categories of groups have separate functions. The history of the Franco-Ancienne, an association of teachers of French and classical letters, from its reconstitution in 1946, until it became the 'Association des Professeurs de Lettres\\\\' in 1978, reveals intricate and overlapping functions, reflecting the leading role of \\\\'multi-positional\\\\' stake-holders, as well as the strategy used to protect and promote classical studies. By claiming that humanities and traditional secondary education were inseparable, the Franco-Ancienne's leaders effectively defended the teaching of Latin for a long time. However, after being one of the Franco-Ancienne's strengths, this stance became a weakness after educational reforms and changes in the teaching corps meant that this traditional conception of secondary education was a minority viewpoint.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Low-pH Solid-Phase Amino Labeling of Complex Peptide Digests with TMTs Improves Peptide Identification Rates for Multiplexed Global Phosphopeptide Analysis. We present a novel tandem mass tag solid-phase amino labeling (TMT-SPAL) protocol using reversible immobilization of peptides onto octadecyl-derivatized (C18) solid supports. This method can reduce the number of steps required in complex protocols, saving time and potentially reducing sample loss. In our global phosphopeptide profiling workflow (SysQuant), we can cut 24 h from the protocol while increasing peptide identifications (20%) and reducing side reactions. Solid-phase labeling with TMTs does require some modification to typical labeling conditions, particularly pH. It has been found that complete labeling equivalent to standard basic pH solution-phase labeling for small and large samples can be achieved on C18 resins under slightly acidic buffer conditions. Improved labeling behavior on C18 compared to that with standard basic pH solution-phase labeling is demonstrated. We analyzed our samples for histidine, serine, threonine, and tyrosine labeling to determine the degree of overlabeling and observed higher than expected levels (25% of all peptide spectral matches (PSMs)) of overlabeling at all of these amino acids (predominantly at tyrosine and serine) in our standard solution-phase labeling protocol. Overlabeling at all of these sites is greatly reduced (4-fold, to 7% of all PSMs) by the low-pH conditions used in the TMT-SPAL protocol. Overlabeling seems to represent a so-far overlooked mechanism causing reductions in peptide identification rates with NHS-activated TMT labeling compared to that with label-free methods. Our results also highlight the importance of searching data for overlabeling when labeling methods are used.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Improving backtrack search for solving the TCSP. In this paper, we address the task of finding the minimal network of a Temporal Constraint Satisfaction Problem (TCSP). We report the integration of three approaches to improve the performance of the exponential-time backtrack search (BT-TCSP) proposed by Dechter et al. [6] for this purpose. The first approach consists of using a new efficient algorithm (DeltaSTP) [21] for solving the Simple Temporal Problem (STP), an operation that must be executed at each node expansion during BT-TCSP. The second approach: improves BT-TCSP itself by exploiting the topology of the temporal network. This is accomplished in three ways: finding and exploiting articulation, points (AP), checking the graph for new cycles (NewCyc), and using a new heuristic for edge ordering (EdgeOrd). The third approach is a filtering algorithm, DeltaAC,which is used as a preprocessing step to BT-TCSP, and which significantly reduces the size of the TCSP [22]. In addition to introducing two new techniques, NewCyc and EdgeOrd, this paper discusses an extensive evaluation of the merits of the above three approaches. Our experiments on randomly generated problems demonstrate significant improvements in the number of nodes visited, constraint checks, and CPU time.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "A generalized ring homomorphisms equation. We deal with the functional equationaf (xy) + bf (x) f (y) + cf (x + y) + df (x) + kf (y) = 0 (*)yielding a joint generalization of equations that has been studied by Dhombres (Aequationes Math 35: 186-212, 1988), H. Alzer (private communication) and Ger (Publ Math Debrecen 52: 397-417, 1998; Rocznik Nauk-Dydakt Prace Mat 17: 101115, 2000). We are looking for solutions f of equation (*) mapping a given unitary ring into an integral domain. We continue Dhombres' studies with the emphasis given upon the dropping of the 2-divisibility assumption in the domain. Among others, our aim is to find suitable conditions under which a function f satisfying (*) yields a homomorphism between the rings in question.", "label": [4, 38]}